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[ "rounded metalmark (calephelis perditalis perditalis), female mission, hidalgo co. , tx 13 oct 04\nrounded metalmark (calephelis perditalis perditalis) resaca de la palma, cameron co. , tx 3 may 2018\nrounded metalmark (calephelis perditalis perditalis) dan' s place, hidalgo co. , tx 2 may 2018\nrounded metalmark, male (calephelis perditalis perditalis) loma alta, cameron co. , tx 14 oct 2004\nrounded metalmark - calephelis perditalis [ tl: san benito, cameron co. ]\nmetalmarks often perch with their heads down. rounded metalmark (calephelis perditalis perditalis) loma alta, cameron co. , tx 14 oct 2004\nstalling' s calephelis _ _ _ _ _ _ (mca: 64) (another name is gulf scintillant) (species described in 1971) calephelis stallingsi calephelis stallingsi occurs at the mayan ruins of palenque .\nbarnes' metalmark _ _ _ _ _ _ (mca: 65) (another name is cloaked scintillant) detritivora barnesi genus calephelis about 27 species of calephelis are said to be in mexico. but with the very confused state of scintillant taxonomy, many museums do not attempt to place species names on all of their specimens. what is listed here is a good representation, but further work in the genus is still being done .\nmale with tip of forewing rounded. upperside brown with indistinctly checkered fringes; may have dark median band .\neggs are laid singly in axils of host plant leaves. caterpillars eat leaves .\nthroughout the year in south texas, although most common from march - november .\ng5 - demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nopler, p. a. , and a. d. warren. 2002. butterflies of north america. 2. scientific names list for butterfly species of north america, north of mexico. c. p. gillette museum of arthropod diversity, department of bioagricultural sciences and pest management, colorado state university, fort collins, colorado. 79 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\npelham, j. p. 2008. a catalogue of the butterflies of the united states and canada with a complete bibliography of the descriptive and systematic literature. the journal of research on the lepidoptera. volume 40. 658 pp .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness, completeness, or accuracy of any specific data. natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility, fitness for a particular purpose, and non - infringement. natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server. in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special, indirect, incidental, consequential damages, or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, under any theory of liability used. natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice; however, natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein. since the data in the central databases are continually being updated, it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt. the data provided is for planning, assessment, and informational purposes. site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies. if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site, the appropriate state natural heritage program (s) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area (see visit local programs) .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nspecies in this classification. to view subspecies, varieties and populations select the species .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants in idaho .\npopular: trivia, history, america, television, tv, usa, geography, world, ... more\nnumber: 236 family: nymphalidae sub - family: nymphalinae species: juninia orithya ocyale... | pinterest\npart # 1 of a 2 - part list, noting those found during focus on nature tours in these places with an (*) list compiled by armas hill upper right photo: a marine blue during a font tour (photographed by doris potter) codes: bz: occurs in belize gu: occurs in guatemala yp: occurs in the yucatan (mxe): species endemic to mexico (mca: xx): refers to page in the book\na swift guide to the butterflies of mexico & central america\n, by jeffrey glassberg, published in 2007. in that book, there are approximately 3, 250 photographs of butterflies. (bapg: xx): refers to page in the book\nbutterflies of arizona, a photographic guide\n, by bob stewart, priscilla brodkin & hank brodkin, published in 2001. in that book, there are excellent photos of butterflies. (ph): species with a photo in the font website\nin this two - part list, there are 1, 340 species of butterflies .\nlist of butterflies: family papilionidae: parnassians & swallowtails there are totally worldwide about 700 species of swallowtails. subfamily baroniinae genus baronia: a genus with a single species, having primitive butterfly features. the subfamily is also monotypic (that is with only one species) .\nshort - horned baronia (nt) (mxe) _ _ _ _ _ _ (mca: 8) (another name is archaic swallowtail) baronia brevicornis brevicornis _ _ _ _ _ _ subspecies in southwest mexico baronia brevicornis rufodiscalis _ _ _ _ _ _ subspecies in chiapas (subspecies described in 1987) baronia brevicornis can be called a\nliving fossil\n. it is considered the most primitive of the present - day papilionid species and shares some features with the fossil taxon praepapilio. baronia bervicornis is unique among swallowtail butterflies in having an acacia species as its larval foodplant, acacia cochliacanha (in the leguminosae family). the butterfly has short antennae, hence its common name. it occurs only in a small area of mexico, with its distribution patchy and restricted. the genus is named after a mr. baron who collected the first specimen in the sierra madre region. subfamily papilioninae genus parides: cattlehearts\nanchises cattleheart _ _ _ _ _ _ parides anchises genus eurytides kite - swallowtails this genus has also been called protesilaus. about 50 species confined to the new world. some mimic parides and heliconius butterflies. others have long tails, hence the name\nkite - swallowtails\n. fast fliers. engage in mud - puddling .\npolydamas swallowtail (ph) _ _ _ _ _ _ yp (mca: 8) (bapg: 355) (also called the gold rim or black page) battus polydamas in the tropics, the polydamas swallowtail is continuously brooded. butterflies live about a week. very common near human settlement. the pattern of the butterfly is variable. polydamas swallowtail\ndyar' s swallowtail _ _ _ _ _ _ (mca: 9) (another name is confused swallowtail) battus ingenuus genus papilo: fluted swallowtails this genus has also been called heraclides, or pterourus. over 200 species. most are tropical. most are tailed. many are migratory. these are the largest of the swallowtails. they are butterflies of the sunshine, paths, roads, and open country. they readily visit flowers such as: lantana, bauhinia, bougainvilla, and hibiscus .\nerostratus swallowtail _ _ _ _ _ _ (mca: 19) (another name is pale - spotted swallowtail) papilio erostratus family pieridae most are predominately white, yellow, or orange in color, and are often referred to as whites, yellows, sulphurs, or marbles. genus pseudopieris\ntiger mimic - white _ _ _ _ _ _ (mca: 34) dismorphia amphione dismorphia amphione is a member of the color / pattern mimicry system with heliconius ismenius, along with hypothyris euclea (in ithomiinae in the nymphalidae), melinaea lilis (or ethra) (in the nymphalidae), eresia mechanitis (in the nymphalidae), and a diurnal moth .\neunoe mimic - white _ _ _ _ _ _ (mca: 34) (another name is guatemalan mimic - white) dismorphia eunoe dismorphia eunoe is a member of the color / pattern mimicry system with heliconius hecale, along with charonias eurytele (in the pieridae), napeogenes peredia (in ithomini in the nymphalidae), eresia coelia (in the nymphalidae), and a diurnal moth .\nclear - winged mimic - white _ _ _ _ _ _ (mca: 35) dismorphia theucharila dismorphia theucharila is a member of a color / pattern mimicry system with oleria paula (in ithomiinae in the nymphalidae), and a diurnal moth: dysschemia jansonius, the male. genus enantia\ngreat southern white _ _ _ _ _ _ yp (mca: 26) (bapg: 357) ascia monuste genus appias a distinctive group with strongly curved wings, especially in the males, which makes them powerful fliers. many dwell in the rainforest. males commonly mud - puddle. the sexes are usually completely different in color, with females darker with more subdued coloration. this genus occurs in asia (mainly), africa, and australia, in addition to the americas. this genus in the new world has been now been said by some, for structural reasons, to be glutophrissa, with 2 species. note: the appias butterflies in the old world are referred to as the gulls .\nflorida white _ _ _ _ _ _ yp (mca: 26) (bapg: 357) (also called tropical white) appias (or glutophrissa) drusilla the florida, or tropical white is an extraordinarily swift butterfly ,\nso swift that, in a few seconds, they traverse long distances. not only do they fly extremely fast, but they also take their nourishment from flowers in the greatest haste. only in imbibing water from the damp ground, where these butterflies, particularly the males, sometimes settle in large groups close together, do they allow themselves time, and engage in this activity for the moment as an amusement .\ngenus ganyra\nclouded sulphur _ _ _ _ _ _ (mca: 29) (bapg: 41) colias philodice genera eurema (& abaeis, pyrisitia): small yellows this widespread grouping, of 35 - 40 species, has a circumtropical distribution. they are usually lemon - yellow with black borders. males often have a long scent patch on the forewing. these are familiar little butterflies that fly along paths and roadways, usually in considerable numbers after rains. blistering heat will often send them to pools of water or to the watering holes of cattle where the sand moistened with the animal' s urine furnishes them with mineralized liquid .\ntailed orange _ _ _ _ _ _ yp (mca: 32) (bapg: 51) eurema (or pyrisitia) protepia eurema protepia has a dry season form and a wet season form .\ndainty sulphur (*) _ _ _ _ _ _ yp (mca: 32) (bapg: 57) nathalis iole genus phoebis: giant sulphurs this grouping of 10 species is found exclusively in the americas. they are the most conspicuous of the tropical sulphurs, being common and large. all of the members of the genus are migratory, often given to vast migrations. they are often found in open areas & forest edges. they are fast - flying. the sexes are dimorphic. males, more often than females, cluster on moist sand along rivers and streams. the females usually have less active behavior, flying not far from vegetation, or simply visiting flowers .\ncloudless sulphur (ph) (*) _ _ _ _ _ _ yp (mca: 30) (bapg: 45, 333) phoebis sennae cloudless sulphur the cloudless sulphur can be abundant. it prospers in open land, with weedy tropical & subtropical plants. the female is variable in its coloration .\nboisduval' s sulphur _ _ _ _ _ _ yp (mca: 30) (another name is peach - patched sulphur) phoebis (or aphrissa) boisduvalii phoebis (or aphrissa) boisduvalii probably includes aphrissa schausi, the schaus' sulphur, of southern mexico & guatemala. genus krocogonia\nwest mexican sulphur _ _ _ _ _ (mca: 29) prestonia clarki family lycaenidae: gossamer wings including hairstreaks & blues occurring throughout the world, but mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. the sexes often differ in coloration, and the undersides usually differ from the upper surfaces. thus far, worldwide, about 5, 000 species in this family have been discovered and named. caterpillars of many of these species are closely associated with ants. subfamily lycaeninae: coppers genus iophanus\nligurina hairstreak _ _ _ _ _ _ (mca: 41) (another name is parenthetical hairstreak) kolana ligurina kolana ligurina and kolana lyde may be inseparable in the field .\nsaddled midistreak _ _ _ _ _ _ (mca: 46) tmolus cydrara genus strymon: scrub hairstreaks in both north & south america. butterflies exhibit seasonal variation .\nphaleros hairstreak _ _ _ _ _ _ (mca: 42) (another name is black - barred cross - streak) panthiades phaleros subfamily polyommatinae: blues very small butterflies, mostly blue above. females of many are browner. genus everes\nwestern tailed - blue _ _ _ _ _ _ (bapg: 85) everes amyntula genus leptotes a relatively small grouping of striped and generally tailed blues, small in size, which have colonized various parts of europe, asia, and north and south america. they are sexually dimorphic. butterflies breed on members of the pea family, leguminosae. some species are migratory .\nthese butterflies occur in both north & south america. the common name is from 2 or 3 eye - spots on the undersides of the hindwings. they breed on a wide variety of members of the pea family, leguminosae. )\nhook - tipped emesis (mxe) _ _ _ _ _ _ (mca: 71) (species yet to be described, occurs in chiapas, with another name, the cloud - forest tanmark) emesis sp .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nscudder, s. h. 1872. a systematic revision of some of the american butterflies, with brief notes on those known to occur in essex county, massachusetts. annual report. peabody academy of science 4: 24 - 83 .\nthe earliest collection of lepidoptera in the lower rio grande valley was by captain john pope while conducting the texas - mexico boundary survey in the early 1850' s .\nlinter, j. a. 1884. on some rio grande lepidoptera. papilio 4 (7 - 8): 135 - 147 .\ndiscussion of 52 species of butterflies that george burritt sennett collected, in part, in brownsville and hidalgo in 1877 .\nsnow, f. h. 1906. some results of the university of kansas entomological expeditions to galveston and brownsville, texas, in 1904 and 1905. transactions of the kansas academy of science 20 (1): 136 - 154 .\nbarnes, w. & j. h. mcdunnough. 1913. species of lepidoptera new to our fauna, with synonymical notes. canadian entomologist 45 (6): 182 - 185 .\nbarnes, w. & j. h. mcdunnough. 1918. ?. contributions to the natural history of the lepidoptera of north america 4: 75 - 76 .\nlindsey, a. w. , e. l. bell & r. c. williams, jr. 1931. the hesperioidea of north america. denison university bulletin, journal of the scientific laboratories 25 (1): 1 - 142 .\nglazbrook, h. 1934. capture of a species of colaenis new to the united states (lepid. : nymphalidae). entomological news 45 (9): 251 - 252 .\nbell, e. l. 1941. on lerodea telata (herrich - schäffer) and tyrtaeus ploetz (lepidoptera: hesperiidae). entomological news 52 (7): 183 - 185 .\nfield, w. d. 1940. a new skipper record for the united states (lepidoptera: hesperiidae). journal kansas entomological society 13 (2): 57 .\nfrom 1944 to 1948, hugh avery freeman lived in pharr, tx and intensively colleted in the valley. he reported over two - dozen butterfly species from the u. s. for the first time. (see warren, 2005 for discussion of the life of freeman. )\n1945a. notes on some north american hesperiidae, with two new records for the united states (lepidoptera: rhopalocera). entomological news 56 (1): 4 - 5 .\n1945b. notes on some hesperiidae, with new records for the united states (lepidoptera: rhopalocera). entomological news 56 (4) :\n1945c. a new species of lerodea from texas (lepidoptera: hesperiidae). entomological news 56 (8): 203 - 205, figure 1 .\njulia) [ tl: pharr, hidalgo co. ] (named for julia anne freeman, the freeman' s middle child. )\nfreeman, h. a. 1945d. notes on some skippers, with new records for the united states (lepidoptera, hesperiidae) canadian entomologist 77 (11): 201 - 203 .\nstallings, d. b. & j. r. turner. 1946. texas lepidoptera (rhopalocera: papilionoidea). entomological news 57 (2): 44 - 49 .\nfreeman, h. a. 1946. two new species of skippers from north and central america. entomological news 57 (8): 185 - 187 .\nstallings, d. b. & j. r. turner. 1947. texas lepidoptera with description of a new subspecies. entomological news 58 (2): 36 - 41 .\nfreeman, h. a. 1947. new skipper records for the united states. entomological news 58 (7): 184 - 186 .\nafter three years of collecting in the rio grande valley of texas the writer has come to the conclusion that many of the species of butterflies that occur in the vicinity of victoria, tamps. , mexico, will eventually be found to stray up around pharr, texas .\nduring 1944 - 45 the beautiful species, astraptes fulgerator walsh, was found to be very common and it was not unusual for the author to go out and collect as many as thirty or forty specimens in one afternoon .\nduring 1946 over a hundred specimens of [ violet - patched skipper - monca crispinus ] were collected, thus establishing the fact that this species is very definitely native to this part of the state .\nfreeman, h. a. 1949a. notes on some tropical american skippers (lepidoptera, rhopalocera, hesperiidae). field & laboratory 17: 75 - 81 .\nerichson’s white - skipper - heliopyrgus (= pyrgus) domicella [ pharr, 1944 - sr ] white - patched skipper - chiomara georgina (not asychis) - [ brownsville, pharr, nr. mcallen, 1944 - 48 ] (previous literature record for\ntexas and arizona\nwithout specific locations .) purple - washed skipper - panoquina lucas (= sylvicola) [ pharr, 1944 ] (\npreviously recorded from florida and texas [ without ] definite localities\n) mercurial skipper - proteides mercurius [ pharr, 1948 ] (previous literature record for texas, new mexico, arizona without specific locations. )\n1949b. a summary of new butterflies from texas. texas journal of science 1 (3): 40 - 41 .\nfreeman, h. a. 1950. a new species of hairstreak and new records for the united states (lepidoptera, rhopalocera, lycaenidae). field & laboratory 18 (1): 13 - 14 .\nwhite - rayed patch - chlosyne ehrenbergi [ single specimen in british museum labeled\ntexas\nwith no further data or other records. ] (record is discussed in detail by\nfreeman, h. a. 1960. butterfly collecting in texas and new mexico. journal of the lepidopterists' society 13 (2): 89 - 93 .\nmentions sight record of blue morpho (probably morpho peleides) in hidalgo county, texas .\nin the section around pharr it is doubtful whether a person would ever get all of the species that occur around that locality, as each year new things make their appearance and ones that were there the year before fail to appear .\nclench, h. k. 1964. a new hairstreak for the united states. journal of the lepidopterists' society 18 (3): 189 - 190 .\njournal of the lepidopterists' society 18 (4): 214 - 216 .\n1965. the genus panoquina occurring in texas. journal of research on the lepidoptera 4 (1): 37 - 40 .\nheitzman, j. r. 1970. a new u. s. butterfly record and a migration of eunica monima in texas. mid - cont. lepid. series 12: 10 - 11 .\nkendall r. o. 1970a. three hairstreaks (lycaenidae) new to texas and the united states. journal of lepidopterists' society 24 (1): 59 - 61 .\nkendall r. o. 1970b. lerema ancillaris (hesperiidae) new to texas and the united states. journal of the lepidopterists' society 25: 266 .\nkendall r. o. 1972. three butterfly species (lycaenidae, nymphalidae, and heliconiidae) new to texas and the united states. journal of the lepidopterists' society 26 (1): 49 - 56 .\nheitzman, j. r. & r. l. heitzman. 1972. new butterfly records for the united states (hesperiidae & libytheidae). journal of research on the lepidoptera 10 (4): 284 - 286 .\ntilden, j. w. 1974. unusual and interesting butterfly records from texas. journal of the lepidopterists' society 28 (1): 22 - 25 .\nmany interesting, but no new u. s. records are reported here for the rgv during 1970 - 72 .\nkendall, r. o. 1974. confirmation of rhopalocera (pieridae, nymphalidae) previously recorded for texas and the united states. journal of the lepidopterists' society 28 (3): 249 - 252 .\ncosta - spotted mimic - white - enantia albania (= melite) [ bentsen - rgv sp, 1972 ] red cracker - hamadryas amphinome [ bentsen - rgv sp, 1972 ] [ there are earlier, vague u. s. literature reports for both species. ]\nfreeman, h. a. coordinator. 1974. zone 4: great plains. pp. 6 - 8 in: leuschner, r. editor. the 1973 field season summary. news of the lepidopterists' society no. 2 .\nmcguire, w. w. & m. a. richard. 1974. an annotated checklist of the butterflies of bentsen - rio grande valley state park and vicinity. texas parks & wildlife department. mimeograph pp 1 - 22 .\nmcguire, w. w. & m. a. rickard. 1976. new hesperiidae records for texas and the united states. journal of the lepidopterists' society 30 (1): 5 - 11 .\nbroken silverdrop - epargyreus exadeus [ mcallen, 1973 - sr ] tailed aguna - aguna metophis [ bentsen - rgv sp, 1969 ] pronus longtail - urbanus pronus (not pronta) [ madero, 1969 ] esmeralda longtail - urbanus esmeraldus [ mcallen, 1972 ] small - spotted flasher - astraptes egregius [ bentsen - rgv sp, 1973 ] frosted flasher - astraptes alardus [ bentsen - rgv sp, 1973 ] jalapus cloudywing - achalarus jalapus [ sullivan city, 1972 ] mottled bolla - bolla clytius [ abrams, 1973 ] blue - studded skipper - sostrata nordica [ bentsen - rgv sp, 1973 ] veined white - skipper - heliopetes arsalte [ boca chica, 1973 ] small - spotted skipperling - piruna microsticta [ sullivan city, 1973 ] redundant skipper - corticea corticea [ madero, 1973 ] osca skipper - rhinthon osca [ w. mission, 1973 ] hidden - ray skipper - conga chydaea [ bentsen - rgv sp, 1972 ]\nneck, r. w. 1978. climatic regimes resulting in unusual occurrences of rhopalocera in central texas in 1968. journal of the lepidopterists' society 32: 111 - 115 .\ndiscussion of hurricane beulah which made landfall near the mouth of the rio grande in 1967 and contributed to many subsequent new u. s. butterfly records .\nadams, j. k. 1984. an old first united states record finally published: papilio victorinus (papilionidae) in laredo, texas. journal of the lepidopterists' society 37 (4): 3 - 18 .\nkendall, r. o. , & w. w. mcguire. 1984. some new and rare records of lepidoptera found in texas. bulletin of the allyn museum 86: 1 - 50 .\nchuah, h. h. & d. s. cushing. 1995. eurema albula (pieridae) and anthanassa argentea (nymphalidae): new records for the united states (lepidoptera: papilionoidea). tropical lepidoptera 6 (1): 43 - 44 .\nwarren, a. d. 1997. urbanus belli (hesperiidae: pyrginae): a new record for the united states. news of the lepidopterists' society 39 (3): 41 - 60 .\nbordelon, c. w. , jr. , & e. knudson. 2000. new records of lepidoptera from texas and the usa, and illustrations of other interesting species. news of the lepidopterists' society 42 (1): 3 - 7, 19 .\nbordelon, c. & e. knudson. 2002. the mimic, hypolimnas misippus (l .), in texas. news of the lepidopterists' society 44 (1): 25, 30 .\nglassberg, j. 2002. naba butterfly park becomes a reality. american butterflies 10 (3): 38 - 40 .\non july 10, 2002, capping a three year quest, naba took title to the approximately 80 acres of land fronting the rio grande river in mission texas that will become home to naba butterfly park .\nanastrus sempiternu s, butler & druce, a new record for texas and the usa. news of the lepidopterists' society 45 (1): 5, 7 .\nhanson, d. j. , e. knudson & c. bordelon. 2003. phocides belus godman & salvin (hesperiidae), new to us and texas; with a review of phocides & similar species of the usa & northern mexico. news of the lepidopterists' society 45 (2): 37, 41 - 43 .\nwarren, a. d. , d. j. hanson, e. knudson & c. bordelon. 2003. achlyodes pallida (hesperiidae): a new record for the u. s. states. news of the lepidopterists' society 45 (4): 128 - 131 .\nwarren, a. d. , d. j. hanson, e. knudson & c. bordelon. 2004. ziegleria guzanta (schaus, 1902): a new hairstreak for texas and the u. s. news of the lepidopterists' society 46 (1): 28 - 30, 27 .\n[ a prior 1991 record from langtry, val verde co. is also discussed. ]\nknudson, e, c. bordelon, & a. warren. 2004. antigonus erosus hübner (hesperiidae, pyrginae), a new us record from south texas. news of the lepidopterists' society 46 (4): 111 - 113 .\nwarren, a. d. 2005. hugh avery freeman (1912 - 2002): reflections on his life and contributions to lepidopterology. journal of the lepidopterists' society 59 (1): 45 - 58 .\nindeed, since 1948, no single person has contributed such a wealth of new information on the butterflies of south texas .\ngrishin, n. v. 2005. a new banner for the united states: temenis laothoe (nymphalidae: biblidinae). news of the lepidopterists' society 47 (1): 3 - 4, 10 .\nbasham, b. , j. rathjen, e. knudson, c. bordelon, & a. warren. 2005. heliopyrgus sublinea (hesperiidae, pyrginae): a new record for texas and the united states. news of the lepidopterists' society 47 (1): 9 - 10, 8 .\ndauphin, j, d. dauphin, e. knudson, & c. bordelon. 2005. three new butterflies new to the united states from south texas. news of the lepidopterists' society 47 (2): 43 - 46 .\nbordelon, c. & e. knudson. 2006. three new usa butterfly records (pieridae, nymphalidae) from the lower rio grande valley of texas. news of the lepidopterists' society, 48 (1): 3 - 6 .\nbordelon, c. & e. knudson. 2007 .\nyear of the chlosyne\nin texas. news of the lepidopterists' society 49 (1): 3 - 7 .\nreid, m. 2008. a new swallowtail record for the united states. news of the lepidopterists' society 50 (3, 4): 75 .\nbordelon, c. 2008. 2007 season summary: zone 6 texas. news of the lepidopterists' society 50 (supplement s1): 91 .\n( nymphalidae: biblinae: ageroniini) in texas, with a report of a new record for texas and the usa .\nnews of the lepidopterists' society 51 (1): 5 - 9 .\nnews of the lepidopterists' society 51 (supplement s1): 72 - 83 .\nnew for the u. s. (lycaenidae: theclinae). news of the lepidopterists’ society 52 (3): 79–84 .\n( r. felder, 1869) in texas (nymphalidae: nymphalinae) .\nnews of the lepidopterists’ society 52 (4): 141, 3 figs .\nrobert robbins, jeffrey glassberg. 2013. zookeys. 305: 1 - 20." ]

{ "text": [ "calephelis perditalis , commonly known as the rounded metalmark or lost metalmark , is a butterfly in the family riodinidae .", "it is found in texas in the united states and mexico , south to venezuela .", "the wingspan is 18 – 24 mm .", "the upperside of the wings is brown with indistinctly chequered fringes .", "there may be a dark median band .", "adults feed on flower nectar , including the nectar of chromolaena odorata .", "the larvae feed on chromolaena odorata and eupatorium glabratum . " ], "topic": [ 27, 20, 9, 1, 1, 8, 8 ] }

[ "calephelis perditalis, commonly known as the rounded metalmark or lost metalmark, is a butterfly in the family riodinidae. it is found in texas in the united states and mexico, south to venezuela. the wingspan is 18 – 24 mm. the upperside of the wings is brown with indistinctly chequered fringes. there may be a dark median band. adults feed on flower nectar, including the nectar of chromolaena odorata. the larvae feed on chromolaena odorata and eupatorium glabratum." ]

[ "kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nluolakala\nto\ntyphlichthys subterraneus girard, 1859\n.\njones, s. 1985. a range revision for western populations of southern cavefish * typhlichthys subterraneus * (amblyopsidae) .\nromero, a. 1998. threatened fishes of the world: * typhlichthys subterraneus * girard, 1860 (amblyopsidae) .\npopulation status of the southern cavefish, typhlichthys subterraneus\nby a. romero, m. s. connor et al .\nlewis, j. j. 2002. conservation assessment for southern cavefish (typhlichthys subterraneus). usda forest service, eastern region .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - southern cavefish (typhlichthys subterraneus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - southern cavefish (typhlichthys subterraneus )\ntitle =\narkive species - southern cavefish (typhlichthys subterraneus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nto cite this page: van appledorn, m. 2002 .\ntyphlichthys subterraneus\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 09, 2018 at urltoken\n, 1938: 265 (nomen nudum, available as typhlichthys eigenmanni charlton, 1933) .\nmayden, r. l. and f. b. cross. 1983. reevaluation of oklahoma records of the southern cave fish, typhlichthys subterraneus girard (amblyopsidae). southwestern naturalist 28: 471 - 473 .\njones, s. r. , and c. a. taber. 1985. a range revision for western populations of the southern cavefish typhlichthys subterraneus (amblyopsidae). american midland naturalist 113: 413 - 415 .\nschubert, a. l. s. , and d. b. noltie. 1993. microhabitat selection and feeding in the southern cavefish (typhlichthys subterraneus). m. s. thesis, university of missouri, columbia. 157 pp .\ntable 1. states with nonindigenous occurrences, the earliest and latest observations in each state, and the tally and names of hucs with observations†. names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records. the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of typhlichthys subterraneus are found here .\nromero, a. ; connor, m. s. ; and vaughan, g. l. (2010 )\npopulation status of the southern cavefish, typhlichthys subterraneus in arkansas ,\njournal of the arkansas academy of science: vol. 64, article 22. available at: urltoken\nfuller, p. , 2018, typhlichthys subterraneus girard, 1859: u. s. geological survey, nonindigenous aquatic species database, gainesville, fl, urltoken revision date: 3 / 5 / 2011, peer review date: 4 / 1 / 2016, access date: 7 / 9 / 2018\ncooper, j. e. , and d. p. beiter. 1972. the southern cavefish, typhlichthyes subterraneus (pisces: amblyopsidae), in the eastern mississippian plateau of kentucky. copeia 1972 (4): 879 - 881 .\n, 1859, the southern cavefish, the name applied to blind amblyopsids in southeastern missouri (see mayden & cross, 1983). charlton’s (1933) figure 1 is identified as typhlichthys eigenmanni in the text, but as troglichthys rosae in the figure caption. see poly & proudlove (2004: 4) for additional synonyms .\ntyphlichthys eigenmanni charlton, 1933: 285 - 324; figs. 1? , 6, 9, 13 - 16, 21, 23 (type locality: missouri, camden co. cave on the property of robert m. snyder, jr [ ha ha tonka castle ], 11 syntypes, range “somewhat less than” 30 to 65 mm in length [ whereabouts of types unknown ]) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nregional office 626 east wisconsin ave milwaukee, wi 53202 414. 297. 3600 (voice )\nin april, the forest service highlights how managing healthy forests helps provide clean water .\nair quality awareness week raises mindfulness about the importance of air quality issues. this year, the forest service is proud to feature one area where air resource management is essential - wildland firefighting .\nv. 11 (1859) - proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia. - biodiversity heritage library\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter, please feel free to enter the title and author information. the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request. please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news, content highlights, and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services. help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request. please try again and if the problem persists, please send us feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: this species has a fairly large extent of occurrence and number of locations, an unknown but probably large area of occupancy and population size, and an unknown trend over the past 10 years or three generations. it is listed as near threatened because the species is vulnerable to declines from degradation of ground water quality, but probably it is not currently declining fast enough to qualify for any of the threatened categories under criterion a (reduction in population size). pending further data on the rate of decline, it is possible that a small increase in the rate of decline could put it in the vulnerable category .\nmethods are needed to determine cavefish presence and abundance in areas that are currently inaccessible. better information is needed on area of occupancy and population size in subterranean waters. protection of groundwater quality is a basic need .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek, typhlops = blind + greek, ichthys = fish (ref. 45335 )\nnorth america: portions of alabama, georgia, tennessee, kentucky, indiana, missouri and arkansas, u. s. a .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 9. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 10294); common length: 5. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 12193); max. reported age: 4 years (ref. 10294 )\ndorsal soft rays (total): 7 - 10; anal soft rays: 7 - 10; vertebrae: 28 - 29. pink - white. no eyes (vestigial eye tissues under skin). large, broad head. caudal fin with 0 - 2 rows of papillae (ref. 5723) and a vertical basal row (ref. 10294); 10 - 15 branched caudal rays (ref. 5723) .\nadults inhabit subterranean water (ref. 5723). found in caves which are near the water table and are therefore more uniform than other amblyopsid caves (ref. 34868). feed mainly on copepods, amphipods and isopods (ref. 10294). eggs are carried in gill chambers of females (ref. 205) .\nincubates eggs in gill chamber of females (ref. 205). fecundity is very low, perhaps fewer that 50 ova per female (ref. 10294) .\npage, l. m. and b. m. burr, 1991. a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico. houghton mifflin company, boston. 432 p. (ref. 5723 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 1. 0088 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00389 (0. 00180 - 0. 00842), b = 3. 12 (2. 94 - 3. 30), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 3 ±0. 37 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (k = 0. 43; tm = 2; tmax = 4) .\nprior r = 0. 77, 2 sd range = 0. 39 - 1. 52, log (r) = - 0. 26, sd log (r) = 0. 34, based on: 1 m, 1 k, 1 tgen, 1 tmax, 1 fec records\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low to moderate vulnerability (28 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nis restricted in its geographic range to the north american continent. some scientists believe their range was continuous in the past and may still be, but it is difficult to determine. many scientists agree the range is now disjunct, with species inhabiting specific cave systems in tennessee, alabama, missouri, arkansas, oklahoma, and kentucky, but always south of the limit of glaciation. dispersal is presumed to be through underground water channels .\nsouthern cavefish inhabit subterranean waters and are troglobitic. they prefer caves that are near the watertable and have low energy flows. these caves have water temperatures of 10 to 15 degrees c. southern cavefish have adapted to life in an extreme habitat that includes factors such as low food supply, seasonal water level changes, and an aphotic environment .\nis a small fish reaching a maximum length of 9 centimeters. individuals have large broad heads with rudimentary eyes hidden under the skin. normally there is no pigment on the body, although tests have shown that coloration does appear if a specimen is removed from its habitat and exposed to light. southern cavefish do not have pelvic fins. there are 7 - 10 dorsal rays, 7 - 10 anal rays, and 10 - 15 caudal rays. the body, head, and caudal fin is covered by sensory papillae .\neggs are held in the gills of females until they hatch. otherwise, little is known of development in southern cavefish .\nbreeding is presumed to occur in the spring season when, unfortunately, the caves are inaccessible due to high water levels. the rise in the water table drives a temperature and alkalinity decrease and also results in an increase in food availability. in response to such stimuli, a hormone is released and the gonads complete their maturation. females are low in fecundity, producing an average of 49 eggs per female that range from 2. 0 - 2. 3 millimeters in size. it is estimated that 50% of adult females breed each year. because of this, population sizes are small, and as a result, mates are difficult to find. therefore, a great amount of energy is put into the rearing of young .\nrange age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female) 2. 0 (high) years\nrange age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male) 2. 0 (high) years\neggs are incubated in the gill chambers of the parent female for an unspecified amount of time. fry have been recorded in june and july .\nlittle is known of behavior in southern cavefish. it has been found, however, that\ndoes have a strong thigmotaxis and keeps the top of its head touching and parallel to surfaces. they prefer to swim on substrates in quiet water .\nsouthern cavefish use touch and their thigmotaxic sense to maintain their position in the water column. their use their sense of touch extensively to detect prey. other sensory modalities are possible, but are unknown currently .\nforages using its sensory papillae in midwater and on the substrate. when prey is within 10 mm of the mouth, capture movements are commenced. southern cavefish have distance perception and spatial memory which aid in foraging behavior. their diet consists mainly of copepods (60 - 90% , by volume) .\nfoods eaten include trichopteran larvae, tendepedid larvae, cladocerans, isopods, crayfish, and copepods .\nsouthern cavefish are important members of their ecosystems and important research subjects for understanding evolution in extreme environments .\nbecause the habitat of southern cavefish is so unique and because population numbers are normally low, they are regarded as a vulnerable species. any amount of habitat that is destroyed or altered would have a significant impact. however, many of the cave systems inhabited by\nare protected by govenmental regulation (e. g. , mammoth cave in kentucky) .\nsouthern cavefish are well - adapted for their environment. low growth and metabolic rates as well as eye degeneration and pigment loss decrease the amounts of expended energy; parental care of young increases their chances of survival; and a well - developed sensory papillae network and spatial memory aids in navigation .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the new world. this includes greenland, the canadian arctic islands, and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhaving a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .\noffspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc .) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nthat region of the earth between 23. 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north (between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle) and between 23. 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south (between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle) .\nwoods, l. , r. inger. 1957. the cave, spring, and swamp fishes of the family amblyopsidae of central and eastern united states .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure. the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information. occurrences are summarized in table 1, alphabetically by state, with years of earliest and most recent observations, and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed. the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states, years, and drainages selected. references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .\nhall, g. e. 1956. additions to the fish fauna of oklahoma with a summary of introduced species. southwestern naturalist 1 (1): 16 - 26 .\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision. it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science. the information has not received final approval by the u. s. geological survey (usgs) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u. s. government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy, scale, completeness, extent of coverage and origin. it is the user' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations. we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information: u. s. geological survey. [ 2018 ]. nonindigenous aquatic species database. gainesville, florida. accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted. for queries involving fish, please contact pam fuller. for queries involving invertebrates, contact amy benson .\ninformation on the southern cavefish is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nclassified as vulnerable (vu) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\n, 1859: 63 (type locality: kentucky, warren co. : from a well near bowling green; syntypes: usnm 8563 [ 3 ]) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nrobins, c. r. , r. m. bailey, c. e. bond, j. r. brooker, e. a. lachner, r. n. lea, and w. b. scott. 1991. common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada. american fisheries society, special publication 20. 183 pp .\nmonotypic genus; synonyms include t. osborni and t. wyandotte (lee et al. 1980). genetic studies by d. noltie and d. bergstrom were underway in missouri in the early 1990s (figg 1991, 1993) .\ndiscontinuous range in subterranean waters of missouri and arkansas west of the mississippi river, and kentucky, tennessee, alabama, and georgia east of the mississippi; many occurrences, large area of potentially occupied habitat; possibly declining, but trends are poorly known because most of habitat is inaccessible; vulnerable to groundwater pollution and sedimentation .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\nmost of the potential habitat is inaccessible, so the true area of occupancy is unknown and likely much larger than available information indicates. for example, in missouri ,\nthe substantial vertical and lateral extent of the potosi dolomite and eminence dolomite occupied by southern cavefish suggests that these fish have a relatively large and comparatively continuous volume of habitat in which to dwell and through which to disperse\n( noltie and wicks 2001) .\nthe viability of most occurrences is unknown, due in part to lack of adequate information on population size and connectivity among different locations .\ncurrent trend is presumed to be relatively stable or slowly declining as a result of ongoing habitat degradation, but the actual degree of decline, if any, is unknown. warren et al. (2000) categorized this species a\nvulnerable\n( may become endangered or threatened by relatively minor disturbances to habitat or deserves careful monitoring of distribution and abundance) .\nhistorical and recent (through may 2005) records in kentucky indicate an apparently reduced extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, and number of subpopulations (kentucky department of fish and wildlife resources). the species also appears to have disappeared from many caves in alabama (boschung and mayden 2004). however, these reports are based on observable (accessible) populations, and trends in the large extent of inaccessible habitat are unknown. noltie and wicks (2001) cautioned that periodic censuses at accessible sites may not accurately reflect trends in the population as a whole, most of which is inaccessible .\nbetter information is needed on area of occupancy and population size in subterranean waters .\nan eyeless, pink - white fish that reaches a length of 8 - 9 centimeters .\nbreeding behavior may be similar to that of the northern cavefish (pflieger 1975). as few as 50% of the adult female population may breed in any one year. species may be a branchial (i. e. , gill chamber) brooder, which is also indicated by the position of the jugular vent and the size and shape of the gill chamber (poulson 1963). breeding may take place in the spring, after which the eggs and then young are probably held in the gill chamber for 4 to 5 months to june or july (poulson 1963, pflieger 1975, robison and buchanan 1992). females become sexually mature in 2 years; individuals live up to at least 4 years in the wild (poulson 1963), more than a decade in captivity (noltie and wicks 2001). low reproductive capacity .\ndiet includes larval insects, cladocerans, isopods, crayfish, copepods, amphipods, and isopods (poulson 1963, cooper and beiter 1972, boschung and mayden 2004). cannibalism possibly may be a factor in keeping populations small (boschung and mayden 2004) .\nmethods are needed to determine cavefish presence and abundance in areas that are currently inaccessible .\noccurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals .\neach separate hydrological system constitutes a distinct occurrence. use a separation distance of 3 km if habitat continuity is uncertain .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\naley, t. , and c. aley. 1997. groundwater recharge area delineation, hydrobiological assessment, and vulnerability mapping of four ozark cavefish (amblyopsis rosae) populations in missouri. a report to the missouri department of conservation. 115 pp. + app .\nboschung, h. t. , and r. l. mayden. 2004. fishes of alabama. smithsonian institution press, washington, d. c. 960 pp .\nbrown, a. v. , and l. d. willis. 1984. cavefish (amblyopsis rosae) in arkansas: populations, incidence, habitat requirements and mortality factors. arkansas game and fish commission, final report, federal aid project e - 1 - 6. iii + 61 pp .\nburr, b. m. , and m. l. warren, jr. 1986a. distributional atlas of kentucky fishes. kentucky nature preserves commission, scientific and technical series no. 4, frankfort, kentucky. 398 pp .\ncrunkilton, r. l. 1981. memorandum to j. r. whitley re: williams brothers pipeline break - maramec spring .\netnier, d. a. , and w. c. starnes. 1993. the fishes of tennessee. university of tennessee press, knoxville, tennessee. xiv + 681 pp .\nfigg, d. e. 1991. missouri department of conservation annual nongame and endangered species report july 1990 - june 1991. ii + 35 pp .\nfigg, d. e. 1993. missouri department of conservation wildlife diversity report, july 1992 - june 1993. 75 pp .\nhopper, h. l. , and w. hansen. 1996. sloans valley cave system: managing an' open system.' pages 164 - 170 in proceedings of the 1995 national cave management symposium, indiana karst conservancy, indianapolis .\njelks, h. l. , s. j. walsh, n. m. burkhead, s. contreras - balderas, e. díaz - pardo, d. a. hendrickson, j. lyons, n. e. mandrak, f. mccormick, j. s. nelson, s. p. platania, b. a. porter, c. b. renaud, j. jacobo schmitter - soto, e. b. taylor, and m. l. warren, jr. 2008. conservation status of imperiled north american freshwater and diadromous fishes. fisheries 33 (8): 372 - 407 .\nlee, d. s. , c. r. gilbert, c. h. hocutt, r. e. jenkins, d. e. mcallister, and j. r. stauffer, jr. 1980. atlas of north american freshwater fishes. north carolina state museum of natural history, raleigh, north carolina. i - x + 854 pp .\nlewis, j. h. 1996. the devastation and recovery of caves and karst affected by industrialization. pages 214 - 227 in proceedings of the 1995 national cave management symposium, indiana karst conservancy, indianapolis .\nlewis, j. j. 2005c. bioinventory of caves of the cumberland escarpment area of tennessee. final report to tennessee wildlife resources agency & the nature conservancy of tennessee. lewis & associates llc, 158 pp .\nmeans, m. l. 1993. population dynamics and movement of ozark cavefish in logan cave nwr, benton county, arkansas with additional baseline water quality information. m. s. thesis, university of arkansas, fayetteville, arkansas. 126 pp .\nmeans, m. l. , and j. e. johnson. 1995. movement of threatened ozark cavefish in logan cave national wildlife refuge, arkansas. southwestern naturalist 40 (3): 308 - 309 .\nmettee, m. f. , p. e. o' neil, and j. m. pierson. 1996. fishes of alabama and the mobile basin. oxmoor house, birmingham, alabama. 820 pp .\nnelson, j. s. , e. j. crossman, h. espinosa - perez, l. t. findley, c. r. gilbert, r. n. lea, and j. d. williams. 2004. common and scientific names of fishes from the united states, canada, and mexico. american fisheries society, special publication 29, bethesda, maryland. 386 pp .\npage, l. m. , h. espinosa - pérez, l. t. findley, c. r. gilbert, r. n. lea, n. e. mandrak, r. l. mayden, and j. s. nelson. 2013. common and scientific names of fishes from the united states, canada, and mexico. seventh edition. american fisheries society, special publication 34, bethesda, maryland .\npage, l. m. , and b. m. burr. 1991. a field guide to freshwater fishes: north america north of mexico. houghton mifflin company, boston, massachusetts. 432 pp .\npage, l. m. , and b. m. burr. 2011. peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico. second edition. houghton mifflin harcourt, boston. xix + 663 pp .\npflieger, w. l. 1975. the fishes of missouri. missouri department of conservation. columbia, missouri. viii + 343 pp .\npflieger, w. l. 1997a. the fishes of missouri. revised edition. missouri department of conservation, jefferson city. vi + 372 pp .\npoulson, t. l. 1991. assessing groundwater quality in caves using indices of biological integrity. pages 495 - 511 in proceedings of the third conference on hydrology, ecology, monitoring and management of ground water in karst terrains. national groundwater association, dublin, ohio .\npoulson, t. l. 1963. cave adaptation in amblyopsid fishes. the american midland naturalist 70 (2): 257 - 290 .\nproudlove, g. s. 2001. the conservation status of hypogean fishes. environmental biology of fishes 62: 201 - 213 .\nrobison, h. w. and t. m. buchanan. 1988. fishes of arkansas. the university of arkansas press, fayetteville, arkansas. 536 pp .\ntercafs, r. 1992. the protection of the subterranean environment. conservation principles and management tools. pages 481 - 524 in a. i. camacho (editor). the natural history of biospeleology. monografias del museo nacional de ciencias naturales, madrid .\nwarren, m. l. , jr. , b. m. burr, s. j. walsh, h. l. bart, jr. , r. c. cashner, d. a. etnier, b. j. freeman, b. r. kuhajda, r. l. mayden, h. w. robison, s. t. ross, and w. c. starnes. 2000. diversity, distribution, and conservation status of the native freshwater fishes of the southern united states. fisheries 25 (10): 7 - 31 .\nwillis, l. d. , and a. v. brown. 1985. distribution and habitat requirements of the ozark cavefish, amblyopsis rosae. american midland naturalist 114: 311 - 317 .\nstate natural heritage data centers. 1996a. aggregated element occurrence data from all u. s. state natural heritage programs, including the tennessee valley authority, navajo nation and the district of columbia. science division, the nature conservancy .\nstate natural heritage data centers. 1996b. aggregated element occurrence data from all u. s. state natural heritage programs, including the tennessee valley authority, navajo nation and the district of columbia: export of freshwater fish and mussel records west of the mississippi river in 1997. science division, the nature conservancy .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nthis research is not in consideration or published elsewhere. accession numbers of all specimens used in the analyses are provided in the supplementary material. all co - authors approve the submission of this manuscript. the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. specimens were collected in accordance with the alabama department of conservation and natural resources alabama conservation license (2016087218468680 - 8823) and the georgia department of conservation of natural resources scientific collecting permit (29 - wjh - 14 - 120), and auburn university iacuc prn 2014 - 2451 .\narmbruster jw (2012) standardized measurements, landmarks, and meristic counts for cypriniform fishes. zootaxa 3586: 8–16\narmbruster jw, niemiller ml, hart pb (2016) morphological evolution of the cave -, spring - and swampfishes of the amblyopsidae (percopsiformes). copeia 104: 763–777\nbetancur - r r, broughton re, wiley eo, carpenter k, lópez ja et al. (2013) the tree of life and a new classification of bony fishes. plos curr tree life\nbirch jm (1997) comparing wing shape of bats: the merits of principal - components analysis and relative - warp analysis. j mammal 78: 1187–1198\nborden wc, grande t, smith wl (2013) comparative osteology and myology of the caudal fin in the paracanthopterygii (teleostei: acanthomorpha). in: arratia g, schultze h - p, wilson mvh (eds) mesozoic fishes 5—global diversity and evolution. verlag dr. friedrich pfeil, munich, pp 419–455\nboschung ht, mayden rl (2004) fishes of alabama. smithsonian books, washington, pp 366–367\ncharlton hh (1933) the optic tectum and its related fiber tracts in blind fishes. a .\nchristiansen k (2012) morphological adaptations. in: white wb, culver dc (eds) encyclopedia of caves, 2nd edn. elsevier academic press, amsterdam, pp 517–528\nculver cc, master ll, christman mc, hobbs hh iii (2000) obligate cave fauna of the 48 contiguous united states. conserv biol 14: 368–401\ndillman cb, bergstrom de, noltie db, holtsford tp, mayden rl (2011) regressive progression, progressive regression or neither? phylogeny and evolution of the percopsiformes (teleostei, paracanthopterygii). zool sci 40: 45–60\neigenmann ch (1905) divergence and convergence in fishes. biol bull 8: 59–66\neigenmann ch (1909) cave vertebrates of america: a study in degenerative evolution. carnegie institution of washington, washington, d. c .\n) from the floridian aquifer and florida and georgia. ircf reptil amphib 20: 97–111\ngibert j, deharveng l (2002) subterranean ecosystems: a truncated functional biodiversity. bioscience 52: 473–481\ngirard cf (1859) ichthyological notices. proc acad nat sci phila 11: 56–68\ngrande t, borden wc, smith wl (2013) limits and relationships of paracanthopterygii: a molecular framework for evaluating past morphological hypotheses. in: arratia g, schultze h - p, wilson mvh (eds) mesozoic fishes 5—global diversity and evolution. verlag dr friedrich pfeil, munich, pp 385–418\nhubbs cl (1938) fishes from the caves of the yucatan. carnegie inst wash publ 491: 261–295\nklingenberg cp (1998) heterochrony and allometry: the analysis of evolutionary change in ontogeny. biol rev 73: 79–123\nklingenberg cp, zimmermann m (1992) static, ontogenetic, and evolutionary allometry: a multivariate comparison in nine species of water striders. am nat 140: 601–620\nnear tj, eytan ri, dornburg a, kuhn kl, moore ja, davis mp, wainwright pc, friedman m, smith wl (2012) resolution of ray - finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification. proc nat acad sci usa 109: 13698–13703\n): implications for conservation and management. national cave and karst management symposium, pp 79–89\nniemiller ml, poulson tm (2010) subterranean fishes of north america. in: trajano e, bichuette me, kapoor bg (eds) biology of subterranean fishes. crc press, new york, pp 168–280\nniemiller ml, fitzpatrick bm, shah p, schmitz l, near tj (2013) evidence for repeated loss of selective constraint in rhodopsin of amblyopsid cavefishes (teleostei: amblyopsidae). evolution 67: 732–748\n) from the appalachians karst region in the eastern united states. sub biol 20: 39–50\no’meara bc (2010) new heuristic methods for joint species delimitation and species tree inference. syst biol 59: 1–15\ncharlton, 1933, an available name for a blind cavefish (teleostei: amblyopsidae), differentiated on the basis of characters of the central nervous system. zootaxa 1374: 55–59\npost dm (2002) the long and short of food - chain length. trends ecol evol 17: 269–277\npost dm, takimoto g (2007) proximate structural mechanisms for variation in food - chain length. oikos 116: 775–782\npoulson tl (1963) cave adaptation in amblyopsid fishes. am midl nat 70: 257–291\npoulson tl, lavoie kh (2000) the trophic basin of subterranean ecosystems. in: wilkens h, culver dc, humphries wf (eds) ecosystems of the world 30: subterranean ecosystems. elsevier science, amsterdam, pp 231–249\nroach ka, tolber m, winemiller ko (2001) hydrogen sulfide, bacteria, and fish: a unique, subterranean food chain. ecology 92: 2056–2062\nrohlf fj (2010) tpsdig2 version 2. 16. department of ecology and evolution, state university of new york, stony brook\nrohlf fj (2013a) tpsrelw version 1. 53. department of ecology and evolution, state university of new york, stony brook\nrohlf fj (2013b) tpsutil version 1. 58. department of ecology and evolution, state university of new york, stony brook\ngroup (characiformes: anostomidae) with description of a new species from suriname. zool j linn soc lond 162: 103–130\nspringer vg, johnson gd (2004) study of the dorsal gill - arch musculature of teleostome fishes, with special reference to the actinopterygii. bull biol soc wash 11: 1–235\nswofford dl (1982) genetic variability, population differentiation, and biochemical relationships in the family amblyopsidae. ms thesis, eastern kentucky university\nwoods lp, inger rf (1957) the cave, spring, and swamp fishes of the family amblyopsidae of central and easter united states. am midl nat 58: 232–245\nresearch curator of fishes, north carolina state museum of natural sciences, research laboratory, 4301 reedy creek rd. , raleigh, nc, 27607, usa\nbanks, r. c. , r. w. mcdiarmid, a. l. gardner, and w. c. starnes\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states, the u. s. territories, and canada\nnelson, joseph s. , edwin j. crossman, h. espinosa - pérez, l. t. findley, c. r. gilbert, et al. , eds .\nfull author list: nelson, joseph s. , edwin j. crossman, héctor espinosa - pérez, lloyd t. findley, carter r. gilbert, robert n. lea, and james d. williams\nrobins, richard c. , reeve m. bailey, carl e. bond, james r. brooker, ernest a. lachner, et al .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\na curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .\na curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .\nprojects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing, such as caloric restriction .\nsoftware for ageing research, including the ageing research computational tools (arct) perl toolkit .\na curated database of ageing and life history information in animals, including extensive longevity records .\nthe benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived, cancer - resistant naked mole - rat (heterocephalus glaber) .\na high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale (balaena mysticetus), the longest - lived mammal .\nanalyses using the anage database to study the evolution of longevity and ageing in vertebrate lineages .\na portal of ageing changes covering different biological levels, integrating molecular, physiological and pathological age - related data .\nthe whosage database contains people and biotech companies that are contributing to increase our understanding of ageing and life - extension .\ncomments, suggestions, ideas, and bug reports are welcome. please contact us .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome. this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein. < p > < a href =' / help / annotation _ score' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein. note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence (s) displayed. < p > < a href =' / help / protein _ existence' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge. < p > < a href =' / help / function _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology (go) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories: < p > < a href =' / help / gene _ ontology' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure. keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest. < p > < a href =' / help / keywords' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system, without manual validation. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco: 0000256\n> more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name (s) and synonym (s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein, from commonly used to obsolete, to allow unambiguous identification of a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / protein _ names' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name (s) of the gene (s) that code for the protein sequence (s) described in the entry. four distinct tokens exist: ‘name’, ‘synonyms’, ‘ordered locus names’ and ‘orf names’. < p > < a href =' / help / gene _ name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco: 0000313\n> more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name (s) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / organism - name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein. this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’. < p > < a href =' / help / taxonomic _ identifier' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism. it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree, with the more general grouping listed first. < p > < a href =' / help / taxonomic _ lineage' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell. < p > < a href =' / help / subcellular _ location _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n>' subcellular location' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein. it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins. < p > < a href =' / help / transmem' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section describes post - translational modifications (ptms) and / or processing events. < p > < a href =' / help / ptm _ processing _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain (s) present in a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain, which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold. < p > < a href =' / help / domain' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system, without manual validation. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco: 0000259\n> more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘family and domains’ section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins. < p > < a href =' / help / sequence _ similarities' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. it also includes information pertinent to the sequence (s), including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a >. < p > < a href =' / help / sequences _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not. < p > < a href =' / help / sequence _ status' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. it is useful for tracking sequence updates. < / p > < p > it should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low. < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs). < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value (crc64) using the generator polynomial: x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1. the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard. < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w. h. , flannery b. p. , teukolsky s. a. and vetterling w. t. < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed. , pp896 - 902, cambridge university press (1993) < / a >) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / non _ ter' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence (s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100% , 90% and 50 %) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters (< a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a >). < p > < a href =' / help / similar _ proteins _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb. < p > < a href =' / help / cross _ references _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ information _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry, but it is not a stable identifier. each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number (s). these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries. upon integration into uniprotkb, each entry is assigned a unique accession number, which is called ‘primary (citable) accession number’. < p > < a href =' / help / accession _ numbers' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb, the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification (‘last modified’). the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ history' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not, in other words, if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb (< strong > reviewed < / strong >) or to the computer - annotated trembl section (< strong > unreviewed < / strong >). < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ status' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50, 000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the u. s and canada. natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network." ]

{ "text": [ "typhlichthys subterraneus , the southern cavefish , is a species of cavefish in the amblyopsidae family endemic to karst regions of the eastern united states . " ], "topic": [ 27 ] }

[ "typhlichthys subterraneus, the southern cavefish, is a species of cavefish in the amblyopsidae family endemic to karst regions of the eastern united states." ]

[ "this is the place for nephelata definition. you find here nephelata meaning, synonyms of nephelata and images for nephelata copyright 2017 © urltoken\neupithecia absinthiata clerck, 1759 = eupithecia coagulata guenée in boisduval and guenée, 1858 .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word nephelata. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word nephelata and, of course, nephelata synonyms and on the right images related to the word nephelata .\neupithecia [ 1 ] er en slægt af sommerfugle som blev beskrevet af curtis i 1825. eupithecia indgår i familien målere .\nash pug (angle - barred pug) (eupithecia innotata f. fraxinata )\nnedenstående er en automatisk oversættelse af artiklen eupithecia fra den svenske wikipedia, udført af gramtrans den 2015 - 10 - 10 08: 25: 20. eventuelle ændringer i den svenske original vil blive fanget igennem regelmæssige genoversættelser. du har mulighed for at redigere oversættelsen til brug i den originale danske wikipedia .\neupithecia - species dictionary - global: ispot nature - your place to share nature. ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature. once you' ve registered, you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times. this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur (or once occurred) in norfolk, with photographs, descriptions, flight graphs, latest records, distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site, and would like them displayed along with your name and comments... please send them in (any size. jpg images) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths. thank you: - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsubscription or article purchase required to access item. to verify subscription, access previous purchase, or purchase article, log in to journal .\ndenne artikel er blevet skabt af robotten lsjbot og kan blandt andet indeholde sproglige fejl eller et mærkeligt valg af billeder. skabelonen kan fjernes efter kontrol af indholdet. flere robotskabte artikler med denne skabelon findes i kategorien robotskabte artikler. mistænkte systematiske fejl kan anmeldes på wikipedia: robothjælp .\ndenne artikel om målere er kun påbegyndt. du kan hjælpe til ved at udvide den .\ndenne tekst er tilgængelig under creative commens attribute - sharealike - licensen; yderligere betingelser kan være gældende se brugsbetingelserne for flere oplysninger. wikipedia® er et registreret varemærke af wikimedia foundation, inc. , en almennyttig organisation. link removal" ]

{ "text": [ "eupithecia nephelata is a moth in the family geometridae .", "it is found in afghanistan , kyrgyzstan , tajikistan , jammu and kashmir , western china ( xinjiang ) and mongolia . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20 ] }

[ "eupithecia nephelata is a moth in the family geometridae. it is found in afghanistan, kyrgyzstan, tajikistan, jammu and kashmir, western china (xinjiang) and mongolia." ]

[ "breeding season middle east blind mole rats breed in the winter, from november to march .\nmiddle east blind mole rats are fossorial and highly aggressive. generally single individuals occupy burrow systems and they are quite territorial. middle east blind mole rats are active during the day. middle east blind mole rats dig complex underground burrows and establish complex networks of tunnels in pursuit of food .\nvojvodina blind mole rat habitat with mound in the foreground. photo credit: incvp\nthe middle east blind mole rat, palestine mole rat is listed as least concern. does not qualify for a more at risk category. widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category, on the iucn red list of threatened species\nsampling points covering the distribution area of blind mole rats ranging from the carpathian basin to the east mediterranean .\nthe egyptian blind mole rat is found only in egypt and libya (5) (6) .\nmiddle east blind mole rats eat roots and tubers and are considered an agricultural pest in some areas because they eat crop and disturb them with their digging. libyans believe that touching\nthe egyptian blind mole rat currently faces no major threats, although in agricultural lands, ploughing is known to disturb the mole rat’s burrows, which may impact populations (1) .\nmiddle east blind mole rats lives around 3 years in the wild, but can live up to 15 years in captivity. maximum lifespan in the wild is given as 4. 5 years .\nnature middle east eissn: 2042 - 6046 nature is part of springer nature. © 2018 springer nature limited. all rights reserved .\nshowing page 1. found 0 sentences matching phrase\nmiddle east blind mole rat\n. found in 1 ms. translation memories are created by human, but computer aligned, which might cause mistakes. they come from many sources and are not checked. be warned .\nmiddle east blind mole rats are strict herbivores and primarily feed on the underground roots, stems, tubers, and seeds of plants. they dig extensive underground tunnels in search of food and use underground chambers to store excess, harvested food .\nnevo, e. 1969. mole rat spalax ehrenbergi: mating behavior and its evolutionary significance .\ngazit, i. , j. terkel. 2000. reproductive behavior of the blind mole - rat (spalax ehrenbergi) in a seminatural burrow system .\na team sequenced the genome of the subterranean blind mole rat, an excellent model for studying the genetic adaptation of mammals to the stresses of underground life .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - egyptian blind mole rat (spalax aegyptiacus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - egyptian blind mole rat (spalax aegyptiacus )\ntitle =\narkive species - egyptian blind mole rat (spalax aegyptiacus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nrado r, wollberg z, terkel j (1991) the ontogeny of seismic communication during dispersal in the blind mole rat. anim behav 42: 15–21 .\nmiddle east blind mole rats are completely blind, their eyes being beneath a layer of skin. they rely heavily on vocalizations, olfaction, and touch. six distinct vocalizations are used: attack, crying, invitation, courting, release, and threat calls. courtship calls consist of a low murmur that reduces aggression between potential mates. all\nthe egyptian blind mole rat uses scent to mark the borders of its burrows, and male mole rats are deterred from entering a burrow if it has been marked by another male (10). if individuals do meet they are probably very aggressive, although this has only currently been observed in egyptian blind mole rats in captivity (2). interestingly, it has been found that the egyptian blind mole rat navigates its way through the underground tunnels using the earth’s magnetic field (8) .\nmiddle east blind mole rat body length ranges from 150 to 270 mm and the pelage is bluish, dark gray. they are characterized by their lack of an external tail, pinnae reduced to small ridges, and subcutaneous eyes. other fossorial morphological adaptations include robustly built and streamlined bodies with large heads, powerful limbs, and small claws. males are larger than females .\nwhat brought this diverse group together was research on the blind mole rat, a furry sausage with comically prominent teeth. blind mole rats make their burrows underground, hence the blindness—their eyes are covered by a layer of skin—and large teeth, which they use to dig through the dirt. they’re so common in israel that on the drive up, eviatar nevo kept pointing out mole rat mounds along the highway .\nspending nearly all its time below ground, the egyptian blind mole rat forages for plant parts growing amongst the soil, such as roots, bulbs and tubers (2). during the summer months, when temperatures soar, the egyptian blind mole rat burrows deeper into the ground (up to 120 centimetres deep), to cooler soils. this far from the surface there is very little to eat, so the egyptian blind mole rat gathers and hoards food in the winter months to store for the summer (11). only occasionally does the egyptian blind mole rat venture above ground, to collect leaves from some plants, such as asphodelus microcarpus, to search for a new territory, or to find a mate (2) .\nkimchi, t. and terkel, j. (2001) magnetic compass orientation in the blind mole rat spalax ehrenbergi. the journal of experimental biology, 204: 751 - 758 .\nis considered “data deficient, ” which means there is not enough known about their population numbers to make an accurate assessment. populations are thought to be decreasing, perhaps as a result of intensified agriculture in some areas. middle east blind mole rats are considered common in appropriate habitat and are considered agricultural pests in some areas, where they may be persecuted .\nsanyal, s. , h. jansen, w. de grip, e. nevo, w. jong. 1990. the eye of the blind mole rat, spalax ehrenbergi rudiment with hidden funtion? .\nlövy m, šklíba j, burda h, chitaukali wn, šumbera r (2012) ecological characteristics in habitats of two african mole - rat species with different social systems in an area of sympatry: implications for the mole - rat social evolution. j zool 286: 145–153 .\nnevo, e. (1961) observations on israeli populations of the mole rat spalax ehrenbergi nehring. mammalia, 25: 127 - 144 .\nzuri, i. , j. terkel. 1998. ontogeny of agonistic behaviour in dispersing blind mole rats (spalax ehrenbergi) .\na young / baby of a palestine mole rat is called a' kitten, nestling, pinkie or pup'. the females are called' doe' and males' buck'. a palestine mole rat group is called a' colony, horde, pack, plague or swarm' .\ninstitute for nature conservation of vojvodina province is included in monitoring of vojvodina blind mole rat in the subotica sands protected area. together with the site manager of this protected area (palić - ludaš pe) and land users, we have achieved the situation in which habitats of this species are managed completely in line with legal requirements. however, this new potential threat shows that even in protected areas the future for vojvodina blind mole rat in not safe .\nurltoken, the online edition of haaretz newspaper in israel, and analysis from israel and the middle east. urltoken provides extensive and in - depth coverage of israel, the jewish world and the middle east, including defense, diplomacy, the arab - israeli conflict, the peace process, israeli politics, jerusalem affairs, international relations, iran, iraq, syria, lebanon, the palestinian authority, the west bank and the gaza strip, the israeli business world and jewish life in israel and the diaspora .\nzuri, i. , gazit, i. and terkel, j. (1997) effect of scent - marking in delaying territorial invasion in the blind mole - rat spalax ehrenbergi. behavior, 134: 867 - 880 .\nthe egyptian blind mole rat lives in burrows under the ground, which are typically around 40 centimetres in length and 46 centimetres deep, and consist of different compartments, such as food storage and nesting areas (2) (8). while using the forelimbs to scrape away the soil and the head to compact much of the soil to the sides, the egyptian blind mole rat also pushes lots of soil upwards, resulting in mounds at the surface that can reach 20 centimetres in height (2). producing these extensive burrows is a highly energy - demanding activity and the oxygen levels underground are low; therefore, the egyptian blind mole rat’s muscles are adapted to use oxygen efficiently (9) .\nšumbera r, mazoch v, patzenhauerová h, lövy m, šklíba j, bryja j, et al. (2012) burrow architecture, family composition and habitat characteristics of the largest social african mole - rat: the giant mole - rat constructs really giant burrow systems. acta theriol 57: 121–130 .\n“it seems that not a single flightless animal will be able to cross the fence or pass under it. this is especially true for the vojvodina blind mole rat, which digs its tunnels usually 10 to 140cm deep. even if some individuals leave their tunnels and come to the surface, the road will be a barrier that they cannot cross (which is already proved in our research). for the vulnerable population of vojvodina blind mole rat this construction is definitely a threat to survival. “\nthe two species examined by the university of rochester' s vera gorbunova and her team were the judean mountains blind mole rat (spalax judaei) and the golan heights blind mole rat (spalax golani), which live within small regions of israel. the team took cells from the rodents and put them in a culture that would force them to multiply beyond what would happen within the animals' bodies. for the first seven to 20 multiplications, things looked fine, but beyond 20 multiplications the cells started rapidly dying off .\nblind mole rats don' t get cancer, and geneticists have worked out why: their cells kill themselves with a poisonous protein when they multiply too much .\nfang, x. et al. genome - wide adaptive complexes to underground stresses in blind mole rats spalax. nature commun. 5, 3966 (2014) .\ncitation: lövy m, šklíba j, hrouzková e, dvořáková v, nevo e, šumbera r (2015) habitat and burrow system characteristics of the blind mole rat spalax galili in an area of supposed sympatric speciation. plos one 10 (7): e0133157. urltoken\nle comber sc, spinks ac, bennett nc, jarvis jum, faulkes cg (2002) fractal dimension of african mole - rat burrows. can j zool 80: 436–441 .\nrado, r. , himelfarb, m. , arensburg, b. , terkel, j. and wollberg, z. (1989) are seismic communication signals transmitted by bone conduction in the blind mole rat? hearing research, 41 (1): 23 - 29 .\nfrequency a = 0. 1 is significant (p < 0. 05). periodicity in eccentricity during the last 3 my with marked branching events in blind mole rats .\nvincek v, nizetić d, golubic m, figueroa f, nevo e, et al. (1987) evolutionary diversification of class ii p loci in the mhc of the mole - rat\nthough middle east blind mole rats are not found in desert areas, they seem to prefer habitats with sandy and loamy soils. they are strictly fossorial and inhabit dry steppes, semi - desert, and agricultural areas, especially cultivated fields. they spend the vast majority of their lives in their underground burrows and tunnel systems. these are complex, with nesting chambers, storage areas, tunnels used for foraging, and aboveground mounds with sleeping chambers. burrows are dug deeper in the hot months of the year .\nblind mole rats live in southeastern europe, turkey, the middle east, and eastern north africa near the shores of the mediterranean sea. some species also range eastward to the caspian sea. found at elevations from plains below sea level to high mountain clearings, these rodents prefer sandy or loamy soils of steppes, hillsides, dry brush country, woodlands, meadows, pastures, orchards, and cultivated fields in areas that receive at least 10 cm of annual rainfall. they avoid sandy or hard clay deserts .\nhadid y, tzur s, pavlíček t, šumbera r, šklíba j, lövy m, et al. (2013) possible incipient sympatric ecological speciation in blind mole rats (\narieli, r. and ar, a. (1979) ventilation of a fossorial mole rat (spalax ehrenbergi) in hypoxic and hypercapnic conditions. journal of applied physiology, 47: 1011 - 1017 .\nšumbera r, šklíba j, elichová m, chitaukali wn, burda h (2008) natural history and burrow system architecture of the silvery mole - rat from brachystegia woodland. j zool 274: 77–84 .\n) and central asian mole rats are also members of the family muridae but are not closely related, as they belong to different subfamilies. the evolutionary history of blind mole rats in the mediterranean region is represented by fossils extending back 17 million to 19 million years to the early\navivi, a. , m. resnick, e. nevo, a. joel, a. levy. 1999. adaptive hypoxic tolerance in the subterranean mole rat spalax ehrenbergi: the role of vascular endothelial growth factor .\nit is the farmer’s enemy - an unlikable, aggressive creature with a face only a mother could love. but biologist aaron avivi says the blind mole may save millions of human lives if given the chance .\nshams i, avivi a, nevo e (2005) oxygen and carbon dioxide fluctuations in burrows of subterranean blind mole rats indicate tolerance to hypoxic - hypercapnic stresses. comp biochem physiol a 142: 376–382 .\nheffner, r. s. and heffner, h. e. (1992) hearing and sound localization in blind mole rats (spalax ehrenbergi). hearing research, 62 (2): 206 - 216 .\npolyakov a, beharav a, avivi a, nevo e (2004) mammalian microevolution in action: adaptive edaphic genomic divergence in blind subterranean mole - rats. proc r soc b 271: s156–s159. pmid: 15252970\nalthough middle east blind mole rats are often regarded as agricultural pests, they are useful in research. they have been instrumental in locating significant and important archeological sites by bringing buried artifacts and bones to the surface. they have also acted as an important species in the medical research field. their hypoxic fossorial environment has resulted in some unique adaptations that are of interest to medical communities concerned with treating ischemia and cancer. lastly, populations seem to be undergoing rapid speciation and there is great chromosomal and allozyme diversity within the species. it is currently being utilized as an important model species to study and elucidate the patterns and mechanisms behind speciation .\nit contrasts with the self - preservation method seen in the cells of naked mole rats, which have a hypersensitivity to overcrowding, which stops them from multiplying too much. in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences, gorbunova hypothesizes that the blind mole rats' unique habitat – almost entirely underground – might mean that they\ncould perhaps afford to evolve a long lifespan, which includes developing efficient anti - cancer defences\n. blind mole rats have extremely long lifespans by rodent standards, often living beyond 20 years at a time .\nthere are currently no specific conservation measures in place for this species, as there is no need for them at present; however, this mole rat can be found in some protected areas such as the kouf national park in libya (1) .\narslan, a. , kryštufek, matur, f. and zima, j. 2016. review of chromosome races in blind mole rats (| spalax and nannospalax). folia zoologica 65 (4): 249 - 301 .\nthese molecular adaptations, together with the evolution of genes associated with vision, evolution of certain placenta - specific genes and the modification of respiratory proteins, as well as the unique mechanism heightening necrosis and immunoinflammatory responses to partly replace apoptosis, are probably related to the blind mole rat’s response to darkness, its ability to withstand low oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels, and its unusual resistance to cancer .\ncitation: hadid y, németh a, snir s, pavlíček t, csorba g, kázmér m, et al. (2012) is evolution of blind mole rats determined by climate oscillations? plos one 7 (1): e30043. urltoken\nas a subterranean species, the egyptian blind mole rat inhabits burrows, in steppe, semi - desert and the edges of deserts (1) (2). it is often found close to its preferred food source, the plant asphodelus microcarpus, and in cultivated lands such as barley fields (2). it can dig burrows in almost any soil type (2), except for moving sands (7) .\nthe favorite foods of the palestine mole rats are roots, bulbs, and tubers. (full text )\nmiddle east blind mole rats breed in the winter, from november to march. females construct elaborate breeding mounds and nesting chambers in preparation for breeding. gestation lasts 34 days and the average litter size is 3 to 4 (range 1 to 5) pups. young are born from january to april. as the offspring develop, aggressive interactions between the pups increase to the point where they are forced to disperse from each other. once the pups begin dispersing, the mother reciprocates aggressive displays to aid in kin dispersal and ensure her young do not attempt to settle in her territory. young are independent at 4 to 6 weeks old. time to first reproduction is not reported, but is likely to be within their first year of life .\nthe mole rat, or spalax galili, lives in underground burrows to protect itself from predators and climatic changes. because of its habitat, it has adapted to darkness, low oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels, increased exposure to pathogens and the high - energy demands of digging .\nfood storing is a common phenomenon in most subterranean rodents [ 10, 44 ]. the amount of stored food may reflect either the food availability in a given habitat or the necessity to store food in less productive habitats. our finding that mole rats stored more food in rendzina, i. e. in soil with lower food supply, supports the latter hypothesis. in the solitary african mole - rat heliophobius argenteociereus, the amount of stored food was positively correlated with food supply [ 4 ] and it has been suggested that its survival during the advanced dry season is conditioned by active searching for food, rather than storing a large amount of food. in israeli spalacines, however, food reserves gathered during the winter are believed to suffice for the forthcoming long dry season [ 45 ]. only small food reserves found in our study indicate that even the blind mole rats probably harvest food year - round. the role of food storing for the blind mole rat survival should be studied under more stressful conditions, such as in the advanced dry season with hard soil and reduced aboveground vegetation .\n…specialized fossorial (burrowing) rodents, including blind mole rats, blesmols, and ground squirrels, are cylindrical and furry with protruding, strong incisors, small eyes and ears, and large forefeet bearing powerful digging claws. semiaquatic rodents such as beavers, muskrats, …\nthis species is found in isolated pockets of appropriate habitat in coastal north - east libya and central coastal egypt. it is widespread in the eastern mediterranean and ranges north into turkey. it occurs from sea level up to 2, 000 m asl .\na fence along the borderline between hungary and serbia was announced and building has been initiated. the purpose of the fence is to try to prevent migrants from the middle east and africa from entering hungary from serbia. on the basis of available data the fence will be 4m high, will have a concrete foundation below the fence along its whole length, which will go down 2m into the ground. there is also a plan for constructing a concrete road on the hungarian side, while the serbian side will be equipped with barbed wire .\nblind mole rats are medium - sized, weighing 100 to 570 grams (3. 5 ounces to 1. 3 pounds), with bodies about 13 to 35 cm (5. 1 to 13. 8 inches) long. the dense, soft fur may be pale to reddish brown or buff gray on the upperparts; underparts are grayish or buff brown. the front of the head is usually paler than the back and may exhibit white or yellow stripes, which can extend along the sides of the head or run down the middle of it from nose to forehead .\nnevo, e. , a. shkolnik. 1974. adaptive metabolic variation of chromosome forms in mole rats, spalax .\nnevo e, bar - el h (1976) hybridization and speciation in fossorial mole rats. evolution 30: 831–840 .\nchalot - prat f, girbacea r (2000) partial delamination of continental mantle lithosphere, uplift - related crust - mantle decoupling, volcanism and basin formation: a new model for the pliocene - quaternary evolution in the southern east - carpathians, romania. tectonophysics 327: 83–107 .\nto study the actual behavior of these mole rats underground, nevo brought in radim šumbera and jan šklíba, experienced radio trackers from the university of south bohemia in the czech republic. this was the first of two trips to israel for their researching group. in this initial trip, they’re catching mole rats to fit with radio collars. a second trip in january will include radio tracking and mapping of the burrow systems. radim and jan had spent months studying subterranean rodents in africa, so they are quite handy with traps, radio equipment, and the most basic tool of mole rat scientists, the hoe .\nnevo e, heth g, beiles a (1982) population structure and evolution in subterranean mole rats. evolution 36: 1283–1289 .\ntopachevskii va (1969) the fauna of the ussr: mammals, mole rats, spalacidae. leningrad: nauka. 332 p .\nmice, platacanthomyines, zokors, blind mole rats, and bamboo rats). other groups, however, cannot be classified with certainty and may or may not be a hodgepodge of unrelated genera and species (new world rats and mice, dendromurines, and malagasy rats and mice). also unresolved are the affinities of subfamilies…\ntopachevskii va (1976) fauna of the ussr: mammals. mole rats, spalacidae. new delhi, india: amerind publishing company .\nnevo has been studying blind mole rats in israel for over 50 years, amassing more than 300 publications and posters about them. (mole rats comprise only one of his many research interests, and he’s supervising me on a different research project on fruit flies .) a professor emeritus at haifa university and founder of its institute of evolution, he shows no signs of slowing down at 83. he’s the one leading the charge through thorny bushes and rocky hills in the field .\nthe favorite foods of the palestine mole rats are roots, bulbs, and tubers, although the zoo residents eat almost any fruit or vegetable .\nas the czechs went to set their traps, ali and hassan took their hoes out into the field. hunting mole rats is a matter of patience. first, the hunters open up the mound to expose the tunnel running underneath. then they wait – “sometimes 30 minutes, sometimes all day” according to ali. the mole rat will eventually come out to fix its mound when it senses air rushing through. then a quick whack with the hoe right behind the animal, blocking its escape path back into the tunnel. caught .\nthe team found that when compared with rats and mice, the genomic adaptation of the blind mole rats included higher rates of alteration of the sequence of nucleotides in dna and rna (dna and rna editing), lower rates of structural change of the ancestor native chromosome (chromosome rearrangements) and an accumulation in very high copy numbers of short interspersed elements .\nthey' re also cancer - proof, which was found in 2011 to be down to a gene that stops cancerous cells from forming. the same team thought that two other cancer - proof mole rat species might have similar genes, but instead it turns out that they do develop cancerous cells. it' s just that those cells are programmed to destroy themselves if they become dangerous .\nnevo e, heth g, beiles a (1986) aggression patterns in adaptation and speciation of subterranean mole rats. j genet 65: 65–78 .\nfood is not the only place where differences crop up in an international collaboration. radim and jan don’t speak hebrew or arabic while ali and hassan don’t speak english or czech. on the first day, radim was trying to explain through a translator why he wanted mole rats from both the basalt and the chalk. the chalk’s dense cover of shrubs made it difficult to catch mole rats, especially because there are also just fewer mole rats living in chalk .\nheth, g. , e. frankenberg, a. raz, e. nevo. 1987. vibrational communication in subterranean mole rats (spalax ehrenbergi) .\nin order to study sex ratio, distribution of body masses, reproduction and spatial distribution of the individuals, we captured 28 extra individuals in addition to the 36 captured for the radio - tracking study. these 28 individuals included 11 mole rats captured in rendzina outside (< 500 m) the microsite in order to increase the sample size. within the microsite we mapped positions of remaining mole rats based on observations of fresh clusters of molehills. all individuals captured (all > 80 g) occupied their own burrow systems and were therefore considered as adults (cf. [ 12, 24 ]). through the study we collected information on mole rat reproduction, such as marks of pregnancy and lactation in captured females and presence of pups in their burrow systems .\nheth, g. , e. frankenberg, e. nevo. 1988 .\ncourtship\ncall of subterranean mole rats (spalax ehrenbergi): physical analysis .\nnevo e (1993) mode, tempo and pattern of evolution in subterranean mole rats of the spalax ehrenbergi superspecies in the quaternary of israel. quaternary international 19: 13–19 .\nnevo e, filippucci mg, redi c, simson s, heth g, et al. (1995) karyotype and genetic evolution in speciation of subterranean mole rats of the genus\nali caught the first animal. he walked over as it whirred like a wind - up toy in his hand. the mole rat that seemed so clever and diabolic underground – one clogged up a trap so compactly with dirt that i made no headway attempting to clear it for twenty minutes – was out of its element in the open air. even if you put it down on the ground, it doesn’t run off, not knowing where to run when there are no tunnels .\nnevo, e. , heth, g. and beiles, a. (1982) population structure and evolution in subterranean mole rats. evolution, 36 (6): 1283 - 1289 .\nis widely distributed in the eastern mediterranean region, from northeastern libya through egypt, jordan, syria, and southern turkey. within this region, these mole rats are found in fragmented areas with appropriate soils for burrowing .\nlike in form, having a furred, cylindrical body, short limbs, and protruding incisor teeth. the feet and claws are surprisingly small for such a highly specialized burrower. blind mole rats appear eyeless and earless, as the functioning remnants of these structures are covered by fur and are therefore not visible. the tiny eyes are hidden beneath the skin, and the external ears are reduced to slight folds. sensory bristles extending rearward from the flattened, padded nose toward the eyes give the head a keeled, wedgelike shape. like the eyes and ears, the\nheth, g. , frankenberg, e. and nevo, e. (1988) “courtship” call of subterranean mole rats (spalax ehrenbergi): physical analysis. journal of mammalogy, 69 (1): 121 - 125 .\nsuzuki h, wakana s, yonekawa h, moriwaki k, sakurai s, et al. (1996) variations in ribosomal dna and mitochondrial dna among chromosomal species of subterranean mole rats. molecular biology and evolution 13: 85–92 .\nnevo e, filippucci mg, redi c, korol a, beiles a (1994) chromosomal speciation and adaptive radiation of mole rats in asia minor correlated with increased ecological stress. proc natl acad sci usa 91: 8160–8164. pmid: 8058774\na hoe is all ali and hassan, the arab hunters from the west bank, used to catch mole rats. nevo has been employing arab hunters to catch mole rats since the 70s, and it’s been so long that nobody remembers the exact circumstances of how they first met. ali recalls first learning to catch them after meeting an israeli scientist, who was not nevo, catching mole rats in the west bank back when the border was less restricted. getting west bank residents into israel these days is no easy task. with unemployment in the west bank at 25% and higher wages in israel, many are eager to work here. to secure eight - day work permits for ali and hassan, nevo was sending letters every day to the government office .\n“this is basalt, ” nevo said pointing to the ground, “and that is chalk, ” this time pointing across the hill. his simple statement captured why we were in this particular field. a geological fault splits the field in two, with white chalk soil densely covered in thorny burnet shrubs on one side and sparsely vegetated, clay - like basalt soil on the other. according to nevo, the mole rats here have adapted to two different environments, and a 2003 paper reported genetic divergence between populations living in the two soils. this different from that classic example of adaptation in the galapagos because unlike the isolated islands, there is nothing to prevent mole rats in the chalk from interacting with mole rats in the basalt and vice versa. yet dna evidence suggests they’re going their respective ways .\nafter the end of radio - tracking, burrow systems of nine out of the 16 radio - tracked individuals (three males and three females from basaltic soil; one male and two females from rendzina) were excavated and mapped on graph paper. tunnels backfilled with soil, but still identifiable, were also mapped. within the burrow systems, we mapped positions of nests (chambers with bedding), toilets (chambers / blind ended tunnels with faeces) and food stores (chambers or blind tunnels with stored food). in all burrow systems, at approximately each meter during excavation, we measured the depth of the tunnels (96±65 measurements per burrow system, measured from its bottom to the ground surface) and the diameter, height and depth of nest chambers .\nfor both soils combined, burrow systems of s. galili comprised 119±72 (46–275) m of tunnels covering an area of 647±929 (64–3023) m 2 (mcp). they consisted of a main axial tunnel, lateral branches, nest chambers, and food stores (table 2, figs 2 and 3). burrow systems were relatively shallow (usually 11–21 cm, table 2), with the nests or blind tunnels close to the nests being the deepest parts. in five burrow systems (two from rendzina, three from basaltic soil), deep blind tunnels (> 60 cm) were found near the nests. detected backfilled tunnels comprised only 2. 4±3. 5 (0. 3–11. 3)% of the burrow systems but high soil moisture complicated their detection .\nthe status and conservation of mole rats in the carpathian basin has for a long time caused headaches for experts. the reason for this difficulty over the taxonomy is as a result of the huge spatial isolation of populations whose individuals are morphologically similar, but cannot communicate or reproduce between each other .\navivi, a. , band, m. , joel, a. , shenzer, p. and coleman, r. (2009) adaptive features of skeletal muscles of mole rats (spalax ehrenbergi) to intensive activity under subterranean hypoxic conditions. acta histochemica, 111: 415 - 419 .\nthe first day in the field ended with six mole rats. traps: 4, hunters: 2 – far exceeding radim’s expectations. “six! ” he said, holding up fingers from two hands. with seven more days of trapping ahead, they werewell on their way to the goal of 30 .\nmole, (family talpidae), any of 42 species of insectivores, most of which are adapted for aggressive burrowing and for living most of their lives underground. burrowing moles have a cylindrical body with a short tail and short, stocky limbs. a long, nearly hairless, and highly mobile piglike muzzle extends beyond…\nvojvodina mole rat lives on three sites which are isolated from one another. the first of these sites is in a protected area of subotica sands (~ 10 km to the north from subotica), on the very borderline between serbia and hungary. here it has a range of about 20ha, in which 60 individuals live. on the other side of the border in hungary, between asotthalom and kelebia, populations survive in six localities on a total of 16ha, in which 90 animals live (results of census in 2010). here the main pressure is fast development of agriculture, where ploughing causes fragmentation of suitable sites. the third site is on the slope of fruška gora, around čortanovci and stražilovo (serbia), where a population of 100 animals lives on a 50ha area and where ploughing of iand is again the main threat .\naside from fitting the mole rats with radio collars, the researchers are planning other comparative experiments: dna sequencing, x - rays, and vocalization recordings. the ultimate goal is a comprehensive understanding of the physical and behavioral differences between the two neighboring chalk and basalt populations. living just 100 meters apart, do they ever interact? how different are they ?\nin order to describe ecological conditions in the 16 mole rat home ranges, we quantified six parameters of food supply and four soil parameters based on the five sample squares per individual. the parameters of food supply were: underground storage organs' biomass per square meter, storage organs' density per square meter, green aboveground biomass per square meter, number of geophyte species per sample square, mass per storage organ, and standardized morisita index of dispersion of geophytes (ip; [ 25 ]). the ip was computed as a single number for rendzina and basaltic soil, respectively based on all 0. 5 m squares of the respective soils pooled (50 in basaltic soil, 30 in rendzina). this index ranges from −1. 0 (uniform distribution) to 1. 0 (clumped distribution), with 95% confidence limits at −0. 5 and 0. 5. perfectly random patterns give an index of zero. the parameters of soil were: soil hardness (cone resistance, n cm - 2), soil moisture (percentage of fresh mass), soil density (g cm - 3), and proportion of coarse fragments (percentage of dry mass) .\nthe diet of strictly subterranean rodents consists mainly of underground storage organs of plants [ 10 ], although, some of these rodents also consume aboveground biomass (see below). in our study, rendzina and basaltic soil differed in most food supply parameters, with basaltic soil offering higher density of underground storage organs of plants and green aboveground biomass. in this respect, mole rats burrowing in rendzina might be exposed to more stressful conditions, as reflected for example, in their lower resting metabolic rate compared with their basaltic - soil counterparts [ 16 ] .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\njustification: data deficient because of taxonomic problems. the taxonomy of this species is currently crude and in need of revision. however, if after taxonomic revision the taxon is split into several different species, some of these may warrant listing as threatened .\nit is a widespread, relatively common species that is considered a pest in some areas .\nit occurs in dry steppes, semi - desert, and occurs marginally in desert habitats. it is also found in cultivated fields. strictly fossorial .\nthere are no major threats to this species. regular ploughing of fields disturb the burrows of this species and may have a negative impact on local populations .\nfound in protected areas (e. g. kouf national park, libya). no specific conservation measures are in place or needed. yaxonomic research is required to determine whether this taxon in fact represents a number of different species .\nthis species was assessed under the name spalax ehrenbergi but it is now treated under nannospalax following arslan et al. (2016). this amended assessment has been created for the taxonomic change .\n( amended version of 2008 assessment). the iucn red list of threatened species 2017: e. t14326a113301086 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nlab mice, rejoice! at the university of haifa’s institute of evolution, a new lab animal has been discovered that could free all you mice from the tragic fate that scientists have been imposing on you for ...\nyour comment was successfully submitted and will be published in accordance with site policy .\nif you would like to be notified when your comment is published, please fill in your email address in the form below .\nboris johnson quits u. k. government amid brexit furor - what is next for theresa may ?\nmossad ran a fake diving resort in sudan. this is the story behind it\nclassified as data deficient (dd) on the iucn red list (1) .\nchecked (24 / 08 / 10) by dr francis gilbert, associate professor, university of nottingham. urltoken\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nsteppe vast, treeless, grassland plains, characterised by low rainfall and an extreme range in temperature. subterranean living underground. territory an area occupied and defended by an animal, a pair of animals or a colony .\nosborn, d. j. and helmy, i. (1980) the contemporary land mammals of egypt (including sinai). fieldiana, 5: 1 - 579 .\nhoath, r. (2009) a field guide to the mammals of egypt. the american university in cairo press, cairo .\nwilson, d. e. and reeder, d. m. (2005) mammal species of the world. a taxonomic and geographic reference. third edition. the johns hopkins university press, baltimore. available at: urltoken\nheth, g. , golenberg, e. m. and nevo, e. (1989) foraging strategy in a subterranean rodent, spalax ehrenbergi: a test case for optimal foraging theory. oecologia, 79: 496 - 505 .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\n( dewey, 2003; hutchins, 2004; schlitter, et al. , 2008 )\nis 1 / 1, 0 / 0, 0 / 0, 3 / 3 = 16. the two large incisors are orthodont and are oriented in front of the lips so that the incisors can be used to dig even when the mouth is closed. the cheek teeth are rooted and display enamel patterns that resemble the letters\nz\nand\ns .\nhas a highly polymorphic karyotype with over 30 chromosomal forms. it has been posited that some of these forms are likely to be distinct species. it has been suggested that at least four distinct cryptic species (\nrange basal metabolic rate 0. 62 to 1. 03 cm3. o2 / g / hr\nfemales only mate with one male for each breeding season, but may mate with different males throughout their lifetime, making them serially monogamous .\nmating behavior is categorized into three stages: agonistic, courtship, and copulation. courtship takes place during the winter season, which is the only time males and females will be found in overlapping territory. this species is highly aggressive, with severe aggressive displays occurring within and between the sexes. due to their aggressive nature, courtship is a very long process involving the male and female engaging in repeated mating displays until their aggressive behavior is attenuated. seismic signaling is used to initiate the first contact between the male and female' s respective burrows. this involves both males and females drumming their heads against the ceilings of their burrows to create vibrations. the mating pair begins with face - to - face touching of their incisors which proceeds to nibbling and courtship calls, which contributes to reducing the intensity of the aggressive displays between the pair. after the courtship ritual the male will dig a “copulation hollow” which is where the actual mating will take place. after the pair becomes habituated to the hollow the female will initiate copulation by turning her back towards the male. immediately after copulation the male will fill in the “copulation hollow” and the pair will separate and return to solitary lifestyles .\n( dewey, 2003; gazit and terkel, 2000; heth, et al. , 1987; nevo, 1969; zuri and terkel, 1998 )\nfemales provide sole parental care. in a study done by gazit and terkel (2000), males exhibited limited parental care and intermittently brought food to the female’s territory if the males had acquired a large food surplus during the wet season. the young are born naked and helpless but develop quickly, leaving the nest and becoming independent at 4 to 6 weeks old .\n( heth, et al. , 1988; nevo, et al. , 1975; zuri and terkel, 1998 )\ncalls are at a low frequency and are specialized for low frequency hearing. head thumping against tunnel ceilings is also used in vibrational communication, which has shown to be advantageous in long distance communication and is used to signal territoriality and initiate mating rituals. although the eyes of\nare not used for visual purposes, they are still photoreceptive. in a study done by sanyal et al. (1990), it was shown that the eyes are used for detecting photoperiodicity, which allows them to distinguish the various stages of the day .\n( gazit and terkel, 2000; heth, et al. , 1987; heth, et al. , 1988; nevo, 1969; nevo, et al. , 1975; sanyal, et al. , 1990 )\nhas adapted to a strict fossorial lifestyle, which provides good protection from most predators. no natural predators are reported in the literature, although they are sometimes persecuted by humans .\nis a primary consumer and through its diet of underground plant roots, tubers, and seeds; it shapes and defines that plant biodiversity and availability in an ecosystem. the extensive burrowing and tunneling activitie of this species also affects the water, nutrient, and air composition of soils .\n( avivi, et al. , 1999; hutchins, 2004; nevo, 1969; nevo, et al. , 1975; schlitter, et al. , 2008 )\nresults in blindness, although to this date they have not been shown to be a vector for any human diseases .\nnicole santarosa (author), university of michigan - ann arbor, phill moll (author), university of michigan - ann arbor, phil myers (editor, instructor), museum of zoology, university of michigan - ann arbor, tanya dewey (editor), animal diversity web .\nliving in the northern part of the old world. in otherwords, europe and asia and northern africa .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching. in birds, naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nfound in coastal areas between 30 and 40 degrees latitude, in areas with a mediterranean climate. vegetation is dominated by stands of dense, spiny shrubs with tough (hard or waxy) evergreen leaves. may be maintained by periodic fire. in south america it includes the scrub ecotone between forest and paramo .\nhaving markings, coloration, shapes, or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\nreferring to a burrowing life - style or behavior, specialized for digging or burrowing .\noffspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc .) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nreferring to something living or located adjacent to a waterbody (usually, but not always, a river or stream) .\nplaces a food item in a special place to be eaten later. also called\nhoarding\nthat region of the earth between 23. 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north (between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle) and between 23. 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south (between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle)." ]

{ "text": [ "the middle east blind mole-rat or palestine mole-rat ( spalax ehrenbergi ) ( also known as nannospalax ehrenbergi ) is a species of rodent in the family spalacidae . " ], "topic": [ 27 ] }

[ "the middle east blind mole-rat or palestine mole-rat (spalax ehrenbergi) (also known as nannospalax ehrenbergi) is a species of rodent in the family spalacidae." ]

[ "arthur bos marked\nimage of canthigaster bennetti\nas hidden on the\ncanthigaster solandri\npage .\narthur bos marked\nimage of canthigaster bennetti\nas untrusted on the\ncanthigaster solandri\npage. reasons to untrust: misidentified\naquarium fish: the papuan (canthigaster papua) and ocellated toby (c. solandri )\ncanthigaster papua has long been considered a color form of c. solandri. note the differences between this photo and the shots of c. solandri below .\nnick hope marked the english common name\nhue\nfrom\ncanthigaster solandri (richardson, 1845 )\nas untrusted .\naquarium fish: the papuan (canthigaster papua) and ocellated toby (c. solandri) — advanced aquarist | aquarist magazine and blog\narthur bos added an association between\nimage of canthigaster bennetti\nand\ncanthigaster bennetti (bleeker, 1854 )\n.\narthur bos added an association between\nimage of canthigaster papua\nand\ncanthigaster papua (bleeker, 1848 )\n.\nan adult male ocellated toby (canthigaster solandri) can be a very beautiful beast. even though it has been known to eat sps corals in nature, some aquarists have successfully kept in reef aquariums .\na smaller c. solandri beginning to preform an aggressive display. note the partially erected ridge on the ventrum .\nthe papua toby (canthigaster papua) is one of the most attractive members of the genus .\ni have long “had a thing” for one group of these “inflatable fishes. ” these are the puffers in the genus canthigaster (known commonly as the tobies or sharpnosed puffers). there are approximately 32 species in the genus canthigaster. one of the most spectacular of these is the papuan toby (canthigaster papua). for a long time c. papua was considered synonymous with the ocellated or bluespotted toby (canthigaster solandri). now there are a number of ichthyologists that recognize the two as distinct species. canthigaster papua is known from the philippines, indonesia, new guinea and australia, while c. solandri is more wide - ranging, having been reported from east africa east to the hawaiian and line islands. another very similar species, the pearl toby (canthigaster margaritata), is restricted in distribution to the red sea .\nthe fingerprint toby (canthigaster compressa) is not as common in the aquarium trade as these similar congeners. the husbandry of all these species is similar .\nindo - pacific: east africa to the line and tuamoto islands, north to ryukyu islands, south to new caledonia and tonga; strays to the hawaiian islands. population from the philippines, indonesia, new guinea, queensland, and belau differs in coloration (formerly canthigaster papua); replaced by canthigaster margaritata in the red sea .\nthe ambon toby (canthigaster amboinensis) differs from its close relatives in the length of the snout and the coloration. this species is often found in the surge zone .\ni have a canthigaster puffer in every one of my reefs, they are great occupants and rarely if ever touch a coral. shrimp and crabs are another thing ...\n( of tetrodon solandri richardson, 1845) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cathigaster solandri (richardson, 1845) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of canthigaster australis stead, 1907) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of canthigaster glaucospilotus fowler, 1944) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of canthigaster saipanensis fowler, 1945) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthere are mushrooms in that tank because they ate all the leather corals that were in there previously. we had 6 canthigaster sp. , and i would be pretty cautious of putting them in a reef tank .\none - third of global seagrass species are currently experiencing population declines, and 21% of globally assessed seagrass species are in threatened or near threatened categories primarily due to coastal development and pollution (short et al. 2011). this species is a component of the marine aquarium trade. the effect of this trade on the population of c. solandri is unknown .\nthere are a few records of c. solandri in hawaii, however it does not appear to be established there. this species is distributed from central philippines (bohol region) east to french polynesia. it is not found in palau (allen and erdmann 2012, stump in prep. 2014). several records from the ryukyu islands, japan were based on mis - identifications of c. papua, and this species' presence in japan remains to to be verified (stump in prep. 2014 )\none final interesting tidbit - there are some very interesting mimetic relationships that exist between several tobies and three filefish species. all of these are examples of batesian mimic - where a toxic species is mimicked by a non - toxic form. the saddled toby (canthigaster valentini) is mimicked by the saddled filefish (paraluteres prionurus), the pearl toby is mimicked by the red sea puffer mimic (paraluteres arquat) while an undescribed monacanthid, known commonly as the spotted puffer mimic (paraluteres sp .), resembles the ocellated toby .\nmembers of the genus canthigaster (known commonly as tobies) have been kept in larger reef aquariums. for example, bruce carlson in a article written for public aquarists on reef displays, listed tobies as a potential inhabitants for the reef aquarium. gregory schiemer also reports having kept c. papua in a reef tank without incident. but these fishes do occasionally feed on sps corals in the wild, as well as other ornamental invertebrates. for example, i have seen c. solandri bite off the feeding tentacles of christmas tree worms (spirobranchus spp .), the tips of serpent star arms, the skin knobs of sea stars and the spines of sea urchins. therefore, if you add a toby to your reef tank, be aware that there is a possibility that they may damage sessile and motile invertebrates. one important thing to remember, is that they are less likely to cause problems if you feed them frequently (e. g. , two or three times a day). one way to provide a more constant food supply, and possibly prevent them from biting your ornamental invertebrates, is to regularly add some of the freeze - dried algae sheets in a lettuce clip .\ncan anybody give a good ratio for size: prey? if i buy one of the leopard spot versions on la, which supposedly max out at 3\nwhat will it go after? i have a very outgoing fire shrimp that' s 2. 5\nor so. i also have a variety of snails in the. 5 - 1\nrange. aside from some quarreling flasher wrasses my tank is peaceful. i' d love to add a more unusual fish like a canthigaster puffer but i don' t want to ruin the atmosphere .\ni' ve had a c. solandri in a small softy tank (40 gallons) for about a year with no problems. i' ve got a big toadstool, devil' s hand, gsp, anthelia, xenia, mushrooms, a few palys and a gorgonian. he' s never shown the slightest interest. there' s also a little peppermint shrimp hiding deep in a rock pile somewhere that he' d probably eat if he could. he' s always fat even though he never eats much i offer him. i think he' s eating snails he finds in the rocks. he also eats nori and spirulina tabs like it' s going out of style. maybe that' s why he behaves himself .\nthe two species differ in coloration. the papuan toby is brown overall with blue spots on the side of the body, blue lines on the back and the dorsal surface of the caudal peduncle, a black spot at the base of the dorsal fin and orange on the underside of the snout. the ocellated toby has spots on the side of the body, on the back and caudal peduncle, with some lines radiating from the eyes, and has no or little orange on the ventral surface of the snout, head or belly. both species typically have orange on the tail, but c. papuensis usually sports more orange. the papuan toby is probably sexually dichromatic and dimorphic. in the closely related c. solandri the males attain a larger size and typically have fewer, larger spots than females. there also appears to be some size and color differences between the sexes in the papuan toby .\ngreek, kanthos = the outer or inner corner of the eye, where the lids meet, 1646 + greek, gaster = stomach (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; reef - associated; depth range 10 - 36 m (ref. 1602). tropical; 30°n - 24°s\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 11. 5 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 11441 )\ndorsal spines (total): 0; dorsal soft rays (total): 8 - 10; anal spines: 0; anal soft rays: 8 - 10. ocellus at base of dorsal fin; dark lines radiating from eye; caudal fin brown with pale spots, outer rows may form wavy lines (ref. 4919) .\ninhabit sheltered rocky reefs (ref. 48637). also live in intertidal reef flats, lagoon and seaward reefs. occur over open barren areas, also among corals and under ledges (ref. 9710). benthopelagic (ref. 58302). often found in pairs, sometimes in small groups. feed mainly on filamentous red and green algae and coralline red algae but also on corals, tunicates, mollusks, echinoderms, polychaetes, crustaceans and bryozoans. common (ref. 9710). monogamous (ref. 52884) .\noviparous (ref. 205). displays facultative monogamy where males are constrained to mate with a single female due to resource limitation (ref. 52884) .\nmyers, r. f. , 1991. micronesian reef fishes. second ed. coral graphics, barrigada, guam. 298 p. (ref. 1602 )\n): 26. 1 - 29, mean 28 (based on 454 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 02512 (0. 01271 - 0. 04965), b = 2. 93 (2. 75 - 3. 11), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & (sub) family - body (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 0 ±0. 36 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (11 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ncarpenter, k. e. , comeros - raynal, m. , harwell, h. & sanciangco, j .\nis widely distributed in the indo - pacific where it appears to be common. it is associated with a variety of habitats, including coral reefs, seagrass beds, and artificial reefs .\nis a component of the marine aquarium trade, however there are no indications of population declines from harvesting at present time. there have been no documented population declines in\nmay be experiencing population declines due to habitat loss in parts of its range. there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for c .\n, however its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas. it is therefore listed as least concern. we recommend monitoring of harvest levels for the aquarium trade .\namerican samoa; australia; cook islands; fiji; french polynesia; guam; indonesia; kiribati (kiribati line is. , phoenix is .); marshall islands; micronesia, federated states of; nauru; new caledonia; niue; northern mariana islands; palau; philippines; samoa; solomon islands; tokelau; tonga; tuvalu; united states; united states minor outlying islands (howland - baker is. , wake is .); vanuatu; wallis and futuna; yemen\nare very common in museum collections (fishnet2 searched 28 march 2012). however, it is rare in taiwan (shao pers. comm. 2011) .\nmay be experiencing population declines due to habitat loss in parts of its range .\ninhabits sheltered rocky reefs (kuiter and tonozuka 2001) as well as intertidal reef flats and lagoon and seaward reefs. this species occurs over open barren areas, as well as among corals and under ledges (lieske and myers 1994) .\nis also associated with seagrass beds (gell and whittington 2002). it has been known to associate with artificial reefs (logan kock 1982). it is often found in pairs and sometimes in small groups .\n1994), tunicates, molluscs, echinoderms, polychaetes, crustaceans and bryozoans .\nis sexually dimorphic (stump in prep. 2014). in all species for which spawning has been described, males are larger than females and defend territories that include multiple females. spawning occurs during the day and involves the preparation of an algal nest on the substratum by the females into which eggs are deposited and fertilized by the male, and spawning occurs in multiple bouts, with no parental care after the last bout. this is consistent with field observations of spawning, social organization, and sexual dimorphism in other\nspecies (gladstone 1987, kobayashi 1988, sikkel 1990, sikkel and sikkel 2012) .\nare known for their general lack of characters, and are generally differentiated on the basis of colour differences .\ntetraodontids are characterized by a tough skin that is often covered with small spinulous scales, a beak - like dental plate divided by a median suture, a slit - like gill opening anterior to the base of the pectoral fin, no pelvic fins, no fin spines, a single usually short - based dorsal fin, a single usually short - based anal fin, and no ribs. they are capable of inflating their abdomens with water when frightened or disturbed and are capable of producing and accumulating toxins such as tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin in the skin, gonads, and liver. the degree of toxicity varies by species, and also according to geographic area and season (allen and randall 1977, allen and erdmann 2012). fishes in the family tetraodontidae have the smallest vertebrate genomes known to date (neafsey and palumbi 2003) .\nis a component of the marine aquarium trade, where it is regularly available. it has been exported from the maldives (edwards and shepherd 1992). it retails for approximately $ 25 usd (liveaquaria. com )\n2008). of 704 zooxanthellate reef - building coral species which were assessed by using the international union for conservation of nature red list criteria, 32. 8% are in categories with elevated risk of extinction (carpenter\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nboth the papuan and ocellated tobies are excellent aquarium inhabitants. the only possible drawback with these tobies is that some individuals will nip the fins of other fishes .\neef fish posses a variety of anatomical and behavioral characteristics to help them avoid predators. sharp spines, extreme agility, cryptic coloration, noxious body slime, and batesian mimicry are all examples of adaptations that some fish possess to lessen the chances that they will become a meal. but probably the most unusual antipredation adaptation possessed by reef fishes is body inflation. this is where a fish increases it' s girth by swallowing water (or in some cases air). several fish groups are known to possess this unusual gift, including the swell sharks (genus\n), the frogfishes (antennariidae), the porcupinefishes (diodontidae) and the pufferfishes (tetraodontidae). apparently, by increasing their size these animals reduce the chances that a predator will be able to ingest them, or by suddenly inflating they might startle a would - be predator, or make themselves difficult to extract from a reef crevice .\nthese two tobies are found at water depths from 1 to 34 m (3 to 118 feet) in depth, generally in areas protected from strong water movement, around coral heads, rocky reefs, sea grass meadows, pier pilings and in a number of different reef habitats (e. g. fringing reefs, lagoons around patch reefs, on the back and fore reef). in micronesia juveniles are said to be more common in shallower, more protected areas than adults. these tobies feed most on algae, followed by an array of benthic invertebrates, such as tunicates and small crustaceans. tube worms, foraminiferans, fish parts, and coral are also consumed to a lesser degree. they are reported to neatly nip off the tips of small - polyped stony (e. g. acropora spp .) and alcyonarian corals with its strong fused teeth. these tobies can be observed singly, in pairs, or in groups on the reef. adults are often seen in pairs, but are likely haremic like many other tobies .\nboth the papuan and ocellated tobies are excellent aquarium inhabitants. the only possible drawback with these tobies is that some individuals will nip the fins of other fishes. you may not see them doing the nipping, only the results of it – circular bite marks on the fins. fortunately, most individuals do not engage in this undesirable behavior. when they do nip tankmates, they most often assault long - finned fishes, like comets, bannerfishes, batfishes and tangs. tobies are rarely aggressive towards other fish species, with the possible exception of congeners. the papuan and ocellated tobies are territorial fishes, with males excluding consexuals from their territories. therefore, individuals (especially males) may fight with each other if placed in the same tank. it is possible to keep a male with a female together in a larger aquarium (e. g. , 100 gallons or more) .\ntoby fighting usually begins with bouts of displaying, where the combatants increase their apparent size by erecting a ridge on the back and belly. they perform these lateral displays to try and drive their opponent away with out actually coming to blows. but, if one individual does not back down and leave the area biting will usually ensue. this can result in severe injuries. the problem with captive combat, is that the fish that retreats cannot “leave the area” since our aquariums are so much smaller than the normal toby territory and hence this subordinate is chastised by the more dominant, or territory holding fish. if it gets to the point where biting occurs you will need to separate the fish or risk losing one of them to injury. you could try taking the dominant fish out of the tank and placing it in a different aquarium for a week or two, and then try adding the more aggressive fish back into the tank and see what happens. in some cases the subordinate will accept its position in the pecking order from the onset and avoid the more dominant fish. in these cases lethal fighting usually does not occur .\ntobies will eat a wide variety of chopped, fresh seafood, flake foods and frozen preparations. it is very important to feed these fish at least twice a day, especially in tanks that lack plant growth or sessile invertebrates. if fed any less than this, these fishes will loss weight. tobies do best when housed in a tank that has an abundance of fleshy or filamentous algae, on which they can browse throughout the day. because they are omnivores, it is important to include sufficient quantities of plant material in their diets, including algae, spinach, dried algae and frozen and / or flake foods formulated for herbivores. tobies should also be housed in a tank with some hard calcareous decor that they can nip at or the aquarist can add a small piece of live rock now and then for them to chew on. this will help ware down their teeth, which will continue to grow and can get so long that they interfere with their normal feeding behavior .\nif a specimen shows chronic, abnormal distention of the abdomen it may be suffering from an internal infestation of nematode worms of the genus philometra. unlike normal toby inflation, the distended abdomen of fish suffering from this infection will be asymmetrical in form and will change shape as the parasites move around. schleser (1994) recommends introducing fenbendazole (add at a volume of 1% of the active ingredient) to gelatin based foods to eradicate intestinal worms .\nalthough it can break the ice at parties, provoking your toby to inflate is not a good puffer maintenance practice. this will stress your fish and it could prove to be fatal if your toby ingests air. tobies sometimes have difficulty expelling air from the stomach and end up bobbing helplessly at the water' s surface. another word of warning; these fish are not strong swimmers, so make sure all siphons tubes have strainers or small specimens may end up in your power filter .\nmyers, r. f. 1999. micronesian reef fishes. coral graphics, guam, pp. 330 .\nschleser, d. m. 1994. captive husbandry of batfish (family ogcocephalidae). aquarium frontiers, spring: 27 - 29 .\ncopyright © 2002 - 2018 by pomacanthus publications, llc, all rights reserved .\ndescription inhabits intertidal reef flats to a depth of at least 36 m on lagoon and seaward reefs. occurs over open barren areas, also ...\ndescription inhabits intertidal reef flats to a depth of at least 36 m on lagoon and seaward reefs. occurs over open barren areas, also among corals and under ledges. often found in pairs, sometimes in small groups. feeds mainly on filamentous red and green algae and coralline red algae but also on corals, tunicates, mollusks, echinoderms, polychaetes, crustaceans and bryozoans. [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\neschmeyer, w. n. (ed). catalog of fishes. urltoken electronic version accessed 03 - nov - 2014\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information, no. 1, vol 1 - 3\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\ninhabit sheltered rocky reefs (ref. 48637). also live in intertidal reef flats, lagoon and seaward reefs. occur over open barren areas, also among corals and under ledges (ref. 9710). benthopelagic (ref. 58302). often found in pairs, sometimes in small groups. feed mainly on filamentous red and green algae and coralline red algae but also on corals, tunicates, mollusks, echinoderms, polychaetes, crustaceans and bryozoans. common (ref. 9710). monogamous (ref. 52884) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nbecause of the sheer size of our forum, we' ve been forced to limit selling and trading to members who' ve met a couple of criteria. (if you' re seeing this message, you haven' t met them yet .) please take a moment to acquaint yourself with our selling / trading rules to help make your stay a long and rewarding one .\ni recently visited the omaha zoo and saw a small tank with blue spotted pufferfish. they had some fairly large mushrooms in the tank. i was wondering what people thought of this fish in a soft coral tank? mainly, colts, leathers, gsp, shrooms, etc... how does it fair with peaceful fish like chromis ?\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ don' t cross the streams. current tank info: tankless and happy about it\nthanks for the first hand experiences. i' ll probably add it to my list with caution. it has beautiful colors. does it nip at any of your other fish? i was thinking of a marine betta as well, but the elongated fins worry me .\ni have a question as i have been eyeing a blue spotted puffer in a lfs. when you feed them what do you feed? how do you present it food? (i. e. small pieces, chunks, etc. )\ni' ve never seen him pay the slightest attention to any other fish in the tank (which is a bit overstocked at the moment). i feed this tank a frozen mix 3 - 5 times a week that i make with squid, shrimp, clam, scallops, mysys, prawn roe, and cyclopeeze. the pieces vary a lot in size - he seems to like the ones that are around 2 or 3 mm in size. the rest of the week i feed pellets. the toby won' t take pellets or any other dried food. but he loves nori and seems to be fat all the time, so he' s eating something. hope this helps .\ni had a blue spot that would eat whatever i fed. formula 1 pellets, frozen mysis, live ghost shrimp (was fun to watch him chase em around) he left all my corals alone. would munch on tube worms, pods, bristle worms. loved that fish, i want another .\npowered by vbulletin® version 3. 8. 4 copyright ©2000 - 2018, jelsoft enterprises ltd. powered by searchlight © 2018 axivo inc .\nuse of this web site is subject to the terms and conditions described in the user agreement. reef central tm reef central, llc. copyright ©1999 - 2014\nuser alert system provided by advanced user tagging v3. 3. 0 (pro) - vbulletin mods & addons copyright © 2018 dragonbyte technologies ltd." ]

{ "text": [ "canthigaster solandri is a ray-finned species of fish and member of the pufferfish family .", "it grows to a length of 11.5 centimers ( 4.5 in ) .", "it lives in the tropical indo-pacific : from east africa to the line islands and tuamotu , north to the ryukyu islands , south to new caledonia and tonga , to the hawaiian islands .", "they have the ability to rapidly fill themselves up like a water balloon , to protect themselves from predators .", "their skin also contains a poison . " ], "topic": [ 26, 0, 13, 13, 26 ] }

[ "canthigaster solandri is a ray-finned species of fish and member of the pufferfish family. it grows to a length of 11.5 centimers (4.5 in). it lives in the tropical indo-pacific: from east africa to the line islands and tuamotu, north to the ryukyu islands, south to new caledonia and tonga, to the hawaiian islands. they have the ability to rapidly fill themselves up like a water balloon, to protect themselves from predators. their skin also contains a poison." ]

[ "tachiraptor admirabilis fossilized bones. image credit: max c. langer et al .\nthe predatory dinosaur tachiraptor admirabilis, unearthed in venezuela, attacking the herbivorous dinosaur laquintasaura .\nthe predatory dinosaur tachiraptor admirabilis, unearthed in venezuela, attacking the herbivorous dinosaur laquintasaura .\n# tachiraptor admirabilis fue descubierto por el dr. ascanio rincon jefe del laboratorio de paleontologia ivic urltoken\ntachiraptor was probably a generalist predator that ate anything it could get ,\nsaid max langer .\ncience - tachiraptor - admirabilis - carnivorous - dinosaur - venezuela - 02196. html #. vdzn2yk9mrw. twitter\ntachiraptor admirabilis attacking a herd of plant - eating laquintasaura venezuelae. image credit: © maurílio oliveira / paleoart .\nlaquintasaura may have been part of tachiraptor' s diet ,\nlanger said .\ntachiraptor was probably a generalist predator that ate anything it could get, such as small dinosaurs and other vertebrates, such as lizards .\ntachiraptor is a genus of carnivorous theropod dinosaur found in an early jurassic period formation of venezuela. the type species is\ntachiraptor admirabilis was an ancestor of other predatory dinosaurs including allosaurus and t - rex. it feasted on other smaller dinosaurs .\nyay! i waited for that! it' s pretty amazing. tachiraptor became one of my favourite dinos ...\ntachiraptor admirabilis probably preyed upon any smaller creature it could catch, including a recently discovered plant - eating dinosaur called laquintasaura venezuelae .\nthe researchers said tachiraptor was likely an ancestor of bigger dinosaurs like t. rex that lived in the later jurassic. their discovery may shed new light on the evolution of dinosaurs following the end - triassic mass extinction that occurred a million years before tachiraptor lived .\ntachiraptor admirabilis is a basal near - averostran sauropod from the la quinta formation of venezuela. la quinta, sounds familiar, right ?\nmax langer, a vertebrate paleontologist at the university of são paulo in brazil, told livescience :\nlaquintasaura may have been part of tachiraptor' s diet. tachiraptor was probably a generalist predator that ate anything it could get, such as small dinosaurs and other vertebrates, such as lizards .\nback when tachiraptor was alive, venezuela was part of the supercontinent pangaea, where most of the landmasses that make up today' s continents were once concentrated .\nhaving survived an extinction event that wiped out about 84 percent of all species which included many other dinosaur groups is a testament to how hardy the tachiraptor is .\naccording to max langer, lead author for the study, the tachiraptor was a predator that preyed upon any smaller animal it could find. as the only other dinosaur found in the area was about half the size of the tachiraptor, it is suspected that the laquintasaura is a staple in the new dinosaur' s diet .\nlaquintasaura may have been part of tachiraptor' s diet ,\nstudy author max langer, a vertebrate paleontologist at the university of são paulo in brazil, told live science .\ntachiraptor was probably a generalist predator that ate anything it could get, such as small dinosaurs and other vertebrates, such as lizards .\nthe study describing tachiraptor performed a cladistic analysis, establishing its probable evolutionary relationships, or phylogeny, by computing an evolutionary tree assuming the least number of evolutionary changes. this analysis showed that tachiraptor was a basal member of the neotheropoda, the subgroup encompassing all but the earliest theropods. it thus was placed low in the evolutionary tree of the neotheropods. tachiraptor was part of the stem leading to the averostra, the group all theropods belong to from the middle jurassic onwards. being a sister species of the averostra, it was described as a\nstem - averostran\n. this made the discovery of tachiraptor especially important, because before 2014, there were no unequivocal stem - averostrans know at all. tachiraptor thus reduced their ghost lineage, a to be assumed but as yet unproven line of descent, with twenty - five million years .\na new species of dinosaur has been discovered. fossils from the 200 million - year - old tachiraptor admirabilis were found in tachira, venezuela, just a few months ago .\nthe illustration above shows the fearsome, newly described theropod tachiraptor attacking a small flock of primitive, ornithopod dinosaurs (laquintasaura), whilst a couple of alarmed rhamphorhynchid pterosaurs take flight .\ntachiraptor is a carnivorous dinosaur from venezuela. this is dinosaur is 1. 5 meters long, and lived in the early jurassic. it was very fast, and its name means thief of tachira .\ntachiraptor was a small bipedal predator. the shinbone has a length of about twenty - five centimetres; from this a total body length of the animal has been deduced of just over 1. 5 metres .\nlo notaste! !! ! < 3 < 3 < 3 < 3 < 3 < 3 < 3 yo esperaba que alguien notara lo de las hojas de laurel. ahora duerme entre los laureles el tachiraptor .\ntachiraptor was one of the few dinosaur species that managed to survive after the mass extinction at the end of the triassic period, more than 200 million years ago. it thrived in the forests and rivers of its homeland, terrorizing other species in what would become modern - day venezuela. tachiraptor wasn’t the only species that was found. the thief of tachira had to have a steady supply of other species to eat, after all. that’s where laquintasaura venezuelae, “the lizard of la quinta” and the first dinosaur to be discovered in venezeula, comes in. laquintasaura was the less terrifying geographical neighbor of tachiraptor. it was small, only three or four feet long and a foot tall. it, too, survived the triassic mass extinction, and lived near the venezuelan andes, where it spent its time eating small insects and being eaten by tachiraptor .\n“the genus name tachiraptor derives from táchira and raptor (latin for thief), in reference to the probable predatory habits of the animal, ” the team explained in a paper published in the journal royal society open science .\ntachiraptor probably preyed upon any smaller animal he could catch ,\nmax langer, a vertebrate paleontologist at the university of são paulo in brazil and co - author of a paper describing the dinosaur, told discovery news .\ntachiraptor has a number of interesting implications for the evolution of theropods. averostra - consisting of the majority of post - triassic theropods - have very obscure origins, with very few definite specimens from the upper jurassic. tachiraptor is a major factor in clearing up the course of the evolution of theropods - the existence of tachiraptor within the dilophosaurid - like group of theropods implies that averostrans did indeed have its origins during this time and at this place. it also provides some insight into how a ‘ghost lineage’, or implied evolutionary path, of averostran theropods, might have survived over the course of the jurassic to develop into the famous allosaurs, tyrannosaurs, and maniraptorans that we all love .\nradiometric dating using tiny crystals found within the rocks in the dig site estimates the dinosaur bones to be about 200 million years old, placing the tachiraptor in the early jurassic period or right after the triassic period ended with mass extinction .\ntachiraptor, a 1. 5 - meter - long theropod dinosaur (center) that lived in what is now venezuela just over 200 million years ago, is a close cousin of dinosaurs that later evolved into multiton meat eaters such as allosaurus .\nwhile being bigger than other dinosaurs was an advantage, the tachiraptor may have also thrived because it lived within a hospitable belt of land that was humid and tropical. rivers were also nearby so the thief of táchira would have everything it would need .\nit corresponds to one of the few dinosaurs ever recovered from northern south america, and the first carnivorous member of the group reported for venezuela. tachiraptor admirabilis was a relatively small animal, living about 200 million year ago ,\nthe authors said .\nthe last common ancestor of theropods and ornithischians, a creature as - yet undiscovered, probably looked a lot like tachiraptor and laquintasaura, butler says. only millions of years later did many species within these groups evolve great size and distinct appearances, he notes .\nthe last common ancestor of theropods and ornithischians, a creature as - yet undiscovered, probably looked a lot like tachiraptor and laquintasaura, butler says. only millions of years later did many species within these groups evolve great size and distinct appearances, he notes .\nresearchers were able to identify the thief of táchira from two bones: a partial hip bone and a nearly complete shinbone with multiple fractures. using what they have, they were able to estimate that the tachiraptor grew to around 4. 9 to 6. 5 feet .\ntachiraptor is named after táchira, the venezuelan state where the fossil was found, and “raptor” (latin for “thief”), alluding to its predatory habits. the species name references simon bolivar & apos; s “admirable campaign, ” where the town la grita played a strategic role .\nin all likelihood, tachiraptor hunted laquintasaura. together, these early jurassic, mass - extinction survivors will help paleontologists better understand the global rise of dino giants millions of years later. that is, until the cretaceous extinction event some 130 million years later that dooms all remaining non - avian dinosaurs .\nthe describers established a number of distinguishing traits. one of these is a possible autapomorphy, a unique evolutionary innovation shown just by tachiraptor. it pertains to the profile, seen from above, of the upper surface of the shinbone. such surfaces generally have two projections, corners jutting out to behind, left and right. in tachiraptor the outer projection, at the side of the fibula, has a rear edge making a sharp angle with the outer edge. this way a uniquely sharp point is formed which, uniquely also, extend further to behind than the inner projection at the opposite side .\nbecause so few dinosaurs have been discovered in this region of south america - - which during the jurassic period was still part of pangaea - - scientists had assumed the habitat was too harsh for dinosaurs to thrive. but the discovery of tachiraptor suggest there may have been more biodiversity present than recently thought .\nthe first dinosaur reported from this region, which lived in the same area and at the same time as tachiraptor, was unveiled in august. that creature, dubbed laquintasaura, was slightly smaller than tachiraptor but had the same general appearance despite being a member of a different group of dinosaurs called ornithischians, says richard butler, a vertebrate paleontologist at the university of birmingham in the united kingdom and a member of the team that described laquintasaura. “all the small dinosaurs of that era looked about the same, ” he notes, but subtle skeletal differences help distinguish the carnivorous theropods from their herbivorous and omnivorous relatives .\nthe first dinosaur reported from this region, which lived in the same area and at the same time as tachiraptor, was unveiled in august. that creature, dubbed laquintasaura, was slightly smaller than tachiraptor but had the same general appearance despite being a member of a different group of dinosaurs called ornithischians, says richard butler, a vertebrate paleontologist at the university of birmingham in the united kingdom and a member of the team that described laquintasaura. “all the small dinosaurs of that era looked about the same, ” he notes, but subtle skeletal differences help distinguish the carnivorous theropods from their herbivorous and omnivorous relatives .\nmaps of (a) venezuela within northern south and central america, (b) táchira state within venezuela and (c) la grita area indicating the location of the type locality of tachiraptor admirabilis (black arrow). dash - dotted lines denote main roads; thin dotted lines, paved secondary roads .\npartly because so few paleontologists look there, virtually no dinosaur remains had ever been found in northern south america until this august, when a team announced the discovery of laquintasaura venezuelae, a bipedal omnivore about the size of a fox. because it lived at exactly the same time and place as tachiraptor admirabilis, the lead author of wednesday’s study, max c. langer, speculated that it served as a food source for the larger dinosaur. “tachiraptor was probably a generalist predator that ate anything it could get, such as small dinosaurs and other vertebrates, such as lizards, ” langer, a paleontologist at the universidade de são paulo in brazil ,\n“very little is known about the dinosaurs that lived in the very early jurassic. when tachiraptor and laquintasaura roamed venezuela some 200 million years ago, the world was recovering from a mass extinction event. the fossils of these two dinosaurs will help palaeontologists to understand better the implications for the dinosauria after the triassic / jurassic mass extinction. ”\nthe artist has chosen to illustrate both the dinosaurs in the picture as feathered creatures. during the early jurassic, around 200 million years ago, approximately the time that both tachiraptor and laquintasaura lived, venezuela was close to the equator. the sandstone deposits in which the fossils were found indicate a flood plain environment. this flood plain was surrounded by harsh, inhospitable deserts that probably did not support much vertebrate life. day temperatures would have been high, but just like many desert areas close to the equator today, at night, temperatures would have plummeted. relatively small animals like tachiraptor and the even smaller laquintasaura may have sported a coat of insulating feathers to help keep them warm. a recent dinosaur discovery from siberia (kulindadromeus), suggests that many early types of dinosaur may have been feathered, although no fossil evidence for feathers in both laquintasaura and tachiraptor has been found (as far as we at everything dinosaur know), it seems reasonable at this point to depict these early jurassic members of the dinosauria as feathered .\nso paleontologists haven’t really been working in venezuela at all (because while digging in vast deserts for bones is acceptable, unearthing plants is not). until recently. the palentologists of the royal society discovered a new species of carnivorous dinosaur in tachira, a state of venezuela. they dubbed it tachiraptor admirablis, the “thief of tachira”. tachiraptor is admirable for two qualities: one, the fact that it was the first carnivorous dinosaur to be found in venezuela; two, its astounding ability to devour everything around it. it was only about 6. 6 feet long, but the paleontologists of the royal society believe that it probably spent most of its time eating anything it could catch and swallow .\nhe further explained that tachiraptor admirabilis lived around the time the supercontinent of pangaea was breaking up. “there was a lot of volcanic activity around, and in the valley, [ there was ] a meandering river, along which were patches of forest. ” he and his team reportedly plan on returning soon to the venezuelan andes to look for more dinosaur bones .\nalthough it' s not certain what caused this initial extinction event, it' s likely an uptick in volcanic activity played a significant role. regardless of the trigger, the result was simple - - a diminished playing field allowed dinosaurs to suddenly rise to the top of the food chain. small dinos like the tachiraptor admirabilis relished a habitat suddenly rid of a number of reptile groups and other potential competitors .\nscientists' new understanding of this species, time period and region was made possibly by the recent discovery of tachiraptor admirabilis bones, unearthed in the foothills of the northern andes in venezuela. the fossils date to roughly 200 million years ago - - the beginning of the jurassic period and the start of the dinosaurs' rise to global dominance. only one other dinosaur has ever been discovered from this region, the fox - sized laquintasaura venezuelae .\nthe new species, dubbed tachiraptor admirabilis, is a predator that gets part of its name from the venezuelan state of táchira, where the fossils were found. only two bones of the ancient species have been unearthed, says max langer, a vertebrate paleontologist at the university of são paulo in brazil. nevertheless, those bits (each from a different individual, and one of them not even a complete bone) tell scientists a lot, langer notes .\nthe new species, dubbed tachiraptor admirabilis, is a predator that gets part of its name from the venezuelan state of táchira, where the fossils were found. only two bones of the ancient species have been unearthed, says max langer, a vertebrate paleontologist at the university of são paulo in brazil. nevertheless, those bits (each from a different individual, and one of them not even a complete bone) tell scientists a lot, langer notes .\nthe newfound fossil, from a dinosaur named tachiraptor admirabilis, was unearthed from the northernmost branch of the andes mountains at the western border of venezuela. the only bones from the dinosaur found so far are its shinbone and part of its hip bone, but these are enough to reveal that the beast was relatively small compared with its later, giant relatives, measuring about 4. 9 to 6. 5 feet (1. 5 to 2 meters) long .\nin a nod to history, paleontologists are calling the new dinosaur tachiraptor admirabilis. the first of those names is a mash - up of táchira, the venezuelan state where they unearthed the fossil, and raptor, which means “thief” in latin, whereas the second name refers to independence leader simón bolívar’s “admirable campaign. ” back in 1813, the area surrounding the dig site, located in the andes, played an important strategic role for bolívar as he rid the country of spanish rule .\nbased on certain features of the tibia, the study’s authors speculated that tachiraptor admirabilis, though a theropod, did not directly evolve into allosaurus, tyrannosaurus rex or other similar behemoths, belonging instead to a sister group. even so, the fossil will be useful to scientists trying to flesh out the theropod family tree, which contains many gaps, according to holtz. “important discoveries, ” he told science magazine, “don’t have to be of the biggest or the scariest [ dinosaurs ]. ”\nthus far, tachiraptor admirabilis is known from only two bones—a nearly complete tibia, or shinbone, fractured in several places, and a partial hip bone, according to a paper published online wednesday in the journal royal society open science. nonetheless, paleontologists were able to estimate the length of the creature as slightly over 1. 5 meters from nose to tail, about the same as a modern - day wild boar or gray wolf. by comparison, tyrannosaurus rex grew to around 12 meters long .\napart from the autapomorphy, an unique combination of in themselves not unique traits was shown to exist. the bottom surface of the shinbone was, in its transverse width, about 1. 5 times as wide as the longitudinal distance, measured from front to rear. in dinosaurs in general, the lower front of the shinbone is covered by the talus bone. a ridge on the front surface demarcates the upper limit of this area. in tachiraptor this ridge ran obliquely at an angle of about 35° to the lower edge of the shinbone, covering a vertical distance of about a quarter to a third of the lower shinbone height. at its lower end, this ridge slightly curved upwards, being at this point close to the outer edge of the shinbone, at about a fifth of its transverse width. the shinbone extends to below in two bumps, left and right. when seen from the front, with tachiraptor a line drawn between the bumps made an angle of 80° with the vertical axis of the bone .\nthe new dinosaur is called tachiraptor admirabilis, taking its first name from táchira, the state in venezuela where it was discovered, and raptor, the latin for\nthief .\nits second name, on the other hand, came from the\nadmirable campaign\nby simón bolívar. back in 1813, the area around the dig site had a strategic role in the independence leader' s efforts at breaking his country away from spanish rule. more fondly (or not) though, the dinosaur is referred to as the thief of táchira .\nfrom just these two bones - - specifically the ischium and tibia (pictured) - - a team led by max langer from the university of são paulo was able to determine that it was bipedal, about two meters long, and carnivorous. tachiraptor belong to the theropod (“beast - footed”) branch of dinosaurs, which led up to modern birds and includes t. rex, velociraptor, a wee pygmy tyrannosaur who stalked the arctic, and the shark - eating spinosaurus, the first ever swimming dinosaur. unique features of its tibial articulations were different enough from known theropods to warrant a new species .\nat the end of the triassic around 199 million years ago, the supercontinent pangea was just about to break apart and nearly a quarter of all dinosaurs living at the time were wiped out in the planet’s fourth mass extinction event. the fossil record shortly after the triassic - jurassic event is pretty incomplete, especially in parts of modern - day south america. until now, only one dinosaur has ever been found in the northern part of the contient. a new meat - eating dinosaur unearthed in the venezuelan andes could help fill in the gaps. it’s dubbed tachiraptor admirabilis, and it’s described in royal society open science this week .\nearlier this summer, another team of researchers announced the discovery of the first dinosaur found in northern south america, also from the la quinta formation. these fossils were stumbled upon during a highway excavation. the 201 - million - year - old laquintasaura venezuelae likely ate plants and insects, and it belonged to the ornithischians, which go on to include stegosaurus and triceratops later on. and even though it was mostly herbivorous, laquintasaura looked pretty much like a slightly smaller tachiraptor. “all the small dinosaurs of that era looked about the same, ” university of birmingham’s richard butler tells science. butler was part of the team that described laquintasaura .\nstrict consensus of the 1107 mpts recovered with the inclusion of tachiraptor admirabilis into the dataset of xu et al. [ ]. branch colours represent extension of ghost lineages in millions of years (red, less than 15; purple, 15–35; blue, more than 35). taxon bar lengths correspond to their chronologic distribution / uncertainty (based on various sources). bar colours match those of the index middle jurassic palaeomap [ ] and correspond to the provenance of triassic / jurassic theropods from the defined palaeobiogeographic provinces (sg, south gondwana; ea, euramerica; tu, transurals; eb, equatorial belt) at the time of their occurrences .\nvenezuelan dinosaurs must be a bit like buses, you wait for years for one to come along and then two arrive almost simultaneously. back in august of this year, we reported on the discovery of venezuela’s first ever dinosaur, a small, plant - eater from the very early jurassic. this dinosaur was named laquintasaura venezuelae and it was the first dinosaur named from the north of south america. two months later and a second paper about a new venezuelan dinosaur, this time a meat - eater, is about to be published. say hello to tachiraptor, a bipedal, fast - running carnivore that may very well have been a predator laquintasaura .\nstrict consensus of the 1107 mpts recovered with the inclusion of tachiraptor admirabilis into the dataset of xu et al. [ 12 ]. branch colours represent extension of ghost lineages in millions of years (red, less than 15; purple, 15–35; blue, more than 35). taxon bar lengths correspond to their chronologic distribution / uncertainty (based on various sources). bar colours match those of the index middle jurassic palaeomap [ 70 ] and correspond to the provenance of triassic / jurassic theropods from the defined palaeobiogeographic provinces (sg, south gondwana; ea, euramerica; tu, transurals; eb, equatorial belt) at the time of their occurrences .\nfigure 4. strict consensus of the 1107 mpts recovered with the inclusion of tachiraptor admirabilis into the dataset of xu et al. [ 12 ]. branch colours represent extension of ghost lineages in millions of years (red, less than 15; purple, 15–35; blue, more than 35). taxon bar lengths correspond to their chronologic distribution / uncertainty (based on various sources). bar colours match those of the index middle jurassic palaeomap [ 70 ] and correspond to the provenance of triassic / jurassic theropods from the defined palaeobiogeographic provinces (sg, south gondwana; ea, euramerica; tu, transurals; eb, equatorial belt) at the time of their occurrences .\nname: tachiraptor ‭ (‬táchira thief‭) ‬. phonetic: tak - he - rap - tor. named by: m. ‭ ‬c. ‭ ‬langer, ‭ ‬a. ‭ ‬d. ‭ ‬rincón, ‭ ‬j. ‭ ‬ramezani, ‭ ‬a. ‭ ‬solórzano‭ & ‬o. ‭ ‬w. ‭ ‬m. ‭ ‬rauhut‭ ‬ - ‭ ‬2014. classification: chordata, ‭ ‬reptilia, ‭ ‬dinosauria, ‭ ‬saurischia, ‭ ‬theropoda. ‭ species: t. ‭ ‬admirabilis‭ (‬type‭) ‬. diet: carnivore. size: tibia‭ ‬25‭ ‬centimetres long. ‭ ‬further details uncertain but total body length roughly estimated to have been about‭ ‬1. 5‭ ‬meters long. known locations: venezuela‭ ‬ - ‭ ‬la quinta formation. time period: hettangian of the jurassic. fossil representation: ‭ ‬tibia‭ (‬lower leg bone‭) ‬and partial hip .\ntachiraptor admirabilis gen et sp. nov. holotype right tibia (ivic - p - 2867) in (a) lateral (proximal portion), (b) proximal, (c) lateral, (d) distal and (e) cranial (distal portion) views. referred left ischium (ivic - p - 2868) in (f) lateral view. abbreviations: ab, astragalar buttress; cc, cnemial crest; ai, cranial emargination; cn, caudal notch; fc, fibular condyle; fcr, fibular crest; ia, iliac articulation; in, intercondylar notch; it, incisura tibialis; keg, ‘knee extensor groove’; lg, longitudinal groove; lk, lateral kink; mc, medial condyle; om, outer malleolus; op, obturator plate; pp, pubic peduncle; pvr, ‘postero - ventral ridge’; rd, ridge; tn, tibial notch; vr, ventral ridge .\nit is an ancestor of tyrannosaurus rex, but unlike that fearsome predator, it was just 1. 5m from nose to tail (t - rex was up to 12. 3m long) .\nresearchers believe the new predatory species, part of the theropod family, evolved just after a mass extinction event that took place 201 million years ago .\npublished in the journal royal society open science, the fossils were found in the northernmost extension of the andes at the western border of venezuela .\nthis corresponds to the earliest jurassic and helps to explain the radiation of the carnivorous dinosaurs after the end triassic mass extinction, which probably includes diversification in a poorly sampled paleoequatorial belt .\nresearchers said the fossils helped fill a gap in evolutionary history, with the summer - wet equatorial belt likely playing a pivotal role in theropod evolution across the triassic and jurassic boundary .\naccording to science magazine, the rocks found near the fossils provide more detail about the environment in which the dinosaurs lived. the region was a volcanically active rift valley where part of the ancient supercontinent pangaea was splitting apart near earth' s equator. it was also shortly after a mass extinction event that saw the end of the triassic period and start of the jurassic period .\nthomas holtz jr, a vertebrate paleontologist at the university of maryland who was not involved in the study, said :\nthese survivors of the triassic - jurassic mass extinction were the' ground zero' for later theropod evolution .\n[ the study shows ] that important discoveries don' t have to be of the biggest or the scariest [ dinosaurs ] .\na newly described dinosaur, whose fossils are some of the first to be unearthed in venezuela, turns out to be the close, relatively small kin of creatures that later evolved into multiton meat eaters such as allosaurus and tyrannosaurus rex. the creature, and another dinosaur whose fossils were found nearby and reported just 2 months ago, are filling in gaps in the fossil record and revealing new insights into dinosaur evolution in the wake of a mass extinction that happened about 201 million years ago .\nthe bones, both from the creature’s lower leg, show the dinosaur likely measured about 1. 5 meters from nose to tail, langer says. their general size and shape mark the creature as a theropod, a bipedal meat eater. the bones differ enough from those of other theropods to indicate that the dino is a new species, langer and his colleagues report today in royal society open science .\nthe now - solid rocks surrounding the fossils, which were laid down as sediments on an ancient flood plain, also tell a story. by age dating zircons—tiny crystals that typically include uranium as a trace element—in the rocks, langer and his colleagues estimate that the sediments were deposited about 200. 7 million years ago. at that time, the region—a volcanically active rift valley where gondwana, a remnant of the supercontinent pangaea, was itself splitting apart—sat near earth’s equator. the period was also less than 1 million years after the mass extinction that marked the end of the triassic period and the beginning of the jurassic—an event that, like the dino die - offs that occurred about 65 million years ago, may have been triggered by an extraterrestrial impact .\n“these survivors of the triassic - jurassic mass extinction were the ‘ground zero’ for later theropod evolution, ” says thomas holtz jr. , a vertebrate paleontologist at the university of maryland, college park, who was not involved in the study. plus, he notes, theropod fossils from this era from anywhere in the world aren’t common, so the new finds reveal what some theropods of that era looked like and will be particularly useful to researchers trying to flesh out the dinosaur family tree. the new study, he says, “shows that important discoveries don’t have to be of the biggest or the scariest [ dinosaurs ]. ”\nmore fossils from this region could help paleontologists refine the dinosaur family tree further, langer says. but such work may be a long slog, he suggests, because rocks that might hold fossils aren’t readily accessible: the recent discoveries, which were unearthed at sites where highway excavations sliced through heavily vegetated hillsides, came only after 2 decades of looking for such fossils .\n© 2018 american association for the advancement of science. all rights reserved. aaas is a partner of hinari, agora, oare, chorus, clockss, crossref and counter .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnew dinosaur (theropoda, stem - averostra) from the earliest jurassic of the la quinta formation, venezuelan andes. - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nr soc open sci. 2014 oct 8; 1 (2): 140184. doi: 10. 1098 / rsos. 140184. ecollection 2014 oct .\nnew dinosaur (theropoda, stem - averostra) from the earliest jurassic of the la quinta formation, venezuelan andes .\nlanger mc 1, rincón ad 2, ramezani j 3, solórzano a 2, rauhut ow 4 .\nlaboratório de paleontologia de ribeirão preto, ffclrp, universidade de são paulo, avenida bandeirantes 3900, 14040 - 901, ribeirão preto - sp, brazil .\nlaboratorio de paleontología, centro de ecología, instituto venezolano de investigaciones científcas (ivic), carretera panamericana km 11, 1020 - a caracas, venezuela .\ndepartment of earth, atmospheric and planetary sciences, massachusetts institute of technology, 77 massachusetts avenue, cambridge, ma, usa .\nsnsb, bayerische staatssammlung für paläontologie und geologie and department of earth and environmental sciences, ludwig - maximilians - university, richard - wagner - strasse 10, munich, germany .\nerratum: addendum to' new dinosaur (theropoda, stem - averostra) from the earliest jurassic of the la quinta formation, venezuelan andes' .\npmid: 26064540 pmcid: pmc4448901 doi: 10. 1098 / rsos. 140184\nr soc open sci. 2014 oct; 1 (2): 140184 .\ndate distribution plot of analysed zircons of this study. bar heights are proportional to 2 σ analytical uncertainty of individual analyses; solid bars are analyses used in age calculation. horizontal lines signify calculated sample dates and the width of the shaded band represents internal uncertainty in weighted mean at a 95% confidence level. arrow points to additional analysis plotting outside the diagram. reported date incorporates external sources of uncertainty. see the electronic supplementary material, table s1 for complete analytical data and text for details of date uncertainties .\na puma - sized predatory dinosaur that may have snacked on its smaller cousins while stomping about an ancient rift valley dotted with erupting volcanoes has been discovered in venezuela. the finding could shed light on the evolution of all carnivorous dinosaurs, researchers say .\nthis two - legged species is the first predatory dinosaur unearthed in venezuela. its name derives from three sources: táchira, the venezuelan state where the fossil was discovered; raptor, latin for thief, referring to the dinosaur' s probable predatory habits; and\nadmirabilis ,\nfor simón bolívar' s admirable campaign, which freed venezuela from spanish control, and in which la grita, the town close to where the bones were found, played a strategic role. the fossils were discovered in early 2013 ,\nnear where a road was cut out of la grita ,\nsaid lead study author max langer, a vertebrate paleontologist at the university of são paulo in brazil. [ see images of an omnivorous dinosaur from venezuela ]\nthe fossils are about 200 million years old. this means the animal lived during the earliest part of the jurassic p eriod, when dinosaurs were beginning their rise to global dominance .\ndinosaurs originated about 230 million years ago, in the late triassic period, but their reign began after the end - triassic mass extinction event. one of the big five mass extinctions to affect life on earth, this event killed off a number of other reptile groups that might have been competitors, along with at least half of all species the living on earth. the most recent extinction event, the end - cretaceous, occurred about 67 million years ago and ended the age of dinosaurs .\npangaea was in the process of breaking up back then ,\nlanger told live science. this area was a rift valley, a valley created by the rifting of the land ,\nlike what we have in east africa now, a rift that ultimately created the northern atlantic ocean ,\nlanger said .\nthere was a lot of volcanic activity around, and in the valley, [ there was ] a meandering river, along which were patches of forest where this dinosaur lived .\ndinosaur skeletons are nearly unknown from northern south america. the only other dinosaur found in venezuela is the two - legged, fox - sized plant - eater laquintasaura venezuelae .\nnearly all predatory dinosaurs, or theropods, belonged to a group of dinosaurs known as averostra. this included tyrannosaurs and the ancestors of birds. however, features of t. admirabilis' shinbone revealed that it belonged to a sister group of averostra .\nby having other theropods to compare averostra to, it helps us understand more about averostra and how that large group evolved ,\nlanger said .\nthe find also suggests the equatorial belt of pangaea may have played a pivotal role in theropod evolution. past research suggested that the region was too inhospitable for dinosaurs during the early jurassic .\npangaea was a sort of boomerang shape, and this dinosaur came from its equatorial warm belt, which more or less included northern south america, southern north america and africa ,\nlanger said .\nto the north and south of this belt, you had big deserts. these findings suggest this area may not have been as barren as before thought, but may have hosted more diversity than the fossil record currently indicates .\nthe scientists plan to go back to venezuela to search for more dinosaur bones; they also plan to dig in rocks of similar age in tanzania and brazil to learn more about the spread of dinosaurs across the world .\nlanger and his colleagues detailed their findings online oct. 8 in the journal royal society open science .\nfollow us @ livescience, facebook & google +. original article on live science .\ncharles q. choi is a contributing writer for live science and space. com. he covers all things human origins and astronomy as well as physics, animals and general science topics. charles has a master of arts degree from the university of missouri - columbia, school of journalism and a bachelor of arts degree from the university of south florida. charles has visited every continent on earth, drinking rancid yak butter tea in lhasa, snorkeling with sea lions in the galapagos and even climbing an iceberg in antarctica .\nstop taking multivitamins to help your heart. researchers say they don' t work .\naverostra, the major - group of theropod dinosaurs that includes tetanurae and ceratosauria [ 1, 2 ] is well known from the middle jurassic onwards [ 3, 4 ], but closely related forms have been recovered from various late triassic–early jurassic deposits around the world [ 5 – 10 ]. many of these taxa have controversial phylogenetic positions [ 4, 11, 12 ], with contested referrals to coelophysoidea [ 1 ] or to the ‘ dilophosaurus clade’ [ 9 ], hampering the identification of averostran diagnostic traits, as well as the inference of their ancestral biogeographic range. however, the latter challenge may be overcome by the discovery of new fossils, especially from poorly sampled areas .\ndinosaur skeletal remains are almost unknown in some gondwanan areas, such as the northern part of south america [ 13 ]. the latter has yielded mostly fragmentary remains from brazil, colombia and venezuela [ 14 – 16 ]. the best known of these are found in a single, relatively small outcrop of the la quinta formation (figure 1) in the area of the mérida mountains, the northernmost extension of the andes, at the western border of venezuela. its interbedded tuff and siltstone intervals have yielded fish remains, isolated teeth of a carnivorous archosaur, and isolated bones and teeth of the small ornithischian laquintasaura venezuelae [ 17 – 20 ] .\nthe la quinta formation consists mainly of continental red beds and volcanic rocks deposited in an extensional tectonic setting associated with the mesozoic breakup of pangaea and opening of the atlantic ocean [ 21 – 24 ]. in its type locality, near the town of la grita, the la quinta formation is over 1600 m thick and exceptionally tuffaceous. it lies unconformably atop the low - grade metamorphic rocks of the mucuchachi formation of middle carboniferous to permian age, and is covered, via a disconformity or transitional interval, by the lower cretaceous rio negro formation [ 25 ]. the type - section can be divided into three distinct intervals [ 25 ], the middle of which comprises 840 m of tuffs, interbedded with siltstones, sandstones and local layers of limestone. its depositional environment has been interpreted as an alluvial plain, under a seasonally arid and humid tropical climate [ 25 ]. sedimentation was predominantly fluvial, locally lacustrine, disrupted by widespread pyroclastic input. the mafic lavas and shallow intrusions that characterize the la quinta formation in other areas (e. g. sierra de perijá [ 21 ]) are absent from the type locality .\nthe age of the la quinta formation has been debated in the literature [ 20 ]. in the type area (mérida andes), siltstones, shales and limestones of the middle interval contain plant remains, ostracods, conchostracans, palynomorphs and fish teeth, most of which are poorly preserved. the fossil plants suggest an age ranging from early jurassic to early cretaceous [ 26 ]; whereas palynomomorphs indicate an older late triassic to middle - late jurassic age [ 25 ]. in addition, the record of a dinosaur ilium with a not fully perforated acetabulum suggests a late triassic to early jurassic age [ 19, 20 ]. in the perijá andes, the palaeobotanical association of the la quinta formation suggests a middle jurassic age [ 26, 27 ], and abundant estherid conchostracans range in age from late triassic / early jurassic, in the lower part of the unit, to late jurassic / early cretaceous, in its upper part [ 21 ] .\npast geochronological studies of the la quinta formation have produced equivocal results. a u–pb zircon date (bulk multi - grain zircon analyses) of 229±15 ma from the la grita dacitic tuff at the base of the la quinta formation in the mérida andes [ 28 ], suggested a late triassic episode of volcanic activity. biotite and whole - rock k–ar dates reported from the basal tuff were, however, much younger at 149±10 ma and 122. 5±7. 7 ma, respectively [ 25, 29 ], probably owing to thermal perturbation of the k–ar system at a younger date. reported u–pb, rb–sr and k–ar dates from volcanic rocks of the la quinta formation in the perijá andes [ 21 ] range from middle to late jurassic (approx. 170–140 myr ago). together, the radioisotopic dates and scant fossil evidence suggest that the deposition of the la quinta formation started in the late triassic .\nduring the last few years, several field investigations have been conducted around the type - section of the la quinta formation, allowing the collection of new dinosaur material. here, two theropod bones (tibia and ischium) are reported. they represent a new member of that clade, increasing the depauperate dinosaur record of northern south america. furthermore, new u–pb zircon geochronology (chemical abrasion thermal - ionization mass spectrometry; ca - tims method) from the fossil - bearing, tuffaceous bed provides more robust constrains on the age of the la quinta formation and its important biota .\nzircons were separated from a sample of relatively uniform, grey, tuffaceous siltstone that enclosed the theropod fossils by standard heavy mineral separation techniques using high - density liquids. seven single zircons were selected based on grain morphology and analysed by the u–pb isotope dilution thermal - ionization mass spectrometry (id - tims) technique following the procedures described in [ 30 ]. all zircons were pre - treated by a ca - tims method modified after [ 31 ] to mitigate the effects of radiation - induced pb loss, and spiked with the earthtime et535 mixed 205 pb– 233 u– 235 u tracer prior to dissolution and analysis. data reduction including date calculation and propagation of uncertainties was carried out using computer applications and algorithms of [ 32, 33 ]. complete u–pb data appear in the electronic supplementary material, table s1 .\nin the case of tuffaceous (volcaniclastic) sedimentary deposits, sample date is calculated based on the weighted mean 206 pb / 238 u date of a coherent cluster of the youngest zircon analyses from the sample and is interpreted as the maximum age of deposition. uncertainties are reported at 95% confidence level and follow the notation ± x / y / z ma, where x is the internal (analytical) uncertainty in the absence of all external errors, y incorporates the u–pb tracer calibration error and z includes the latter as well as the decay constant errors of [ 34 ]. complete uncertainties (z) are necessary for comparison between age data from different isotopic chronometers (e. g. u–pb versus 40 ar / 39 ar) .\nselected zircons for analysis (see the electronic supplementary material, figure s1) were sharply faceted prisms with visible glass (melt) inclusions along their ‘ c ’ axes and with no detectable evidence of abrasion or rounding. five of the analysed zircons form a coherent cluster with a weighted mean 206 pb / 238 u date of 203. 281±0. 075 / 0. 12 / 0. 25 ma and a mean square of weighted deviates (mswds) of 0. 96 (figure 2). one significantly older outlier (z6) at ca 434 ma is interpreted as detrital, whereas another analysis (z5) at 200. 72±0. 32 / 0. 34 / 0. 40 ma is younger outside the uncertainty from the main cluster. the latter could be the result of persistent pb loss or possibly reflect a younger, underrepresented, population of zircons (see below) .\na parallel u–pb geochronologic (ca - tims) study of the la quinta formation bone bed near la grita [ 20 ] has identified a spectrum of zircon dates, though with higher uncertainties, fairly comparable to those reported here (see the electronic supplementary material, figure s1). these include a main population of analyses clustered around ca 203. 48 ma, as well as two distinguishably younger zircons at 200. 98±0. 62 ma and 200. 6±1. 4 ma (2 σ errors [ 20 ]). the latter two overlap within uncertainty with our single youngest zircon analysis, providing further evidence in support of a younger zircon population present in the sample. our measured date of 200. 72±0. 32 ma thus represents a closer estimate for the maximum age of deposition of the fossil - bearing bed than the above calculated weighed mean date .\nthe most recent calibration of the terminal triassic timescale based on u–pb geochronology of ammonite - bearing marine strata of the pucara basin in northern peru places the norian - rhaetian and the rhaetian - hettangian (triassic–jurassic) boundaries at 205. 50±0. 35 ma and 201. 36±0. 17 ma, respectively [ 35 ]. accordingly, the fossiliferous bed of the la quinta formation with an estimated age equal to, or younger than 200. 72±0. 32 ma could have been deposited as early as 150 kyr after the start of the jurassic. since our u–pb age constraint for the bed is only a maximum estimate (see above), it is possible that the true depositional age of the bed is appreciably younger than our measured date. the magnitude of this possible age bias cannot be reliably quantified unless additional, closely spaced, tuffaceous samples from the same stratigraphic section are dated [ 30 ] .\nthe generic name derives from táchira, the venezuelan state where the fossil was found, and raptor (latin for thief), in reference to the probable predatory habits of the animal. the specific epithet honours simon bolivar' s ‘admirable campaign’, in which la grita, the town where the type locality is located, played a strategic role .\nholotype: ivic - p - 2867 (see institutional abbreviations in the electronic supplementary material): nearly complete right tibia (figure 3 a – e). referred material: ivic - p - 2868: proximal left ischium (figure 3 f) found in the same spot as the type - material .\ngreenish siltstone at the lower third of the ‘middle interval’ of the la quinta formation [ 25 ], exposed at a secondary road (72 ° 01 ′ 06. 60 w, 08 ° 09 ′ 03. 47 n) next to the north of the type - section and about 4 km northwest of the town of la grita, jáuregui municipality, táchira state, venezuela (figure 1)." ]

{ "text": [ "tachiraptor ( \" thief of táchira \" ) is a genus of carnivorous theropod dinosaurs found in the early jurassic period la quinta formation of venezuela .", "it includes one species , tachiraptor admirabilis , described from a fossilized tibia and ischium .", "they were small bipedal dinosaurs , with a deduced total body length of just over 1.5 m ( 4.9 ft ) .", "they were likely generalist predators , preying on smaller vertebrates like other dinosaurs or lizards . " ], "topic": [ 26, 29, 0, 12 ] }

[ "tachiraptor (\" thief of táchira \") is a genus of carnivorous theropod dinosaurs found in the early jurassic period la quinta formation of venezuela. it includes one species, tachiraptor admirabilis, described from a fossilized tibia and ischium. they were small bipedal dinosaurs, with a deduced total body length of just over 1.5 m (4.9 ft). they were likely generalist predators, preying on smaller vertebrates like other dinosaurs or lizards." ]

[ "however, these analyses compared the somewhat less robust european scimitar cat, homotherium latidens, instead of the american species, homotherium serum, with extant big cats .\nbe the first to review “homotherium skull with matrix base” click here to cancel reply .\nthe american scimitar cat was one of several ‘sabre - tooth’ cats belonging to the genus homotherium which evolved around 5 million years ago. different species of homotherium were found in north america, eurasia and africa .\nskull cast of a scimitar - toothed cat, homotherium serum, friesenhahn cave, bexar county, texas .\nhomotherium diet in prehistoric berengia (alaska - yukon territory). each triangle represents an individual scimitar cat .\nhomotherium latidens (european scimitar cat): 0. 278 (log). actual ratio: 0. 90\nhomotherium serum (american scimitar cat): 0. 281 (log). actual ratio: 0. 91\nnearly 18 cm long (7 inch) canine teeth (homotherium' s canines were around 10 cm or 4 in long .\nbasically, homotherium had less robust forelimbs (including related muscles - shoulders, chest, etc .) and smaller claws than extant big cats. however, homotherium had a shorter and more robust lower back. in addition, homotherium had rear limbs that were better able to withstand stresses in a violent struggle (i. e. grappling prey or an opponent in a fight). finally, homotherium had enlarged incisors (teeth between canines), which may have helped restrain prey and compensate for less forelimb grappling ability .\na powerful, confident and rather thoughtful european scimitar cat (homotherium latidens) roaming the middle pleistocene. (art by tabitha paterson )\nhomotherium is a genus of saber - tooth cats which lived approximately 5 million to 10, 000 years ago – from the pliocene period through the modern period. it was first discovered during the late 19th century and was given the name homotherium in 1890 – a name which means “same beast. ”\noften called a\nscimitar cat\nbecause of the shape of its teeth, homotherium subsisted on prey as diverse as early homo sapiens and woolly mammoths .\nhowever, if smilodon is the showboating extrovert of the extinct machairodontinae (the subfamily of felidae to which the sabretooth cats belong) then there is also another, less well known relative who has been unfairly relegated to the sidelines. i’m talking about the wide - ranging genus homotherium, and in particular homotherium latidens .\n, or one of the fossil lineages (‘homotherium’, ‘metailurus’, and ‘smilodon’). although the phylogenetic analyses above found ‘metailurus’ and ‘smilodon’ lineages to be paraphyletic (\nsmilodon, homotherium from the tome of horrors complete, copyright 2011, necromancer games, inc. , published and distributed by frog god games; author scott greene .\nhomotherium is known by a plethora of species - - there are no less than 15 named varieties, ranging from h. aethiopicum (discovered in ethiopia) to h. venezuelensis (discovered in venezuela) .\nthe case that the istruiz figure represents a homotherium has crumbled. anatomically speaking, a good deal of inference and special pleading would be required to make the figure consistent with the sabercat, and the new evidence which reinvigorated the homotherium hypothesis is also questionable. radiocarbon dates obtained directly from geologically recent bones and teeth have been known to fluctuate significantly from test to test and these procedures are constantly being refined. a second radiocarbon analysis is needed to test the hypothesis that the north sea homotherium jaw was as recent as has been proposed. even if the 28, 000 year date is accurate, though, antón and co - authors are correct that this specimen would represent a rare species during a time when lions were more widespread throughout europe. whoever carved the istruiz figure would have almost certainly been more familiar with cave lions than homotherium .\ndrawing of the skull and anterior cervicals of panthera tigris (top) and homotherium latidens (bottom) with fibres of selected muscles. muscle numbering as in figs 1 – 5. a black circle in the condylar area represents the position of the rotation centre of the atlanto - occipital articulation. notice how, in homotherium, most fibres of the obliquus capitis cranialis extend well below that centre of rotation, and would therefore have a stronger head - flexing action. notice also how the greater distance between the posterior tip of the atlas wings and the tip of the mastoid process in homotherium makes for longer inferior fibres of the obliquus capitis cranialis muscle .\ninterestingly, wroe' s\nhow to build a mammalian superpredator\nstudy placed the american scimitar cat, homotherium serum, closer to smilodon (i. e. better grappler / super predator) than modern lions :\nanton, m. , et al. (2009), ‘soft tissue reconstruction of homotherium latidens (mammalia, carnivora, felidae). implications for the possibility of representations in palaeolothic art’, geobios. [ full article ]\nmcfarlane da & lundberg j (2013). “on the occurrence of the scimitar - toothed cat, homotherium latidens (carnivora: felidae), at kents cavern, england”. journal of archaeological science 40: 1629 - 1635 <\nnote: the lion' s value is on the high end of the range i' ve seen for lion. in the study posted in ursus' s post, lions had a lower radius / humerus ratio than homotherium serum .\ngood that mention that homotherium mainly preyed on the common muck (horses and antilopes) too often the image prevails that sabertooths only hunted om the big stuff like mammoths…. were the rule is that’s what is most available is most hunted .\nhomotherium serum is the lesser known of two species of sabertoothed cats that occupied north america during the late pleistocene. these animals were scimitar - toothed cats, whereas the other group of sabertooths (smilidon fatalis) were dirk - toothed cats. homotherium is best known from friesenhahn cave in bexar co. , tx, where the remains of this cat were found with their prey, hundreds of teeth of young mammoths (evans and meade, 1961). midwestern records are extrememly rare .\nbarnett r (2014) .\nan inventory of british remains of homotherium (mammalia, carnivora, felidae), with special reference to the material from kent’s cavern\n. geobios 47 (1 - 2): 19 - 29. <\nhomotherium latidens, a big sabertooth cat of the pliocene epoch poster print (17 x 11) homotherium latidens, a big sabertooth cat of the pliocene epoch. was reproduced on premium heavy stock paper which captures all of the vivid colors and details of the original. the overall paper size is 17. 00 x 11. 50 inches and the image size is 17. 00 x 11. 50 inches. this print is ready for hanging or framing. brand new and rolled and ready for display or framing. print title: homotherium latidens, a big sabertooth cat of the pliocene epoch. . paper size: 17. 00 x 11. 50 inches. product type: photo print, artist: heraldo mussolini / stocktrek images .\nthe homotherium remains from schöningen are the best documented finds of this species in an archaeological setting and they are amongst the youngest specimens of homotherium in europe. the presence of this species as a carnivore competitor would certainly have impacted the lives of late middle pleistocene hominins. the discovery illustrates the possible day - to - day challenges that the schöningen hominins would have faced and suggests that the wooden spears were not necessarily only used for hunting, but possibly also as a weapon for self - defense .\nthe same probably held true for the sabercats. so while the forest - dwelling dinofelis would be more likely to bear spots and stripes, homotherium and other open - country cats may have lost their spots to be less conspicuous out in the grasslands .\nreumer, j. w. f. , et al. (2003), ‘late pleistocene survival of the saber - toothed cat homotherium in northwestern europe’, journal of vertebrate palaeontology, 23 (1), 260 - 62. [ full article ]\nthis paper was supported by project mct - bte2002 - 00410. we are grateful to angel galobart (instituto de palaeontología miquel crusafont) and josep tarrús (museu arqueológic comarcal de banyoles) for the opportunity to study the fossils of homotherium latidens from incarcal .\nthe oddest feature of homotherium was the marked imbalance between its front and hind legs: with its long front limbs and squat hind limbs, this prehistoric cat was shaped more like a modern hyena, with which it probably shared the habit of hunting (or scavenging) in packs. the large nasal openings in homotherium' s skull hint that it required large amounts of oxygen (meaning it likely chased prey at high speeds, at least when it had to), and the structure of its hind limbs indicates that it was capable of sudden, murderous leaps. this cat' s brain was endowed with a well - developed visual cortex, an indication that homotherium hunted by day (when it would have been the apex predator of its ecosystem) rather than night .\nanton, m. , et al. (2014), ‘the plio - pleistocene scimtar - toothed felid genus homotherium fabrini, 1890 (machairodontinae, homotherini): diversity, palaeogeography and taxonomic implications’, quaternary science reviews, in press. [ full article ]\nreumer jwf, rook l, van der borg k, post k, mol d, de vos j (2003) .\nlate pleistocene survival of the saber - toothed cat homotherium in northwestern europe\n. journal of vertebrate paleontology 23: 260. <\nbarnett, r. (2014), ‘an inventory of british remains of homotherium (mammalia, carnivora, felidae), with special reference to the material from kent’s cavern’, geobios, 47 (1 - 2), 19 - 29. [ full article ]\nthe scimiar cat or homotherius was a very interesting cat. it was far less robust than smilodon, but how it compares with extant big cats is the more important question. most analyses conclude that homotherium was moderately cursorial and therefore less robust than extant big cats .\nanton m, salesa mj, turner a, galobart a, pastor jf (2009) .\nsoft tissue reconstruction of homotherium latidens (mammalia, carnivora, felidae). implications for the possibility of representations in palaeolothic art\n. geobios 42: 541 - 551 <\nalthough the popular depiction of saber - tooth cats has them preying upon adult mammoths, their diets really were composed of more size - appropriate prey. smilodon fatalis had a similar diet to the contemporary american lion, while homotherium serum did prey upon mammoths, but took juveniles .\nmazak' s interpretation was interesting, but didn' t last long. better resolution of recent geologic time showed that homotherium went extinct before the figure was made and therefore could not have been its inspiration. by default, the figure must have been of a cave lion .\nbased on fossil skulls from incarcal, spain and observations from dissections of several large, extant cats, the scientists reconstructed the skull of homotherium layer - by - layer. though possessing the same set of musculoskeletal components, the extinct cat was significantly different from its modern cousins .\nanton m, salesa mj, galobart a, tseng zj (2014) .\nthe plio - pleistocene scimtar - toothed felid genus homotherium fabrini, 1890 (machairodontinae, homotherini): diversity, palaeogeography and taxonomic implications\n. quaternary science reviews 96: 259 - 268 <\nmcfarlane, d. a. and lundberg, j. (2013), ‘on the occurrence of the scimitar - toothed cat, homotherium latidens (carnivora; felidae), at kents cavern, england’, journal of archaeological science, 40, 1629 - 35. [ full article ]\nthe scimitar cat (homotherium serum) was a smaller and lesser known cousin of the more famous saber - toothed cat (smilodon fatalis). this species lived from the early pliocene to the late pleistocene and enjoyed one of the largest geographic distributions of any known cat living or extinct .\nanton m, galobart a, turner a (2004). “co - existence of scimitar - toothed cats, lions and hominins in the european pleistocene. implications of the post - cranial anatomy of homotherium latidens (owen) for comparative palaeoecology”. quaternary science reviews 24: 1287 - 1301 <\neven so, in the case of the istruiz figure, there is considerable consolation for those who would like to imagine prehistoric humans being stalked by the fleet - footed sabercat. homotherium was a widespread and long - lived genus of predator - originating in africa about five million years ago before later spreading to europe, asia, and north america - and this means that the sabercat was present during most of human evolutionary history. our ancestors and close relatives most certainly saw and occasionally fell prey to homotherium, and the idea that this big cat killed large prey which provided extra leftovers for enterprising humans has made it a central player in ongoing debates about when hominins began to hunt. whether or not homotherium gave early humans a hand by being a messy eater with a taste for big game is embedded in a different set of hypotheses and notions, however, and is a tale for another time .\nthis entry was posted in sabre tooth cat and tagged cave lion, chauvet caves, creswell crags, european scimitar cat, ground sloth, homotherium latidens, kents cavern, lascaux caves, robin hood cave, sabre tooth cat, smilodon fatalis, william boyd dawkins, woolly mammoth. bookmark the permalink .\ncompared to the skull of a lion, homotherium latidens had a longer snout, a larger nasal opening, an expanded shelf of bone at the back of the skull, zygomatic arches (cheekbones) which did not flare out as widely, and a battery of upper incisor teeth which stuck out more prominently from the teeth behind it. (and, not surprisingly, the upper canine teeth of homotherium were long enough to stick out from the upper lips when its mouth was closed. some scientists had hypothesized that sabercats had extra folds of skin around their jaws given their ability to open their mouths exceptionally wide to clear the span of their canines, but anton and garcia - perea convincingly showed that this was not the case in their earlier study of smilodon .) overall, homotherium had a relatively long skull which was narrow from side - to - side but deeper in some parts, such as the lower jaw, and this would have given its head a significantly different shape from that of cave lions and other big cats. even in terms of body shape, homotherium latidens would have been a comparatively gracile animal, with a less beefy build than that of a lion and a spine which sloped slightly downwards .\ncan we really be sure that the isturitz figure represents homotherium and not a cave lion? no, we can' t, and a study published last year by mauricio antón and co - authors reassessed mazak' s reinvigorated hypothesis. in order to do this, they set about restoring the saber - toothed predator as it would have looked in life. in 1998 antón paired with rosa garcia - perea to resolve a debate about the face of the sabertoothed smilodon by rigorously reconstructing the soft - tissue anatomy of its head, and last year' s paper from geobios used the same approach for homotherium latidens .\nscimitar cats were apex carnivores who preyed on large mammals. their association with hundreds of mammoths at friesenhahn cave in texas, and the remains of numerous mastodons at gassaway fissure in tennessee suggests they may have been relatively specialized predators of proboscideans. the specialized morphology of homotherium canines also suggests a concentration on large fauna .\nrincon and other researchers say the find suggests scimitar - toothed cats — of the genus homotherium — crossed from north america to south america shortly after the continents grew together and became linked in modern - day panama following a 65 - million - year separation, a\nmoment of great exchange\nbetween the continents .\nhomotherium latidens, a big sabertooth cat of the pliocene epoch. was reproduced on premium heavy stock paper which captures all of the vivid colors and details of the original. the overall paper size is 17. 00 x 11. 50 inches and the image size is 17. 00 x 11. 50 inches. this print is ready for hanging or framing. brand new and rolled and ready for display or framing. print title: homotherium latidens, a big sabertooth cat of the pliocene epoch. . paper size: 17. 00 x 11. 50 inches. product type: photo print, artist: heraldo mussolini / stocktrek images .\nwhatever its longevity, homotherium latidens was a very successful species, apex predator of the eurasian steppes, only rivalled by the cave lion (panthera spelaea). if it did survive until the end of the pleistocene, perhaps one day some lucky spelunker will uncover a new lascaux or chauvet, with pictures of the living animal .\nsince many of these species overlapped with other genera of saber - toothed cats - - most notably the above - mentioned smilodon - - it appears that homotherium was well - adapted to high - latitude environments like mountains and plateaus, where it could stay well out of the way of its equally hungry (and equally dangerous) relatives .\none of the most interesting facts about homotherium is that its front legs were much longer than its back legs. which is how hyena legs are built. this may mean that these tigers also hunted in packs like hyenas and weren’t solitary animals. if so, they would have posed a significant problem to any animal it was hunting .\nthe genus name homotherium is derived from the greek words homo, meaning “same”, and therion, meaning “beast”. the common name “scimitar - toothed cat” or “scimitar cat” is in reference to this cat’s blade - like canines, named after the curved sword from southwest asia. numerous species have been attributed to the genus based on body size, the shape of the canines, and geographic location. however, these supposed differences are minor and may be attributed to sexual and geographic variation. it must be noted that such fluctuations may easily be observed among modern cats which have particularly broad distributions. here, i will be focusing on the north american variant of this genus, homotherium serum .\nhomotherium pictures clearly show just how formidable these cats really were. they were approximately 7 feet long and 500 pounds – which made them about the length of a black panther but a whole lot heavier. images also show them with their serrated saber - like teeth. its teeth were once called “scimitar teeth” because they had the same amount of curve as a scimitar .\nh. latidens, also known as the european scimitar cat (pretty badass, no ?), has some very interesting characteristics that should make it better known. first of all, it was originally described from british fossils by the great sir richard owen. this is a british sabretooth, which makes it infinitely better than most other sabrecats. whereas smilodon has long, thin canines, homotherium has shorter, wider falciform canines, triangular in shape and wicked sharp. in fact, while the canines of smilodon start off serrated, the serrations are rapidly worn away in the adult animal, but homotherium retains serrations even as an adult, giving the teeth the appearance of a steak knife. even its molars and premolars are serrated .\nantón, m. , galobart, a. , and turner, a. (2005), ‘co - existence of scimitar - toothed cats, lions and hominins in the european pleistocene. implications of the post - cranial anatomy of homotherium latidens (owen) for comparitive palaeoecology’, quaternary science reviews, 24 (10 - 11), 1287 - 301. [ abstract only ]\nphotographs of the mastoid region of skull in female lion, panthera leo (top) and scimitar - toothed cat, homotherium latidens (bottom) from incarcal, spain (in - i 929). note that the back of the skull is broken in the fossil. muscle insertion areas are marked; muscle numbering as in figs 1 – 5. m, mastoid process; p, paroccipital process .\nantón, m. , salesa, m. , turner, a. , galobart, a. , & pastor, j. (2009). soft tissue reconstruction of homotherium latidens (mammalia, carnivora, felidae). implications for the possibility of representations in palaeolithic art☆ geobios, 42 (5), 541 - 551 doi: 10. 1016 / j. geobios. 2009. 02. 003\nfurther reading - the saber - toothed cat dinobastis serus. - bulletin of the texas memorial museum 2 (ii), 23–60. - g. e. meade - 1961. - the scimitar cat homotherium serum (cope). - report of investigations (illinois state museum) (47): pp. 1–80. - v. rawn - schatzinger - 1992. - late pleistocene survival of the saber - toothed cat homotherium in northwestern europe. - journal of vertebrate paleontology 23: 260 - j. w. f. reumer, l. rook, k. van der borg, k. post, d. mol & j. de vos - 2003. - co - existence of scimitar - toothed cats, lions and hominins in the european pleistocene. implications of the post - cranial anatomy of homotherium latidens (owen) for comparative palaeoecology. - quaternary science reviews 24. - mauricio antóna, angel galobart & alan turner - 2004. - new saber - toothed cat records (felidae: machairodontinae) for the pleistocene of venezuela, and the great american biotic interchange - journal of vertebrate paleontology, 31 (2), 468 - 478 - a. rincón, f. prevosti & g. parra - 2011 .\na gap in time had resolved the identity of the isturitz statue, but in 2003 a team of paleontologists led by jelle reumer returned to mazak' s hypothesis on the basis of new fossil material dredged up from the north sea. in 2000 a fishing boat had trawled up the lower jaw of homotherium, and when this jaw was subjected to radiocarbon analysis it yielded a date of about 28, 000 years before present. this was geologically youngest evidence of homotherium latidens ever found, demonstrating that at least some of these rare predators survived until the late pleistocene. since the jaw was about the same age as the figure, reumer and colleagues considered the new find as a confirmation of what had previously been proposed on the basis of the statuette. after several decades, the artistic record and the fossil record came into accord .\nreumer, j. , rook, l. , van der borg, k. , post, k. , mol, d. , & de vos, j. (2003). late pleistocene survival of the saber - toothed cat homotherium in northwestern europe journal of vertebrate paleontology, 23 (1), 260 - 262 doi: 10. 1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2003) 23 [ 260: lpsots ] 2. 0. co; 2\nthe most successful of all the saber - toothed cats (the most famous example of which is smilodon, aka the\nsaber - toothed tiger\n), homotherium spread as far afield as north and south america, eurasia and africa, and enjoyed an unusually long time in the sun: this genus persisted from the start of the pliocene epoch, about five million years ago, to as recently as 10, 000 years ago (at least in north america) .\nas far as fossil cats are concerned, there is no greater artist than mauricio antón. he has a knack for capturing the essence of fossil felids – be it a homotherium pinning its prey or dinofelis taking a cat nap – and i love that so many of antón‘s illustrations feature spots and stripes. the sabercats i saw in books and stop - motion documentaries were never so colorful. they always seemed to wrapped in a relatively plain, dun - colored coat, making smilodon look like a lion with abnormally - long canines .\ni have to admit that i feel a twinge of disappointment about this. a rare representation of one of the last sabercats now appears to be nothing more than a common cave lion. bones are beautiful, but an artistic representation of a living thing which has entirely vanished is a precious echo of life from an era long past. lions, though still fearsome, are familiar and have been tamed through pop culture and zoo exhibits, while homotherium represents a not - so - distant time when the world was still wild and ancient carnivores gave our predecessors good reason to seek refuge in caves at night .\nin 1896, a 6 - inch stone figure of a big cat was found in isturitz cave in northern france. described in 1910, it appeared to be a representation of a cave lion, but the statuette was lost and its identification was forgotten. upon seeing reproductions of the original figure, though, in 1970 the czech paleontologist vratislav mazak proposed that the cat wasn' t a cave lion at all. instead its short tail, deep face, and other features identified it as homotherium latidens, a wide - ranging species of scimitar - toothed cat which was thought to have lived right up until the last global glaciation .\nevans, glen l. , and grayson eichelberger meade. 1961. part i: the friesenhahn cave, by glen l. evans. part ii: the saber - toothed cat, dinobastis serus, by grayson e. meade. austin: texas memorial museum. graham, r. w. , lundelius, e. l. , meissner, l. , & muhlestein, k. (2013). friesenhahn cave: late pleistocene paleoecology and predator - prey relationships of mammoths with an extinct scimitar cat. geological society of america, field guide, 30, 15 - 31. naples, virginia l. , larry d. martin, and john p. babiarz. 2011. the other saber - tooths: scimitar - tooth cats of the western hemisphere. baltimore: johns hopkins university press. rawn - schatzinger, viola. the scimitar cat, homotherium serum cope: osteology, functional morphology, and predatory behavior. illinois state museum, 1992. widga, c. , fulton, t. l. , martin, l. d. , & shapiro, b. (2012). homotherium serum and cervalces from the great lakes region, usa: geochronology, morphology and ancient dna. boreas, 41 (4), 546 - 556 .\nthe 300, 000 year old lower paleolithic site schöningen 13 ii - 4 became world famous with the discovery of the oldest well - preserved and complete wooden spears. through ongoing excavations, new archaeological discoveries of scientific importance are still being made from the same archaeological layer where the spears were found. in this context, remains of a rare carnivore species, the european saber - toothed cat (homotherium latidens), were recovered. here we present five teeth and one humerus fragment that are unambiguously from two individual saber - toothed cats. the humerus is a unique specimen; it shows evidence of hominin impacts and use as a percussor .\nhomotherium seems to have combined strength with short bursts of speed and agility. it probably engaged in prolonged pursuit of its prey more often than smilodon. the scimitar cat was able to see well during the day. the recovery of cubs and adults from caves in texas and tennessee suggest that these animals lived in dens, possibly as family groups. an assemblage of multiple scimitar cats (13 cubs + 20 adults) associated with the remains of over 300 juvenile mammoths from friesenhahn cave in texas suggests that these cats selectively preyed on juvenile mammoths. this is further supported by the association of multiple mastodons with two adult and one juvenile scimitar cat at gassaway fissure, cannon county, tennessee (rawn - schatzinger 1992) .\nthe detailed species - level interrelationships of machairodontines have also received limited treatment within a cladistic framework, certainly in terms of number of species considered [ 24 ], [ 52 ]. to the best of our knowledge, our analysis is the first to include all major machairodontine lineages (in particular the ‘metailurus’ lineage cats) in a single cladistic matrix, and offers a preliminary numerical test of phylogenetic hypotheses put forward by previous authors [ 2 ], [ 23 ]. we recover a monophyletic machairodontinae, with the three major saber - tooth lineages – ‘metailurus’, ‘smilodon’ and ‘homotherium’ –, being more closely related to each other than to other felids (felinae, hyperailurictis, and proailurus). however, the shape of the machairodontine phylogeny differs from previous hypotheses in two major aspects .\n( a) scatter plots of relative warps 1 and 2 for shape changes in the skulls of felids, along with morphological standards at the axis apices. relative warps 1 and 2 summarize 40. 1% and 20. 0% , respectively, of sample variation in the analysis. (b) scatter plots of relative warps 1 and 2 for shape changes in the mandibles of felids, , along with morphological standards at the axis apices. relative warps 1 and 2 summarize 50. 7% and 18. 2% , respectively, of sample variation in the analysis. symbols: open circles, non - pantherine (“small”) felids: 1, acinonyx jubatus; 2, caracal caracal; 3, catopuma temmincki; 4, felis chaus; 5, felis silvestris; 6, leopardus pardalis; 7, leopardus tigrina; 8, leopardus wiedii; 9, leptailurus serval; 10, lynx canadensis; 11, lynx lynx; 12, oncifelis geoffroyi; 13, pardofelis marmorata; 14, prionailurus bengalensis; 15, prionailurus planiceps; 16, prionailurus viverrinus; 17, puma concolor. open squares, pantherine felids: 1, neofelis diardi; 2, neofelis nebulosa; 3, panthera leo; 4, panthera onca; 5, panthera pardus; 6, panthera tigris; 7, panthera uncia. closed squares, sabertoothed felids: 1, dinofelis barlowi; 2, epimachairodus giganteus; 3, homotherium crenatidens; 4, homotherium serum; 5, machairodus aphanistus (mandible only); 6, megantereon cultridens; 7, paramachairodus ogygia; 8, smilodon fatalis; 9, smilodon populator .\nschematic drawing of the skull and cervical vertebrae of the scimitar - toothed cat homotherium latidens showing the hypothetical motions of the stabbing bite (top) and the canine shear bite (bottom). in the first case the main rotation is around a point behind the thoraco - cervical joint (white circle) and the posterior cervicals, whereas in the second case, the main rotation occurs at the atlanto - occipital joint (white circle). in the stabbing model (top), the pull of the brachiocephalic muscles (single headed arrow) and of the scalenes (two headed arrow) provides the main force for the strike. in the canine shear - bite model (bottom), the pull of the atlanto - mastoid muscles (short two - headed arrow) is the most important force for the penetration of the upper canines .\ni am indebted to staffs at the american museum of natural history, new york; institut catalá de paleontologia (icp) in barcelona; museo nacional de ciencias naturales (csic), madrid; museum für naturkunde, berlin; museum national d' histoire naturelle, paris; national museum of natural history (naturalis), leiden; natural history museum, london; naturhistoriska riksmusset, stockholm; naturhistorisches museum, basel; naturmuseum senckenberg, frankfurt; shanghai science and technology museum, shanghai; staatliches museum fûr naturkunde, stuttgart. i am particularly grateful to john harris and christopher shaw at the los angeles county museum, and to pamela owen from the texas memorial museum for data and information on smilodon fatalis, and homotherium serum, respectively. dr. john finarelli and an anonymous reviewer provided many helpful suggestions to a previous draft of this study .\nso restored, homotherium is a pretty poor fit for the isturiz figure. the figure is of a cat with a relatively stocky build, convex head, short face, and high back. this is more consistent with the appearance of a lion, and, as antón and his colleagues point out, the apparently deep jaw of the figure could represent the long chin hair of lion rather than indicating a truly deep jaw. nor does the figure show any sign of long canine teeth, a striking feature whose absence must be accounted for, and there is no reason to believe that the canines would have been covered by lips in life. in fact, the proportionally large eyes and head of the figure may even indicate that it represents a juvenile lion, although the paleolithic artist who created the sculpture could not be reached for comment on this hypothesis .\noriginally people thought that the long canines of saber - toothed cats were intended to pierce the thick skin of mammoths and were used to inflict gaping wounds. however, recent modeling suggests that repeated biting of struggling prey would result in breaking the saber - cats’ teeth, and that the fangs were used in a single neck bite on pinned prey, severing major blood vessels and quickly resulting in death. 1 as the other two major groups of saber - tooth carnivores, nimravidae and barbourofelidae, have been extinct for millions of years, we will probably have to determine their diet based upon deduction. fortunately the saber - toothed felids have been extinct for only tens of thousands of years, which is practically yesterday! we have some evidence of their diet in a cave that served as den for homotherium and in the bones of smilodon preserved in the la brea tar pits .\nname: homotherium (same beast) phonetic: hoe - moe - fee - ree - um. named by: fabrini‭ ‬ - ‭ ‬1890. synonyms: dinobastis, ‭ ‬ischyrosmilus. classification: chordata, ‭ ‬mammalia, ‭ ‬felidae, ‭ ‬machairodontinae, ‭ ‬machairodontini. species: h aethiopicum, ‭ ‬h crenatidens, ‭ ‬h crusafonti, ‭ ‬h hadarensis, ‭ ‬h idahoensis, ‭ ‬h ischyrus, ‭ ‬h johnstoni, ‭ ‬h latidens, ‭ ‬h nestianus, ‭ ‬h nihowanensis, ‭ ‬h sainzelli, ‭ ‬h serum, ‭ ‬h ultimum, ‭ ‬h venezuelensis. diet: carnivore. size: 1. 1‭ ‬meters high at the shoulder. known locations: across eurasia, ‭ ‬africa, ‭ ‬north america, ‭ ‬also present in south america‭ (‬specifically venezuela‭) ‬. time period: throughout the pliocene and pleistocene periods. fossil representation: multiple specimens .\nthe early pleistocene of africa was a time when modern species of large mammals coexisted with others that are no longer with us, creating an exciting mosaic of animal diversity. sabertooth cats like homotherium were still at large, but many of the animals they preyed upon were of modern type, from horses to antelopes. but now and then they would come across an elephant - like creature that had long become extinct in europe and asia: deinotherium. deinotheres are classified, like elephants, in the order proboscidea, but they belonged in a family of their own, the deinotheriidae, which probably diverged from the lineage of elephants very early on. deinotheres had elephant - like body proportions but their tusks emerged from the mandible rather than from the maxilla, and they curved downwards. if deinotheres had tight societies like those of modern elephants, it would be very hard for predators to catch a young individual - hard, but not impossible. even lions manage to snatch a young elephant every now and then in spite of the adults’ almost constant vigilance .\nfor extant felid species, we follow the taxonomy of werdelin et al. [ 2 ], based on the molecular tree of johnson et al. [ 1 ]. as a convention, the eight genotypic lineages identified by johnson et al. [ 1 ] were treated as having equal taxonomic rank to the three fossil lineages of saber - toothed cats used here, which we term the ‘metailurus’, ‘homotherium’, and ‘smilodon’ lineages. these three lineages are commonly referred to as the tribes homotheriini, metailurini, and smilodontini, respectively [ 2 ], [ 23 ]. all saber - toothed felids were placed in the subfamily machairodontinae, whereas all extant felids (including the ‘panthera’ lineage cats) were included in the subfamily felinae [ 23 ]. although subspecies assignments were recorded where information was available, the operational taxonomic units (otus) were all considered at the species level. as the specific status of some fossil specimens (e. g. , f: am 62192) is uncertain, they were treated as separate otus. this approach offers a partial, independent test of the phylogenetic placement of these specimens. lineage memberships for each otu is listed in table s1 .\nan adult lioness panthera leo, two adult tigers panthera tigris, one male and one female, an adult female puma puma concolor and an adult female genet genetta genetta (linnaeus, 1758) cuvier, 1816 were dissected by the authors at the anatomy department of the university of valladolid. all specimens were captive animals coming from the zoological park of matapozuelos, valladolid province. we also incorporated information from a previous dissection of an adult female striped hyaena hyaena hyaena (linnaeus, 1758) brünnich, 1771 and an adult male binturong arctictis bingturong (raffles, 1821) temminck, 1824 from the madrid zoological park. we also studied osteological material of extant and extinct carnivores to compare the morphology of the mastoid region. the skulls of extant carnivores studied (besides those of the dissected species) include specimens of domestic cat felis catus linnaeus, 1758, spotted hyena crocuta crocuta (erxleben, 1777) kaup, 1828 and wolf canis lupus linnaeus, 1758. reference is also made of published material of extinct machairodontine felids of the genera homotherium fabrini, 1890 and smilodon lund, 1842, as well as descriptions of giant panda ailuropoda melanoleuca (david, 1869) milne - edwards, 1870 and other ursids .\nsmilodon fatalis was significantly larger than the lion, but may have typically taken smaller prey than homotherium serum. the la brea tar pits preserve bones 10, 000 to 40, 000 years old. the collagen in these bones can be analyzed for the non - radioactive isotope content, which varies according to diet. 3 herbivores represented included camels (camelops hesternus), bison (bison antiquus), horses (equus occidentalis), dwarf pronghorns (capromeryx minor), ground sloths (paramylodon harlani), mammoths (mammuthus columbi), and mastodons (mammot americanum). the mammoth bones were poorly preserved and did not contain testable collagen, possibly coming from cool, wet periods. mastodons were also rare and had a unique diet enriched in legumes, suggesting they might not be resident in the area. isotope signatures show smilodon fatalis, the dire wolf (canis dirus), and the american lion (panthera leo atrox) competed for similar prey, but that smilodon preferred ruminants. considering the dwarf pronghorn weighed only as much as a small dog, smilodon ‘s diet was probably chiefly composed of the larger ruminants, bison and camels, although also including other species like the horse and ground sloth .\nthe mastoid area in machairodont felids differs from that of extant larger felids in several ways (fig. 6). the mastoid process itself is more developed, and it projects in an antero - ventral direction to varying extent, almost touching the postglenoid process in the more derived machairodont genera such as smilodon and homotherium. the paroccipital process is variably reduced, especially in some of the more derived machairodont genera, and as a result the tip of the mastoid process has a greater ventral projection than the tip of the paroccipital, whereas the reverse is true for the extant felids. the texture of the mastoid process is often more rugose than in extant felids, and more so in the more derived taxa. the orientation of the tip of the process is variable, facing anteriorly in some taxa, just as in extant felids, whereas in other taxa it faces inferiorly. in most cases the process tip is proportionally broader and more distinctly sculpted than in extant felids. the mastoid crest is usually more developed with a greater lateral expansion, and as a result the surface of the mastoid process itself tends to face more inferiorly and posteriorly, and less laterally, than in extant felids (fig. 7) .\nthe maximal estimated bite forces at the canines normalised for differences in body size (the bite force quotient or bfq) is highly significantly higher among feline cats (f = 50. 152; p < 0. 00001) than among sabrecats. the bfq scores among modern cats are entirely uncoupled from skull size, whereas there is a significant correlation among sabrecats (table 1). however, as noted above, this is a function of the highly modified skulls of derived sabrecats, not their size per se [ see ref. 28 ]. primitive sabrecats such as paramachairodus ogygia and tiger - sized machairodus aphanistus have much stronger bite forces that more derived forms (epimachairodus), which again have stronger bite forces than the most derived forms, such as homotherium, megantereon, and smilodon, which are of equal size to machairodus [ see supplementary information and ref. 28 for bite forces in machairodus aphanistus ]. this is also evident in that bite forces covary with skull shape among sabrecats (table 1; fig. 3c, d), although relative warp 2 is non - significant. this is probably a function of low sample size and the fact that machairodus aphanistus could not be included in the skull shape analysis. among extant cats, bite forces normalised for body size show absolutely no relationship with skull shape (fig 3a, b); modern cats have uniformly high bite forces irrespective of body size and apparent, but merely size - related differences in skull shape .\nmandible shape displays the reverse pattern of skull shape (fig. 2b; table 1). here, the sabrecats differ primarily along relative warp 1, and again the derived species occupy an entirely different part of overall morphospace from any extant species. extant cats differ primarily along relative warp 2. among extant cats, neofelis sp. groups somewhat separately from other species, and the primitive sabrecats (dinofelis, machairodus, paramachairodus) group with them, indicating that their overall mandibular morphology is similar. derived sabrecats primarily differ from extant cats and also from primitive sabrecats in having an anteroposteriorly compressed posterior part of the mandible, but a concomitant elongate anterior part of the mandible, distinctly posterior deflected mandibular condyle, greatly dorsoventrally shortened coronoid process, which is also anteroposteriorly compressed, and greatly expanded mandibular symphysis. other changes include reduction in p 3 size, and anterior deflection of the anterior - most extent of the mandibular fossa. among modern cats, the smaller species tend to have a strongly curved horizontal mandibular ramus, whereas large species (acinonyx, neofelis, panthera, puma), have a more rectangular ramus with a straight or even concave ventral profile. there is no systematic difference in dental size, or height of the coronoid process among extant cats. relative warp 1 is not size - dependent in modern cats, whereas relative warp 2 is strongly size - dependent (table 1). in sabrecats, the pattern is reverse, with relative warp 2 being entirely uncoupled from mandible size, and relative 1 showing a tendency towards size - dependency, but the equation is not significant owing to lower sample size, and the fact that some large sabrecats (dinofelis, machairodus) have primitive mandibles, whereas others (e. g. , homotherium, smilodon) are highly derived .\nunfortunately, short of finding a frozen sabercat comparable to the steppe lion kittens announced late last year, we’ll probably never know the precise span of sabercat shades. but maybe we can narrow the field a little. today’s cats, both big and small, might be able to help us predict the presence of spots and stripes in their toothy, extinct relatives .\ntoday’s cats wear a beautiful array of coat patterns, from plain to dense constellations of spots and stripes. these different color options are largely dictated by two genes – taqpep and edn3 – the first of which lays down the general pattern of spots and stripes while the second controls local color differences, like hair banding. but these patterns don’t follow family lines .\njust have a look at panthera, the genus that includes most of the classic big cat species. there are lions (spots giving way to plain coloration), jaguars (large, filled - in spots), leopards (large open spots), snow leopards (large open spots), and tigers (vertical stripes) all within the same genus. something else is more important than felid family ties in determining coat colors, and, in a 2010 study, ethologist william allen and colleagues suggested that the answer is ecology .\nafter pulling images of 35 wild cat species from the web – because what else is the internet good for other than cat pictures? – allen and coauthors analyzed how coat patterns related to different species’ habitat preferences and activity patterns. cat coats, they realized, “function as a background matching camouflage. ” cats in open, well - lit environments are more likely to have relatively plain coats while those living in forested habitats or active at primarily at night typically have complex patterns of spots and horizontal stripes .\ncats in open environments, like mountain lions, are more likely to have\nplain\ncoats. photo by k. fink .\nthere are some exceptions to this rule. cheetahs, servals, and black - footed cats have spotted coats despite living in the same type grasslands as lions, while the elusive bay cat has a mostly - uniform coat despite prowling forests. maybe these discrepancies have something to do with microhabitats or some sort of behavior not parsed in the study, allen and colleagues write, but for the most part a cat’s coat is more influenced by its ecology than who it' s related to .\nso what about smilodon? the cat is the ambassador for its long - fanged relatives as well as the ice age in general. while we may never know for sure, places like la brea – where the sabercat is found in abundance – suggest that the iconic sabercat frequented shrubby chaparral. if the ecological connection held, therefore, smilodon may have worn more subdued hues like the modern mountain lions that live in southern california today, or perhaps it was decked in solid spots much like the cheetah, serval, black - footed cat trio in africa .\ndespite its common nickname saber - toothed tiger, though, we can be pretty sure smilodon didn’t have vertical stripes. not only are sabercats and tigers distant relatives, but, as allen and colleagues found, tigers are the only cats to have vertical stripes on their flanks. perhaps the best we can hope for is that some pleistocene artisan was inspired enough by the toothy cats to record their pelage palette for us, a window to an ice age world that we just missed .\nallen, w. , cuthill, i. , scott - samuel, n. , baddeley, r. 2011. why the leopard got its spots: relating pattern development to ecology in felids. proceedings of the royal society b. doi: 10. 1098 / rspb. 2010. 1734\nkaelin, c. , xu, x. , hong, l. , david, v. , mcgowan, k. , schmidt - küntzel, roelke, m. , pino, j. , pontius, j. , cooper, g. , manuel, h. , swanson, w. , marker, l. , harper, c. , van dyk, a. , yue, b. , mullikin, j. , warren, w. , eizirik, e. , kos, l. , o’brien, s. , barsh, g. , menotti - raymon, m. 2012. specifying and sustaining pigmentation patterns in domestic and wild cats. science. doi: 10. 1126 / science. 1220893\nortolani, a. 1999. spots, stripes, tail tips and dark eyes: predicting the function of carnivore colour patterns using the comparative method. biological journal of the linnean society. 67: 433 - 476\nthe views expressed are those of the author (s) and are not necessarily those of scientific american .\nbrian is a freelance science writer and author of fossiliferous books such as my beloved brontosaurus. he lives in salt lake city, utah. follow him on instagram @ laelaps .\ndiscover world - changing science. explore our digital archive back to 1845, including articles by more than 150 nobel prize winners .\nscientific american is part of springer nature, which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications (many of them can be found at urltoken). scientific american maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nwas about the size of a lion and became extinct about 10, 000 years ago. friesenhahn cave in texas has been identified as a" ]

{ "text": [ "homotherium is an extinct genus of machairodontine saber-toothed cats , often termed scimitar-toothed cats , that inhabited north america , south america , eurasia , and africa during the pliocene and pleistocene epochs ( 4 mya – 12,000 years ago ) , existing for approximately 4 million years .", "it first became extinct in africa some 1.5 million years ago .", "in eurasia it survived until about 30,000 years ago .", "in south america it is only known from a few remains in the northern region ( venezuela ) , from the mid-pleistocene .", "the most recent european remains of homotherium date to 28,000 years bp . " ], "topic": [ 26, 7, 15, 17, 15 ] }

[ "homotherium is an extinct genus of machairodontine saber-toothed cats, often termed scimitar-toothed cats, that inhabited north america, south america, eurasia, and africa during the pliocene and pleistocene epochs (4 mya – 12,000 years ago), existing for approximately 4 million years. it first became extinct in africa some 1.5 million years ago. in eurasia it survived until about 30,000 years ago. in south america it is only known from a few remains in the northern region (venezuela), from the mid-pleistocene. the most recent european remains of homotherium date to 28,000 years bp." ]

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{ "text": [ "crambus trichusalis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by hulst in 1886 .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from alberta , saskatchewan , montana , north dakota and south dakota .", "the habitat consists of grasslands .", "the wingspan is 24 – 27 mm .", "the forewings are yellowish grey with a thin stripe along the anal margin and one below the costa , as well as a terminal line with four to five black dots .", "adults are on wing from july to september .", "the larvae probably feed on grasses . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 24, 9, 1, 8, 8 ] }

[ "crambus trichusalis is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by hulst in 1886. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from alberta, saskatchewan, montana, north dakota and south dakota. the habitat consists of grasslands. the wingspan is 24 – 27 mm. the forewings are yellowish grey with a thin stripe along the anal margin and one below the costa, as well as a terminal line with four to five black dots. adults are on wing from july to september. the larvae probably feed on grasses." ]

[ "no critical habitat rules have been published for the pocketed free - tailed bat .\nthe pocketed free - tailed bat is known in texas only from big bend national park, brewster county .\nears joined at base; second phalanx of fourth finger less than 5 mm: nyctinomops femorosacca (pocketed free - tailed bat) .\nthe mammals of texas, the pocketed free - tailed bat\n( on - line). accessed december 9, 1999 at urltoken .\neasterla, d. a. 1968. first records of the pocketed free - tailed bat for texas. journal of mammalogy 49: 515 - 516 .\nforearm more than 52 mm (58 - 64): nyctinomops macrotis (big free - tailed bat) .\nmexican free - tailed bats are the\njets\nof the bat world. they are very fast flyers .\nthe pocketed free - tailed bat (nyctinomops femorosaccus) is a species of bat in the family molossidae found in mexico and in arizona, california, new mexico, and texas in the united states .\ncockrum, e. l. , and b. f. musgrove. 1965. extension of known range of the pocketed free tailed bat. journal of mammalogy 46: 509 .\neasterla, d. a. 1970. first record of the pocketed free - tailed bat for coahuila, mexico and additional texas records. texas journal of science 22: 92 - 93 .\nears not united at base; second phalanx of fourth finger more than 5 mm: tadarida brasiliensis (brazilian free - tailed bat) .\npocketed free - tailed bat (nyctinomops femorosaccus) the female pocketed free - tailed bat mates just prior to ovulation in the spring. it roosts in rocky areas – crevices, overhangs, and sometimes caves. at night it gives a loud, high - pitched call when it drops from its roost. it also calls frequently from its day roost. body length: 98 - 118 mm diet: primarily moths, also ants, wasps, other insects\nthe status of the pocketed free - tailed bat is not known. they are undoubtedly being threatened by the habitat modification and pesticide dispersal by humans. (grzimek, 1990) there are no conservation projects underway specifically for nyctinomops femorosacca .\nmolossids tend to be active throughout the year. populations of brazilian free - tailed bats (tadarida brasiliensis) in\nnyctinomops femorosacca, the pocketed free - tailed bat, is a member of the molossidae. it inhabits the southwestern united states and northwestern mexico. the bat has been seen in southern arizona, southern california, southeastern new mexico, western texas, and into mexico to the state of michoacan. (urltoken )\nmexican free - tailed bat (tadarida brasiliensis) the mexican free - tailed bat, also known as the brazilian free - tailed bat, is the most common bat in the southwest with a u. s. population of over 100 million! they live in huge cave colonies where they squeeze in next to each other in densities of 2700 per square meter. unlike most bats, young mexican free - tailed bats roost separately from their mothers. the mother can recognize her youngster by its voice alone. mexican free - tailed bats are strong and fast flyers. they can fly at speeds of 100 km (60 mph) and fly as far as 80km (50miles) from their roosts. some of the local population hibernate, but most migrate to mexico for the winter. body length: 90 - 110 mm diet: variety of small insects\nthe pocketed free‑tailed bat is colonial and roosts primarily in crevices of rugged cliffs, high rocky outcrops and slopes. it has been found in a variety of plant associations, including desert shrub and pine‑oak forests. the species may also roost in buildings, caves, and under roof tiles .\nfree - tailed bats and mastiff bats (molossidae) .\ngrzimek' s animal life encyclopedia. . retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nthe densest concentrations of free - tailed bats are found living in bracken cave near san antonio, texas. their colonies can number over 20, 000, 000 .\nbrazilian free - tailed bats are most abundant in arid and semi - arid habitats, but are common in urban areas, and present in moist forest and scrub habitats .\nfree - tailed bats and mastiff bats (molossidae) .\ngrzimek' s animal life encyclopedia. . encyclopedia. com. (july 10, 2018). urltoken\nthis species of bat is strictly insectivorous. peak activity for feeding occurs at two different times, at the beginning of the night, and again at the end. like many bats, the pocketed free - tailed bat uses echolocation to detect the presence of its prey. (grzimek, 1990). they catch their food in mid - flight. they typically eat moths, crickets, flying ants, stinkbugs, froghoppers, and lacewings. urltoken\na small fold, or\npocket\nin the wing membrane of the free - tailed bat, near its knee, gives this bat its common name. pocketed free - tailed bats have large ears and long wings, and fly rapidly, generally pursuing insects on the wing. they eat many kinds of insects, but seem to prefer small moths. small colonies, usually fewer than 100 bats, roost together in caves, crevices in rocky cliffs, or buildings. females have a single pup each year, not twins .\nlinks: mammal species of the world click here for the american society of mammalogists species account\na single free - tail baby bat is born during the summer. young mexican free - tailed bats roost separately from their mothers. babies roost in the highest reaches of the cave, where temperatures are the warmest. the warm conditions are essential for rapid growth and survival. in the large maternity colonies of mexican free - tails, the mother must find her own pup among the thousands. it is thought that she locates her baby by recognizing its individual call .\ntotal length more than 120 mm: lasiurus intermedius (northern yellow bat) .\ntotal length less than 120 mm: lasiurus ega (southern yellow bat) .\nupper parts mahogany brown washed with white: lasiurus seminolus (seminole bat) .\nconspicuous fringe of stiff hairs on free edge of interfemoral membrane: myotis thysanodes (fringed myotis) .\nno conspicuous fringe of stiff hairs on free edge of interfemoral membrane: myotis velifer (cave myotis) .\nthe mexican free - tailed bat (tadarida brasiliensis) is a medium sized bat. their fur is reddish to dark brown or gray in color. they have broad, black, forward pointing ears, and wrinkled lips. their tails extend more than one third beyond the tail membranes; most other bats have tails that are completely enclosed within the tail membranes. their wings are long and narrow .\nthe pocketed free - tailed bat has a large broad head with grooved lips. the face has many stiff hairs with spoonlike tips. a tragus is present and the ears are thick and leathery. these ears are joined in the middle of the forehead. the length of the bat on average is approximately 112mm. the feet are 10mm, the tail is 46mm, the ears 23mm, and the forearms are 46mm. the nasals are located on the nasal protuberance and no nose leaf is present (grzimek, 1990). the wings are long and narrow. the tail extends well beyond the edge of the uropatagium. the fur is short. a fold of skin stretches from the inner side of the femur to the middle of the tibia. ths fold produces a pocket on the underside of the interfemoral membrane, which gives the animal its common name, the pocketed free - tailed bat. the dental formula is 1 / 2, 1 / 1, 2 / 2, 3 / 3 = 30, with the incisors placed close together. (urltoken )\nallowing for the rapid growth of their young. during the period of peak lactation, it is estimated a lactating female brazilian free - tailed bat has energy demands of 106 kj / day to meet her needs and those of her growing young, requiring that the female consume approximately 70% of her body weight in insects each night .\nmexican free - tails are found in the western united states, south through mexico, central america and into northern south america .\n. as a result, these animals include the fastest - flying of all bat species among their number .\nforearm more than 32 mm; interfemoral membrane naked; color brown: nycticeius humeralis (evening bat) .\nwhere they are abundant, molossid bats can provide important service to humans by consuming huge numbers of insects that are agricultural pests. the 100 million brazilian free - tailed bats that occupy texas each summer consume an estimated 1, 000 tons of insects each night, with many of these\nforearm more than 70 mm; upper lips without deep vertical grooves: eumops perotis (western mastiff bat) .\nforearm more than 45 mm; color wood brown heavily frosted with white: lasiurus cinereus (hoary bat) .\nmatthews, a. k. , s. a. neiswenter and l. k. ammerman. 2010. trophic ecology of the free - tailed bats nyctinomops femorosaccus and tadarida brasiliensis (chiroptera: molossidae) in big bend national park, texas. the southwestern naturalist 55 (3): 340 - 346 .\ndorsal color pale yellow; no distinctive glands evident on each side of the nose. antrozous pallidus (pallid bat) .\ncolor of hair black, with many of the hairs distinctly silver - tipped: lasionycteris noctivagans (silver - haired bat) .\nthe mammals of the southern african sub - region by j. d. skinner, isbn 0 - 521 - 84418 - 5, 2006, p. 277 ,\nthe name of the [ free - tailed bats ] family is derived from the greek molossus, a kind of dog used by greek shepherds in ancient times .\nprominent grooves and flaps on chin; tail protruding from dorsal surface of interfemoral membrane: mormoops megalophylla (ghost - faced bat) .\ncolor reddish with frosted appearance resulting from white - tipped hairs; interfemoral membrane fully haired: lasiurus borealis (eastern red bat) .\nhas a free‑tail which extends beyond the edge of the interfemoral membrane. with a forearm of 45‑49 mm, it is smaller than all other north american molossid species except\nwestern red bat (lasiurus blossevillii) named for the rusty red coloration on its head and back, the western red bat also has white shoulder patches. male bats are brighter than females in color. this solitary bat roosts in the dense foliage of deciduous trees. western red bats migrate, often in flocks, to the southern parts of their range in winter. body length: 87 - 120 mm diet: insects\nfree - tailed bats are usually grey, brown, or black in color, with some exceptions. they range from 4 to 12 cm (1. 6 to 4. 7 in) in length, excluding the tail, and can weigh from 8 to 220 g (0. 28 to 7. 76 oz), depending on species. they are\na strong, fast - flying bat that forages above the canopy and in open areas on a variety of insects, particularly winged ants and termites .\ntail not evident; eye about midway between nose and ear; forearm more than 48 mm: leptonycteris nivalis (mexican long - nosed bat) .\nthese bats require large surfaces of open water in order to drink. such sites are declining in number in many places, representing a threat to several of the least maneuverable free - tails .\nas with all mammals, bats can contract and transmit rabies virus. the rabies virus associated with brazilian free - tailed bats has been implicated in the deaths of approximately 12 people in north and south america over the last three decades. other human health concerns involve histoplasma capsulatum, a fungus that commonly grows in bat (and bird) guano that can infect humans and cause histoplasmosis, typically of the human respiratory system via inhalation. the habits of molossids of roosting in houses and other buildings may result in human contacts and their risks of exposure to rabies or histoplasmosis .\ncolor rusty - red to brownish without frosted appearance; posterior one - third of interfemoral membrane bare or only scantily haired: lasiurus blossevillii (western red bat) .\nfindley, j. s. , and c. jones. 1965. northernmost records of some neotropical bat genera. journal of mammalogy 46: 330 - 331 .\ncolor black with three large white spots on back, one just behind each shoulder, the other at the base of the tail: euderma maculatum (spotted bat) .\nmolossids are known to forage in groups and to exploit patches of insects such as emerging swarms of termites, winged ants, and large migratory populations of moths. they also forage around streetlights that attract concentrations of insects. these bats prey on a great variety of insects. recent studies of brazilian free - tailed bats document that their insect prey consists of at least 12 orders and 35 families of insects. moths (lepidoptera) and beetles (coleoptera) provide the bulk of their prey, but all evidence indicates that brazilian free - tails, in particular, and molossids, in general, are highly opportunistic feeders that exploit a diverse diet of insects .\nfree - tail bats consume enormous amounts of moths and other insects. some roosts are known to contain millions of bats. in those colonies it is estimated that 250 tons of insects can be consumed every night .\nfossils of the family date from the late eocene in europe, late oligocene or early miocene in south america, miocene in africa, and pleistocene in asia, australia, north america, and the east and west indies. morphological and molecular data place free - tailed and mastiff bats in the superfamily vepertilionoidea allied with the vespertilionid bats (vespertilionidae) and the funnel - eared bats (natalidae). other authors place them in the superfamily molossoidea .\nthese bats leave their roost late in the evening or early night to forage. they are very swift and have powerful flight. krutzsch recorded the following observations on a colony of 50 - 60 pocketed free - tailed bats: a daytime roost was located in the crevice of the face of a cliff in san diego, ca. the first bats left at approximately 6: 15 p. m. , and others followed in twos and threes for another half and hour. they dropped from 1 to 1. 5 meters before taking wing. the flight was rapid, with complete wing beats. when first taking flight, they uttered a high pitched, chattering call, which was repeated while in flight. they also called a lot while in the roost. (urltoken )\ntemperate north american bats are now threatened by a fungal disease called “white - nose syndrome. ” this disease has devastated eastern north american bat populations at hibernation sites since 2007. the fungus ,\ncharacterized by fast erratic flight in pursuit of insects from near the ground to high in open air. this bat fills its large cheek pouches with insects and returns to the roost to consume its food .\nmexican free - tails prefer to roost in caves, but will also choose attics, under bridges, or in abandoned buildings. they choose roosts near water. the water attracts the insects they eat, as well as allowing them the opportunity to drink .\nsilver - haired bat (lasionycteris noctivagans) named for the silver - tipped hairs on its back, this solitary, slow flying, tree - roosting species is found in both deciduous and coniferous forests. the silver - haired bat roosts under bark, in woodpecker holes, or in other protected spots. it is unknown whether females form maternity colonies or remain solitary before giving birth. body length: 92 - 108 mm diet: small insects\ntail evident, projecting about 10 mm from dorsal side of interfemoral membrane; distance from eye to nose about twice distance from eye to ear; forearm less than 48 mm: choeronycteris mexicana (mexican long - tongued bat) .\npallid bat (antrozous pallidus) the pallid bat flaps its wings more slowly than most bats. it forages low to the ground, landing frequently to catch large insects and invertebrates. sometimes they even get caught in mouse traps! its hearing is so acute that it can hear the footsteps of insects on the ground. when disturbed, the pallid bat emits a skunk - like odor from the glands on its muzzle. found across much of the western u. s. from mexico to british columbia, it roosts in colonies of 12 to 200 individuals. body length: 107 - 130 mm diet: large insects such as beetles, crickets, katydids, and grasshoppers; scorpions; centipedes\nforearms ranging in length 2. 4–2. 5 in (5. 9–6. 3 cm); weighing 1. 1–1. 5 oz (33–44 g). this bat has dark fur and two white ventral to lateral stripes .\ncave myotis (myotis velifer) this bat is found throughout the sonoran desert except for the driest, westernmost parts. females sometimes form very large maternity colonies of about 15000 individuals. body length: 90 - 115 mm diet: small insects\nforearms ranging in length 2. 5–2. 9 in (6. 2–7. 2 cm); weighing 1. 0–1. 3 oz (31–39 g). a good - sized bat with long ears and very long narrow wings .\nbig brown bat (eptesicus fuscus) this large bat is very common throughout its range, especially near farms and urban areas. in deserts it generally roosts in man - made structures, although it has been documented roosting in woodpecker holes in saguaros. a fast flyer, it forages for insects during the summer and migrates to higher elevations to hibernate during winter. body length: 106 - 127 mm diet: mostly beetles; but also ants, wasps, leafhoppers, other agricultural pests\nthe bat conservation trust. 15 cloisters house, 8 battersea park rd. , london, sw8 4bg uk. phone: 020 7627 2629. fax: 020 7627 2628. e - mail: [ email protected ] web site: < urltoken >\nfemales of most species appear to give birth to a single young annually. however, some species are reported to be polyestrus, giving birth twice (molossus ater and m. molossus) or three times (chaerephon pumila) annually, in parts of their geographic ranges. cheiromeles is additionally unique among mollosids in giving birth to twins during a single annual reproductive period. where known, gestation is usually two to three months in length, and the period from birth to weaning typically lasts five to six weeks. studies on milk composition and reproductive energetics in brazilian free - tailed bats demonstrate an extremely high - fat content in the milk of females ,\nhoary bat (lasiurus cinereus) this bat species is widely distributed across the u. s. and southern canada. during the summer, male hoary bats are found in the southwestern u. s. , while females are spread over the entire bats’ range. in the fall, females meet up with the males in the southwest, and both migrate to mexico or south america. presumably, mating takes place during migration or winter. body length: 102 - 152 mm diet: moths and other insects\nbuildings, mines, tunnels, culverts, under bridges, and in bat houses. they are commonly found under corrugated steel roofs, roof tiles, or in attics of tropical houses, and they tolerate high temperatures that can exceed 130°f (55°c) .\ncalifornia leaf - nosed bat (macrotis californicus) the california leaf - nosed bat inhabits desert scrub of the sonoran and mojave deserts. during the day it roosts in caves and mineshafts, and at night it hunts insects. its hearing is so acute that it can hear noises as faint as the footstep of a cricket! it feeds on large insects that it plucks from foliage or directly off the ground. it does not land on the ground but hovers above its prey before striking. after catching its prey, the california leaf - nosed bat carries it to an open roost to feast. this species does not migrate or hibernate. instead, it survives cold periods in the warmth of cave and mineshaft roosts. body length: 84 - 93 mm diet: crickets, beetles, grasshoppers, other insects\nhairs on belly with pinkish buff tips; little contrast in color between basal portions and tips of hairs on both back and belly; absence of long hairs projecting beyond the toes; known from western half of state: plecotus townsendii (townsend’s big - eared bat) .\ndescription. similar to the brazilian free - tailed bat, tadarida brasiliensis, but the bases of the ears are joined at the midline; second phalanx of the 4th digit less (not more) than 5 mm; anterior part of hard palate narrowly, rather than broadly, excised; upper incisors placed close together, their longitudinal axes nearly parallel, not convergent, distally; the presence of a fold of skin stretching from the inner (medial) side of the femur to the middle of the tibia. this fold produces a shallow pocket on the underside of the interfemoral membrane in the vicinity of the knee, a structure to which the common name alludes. dental formula: i 1 / 2, c 1 / 1, pm 2 / 2, m 3 / 3 x 2 = 30. external measurements average: total length, 112 mm; tail, 46 mm; foot, 10 mm; ear, 23 mm; forearm, 46 mm. weight, 10 - 14 g .\nhairs on belly with white tips; strong contrast in color between the basal portions and tips of hairs on both back and belly; presence of long hairs projecting beyond the toes; known from eastern one - third of state: plecotus rafinesquii (rafinesque’s big - eared bat) .\nmales of this species have chest and throat glands. the echolocation signals are short and are emitted through the mouth. their enemies include humans, diurnal and nocturnal birds of prey, and parasites. (grimek, 1990). there is limited information on this particular species of bat .\nfringed myotis (myotis thysanodes) this colonial bat is active from april through september. the birth of young is synchronized throughout the colony. this myotis migrates to a winter roost, but its winter habits are not well known. body length: 80 - 95 mm diet: mostly moths and crickets\nbat conservation international. p. o. box 162603, austin, tx 78716 usa. phone: (512) 327 - 9721. fax: (512) 327 - 9724. e - mail: [ email protected ] web site: < http: / / www. batcon. org >\nlong - legged myotis (myotis volans) the long - legged myotis is a long - lived bat that can reach an age of 21 years. females form maternity colonies of up to several hundred individuals which disperse in the fall. body length: 87 - 103 mm diet: moths and other small insects\ntemperate, seasonal habitats are known to engage in long - distance, annual migrations that exceed 800 mi (1, 300 km). however, other populations of the same species are known to remain in place or to engage only in short - distance seasonal movements and to utilize torpor to survive cold temperatures during relatively mild winters. most molossids are colonial, with colony sizes typically reported as a few tens to a few hundreds of individuals. there are some reports of solitary bats, and numerous accounts of colonies into the thousands of bats. brazilian free - tailed bats in the southwestern united states and northern mexico form cave colonies of tens of millions of bats, which are the largest known aggregations of mammals. the behavior of this large family of bats is characterized by diversity and plasticity .\nthese strong - flying bats typically pursue insects in open, uncluttered airspace above the canopy and they can fly to high altitudes. studies in africa, australia, and north america document foraging by molossids at altitudes of several hundred feet (meters) above ground level. radar shows that brazilian free - tailed bats fly to altitudes of up to 2 mi (3. 2 km) over central texas, and research has confirmed that large numbers of these bats are actively feeding on insects at altitudes of at least 4, 000 ft (1, 219 m) above the ground. molossids detect and pursue insects using relatively low - frequency echolocation calls (typically < 30khz, but < 10khz in some species) that travel long distances in open airspace. recent studies suggest remarkable diversity in their echolocation calls .\nwestern pipistrelle (pipistrellus hesperus) the western pipistrelle is the smallest bat in the u. s. , weighing about 3 grams (0. 1 oz). it is buff in color with black ears, wings and tail membrane. a desert forager, it is usually the first bat to appear in the evening, usually well before dark. it roosts in caves, mines, and buildings. during warm winter evenings male bats can often be seen foraging over the desert floor while female western pipistrelles are hibernating at higher, cooler elevations. body length: 60 - 86 mm diet: small insects such as flies, leafhoppers, planthoppers\narnett, e. b. , and e. f. baerwald. 2013. impacts of wind energy development on bats: implications for conservation. pages 435 - 456 in r. a. adams and s. c. pedersen (editors). bat evolution, ecology, and conservation. springer science + business media, new york .\nmostly consistent coloration of dark gray to brownish gray. very narrow wings. largest bat found in united states. head and body length up to 6. 9 in (17. 5 cm), forearm length 2. 8–3. 2 in (7. 2–8. 2 cm), weight 2. 3–2. 6 oz (64–74 g )\n, grows best in cold, humid conditions that are typical of many bat hibernacula. the fungus grows on, and in some cases invades, the bodies of hibernating bats and seems to result in disturbance from hibernation, causing a debilitating loss of important metabolic resources and mass deaths. mortality rates at some hibernation sites have been as high as 90% . while there are currently no reports of\necology and behavior: the common and scientific names refer to a shallow fold of skin on the underside of the interfemoral membrane near the knee, which forms a pocket - like structure. it occurs in the arid lowlands of the desert southwest, and primarily roosts in crevices in rugged cliffs, slopes, and tall rocky outcrops. colonies are small, usually less than 100 individuals. in day roosts, these bats squeak or chatter much of the time, and usually will leave the roost well after dark. when first taking flight, they produce shrill, sharp, high - pitched chattering calls, which may continue while the bats are in flight. as with other free - tailed bats, the flight is swift and lacks the fluttering characteristic of many vespertilionid bats. at stock ponds and other water sources, they fly swiftly about the pool, making distinctly audible whistling and fluttering sounds with their wings. in drinking, these bats will hit the water hard while in flight and scoop up a mouthful of water .\ncalifornia myotis (myotis californicus) the california myotis bat forages for small flying insects over desert scrub vegetation. it roosts during the daytime in buildings, under bridges, or under tree bark. some individuals hibernate in mines and caves during winter months, while others remain active. females form small breeding colonies of only a few individuals. body length: 74 - 85 mm diet: moths and other small flying insects\nremarks. there is some confusion about the generic name of this bat and its relative, n. macrotis. patricia freeman, in a comprehensive study of the family molossidae world - wide, separated the new world and old world species of tadarida (exclusive of tadarida brasiliensis) into two distinct genera — applying the name nyctinomops to the new world species. other mammalogists, however, have not followed this arrangement and place all of the texas species in the genus tadarida .\ntownsend’s big - eared bat (corynorhinus townsendii) in the western u. s. , female townsend’s big - eared bats form maternity colonies of up to 200 individuals. young bats are large, weighing about one quarter their mother' s weight at birth. they can fly by three weeks of age. by day, townsend’s big - eared bats hang from the ceilings of mines and caves. they hibernate in cold caves and mines, folding their huge ears back to the middle of their body. body length: 89 - 110 mm diet: moths\narnett, e. b. , w. k. brown, w. p. erickson, j. k. fiedler, b. l. hamilton, t. h. henry, a. jain, g. d. johnson, j. kerns, r. r. koford, c. p. nicholson, t. j. connell, m. d. piorkowski and r. d. tankersley. 2008. patterns of bat fatalities at wind energy facilities in north america. journal of wildlife management 72 (1): 61 - 78 .\nin addition to the 32 species of bats living in texas today, four others are known from fossil skeletal remains. one of these, myotis rectidentis, is extinct, but the other three — myotis evotis, macrotus californicus, and desmodus rotundus — still occur in other parts of the continent. the range of myotis evotis includes almost all of the western united states from the great plains westward; the leaf - nosed bat macrotus occupies a range from the southern parts of arizona, nevada, and california southward into mexico; and desmodus, the common vampire, occurs in mexico and has been found recently about 200 km south of the texas border near jimenez, tamaulipas. intensive search may reveal the presence of both macrotus and desmodus in texas .\nno major threats are known. potential or highly localized threats include direct and indirect effects of pesticides, human disturbance of roosting sites (e. g. , recreational climbing), destruction of roosts and foraging habitat (e. g. , by water projects or highway construction), impacts of livestock grazing on habitat quality (e. g. , bat food resources), and effects of water management on riparian habitats (e. g. , reduction in water and food availability). in texas, food does not appear to limit population size (matthews et al. 2010). this species is not among those known to be regularly killed in substantial numbers at wind energy facilities (arnett et al. 2008, ellison 2012). arnett and baerwald (2013) estimated that fewer than 200 individuals were killed by turbines in the united states during the priod 2000 - 2011. as of mid - 2014, this species was not known to be affected by white - nose syndrome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\narroyo - cabrales, j. & álvarez - castañeda, s. t .\njustification: this species is listed as least concern because of its wide distribution, presumed large subpopulations in some localities and occurrence in a number of protected areas .\nthis species occurs from guerrero (mexico) to new mexico, arizona, california (usa) and baja california (mexico; simmons 2005). it occurs from lowlands to 2, 250 m asl (wilson and ruff 1999) .\nthis species is insectivorous; it eats a variety of insects (lepidoptera, hymenoptera, homoptera, coleoptera, hemiptera, orthoptera, diptera and neuroptera). during the dry season it utilizes water sources with open access and a large available surface area from which to drink. it leaves its roosts after dark and is usually not taken in mistnets until two or three hours after sunset. it roosts in caves, rock crevices in cliff faces and man - made structures. colonies usually number fewer than 100 individuals. it gives birth to only one young per year, usually in early july, and the young are flying in mid to late august (wilson and ruff 1999) .\nhabitat loss and use of pesticides, as this species eats moths that are affected by pesticides, are the main threats .\narroyo - cabrales, j. & álvarez - castañeda, s. t. 2015 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\ninsectivorous bats - saguaro national park (u. s. national park service )\nsouthwestern myotis (myotis auriculus) although the daytime roosts of southwestern myotis bats are unknown, we do know that they roost in buildings and caves at night. they catch their prey of flying insects in mid - flight. body length: 78 - 88 mm diet: flying insects, mostly moths\nwestern small - footed myotis (myotis ciliolabrum) little is known about the western small - footed myotis. it tends to forage along cliffs and rocky slopes. maternity colonies are small and usually in man - made structures. females bear only one offspring per year. body length: 76 - 90 mm diet: small flying insects\nyuma myotis (myotis yumanensis) the yuma myotis is closely associated with water. it feeds by flying low over water sources, snatching up small flying insects. maternity colonies form in places with high temperatures, such as caves, buildings, tree cavities, or under bridges and can contain thousands of individuals. body length: 84 - 99 mm diet: moths, midges, other small insects\nthis species currently is not listed as threatened or endangered. little is known about population trends in texas .\nthe species forms maternity colonies, and females bear one young in late june or july. lactating females have been taken between 7 july and 8 august, and volant juveniles recorded on 7 august. owls and snakes have been documented preying on this species. little is known about population dynamics, seasonal movements, or ecology .\nforages mainly on large moths, but its diet includes small moths and beetles, with small amounts of a variety of other insects .\noccurs in western north america, from southern california, central arizona, southern new mexico, and western texas, south into mexico including baja california. the species is thought to be non‑migratory. the known altitudinal distribution is from near sea level to about 7, 300 feet. breeding populations have recently been identified in southern california .\nno known treats to the species have been identified to date. however, some of the general threats to bats could apply to\n. these could include impacts to foraging areas from grazing, riparian management, the use of pesticides, disturbance to roost sites, or any activities that impact cliff habitat. more information on the ecology of this species is required before threats can be more fully delineated .\nregarding roosting ecology, foraging ecology, seasonal movements, and breeding colony distribution. little appears to be known about the echolocation calls of this species, and documentation is needed for comparison with other molossid species .\nyour contact information is used to deliver requested updates or to access your subscriber preferences. children under 13 years of age must have a parent / guardian & apos; s consent before providing any personal information to the agency .\ndistribution in texas. southwestern united states and northwestern mexico; records from southern california, southern arizona, southeastern new mexico, western texas; southward in mexico to the state of michoacan. known in texas only from big bend national park, brewster county .\nhabits. this species is an inhabitant of semiarid desertlands. it has been found using day - roosts in caves, crevices in cliffs, and under the roof tiles of buildings. nothing is known about the winter habits of these bats; apparently, they are absent from texas during this time .\ndata on reproduction in this species are also scarce. fifteen females captured at big bend national park between june 10 and july 12 each contained a single embryo. lactating females have been caught in this area from july 7 to august 8, suggesting that a single young is born to the female in late june to early july .\nglobal range: (20, 000 - 2, 500, 000 square km (about 8000 - 1, 000, 000 square miles) ) southern california (constantine 1998), central arizona, southern new mexico, and western texas south to central nuevo leon and thence to jalisco, michoacan, and guerrero in western mexico; also baja california; sea level to about 2250 m (kumirai and jones 1990) .\nsexual dimorphism: none length: average: 109 mm range: 99 - 118 mm weight: range: 13. 8 - 17 g\nsee kumirai and jones (1990) for a key to the species of nyctinomops .\ntype for nyctinomops femorosaccus catalog number: usnm 186447 collection: smithsonian institution, national museum of natural history, department of vertebrate zoology, division of mammals sex / stage: male; adult preparation: fluid collector (s): f. stephens year collected: 1885 locality: agua caliente [ = palm springs ], w end of colorado desert, riverside county, california, united states, north america\ntype: merriam, c. h. 1889 oct 30. north american fauna. 2: 23 .\nthis species inhabits semiarid desertlands. their roosts can be found in caves, tunnels, mines, and rock crevices. they have also been found hanging under the roof tiles of buildings. they are usually found in large colonies. (vaughn, ryan, czaplewski, 1999 )\ncomments: usually associated with rugged canyons, high cliffs, and rock outcroppings. roosts in rock crevices and caves during the day; may also roost in buildings or under roof tiles. has been taken in desert shrubland, over waterhole surrounded by mixed tropical deciduous and thorn forest (sonora, mexico), in floodplains with much sycamore and mesquite, in areas adjacent to high cliffs, and in pine - oak forest at 2160 m (feb. in jalisco) (kumirai and jones 1990). winter habits poorly known .\nnon - migrant: yes. at least some populations of this species do not make significant seasonal migrations. juvenile dispersal is not considered a migration .\nlocally migrant: yes. at least some populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e. g. , to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites) .\nlocally migrant: no. no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .\napparently migratory in texas (present june - august; no winter records) (schmidly 1991) .\ncomments: insectivorous. diet includes moths, (macro - and microlepidoterans), beetles, many other flying insects (hymenoptera, diptera, hemiptera), and some terrestrial insects that may be captured near roost sites (kumirai and jones 1990) .\nfemales bear a single embryo. young are born to the female in late june to early july. the gestation period is about 70 to 90 days. when young are born, they weigh 3 - 4 grams, or about 22% of the adult weight. (grzimek, 1990) data on the reproduction of this species is scarce .\nfemales appear to produce 1 young, late june and early july in tucson, arizona (barbour and davis 1969); nearly full - term fetus recorded in arizona in mid - july (hoffmeister 1986). pregnant and lactating females have been captured in june and july in texas (schmidly 1977); flying young captured as early as early august. lactation may continue until august or september colonies usually of less than 100 individuals (whitaker 1980) .\narroyo - cabrales, j. & lvarez - castaeda, s. t .\nthis species is listed as least concern because of its wide distribution, presumed large subpopulations in some localities and occurrence in a number of protected areas .\nmortalities as a result of white - nose syndrome, the disease continues to expand its range in north america .\ncryan, p. 2010 .\nwhite - nose syndrome threatens the survival of hibernating bats in north america\n( on - line). u. s. geological survey, fort collins science center. accessed september 16, 2010 at urltoken .\nnational park service, wildlife health center, 2010 .\nwhite - nose syndrome\n( on - line). national park service, wildlife health. accessed september 16, 2010 at urltoken .\nreasons: fairly common throughout large range in southwestern u. s. and northern and western mexico .\ncomments: potential threats include pesticides and human disturbance and destruction of roosting sites .\nthey are insectivorous and play a part in controlling many of the pesky insects that destroy plants and crops .\narroyo - cabrales, j. & ticul alvarez castaneda, s. (2008) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\neric lancaster (author), university of michigan - ann arbor, phil myers (editor), museum of zoology, university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the new world. this includes greenland, the canadian arctic islands, and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nfound in coastal areas between 30 and 40 degrees latitude, in areas with a mediterranean climate. vegetation is dominated by stands of dense, spiny shrubs with tough (hard or waxy) evergreen leaves. may be maintained by periodic fire. in south america it includes the scrub ecotone between forest and paramo .\nin deserts low (less than 30 cm per year) and unpredictable rainfall results in landscapes dominated by plants and animals adapted to aridity. vegetation is typically sparse, though spectacular blooms may occur following rain. deserts can be cold or warm and daily temperates typically fluctuate. in dune areas vegetation is also sparse and conditions are dry. this is because sand does not hold water well so little is available to plants. in dunes near seas and oceans this is compounded by the influence of salt in the air and soil. salt limits the ability of plants to take up water through their roots .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\n. new york, n. y. : facts on file, inc. .\nto cite this page: lancaster, e. 2000 .\nnyctinomops femorosaccus\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50, 000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the u. s and canada. natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis (the integrated taxonomic information system) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u. s. fish and wildlife service' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video .\ndescription: body length of 3 7 / 8 to 4 5 / 8\n, wingspan of 14\n. fur is dark gray or brown above and below, fur nearly white at base. ears are joined at base. has a wrinkly upper lip. about half of the tail extends past edge of tail membrane .\nrange: found in southern california, southern arizona and new mexico, down into mexico .\nbehavior: roosts by day in small colonies of less than about 100 bats. bears a single pup each year, in the early summer .\nsize small - to large - sized with forearms ranging 1. 1–3. 4 in (2. 7–8. 5 cm) in length and weighing 0. 2–3. 8 oz (5–167 g )\nexcept for bats of the family vespertilionidae, molossids have the widest distribution of any family of bats. they are found throughout the warmer parts of the world, including southern europe, much of africa, southern asia, malaysia, australia, the australasian region east to fiji, in central and southern north america, central america, the caribbean islands, and all except the southern - most portion of south america .\nthey occur in a wide range of habitats and are common in natural, rural, and urban areas. they reach their greatest abundance in arid and semi - arid habitats. natural roosting sites include caves, rock crevices, tree cavities, bark, rotting logs, foliage, and holes in the ground (cheiromeles). these bats also commonly roost in human - made structures, including\nlittle is known regarding mating behavior of most molossids. chaerephon pumila is reported to roost and mate in stable harem groups of about 20 females attended by a single male. evidence suggests that tadarida brasiliensis mates promiscuously during a brief period in spring when males and females assemble at specific sites. many reports of the use by molossids of low - frequency vocal communication, the abundance of scent glands, and the existence of obvious structures for social displays such as head crests all suggest that molossids engage in a diversity of social interactions and mating systems that are, as yet, unstudied .\nduring pregnancy and lactation, females typically roost in maternity colonies, separated from adult males. but, even in the largest maternity colonies that contain tens of millions of individuals, females relocate and selectively nurse their own young. the mating system is not known for all species, but most are thought to be polygynous .\ninsects known to be adult cotton bollworms, fall armyworms, and other moths that are major crop pests. the guano of molossid bats that live in large colonies is harvested commercially by local farmers as a rich source of nitrogen for fertilizer .\nforearms ranging in length 2. 5–2. 9 in (6. 2–7. 2 cm); weighing 1. 0–1. 3 oz (31–39 g). it has long ears and very long narrow wings. males develop a head crest of hair during the mating season .\nthroughout much of sub - saharan africa, from senegal to yemen and south to south africa. also in madagascar .\npresent from sea level to over 6, 560 ft (2, 000 m), from semi - arid to humid montane forest, and in urban habitats .\nroosts in caves, tree hollows, and buildings. most known colonies consist of up to a few tens of individuals, but colonies of hundreds have been reported from lava tubes in kenya. it is reported to mate in year - round harems of three to 21 females attended by a single adult male, with young females recruited into their natal groups .\nforage high above the canopy with very rapid flight and using low - frequency echolocation calls. known to eat moths, beetles, and grasshoppers." ]

{ "text": [ "the pocketed free-tailed bat ( nyctinomops femorosaccus ) is a species of bat in the family molossidae found in mexico and in arizona , california , new mexico , and texas in the united states .", "they resemble the brazilian free-tailed bat ( \" tadarida brasiliensis \" ) but differ morphologically .", "they are classified within the order chiroptera .", "they are recognized as \" un-threatened \" by the iucn and as \" apparently secure \" by natureserve categories . " ], "topic": [ 25, 23, 26, 17 ] }

[ "the pocketed free-tailed bat (nyctinomops femorosaccus) is a species of bat in the family molossidae found in mexico and in arizona, california, new mexico, and texas in the united states. they resemble the brazilian free-tailed bat (\" tadarida brasiliensis \") but differ morphologically. they are classified within the order chiroptera. they are recognized as \" un-threatened \" by the iucn and as \" apparently secure \" by natureserve categories." ]

[ "worms - world register of marine species - pseudosimnia jeanae (c. n. cate, 1973 )\nno one has contributed data records for pseudosimnia lacrima yet. learn how to contribute .\nworms - world register of marine species - aperiovula jeanae c. n. cate, 1973\nto biodiversity heritage library (1 publication) (from synonym aperiovula jeanae c. n. cate, 1973) to biological information system for marine life (bismal) (from synonym aperiovula jeanae c. n. cate, 1973) to biological information system for marine life (bismal) to encyclopedia of life to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection (from synonym aperiovula jeanae c. n. cate, 1973 )\n( of aperiovula jeanae c. n. cate, 1973) cate c. n. (1973). a systematic revision of the recent cypraeid family ovulidae. the veliger. 15 (supplement): 1 - 117. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of aperiovula jeanae c. n. cate, 1973) liu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nlorenz f. & fehse d. (2009) the living ovulidae. a manual of the families of allied cowries: ovulidae, pediculariidae and eocypraeidae. hackenheim: conchbooks. [ details ]\ncate c. n. (1973). a systematic revision of the recent cypraeid family ovulidae. the veliger. 15 (supplement): 1 - 117. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nmerci de saisir vos informations de connexions. vous pouvez demander la création d' un compte directement en cliquant ici\nmot de passe oublié? saisissez votre adresse email ci - dessous. si vous ne retrouvez pas l' adresse email correspondant à votre compte merci de nous contacter directement\nthis shell has been added to your booking list. show my booking list continue browsing shell\nyou have to be logged to be able to book and buy shells. click here to log in or create an account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nabout us | shipment / payment | contact us copyright notice @ urltoken all rights reserved .\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information: family, species, author, date, and full locality .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 065 seconds. )\nread more about shipping rules on right side of the screen in information / shipping & returns .\nbuy from us with all the confidence using your paypal account, credit card (by paypal module) or chek / money order .\nplease select american samoa angola argentina australia azores island bahamas baleares island. . belgium brazil brazil canada canary islands cape verde isla. . chile china colombia croatia cuba cyprus djibouti dominican repub. . ecuador egypt england fiji islands france french polynesi. . gabon greece hawaii islands honduras india indonesia israel italy ivory coast jamaica japan madagascar madeira island maldives malta mauritania mexico mozambique netherlands new caledonia north sea oman panama peru philippines portugal reunion island senegal solomon islands south africa spain sri lanka taiwan thailand u. s. a. united kingdom uruguay venezuela vietnam\ncopyright © 2018 deep' n reef store. powered by zen cart. mobile friendly zen cart templates by picaflor azul." ]

{ "text": [ "pseudosimnia jeanae is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ovulidae , the ovulids , cowry allies or false cowries . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "pseudosimnia jeanae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ovulidae, the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries." ]

[ ", but analyses of dental and molecular data suggest that the african spiny mice form a distinctive and separate subfamily, acomyinae. other african rodents proved to be close relatives of african spiny mice and were also reclassified in this subfamily; these are\ndifferent authorities classify african spiny mice into as few as 14 species and as many as 19. the\nit is very common in the southern parts of the range, but less common further north .\nspiny mice can do well in a variety of housing scenarios, and captive colonies have reported housing in typical mouse and rat enclosures .\nare collectively referred to as ‘spiny mice’ due to the prominent spiny hairs that emerge from their dorsal skin .\ncharacterized by the harsh, inflexible spiny hairs of their upperparts. african spiny mice have large eyes and ears and scaly, nearly bald tails that are shorter than or about as long as the body. the\nalong with precocial development, spiny mice are notable for large spiny hairs that form most of the dorsal pelage .\nspiny mice are considered precocial because newborn pups show an advanced stage of development, compared with all other murid rodents. gestation in african spiny mice reportedly lasts 38 to 45 d, about twice as long as that in mice and rats .\ndippenaar, n. j. and rautenbach, i. l. 1986. morphometrics and karyology of the southern african species of the genus acomys i. geoffroy saint - hilaire, 1838 (rodentia: muridae). annals of the transvaal museum 34: 129 - 183 .\nrathbun, g. b. (subeditor). 2005. macroscelidea. in: j. d. skinner and c. t. chimimba (eds), the mammals of the southern african subregion, 3rd edition, pp. 22 - 34. cambridge university press, cambridge, uk .\nhowever, 2 factors make these types of enclosures less than ideal. first, spiny mice are communal breeders and prefer living in groups, thus making standard mouse enclosures too small. second ,\nafrican spiny mice are omnivorous, though plant materials form the bulk of their diet. in egypt some cairo spiny mice eat mostly dates, but others have been reported to consume the dried flesh and bone marrow of mummies in the tombs of gebel drunka, southwest of asyut. all species are ground dwellers, and most are nocturnal, some being more active during early morning and evening. the golden spiny mouse is diurnal and occupies the same habitat as the cairo spiny mouse, which is its nocturnal counterpart—the two species exploit the same food resources but at different times. females of certain species will assist mothers during birth by biting the umbilical cord and licking and cleaning the newborn mice .\nspecies, which are distributed widely across arid environments including parts of africa, the middle east, and southern asia. historically, spiny mice served as a model to examine physiologic adaptations to a desert lifestyle and to examine temporal partitioning among sympatric rodent species in the wild .\n. they are also found in southern turkey and on the islands of cyprus and crete. living in rocky, partially vegetated deserts, savannas, and dry woodlands, they den in rock crevices, termite mounds, or other rodents’ burrows. the cairo spiny mouse has the most extensive distribution, extending from northern africa to the indus river; it lives near or with humans in some parts of its range. the most restricted is\nfossils of extinct species trace the ancestry of african spiny mice to the late miocene epoch (11. 2 million to 5. 3 million years ago) in africa, where they probably lived in habitats not unlike the dry savannas in which existing species are found .\n). based on our own experience and that reported by others in the literature, the purpose of this paper is to describe practical aspects of spiny mouse biology, a standardized program of laboratory care and briefly review some current research uses for these rodents .\nhave been studied, and they also have proven to be a useful laboratory model for investigating diet - induced type - 2 diabetes, diel rhythmicity, late - gestational development, female aggression, and parental behavior. to conduct these studies, several species of spiny mouse (for example ,\nis one of the smallest, with a body up to 10 cm long and a tail of less than 2 cm. depending upon the species, fur covering the upperparts may be gray, grayish yellow, brownish red, or reddish. black (melanistic) individuals occur in populations of the golden spiny mouse and the\n…old world rats and mice, african spiny mice, platacanthomyines, zokors, blind mole rats, and bamboo rats). other groups, however, cannot be classified with certainty and may or may not be a hodgepodge of unrelated genera and species (new world rats and mice, dendromurines, and malagasy rats and mice). also unresolved…\nmanaging a colony of spiny mice (acomys cahirinus) for perinatal research. aust nz council care anim res training (anzccart )\nthe breeding pattern of 2 species of spiny mice, acomys percivali and a. usilsoni (muridae: rodentia), in central kenya\nhave a light - brown dorsal coat and cream - colored undersides. spiny hairs are present from their tails to halfway up their back .\nbut has a slightly darker coat with a reddish tint and white undersides with spiny hairs present from the tail to halfway up the back .\noccurs in utero, such that organogenesis is mostly completed before term. this situation contrasts with that in mice and rats, in which maturation of these organ systems happens in postnatal life. furthermore, spiny mice complete the majority of neurogenesis prior to birth, making comprehensive behavioral assessments in neonatal spiny mice possible. exemplified by their social interaction among strangers, spiny mice pups between 1 and 5 d old are curious and social .\nwhen new animals are obtained, quarantine is suggested to observe and monitor for signs of disease. our program requires a minimum 7 - d isolation period for quarantine of incoming animals. during this period, newly received spiny mice are observed for signs of disease that may affect other animals (for example, sneezing, skin lesions, ocular discharge). animals with abnormalities are reported to the veterinarian for evaluation, additional testing, and treatment, up to and including euthanasia, if warranted, to protect the health of the colony. a necropsy is conducted when unanticipated and unexplained death, suspicion of an undiagnosed infectious disease, or increased morbidity or mortality in the colony occurs. a sentinel program for routine colony health surveillance should be established, similar to that used for laboratory mouse and rat colonies, and tailored to meet specific of the institutional animal program. our sentinel program uses euthanized or culled spiny mice and laboratory mouse sentinels exposed to colony spiny mice via soiled bedding transfer. a minimum of 10 spiny mice from our colony may be tested approximately every 6 mo. in addition, 2 sentinel mice per room, which holds approximately 40 galvanized wire cages of spiny mice, may be tested every 6 mo. sentinel mice are exposed to soiled bedding from spiny mice cages for 6 mo, and then samples are sent for pathogen screening as described earlier .\nacomys species are omnivorous and are known to ingest insects, snails, and seeds and other plant material. 27, 44 captive colonies have been maintained on a variety of foodstuffs, and there is likely no preferred diet. however, caution should be exercised regarding fat content in the diet, given that nearly 15% to 30% of a. cahirinus can spontaneously become diabetic on mouse chow and fatty seeds. 28, 41, 65 obesity is also a health concern with spiny mice possibly because of a tendency to overeat. 7, 86 long - term maintenance of spiny mice on a high - sucrose diet can have deleterious effects on reproduction and survival. 87 given these concerns, we primarily use a 3: 1 mixture of low - protein mouse pellets (14. 3% protein, 4% fat with 2. 9 kcal / g; harlan teklad 2014, harlan laboratories, indianapolis, in) and black - oil sunflower seeds (14% minimum protein, 20% minimum fat with 5. 8 kcal / g; pennington seed, madison, ga). we have observed spiny mice preferentially eating the sunflower seeds first, followed by the mouse pellets .\n, in contrast, maintains a gray coat even after sexual maturity and has a white underside; spiny hairs cover the back from tail to neck .\nforaging behavior and microhabitat use by spiny mice, acomys cahirinus and a. russatus, in the presence of blanford' s fox (vulpes cana) odor\nas with all rodents, spiny mice are susceptible to external and internal parasites. a recent study of flea host specificity found that parapulex chephrenis occurs on, and prefers, a. cahirinus compared with a cooccuring gerbil, gerbillus dasyurus. 43 endoparasites detected in wild spiny mice in specific locations in africa have been principally cestodes and oxyurid nematodes. 2, 48 in addition, spiny mice can harbor the oxyurids syphacia minuta and aspicularis africana. 2 fecal infections of eimeria cahirinensis (coccidia) have been noted in wild - trapped acomys dimidiatus. 46 oocysts from infected mice successfully orally inoculated naïve a. cahirinus and a. dimidiatus, and transmission of coccidia was 100% . 46 in contrast, coccidia were not transmissible to scid mice or 2 other african rodents (mastomys coucha and lemniscomys striatus), thus supporting the known host specificity for this parasite. 46\nthe precocial nature of acomys spp. makes them interesting animals for studying the neural origins of behavior 79 and the in utero development of the brain. 6, 8 in this regard, acomys spp. are more similar to humans than are the laboratory mouse and rat, in which a major portion of organ maturation occurs during postnatal life. given the precocial development of most organ systems in spiny mice, they are useful models to understand developmental defects that occur during late gestational development. studies with a. cahirinus have shown that excess maternal glucocorticoid exposure (for example, dexamethasone) given in midgestation can have persisting effects on the placenta (and likely fetal development) and that the effect is dependent on fetal sex, placental region, and time after glucocorticoid exposure. 58, 59 these studies also noted sex - dependent effects on placental glycogen stores with maternal glucocorticoid exposure. 58 because elevated glucocorticoids during human pregnancy suppress fetal growth, especially in males, spiny mice will be useful to explore how natural hormones affect late gestational development. in addition, when a mother spiny mouse is exposed to the tlr3 agonist polyriboinosinic–polyribocytidylic acid to mimic a viral infection during midpregnancy, the offspring have reduced activity on several behavioral tests when compared with unexposed controls. 80, 81\nexhibit a gray coat on the dorsum that transitions abruptly to a white underside. spiny hairs emerge around sexual maturity from a region on the lower dorsum and spread in a wave - like pattern to cover the entire dorsum\nverheyen, w. , hulsemans, j. , wendelen, w. , leirs, h. , corti, m. , backeljau, t. and verheyen, e. 2011. contribution to the systematics and zoogeography of the east - african acomys spinosissiums peters, 1852 species complex and the description of two new species (rodentia: muridae). zootaxa 3059 (2001): 1 - 35 .\nroutinely use for climbing. the enclosures are safe, escape proof, easy to clean, provide good ventilation, and have doors that are easy to open and close. in the event that an animal is injured, standard mouse enclosures (allentown caging, allentown, pa) can be used for short - term temporary housing. we have found that when we isolate individual\nreports of overt disease in captive spiny mice colonies are uncommon, and there are few reports of infectious agents in wild spiny mice. however, several studies investigating the prevalence of bartonella spp. in wild rodents have identified this pathogen in a. cahirinus. 53, 82 one study 82 isolated 4 novel strains of bartonella from the blood of wild - captured a. cahirinus, and another 53 detected bartonella most closely related to b. eliazbethae in spleen samples from the same species .\nacomys spp. are members of the family muridae, a taxonomic group that comprises nearly one third of all mammalian diversity and whose members form the most speciose family of mammals on earth. 92 acomys were traditionally included within the subfamily murinae, the old world mice and rats, but molecular phylogenetics appears to have resolved this controversy. 92, 93 recent molecular data places acomys, along with deomys, uranomys, and lophuromys, in their own distinct subfamily, deomyinae. the deomyinae share a common ancestor with gerbillinae (gerbils) and together, these subfamilies share a common ancestor with the murinae. 92, 93 their common name (that is, spiny mouse), however, continues to provide some confusion among lay people and scientists who mistakenly associate them with laboratory mice .\nfurthermore, acomys is a model for type 2 diabetes mellitus because of their propensity to exhibit nutritionally induced diabetes. 87 a. cahirinus has been known to exhibit spontaneous diabetes with age. researchers have noted that diabetes spontaneously occurs in about 15% of captive animals under laboratory conditions. 28, 45, 65 diabetes occurs with hyperplasia of the endocrine pancreas, particularly the β cells. 28 in addition, spiny mice have increased pancreatic insulin content. 45 however, obesity does not always result in diabetes mellitus, and one study observed that 50% of spiny mice fed unrestrictedly in the laboratory developed obesity, whereas only 15% of these mice developed diabetes. 28 some spiny mice will exhibit hyperglycemia, glucosuria, and ketosis, which is ultimately fatal. 45 nutritionally induced type 2 diabetes mellitus is significantly prevalent in humans, so the value and utility of a consistent rodent model is pertinent .\nnew introductions into established housing groups will usually result in fighting. tail injuries are the most common type of injury, and these wounds heal quickly. in addition, skin wounds result from fighting and heal well, although serious injuries may require isolation of the injured animal. substantial injuries that encompass a prominent depth and surface area have a guarded to poor prognosis when the injured animal is left with the group. often cage occupants will attack an injured mouse. cannibalism is not uncommon, and few remains may be found of the deceased. similar to other rodents, cannibalism of pups can occur when there is a smaller pup that is unlikely to survive or with a first litter. 20\nacomys possess very weak skin that tears easily in response to attack or handling. 84 the tensile strength of laboratory mouse skin is 21 times greater than the tensile strength of a. percivali and a. kempi skin, and a. cahirinus appears similar in this regard. 84 it is presumed that this characteristic facilitates predator escape through autotomy. the weak - skin phenotype is found in all parts of the pelage, and the tail sheath in these animals is easily lost. 88 animals trapped in the field frequently lack tails, and tail loss does not affect fecundity. 88 interestingly, field observations suggest that deomys, uranomys, and lophuromys (all members of deomyinae) exhibit a similar phenotype .\n( even uninjured animals), they appear relatively inactive and lethargic. although nighttime video recordings suggest they exhibit bursts of activity at light and dark onset, they move very little during the day when isolated. this behavior is in contrast to animals in our large group cages, which are active throughout the day. however, when isolated spiny mice are placed back into group housing, their activity levels return to normal .\npostnatal development of acomys cahirinus. a newborn a. cahirinus (p1) demonstrating precocial development. note the open eyes, unfurled ears, hair coat, and so forth. in this 3 - wk old a. cahirinus, the adult coat color is visible at the boundary between the white underside and gray, juvenile coat. the spiny hairs have emerged from the dorsal skin of this 6 - wk old a. cahirinus .\nacomys spp. are unique, precocial rodents originating from africa, the middle east, and asia. these rodents have been useful animal models for physiologic and biomedical research and hold continued promise as models in studies of tissue regeneration, developmental defects in late - term pregnancy, fetal development, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. the standard of laboratory care we outlined here likely will prove useful for other groups wanting to establish breeding and research colonies of spiny mice .\nspiny mice are desert adapted and prefer warm temperatures. however, a. cahirinus, a. kempi, and a. percivali are found in habitats that exhibit low nighttime temperatures, and a. cahirinus is capable of maintaining its core body temperature at environmental temperatures as low as 5 °c (41 °f). 90 in addition, a. cahirinus does not exhibit hyperthermia until 32. 5 °c (90. 5 °f). 90 in captivity, a. cahirinus lives and breeds well in a temperature range between 21 and 26 °c (70° to 80 °f). humidity is maintained as per the guide standard for rodents: 30% to 70% . 36 although spiny mice are reported to be nocturnal, at least one species (a. russatus) is known to exhibit diurnal activity patterns. 11, 89 we have used both a 12: 12 - h controlled artificial (fluorescent) light cycle and a light: dark regimen using natural light exposure through windows. we recently changed to using natural light exclusively in attempt to mimic seasonality and find that under these light conditions mice breed well .\nthe social dynamics of spiny mice in the wild are unknown. however, behavioral data from captive - bred colonies demonstrates they are communal breeders. 25, 26, 68, 95 our own observations of captive a. cahirinus, a. kempi, and a. percivali indicate that they spend considerable time huddling together in groups. social interactions between individuals appears dependent on familiarity, kinship, and sibling recognition. 75 increased group size as measured by number of sexually mature females positively affects litter size and breeding efficiency. 26 there are reports that some acomys species will create nests, 30, 31 but our observations of a. cahrinius, a. kempi, and a. percivali suggest they do not .\nare very inquisitive and like to explore their environment. they are also avid climbers and jumpers. therefore, we house spiny mice in nonsterile open cages. although we have used large 20 - gal aquariums with ventilated wire (1 / 4 - in. spacing) mesh lids as suitable enclosures, given the exploratory behavior and large group sizes of these species, we now exclusively use 24 in. × 18 in. × 16 in. powder - coated galvanized steel cages with wire sides and lids (1 / 4 - in. wire). the floors of these cages are solid, galvanized steel pans. cages to these specifications are available from quality cage company (portland, or) and are suitable for groups of 10 to 20 mice (\nacomys species have a lifespan of 2 to 4 y, although there have been reports that a. cahirinus can live as long as 7 y in captivity. 5, 55 several adult a. cahirinus that were colony founders remain in our colony today and are at least 3 y old (although likely older). acomys have large ears, large black eyes, and long noses with prominent long whiskers. spiny mice exhibit sexual dimorphism, with males being slightly larger than females. 17 on a 14% protein diet supplemented with sunflower seeds, 6 - mo - old adult a. cahirinus typically weigh between 30 and 50 g. there are reports of a. cahirinus reaching weights of 100 g, but this is on modified diets designed to extenuate a natural propensity for obesity. 29, 41, 65 the adult body length (nose to rump) varies from 9 to 13 cm, with a tail slightly less than or equal to 100% of body length. the tail itself is scaly with small hairs .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nverheyen et al. (2011) revised the acomys spinosissimus complex and noted that that acomys spinosissimus appears to be restricted between the zambesi and limpopo rivers, while the reinstated a. selousi (which includes a. transvaalensis) occurs further to the south (i. e. northern limit seemingly just north of the limpopo river). populations north of the zambezi river are morphologically and genetically distinct from a. spinosissimus and a. selousi, and based on this evidence, verheyen et al. (2011) described a. muzei sp. nov. and a. ngurui sp. nov. , each one occurring separately along one side of the eastern arc mountains. information was lacking for verheyen et al. to describe a third new species from the area north of the zambesi river (verheyen et al. 2011) .\njustification: listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is found on rocky outcrops in savanna woodland (brachystegia, mopane, miombo, terminalia, etc .). it is an insectivorous species. it is not known if the species can persist in disturbed or modified habitats .\nit has been recorded from a large number of protected areas in all the countries of its range, including kruger national park and a number of private conservation areas. however, it is apparently not in the selous reserve in tanzania .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nansell, w. f. h. 1978. the mammals of zambia. pp. 73 - 74. the national parks and wildlife service, chilanga, zambia .\nansell, w. f. h. and dowsett, r. j. 1988. mammals of malawi - an annotated checklist and atlas. the trendrine press, zennor, st ives, cornwall, uk .\nbates, p. j. j. 1994. the distribution of acomys (rodentia: muridae) in africa and asia. israel journal of zoology 40: 199 - 214 .\niucn. 2016. the iucn red list of threatened species. version 2016 - 3. available at: urltoken. (accessed: 07 december 2016) .\nmusser, g. g. and carleton, m. d. 2005. superfamily muroidea. in: d. e. wilson and d. a. reeder (eds), mammal species of the world: a geographic and taxonomic reference, pp. 894 - 1531. the john hopkins university press, baltimore, usa .\npacifici, m. , santini, l. , di marco, m. , baisero, d. , francucci, l. , grottolo marasini, g. , visconti, p. and rondinini, c. 2013. generation length for mammals. nature conservation 5: 87–94 .\nswynnerton, g. h. and hayman, r. w. 1951. a checklist of the land mammals of the tanganyika territory and the zanzibar protectorate. journal of the east africa natural history society 20 (6): 274 - 392 .\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright © 2014 deutsche gesellschaft für säugetierkunde. published by elsevier gmbh all rights reserved .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\nis brittle and breaks off readily either as a whole or in part. the\n, is one of the largest, with a body up to 25 cm (9. 8 inches) long and a shorter tail of up to 7 cm. the\n), possess the ability to slough off patches of skin when attempting to escape capture from predators. the wounds that remain, which may be painful in appearance, may shrink dramatically within the first 24 hours after the injury. they are covered over by new skin at a rate roughly twice as fast as for wounds of similar size and shape that might occur in adult rats .\nrodent, (order rodentia), any of more than 2, 050 living species of mammals characterized by upper and lower pairs of ever - growing rootless incisor teeth. rodents are the largest group of mammals, constituting almost half the class mammalia’s approximately 4, 660 species. they are indigenous to every land area except antarctica, new zealand, …\nasyūṭ, capital of asyūṭ muḥāfaẓah (governorate) and one of the largest settlements of upper egypt. it lies on the west bank of the nile river, almost midway between cairo and aswān. the irrigated nile river valley is about 12 miles (20 km) wide at that…\nmiocene epoch, earliest major worldwide division of the neogene period (23 million years to 2. 6 million years ago) that extended from 23 million to 5. 3 million years ago. it is often divided into the early miocene epoch (23 million to 16 million years ago), the middle miocene epoch (16 million…\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. you can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclopædia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (internet urls are the best. )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you' ve submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\nanimal, (kingdom animalia), any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms (i. e. , as distinct from…\ndog, (canis lupus familiaris), domestic mammal of the family canidae (order carnivora). it is a subspecies…\ncorrections? updates? omissions? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article, you can go to edit mode (requires login) .\nour editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nreceived 2015 feb 10; revised 2015 mar 24; accepted 2015 may 11 .\nfour representative species of acomys. adult a. cahirinus from a captive breeding colony at the university of kentucky (united states). adult a. dimidiatus from a captive breeding colony at the university of geneva (switzerland; photo courtesy of athanasia c tzika). adult a. kempi and a. percivali live - trapped in kenya and maintained at the university of nairobi (kenya) .\nour own interest in these animals grew out of research investigating their weak - skin phenotype and enhanced regenerative ability (compared with other mammals) .\nspp. possess a number of unique biologic features. their most notable characteristic is that of precocial development .\nlitter size tends to be small, consisting of 1 to 4 pups (normally 2) and rarely as many as 5 .\nfrom our own colony and corroborated previous results, finding a gestation time of 39. 3 ± 1. 1 d (\n= 12 pregnancies, mean ± 1 sd) and a litter size of 1. 7 ± 0. 7 pups (\nthe rodent pelage consists of 4 types of hairs: guard, awl, auchene, and zigzag .\n). these mature hairs are gray at the base, with a yellowish to orange midregion and a small black distal tip .\n). captive females are reported to continually mate and produce offspring in the lab for years under optimal conditions .\ninterestingly, although captive females cycle year round, we find few pups born from december through february. on average, females begin cycling at 45 d old, with the onset of the opening of the vagina .\nthe female estrus cycle is approximately 11 d long, although this is variable, and natural ovulation results in 2 to 5 oocytes .\nalthough it is not easy to identify estrus stage by vaginal smear compared with lab mice, the longer estrus cycle suggests an uncharacteristically long luteal phase for a rodent .\nthis is in contrast with most laboratory rodents, where vaginocervical stimulation is required for the formation of functional corpora lutea (that is, pseudopregnancy) .\nthat successfully produces a 5 - fold increase in 2 - cell embryos compared with natural ovulation, allowing a large number of embryos to be collected for developmental experiments .\nwire cages used for housing the a. cahirinus colony at our institution. cages (width, 24 in. ; height, 18 in. ; depth, 16 in. ; quality cage company, portland, or) are made from 1 / 4 - in. galvanized - steel wire and can be disassembled for processing through a cage washer. the wire sides and top provide excellent enrichment .\nas stated earlier, acomys species are prone to obesity in captivity. obesity can result from a high - fat diet and, coupled with a normally low insulin response, can lead to diabetes mellitus. 86, 87 diabetes mellitus can lead to glycosuria and hypertrophy and eventual rupture of the islets of langerhans, quickly causing death. 28, 65, 87\nwe thank zak clare - salzler, shishir biswas, jennifer simkin, malik guidry, zara ashraf, and the animal husbandry staff at the university of kentucky for help with a. cahirinus care and maintenance. we thank john kimani, john marete, stephen g kiama, and the department of veterinary anatomy and physiology for husbandry assistance regarding a. percivali and a. kempi. we also thank jeanie kincer and harold stills for veterinary advice. this work was supported by the office of research at the university of kentucky .\nbehnke jm, barnard cj, mason n, harris pd, sherif ne, zalat s, gilbert fs. 2000 .\ncannata dj, ireland z, dickinson h, snow rj, russell ap, west jm, walker dw. 2010 .\ncarere c, casetti r, de acetis l, perretta g, cirulli f, alleva e. 1999 .\nde bruin pr, ganswindt a, bennett nc, medger k. 2014 .\ndickinson h, ellery s, ireland z, larosa d, snow r, walker dw. 2014 .\ndickinson h, ireland zj, larosa da, o' connell ba, ellery s, snow r, walker dw. 2013 .\ndickinson h, walker dw, cullen - mcewen l, wintour em, moritz k. 2005 .\neilam d, dayan t, ben - eliyahu s, schulman i, shefer g, hendrie ca. 1999 .\nellery sj, ireland z, kett mm, snow r, walker dw, dickinson h. 2013 .\nfrynta d, frankova m, cizkova b, skarlandtova h, galestokova k, prusova k, smilauer p, sumbera r. 2011 .\nhutton lc, abbass m, dickinson h, ireland z, walker dw. 2009 .\nireland z, castillo - melendez m, dickinson h, snow r, walker dw. 2011 .\nireland z, russell ap, wallimann t, walker dw, snow r. 2009 .\nkrasnov br, sarfati m, arakelyan ms, khokhlova is, burdelova nv, degen aa. 2003 .\nlamers wh, mooren pg, de graaf a, charles r. 1985 .\nle pabic c, caplat c, lehodey jp, milinkovitch t, koueta n, cosson rp, bustamante p. 2015 .\nmontandon sa, tzika ac, martins af, chopard b, milinkovitch mc. 2014 .\nmorick d, baneth g, avidor b, kosoy my, mumcuoglu ky, mintz d, eyal o, goethe r, mietze a, shpigel n, harrus s. 2009 .\ndetection of bartonella spp. in wild rodents in israel using hrm real - time pcr\no' connell ba, moritz km, walker dw, dickinson h. 2013 .\no' connell ba, moritz km, roberts ct, walker dw, dickinson h. 2011 .\norci l, stauffacher w, amherdt m, pictet r, renold ae, rouiller c. 1970 .\npictet r, orci l, gonet ae, rouiller c, renold ae. 1967 .\nporter rh, tepper vj, baumeister aa, cernoch jm, matochik ja. 1982 .\nratnayake u, quinn t, daruwalla k, dickinson h, walker dw. 2014 .\nratnayake u, quinn t, larosa da, dickinson h, walker dw. 2014 .\nratnayake u, quinn ta, castillo - melendez m, dickinson h, walker dw. 2012 .\nsato s, kabeya h, fujinaga y, inoue k, une y, yoshikawa y, maruyama s. 2012 .\nbartonella jaculi sp. nov. , bartonella callosciuri sp. nov. , bartonella pachyuromydis sp. nov. , and bartonella acomydis sp. nov. , isolated from wild rodentia\nseifert aw, kiama sg, seifert mg, goheen jr, palmer tm, maden m. 2012 .\nshargal e, rath - wolfson l, kronfeld n, dayan t. 1999 .\n. ann arbor (mi): university of michigan, museum of zoology .\njoel is a popular keynote speaker with conservation, corporate, and civic groups .\njoel is the founder of the photo ark, a groundbreaking effort to document every species in captivity before it’s too late .\nevery purchase goes directly to support our mission: getting the public to care and helping to save species from extinction .\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser. some features of this site may not work without it." ]

{ "text": [ "the southern african spiny mouse ( acomys spinosissimus ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .", "it is found in botswana , democratic republic of the congo , malawi , mozambique , south africa , tanzania , zambia , and zimbabwe .", "its natural habitats are moist savanna and rocky areas . " ], "topic": [ 29, 20, 24 ] }

[ "the southern african spiny mouse (acomys spinosissimus) is a species of rodent in the family muridae. it is found in botswana, democratic republic of the congo, malawi, mozambique, south africa, tanzania, zambia, and zimbabwe. its natural habitats are moist savanna and rocky areas." ]

[ "parasitoids of the mango shoot caterpillar penicillaria jacosatrix guenee (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in southern india .\n{ author1, author2... }, (n. d .). penicillaria jocosatrix guenée, 1852. [ online ] india biodiversity portal, species page: { name of species field } available at: urltoken [ accessed date jul 10, 2018 ] .\nselect a genera penicillaria guenee - penicillaria jocosatrix guenée - penicillaria simplex walker comb. n - penicillaria meeki bethune - baker - penicillaria dorsipuncta hampson - penicillaria maculata butler - penicillaria plusioides walker comb. n phalga moore gen. rev. - phalga sinuosa mooree comb. rev. caedesa walker gen. rev - caedesa agropoides walker comb. n - caedesa angulifera walker comb. n atacira swinhoe gen. rev - atacira diehli kobes comb. n - atacira flaviluna hampson comb. n - atacira josephinae holloway comb. n - atacira rubrirena sp. n - atacira approximata walker comb. rev - atacira dimidiata walker comb. n - atacira? caesia roepke comb. n - atacira chalybsa hampson comb. n - atacira chalybsoides sp. n - atacira winseri sp. n - atacira waterstradti sp. n - atacira brunneata sp. n - atacira barlowi sp. n - atacira pala sp. n - atacira smarti sp. n - atacira angulata sp. n - atacira olivacea sp. n kobestelia gen. n - kobestelia obliquata walker comb. n - kobestelia rosea sp. n targallodes holland - targallodes vittalba semper comb. n aplotelia warren gen. rev - aplotelia diplographa hampson comb. n - aplotelia nubilosa warren comb. n targalla walker gen. rev - targalla delatrix guenée comb. n targalla palliatrix guenée sp. rev & comb. n - targalla subocellata walker sp. rev & comb. n - targalla atripars hampson comb. n - targalla duplicilinea walker comb. n - targalla scelerata holland comb. n - targalla alboquadrata sp. n - targalla albiceps hampson comb. n - targalla transversa candeze comb. n - targalla suffundens walker comb. n - targalla apicifascia hampson comb. rev chlumetia walker - chlumetia transversa walker - chlumetia euthysticha turner comb. n - chlumetia postrubra sp. n - chlumetia kinabalua sp. n - chlumetia dulita sp. n - chlumetia malaysiana sp. n anigraea walker - anigraea albomaculata hampson - anigraea mediopunctata pagenstecher - anigraea deleta hampson - anigraea mediifascia hampson - anigraea cinctipalpis walker - anigraea homochroa hampson - anigraea rubida walker - anigraea serratilinea warren - anigraea phaeopera hampson anuga guenée - anuga indigofera holloway - anuga insuffusa warren - anuga kobesi sp. n - anuga rotunda holloway stat. n - anuga canescens walker - anuga juventa swinhoe - anuga juventoides sp. n - anuga constricta guenée - anuga fida swinhoe - anuga fidoides sp. n paectes hubner - paectes subapicalis walker - paectes poliotis hampson - paectes cristatrix guenée - paectes psaliphora hampson - paectes roseovincta warren - paectes leucotrigona hampson - paectes taminata warren - paectes osseotrigona sp. n\non guam, mango trees are damaged by mango shoot caterpillar, penicillaria jocosatrix guenée. growth variables were measured on trees defoliated by the caterpillar, and on trees that were protected by application of carbaryl. mango shoot caterpillars removed 54% of the foliage of untreated trees compared with 10% in treated trees. treated trees produced new foliage about twice during the year, whereas damaged trees flushed four times. shoots on damaged trees were shorter and initiated fewer leaves, but the size of the leaves was not affected. there was a significant negative association between severity of damage to a shoot and interval until new shoot initiation. shoots that flushed out of synchrony with the majority suffered heavier caterpillar damage. untreated trees compensated for damage by producing additional flushes, but at the end of one year they still had one - third less foliage than treated trees. at the end of one year, trees that had a leaf area < 4–5 m 2 per 25 shoots did not flower in response to an inducer .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlike most websites we use cookies. this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies. if you would like to, you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nsuccessful biological control of this species was achieved in guam (nafus, 1991). in 1986 - 87 four species of parasitoids were imported from california and india and released. these were trichogramma platneri, aleiodes sp. nr circumscriptus, blepharella lateralis and euplectrus sp. nr parvulus. t. platneri was obtained from california and the other three species came from india .\nb. lateralis was found several miles from the release point within a few months and became readily established, even though only 45 adult flies were released and many of these had damaged wings. euplectrus sp. also became established. the egg parasitoid t. platneri, was not recovered and apparently did not establish. the larval parasitoid, aleiodes sp. , was recovered several months after it was released, but no parasitized caterpillars could be found 6 months later, and apparently the population failed to establish permanently .\nboth b. lateralis and euplectrus became common in guam. population levels of both parasitoids vary with the season. b. lateralis is more common during the rainy months from august to november, averaging about 20% parasitization in the wet season and 2% in the dry season. in contrast, euplectrus sp. parasitized about 68% of larvae during the dry months, but only 20% during the wet months. together they reduced the caterpillar populations to one quarter of previous levels. the damage caused by the mango shoot caterpillar has decreased from about 55% leaf area consumed to about 15% . as a result, production of mangoes increased 40 - fold .\ndue to the variable regulations around (de -) registration of pesticides, we are for the moment not including any specific chemical control recommendations. for further information, we recommend you visit the following resources :\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright © 2013, icar - national bureau of agricultural insect resources. all rights reserved .\nthe forewing lacks a subtornal whitish area as do simplex and meeki but differs from those species in the more angled fasciation and, from simplex, in the absence of paler rufous markings. the dark border to the hindwing is relatively narrow. the male genitalia, illustrated by holloway (1979), are distinctive with the aedeagus vesica branched into four narrow lobes, two of which bear a terminal cornutus .\nthe species is found throughout the indo - australian tropics, and has been introduced to hawaii .\ndespite its pest status (see below) the species has been taken only rarely in recent light - trap surveys, from localities above 1000m on g. kinabalu, g. api in the mulu national park, and on bukit retak in brunei .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nshine, clare, jamie k. reaser, and alexis t. gutierrez, eds .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nsajeewa s. n. maharachchikumbura, yanmin zhang, yong wang, kevin d. hyde\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthe wingspan is about 20 mm. adults have dark forewings with black markings. the hindwings are white with a black spot and a broad dark border .\nthe larvae feed on mangifera indica, anacardium occidentale, schinus molle and terminalia carolinensis. the larvae are translucent mauve, with greenish sides and tail, and are covered sparsely in red dots. it has a light brown head. it is considered an agricultural pest .\nyour browser doesn' t support javascript or you have disabled javascript. please enable javascript, then refresh this page. javascript is required on this site .\neuropean union funding: for a one - year period (2017 - 12 - 16 to 2018 - 12 - 15), eppo has been awarded an eu grant for the further development of the eppo code system (agreement nb: sante / 2017 / gs / eppo / s12. 768842). the eu commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information from this project subsequently included in the eppo global database .\nidentification marks: antennae of male serrate with fascicles of long cilia. head, thorax, abdomen and fore wings are dark purplish red brown. abdomen is stout with pair of anal tufts. fore wing with traces of subbasal line; an indistinct antemedial line angled on median nervure; a postmedial line angled beyond cell, with chocolate below the angle and joined by a chocolate patch from costa inside the indistinct submarginal angled whitish line; a pale streak and slight fold from centre of cell to outer margin. cilia of fore wings are non crenulate. hind wing white, with dark cell spot; the outer area purplish brown; underside with the cell - spot very prominent and black. (w. s. ♂ 28 mm) .\ngurule, s. a. (2013); taxonomic study of moths (lepidoptera: heterocera) from north maharashtra (india). phd thesis, university of pune, india\nindo - australian tropics; india; sri lanka; china; borneo; hong kong; java .\nenumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives. covers ranges, e. g. , a global range, or a narrower one; may be biogeographical, political or other (e. g. , managed areas like conservencies); endemism; native or exotic. does not include altitudinal distribution, which is covered under habitat .\nshubhalaxmi, v, r c kendrick, alka vaidya, neelima kalagi, and alaka bhagwat. 2011. inventory of moth fauna (lepidoptera: heterocera) of the northern western ghats, maharashtra, india. journal of the bombay … 108, no. 3: 183 - 205. urltoken\na preliminary checklist of moth species collected in north maharashtra is presented based on studie ...\na catalogue of the moths of india / compiled by e. c. cotes and c. swinhoe. by cotes, e. c. s ...\ninventory of moth fauna (lepidoptera: heterocera) of the northern western ghats, maharashtra, india .\nan assessment of entomofauna for management and conservation of biodiversity in the gangotri landscape ...\n| | best supported on google chrome, firefox 3. 0 +, internet explorer 8. 0 +, safari 4. 0 +, opera 10 +. powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform. technology partner strand life sciences\nit is an evergreen tree up to 27 m tall, with a dense, bushy, conical or round crown. dark grey, gummy drops are produced when the bark is cut .\ntrunk: light brown fissured bark and often with pendulous, hairless, angular or flattend branchlets .\nits opposite, stalked leaves have leathery leaf blades that are egg - shaped - oblong to lance - shaped, 10–30 by 4–8 cm, and tapering to blunt tips .\nits branched flowering shoots are 4. 5–13 cm long, and found often on the twigs behind the leaves. they bear very small flowers that are light yellowish - green or light yellow, soon becoming brown .\nits fleshy fruits are almost round, yellow or orange when ripe, and 3. 5–5 by 3–4 cm. the fruits\nit grows in lowland forests up to 300 m altitude. it occurs locally in bukit timah nature reserve, and pulau tekong .\nits flowers are insected pollinated. the ripe fruits are eaten by frugivorous birds and mammals. the leaves are also the food plants for the moth species\ncultivation: bouea macrophylla is usually propagated from seed but also easily propagated through marcotting and grafting .\nalthough even when fully ripe, the fruit is still generally rather sour and consumed fresh, cooked in syrup or made into excellent compote. look for fruit that has a deep shade of yellow or orange. the young fruits are used in the making of ‘sambal’ as the bright purple cotyledons in the big seed adding to the attraction of concoction .\nthe timber is used for constructional work, and to make scabbards for the kris .\n[ others ]: as it has very dense foliage, it is suitable to be an excellent shade tree .\nprominent young flush colour (s): cream / off - white, purple, [ remarks ] (young leaves are usually deep violet, but sometimes strikingly white when they emerge. )\nleaf area index (lai) * for green plot ratio: 3. 0 (tree - intermediate canopy )\nthe information given on this website has been compiled from reference works on medicinal plants and / or pron only. it is not a substitute for medical advice or treatment and nparks does not purport to provide any medical advice. reliance on this information is strictly at your own risk. you should always consult your physician before using or consuming a plant for medicinal purposes .\nsupported client browser: ie6 +, firefox 1. 05 +, chrome 12 +, opera 7. 52 +, netscape 7. 1 +\nour site is currently being updated and pages are changing regularly. we thank you for your patience during this transition and hope that you find our new site easy to use .\nadult moths have a wingspan of 25 mm and are russet - brown with light brown markings across the forewings. the hind - wings are white with a broad smoky - brown margin .\nindications of an infestation and the presence of activity are the sudden death of part of a branch and affected branches can crack and fall off .\neggs are lemon - coloured and are laid singly on both leaf surfaces on new growth. larvae are light green to grey in colour and grow to 27 mm long .\neggs hatch in 3 - 5 days. larval development takes 8 - 10 days. mature larvae pupate in the soil and the moth emerges 16 - 20 days later .\nthe mango shoot caterpillar is widely distributed in south east asia and in mango - growing areas of australia .\nthis insect damages cashews. larvae defoliate growth flushes. the growth of nursery stock, young trees and top - worked trees may be seriously set back by attack. occasionally fruit stalks and young fruit are damaged .\ncontrol measures should coincide with growth flushes. check young growth for damage, especially during february - march. examine five terminals on 20 trees widely spaced throughout the crop. spray if more than 10 out of 100 trees are infested with live larvae. apply an insecticide spray only if eggs or larvae are present and not for damage alone .\ngreen tree ants will attack shoot caterpillar larvae and can help to limit damage in cashews .\ncheck the australian pesticides & veterinary medicines authority chemical database and permit database for chemicals registered or approved under permit to treat this pest on the target crop in your state / location. always read the label. always observe withholding periods .\n& copy; the state of queensland (department of agriculture and fisheries) 2010–2018. queensland government\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all ...\nbarcode of life data systems (bolds) stats public records: 2 specimens ...\ncomments: tropical woodland and forest, hardwood hammocks, edges; thickets. apparently also ...\nanacardium occidentale; cecropia peltata; cucumis melo; gramineae sp. ; not identified; oryza ...\nmicropteropus pusillus is fruigivorous and nectarivorous. the fruits of ficus capensis ...\nacacia auriculiformis; acacia holoceresea; acacia mangium; acremonium sp. ; agave sisalana; allium ...\nbezzi, m. , 1925. some tachinidae (dipt .) of economic importance from federated malay states .\nbhatnagar, s. p. , 1951. descriptions of new and records of known chalcidoidea (parasitic hymenoptera) from india .\ntravaux et documents de l' o. r. s. t. o. m\ncoudron, t. a. , 1991. host regulatory factors associated with parasitic hymenoptera. in: p. a. hedin (ed) ,\ndenton, g. r. w. , r. muniappan, l. austin and o. h. diambra, 1999. fruit piercing moths of micronesia .\nheu, r. na. , 1958. new noctuid discovered on oahu. hawaii department of agriculture, memorandum to chief, plant pest control branch. 7 march 1985. 5 pp .\ngirault (hymenoptera: eulophidae), an ectoparasitoid of larvae of fruit - piercing moths (lepidoptera: noctuidae: catocalinae) from northern queensland .\nmaddison, p. a. , 1982. fruit piercing moth. south pacific commission advisory leaflet 17. 4 pp .\nmuniappan, r. , g. r. w. denton, m. marutani, t. s. lali and c. a. kimmons, 1993. fruit piercing moths in micronesia and their natural enemies .\nmuniappan, r. , i. u. silva - krott and t. s. lali, 1995. distribution of larval host plants of the fruit piercing moth ,\n( lepidoptera: noctuidae) on mango on guam with notes on the biology of its parasitoids .\nferriere (hymenoptera: eulophidae). entomol. mem. dept. agric. tech. serv. south africa, 32. 31 pp .\nosborn, h. t. , 1938. the introduction into hawaii from mexico of insect parasites to control armyworms, 1923 - 1924 .\nprinsloo, g. l. , 1980. an illustrated guide to the families of african chalcidae (insecta: hymenoptera) .\nputtler, b. , g. gordh and s. h. long, 1980. bionomics of\nrao, v. p. , m. a. ghani, t. sankaran and k. c. mathur, 1971. a review of the biological control of insects and other pests in south - east asia and the pacific regions. commonwealth inst. biol. control, tech. commun. 6. 149 pp .\nsands, d. , 1996. natural enemies and prospects for biological control of fruit piercing moth. in: a. welsh and j. ferguson (eds), proc. 4th national lychee seminar including longans, australian lychee growers association, yeppoon, queensland. pp. 110–117 .\nsands, d. p. a. , w. j. m. m. liebregts and r. j. broe, 1993. biological control of the fruit piercing moth ,\nuichanco, l. b. , 1934. a twenty - five year balance sheet for economic entomology .\n. p. t. ichtiar baru - van hoeve, jakarta. 701 pp .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\ndonald m. nafus, ilse h. schreiner, nenita dumaliang; survival and development of mango shoot caterpillar (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in relation to leaf age, host, and distribution on the host in tropical anacardiaceae, environmental entomology, volume 20, issue 6, 1 december 1991, pages 1619–1626, urltoken\nyou could not be signed in. please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address. if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access, please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\nlandscape effects on solenopsis invicta (hymenoptera: formicidae) and geocoris spp. (hemiptera: geocoridae), two important omnivorous arthropod taxa in field crops\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. it furthers the university' s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription .\ntemporal, climatic, and physiological mediation of dispersal in the horn fly, haematobia irritans (l .) (diptera: muscidae )\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies. if you would like to, you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe’d value your feedback on the tool. our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\ncab international institute of biological control, pb 2484, ha farm post, bangalore 560 024, india .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies. if you would like to, you can learn more about the cookies we use .\ncab direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences, incorporating the leading bibliographic databases cab abstracts and global health. cab direct provides a convenient, single point of access to all of your cabi database subscriptions .\nilse h. schreiner, donald m. nafus; defoliation of mango trees by the mango shoot caterpillar (lepidoptera: noctuidae) and its effect on foliage regrowth and flowering, environmental entomology, volume 20, issue 6, 1 december 1991, pages 1556–1561, urltoken\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications. this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nnene, w. rwegasira, g. m. and mwatawala, m. 2017. optimizing a method for locating queen nests of the weaver ant oecophylla longinoda latreille (hymenoptera: formicidae) in cashew, anacardium occidentale l. plantations in tanzania. crop protection, vol. 102, issue. , p. 81 .\njones, ian matthew koptur, suzanne von wettberg, eric j. and diamond, sarah 2017. the use of extrafloral nectar in pest management: overcoming context dependence. journal of applied ecology, vol. 54, issue. 2, p. 489 .\ndas, priya nair, achuthsankar s. dhar, pawan k. and oommen, oommen v. 2017. an approach to reveal the possible underlying mechanisms inherent to oecophylla smaragdina as a biocontrol agent. proceedings of the national academy of sciences, india section b: biological sciences ,\nforbes, samantha j. and northfield, tobin d. 2017. oecophylla smaragdina ants provide pest control in australian cacao. biotropica, vol. 49, issue. 3, p. 328 .\nanato, f. m. sinzogan, a. a. c. offenberg, j. adandonon, a. wargui, r. b. deguenon, j. m. ayelo, p. m. vayssières, j. - f. and kossou, d. k. 2017. oecophylla longinoda (hymenoptera: formicidae) lead to increased cashew kernel size and kernel quality. journal of economic entomology, vol. 110, issue. 3, p. 1133 .\nvayssières, jean - françois offenberg, joachim sinzogan, antonio adandonon, appolinaire wargui, rosine anato, florence houngbo, hermance y. ouagoussounon, issa diamé, lamine quilici, serge rey, jean - yves goergen, georg de meyer, marc and van mele, paul 2016. fruit fly research and development in africa - towards a sustainable management strategy to improve horticulture. p. 389 .\nbhat, p. s. vanitha, k. raviprasad, t. n. and srikumar, k. k. 2016. economic and ecological significance of arthropods in diversified ecosystems. p. 299 .\nmahapatro, g. k. and mathew, jose 2016. role of red - ant, oecophylla smaragdina fabricius (formicidae: hymenoptera) in managing tea mosquito bug, helopeltis species (miridae: hemiptera) in cashew. proceedings of the national academy of sciences, india section b: biological sciences, vol. 86, issue. 2, p. 497 .\nstanley, johnson and preetha, gnanadhas 2016. pesticide toxicity to non - target organisms. p. 1 .\nanato, florence m. wargui, rosine b. sinzogan, antonio a. c. offenberg, joachim adandonon, appolinaire vayssières, jean - françois and kossou, dansou k. 2015. reducing losses inflicted by insect pests on cashew, using weaver ants as a biological control agent. agricultural and forest entomology, vol. 17, issue. 3, p. 285 .\ng, k abunyewah k, afreh nuamah j, a nboyine d, obeng ofori and m, k billah 2015. farmers perception of a biological control agent, oecophylla longinoda latreille (hymenoptera: formicidae) and its effects on the quality of citrus fruits in ghana. african journal of agricultural research, vol. 10, issue. 51, p. 4646 .\nrwegasira, rozalia gration mwatawala, maulid rwegasira, gration mutashoberwa mogens, gissel nielsen and offenberg, joachim 2015. comparing different methods for trapping mated queens of weaver ants (oecophylla longinoda; hymenoptera: formicidae). biocontrol science and technology, vol. 25, issue. 5, p. 503 .\nvayssières, jean - françois ouagoussounon, issa adandonon, appolinaire sinzogan, antonio korie, sam todjihoundé, raymond alassane, seidou wargui, rosine anato, florence and goergen, georg 2015. seasonal pattern in food gathering of the weaver antoecophylla longinoda (hymenoptera: formicidae) in mango orchards in benin. biocontrol science and technology, vol. 25, issue. 12, p. 1359 .\nwang, bo geng, xiang - zong ma, li - bin cook, james m. wang, rui - wu and tylianakis, jason 2014. a trophic cascade induced by predatory ants in a fig - fig wasp mutualism. journal of animal ecology, vol. 83, issue. 5, p. 1149 .\ndanne, alana w llewellyn, richard huwer, ruth k and furlong, michael j 2014. fruitspotting bugs, amblypelta nitida stål anda. lutescens lutescens distant (hemiptera: coreidae): a review of the potential for integrated management practices. austral entomology, vol. 53, issue. 1, p. 112 .\npeng, renkang christian, keith and reilly, don 2013. using weaver antsoecophylla smaragdinato control two important pests on african mahoganykhaya senegalensisin the northern territory of australia. australian forestry, vol. 76, issue. 2, p. 76 .\nolotu, moses i du plessis, hannalene seguni, zuberi s and maniania, nguya k 2013. efficacy of the african weaver antoecophylla longinoda (hymenoptera: formicidae) in the control ofhelopeltisspp. (hemiptera: miridae) andpseudotheraptus wayi (hemiptera: coreidae) in cashew crop in tanzania. pest management science, vol. 69, issue. 8, p. 911 .\npeng, renkang christian, keith and reilly, don 2012. biological control of the fruit - spotting bugamblypelta lutescensusing weaver antsoecophylla smaragdinaon african mahoganies in australia. agricultural and forest entomology, vol. 14, issue. 4, p. 428 .\npeng, renkang christian, keith and reilly, don 2011. the effect of weaver ants oecophylla smaragdina on the shoot borer hypsipyla robusta on african mahoganies in australia. agricultural and forest entomology, vol. 13, issue. 2, p. 165 .\npeng, renkang christian, keith and reilly, don 2010. weaver ants, oecophylla smaragdina (hymenoptera: formicidae), as biocontrol agents on african mahogany trees, khaya senegalensis (sapindales: meliaceae), in the northern territory of australia. international journal of pest management, vol. 56, issue. 4, p. 363 .\nlinnaeus, in tropical northern australia was investigated using field surveys and field observations .\nwas abundant in the native vegetation of the area, and it was a dominant predator when found in cashew plantations .\nr. k. peng, northern territory university, darwin nt 0909, australia .\nthe oldest practice of biological control: the culture and efficacy of oecophylla smaragdina fabr. in orange orchards\na preliminary study of the biology of the yellow citrus ant, oecophylla smaragdina fabr. , and its utilization against citrus insect pests\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads, pdfs sent to google drive, dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 10th july 2018. this data will be updated every 24 hours." ]

{ "text": [ "the mango shoot borer ( penicillaria jocosatrix ) is a moth of the noctuidae family .", "it is found from southeast asia to the pacific .", "records include borneo , guam , hawaii , india , sri lanka , thailand and western australia , the northern territory and queensland in australia . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 8 ] }

[ "the mango shoot borer (penicillaria jocosatrix) is a moth of the noctuidae family. it is found from southeast asia to the pacific. records include borneo, guam, hawaii, india, sri lanka, thailand and western australia, the northern territory and queensland in australia." ]

[ "a saddled snake eel at a depth of 1 m, new caledonia, 2011 .\na distinctly banded white to yellowish snake eel with 25 - 30 black saddles along the back and sides. video of a saddled snake eel in new caledonia, 2011, depth 1 m .\nsaddled snake eel, leiuranus semicinctus view full size photographer: c. struthers © national museum of new zealand, te papa .\nsaddled snake eel, leiuranus semicinctus, from a tidepool in the maldives, march 1998. source: john e. randall / fishbase. license: cc by attribution - noncommercial\nin 2014 i videoed this eel while snorkeling in kapalua bay in hawaii. it was about 3 ft long .\nalso known as snake eels and half - banded snake eel. found singly usually buried completely in the sand, occasionally emerges to feed both day and night. they feed on fish and invertebrates. length - 60cm depth - 1 - 10m widespread indo - pacific and south east atlantic snake eels resemble snakes or worms because they have virtually no fins. their pointed snouts and tails allow them to burrow beneath the sand. they can usually be found with just their head showing above the sand waiting for their prey, a few species prowl around the sands at night. some mimic banded sea snakes and can be found in the open during the day .\nscientific synonyms and common names pisodonophis semicinctus (richardson, 1848) synonyms: ophisurus semicinctus richardson, 1848, icht. voy.' erebus' &' terror': 99 (' western africa, north of the equator'). type: bmnh. pisodonophis semicinctus: dollfus, 1955: 112 furnestin et al. , 1958: 409, fig. 19 postel, 1959 - 1960: 149, 251 tortonese, 1963: 166 maurin, 1968: 27, 78. common name: saddled snake eel [ en ]\nthis species is found in the eastern atlantic, from the bay of biscay south to angola (quéro et al. 1996, bañón et al. 2002). it has been reported in the mediterranean sea, from the strait of sicily, off the northern coast of tunisia (ragonese and giusto 2000) and turkey (bilencenoglu et al. 2009). it is not completely clear whether this species was previously overlooked as an indigenous mediterranean species before its discovery there in the 1950s or if it has recently been introduced to the mediterranean. according to bilencenoglu et al. (2009), considering the unmistakable coloration of the saddled snake eel, it may be assumed that the presence of p. semicinctus is due to a recent introduction into the mediterranean sea and not because it had been overlooked previously. furthermore, streftaris et al. (2005) consider this eel a\nnon - indigenous species\nin the mediterranean. it has a depth range of 10 to 40 m .\ngreek, leios = smooth + greek, oura = tail (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; brackish; reef - associated; depth range 0 - 70 m, usually 0 - 10 m (ref. 37816). tropical; 40°n - 40°s\nindo - pacific: east africa to the hawaiian, marquesan, and mangaréva islands, north to southern japan, south to northern new south wales, australia. also recorded from southeast atlantic: south africa (ref. 3972) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 66. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 1602 )\ndorsal spines (total): 0; dorsal soft rays (total): 0; anal spines: 0; anal soft rays: 0; vertebrae: 162 - 171. white to yellow with 25 - 30 black saddles (ref. 3972) .\noccurs in sandy areas and seagrass beds of both lagoon and seaward reefs. uses its stiff pointed tail to rapidly burrow backwards into the sand when frightened (ref. 37816). benthic (ref. 58302). feeds on sand - dwelling fishes and crabs and prawns. sometimes fully exposed when searching for prey (ref. 30874). rises to the surface to spawn (ref. 37816) .\nrises to the surface to spawn. once there, one or more males may seize a female by the back of the neck and remain attached for hours before spawning occurs .\nmyers, r. f. , 1991. micronesian reef fishes. second ed. coral graphics, barrigada, guam. 298 p. (ref. 1602 )\n): 24. 4 - 29. 2, mean 28. 1 (based on 2893 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 7500 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00151 (0. 00061 - 0. 00373), b = 2. 91 (2. 70 - 3. 12), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 1 ±0. 3 se; based on diet studies .\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low to moderate vulnerability (35 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncfm script by eagbayani, 12. 10. 04, php script by rolavides, 05 / 02 / 08, last modified by cgarilao, 13 / 05 / 08\nmay 27, 2016 at 04: 14 am - 1 person found this useful .\noctober 20, 2013 at 22: 48 pm - 1 person found this useful .\ncreated to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthis species will be referred to a new unique genus (mccosker in press) .\njustification: this species is found in the eastern atlantic, from morocco to central angola. it is also present in the mediterranean sea, in the strait of sicily and off the northern coasts of tunisia and turkey; however, it is presumed to be an invasive species in the mediterranean sea. this benthic species commonly burrows in coastal (10 - 40 m) sand or mud bottoms. no major threats have been identified, and it is currently listed as least concern .\nthis benthic species commonly burrows in coastal (10 - 40 m) sand or mud bottoms (leiby 1990). it feeds on crustaceans and molluscs (bauchot 1986) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species will be referred to a new unique genus (mccosker and anderson in press) .\njustification: european regional assessment: lc listed as least concern as pisodonophis semicinctus is found in the region from the bay of biscay and the mediterranean, although it is considered an invasive species in the mediterranean. major threats to this species have not been identified and it is not utilized in the region .\npisodonophis semicinctus is widespread in the eastern atlantic ocean, including the mediterranean sea (leiby 1990). this species is found from the bay of biscay south to angola (quéro et al. 1996) including waters off of the western spain (bañón et al. 2002). it has also been found in mediterranean waters with the first report being in 1957 (dieuzeide et al. 1953) and has subsequently been reported in over ten locations spread across the mediterranean (bodilis et al. 2012). in the mediterranean, this species is reported from the strait of sicily, off the northern coast of tunisia (ragonese and giusto 2000) and turkey (bilencenoglu et al. 2009). pisodonophis semicinctus has a depth range of 10–50 m (quéro 2009) .\nalgeria; france (corsica, france (mainland) ); greece (east aegean is .); italy (italy (mainland), sicilia); malta; monaco; portugal (portugal (mainland) ); spain (baleares, spain (mainland) ); tunisia; turkey\npisodonophis semicinctus is common in intertropical waters (blache et al. 1973). additional population information is not available .\npisodonophis semicinctus is a benthic species and it can be found burrowing in sand and mud on the continental shelf (blache et al. 1973, leiby 1990). it feeds on crustaceans and molluscs (bauchot 1986). this species can attain 80 cm tl in length (lieby 1990) .\nno specific conservation measures are in pisodonophis semicinctus. however, this species’ range overlaps with marine protected areas (world database on protected areas, accessed april 2014) .\ncommon in shallow sandy areas but remains hidden until dark and therefore rarely seen. attains 26 inches. red sea to french polynesia and hawai' i .\ndollfus, r. ph. 1955. première contribution à l' établissement d' un fichier ichthyologique du maroc atlantique de tanger à l' embouchure de l' oued dra. trav. inst. scient. chérif. , zool, (6): 227 pp. , 1 map .\nfurnestin, j. ; dardignac, j. ; maurin, c. ; coupé, a. ; boutière, h. 1958. données nouvelles sur les poissons du maroc atlantique. revue trav. inst. (scient. tech .) pêch. marit. , paris, 22 (4): pp. 379 - 493, 1 pp. errata, 75 fig .\nmaurin, c. 1968. écologie ichthyologique des fonds chalutables atlantiques (de la baie ibero - marocaine à la mauritanie) et de la méditerranée occidentale. revue trav. inst. (scient. tech .) pêch. marit. , 32 (1): pp. 1 - 147, fig. 1 - 60 .\npostel, e. 1959 - 1960. liste commentée des poissons signalés dans l' atlantique tropicooriental nord, du cap spartel au cap roxo, suivie d' un bref aperçu sur leur répartition bathymétrique et géographique. bull. soc. sci. bretagne, 34 (1 / 2): 129 - 179 (1959); (3 / 4): 241 - 281 (1960) .\nrichardson, j. 1844 - 1848. ichthyology. in: j. richardson & j. e. gray, the zoology of the voyage of hms' erebus' and ~ terror' under the command of capt. sir j. c. ross during... 1839 - 43, london, 2 (2): viii + 139 p. , 62 pl. (1844: 1 - 16; 1845: 17 - 52; 1846: 53 - 74; 1848: i - viii + 75 - 139) .\ntortonese, e. 1963c. elenco riveduto dei leptocardi, ciclostomi, pesci cartilagine e ossei del mare mediterraneo. annali mus. civ. stor. nat. giacomo doria, 74: pp. 156 - 185." ]

{ "text": [ "the saddled snake-eel ( leiuranus semicinctus , also known commonly as the halfbanded snake-eel , the banded snake eel , or the culverin ) is an eel in the family ophichthidae ( worm/snake eels ) .", "it was described by george tradescant lay and edward turner bennett in 1839 , originally under the genus ophisurus .", "it is a marine , tropical eel which is known from the indo-pacific and southeastern atlantic ocean , including east and south africa , the hawaiian islands , the marquesan islands , the mangaréva islands , japan , and australia .", "it dwells at a depth range of 0 to 70 metres ( 0 to 230 ft ) , most often around 0 to 10 metres ( 0 to 33 ft ) , and inhabits lagoons and reefs , in which it forms burrows in beds of seagrass and sandy areas .", "males can reach a maximum total length of 66 centimetres ( 2.17 ft ) .", "the saddled snake-eel 's diet consists of fish , crabs , prawns , and worms including ptychodera .", "males and females rise to the surface of the water during spawning . " ], "topic": [ 16, 5, 16, 18, 0, 16, 13 ] }

[ "the saddled snake-eel (leiuranus semicinctus, also known commonly as the halfbanded snake-eel, the banded snake eel, or the culverin) is an eel in the family ophichthidae (worm/snake eels). it was described by george tradescant lay and edward turner bennett in 1839, originally under the genus ophisurus. it is a marine, tropical eel which is known from the indo-pacific and southeastern atlantic ocean, including east and south africa, the hawaiian islands, the marquesan islands, the mangaréva islands, japan, and australia. it dwells at a depth range of 0 to 70 metres (0 to 230 ft), most often around 0 to 10 metres (0 to 33 ft), and inhabits lagoons and reefs, in which it forms burrows in beds of seagrass and sandy areas. males can reach a maximum total length of 66 centimetres (2.17 ft). the saddled snake-eel's diet consists of fish, crabs, prawns, and worms including ptychodera. males and females rise to the surface of the water during spawning." ]

[ "eupithecia - species dictionary - global: ispot nature - your place to share nature. ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature. once you' ve registered, you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nscoble, m. j. (ed .), m. s. parsons, m. r. honey, l. m. pitkin, and b. r. pitkin. 1999. geometrid moths of the world: a catalogue. volumes 1 and 2: 1016 pp. + index 129 pp. csiro publishing, collingwood, victoria, australia .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\ndistribution data for u. s. states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nwe do not yet have descriptive information on this species. please try the buttons above to search for information from other sources .\n. you can download select species by searching or when you' re on a taxa page like class, order, and family .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you!" ]

{ "text": [ "eupithecia albimontanata is a moth in the family geometridae .", "it is found in north america , including arizona , california , colorado and utah .", "the wingspan is about 19 mm . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9 ] }

[ "eupithecia albimontanata is a moth in the family geometridae. it is found in north america, including arizona, california, colorado and utah. the wingspan is about 19 mm." ]

[ "drongo and pygmy woodpeckers in the evening. nandhaur wildlife sanctuary june 10 2017 - youtube\npygmy drongo (chaetorhynchus papuensis) is a species of bird in the rhipiduridae family .\nthe rather rare new guinea species has gone by many names. traditionally it was called\npygmy drongo\nor\nmountain drongo .\nirestedt et al. (2008) showed it was not a drongo but more closely related to fantails [ rhipiduridae ]. the clements checklist coined the name pygmy drongo - fantail in 2012 when moving both the silktail and this species to the fantails. now in a newly - elevated family, the enigmatic pygmy drongo - fantail (below, an astonishing shot by david bishop) may become the papuan silktail soon !\nthe new guinea species was initially assigned to the drongo [ dicruridae ] as it looked rather like a small drongo, but it had only 12 rectrices in the square - tipped tail, rather than 14 like other drongos. in the times before direct molecular evidence, it is was considered\nancestral\nin the drongo lineage (e. g. , sibley & monroe 1990). thus\nduring the handbook of the birds of the world project, what was then called\npygmy drongo\nwas covered with the drongos { dicruridae; rocamora & yeatman - berthelot 2009 ], while the silktail was illustrated and discussed within the monarch - flycatchers [ monarchidae; coates et al. 2006) .\nbibliographic note: there is no\nfamily book\non this new family — in fact, they have rarely been placed near each other in publications. during the handbook of the birds of the world project, fiji silktail was covered in monarch - flycatcher [ monarchidae; coates et al. 2006) while pygmy drongo - fantail was covered with the drongos { dicruridae; rocamora & yeatman - berthelot 2009 ] .\n20–22 cm, including tail 9–10 cm; male 36–45 g, female 27–39 g. a small sooty - black drongo with tail slightly rounded (not forked), rather short bill ...\nschodde & christidis' s (2014) diagnosis of this lineage reads, in part :\nmedium - small, rather slender black songbirds with glossed or spangled plumage over the head, and patches of silky white exposed over rump and central tail feathers (lamprolia) or hidden in base of inner wing coverts (chaetorhynchus) .\nof course the fiji silktail is well - known for its\nsilky white rump ,\nwhereas the concealed white patch at the bend of the wing in pygmy drongo - fantail is rarely seen. perhaps it will be looked for more often once chaetorhynchus is more widely known as papuan silktail ?\nin the kumawa mts. , papua, indonesia, in march 2013. this photo was obtained during the first ever expedition to explore the high elevations of the kumawa range. bishop and co - workers reached this remote forests by helicopter. the drongo - fantail that david bishop photographed could represent an undescribed subspecies .\nthe pygmy drongo - fantail (papuan silktail) is found in singles or pairs in the interior of hill or mid - mountain forests. its song is a loud jumble of musical chips, squeaks, whistles and warbles (coates 1990). pratt & beehler (2015) describe it as\na noisy bird of the forest midstory; perches on horizontal branches and sallies for insects. the foraging behavior and posture is reminiscent of northern fantail. it frequently joins mixed foraging flocks, stationing itself in open spaces beneath the canopy where it can pursue insects disturbed by other birds foraging above .\nin the first avifaunal survey of the kumawa mountains of western new guinea, diamond & bishop (2015) found it to be a member of mixed species flocks at higher elevations in that range .\nrocamora, g. & yeatman - berthelot, d. (2018). drongo fantail (chaetorhynchus papuensis). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nsometime after the turn of the 21st century a series of studies found that chaetorhynchus was not a drongo. instead, the dna evidence showed that the silktail and the drongo - fantail were both closely related to each other, and that together they were sister to the fantails, family rhipiduridae (irestedt et al. 2008, norman et al. 2009, jønsson et al. 2011, andersen et al. 2015). by about 2012, most world checklists moved them to the fantails. in 2014, schodde & christidis (2014) formally proposed a subfamily name for them within the rhipiduridae, although they noted some had advocated full family status. jønsson et al. (2016), using a wide range of both dna and fossil evidence, dated their divergence from the rest of the fantails about 22 million years ago, and proposed that this lineage was ancient enough for family status .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe systematic affinity of the enigmatic lamprolia victoriae (aves: passeriformes) - - an example of avian dispersal between new guinea and fiji over... - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nirestedt m 1, fuchs j, jønsson ka, ohlson ji, pasquet e, ericson pg .\nmolecular systematics laboratory, swedish museum of natural history, stockholm, sweden. martin. irestedt @ urltoken\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. , fishpool, l. d. c. , boesman, p. and kirwan, g. m. 2016. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 2: passerines. lynx edicions and birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\njustification: this species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is reported to be fairly common to scarce (coates 1990) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nclinal variation in size, w populations (mean male wing measurement 122 mm) on average larger than those in se (118 mm), with intermediate values in intervening regions. monotypic .\nnoisy. song an explosive, rapid jumble of varied short notes, many squeaky and metallic, some lower ...\nhill forests from 200 m to 1600 m, mainly 600–1400 m; typical bird of forest interior... .\nfeeds on insects and spiders (araneae). hunts in middle stage of forest. typically, perches upright on horizontal branch, tail pointing ...\nnest a small shallow basket, hung from tree fork. no other information available .\nnot globally threatened. fairly common to scarce, and widely distri­buted. in w & c new guinea, traditional tribal lifestyle has had little impact on ecosystems, but ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\npreviously placed in dicruridae; phylogenetic studies # r # r show it to be sister to lamprolia and that both belong in rhipiduridae; the two may merit a family of their own # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\ndouble - check spelling, grammar, punctuation. translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different, search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different, try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations, dictionary, verb conjugations, and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language. have a suggestion, idea, or comment? send us your feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource, 2011. 02. 14, website (version 14 - feb - 11 )\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource\nmaintained by alan p. peterson at urltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nthe lamproliidae is a newly - elevated family with two unique passerines, one in fiji and the other in montane new guinea. both are glossy - black birds of the understory. the former is the famed fiji silktail (left, in a very nice photo by tom tarrant). this rain - forest specialty is found on just two islands in fiji: widespread on taveuni but localized to the natewa peninsula on vanua levu .\nthe fiji silktail inhabits wet, mature rainforest, forest pockets, and sometimes logged forest. it feeds low in the understory, including on the ground, where it flicks its tail prominently (clunie 1984, pratt et al. 1987). on vanua levu, it occupies similar feeding zones to those of fiji shrikebill clytorhynchus vitiensis (an endemic member of the monarch family). this overlap results in the larger shrikebill displacing the smaller silktail and perhaps contributing to its rarity. on taveuni, where it is more common, the fiji silktail occurs mainly in the undergrowth, thus reducing competition with fiji shrikebill (heather 1977) .\nnear vidawa, taveuni, fiji, in june 2008. david bishop photographed the\ncredited photos © tom tarrant and © david bishop, as credited, and used with permission; all rights reserved. more photos and\nby the time of that latter book (vol. 14 in 2009) there was an indication in the text that\nandersen, m. j. , p. a. hosner, c. e. filardi, and r. g. moyle. 2015. phylogeny of the monarch flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly and novel relationships within a major australo - pacific radiation. molec. phylog. evol. 83: 118 - 136 .\nbeehler, b. m. , t. k. pratt, and d. a. zimmerman. 1986. bird of new guinea. princeton univ. press, princeton, n. j .\ncoates, b. j. , g. c. l. dutson, and c. e. filardi. 2006. family monarchidae (monarch - flycatchers), pp. 244–329 in handbook of the birds of the world (del hoyo, j. , a. elliott & d. a. christie, eds). vol. 11. lynx edicions, barcelona, spain .\nclunie, f. 1984. birds of the fiji bush. fiji museum, suva .\ncoates, b. j. 1990. the birds of papua new guinea. part ii. dove publ. , ltd. , alderley, australia .\ndiamond, j. , and k. d. bishop. 2015. avifaunas of the kumawa and fakfak mountains, indonesian new guinea. bull. b. o. c. 135: 292–336 .\nheather, b. d. 1977. the vanua levu silktail (lamprolia victoriae kleinschmidti): a preliminary look at its status and habits. notornis 24: 94 - 128 .\nirestedt, m. , j. fuchs, k. a. jønsson, j. i. ohlson, e. pasquet, and p. g. p. ericson. 2008. the systematic affinity of the enigmatic lamprolia victoriae (aves: passeriformes) —an example of avian dispersal between new guinea and fiji over miocene intermittent land bridges? molec. phylog. evol. 48: 1218–1222 .\njønsson, k. a. , p - h. fabre, r. e. ricklefs, and j. fjeldså. 2011. major global radiation of corvoid birds originated in the proto - papuan archipelago. proc. nat. acad. sci. 108: 2328 - 2333 .\njønsson, k. a. , p - h. fabre, j. d. kennedy, b. g. holt, m. k. borregaard, c. rahbek, and j. fjeldså. 2016. a supermatrix phylogeny of corvoid passerine birds (aves: corvides). molec. phylog. evol. 94: 87 - 94 .\nnorman, j. a. , p. g. p. ericson, k. a. jønsson, j. fjeldså, and l. christidis. 2009. a multi - gene phylogeny reveals novel relationships for aberrant genera of australo - papuan core corvoidea and polyphyly of the pachycephalidae and psophodidae (aves: passeriformes). molec. phylog. evol. 52: 488 - 497 .\npratt, h. d. , p. l. bruner, and d. g. berrett. 1987. a field guide to the birds of hawaii and the tropical pacific. princeton univ. press, princeton, n. j .\npratt, t. k. , and b. m. beehler. 2015. birds of new guinea. 2d ed. princeton univ. press, princeton, n. j .\nrocamora, g. j. , and d. yeatman - berthelot. 2009. family dicruridae (drongos), pp. 172–227 in handbook of the birds of the world (del hoyo, j. , a. elliott & d. a. christie, eds). vol. 14. lynx edicions, barcelona, spain .\nschodde, r. , and l. christidis. 2014. relicts from tertiary australasia: undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds (passeriformes) and their zoogeographic signal. zootaxa 3786: 501 - 522 .\nsibley, c. g. , and b. l. monroe, jr. 1990. distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world. yale univ. press, new haven, ct .\nioc world bird list (v4. 3), gill, f and d donsker (eds). 2014 .\nrecording av # 3529. papua new guinea: national capitol district; varirata national park (- 9. 47, 147. 38) recorded by pamela c. rasmussen\npapua new guinea: national capitol district; varirata national park (- 9. 47, 147. 38 )\naudio recording file\nchaetorhynchus + papuensis _ 06aug09pg. se - pcr _ pg _ nagra20090806. 366 _. 2 - 17 _ 1 _ c" ]

{ "text": [ "the pygmy drongo ( chaetorhynchus papuensis ) , also known as the pygmy drongo-fantail , drongo fantail , or papuan drongo , is a species of bird endemic to the island of new guinea .", "it is the only species in the genus chaetorhynchus .", "the species was long placed within the drongo family dicruridae , but it differs from others in that family in having twelve rectrices instead of ten .", "molecular analysis also supports moving the species out from the drongo family , instead placing it as a sister species to the silktail of fiji , and both those species in the fantail family rhipiduridae . " ], "topic": [ 27, 26, 26, 26 ] }

[ "the pygmy drongo (chaetorhynchus papuensis), also known as the pygmy drongo-fantail, drongo fantail, or papuan drongo, is a species of bird endemic to the island of new guinea. it is the only species in the genus chaetorhynchus. the species was long placed within the drongo family dicruridae, but it differs from others in that family in having twelve rectrices instead of ten. molecular analysis also supports moving the species out from the drongo family, instead placing it as a sister species to the silktail of fiji, and both those species in the fantail family rhipiduridae." ]

[ "» species pupisoma (ptychopatula) comicolense h. b. baker, 1927 represented as pupisoma comicolense h. b. baker, 1927\npupisoma macneilli (g. h. clapp, 1918) (tsn 76805); pupisoma minus pilsbry, 1920 (tsn 76806 )\n» species pupisoma (ptychopatula) dioscoricola (c. b. adams, 1845) represented as pupisoma dioscoricola (c. b. adams, 1845 )\ntable 2. height (h) and breadth (b) of pupisoma spec .\n( of pupisoma (pupisoma) stoliczka, 1873) bank, r. (2017). classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world. last update: july 16th, 2017. [ details ]\nyam babybody - pupisoma dioscoricola (c. b. adams, 1845) - overview - encyclopedia of life\nhausdorf, b. 2007. revision of the american pupisoma species (gastropoda: pupilloidea). journal of natural history 41 (21 - 24): 1481 - 1511 .\n( of pupisoma (ptychopatula) pilsbry, 1889) bank, r. (2017). classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world. last update: july 16th, 2017. [ details ]\nthe genus pupisoma is new for both unguja and pemba. two species were found on misali. their shells differ clearly in relative and absolute height, and in the width of the umbilicus, but they are indistinguishable in sculpture. in both species there is a distinct microsculpture of fine spiral lines in addition to the growth - lines. for that reason they are classified with the subgenus ptychopatula pilsbry, 1889, near pupisoma (ptychopatula) dioscoricola c. b. adams, 1845 [ = p. orcula benson, 1850 (see hausdorf, 2007) ]. the protoconch (figs 7b, 8b) is sculptured as in e. g. , the insulipupa and afripupa species (figs 4c, 5c) .\nit is not really surprising that two pupisoma species were found on misali, since this taxonomically still poorly known genus has already been reported from the east - african mainland with more than one species, as ‘ p. orcula ‘ and two unidentified species (tattersfield, 1996, 1998; lange & mwinzi, 2003). the identity of these species remains problematic, because detailed descriptions with measurements and photographs have not been published .\nthe range extends from the southern usa through the caribbean and central america southwards to southern brazil and northern argentina. it is most frequent at medium and higher altitudes and its latitudinal range extends from about 100 to 2600m altitude (hausdorf, 2007). in the united states, it is sporadically distributed from south carolina to florida to texas (nekola and coles, 2010) and also into central and south america (often as pupisoma minus, now considered a synonym) .\nfigs 7 - 8. pupisoma (ptychopatula) spec. , misali. 7, p. (p .) circumlitum hedley, 1897, front view, shell measurements 1. 41 × 1. 16 mm (a); detail of the apex (b). 8, p. (p .) misaliensis spec. nov. , holotype (rmnh 326993) with a juvenile specimen inside the aperture, front view, shell measurements 1. 39 × 1. 65 mm (a); detail of the apex (b) .\nremarks. — pupisoma (ptychopatula) circumlitum may be under - recorded because of its size and the similarity with p. (ptychopatula) dioscoricola. in this respect vermeulen & whitten (1998: 82) state: “probably widespread from peninsular malaysia to australia. in primary forest, in disturbed environments from forest to plantations. on limestone soil and volcanic soil. ” these authors (p. 145) quote specimens from peninsular malaysia, java, bali, and borneo. the species was described from australia, queensland and new south wales (hedley, 1897: 44) .\n( > 2, 500, 000 square km (greater than 1, 000, 000 square miles) ) the range extends from the southern usa through the caribbean and central america southwards to southern brazil and northern argentina. it is most frequent at medium and higher altitudes and its latitudinal range extends from about 100 to 2600m altitude (hausdorf, 2007). in the united states, it is sporadically distributed from south carolina to florida to texas (nekola and coles, 2010) and also into central and south america (often as pupisoma minus, now considered a synonym) .\nremarks. — the systematic position of the genus pupisoma stoliczka, 1873, which is classified here, as usual in the literature, with valloniidae, acanthinulinae, is still uncertain. the taxon has been connected with a variety of families, but always without a phylogenetic analysis (hausdorf, 2007). our preliminary molecular data do not support a classification with the valloniidae, but a more convincing alternative is not obvious at present. for the acanthinulinae useful molecular data are not available, so that the assignment to the valloniidae remains poorly based, i. e. on only a vague similarity in shell shape .\nremarks. — its microsculpture places this species next to pupisoma (ptychopatula) dioscoricola and p. (ptychopatula) circumlitum. it is sympatric and syntopic with the latter species on misali, differing by a narrower umbilicus and by being smaller. according to the data on p. (ptychopatula) dioscoricola that are provided by hausdorf (2007), and acquired by studying samples of that species in rmnh, from africa (malawi), indonesia and the maldive islands, it has a larger, i. e. broader shell (table 2), with a relatively large aperture, measuring about half the shell height .\nshells. — only five, partly damaged shells are available, three of which can be measured (table 2). they differ from the next species and from the widespread pupisoma (ptychopatula) dioscoricola by the more prominent umbilicus. the specimens (fig. 7a) agree rather well with shells in a sample identified as this species from malaysia, near the batu caves near kuala lumpur (table 2), although in those shells the umbilicus is slightly wider. zilch (1959: 174, fig. 597) and solem (1988: 571, fig. 17) figure less depressed shells for this species (see table 2); their specimens might be fully grown whereas our shells, with 2⅝ or fewer whorls, could be juvenile. the protoconch is finely pitted (fig. 7b), with 1½ whorls .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\nobis indo - pacific molluscan database. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of parazoogenetes habe, 1956) bank, r. (2017). classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world. last update: july 16th, 2017. [ details ]\n( of imputegla iredale, 1937) obis indo - pacific molluscan database. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe small, subglobose shell of this species is approximately 1. 95 mm high and 1. 8 mm wide with 2. 5 - 3. 25 whorls. the upper whorls are granulated. the cinnamon - colored shell is thin, slightly translucent, smooth and glossy. this species can be separated from other species in this genus by the presence of distinct spiral striations on the shell and the first couple of whorls are large .\nmorelet, 1851. von martens, biol. centr. amer. , moll. , p. 131, pl. 7, f. 3 - 3b\nabbott 1989; anderson 2005; hausdorf 2007; kantor et al. 2009; pilsbry 1920; rosenberg and muratov 2006\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nbenson, w. h. 1850 ,\ncharacters of new species of helix from india, mauritius and the cape of good hope; also of a new mauritian tornatellina, with remarks on the habits of a cape succinea\n, annals and magazine of natural history, ser. 2, vol. 6, pp. 251 - 256\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 31296d64 - ca8a - 4a6d - a6e5 - 88096e10b760\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: b2f38163 - bd84 - 424d - 9435 - 29247053ee04\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: c010d2be - 7f59 - 476d - a2fd - 920103467c8b\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 140a8efc - 1543 - 4634 - b877 - f77d95d98255\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 304681\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\njustification: this species occurs across the federated states of micronesia and is widespread from africa through to indopacific, justifying it as lower risk / least concern at a global level .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ncowie, r. h. 1997. catalog and bibliography of the nonindigenous nonmarine snails and slugs of the hawaiian islands. bishop museum occasional papers, 50: 1 - 66 .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens, including live specimens or recently dead shells (i. e. , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining), at a given location with potentially recurring existence. weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence. evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data; unpublished, though documented (i. e. government or agency reports, web sites, etc .) observation or collection data; or museum specimen information .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1. 0 / / en\nurltoken\n( credit: alosi, uca university, managua, lacm museum. public domain. )\nbrook, f. j. (2010). coastal landsnail fauna of rarotonga, cook islands: systematics, diversity, biogeography, faunal history, and environmental influences. tuhinga 21: 161 - 252. [ details ]\nherbert, d. and d. kilburn. 2004. field guide to the land snails and slugs of eastern south africa. pietermaritzburg: natal museum. [ v ] + 336 pp. page (s): 114 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (cc by 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nhigh rates of endemism amongst tropical microsnails requires researchers to perform detailed samplings over large geographic areas in order to find the narrow range endemic species. superordinate systematics (genus and above) of small - shelled gastropods confronts similar difficulties. since finding live populations is a challenging endeavour, classification is largely conchologically driven .\nin the present work, seven new species recently collected in guangxi province, china are described, belonging to the genera angustopila, hypselostoma and krobylos. we also highlight some difficulties in the pre - existing practice of ranking species into genera based on conchological characters .\nshells were first wetted in a dish of water and then manually brushed clean of mud using fine, tapered brushes, whereby each specimen was gently rotated back and forth between the brushes until it was sediment free. the shells were viewed without coating under a low vacuum sem (miniscope tm - 1000, hitachi high - technologies, tokyo). shell whorl number was counted to the nearest quarter whorl according to kerney and cameron (1979) .\nmeasurements of angustopila and hypselostoma specimens were taken from images obtained by a nikon digital sight ds - fi1 microscope camera attached to a nikon smz 800 zoom stereomicroscope. krobylos specimens were measured using digital vernier callipers. for the species descriptions, shell measurements are expressed as ratios such as sw / sh and aw / ah .\nangustopila jochum, slapnik & páll - gergely, 2014; jochum et al. 2014: 410: 26 .\nconcava (thompson & upatham, 1997), dominikae páll - gergely & hunyadi, sp. n. , elevata (thompson & upatham, 1997), huoyani jochum, slapnik & páll - gergely, 2014, fabella páll - gergely & hunyadi, sp. n. , subelevata páll - gergely & hunyadi, sp. n. , szekeresi páll - gergely & hunyadi, sp. n. , tamlod (panha & burch, 1999) .\nparaboysidia neglecta van benthem jutting, 1961 was classified within the genus systenostoma by panha and burch and in angustopila by jochum et al. (2014) due to the presence of only two teeth in the aperture. the wide umbilicus and the detached peristome are, however, very similar to the members of the genus hypselostoma (material examined: caves near biserat, state of jalor, malay peninsula, nhmuk 1901. 07. 19. 24–27, syntypes). therefore we reclassify paraboysidia neglecta in hypselostoma .\nholotype of angustopila dominikae páll - gergely & hunyadi, sp. n. (hnhm 99435). all images: b. páll - gergely .\nthe holotype of angustopila dominikae sp. n. in the eye of a sewing needle to picture its extraordinary small size. photo: b. páll - gergely and n. szpisjak .\nchina, guangxi (广西), hechi shi (河池市), bama xian (巴马县), cliffs at the southern edge of jiaole cun (交乐村), 590 m, 24°7. 045' n, 107°7. 847' e, leg. hunyadi, a. & szekeres, m. , 10. 09. 2013. , hnhm 99435 (holotype) .\na tiny, corpulent species with elongated aperture having a parietal and a single palatal tooth .\n( in mm): sh = 0. 86, sw = 0. 8, ah = 0. 3, aw = 0. 37, sw / sh×100 = 93. 02, aw / ah×100 = 123. 33 (n = 1) .\nangustopila tamlod from thailand also possesses two teeth (parietal and palatal), but it has a conical shell, which is nearly globular in angustopila dominikae sp. n. moreover, angustopila tamlod has a narrower umbilicus and a more rounded aperture. angustopila huoyani is larger than angustopila dominikae sp. n. it has a rather conical shell, more whorls, a narrower umbilicus, two apertural denticles and lacks the spiral thread - like lines (or has much weaker spiral striae) on the whole shell. the sympatric angustopila subelevata sp. n. has a conical shell and lacks apertural dentition. see also under angustopila fabella sp. n. and angustopila szekeresi sp. n .\nthe new species is named after mrs. dominika páll - gergely, the wife of the first author .\nchina, guangxi (广西), hechi shi (河池市), bama xian (巴马县), cliffs at the southern edge of jiaole cun (交乐村), 590 m, 24°7. 045' n, 107°7. 847' e .\nmap showing the distributions of newly described species of chinese hypselostomatidae. filled circle: krobylos sinensis páll - gergely & hunyadi, sp. n. 1 type locality of angustopila huoyani 2 new locality of angustopila cf. huoyani 3 type locality of angustopila dominikae páll - gergely & hunyadi, sp. n. , angustopila subelevata páll - gergely & hunyadi, sp. n. , angustopila szekeresi páll - gergely & hunyadi, sp. n. and hypselostoma socialis páll - gergely & hunyadi, sp. n. 4 type locality of angustopila fabella páll - gergely & hunyadi, sp. n. and hypselostoma lacrima páll - gergely & hunyadi, sp. n .\nthe single empty shell of this new species was found in a soil sample at the base of limestone rocks. it likely lives on limestone walls as do other similar hypselostomatid species recorded by panha and burch (2005) .\na single empty shell has been collected from a soil sample at the type locality. therefore, knowledge is very limited for evaluating its conservation status. since the species is known from one site only, it is evaluated as critically endangered (cr) under iucn criteria (iucn 2014). quarrying is quoted as the main threat to similar limestone habitats. however, no ongoing threats to the type locality are known at the moment .\nangustopila fabella páll - gergely & hunyadi, sp. n. holotype: (hnhm 99436: a, b, d, f), paratype1 (hnhm 99437: e), paratype2 (hnhm 99437: c, g, h). all images: b. páll - gergely .\nchina, guangxi (广西), chongzuo shi (崇左市), longzhou xian (龙州县), cliffs north of lenglei (楞垒), north of the nonggang nature reserve (弄岗国家级自然保护区), 220 m, 22°29. 161' n, 106°57. 357' e, leg. hunyadi, a. & szekeres, m. , 23. 09. 2013. , hnhm 99436 (holotype), hnhm 99437 / 2 (figured paratypes), smf 346520 / 1 paratype, ha / 38 paratypes + 2 juvenile shells (not paratypes), pgb / 1 paratype .\na tiny, trigonal - shaped species with a rather rounded, slightly bean - shaped aperture bearing a well - developed parietal tooth .\n( in mm): sh = 0. 86–1. 02, sw = 0. 88–1, ah = 0. 34–0. 4, aw = 0. 36–0. 41 (n = 20). see also tables\nshell measurements (mm) for angustopila fabella sp. n. from the type locality. sh: shell height, sw: shell width, ah: aperture height, aw: aperture width, sw / sh×100: shell width shared with shell height and multiplied by 100, aw / ah×100: aperture width shared with aperture height and multiplied by 100 .\naverage, minimum value (min), maximum value (max), variance of values (var) and standard deviation of a set of values (stdev) for angustopila fabella sp. n. (n = 20) .\nangustopila fabella sp. n. is most similar to angustopila tamlod in shape and form. however, in addition to the parietal denticle, angustopila tamlod has a small, low palatal plica just opposite the parietal denticle. angustopila dominikae sp. n. is smaller, has a globular shell (conical in angustopila fabella sp. n .) and possesses two apertural denticles with an additional tubercle on the parietal denticle. a single parietal denticle is present in angustopila fabella sp. n. see also angustopila subelevata sp. n. and angustopila szekeresi sp. n .\nthe name, fabella, (latin: little bean) refers to the bean - shaped aperture .\nchina, guangxi (广西), chongzuo shi (崇左市), longzhou xian (龙州县), cliffs north of lenglei (楞垒), north of the nonggang nature reserve (弄岗国家级自然保护区), 220 m, 22°29. 161' n, 106°57. 357' e .\nempty shells of this new species were found in a soil sample at the base of large limestone rocks. it likely lives on limestone walls as do other similar hypselostomatid species recorded by panha and burch (2005) .\nempty shells have been collected from a soil sample at the type locality. therefore, knowledge is very limited for evaluating its conservation status. since the species is known from one site only, it is evaluated as critically endangered (cr) under iucn criteria (iucn 2014). quarrying is quoted as the main threat to similar limestone habitats. however, no ongoing threats to the type locality are known at the moment .\nangustopila huoyani jochum, slapnik & páll - gergely, 2014. locality: guangxi (广西), hechi (河池市), huanjiang xian (环江县), midong village (米洞), shui dong (cave, 水洞), 23. 05. 2007, river sediment, alt. 332 m, 24. 7485°n, 108. 27191°e. mnhn 2012 - 27046). all images: b. páll - gergely .\nholotype of angustopila subelevata páll - gergely & hunyadi, sp. n. (hnhm 99438). all images: b. páll - gergely .\nangustopila szekeresi páll - gergely & hunyadi, sp. n. holotype (hnhm 99440: a, c, d, e, f, g, h), paratype (hnhm 99441: b). all images: b. páll - gergely .\nmnhn expedition nr. gx07. 23. 07, china, guangxi (广西), hechi (河池市), huanjiang xian (环江县), midong village (米洞), shui dong (cave, 水洞), 23. 05. 2007, river sediment, alt. 332 m, 24. 7485°n, 108. 27191°e, leg. franck bréhier 12 shells (2 broken), nmbe 535121 / 3, smf 341637 / 3, mnhn 2012 - 27046 / 4 + 2 broken shells) .\nthis study reveals that angustopila huoyani inhabits two caves that are geographically far from each other. the typical threats to such habitats is quarrying and human disturbance through tourism .\nchina, guangxi (广西), hechi shi (河池市), bama xian (巴马县), cliffs at the southern edge of jiaole cun (交乐村), 590 m, 24°7. 045' n, 107°7. 847' e, leg. hunyadi, a. & szekeres, m. , 10. 09. 2013. , hnhm 99438 (holotype), hnhm 99439 / 1 (paratype), ha / 10 paratypes .\n( in mm): sh = 0. 83–0. 91, sw = 0. 77–0. 81, ah = 0. 27–0. 3, aw = 0. 29–0. 32 (n = 8). see also tables\nthe most similar species is the thai angustopila elevata, which has a more slender shell, a deeper umbilicus and lacks the spiral striae on its base. angustopila fabella sp. n. has a wider shell, a stronger peristome and a well - developed parietal tooth, whereas angustopila subelevata sp. n. is toothless. see also the two sympatric species, angustopila dominikae sp. n. and angustopila szekeresi sp. n .\nthe name, subelevata, refers to the similarity to the thai angustopila elevata .\nangustopila elevata, which is known from approx. 1, 000 km from the type locality of angustopila subelevata sp. n. , is strikingly similar to the new species, although the general shell shape and the sculpture seem to be reliably different. see also discussion .\nchina, guangxi (广西), hechi shi (河池市), bama xian (巴马县), cliffs at the southern edge of jiaole cun (交乐村), 590 m, 24°7. 045' n, 107°7. 847' e, leg. hunyadi, a. & szekeres, m. , 10. 09. 2013. , hnhm 99440 (holotype), hnhm 99441 / 2 (one of them is a figured paratype), ha / 6 paratypes .\n( in mm): sh = 0. 88–1. 03, sw = 0. 77–0. 89, ah = 0. 33–0. 37, aw = 0. 35–0. 39 (n = 6). see also tables\nsympatric species. angustopila subelevata sp. n. lacks a parietal tooth, it has a wider umbilicus, a smaller aperture, and its peristome is not adnate. moreover, the spiral lines on the embryonic whorls are much weaker in angustopila subelevata sp. n. angustopila dominikae sp. n. is smaller, has a much more corpulent shell and two teeth in the aperture. hypselostoma socialis sp. n. is much larger and has four teeth in its aperture .\nnon - sympatric species. angustopila fabella sp. n. has a wider shell, a wider umbilicus, weaker spiral lines on its umbilicus, a stronger parietal tooth and a strong parietal callus (its peristome is not adnate) .\nangustopila szekeresi sp. n. is named after miklós szekeres, our friend and partner in the field work resulting in all new species reported in this paper .\nthe spiral threading on the protoconch is common in the hypselostomatidae (panha and burch 2005). noteworthy, is the transition with the p / t boundary in that the microstructure continues in sync with the subsequent whorls. normally, this phase of ontogenetic development in gastropods [ p / t boundary ] indicates the transition from the protoconch embryonal stage, whereby the shell structure changes and continues in the teleoconch constructional phase. the continuous protoconch - teleoconch microstructural condition here suggests likely progenesis in these snails .\nhypselostoma benson, 1856b; the annals and magazine of natural history, ser. 2, no. 17: 342. (nomen novum pro tanystoma benson 1856a, non motschulsky, 1845, carabidae, coleoptera) .\nhypselostoma lacrima páll - gergely & hunyadi, sp. n. holotype (hnhm 99442: a, c–h), paratype (hnhm 99445: b). all images: b. páll - gergely .\naperture and apertural barriers of hypselostoma species. a–e hypselostoma socialis sp. n. : holotype (hnhm 99442: a) paratype1 (hnhm 99443: b, e), paratype2 (hnhm 99443: c), paratype3 (hnhm 99443: d); f–k hypselostoma lacrima sp. n. : holotype (hnhm 99444: f–i), paratype (hnhm 99445: j–k). all images: b. páll - gergely .\nchina, guangxi (广西), chongzuo shi (崇左市), longzhou xian (龙州县), cliffs n of lenglei (楞垒), n of the nonggang nature reserve (弄岗国家级自然保护区), 220 m, 22°29. 161' n, 106°57. 357' e, leg. hunyadi, a. & szekeres, m. , 23. 09. 2013. , hnhm 99444 (holotype), hnhm 99445 (figured paratype), ha / 2 paratypes .\nshell conical, with tumid body whorl and deep umbilicus; aperture with sinulus vertically oriented; tubus detached; aperture with one parietal lamella, one columellar and two palatal teeth; parietal lamella long and nearly straight .\n( in mm): sh = 1. 33–1. 35, sw = 1. 34–1. 35, ah = 0. 45–0. 51, aw = 0. 44–0. 5 (n = 2). see also tables\nthe name lacrima (latin: tear) refers to the shape of the aperture .\nchina, guangxi (广西), chongzuo shi (崇左市), longzhou xian (龙州县), cliffs n of lenglei (楞垒), n of the nonggang nature reserve (弄岗国家级自然保护区), 220 m, 22°29. 161' n, 106°57. 357' e .\nholotype of hypselostoma socialis páll - gergely & hunyadi, sp. n. (hnhm 99442). all images: b. páll - gergely .\nchina, guangxi (广西), hechi shi (河池市), bama xian (巴马县), cliffs at the southern edge of jiaole cun (交乐村), 590 m, 24°7. 045' n, 107°7. 847' e, leg. hunyadi, a. & szekeres, m. , 10. 09. 2013. , hnhm 99442 (holotype), hnhm 99443 / 3 (figured paratypes), smf 346521 / 1 paratype, ha / 15 paratypes + 4 juvenile shells (not paratypes), pgb / 1 .\nshell spire conical, shell turban - shaped with tumid body whorl and broadly set, deep umbilicus; tubus detached; aperture rounded with wide sinulus, the upper parietal lamella dips to the right; aperture with a parietal lamella, one columellar and two palatal teeth; parietal lamella long and depressed, z - shaped .\n( in mm): sh = 1. 14–1. 34, sw = 1. 22–1. 36, ah = 0. 43–0. 5, aw = 0. 49–0. 53 (n = 10). see also tables\nhypselostoma lacrima sp. n. and hypselostoma socialis sp. n. are the only species of hypselostoma known from china. some chinese species formerly included in hypselostoma have been reassigned to other genera (yen 1939). hypselostoma dilatatum benthem jutting 1962, hypselostoma rupestre benthem jutting 1962 and hypselostoma annamiticum möllendorff, 1900 are approximately two times larger than hypselostoma lacrima sp. n. and hypselostoma socialis sp. n. , and have more (5–8) apertural barriers. hypselostoma laidlawi from malaysia is similar in size to hypselostoma lacrima sp. n. and hypselostoma socialis sp. n. , but it has a much narrower umbilicus and five apertural barriers .\nhypselostoma lacrima sp. n. has a much wider umbilicus than hypselostoma socialis sp. n. moreover, the spiral lines on the protoconch of hypselostoma socialis sp. n. are weaker than those of the other species. the aperture of hypselostoma lacrima sp. n. is heart - shaped with the sinulus vertically oriented, whereas the aperture of hypselostoma socialis sp. n. is semi - quadrate and rounded with its sinulus positioned horizontally. the parietal lamella of hypselostoma socialis sp. n. is interrupted and short (depressed z - shaped), whereas that of hypselostoma lacrima sp. n. is longer and straighter, lacking the conspicuous blade - like ridge visible in hypselostoma socialis sp. n .\nthe name, socialis, (latin: social) refers to the fact that this new species has been found together with three angustopila species .\nkrobylos panha & burch, walkerana 10 (24): 127, 1999 .\nholotype of krobylos sinensis páll - gergely & hunyadi, sp. n. (hnhm 99446). all images: b. páll - gergely .\nsculpture of the holotype of krobylos sinensis sp. n. (hnhm 99446). abbreviations: ns: no spiral lines; s: spiral lines present. all images: b. páll - gergely .\nchina, guangxi (广西), bose shi (百色市), leye xian (乐业县), chuandong tiankeng scenic area (穿洞天坑景区), inner cliffs of the dolina, 1290 m, 24°48. 430' n, 106° 29. 277' e, leg. hunyadi, a. & szekeres, m. , 09. 09. 2013. , hnhm 99446 (holotype), hnhm 99447 / 1 (paratype), smf 346522 / 1 paratype, ha / 12 paratypes + 2 juvenile shells (not paratypes), pgb / 1; china, guangxi (广西), hechi shi (河池市), tiane xian (天峨县), qimu xiang (豈暮乡), cross towards lahao yan (拉号岩), 600 m, 24°51. 130' n, 107°11. 670' e, leg. hunyadi, a. & szekeres, m. , 12. 09. 2013. , ha / 3 paratypes; china, guangxi (广西), hechi shi (河池市), huanjiang xian (南丹县), cliffs above dongning (峒宁) village s of the mulun nature reserve (木论国家级自然保护区), 530 m, 25°5. 970' n, 107°57. 639' e, leg. hunyadi, a. & szekeres, m. , 17. 09. 2013. , ha / 3 paratypes .\na large krobylos species with conical spire, rounded, regularly coiled whorls, large oval - shaped aperture, adnate parietal side and very weak indication of spiral striae on its dorsal surface .\n( in mm): sh = 2. 2–2. 7, sw = 2. 5–3 (n = 13 from all populations) .\nkrobylos sinensis sp. n. differs from tonkinospira depressa (jaeckel 1950) by the larger size, rounded whorls and the absence of spiral sculpture on the upper sides of the whorls. the aperture of tonkinospira defixa (bavay & dautzenberg, 1912) is not adnate, and its shell is much smaller than krobylos sinensis sp. n. tonkinospira pulverea (bavay & dautzenberg, 1909) has more rounded whorls and the entire surface is regularly spirally striated. tonkinospira pauperrima (bavay & dautzenberg, 1909) has a much more elevated spire, narrower umbilicus and stronger spiral striae .\nkrobylos maehongsonensis panha & burch, 1999 has a higher spire, a relatively larger aperture, sharper keel, weaker radial growth lines and more bulging whorls from dorsal view (in krobylos sinensis sp. n. the whorls are ventrally more flat). krobylos kangkoy panha & burch, 2004 (in panha et al. 2004) has a much narrower umbilicus than the new species. krobylos pomjuk panha & burch, 1999 also has a narrower umbilicus and a more depressed shell with a wider aperture. it is much smaller than krobylos sinensis sp. n. similarly as small, krobylos takensis panha & burch, 2004 (in panha et al. 2004) has a higher spire and more angled whorls. krobylos tampla is even smaller bearing a narrower umbilicus. the aperture of krobylos veruwan panha & burch, 2004 (in panha et al. 2004) has a low palatal ridge, which is missing in krobylos sinensis sp. n. moreover, krobylos veruwan is much smaller than krobylos sinensis sp. n. and has a narrower umbilicus. pyramidula laosensis saurin 1953, which also likely also belongs to krobylos, shows increased bulging whorls and a more pronounced closure of the umbilicus by the peristome .\nchina, guangxi (广西), bose shi (百色市), leye xian (乐业县), chuandong tiankeng scenic area (穿洞天坑景区), inner cliffs of the dolina, 1290 m, 24°48. 430' n, 106° 29. 277' e .\nempty shells of this new species have been found in a soil sample at the base of large limestone rocks. it probably lives under stones and inside crevices .\nkrobylos sinensis sp. n. is reported from three sites in this study. this species may inhabit similar habitats in the same geographic area. at the moment, on a global scale, its distribution is likely limited to less than 5 sites, therefore these vulnerable narrow range endemics warrant conservation priority (vu d2) in conjunction with the guidelines for the iucn red list (iucn standards and petitions subcommittee 2014) .\nsp. n. (shell height of the holotype = 0. 86 mm) represent the smallest members of the genus\ncomparison of the sizes of the five smallest angustopila species. a angustopila fabella sp. n. b angustopila szekeresi sp. n. c angustopila elevata d angustopila subelevata sp. n. e angustopila dominikae sp. n. dark grey silhouettes represent the smallest, light grey the largest shells. the numbers above the shells indicate the number of shells measured .\nthe similarity between distantly distributed species (angustopila elevata – angustopila subelevata; angustopila tamlod – angustopila huoyani) and the two populations of angustopila huoyani can be explained by three different hypotheses: (1) these populations may be connected with additional populations (i. e. via contiguous cave systems or interconnected river drainage basins) resulting in a continuous distributional area. the 500–1000 km gap between the known populations is therefore due to lack of additional exploration and thus, additional material; (2) they can be the results of rare long distance dispersal events; or (3) convergent evolution of shell traits. our present knowledge is insufficient to reject any of these hypotheses .\npáll - gergely b, hunyadi a, jochum a, asami t (2015) seven new hypselostomatid species from china, including some of the world’s smallest land snails (gastropoda, pulmonata, orthurethra). zookeys 523: 31–62. doi: 10. 3897 / zookeys. 523. 6114\ndescription of a new genus of land - shells from the island of labuan, borneo .\ndescription of tanystoma tubiferum, a burmese form related to the genus anostoma of lamarck .\nadditional new species and new localities of the family vertiginidae and the genera oophana and opisthostoma from malaya .\nglaw f, köhler j, townsend tm, vences m. (2012 )\nrivaling the world’s smallest reptiles: discovery of miniaturized and microendemic new species of leaf chameleons (brookesia) from northern madagascar .\neurope’s smallest gastropod: habitat, distribution and relationships of retrotortina fuscata (omalogyridae) .\nhow small you can go: factors limiting body miniaturization in winged insects with a review of the pantropical genus discheramocephalus and description of six new species of the smallest beetles (pterygota: coleoptera: ptiliidae) .\njochum a, slapnik r, kampschulte m, martels g, heneka m, páll - gergely b. (2014 )\na review of the microgastropod genus systenostoma bavay & dautzenberg, 1908 and a new subterranean species from china (gastropoda, pulmonata, hypselostomatidae) .\na field guide to the land snails of britain and north - west europe .\nliew t - s, vermeulen jj, bin marzuki me, schilthuizen m. (2014 )\na cybertaxonomic revision of the microlandsnail genus plectostoma adam (mollusca, caenogastropoda, diplommatinidae), from peninsular malaysia, sumatra and indochina .\nthe role of local - scale on terrestrial and deep - sea gastropod body size distributions across multiple scales .\nobservations on the terrestrial pulmonifera, including a catalogue of all species of terrestrial and fluviatile mollusca known to inhabit the state .\nthe diplommatinidae of fiji – a hotspot of pacific land snail biodiversity (caenogastropoda, cyclophoroidea) .\npanha s, tongkerd p, sutcharit ch, burch jb. (2004 )\nmanual of conchology, second series: pulmonata, vol. 24, pupillidae (gastrocoptinae )\n. conchological department, academy of natural sciences of philadelphia, philadelphia, 380 pp, plates 1–50 .\nthe family omalogyridae g. o. sars, 1878 (mollusca, gastropoda) in cuba with description of eight new species .\ntreatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs. part 1. achatinellidae, amastridae, orculidae, strobilopsidae, spelaeodiscidae, valloniidae, cochlicopidae, pupillidae, chondrinidae, pyramidulidae .\ntreatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs. part 2. gastrocoptidae, hypselostomatidae, vertiginidae, truncatellinidae, pachnodidae, enidae, sagdidae .\ntreatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate mollusks. part 8. punctidae, helicodiscidae, discidae, cystopeltidae, euconulidae, trochomorphidae .\ncheck - list of land pulmonate molluscs of vietnam (gastropoda: stylommatophora) .\non the land - shells of penang island, with descriptions of the animals and anatomical notes; part second, helicacea .\nnon - marine mollusks of borneo. ii pulmonata: pupillidae, clausiliidae. iii prosobranchia: hydrocenidae, helicinidae [ j ] .\ntongkerd p, lee t, panha s, burch jb, o’ foighil d. (2004 )\nmolecular phylogeny of certain thai gastrocoptine micro land snails (stylommatophora: pupillidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal dna sequences .\nweigand am, jochum a, slapnik r, schnitzler j, zarza e, klussmann - kolb a. (2013 )\nevolution of microgastropods (ellobioidea, carychiidae): integrating taxonomic, phylogenetic and evolutionary hypotheses .\nmaterial. — holotype (rmnh 326993) and 6 paratypes (rmnh 110018) .\ndiagnosis. — shell conical with convex sides, less than 1. 50 mm broad; aperture relatively small, measuring less than half the total shell height .\ndescription. — shell conical with convex sides (fig. 8a), brownish; umbilicus open but very narrow. teleoconch with c. two whorls, with more or less irregular growth - lines and many very fine spiral lines; protoconch finely pitted (fig. 8b), with 1½ whorls. shell measurements (see table 2): h 1. 43 - 1. 70 mm, b 1. 29 - 1. 43 mm. the holotype measures 1. 39 × 1. 65 mm .\nturgeon, d. d. , j. f. quinn, jr. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, f. g. hochberg, w. g. lyons, p. m. mikkelsen, r. j. neves, c. f. e. roper, g. rosenberg, b. roth, a. scheltema, f. g. thompson, m. vecchione, and j. d. williams. 1998. common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks. 2nd edition. american fisheries society special publication 26, bethesda, maryland: 526 pp .\nthe range extends from the southern usa through the caribbean and central america southwards to southern brazil and northern argentina .\npopulations occur in woodlands, scrub, and carbonate rock outcrops (nekola and coles, 2010). hubricht (1985) reports that individuals are most often found on the trunks of smooth - barked trees and shrubs, with only scattered shells occurring in leaf litter .\nagudo - padron, a. i. 2005. recent terrestrial and freshwater molluscs of panama state, rs, southern brazil region: a comprehensive synthesis and checklist. visaya november 2005: 1 - 8 .\nagudo - padron, a. i. 2009. recent terrestrial and freshwater molluscs of rio grande so sul state, rs, southern brazil region: a comprehensive synthesis and checklist. visaya may 2009: 1 - 13 .\nhubricht, l. 1985. the distribution of the native land mollusks of the eastern united states. fieldiana: zoology, 24: 1 - 191 .\nlee, h. g. 2006. landsnails of claiborne bluff. american conchologist, 34 (3): 30 - 31 .\nminton, r. l. and k. e. perez. 2005. a systematic checklist of the land snails of louisiana. texas journal of science 57 (2): 153 - 164 .\nnekola, j. c. and b. f. coles. 2010. pupillid land snails of eastern north america. american malacological bulletin 28: 29 - 57 .\npilsbry, h. a. 1948. land mollusca of north america (north of mexico). monograph of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia, 2 (2): 521 - 1113 .\nrosenberg, g. and i. v. muratov. 2005. status report on the terrestrial mollusca of jamaica. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 155: 117 - 161 .\nsandoval, a. c. and m. del c. s. rodriguez. 2005. gastropodos terrestres del sur de nuevo leon, mexico. acta zoologica mexicana (nueva serie) 21 (2): 51 - 61 .\nvan der schalie, h. 1948. the land and fresh - water mollusks of puerto rico. miscellaneous publications, museum of zoology, university of michigan 70: 1 - 134 .\nthe checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .\nthese documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors, a description of the taxonomic group or subject, and a list of the species that are part of the list .\nthe checklists aren' t updated regularly, since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .\na complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .\ngustavo jiménez - uzcátegui, david a. wiedenfeld, f. hernán vargas, howard l. snell .\nnathalia tirado - sanchez, john mccosker, diego ruiz, angel chiriboga, stuart banks .\nyves finet, nathalia tirado - sanchez, angel chiriboga, diego ruiz, stuart banks .\nfrank bungartz, frauke ziemmeck, alba yánez ayabaca, fredy nugra, andré aptroot .\nanne guézou, susana chamorro, paola pozo, ana mireya guerrero, rachel atkinson, chris buddenhagen, patricia jaramillo díaz, mark gardener .\ngustavo jiménez - uzcátegui, javier zabala, brian milstead, howard l. snell .\nto get up - to - date information about our work, please subscribe to our e - newsletter or follow us on our social media platforms .\nevery single donation we receive, no matter how small, counts as we are completely dependent on the generosity of others to carry out our scientific projects. we need your passion, loyalty and continual support .\nthe “charles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands”, in french “fondation charles darwin pour les îles galapagos”, association international sans but lucratif (“aisbl”), has its registered office located at drève du pieuré 19, 1160 brussels, and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409. 359. 103." ]

{ "text": [ "pupisoma is a genus of minute , air-breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs or micromollusks in the family valloniidae .", "pupisoma is placed within valloniidae because pupisomatidae is considered to be a synonym of valloniidae . " ], "topic": [ 2, 21 ] }

[ "pupisoma is a genus of minute, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs or micromollusks in the family valloniidae. pupisoma is placed within valloniidae because pupisomatidae is considered to be a synonym of valloniidae." ]

[ "cuba' s very own coney island. look at the elegance of the cuban people pre - castro | my beautiful country | pinterest | coney island, havana cuba and cuban cul…\nthe cuban coney by: the man, the myth, the legend, william overton da species geocapromys columbianus, better known as the cuban coney, was endemic to cuba all about the coneys, coneys, coneys! - resembling the modern day guinea pig we all know and love, the coney was a small rodent. - about a foot long, the coney would make small burrows into the ground for warmth and protection. where' d ya go... .... - around the early 1500' s rats were introduced to the small island - causing the depletion of the species. did anyone help? - not much is known about the extinction, but humans played the main part in it. references urltoken urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nmcknight, m. (global mammal assessment team) & amori, g. (small nonvolant mammal red list authority )\njustification: listed as extinct. the species is known from recent fossil deposits which also contain rats, suggesting that it persisted until the modern era and that the extinction followed the arrival of european settlers .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nif is associated with an alamy account you' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we’ll send you a link to reset your password .\nsorry, this image isn' t available for this licence. please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site (powered by art. com) choose your frame, the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we' ll send you a link to reset your password .\noops. a firewall is blocking access to prezi content. check out this article to learn more or contact your system administrator .\nneither you, nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again .\nreset share links resets both viewing and editing links (coeditors shown below are not affected) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhome | wild files | n. h. animals | animals a - z | watch online\nthere are around 13 living species and 6 extinct species in this family. they are found in the islands of the caribbean, especially cuba. hutias look like nutrias. they have stout bodies, large heads, round ears, and short legs. some species have long tails, others have short or no tails. some species live in trees and others live on the ground. most species are herbivores and eat fruit and leaves, but some species also eat invertebrates, and reptiles .\nleast concern near threatened vulnerable endangered critically endangered extinct in the wild extinct status and range is taken from icun redlist. if no status is listed, there is not enough data to establish status .\ndesmarest' s hutia - capromys pilorides desmarest' s hutia is found in cuba. source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle / high school teacher section: yes\ndesmarest' s hutia - capromys pilorides desmarest’s hutia is the largest of the hutia species. source: world association of zoos and aquariums intended audience: general reading level: middle / high school teacher section: no\ndwarf hutia - mesocapromys nanus the dwarf hutia was last seen in 1937, but droppings and tracks have been found since then. it is found in the matanzas province in cuba. source: edge intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nlittle earth hutia - mesocapromys sanfelipensis the little earth hutia was last seen in 1978. it is found on the archipiélago de los canorreos in the pinar del rio province in cuba. source: edge intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nhispaniolan hutia - plagiodontia aedium the hispaniolan hutia is also known as cuvier' s hutia. it is found in the dominican republic and haiti. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\ningraham' s hutia - geocapromys ingrahami ingraham' s hutia is also known as the bahamian hutia. it is found ion the islands of the bahamas. source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle / high school teacher section: yes\njamaican hutia - geocapromys brownii the jamaican hutia is only found in jamaica. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\njamaican hutia - geocapromys brownii the jamaican hutia is also known as brown' s hutia. source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle / high school teacher section: yes\nprehensile - tailed hutia - mysateles prehensilis the prehensile - tailed hutia is found in cuba. source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle / high school teacher section: yes\npuerto rican hutia - isolobodon portoricensis the puerto rican hutia was once found in haiti and dominican republic and offshore islands. it was introduced to puerto rico, saint thomas, saint croix, and mona islands. it has probably been extinct since 1525. source: edge intended audience: general reading level: middle / high school teacher section: no" ]

{ "text": [ "the cuban coney ( geocapromys columbianus ) is an extinct species of rodent in the family capromyidae .", "it was endemic to cuba .", "its natural habitats were lowlands moist forests , xeric shrublands and rocky areas .", "some scientists indicate that this species may have survived and coexisted with introduced species from the old world until approximately 1500 , while others indicate that it became extinct earlier in the holocene . " ], "topic": [ 29, 0, 24, 6 ] }

[ "the cuban coney (geocapromys columbianus) is an extinct species of rodent in the family capromyidae. it was endemic to cuba. its natural habitats were lowlands moist forests, xeric shrublands and rocky areas. some scientists indicate that this species may have survived and coexisted with introduced species from the old world until approximately 1500, while others indicate that it became extinct earlier in the holocene." ]

[ "known data sets that contain (vinciguerria lucetia). this may include sibling taxa data sources .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\npanamanlyhtykala\nto\nvinciguerria lucetia (garman, 1899 )\n.\nbecause of decio vinciguerria, italian ichthyiologist from genova, 1856 - 1934 (ref. 45335 )\nahlstrom, e. h. ; counts, r. 1958. development and distribution of vinciguerria lucetia and related species in the eastern pacific. fishery bull. fish wildl. serv. u. s. , 58 (139): 359 - 416, 29 fig .\nsanzo, l. 1913b. stadi post - embrionali di vinciguerria attenuata e v. poweriae. memorie r. com. talassogr. ital. , 3s: 7 p. , i pl .\n( of vinciguerria lutecia (garman, 1899) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of vinciguerria lucetius (garman, 1899) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nscientific synonyms and common names vinciguerria nimbaria (jordan & williams, 1895) synonyms: zalarges nimbarius jordan & williams, 1896, in jordan & starks, proc. calif. acad. sci. : 1895 [ 1896 ], (2) 5: 793, pl. 76. vinciguerria nimbaria: gilbert, 1908, 26 (6): 237 norman, 1930: 292 marshall, 1954: 342 koefoed, 1958: 7 ahlström & counts, 1958: 399, 405, fig. 28 - 29 marshall, 1960: 9, pl. 1 (fig. 1), pl. 2 (fig. 3) grey, 1964: 130, fig. 29 - 32. vinciguerria lucetia (nec garman, 1899): murray & hjort, 1912: 612, fig. 478 (part .) roule & angel, 1924: 4 (part .) fowler, 1936: 234, 1206, fig. 108 (part .). vinciguerria sanzoi jespersen & tåning, 1919, vidensk. meddr dansk naturh. foren. , kbh. , 70: 218, pl. 17 (fig. 2, 5). vinciguerria sanzoi: norman, 1930: 292 jespersen, 1933, fig. 1 - 3 fowler, 1936: 366, 1206, fig. 8 lozano rey, 1947: 232, fig. 72 smith, 1949: 106, fig. 156 maul, 1949: 8, fig. 1 albuquerque, 1954 - 1956: 256. common names: none\njohnson, rk and feltes, rm (1984) a new species of vinciguerria (salmoniformes: photichthyidae) from the red sea and gulf of aquaba, with comments on the depauperacy of the red sea mesopelagic fish fauna fieldiana zoology (no. 22) 12785\nscientific synonyms and common names vinciguerria poweriae (cocco, 1838) synonyms: conostomus poweriae cocco, 1838, nuovi ann. sci. nat. , bologna, 2: 167, pl. 5 (fig. 2). maurolicus poweriae: günther, 1864, 5: 390 lütken, 1892: 272. vinciguerria poweriae: gilbert, 1908, 26 (6): 237 sanzo, 1913: 3, pl. 1 (fig. 6 - 9) jespersen & tåning, 1919: 218, pl. 17 (fig. 1 - 4); 1926: 22, fig. 13 - 17, 19 - 20, 22 norman, 1930: 290 sanzo, 1931: 71, fig. 50 - 53 jespersen, 1934: fig. 1 - 3 lozano rey, 1947: 230, fig. 71 soljan, 1948: 193, fig. 359 maul, 1949: 11, fig. 3 marshall, 1954: 342 albuquerque, 1954 - 1956: 255, fig. 139 koefoed, 1958: 10, pl. 1 (fig. a) ahlström & counts, 1958: 363, 399 - 400, fig. 25 - 27 grey, 1964: 137, fig. 29 - 31, 33. vinciguerria lucetia (nec garman, 1899): murray & hjort, 1912: 612, 618, 629 (part .), fig. 457, 478, 495 (part .) fowler, 1936: 234, fig. 108 (part .). common names: none\n( a) sea surface chlorophyll a concentrations (modis - aqua lac) on august 17, 2005. dots represent the stations sampled. (b) vertical section of geostrophic velocity (m / s). (c) vertical distribution of vinciguerria lucetia larvae (larvae / 10m 2) on the density anomaly (kg / m 3). (d) diogenichthys laternatus larvae (larvae / 10m 2) on the thermal structure (θ°c). (e) graphs of the geostrophic kinetic energy flux (j / m 3) and (f) potential energy anomaly (j / m 3). the heavy red curve in fig 2c and d, marks the surface mixed layer depth. figures are drawn with west at the left hand side .\n( a) sea surface chlorophyll a concentrations (modis - aqua lac) on july 11, 2010. dots represent the stations sampled. (b) vertical section of geostrophic velocity (m / s). (c) vertical distribution of vinciguerria lucetia larvae (larvae / 10m 2) on the density anomaly (kg / m 3). (d) diogenichthys laternatus larvae (larvae / 10m 2) on the thermal structure (θ°c). (e) graphs of the geostrophic kinetic energy flux (j / m 3) and (f) potential energy anomaly (j / m 3). the heavy red curve in fig 3c and d, marks the surface mixed layer depth. figures are drawn with west at the left hand side .\n( a) sea surface chlorophyll a concentrations (modis - aqua lac) on july 11, 2010. dots represent the stations sampled. (b) vertical section of geostrophic velocity (m / s). (c) vertical distribution of vinciguerria lucetia larvae (larvae / 10m 2) on the density anomaly (kg / m 3). (d) diogenichthys laternatus larvae (larvae / 10m 2) on the thermal structure (θ°c). (e) graphs of the geostrophic kinetic energy flux (j / m 3) and (f) potential energy anomaly (j / m 3). the heavy red curve in fig 4c and d, marks the surface mixed layer depth. figures are drawn with west at the left hand side .\n( a) sea surface chlorophyll a concentrations (modis - aqua lac) on may 03, 2012. dots represent the stations sampled. (b) vertical section of geostrophic velocity (m / s). (c) vertical distribution of vinciguerria lucetia larvae (larvae / 10m 2) on the density anomaly (kg / m 3). (d) diogenichthys laternatus larvae (larvae / 10m 2) on the thermal structure (θ°c). (e) graphs of the geostrophic kinetic energy flux (j / m 3) and (f) potential energy anomaly (j / m 3). the heavy red curve in fig 5c and d, marks the surface mixed layer depth. figures are drawn with west at the left hand side .\n( a) sea surface chlorophyll a concentrations (modis - aqua lac) on july 11, 2010. dots represent the sampling stations. (b) vertical section of geostrophic velocity (m / s). (c) vertical distribution of vinciguerria lucetia larvae (larvae / 10m 2) on the density anomaly (kg / m 3). (d) diogenichthys laternatus larvae (larvae / 10m 2) on the thermal structure (θ°c). (e) graphs of the geostrophic kinetic energy flux (j / m 3) and (f) potential energy anomaly (j / m 3). the heavy red curve in fig 7c and d, marks the surface mixed layer depth. figures are drawn with west at the left hand side .\n( a) sea surface chlorophyll a concentrations (modis - aqua lac) on october 15, 2007. dots represent the sampling stations. (b) vertical section of geostrophic velocity (m / s). vertical distribution of (c) vinciguerria lucetia larvae (larvae / 10m 2) on the density anomaly (kg / m 3). (d) triphoturus mexicanus larvae (larvae / 10m 2) on the thermal structure (θ°c). (e) graphs of the geostrophic kinetic energy flux (j / m 3) and (f) potential energy anomaly (j / m 3). the heavy red curve in fig 8c and d, marks the surface mixed layer depth. figures are drawn with west at the left hand side .\n( a) sea surface chlorophyll a concentrations (modis - aqua lac) on july 29, 2011. dots represent the sampling stations in a high energy line (h1). (b) vertical section of geostrophic velocity (m / s). (c) vertical distribution of vinciguerria lucetia larvae (larvae / 10m 2) on the density anomaly (kg / m 3). (d) triphoturus mexicanus larvae (larvae / 10m 2) on the thermal structure (θ°c). (e) graphs of the geostrophic kinetic energy flux (j / m 3) and (f) potential energy anomaly (j / m 3). the heavy red curve in fig 6c and d, marks the surface mixed layer depth. figures are drawn with south at the left hand side .\nthe first larval fish habitat, i. e. the cyclonic eddy 2010 line h2, had the lowest larval average abundance of the study (25 larvae / 10 m 2) and was formed by 50 samples (table 5). the dominant species were v. lucetia (surface affinity) and d. laternatus (depth affinity), which contributed with ~ 69% and 25% respectively. both species were relatively abundant throughout the water column tending to avoid stations with the highest geostrophic kinetic energy (fig 7c and 7d) .\nmesopelagic fish (v. lucetia and myctophiids) recovered in the jumbo squid stomachs confirmed the structuring role of spatial matching in the jumbo squid - prey interactions. this prey group contributed mainly during spring and far from the coast, when jumbo squid was more offshore. in addition, small jumbo squids distributed far from the coast consumed more mesopelagic fish than larger individuals located closer to the coast. this pattern was unexpected again, but is in accordance with the distribution pattern of mesopelagic fish that are distributed more offshore than euphausiids [ 55 ] .\nexceptions to these larval patterns were recorded in august 2005, when despite low geostrophic kinetic energy levels, the larvae of b. panamense and v. lucetia were distributed through the entire water column sampled, and no larvae of d. laternatus were found (fig 2d). this circumstance was associated with positive anomalies of temperature corresponding to an el niño event (urltoken) that apparently increased spawning of b. panamense and reduced that of d. laternatus. although there is no literature specific to this issue, these changes in fish larvae abundance in august 2005 have been noted incidentally [ 66 ] .\nthe volume of filtered water was calculated using calibrated flowmeters placed in the mouth of each net. samples were fixed with 5% formalin buffered with sodium borate. zooplankton biomass, estimated by the displacement volume [ 47 ], was standardized to ml / 1000 m 3. fish larvae were removed from all samples and the v. lucetia, d. laternatus, b. panamense and t. mexicanus were identified as in moser [ 48 ]. the developmental stage was determined in relation to notochord flexion following the criteria of kendall et al. [ 49 ] and only larval fish pre - flexion were selected. fish larval abundance was standardized to number of larvae per 10 m 2 [ 45, 50 ] .\nthis study examines the relation of geostrophic kinetic energy levels on the distribution of mesopelagic fish larvae (v. lucetia, d. laternatus, b. panamense and t. mexicanus) during the period of year with stronger stratification. geostrophic kinetic energy - rich areas associated with mesoscale eddies were compared with energy - poor areas where the structure of the water column is more stable. evidence was found of statistical relationships between larval fish abundance, their three - dimensional distribution, and the structure of the water column. most previous studies (e. g. [ 61, 34, 62 ]) suggested relationships qualitatively, but did not make a statistical comparison of geostrophic kinetic energy - rich and energy - poor areas .\nthe definitions of these two larval fish habitats were apparently detected by the cca (fig 10), with a high correlation between variables (pearson correlation 0. 72) (table 4). the eigenvalues of axis 1 (horizontal) and axis 2 (vertical) were 0. 37 and 0. 11, respectively; the eigenvalue of the axis 3 (not displayed) was 0. 009. the “surface larval fish habitat”, although present in all quadrants of the triplot, had higher frequency in the lower quadrants. this habitat was correlated with high levels of dissolved oxygen, conservative temperature, absolute salinity and zooplankton displacement volume, associating with high larval abundance of v. lucetia and b. panamense; this last species was especially correlated with the highest values of temperature. while the “subsurface larval fish habitat” showed an inverse correlation with the environmental variables mentioned above, it was associated with high larval abundance of d. laternatus .\nthe definitions of these two larval fish habitats were also identified by the cca (fig 12), with a relativity high relationship between variables (pearson correlation 0. 67) (table 4). the eigenvalues of axis 1 (horizontal) and axis 2 (vertical) were 0. 21 and 0. 15, respectively; the eigenvalue of the axis 3 (not displayed) was 0. 01. the most samples of the first larval fish habitat (cyclonic eddy 2010) corresponded to negative levels of temperature and dissolved oxygen and intermediate salinity, associating mainly with high larval abundance of d. laternatus and v. lucetia. on the other hand, most samples of the second larval fish habitat (cyclonic eddy 2011 and anticyclonic eddy 2007) were corresponded to positive values of temperature, fluorescence and dissolved oxygen (with a correlation of 51. 7% , 46% and 28% respectively) and associated with high larval abundance of t. mexicanus and b. panamense .\nfound in the epipelagic and mesopelagic zone (ref. 35839). oviparous, with planktonic eggs and larvae (ref. 35839) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nmarine; bathypelagic; depth range 100 - 500 m (ref. 51600). deep - water\nwestern central pacific: papua new guinea. eastern pacific: throughout the california current region, usually south of point conception and seaward of shelf (ref. 35839); also in chile (ref. 9068) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 8. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 55763); common length: 4. 5 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 56527); max. reported age: 3 years (ref. 56527 )\ndorsal spines (total): 0; dorsal soft rays (total): 13 - 16; anal spines: 0; anal soft rays: 13 - 17; vertebrae: 39 - 43. branchiostegal rays: 12 .\nfound in the epipelagic and mesopelagic zone (ref. 35839). oviparous, with planktonic eggs and larvae (ref. 35839) .\nkailola, p. j. , 1987. the fishes of papua new guinea. a revised and annotated checklist. vol. 1. myxinidae to synbranchidae. research bulletin no. 41. department of fisheries and marine resources, port moresby, papua new guinea. 194 p. (ref. 6993 )\n): 7. 7 - 22. 8, mean 14. 8 (based on 272 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5312 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00832 (0. 00386 - 0. 01791), b = 3. 15 (2. 96 - 3. 34), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & (sub) family - body (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 2 ±0. 3 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (10 of 100) .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of maurolicus lucetius garman, 1899) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission (ioc) of unesco. the ocean biogeographic information system (obis), available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nharold, a. s. / carpenter, kent e. , and volker h. niem, eds .\nfao species identification guide for fishery purposes: the living marine resources of the western central pacific, vol. 3: batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes, part 1 (elopidae to linophrynidae )\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322f8cb4 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322f90fa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 32b02274 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nwestern central pacific: papua new guinea. eastern pacific: throughout the california current region, usually south of point conception and seaward of shelf (ref. 35839); also in chile (ref. 9068) .\nstatus from eschmeyer (coff ver. nov. 1999: ref. 33021) .\nfroese r. & pauly d. (eds). (2018). fishbase (version feb 2018). in: roskov y. , abucay l. , orrell t. , nicolson d. , bailly n. , kirk p. m. , bourgoin t. , dewalt r. e. , decock w. , de wever a. , nieukerken e. van, zarucchi j. , penev l. , eds. (2018). species 2000 & itis catalogue of life, 30th june 2018. digital resource at urltoken species 2000: naturalis, leiden, the netherlands. issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 75d01846 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences (2003) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database. : urltoken\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication .\ngarcía - godos naveda, i. (2001) patrones morfológicos del otolito sagitta de algunos peces óseos del mar peruano. : bol. inst. mar perú 20 (1 - 2): 1 - 83 .\nharold, a. s. / carpenter, kent e. , and volker h. niem, eds. , 1999: phosichthyidae (= photichthyidae): lightfishes (lighthousefishes). fao species identification guide for fishery purposes: the living marine resources of the western central pacific, vol. 3: batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes, part 1 (elopidae to linophrynidae). 1903 - 1904 .\njiménez prado, p. and p. béarez (2004) peces marinos del ecuador continental. tomo 2: guía de especies / marine fishes of continental ecuador. volume 2: species guide. : simbioe / nazca / ifea .\nkailola, p. j. (1987) the fishes of papua new guinea. a revised and annotated checklist. vol. 1. myxinidae to synbranchidae. : research bulletin no. 41. department of fisheries and marine resources, port moresby, papua new guinea. 194 p .\nkotlyar, a. n. (1984) dictionary of names of marine fishes on the six languages. : all union research institute of marine fisheries and oceanography, moscow. 288 p .\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. < em > china science press. < / em > 1267 pp .\nwu, h. l. , k. - t. shao and c. f. lai (eds .) (1999) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names. : the sueichan press, taiwan. 1028 p .\nonly: gillrakers on first arch 11 - 12 + 3 - 4 = 14 - 16 .\n): orb 2; br 8; op 3; iv 23 (22 - 24); vav (8) 9 - 10; ac 12 - 14; oa (22) 23 - 24 .\nand young stages. sanzo, 1913: 1 - 71 jespersen & tåning, 1926: 22, fig. 13 - 16 | grey, 1964: 124, 140 | ahlström & counts, 1958: 399, fig. 26 - 27 .\nalbuquerque, r. m. 1954 - 1956. peixes de portugal e ilhas adjacentes. chavas para a sua determinação. port. acta biol. , ser. b, 5: xvi + 1167 pp. , 445 fig .\ncocco, a. 1838b. su di alcuni salmonidi del mare di messina - iettera al ch. principe c. l. bonaparte. nuovi ann. sci. nat. , bologna, 1 (2): 161 - 194, pl. v - viii .\nfowler, h. w. 1936. the marine fishes of west africa, based on the collection of the american museum congo expedition 1909 - 1915. bull. am. mus. nat. hist. , 70 (1), jan. 21, 1936: pp. vii + 1 - 606, fig. 1 - 275; (2), nov. 18, 1936: pp. 607 - 1493, fig. 276 - 567 .\ngünther, a. 1864a. catalogue of the fishes in the british museum. 5. catalogue of the physostomi containing the families siluridae, characinidae, haplochitonidae, sternoptychidae, scopelidae, stomiatidae in the collection of the british museum. london, xxii + 455 pp .\ngilbert, c. h. 1908. reports on the scientific results of the u. s. fish commission steamer' albatross', lantern fishes. mem. mus. comp. zool. harv. , 26 (6): 217 - 237, 6 pl .\ngrey, m. 1964. gonostomatidae in fishes of the western north atlantic. mem. sears found. mar. res. , new haven, 1 (4): 78 - 240, fig. 21 - 60 .\njespersen, p. 1933 - 1934. gonostomatidae and sternoptychidae. in: l. joubin, ed. , faune ichthyol. atlant. n. , copenhagen: fiches 70 - 89 .\njespersen, p. ; tåning, å. v. 1919. some mediterranean sternoptychidae. vidensk. meddr dansk naturh. foren, 70: 220 - 228, pl. 17 .\njespersen, p. ; tåning, å. v. 1926. mediterranean sternoptychidae. rep. dan. oceanogr. exped. mediterr. , 1908 - 1910, (a 12) 2, (biology): 59 p. , 30 fig .\nkoefoed, e. 1958. isospondyli. 2. heterophotodermi. 1. rep. scient. results michael sars n. atlant. deep sea exped. , 1910, 4, ii (6): 17 p. , 2 fig. , 1 pl .\nlozano y rey, l. 1947. peces ganoideos y fisostomos, mems r. acad. cienc. exact. fis. nat. madr. , ser. : cienc. nat. , 11: xv + 839 p. , 190 fig. , 20 pl .\nlütken, c. f. 1892a. korte bidrag til nordisk ichthyographi. viii. nogle nordiske laxesild (scopliner). vidensk. meddr dansk naturh. foren. , 1891 [ 1892 ], 43: 203 - 233, pl. xvi, fig. 2 .\nmarshall, n. b. 1954. aspects of deep - sea biology, london: 380 p. , fig. , 4 pl .\nmurray, j. ; hjort, j. 1912a. the depths of the ocean. a general account of the modern science of oceanography based largely on the scientific researches of the norwegian steamer michael sars in the north atlantic. london, 1912: pp. xx + 821, 575 fig. , unnumbered fig. , 4 maps, 9 pl .\nnorman, j. r. 1930. oceanic fishes and flatfishes collected in 1925 - 1927.' discovery' rep. , 2: pp. 261 - 370, 47 fig. , 2 pl .\nsanzo, l. 1931b. salmonoidei, stomiatoidei in uova, larve e stadi giovanili di teleostei. fauna flora golfo napoli, 38: 21 - 92, fig. 31 - 58, pl. ii - vii .\nsoljan, t. 1948. fauna i flora jadrana. 1. ribe inst. oceanogr. ribarst. jugoslavia. zagreb, hrvatske, 437 pp. , 1350 fig .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nformat summary genbank genbank (full) fasta asn. 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nfinds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions. the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences. more ...\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region. the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences. more ...\nin the upper map above, the red dots indicate locations of quantitative data (~ 15378 obs globally), while gray dots indicate locations of\npresence / absence\n( non - quantitative) observation data. blue stars show locations of any time series reporting this taxa or group (~ 0 sites globally). in the lower map, the blue - shaded regions represent temperature - salinity realms that match the conditions where the taxa were observed. the dark - to - light shading indicates\ntheoretical niches\ncorresponding to temperature - salinity ranges that were associated with 75% / 90% / 95% / 99% of the original taxa observations .\nmarine; bathypelagic; depth range 100 - 500 m (ref. 51600). deep - water, preferred ?\nweber, m; beaufort, lf (1965) the fishes of the indo - australian archipelago e. j. brill, leiden, holland 2 404 pp available at - nio, goa\njones, s. (1969) catalogue of fishes from the laccadive archipelago in the reference collections of the central marine fisheries research institute. bulletin of central marine research institute cmfri, cochin 8 1 - 35 available at - urltoken\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncitation: contreras - catala f, sánchez - velasco l, beier e, godínez vm, barton ed, santamaría - del - angel e (2016) effects of geostrophic kinetic energy on the distribution of mesopelagic fish larvae in the southern gulf of california in summer / fall stratified seasons. plos one 11 (10): e0164900. urltoken\ncopyright: © 2016 contreras - catala et al. this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\ndata availability: the oceanographic data files are available from the cicese database (urltoken). all other relevant data are within the paper and its supporting information files .\nfunding: lsv contracts 2014 - 236864 consejo nacional de ciencia y tecnología urltoken. instituto politécnico nacional (multidisciplinary project 2015 - 0176) urltoken. eb sep - 2011 - 168034 - t consejo nacional de ciencia y tecnología urltoken. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\nmesoscale structures, like eddies and upwelling, typically associated with processes of mixing, convergence and divergence, are areas where the geostrophic kinetic energy is high [ 1 – 3 ]. enrichment processes in these areas are enhanced by the triggering of primary and secondary productivity as nutrients are introduced into the photic zone [ 4, 5 ]. numerous studies have described qualitative relationships between mesoscale eddies and phytoplankton [ 6 – 8 ], and eddies with zooplankton [ 9 – 11 ]. nevertheless, few studies have quantified and related the geostrophic kinetic energy and / or stratification with the distribution of planktonic organisms .\npiontkovski et al. [ 3 ] reported that the highest spatial heterogeneity of zooplankton biomass is found in regions of the highest available potential energy, associated with mesoscale eddy fields. ladd et al. [ 12 ]. observed the highest chlorophyll a concentrations in areas influenced by eddies with high eddy kinetic energy in the gulf of alaska, suggesting that kinetic energy may be valuable for predicting phytoplankton blooms in this region. nieto et al. [ 13 ] noted that high values of eddy kinetic energy were favorable for the development of sardine eggs in waters advected by eddies and filaments in the southern and central california .\nthe gulf of california is a narrow, semi - enclosed and highly productive sea [ 14 – 16 ], which connects at the south with the pacific ocean. the surface circulation reverses seasonally from cyclonic in summer to anticyclonic in winter [ 17, 18 ]. the gulf is characterized by high stratification during the summer and autumn vs a deep surface mixing layer extending to about 100 m depth during winter and early spring [ 18, 19 ]. the circulation has also a strong mesoscale component, related to the common occurrence of cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies evident in satellite infrared, color images and drifter trajectories [ 20 – 23 ] .\nthe bulk of the data to be discussed here is from five research cruises made during august 2005, october 2007, july 2010, july 2011 and april - may 2012, in the southern zone of the gulf of california; periods where the stratification is high, except in april - may when the surface mixed layer was weakening with the onset of annual stratification (table 1). the ctd and biological sampling stations of transects analyzed in each cruise are shown in different symbols in fig 1a and 1b .\nlocation of the study region showing sampling stations in selected transects during five cruises .\n( a) stations with low geostrophic kinetic energy flux (transects: l1–l4) and b) stations with high geostrophic kinetic energy flux (transects: h1–h3) in the southern gulf of california. black squares, ctd data only. red circles, ctd and zooplankton data .\nit is important to mention that the samples were not obtained in protected natural areas or national parks; and the species that supporting this study are not endangered or protected species in according to comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad méxico (conabio) urltoken .\nthe data supporting this manuscript come from a database created by a group of multidisciplinary researchers, led by the authors of this paper, mainly l. sánchez - velasco and e. beier. the data are not totally available because there are other postgraduate students who are working with them on other topics for their thesis project. however we supply supplementary material with the data that supports the conclusions of this study, as plosone requires (s1 and s2 tables). in addition, the basic data obtained in each cruise may be consulted in http: / usuario. cicese. mx / ~ mxcali / .\nwith july 2015 flag quality data) to level 2 with seadas, version 5. 5, using the oc3m v4 algorithm [\n]. level 3 imagery was constructed in the universidad autónoma de baja california with an equidistant cylindrical projection .\nthe hydrographic structure of transects made during these cruises has been documented previously [ 30, 32, 34 ]. with the aid of the satellite images, transects were divided into two sets (fig 1a and 1b). the first included all those that crossed mesoscale eddies (h1, h2 and h3), while the second consisted of those with weak mesoscale influence (l1, l2, l3 and l4). transect details (e. g. , number of stations, periods and year) are shown in table 1 .\nat all sampling stations (fig 1), temperature and conductivity profiles down to 1000 m (or near the bottom if shallower) were measured with a factory - calibrated ctd (seabird sbe - 911 plus), with primary and secondary sensors and a sampling rate of 24 hz. dissolved oxygen (do, ml / l) and fluorescence (mg / m 3) sensors (sbe43 and seapoint, respectively) were also included. the data were processed and averaged to 1 db as documented by godínez et al. [ 36, 37 ]. conservative temperature (θ, °c), absolute salinity (s a, g / kg) and density anomaly (σ θ, kg / m 3) were calculated from in situ temperature and practical salinity with the teos - 10 (thermodynamic equation of seawater - 2010) software, which was downloaded from urltoken [ 38, 39 ] .\ncan be understand as the mean geostrophic kinetic energy flux at each cast along each transect and to 300m depth. geostrophic kinetic energy flux includes the contribution of eddies, filaments and others mesoscale processes [\n], but we consider that when an eddy is present, the major part of the geostrophic kinetic energy flux results from the eddy dynamics .\n. the anomaly of potential energy is positive for a stably stratified water column and it is negative for an unstably stratified water column. physically ,\ngives the amount of energy per volume necessary to bring about complete vertical mixing over a specific depth interval. the specified depth h for this study is 300 m, to cover the pycnocline at all locations and times of year within the study area. the potential energy anomaly of simpson\ntransect - averaged values for these parameters range from 5–30 j / m 3 for geostrophic kinetic energy and 400–1000 j / m 3 for potential energy anomaly (table 2). “low” and “high” therefore are very different for the two variables, which clearly are not directly comparable even though they are expressed in the same units .\n], which measures the information lost at each step in hierarchical cluster analysis. as groups are fused, the amount of information decreases until all groups are fused and no information remains. the objective function can be rescaled from 0% to 100% of information [\nwhere n is the total number of replicates summed for the 2 samples. r is scaled to lie between - 1 and + 1, a value of zero representing the null hypothesis of no differences among samples of the habitats [\nthe olmstead–tukey test determined hierarchies of the species in each larval fish habitat (dominant, frequent, constant and rare species) (e. g. , [ 11, 58 ]). this test considered the average relative abundance against the frequency of occurrence of each species [ 52 ]. average similarity and the percentage of contribution of specific species to the identity of each habitat were determined using the similarity percentage (simper) routine. this analysis calculates the contribution of each species (or other variable) to the observed similarity between samples. it allows identification of the species that are most important in the observed pattern of similarity. the method uses the bray - curtis measure of similarity, comparing in turn, each sample in group i with each sample in group ii. the bray - curtis method operates at the species level, and therefore the mean similarity between groups i and ii can be obtained for each species (primer v7; [ 59 ]) .\na canonical correspondence analysis [ 60 ] was run to define the relation between environmental variables and larval fish distribution (s1 and s2 tables), after fourth - root transformation of the standardized biological data and the matrix of environmental indicators. this matrix contained the zooplankton displacement volume (ml / 1000 m 3) of each stratum and the stratum - average values of conservative temperature (θ °c), absolute salinity (s a, g / kg), chlorophyll a (mg / m 3) and dissolved oxygen (ml / l) .\nsections of all properties are plotted to the depth of 220 m, just below the maximum fish larvae sampling depth .\nin the august 2005 section l1 (fig 2a), the geostrophic velocities were < 0. 1 m / s, except in an apparent coastal current near the baja california peninsula (fig 2b). the pycnocline was defined as the layer of strongest vertical density gradient between the 25 and 23 kg / m 3 isopycnals at ~ 50 m depth, beneath the surface mixed layer, which fluctuated between ~ 10 and 25 m depth (fig 2c). the thermal structure (fig 2d) revealed a shallow thermocline between the 25 and 20°c isotherms, coinciding with the pycnocline. the geostrophic kinetic energy flux (view eq (2) ) had an average value of 4. 8 j / m 3 (table 2), showing low values along the transect (fig 2e), except near to the peninsula coast (~ 10 j / m 3). the average of the potential energy anomaly was of 1074 j / m 3 (table 2) being > 900 j / m 3 along of the transect (view eq (3) ) (fig 2f) .\nthree - dimensional distribution of fish larvae in low geostrophic kinetic energy flux transect (l1) (august, 2005) .\nboth transects made during july 2010, l2 and l3 respectively, indicate the pycnocline lay between the 25 and 23 kg / m 3 isopycnals at ~ 40 m depth with surface mixed layer between ~ 15 and 20 m deep (figs 3c and 4c), but in l3, the pycnocline and the surface mixing layer deepened to ~ 50 m depth near to the mainland coast. the thermocline, located between the 26 and 18°c isotherms, coincided with the pycnocline (figs 3d and 4d). the geostrophic velocities were ≤ 0. 1 m / s everywhere except in the line l3 near to the peninsular coast, where the speeds reached up to 0. 2 m / s, possibly a jet associated with upwelling at the near - shore stations (fig 4b). the values of geostrophic kinetic energy flux were low along both lines, with an average of 5. 2 and 7. 2 j / m 3 respectively (table 2), with a slight increase where the geostrophic velocities were ≤ 0. 1 m / s (figs 3e and 4e). in contrast, the potential energy anomaly values were high along of both transects, mostly > 700 j / m 3 (figs 3f and 4f) .\nthree - dimensional distribution of fish larvae in low geostrophic kinetic energy flux transect (l2) (july, 2010) .\nthree - dimensional distribution of fish larvae in low geostrophic kinetic energy flux transect (l3) (july, 2010) .\nin the transect sampled during april - may 2012 l4 (fig 5a), the geostrophic velocities were again weak ≤ 0. 1 m / s (fig 5b), the pycnocline was situated between the 25. 5 and 25 kg / m 3 isopycnals at ~ 40 m depth, and a surface mixed layer was ~ 10 m thick (fig 5c). the thermocline lay between the 22 and 18°c isotherms, following the depth of the pycnocline (fig 5d). the geostrophic kinetic energy flux had an average of 6. 9 (j / m 3) (table 2), showing low values along the transect, except in locations of strongest geostrophic velocity (fig 5e), while the potential energy anomaly was relativity low and constant throughout the transect with values ~ 450 j / m 3 (fig 5f) .\nthree - dimensional distribution of fish larvae in low geostrophic kinetic energy flux transect (l4) (may, 2012) .\nin transects with evidence of mesoscale eddies the sections of geostrophic velocity and hydrographic structure across mesoscale eddies observed in the gulf are shown in figs 6 – 8 .\nthree - dimensional distribution of fish larvae in high geostrophic kinetic energy flux transect (h1) (july, 2011) .\nthree - dimensional distribution of fish larvae in high geostrophic kinetic energy flux transect (h2) (july, 2010) .\nthree - dimensional distribution of fish larvae in high geostrophic kinetic energy flux transect (h3) (october, 2007) .\na clearly defined eddy was detected by satellite images during the july 2011 section h1 (fig 6a). the geostrophic velocities revealed a cyclonic eddy of diameter ~ 150 km extending to > 300 m depth, with azimuthal velocities > 0. 35 m / s (fig 6b). the pycnocline, observed at ~ 50 m depth between ~ 25. 5 and 22 kg / m 3 isopycnals, was compressed between stations a08 and a14, where the surface mixed layer was ~ 20 m deep (fig 6c). the isopycnals below the pycnocline presented a dome in the central part (stations a08 and a14) of the section, at all depths down to 300 m. the thermocline, defined between the 16 and 28°c isotherms showed a similar distribution to the pycnocline (fig 6d). details of the eddy are presented in sanchez - velasco et al. (2013). the average of geostrophic kinetic energy flux was the highest observed during our cruises (33. 2 j / m 3) (table 2). the greatest values occurred where the geostrophic velocity was ≥ 0. 3 m / s (fig 6e). the potential energy anomaly with an average of 928 j / m 3 was high all along the transect (fig 6f) .\na small eddy was detected in the satellite image (fig 8a) near the date of the october 2007 section h3. the geostrophic velocities (fig 8b) showed rotation reaching azimuthal velocities > 0. 25 m / s, indicating an anticyclone of ~ 90 km diameter and 70 m depth in its center. the pycnocline extended from the 25 to 23 kg / m 3 isopycnals (fig 8c), and the thermocline was found between the 26 and 18°c isotherms (fig 8d). both pycnocline and thermocline showed a central depression (between a02 and a11), where the surface mixed layer increased from ~ 20 m in the edge to 50 m depth in the center. a detailed description of this eddy can be seen in contreras - catala et al. (2012). the geostrophic kinetic energy flux had an average value of 13. 6 j / m 3 (table 2), showing the lowest values in the eddy center (fig 8e). in contrast, the potential energy anomaly showed the highest values in the center of the eddy ~ 1100 j / m 3, decreasing in the margins, mainly on the side of the continental coast (fig 8e) .\nin this section the statistical results applied to a matrix of fish larvae abundance from the transects with low mesoscale activity are presented. there were no statistically significant differences in the larval abundance between day and night hours (with 95% confidence level). the bray - curtis dissimilarity measure defined two larval fish habitats to a cut of 13% of the information remaining of the data set (fig 9). these habitats were significantly different (anosim: r = 0. 4, with 95% confidence level) and were named according to their location in the water column as “surface larval fish habitat” (grey shaded in fig 9) and “subsurface larval fish habitat” (unshaded in fig 9) .\ndendrogram of larval fish samples defined by bray - curtis dissimilarity derived from low geostrophic kinetic energy flux transects .\n) and simper analyses between larval fish habitats (lfh) classified according to the bray - curtis measured in lowest geostrophic kinetic energetic zone .\nthe “subsurface larval fish habitat” was located mainly in the thermocline and below it. this habitat was defined by 207 samples, with a larval average abundance of 57 larvae / 10 m 2. d. laternatus and b. panamense were the dominant species, which had a contribution ≥ 25% in the habitat conformation (table 3). the d. laternatus larvae were located throughout the sampled water column, but with highest abundance below the thermocline and particularly with low geostrophic kinetic energy flux. in august 2005, they were completely absent (figs 2d, 3d, 4d and 5d) .\ntriplot based on a canonical correspondence analysis (cca) ordination diagram from low geostrophic kinetic energy flux transects .\nbiological samples (squares and circles), larval fish habitat centroids (red symbols), species centroids (stars) and environmental data (arrows); first axis is horizontal and second axis vertical. data collected on five cruises in southern gulf of california and adjacent pacific. sal: absolute salinity; zb: zooplanktonic displacement volume; fluo: fluorescence; temp: conservative temperature; do: dissolved oxygen .\ndendrogram of larval fish samples defined by the bray - curtis dissimilarity derived from high geostrophic kinetic energy transects .\nfish larvae data collected in samples from high energy zones in the southern gulf of california .\n) and simper analyses between larval fish habitats (lfh) classified according to the bray - curtis measured in highest geostrophic kinetic energetic zone .\ntriplot based on a canonical correspondence analysis (cca) ordination diagram from high geostrophic kinetic energy flux transects .\nbiological samples (squares and circles), larval fish habitat centroids (red symbols), species centroids (stars) and environmental data (arrows); first axis is horizontal, second axis vertical, collected in transects with high energy zones in southern of gulf of california. sal: absolute salinity; zb: zooplanktonic displacement volume; fluo: fluorescence; temp: conservative temperature; do: dissolved oxygen. lfh: larval fish habitat .\nthe rotation of the eddy, regardless of its direction, might generate mixing by convergence and divergence, resulting in less stable conditions that favor both larval survival and subsequent recruitment, but vertical dispersal will decrease the availability of food for larvae, as mentioned lasker et al. [ 65 ] for sardine larvae in the california current .\nthe effect of the eddies on the zooplankton organisms is complex because eddies evolve over time as a result of processes such as diffusion and interaction with the wind [ 9, 67 ]. moreover, submesoscale processes like ageostrophic secondary circulation and mixing can modulate the plankton community distribution / structure through localized vertical fluxes at the eddy periphery [ 67 – 70 ]. therefore more detailed observations and modelling will be required to fully understand the interaction of the zooplankton organisms with the eddy dynamics .\na number of fish larvae in lines with low geostrophic kinetic energy flux. b table average of environmental variables in lines with low geostrophic kinetic energy flux .\na number of fish larvae in lines with high geostrophic kinetic energy flux. b table average of environmental variables in lines with high geostrophic kinetic energy flux .\nmyers ra, drinkwater k. the influence of gulf stream warm core rings on recruitment of fish in the northwest atlantic. j mar res. 1989; 47: 635–656 .\nomand mm, d’asaro ea, lee cm, perry mj, briggs n, cetinić i, et al. eddy - driven subduction exports particulate organic carbon from the spring bloom. science (80 -). 2015; 348: 222–225. pmid: 25814062\npiontkovski s, williams r, peterson w, kosnirev vk. relationship between oceanic mesozooplankton and energy of eddy fields. mar ecol prog ser. 1995; 128: 35–41. available :\ngruber n, lachkar z, frenzel h, marchesiello p, münnich m, mcwilliams jc, et al. eddy - induced reduction of biological production in eastern boundary upwelling systems. nat geosci. nature publishing group; 2011; 4: 787–792 .\ngodø or, samuelsen a, macaulay gj, patel r, hjøllo ss, horne j, et al. mesoscale eddies are oases for higher trophic marine life. plos one. public library of science; 2012; 7: e30161. pmid: 22272294\nbrown sl, landry mr, selph ke, jin yang e, rii ym, bidigare rr. diatoms in the desert: plankton community response to a mesoscale eddy in the subtropical north pacific. deep res part ii top stud oceanogr. 2008; 55: 1321–1333 .\ncrawford wr, brickley pj, thomas ac. mesoscale eddies dominate surface phytoplankton in northern gulf of alaska. prog oceanogr. 2007; 75: 287–303 .\nmoore ts, matear rj, marra j, clementson l. phytoplankton variability off the western australian coast: mesoscale eddies and their role in cross - shelf exchange. deep res part ii top stud oceanogr. 2007; 54: 943–960 .\neden br, steinberg dk, goldthwait s a. , mcgillicuddy dj. zooplankton community structure in a cyclonic and mode - water eddy in the sargasso sea. deep res part i oceanogr res pap. 2009; 56: 1757–1776 .\nfernández e, álvarez f, anadón r, barquero s, bode a, garcía a, et al. the spatial distribution of plankton communities in a slope water anticyclonic oceanic eddy (swoddy) in the southern bay of biscay. j mar biol assoc uk. 2004; 84: 501–517 .\nsánchez - velasco l, beier e, avalos - garcía c, lavín mf. larval fish assemblages and geostrophic circulation in bahía de la paz and the surrounding southwestern region of the gulf of california. j plankton res. 2006; 28: 1081–1098 .\nladd c, crawford wr, harpold ce, johnson wk, kachel nb, stabeno pj, et al. a synoptic survey of young mesoscale eddies in the eastern gulf of alaska. deep res part ii top stud oceanogr. elsevier; 2009; 56: 2460–2473." ]

{ "text": [ "vinciguerria lucetia is a species of marine ray-finned fish in the genus vinciguerria known by the common name panama lightfish .", "it is a small bioluminescent fish , with two rows of tiny photophores along its body .", "it is very abundant in the tropical indopacific where it makes large vertical migrations each day . " ], "topic": [ 22, 23, 28 ] }

[ "vinciguerria lucetia is a species of marine ray-finned fish in the genus vinciguerria known by the common name panama lightfish. it is a small bioluminescent fish, with two rows of tiny photophores along its body. it is very abundant in the tropical indopacific where it makes large vertical migrations each day." ]

[ "adult variable ladybird, coelophora inaequalis (coleoptera: coccinellidae). image: tim holmes © plant & food research\nlarva of variable ladybird, coelophora inaequalis (coleoptera: coccinellidae). image: tim holmes © plant & food research\ntwo adult variable ladybird, coelophora inaequalis (coleoptera: coccinellidae). image: tim holmes © plant & food research\neggs of variable ladybird, coelophora inaequalis (coleoptera: coccinellidae). image: tim holmes © plant & food research\npupae of variable ladybird, coelophora inaequalis (coleoptera: coccinellidae). image: tim holmes © plant & food research\nunderside of adult variable ladybird, coelophora inaequalis (coleoptera: coccinellidae). image: tim holmes © plant & food research\nadult variable ladybird, coelophora inaequalis (coleoptera: coccinellidae). image: nicholas a. martin © nicholas a. martin\nlarva of variable ladybird, coelophora inaequalis (coleoptera: coccinellidae). image: nicholas a. martin © plant & food research\nlarva of variable ladybird, coelophora inaequalis (coleoptera: coccinellidae), from above. image: tim holmes © plant & food research\nlarva of variable ladybird, coelophora inaequalis (coleoptera: coccinellidae), from below. image: tim holmes © plant & food research\nadult variable ladybird, coelophora inaequalis (coleoptera: coccinellidae), about 5 mm long. image: tim holmes © plant & food research\nunderside of larva of variable ladybird, coelophora inaequalis (coleoptera: coccinellidae). image: nicholas a. martin © plant & food research\nlarva of variable ladybird, coelophora inaequalis (coleoptera: coccinellidae), feeding on aphids. image: tim holmes © plant & food research\nlarva of variable ladybird, coelophora inaequalis (coleoptera: coccinellidae), early instar from above. image: tim holmes © plant & food research\nlarva of variable ladybird, coelophora inaequalis (coleoptera: coccinellidae), in an aphid colony. image: tim holmes © plant & food research\nlarva of variable ladybird, coelophora inaequalis (coleoptera: coccinellidae), early instar with moulted skin. image: tim holmes © plant & food research\nlarva of variable ladybird, coelophora inaequalis (coleoptera: coccinellidae), and moulted larval skin. image: nicholas a. martin © plant & food research\nlarva of variable ladybird, coelophora inaequalis (coleoptera: coccinellidae), late instar in an aphid colony. image: tim holmes © plant & food research\ntwo pupae of variable ladybird, coelophora inaequalis (coleoptera: coccinellidae), showing the variable background colour. image: tim holmes © plant & food research\ntwo pupae of variable ladybird, coelophora inaequalis (coleoptera: coccinellidae), from the top (right) and side. image: tim holmes © plant & food research\nlarva of variable ladybird, coelophora inaequalis (coleoptera: coccinellidae), from the side showing the anal sucker on the leaf stalk. image: tim holmes © plant & food research\nadult variable ladybird, coelophora inaequalis (coleoptera: coccinellidae), note the different pattern of the black pattern on the elytra. image: nicholas a. martin © plant & food research\nmartin na. 2016, revised 2017. variable ladybird - coelophora inaequalis. interesting insects and other invertebrates. new zealand arthropod factsheet series number 40. urltoken date accessed. issn 1179 - 643x .\npupae of variable ladybird, coelophora inaequalis (coleoptera: coccinellidae), from the underside with the moulted larvae skin at the base of the abdomen (right). image: tim holmes © plant & food research\ntable: prey of variable ladybird, coelophora inaequalis (coleoptera: coccinellidae), from plant - synz database (28 july 2017). the reliability score shows the quality of evidence for the host association (0 - 10, 10 = high quality) .\nc. inaequalis is a generalist feeder on a number of different aphid species and has been introduced several to countries as a biological control agent to combat them. it is common in the north of new zealand. a copulating pair thanks to wikipedia for text and information: urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nthe coccinellidae (coleoptera) of america north of mexico robert d. gordon. 1985. journal of the new york entomological society, vol. 93, no. 1 .\na distributional checklist of the beetles (coleoptera) of florida. peck & thomas. 1998. florida department of agriculture and consumer services, gainesville. 180 pp .\namerican beetles, volume ii: polyphaga: scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett, r. h. , jr. , m. c. thomas, p. e. skelley and j. h. frank. (eds .). 2002. crc press llc, boca raton, fl .\ncontributed by robin mcleod on 26 january, 2005 - 11: 48pm additional contributions by mike quinn, harsi s. parker, james bailey, abigail parker last updated 13 january, 2018 - 3: 13pm\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nthis page contains information and pictures about variable ladybird beetles that we found in the brisbane area, queensland, australia .\nthe ladybirds are bright orange - yellow in colour with four various pattern black dot on each wing - covers. there is a black line at the meeting edges of the wing - covers. the dot patterns are various between individual .\nand looking for a place to eat it. the milkweed aphids suck the juice of milkweed so we believe the aphids are toxic themselves, for the aphids store the chemical of the milkweed plants in their body. the ladybird must have evolved the solution to overcome the toxic .\nthe ladybird female are about the same size, or a bit larger than the male .\nafter mating, the female lay a batch of eggs, about ten, on leaf surface .\nabout a week, the larvae hatch from the eggs. they are black in colour and may be mistaken as ants. they start to look for the aphids as their first meal .\nmost other insect larvae consume their own eggs shells when hatched, as their first meal. the ladybird larvae seem do not do that. we also found that ladybird larvae do not eat their moulted skin in all instars stage .\nladybird larva is not easy to be identified. different species may look similar. ladybird larvae do not resemble adults. they are soft - bodied and are variously coloured with spots and are adorned with spines. their short legs protrude out from their elongate bodies, which are often dark with brightly colored markings. as in the pictures above, larvae are usually found in aphid colonies .\nin our backyard, we have a red flower hibiscus plant. in early spring, the number of aphids built up. a week later the ladybirds caome and very soon the number of aphids was under control. the above first picture shows two ladybird larvae hunting the\non the hibiscus plant. usually we easily find both adult and larva hunting on the same plant if the plant infected by those aphids .\nladybird larvae develop rapidly. the larva emerges from the eggs takes 1 - 2 weeks. the larva reaches maturity within 2 weeks. pupation takes place on plants where the larva fed and the adult emerges from the pupa after 1 - 2 weeks .\nthe pupa has the same colour as adult. this pupa took about 8 days to turn into an adults, during summer. .\nthe dot patterns are highly variable between individual. the above pictures are some examples. please also see the\nthis distinctive adventive ladybird from australia, pacific islands and south east asia was first found in auckland in 1966. it has been found on little barrier island and is common in the auckland region where it can be seen in parks and gardens on trees, shrubs and other plants infested with aphids .\nconservation status: this adventive ladybird is present in the auckland region and feeds on adventive aphids and it may assist with control of aphids on economic and ornamental plants .\nthe distinctly coloured adults are about five millimetres long. the head, prothorax (first part of the middle body) and elytra (wing covers) are orange and black with the black markings forming a cross on each elytron. under the elytra is a pair of wings used for flying. the legs are black at their base and mid brown on the distal segments. the small head has a pair of compound eyes and two short antennae. the antennae and palps are also brown .\nfemale ladybirds lay yellow eggs near infestations of prey. a long larva hatches from each egg. the newly hatched larva is dark grey and has short dark tubercles. older larvae have areas of white and pale yellow. the first abdominal segment is white laterally, while the fourth abdominal segment is white on top and on the sides. there are three pairs of legs. larvae also use the tip of the abdomen for holding onto the substrate on which they are walking. as the larva grows, it moults (changes skin). there are four larval instars (stages). when the fourth larval instar is fully grown, it attaches itself to a sheltered place on a plant and moults into a pupa. the pupa background colour varies from pale to mid brown. the black spots and patches are more sharply defined on the pale pupae. the moulted larval skin remains at the base of the pupa. adults hatch from pupae and mate. the length of time of each life stage depends on temperature, being shorter at higher temperatures .\nannual cycle the ladybird probably overwinters (may - september) as adults. new season eggs are laid in spring. there are at least three generations per year in auckland .\nwalking and flying both adult and larval stages of this ladybird have three pairs of legs that can be used for walking. larvae also use the tip of the abdomen for holding onto the substrate. adults have wings and can fly .\nfeeding the adult and larval ladybirds eat aphids and possibly other small insects. the jaws are the primarily structures used for holding and chewing the prey, and in this species of ladybird the front legs of larvae are also used for holding food .\nin new zealand adult variable ladybirds are easily recognised by their circular shape and black cross like pattern on the orange - red elytra (wing covers). in australia the pattern of black on the elytra is variable, hence the common name and many synonyms .\nthe larvae can also be recognised by the pale yellow and white pattern on the darker body. two features of all larvae are lateral white spots on the first abdominal segment and white on the side and top of the fourth abdominal segment. the pupae are variable, but distinctive. they can be pale yellow brown with black spots or a more uniform darker brown .\nno natural enemies of the variable ladybird are known in new zealand. they are probably preyed upon by birds, spiders and predatory insects .\nadults have been found in late summer in association with pittosporum psyllid, trioza vitreoradiata (maskell, 1879) (hemiptera: triozidae). they may have been feeding on the honeydew .\nboth adults and larvae feed on aphids. they are associated with aphids on trees and shrubs. the jaws are the primarily structures used for holding and chewing the prey, and in this species of ladybird the front legs of larvae are also used for holding food .\nbiological control of pests in gardens and parks this ladybird contributes to the control of aphids on trees and shrubs. for example, it can be seen in colonies of the yellow aphid, aphis nerii boyer de fonscolombe, 1841 (hemiptera: aphididae) on swan plants .\nif pesticides are needed to control other pests, it is advisable to use chemicals that will have minimal harmful effects on the ladybirds or to use them at a time when the ladybirds are not present .\ndiverse habits of ‘ladybirds’ not all ladybirds eat insects; some feed on mites. other species eat plant leaves and are pests especially in some tropical countries, whereas other ladybirds feed on fungi. one of these, illeis galbula (mulsant, 1850), from australia, feeds on powdery mildew fungi. in new zealand it is common on pumpkins and other cucurbits, plants that are commonly infected by powdery mildews. a plant feeding ladybird, hadda beetle (epilachna vigintioctopunctata (fabricius, 1775) ) recently established in auckland feeds on plants in the solanaceae (potato family) .\nnicholson ah 1971. a new coccinellid (coleoptera) record for new zealand. new zealand entomologist 5 (1): 79 - 81 .\nslipinski a, hastings a, boyd b 2007. ladybirds of australia. retrieved april 2011. urltoken\nthe new zealand institute for plant & food research limited (plant & food research) for permission to use photographs .\n1 august 2017, na martin. added new photo of adult. prey table updated .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\ntimberlake, p. h. 1943 ,\nthe coccinellidae or ladybeetles of the koebele collection — part i\n, hawiian planters' record, honolulu, hawaii, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 7 - 67\nlea, a. m. 1902 ,\ndescriptions of new species of australian coleoptera. part vi\n, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales, vol. 26 [ 1901 ], pp. 481 - 513\nblackburn, t. 1894 ,\nfurther notes on australian coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species. part xvi\n, transactions of the royal society of south australia, vol. 18, pp. 200 - 240\nblackburn, t. 1892 ,\nfurther notes on australian coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species. part xii\n, transactions of the royal society of south australia, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 207 - 261\nkay, e. a. 1979, vol. bernice p. bishop museum special publication vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 653 pp. , bishop museum press, honolulu, hawaii\nscott, r. r. ; emberson, r. m. 1999: handbook of the new zealand insect names: common and scientific names for insects and alllied organisms. bulletin of the entomological society of new zealand 12: 100pp\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 04613f10 - eecc - 4a87 - 94bf - b669b36e6766\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 3b4fb2b5 - 8084 - 4504 - 82cc - be3b7b88df10\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: a37f365b - a339 - 464b - ac1f - 479e1fb5cb21\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 393971\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njournal of the new york entomological society, vol. 93, no. 1\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nflies, caddisflies, craneflies, damselflies dragonflies, gnats, mayflies. midges, mosquitoes\ninsects (ants, beetles, bugs, cicadas, cockroaches, centipedes, crickets, grasshoppers, lacewings, ladybirds, mantis, millipedes, scale, shield bugs, stick insects, wetas, weevils, etc .) .\nbug (shield bug) (brown shield bug) (dictyotus caenosus) .\nbug (shield bug) (brown marmorated stink bug) (halyomorpha halys) .\nbug (shield bug) (brown soldier bug) (cermatulus nasalis) .\nbug (shield bug) schellenberg' s soldier bug (oechalia schellenbergii) .\nbug (shield bug) (yellow spotted stink bug) (erthesina fullo) .\nbug (shield bug 5th instar (brown shield bug) (dictyotus caenosus) .\nreptiles (frogs, geckos, skinks, snakes, lizards, turtles) .\ntrees & shrubs (new zealand native) botanical names a to f with photo .\ntrees & shrubs (new zealand native) botanical names g to l with photo .\ntrees & shrubs (new zealand native) botanical names m to q with photo .\ntrees & shrubs (new zealand native) botanical names r to z with photo .\ntrees (new zealand) hebes and their hybrids & cultivars (photos) .\nweeds & escapee plants: a to f (common names with photo) .\nweeds & escapee plants: g to l (common names with photo) .\nweeds & escapee plants: m to q (common names and photo) .\nweeds & escapee plants: r to z (common names with photo) .\ndouble - cross ladybird, variable ladybird, common australian lady beetle, common australian ladybug .\nprevious page: ladybird (two spotted) adalia bipunctata. next page: ladybird (yellow - shouldered) apolinus lividigaster\n© copyright 2008 - 2018 - t. e. r: r. a. i. n. all rights reserved. last update: 01 - apr - 18. site designed & hosted by smokeylemon .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\npair of variable ladybirds on coriander leaf photograph copyright: ozwildlife - all rights reserved. used with permission .\nvariable ladybirds with smaller spots on wings. photograph copyright: ozwildlife - all rights reserved. used with permission .\nlarva eats aphids too photograph copyright: ozwildlife - all rights reserved. used with permission .\ntwo pupae photograph copyright: ozwildlife - all rights reserved. used with permission .\nvariable ladybirds mating photograph copyright: ozwildlife - all rights reserved. used with permission .\nvariable ladybird photograph copyright: ozwildlife - all rights reserved. used with permission .\nvariable ladybirds have a number of colour and pattern variations. some are blotched, some are spotted and some are striped. photograph copyright: ozwildlife - all rights reserved. used with permission .\nthe variable ladybird is a small beetle with four spots on each wing. they are orange or orange - yellow. usually the spots are quite large blotches, but sometimes the spots are quite small. they are active during the day and adults and larvae can be found living on the same food plants .\nvariable ladybirds lay eggs on food plants. the eggs hatch into carnivorous larvae, then pupate into oval pupae before hatching out as adults .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is turned off in your web browser. please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos, or try our html specimensearch option .\ntaxon name is the\nnamestring\nor\nscientific name ,\nthe\ndata\nthat is used to form identifications and the core of every taxonomy record .\ntaxon term is the data value of either a classification term (\nanimalia\n) or classification metadata (such as name authors) .\nterm type is the rank (\nkingdom\n) for classification terms, in which role it may be null, and the label for classification metadata (\nauthor text\n) .\nsource indicates the source of a classification (not a taxon name). some classifications are local; most come from globalnames .\ncommon names are vernacular term associated with taxon names, and are not necessarily english, correct, or common." ]

{ "text": [ "coelophora inaequalis , the variable ladybird , common australian lady beetle or common australian ladybug is a ladybird species endemic to australia , oceania and southern asia .", "the variable ladybird gets its name from the black markings on the adult elytra , that vary from one individual to another .", "c. inaequalis was introduced into florida and hawaii as a biological control agent to combat sipha flava , the yellow sugarcane aphid . " ], "topic": [ 27, 25, 12 ] }

[ "coelophora inaequalis, the variable ladybird, common australian lady beetle or common australian ladybug is a ladybird species endemic to australia, oceania and southern asia. the variable ladybird gets its name from the black markings on the adult elytra, that vary from one individual to another. c. inaequalis was introduced into florida and hawaii as a biological control agent to combat sipha flava, the yellow sugarcane aphid." ]

[ ". reinterpreting recapitulation: systematics of needlefishes and their allies (teleostei: beloniformes) .\nbeloniformes (needlefishes and relatives) .\ngrzimek' s animal life encyclopedia. . retrieved july 09, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\n. the trophic ecology, functional morphology and phylogeny of the hemiramphidae (beloniformes). ph. d. diss. university of queensland, brisbane .\nbeloniformes (needlefishes and relatives) .\ngrzimek' s animal life encyclopedia. . encyclopedia. com. (july 9, 2018). urltoken\nbeloniformes themselves often fall prey to larger fishes. flyingfishes in particular are eaten by mackerel, tuna, and marlin, among other predatory fishes, as well as squids and birds .\nthe beloniformes is one of three orders within the series atherinomorpha. one of the other two orders, the atheriniformes, is thought by some ichthyologists to represent an unnatural grouping of several lineages, while others consider it monophyletic (a natural group). the other order, cyprinodontiformes, is the sister - group of the beloniformes, as evidenced by numerous internal characters, including modifications to the gill arches and the bones surrounding the eyes. both cyprinodontiformes and beloniformes are agreed to be monophyletic. beloniformes themselves are united by derived internal characters of the gill arches rather than any conspicuous external morphological characters. five families of fishes make up the order beloniformes: adrianichthyidae (ricefishes), belonidae (needlefishes), scomberesocidae (sauries), exocoetidae (flyingfishes), and hemiramphidae (halfbeaks). within these families are 38 genera and about 200 species, 51 of which are either brackish or freshwater, the remainder of which are marine .\nlovejoy, n. r .\nreinterpreting recapitulation: systematics of needlefishes and their allies (teleostei: beloniformes) .\nevolution 54 (2000): 1, 349–1, 362 .\nbeloniformes means\nneedle - shaped\nfrom the greek, belone meaning needle, and the latin forma meaning shape. the fossil record for the group dates back to the early tertiary period .\ndasilao, j. c. , jr. , and k. sasaki .\nphylogeny of the flyingfish family exocoetidae (teleostei, beloniformes) .\nichthyological research 45 (1998): 347–353 .\nthe earliest known fossil beloniformes are just over 50 million years old, and come from two sites: the exocoetids from monte bolca in italy, and the hemiramphids from the selsey formation in england. beloniformes are broadly divided into two suborders, the exocoetoidei (beaked forms: belonids, scomberesocids, exocoetids, and hemiramphids) and the adrianichthyoidei (lacking a beak; adrianichthyids). adrianichthyids were traditionally included within the cyprinodontiformes until rosen and parenti argued for their inclusion within the beloniformes in 1981, based mainly on characters of the gill arches and hyoid apparatus. adrianichthyids are now considered to be the sister lineage to the rest of the order, within which the sister groups belonidae - scomberesocidae and hemiramphidae - exocoetidae have been suggested .\nbeloniformes are long, silvery streamlined fishes that live near the surface and feed on plankton, small fishes and invertebrates. species within the group have a variety of jaw lengths and shapes, and most species go through a half - beak stage during development, where the lower jaw is elongated .\nday, r. d. , mueller, f. , carseldine, l. , meyers - cherry, n. & tibbetts, i. r. 2015. ballistic beloniformes attacking through snell' s window. journal of fish biology doi: 10. 1111 / jfb. 12799 abstract\ncollette, b. b. , g. e. mcgowen, n. v. parin, and s. mito .\nbeloniformes: development and relationships .\nin ontogeny and systematics of fishes, edited by h. g. moser. lawrence, ks: allen press, 1984 .\norder beloniformes (medakas, needlefishes, halfbeaks, and allies) absence of the interhyal bone; reduction or loss of the interarcual cartilage; a single, ventral hypohyal bone; distinctive caudal skeleton characterized by the lower caudal lobe with more principal rays than in the upper caudal lobe. 5 families, with…\ncollette, b. b. , mcgowen, g. e. , parin, n. v. & mito, s. 1984. beloniformes: development and relationships. 335–354 figs 172–185 in moser, h. g. et al. (eds). ontogeny and systematics of fishes. american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists. special publication 1: 1–760 .\nan order of actinopterygian (ray - finned) fishes containing the flyingfishes, needlefishes, and halfbeaks. fishes in the order beloniformes, along with those of the atheriniformes and cyprinodontiformes, comprise the series atherinomorpha. members of the beloniformes are identified by the following features: interarcual cartilage that connects the first and second gill arches; small second and third epibranchials; an absence of an interhyal; a nonprotrusible upper jaw; far posterior placement of the dorsal and anal fins; abdominal pelvic fins; and the lower caudal fin lobed with more principal rays than the upper lobe, and significantly longer in needlefishes and flyingfishes. the order consists of approximately 260 species in about 35 genera and 5 or 6 families. each family has distinctive features that make identification simple. see also: actinopterygii; atheriniformes; cyprinodontiformes; teleostei\nsome beloniformes are used by humans as more than just food. numerous freshwater species, including halfbeaks, ricefishes, and needlefishes, can be found in the aquarium trade. in thailand, the halfbeak, dermogenys pusillus, is bred in captivity so that males, which will engage rivals by locking jaws, can be used as fighting fish. members of the genus oryzias are propagated in large numbers in captivity to be used in experimental research .\nthe optimization of jaw characters on the total molecular evidence beloniform tree clearly falsifies the scenario proposed by nichols and breder (1928) and supported by de beer (1940). these authors hypothesized that needlefishes are the basal members of beloniformes, and that halfbeaks represent a more derived paedomorphic lineage. instead, our hypothesis suggests that halfbeaks are relatively basal members of beloniformes, and the needlefish morphology is relatively derived. the presence of elongate lower jaws in both juveniles and adults is relatively plesiomorphic, whereas the evolution of an elongate upper jaw in adults is a relatively derived condition. collette et al. (1984) also supported this scenario, based on a phylogeny in which each of the traditional beloniform families was monophyletic. in the topology presented here, the basal paraphyletic position of the halfbeaks provides additional confidence in the optimization of the elongate lower jaw in juvenile and adult as the relatively plesiomorphic states .\nno beloniformes are cites listed, or listed as endangered by the u. s. fish and wildlife service. however, 16 species are included on the iucn red list. eight of those, mostly oryzias species, are categorized as vulnerable, one species is listed as lower risk / near threatened, and two species are listed as data deficient. three species are listed as endangered: oryzias orthognathus, xenopoecilus oophorus, and xenopoecilus sarasinorum. listed as critically endangered are adrianichthys kruyti and xenopoecilus poptae, both of which are known only from lake poso, sulawesi. although no beloniformes are formally listed as extinct in the wild by the u. s. fish and wildlife service or extinct by the iucn, adrianichthys kruyti is generally thought to be extinct. pressure from an introduced species of catfish, in addition to parasites that entered the lake with the catfish, are implicated in the decline of the lake poso adrianichthyids .\nmany beloniformes are fished at night using lights, and some rather creative methods have been devised. where flyingfishes are abundant, fishermen that leave a light suspended all night over a canoe partially filled with water can return in the morning to a boat full of fresh fish. the fish are drawn to the light and jump into the canoe, but have too little water to jump back out. flyingfishes are also attracted to leaves or straw scattered about the surface as a place to lay their eggs, and can be fished by using such material .\nadrianichthyids, the most basal among the beloniformes, are superficially unlike other members of the group. most of the species are in the genus oryzias, and are small, relatively deep - bodied fishes with large eyes, upturned mouths, and a long anal fin base. noteworthy in the family is the duckbilled buntingi (adrianichthys kruyti), which has a bill - shaped mouth with the upper jaw overhanging the lower. xenopoecilus species also have a bill - shaped mouth, and the carry their eggs at the base of the pelvic fins by way of filamentous attachments .\nbeloniformes are widely distributed in temperate and tropical marine and fresh waters. adrianichthyids are found in asian fresh and brackish waters from india to japan, and in the indo - australian archipelago. belonids are found in the open ocean in tropical and temperate seas worldwide, with numerous species in the freshwaters of south america and some in asia. like marine belonids, scomberesocids are widely distributed in warmer waters of the open ocean. exocoetids are found in warm waters of the atlantic, pacific, and indian oceans. hemiramphids have a similar distribution in marine waters, but have also invaded freshwaters, especially in the indo - australian region .\nbeloniformes utilize a relatively wide spectrum of foods. most impressive perhaps are the marine needlefishes, which cruise through the surface waters of the open ocean devouring small fishes. however, not all needlefishes are piscivores. in the amazon, many belonids feed heavily on zooplankton or insects. belonion apodion, which grows only to about 2 in (5 cm), is unusual in that it deftly snaps up individual rotifers, which are less than 0. 004 in (0. 1 mm) long and usually pass through the gill rakers of filter - feeding planktivorous fishes. potamorrhaphis, which prefers terrestrial insects (especially flying ants), hovers motionlessly and waits for prey to fall to the surface alongside its body. then it rapidly curls the body and strikes at the prey from the side .\nbeloniformes are typically elongate fishes, with dorsal and anal fins situated posteriorly on the body and the lateral line situated ventrally. additional characteristics of the group include fusion of the toothed 5th ceratobranchials into a lower pharyngeal jaw and an open nasal pit. belonids, aptly called needlefishes, are sleek and garlike piscivores, with very long upper and lower jaws studded with sharp teeth. they can achieve lengths of up to 3. 3 ft (1 m). a small number of needle - fishes have a reduced upper jaw, and like halfbeaks, feed on plankton and insects. scomberesocids, of which the largest are about 1. 65 ft (0. 5 m) long, can be distinguished from belonids by the five or six finlets behind their dorsal and anal fins. the diminutive scomberesocid cololabis adocetus, at 3 in (7. 5 cm), is the smallest fish in the surface waters of the open ocean .\nthe order beloniformes, a group that currently includes the needlefishes (belonidae), halfbeaks (hemiramphidae), flyingfishes (exocoetidae), sauries (scomberesocidae) and ricefishes (adrianichthyidae) (rosen and parenti, 1981; collette et al. , 1984) is a good model system for investigating the evolution of ontogeny. beloniform species exhibit striking variation in jaw structure that varies both ontogenetically and phylogenetically, and appears related to feeding. the most spectacular ontogenetic changes occur in belonid needlefishes. larval needlefishes have short jaws of equal length. however, in juveniles, the lower jaw elongates first, producing a morphology that is distinctly reminiscent of a related family, the halfbeaks (hemiramphidae) —indeed, needlefishes in this juvenile “halfbeak” form have been mistakenly described as new species of hemiramphids (collette and parin, 1970). later, the upper jaw elongates as well, giving rise to the nearly equal length jaws of most adult needlefishes. these transformations appear linked to ecological shifts: juvenile needlefishes in the “halfbeak” morphology feed primarily on plankton, while most adult needlefishes are piscivorous (boughton et al. , 1991) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncarroll, r. , 1988 | helfman, g. , b. collette and d. facey, 1997\ninterarcual cartilage (connects the epibranchial bone of the first gill arch with the infrapharyngobranchial of the second gill arch) small or absent; small second and third epibranchials; interhyal absent; lower caudal fin lobe with more principal rays than the upper lobe. presence of a fixed or nonprotrusible upper jaw .\ngreek aktis = ray, thunderbolt, beam + greek pterygion, diminutive of pteryx = wing, fin. ref. 45335 .\ngreek, belone = needle + latin, forma = shape (ref. 45335) .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nnathan r. lovejoy, mahmood iranpour, bruce b. collette; phylogeny and jaw ontogeny of beloniform fishes, integrative and comparative biology, volume 44, issue 5, 1 november 2004, pages 366–377, urltoken\nto investigate jaw evolution in beloniform fishes, we reconstructed the phylogeny of 54 species using fragments of two nuclear (rag2 and tmo - 4c4) and two mitochondrial (cytochrome b and 16s rrna) genes. our total molecular evidence topology refutes the monophyly of needlefishes (belonidae) and halfbeaks (hemiramphidae), but supports the monophyly of flyingfishes (exocoetidae) and sauries (scomberesocidae). flyingfishes are nested within halfbeaks, and sauries are nested within needlefishes. optimization of jaw characters on the tree reveals a diverse array of evolutionary changes in ontogeny. during their development, needlefishes pass through a “halfbeak” stage that closely resembles the adult condition in the hemiramphid halfbeaks. the reconstruction of jaw transitions falsifies the hypothesis that halfbeaks are paedomorphic derivatives of needlefishes. instead, halfbeaks make up a basal paraphyletic grade within beloniforms, and the needlefish jaw morphology is relatively derived. the parallel between needlefish ontogeny and beloniform phylogeny is discussed, and clades amenable to future morphological analysis are proposed .\nphylogeny is integral to understanding the evolution of ontogeny. without a firm understanding of a group' s evolutionary relationships, the polarities of ontogenetic transformations are irretrievable. in particular, determining the role of heterochrony (changes in developmental timing during evolution) depends on phylogenetic patterns. gould (1977) emphasized this point, which was further developed by alberch et al. (1979), and rephrased in a cladistic context by fink (1982). two broad heterochronic patterns have been identified, paedomorphosis and peramorphosis. in taxa that exhibit paedomorphosis, descendant adults exhibit morphological features of the juveniles of their putative ancestors. in peramorphosis, descendant taxa extend the ontogeny of ancestors, so that adult features of the ancestor appear in the juveniles of descendants. in both cases, alterations of developmental timing produce parallels between ontogeny and phylogeny. numerous studies have implicated heterochrony in the evolution of morphology in fishes (e. g. , bemis, 1984; winterbottom, 1990; boughton et al. , 1991; johnson and brothers, 1993; zelditch et al. , 2000). gould (1977) points out that the endeavour to assess the relative frequencies of peramorphosis versus paeodomorphosis may be misplaced in a field with nearly limitless empirical potential. however, the examination of specific cases may still yield valuable insight into the relationship between phylogeny, ontogeny and ecology .\nthe similarity in jaw morphology between juvenile needlefishes and the closely related hemiramphidae has provoked alternative interpretations. severtsov (1927; summarized in gould, 1977) thought that the ontogeny of needlefishes paralleled the phylogeny of beloniforms. he hypothesized that short - jawed ancestral flyingfishes gave rise to descendant halfbeaks, which in turn gave rise to the more advanced needlefishes. needlefish ontogeny would thus be an example of the phenomenon of recapitulation or peramorphosis. nichols and breder (1928), on the other hand, building on the work of schlesinger (1909) and regan (1911) proposed an alternative beloniform phylogeny. in their scheme, needlefishes are the most basal family, and gave rise to hemiramphids, which in turn gave rise to flyingfishes. they hypothesized that hemiramphids are “fixed larval” (or paedomorphic) needlefishes (nichols and breder, 1928, p. 435). de beer (1940) reported this finding in his book “embryos and ancestors” which emphasized the importance of paedomorphosis as an evolutionary pattern .\nclearly, differentiating between the paedomorphosis and recapitulation scenarios for beloniforms is only possible with a robust phylogenetic hypothesis for the group. lovejoy (2000) presented a phylogenetic analysis based on 2 mitochondrial genes, a nuclear gene, and morphology for representatives of all 5 beloniform families. the result falsified nichols and breder' s (1928) paedomorphic hemiramphid origin hypothesis, which predicted a basal position for needlefishes. instead, hemiramphids were found to represent a basal paraphyletic grade, with needlefishes and flyingfishes relatively derived. the phylogenetic position of needlefishes therefore matched the prediction of severtsov' s (1927) recapitulation hypothesis .\nhere, we present an extension and test of lovejoy' s (2000) findings. we have expanded the matrix by adding 14 ingroup taxa to the previous 39, which significantly improves taxonomic coverage of hemiramphids and flyingfishes. we have also added a novel source of character data, by sequencing a 1 kilobase fragment of the nuclear gene, recombination activating gene 2, or rag2. our analysis is based on the nuclear rag2 and tmo - 4c4 genes, and the mitochondrial cytochrome - b and 16s rrna genes. we use the resultant phylogenetic hypothesis to explore the evolution of jaw ontogeny .\nfishes were collected in the field by ourselves or colleagues. gill tissue was either frozen immediately in liquid nitrogen or preserved in 95–100% ethanol or buffer of 20% dmso, 0. 25 m edta at ph 8, saturated with nacl (seutin et al. , 1991). tissue preserved in buffer and stored at room temperature reliably yields amplifiable dna (after storage for up to four years). voucher specimens were preserved in 10% buffered formalin, transferred to 70% ethanol or 50– 55% isopropanol and deposited in museum collections (catalogue numbers for voucher specimens are listed with sequences in genbank) .\nsamples represent all beloniform families, and with the addition of new taxa, 30 of 39 beloniform genera are represented in the study: ten of ten needlefish genera, three of four saury genera, nine of thirteen halfbeak genera, seven of seven flyingfish genera, and one of four ricefish genera. whenever possible, sequences were collected from two individuals of each species, providing a total of 104 terminal taxa for analysis, representing 54 different beloniform species .\nboth mitochondrial and nuclear genes were used for analysis. however, rather than sequencing a single complete mitochondrial gene, smaller segments of two separate genes, cytochrome b (cyt b) and 16s rrna (16s), were examined. this decision was based on the expectation that sampling a range of genes, with different rates and patterns of molecular evolution, would provide phylogenetic information that spanned a broader range of taxonomic divergence. the nuclear gene, tmo - 4c4 (tmo) is an anonymous, putative protein - coding locus identified and used for phylogeny by streelman and karl (1997). it provided resolution of families and genera within labroids, and was thus expected to provide useful information for deeper parts of the beloniform tree. recombination activating gene 2 (rag2) is a nuclear gene that appears to evolve slightly faster than tmo - 4c4 (lovejoy and collette, 2001), and has proven useful for species - level phylogenetic analyses (sullivan et al. , 2000; lovejoy and collette, 2001) .\nfor each sample, approximately 25 mg of tissue was rinsed briefly in water, then dna purified using qiagen' s spin - column tissue kit. cells were lysed at 55° in 20 μl of proteinase k (20 mg / ml) for three to six hours. lysate was bound to the spin column membrane, and washed twice by centrifugation. dna was then eluted by centrifugation twice with 200 μl of low salt buffer .\nin the case of cyt b, 16s, and tmo, template for sequencing was initially amplified using published pcr primers. for rag2, primers were developed by comparing available vertebrate sequences. new primers were then designed for sequencing and additional amplifications (for details and primer lists, see lovejoy, 2000 and lovejoy and collette, 2001). generally, dna was amplified in 50 μl reactions containing 1 μl of dna, 3 mm mgcl 2, 20 mm tris hcl ph 8. 4, 50 mm kcl, 200 μm dntps, 0. 4 μm of each primer, and one unit of gibco taq polymerase. pcr amplifications were performed using the following conditions: 30 second denaturation at 95° to start, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 95° for 30 seconds, annealing at 48°–55° for 60 seconds, and 72° extension for 90 seconds, followed by a final extension of 72° for 5 minutes. in cases where faint secondary bands were detected, template was run in 1% agarose gels, then cut out and cleaned using pcr purification spin columns (qiagen) .\npcr products were cleaned using pcr product pre - sequencing purification kits (qiagen or amersham life science) and then sequenced using a variety of methods. in some cases, we manually sequenced using the thermo sequenase radiolabeled terminator cycle sequencing kit (amersham life science). other samples were cycle sequenced and run on an abi 377 automated sequencer according to manufacturer specifications (applied biosystems, inc. , foster city, ca). some samples were sequenced at the university of calgary core dna and protein services using an abi 377 automated sequencer .\nall 2, 516 characters (965 bp rag2, 497 bp tmo, 636 bp cyt b, and 415 bp 16s) were combined in a single matrix and the heuristic search algorithm of paup * (100 replicates of random taxon additions, tbr branch swapping) was used to search for most parsimonious trees. all characters were uniformly weighted. oryzias (the ricefish representative) was used as an outgroup to root all trees. nuclear, and mitochondrial datasets were also analyzed separately (using the same algorithm and settings) to investigate the contribution provided by each to the total molecular evidence hypothesis. for rag2, sequence from the outgroup oryzias was unobtainable due to pcr difficulties. to test the rooting of the tree, we conducted a separate rag2 analysis with additional outgroups from genbank, including danio (nm _ 131385), takifugu (af108420), campylomormyrus (af201622), gnathonemus (af201628), chitala (af201626), and gymnarchus (af201629). to test the root of the tmo tree, we included genbank sequences for labroids deposited by streelman and karl (1997). the two mitochondrial genes were analyzed together because it was assumed that the small size of each fragment would prevent effective phylogeny reconstruction. decay indices for nodes were calculated using treerot (sorenson, 1996), and bootstrap proportions were calculated using paup * (100 replicates with 50 random taxon additions per replicate) .\nthe evolution of jaw characters was examined by optimizing juvenile and adult conditions on the total molecular evidence tree using macclade (maddison and maddison, 1992). jaw states were derived from the literature and from personal observations of specimens by the authors. we examined the effects of slight changes in tree topology by optimizing characters on alternative topologies .\nfigure 1 shows the single most parsimonious tree derived from an unweighted parsimony analysis of the total molecular dataset. the tree is 5, 670 steps long, with a consistency index (excluding uninformative characters) of 0. 27, and a retention index of 0. 58. in most respects, the tree is similar to the total evidence topology presented in lovejoy (2000). of the five currently recognized beloniform families, only two are monophyletic: the flyingfishes (exocoetidae) and sauries (scomberesocidae), whereas the needlefishes (belonidae) and halfbeaks (hemiramphidae) are paraphyletic. only a single ricefish (adrianichthyidae) was included as an outgroup, prohibiting tests of adrianichthyid monophyly .\nthe monophyletic sauries, which include the genera scomberesox, cololabis, and ellasichthys, are deeply nested within needlefishes. the clade including sauries and the needlefish genera belone and petalichthys appears well - supported by decay indices and bootstrap scores .\nthe relationships of halfbeaks are more complex, with the included genera forming three clades. zenarchopterus, hemirhamphodon, nomorhamphus, and dermogenys, which all practice internal fertilization and are distributed in freshwater and estuaries of the indo - west pacific, comprise a monophyletic group that is the sister clade to needlefishes / sauries. these halfbeak genera have been recognized as a separate family, zenarchopteridae, based on evidence from the pharyngeal jaw apparatus (tibbetts, 1992) and sperm ultrastructure (jamieson and grier, 1993). meisner (2001) provides further anatomical evidence for the monophyly of this clade, with the addition of tondanichthys (not included here). based on the additional support of molecular data, we hereafter use the name zenarchopteridae for this monophyletic group of halfbeaks .\nthe marine halfbeak genera hemiramphus, oxyporhamphus, and euleptorhamphus compose a clade (hereafter referred to as the hemiramphus clade) that is the sister to flyingfishes. finally, the marine halfbeak genera hyporhamphus and arrhamphus make up a small clade that is the sister to needlefishes / sauries and zenarchopteridae. the position of the hyporhamphus / arrhamphus clade is not well - supported; in trees that are two steps longer, the clade may be grouped with the flyingfishes and other marine halfbeaks. however, the position of the zenarchopteridae is well supported, as is the position of the marine hemiramphus clade as the sister group to flyingfishes .\nseparate analyses of the nuclear genes are largely congruent with the total molecular evidence hypothesis. two analyses were conducted with rag2. in the first, only the taxa from the total molecular evidence dataset were included (fig. 2a). in the second, additional outgroups were used to root the tree. in this analysis (fig. 2b), the zenarchopteridae are grouped with the needlefish / saury clade; the hemiramphus clade is grouped with the flyingfishes; and hyporhamphus is the sister to the hemiramphus clade and flyingfishes .\nthe two analyses of tmo were stopped before completion, owing to the large number of equally parsimonious trees (> 60, 000). this is most likely a result of the small size of the tmo dataset relative to the number of otus analyzed (> 100). strict consensus trees of the results (fig. 2c, d) showed congruence with rag2 and with the total molecular evidence hypothesis. these trees were similar to those with smaller numbers of taxa that were presented in lovejoy (2000) .\nseparate analysis of the mtdna genes resulted in four equally parsimonious trees. the consensus (fig. 2e) disagrees in many ways with the total molecular evidence and nuclear gene trees. although some of the more recent relationships seen in the total molecular evidence tree are reiterated (such as the close relationship between the saury genera and petalichthys / belone), many of the deeper parts of the tree are fundamentally different. for example, in the mtdna trees, the freshwater south american potamorrhaphis / belonion clade (not shown) is the basal beloniform lineage, while in the total molecular evidence and nuclear trees, it is deeply nested in the tree. lovejoy (2000) suggested that these differences may be the result of the high levels of homoplasy in cyt b 3rd codon positions. to examine this possibility, cyt b 3rd codon positions were downweighted 1 / 5, and 1 / 10th relative to other changes in additional mtdna analyses. these alternative weighting schemes resulted in topologies that were more similar to the total molecular evidence and nuclear trees (fig. 2f) .\nthe general pattern of relationships indicated by the total molecular evidence analysis places halfbeaks as a series of paraphyletic lineages originating near the base of the tree. needlefishes and sauries are nested within these halfbeak clades, as are flyingfishes. the taxonomic distribution and optimization of jaw characters on this topology is shown in figure 3. the basal condition within beloniforms to the exclusion of ricefishes is the presence of an extended lower jaw in juveniles and in adults. the extended upper jaw appears in the needlefish / saury clade, and in some taxa (xenentodon cancila, and tylosurus crocodilus) the extended upper jaw is also present in juveniles. in flyingfishes, and in some halfbeaks such as arrhamphus (and other genera not included in this study, e. g. , chriodorus and melapedalion), the extended lower jaw is lost in adults. in most flyingfish genera, the extended lower jaw in juveniles is also lost .\nthe expansion of the lovejoy (2000) matrix by 1 kilobase of nuclear gene sequence and 14 new taxa confirms the main conclusions of that study regarding beloniform relationships. the family belonidae is not monophyletic without the inclusion of sauries, traditionally regarded as a distinct family (scomberesocidae). halfbeaks are also non - monophyletic; however, salvaging the family hemiramphidae is more problematic. halfbeaks are divided into three main clades: zenarchopteridae (the indo - west pacific freshwater halfbeaks), the hemiramphus clade (which includes euleptorhamphus and oxyporhamphus), and the hyporhamphus / arrhamphus clade. perhaps the most surprising result is the sister group relationship between zenarchopteridae and needlefishes / sauries. this relationship is supported by high decay indices and bootstrap proportions, and by its presence in separate analyses of the nuclear genes. similarly, the sister group relationship between the hemiramphus clade and flyingfishes is quite strong. the position of the hyporhamphus clade is less clear. in the most parsimonious tree, it is placed as the sister group to the zenarchopterids and needlefishes / sauries; however, in trees two steps longer (and in separate analyses of the nuclear genes), it is grouped with the hemiramphus clade and flyingfishes. increased taxonomic sampling of halfbeaks may resolve this issue; hyporhamphus, the most taxonomically diverse halfbeak genus, with two distinct subgenera, is represented by only two species in this study .\nthe hypothesized division of halfbeaks into three groups has implications for patterns of morphological evolution. the fusion of the third pair of upper pharyngeal bones has been considered a synapomorphy of hemiramphidae (collette et al. , 1984). in light of the topology presented here, these bones either fuse independently in two or more halfbeak lineages, or become unfused in needlefishes and flyingfishes similarly, homoplasy is required in the evolution of the fourth upper pharyngeal toothplates. the plates are absent in halfbeaks and flyingfishes (rosen and parenti, 1981; collette et al. , 1984), thus the present topology requires their independent loss in the three halfbeak / flyingfish lineages, or their reappearance in the needlefish / saury lineage. before more definitive hypotheses concerning the evolution of the characters can be made, a complete anatomical survey needs to be undertaken for beloniforms, and incorporated into the matrix .\nthe inclusion of additional halfbeak and flyingfish taxa provides some interesting results concerning the evolution of gliding. parin (1961), collette et al. , (1984), dasilao et al. (1997), and dasilao and sasaki (1998) have presented phylogenetic hypotheses for flyingfishes. the results presented here are largely in agreement with these previous studies. fodiator is generally considered the least sophisticated glider, along with parexocoetus, and exocoetus. these three genera are “monoplane” gliders, having greatly expanded pectoral fins but not pelvics. cypselurus, prognichthys, and hirundichthys, and cheilopogon (the cypselurinae) are “biplane” gliders, and have expanded pelvic as well as pectoral fins, which help to control gliding stability (davenport, 1992). morphological studies place the monoplane gliders at the base of the exocoetid tree, suggesting a progressive refinement of gliding ability. the molecular data support this idea. dasilao et al. (1997) also showed that, based on morphology, the halfbeak oxyporhamphus, should be considered the basal flyingfish taxon. the molecular data presented here strongly disagree with this hypothesis, placing oxyporhamphus deeply within the hemiramphus clade. several of the characters used by dasilao et al. (1997) are related to gliding (in particular, a strengthened caudal complex for take - offs), and might be convergent features of gliding behavior .\nthe increased number of taxa and the more detailed presentation of jaw condition (fig. 2) compared to lovejoy (2000), makes possible a more complete compilation of evolutionary changes in beloniform jaw ontogeny. figure 4 is a schematic summary of these transitions. the story of beloniform jaws is clearly not limited to the simple transition between the “half - beaked” and “needle - jawed. ” the hypothesized patterns of transformation are complex. the generalized halfbeak ontogeny leads independently to ontogenies in which adults lose the elongate lower jaw (e. g. , oxyporhamphus, arrhamphus). in most flyingfishes, the elongate lower jaw is absent in juveniles. the generalized needlefish ontogeny leads to ontogenies in which juveniles have elongate upper and lower jaws (e. g. , tylosurus crocodilus), and others in which the elongate upper jaw is absent in adults (belonion). in sauries the transitions are particularly striking. cololabis and elassichthys have short upper and lower jaws as adults and juveniles, while scomberesox has elongate upper and lower jaws in adults (collette et al. , 1984). thus, the placement and relationships of sauries requires the loss of elongate upper and lower jaws, followed by their reappearance in scomberesox .\nwhat role has heterochrony played in the evolution of beloniform jaw ontogeny? severtsov (1927; summarized in gould, 1977) proposed that needlefish phylogeny recapitulated beloniform ontogeny. the phylogenetic position of needlefishes relative to halfbeaks fits his prediction. the juvenile jaw morphology of the relatively derived needlefish lineage is similar to the adult morphology of the more basal halfbeak lineages. thus, the ontogenetic sequence in needlefish of short - jawed larva to “halfbeaked” juvenile to “needle - jaw” adult parallels the phylogenetic transition of short - jawed outgroup to hemiramphid halfbeak to belonid needlefish. however, lovejoy (2000) pointed out that von baer' s (1853) critique of recapitulation may apply—the similarities between needlefish juveniles and halfbeak adults may simply be a byproduct of limited divergence of the halfbeak adult from the halfbeak juvenile. in other words: (1) needlefish juveniles look like halfbeak juveniles due to shared ancestry, (2) halfbeak jaw structure does not change dramatically during the transition from juvenile to adult, thus (3) needlefish juveniles look like halfbeak adults. this “von baerian” explanation does not require heterochrony (gould, 1977) .\nunfortunately, the discrete character - based approach used here does not allow differentiation between “von baerian” and true recapitulation caused by changes in developmental timing. one alternative would be to compare ontogenetic trajectories, as did boughton et al. (1991), who optimized upper and lower jaw length trajectories on a needlefish phylogeny. however, zelditch et al. (2000, p. 1363) pointed out that one - dimensional features such as jaw length “…necessarily both develop and evolve along the same dimension so they always suggest parallelism between ontogeny and phylogeny. ” these authors advocate a morphometric shape - based approach, which permits a comparative assessment of the roles of heterochrony and heterotopy (evolutionary change in spatial patterning of development) (wray and mcclay, 1989; zelditch et al. , 2000) .\nbeloniform fishes offer rich possibilities for such investigations. our phylogeny highlights some limitations and opportunities. the transition to “needle - jaw” adults (transition e in figs. 3 and 4) is deep within beloniform phylogeny. reconstruction of hypothetical ancestral ontogenetic trajectories at this node will require extrapolation from large numbers of needlefish and zenarchopterid halfbeak species, and would be relatively speculative. however, a number of ontogenetic transitions are shallow in the tree. in particular, belonion has lost the elongate upper jaw in adults, matures at a very small size, and is hypothesized to be paedomorphic (collette, 1966). detailed developmental analysis of this taxon and its sister clade potamorrhaphis could be extremely informative. similarly, analyses of tylosurus and xenentodon will provide data on the elimination of the juvenile “halfbeak” stage. we view our beloniform phylogeny as a valuable roadmap for further forays into the evolution of ontogeny in this model group of fishes .\n. 1. total molecular evidence (rag2, tmo, 16s, cyt b) phylogenetic hypothesis for beloniform fishes. branch lengths correspond to amounts of character change. numbers above branches are decay indices; number below branches are bootstrap proportions\n. 2. simplified separate analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial genes. separate analyses of rag2 and tmo include additional outgroup taxa (b and d). in weighted analysis of mtdna (e), third codon positions of cyt b were weighted 1 / 10\n. 3. total molecular evidence (rag2, tmo, 16s, cyt b) phylogenetic hypothesis for beloniform fishes, with juvenile and adult jaw characters to the right of each taxon. acctran optimized jaw ontogenetic changes are: a, lower jaw elongate in juveniles; b, lower jaw elongate in adults; c, lower jaw short in adults; d, lower jaw short in juveniles; e, upper jaw elongate in adults; f, upper jaw elongate in juveniles; g, upper jaw short in adults\n. 4. hypothesized summary of evolutionary transitions between jaw ontogenies in beloniform fishes. transition codes are listed in\nfrom the symposium patterns and processes in the evolution of fishes presented at the annual meeting of the society for integrative and comparative biology, 4–8 january 2003, at toronto, canada .\nwe thank the collectors of beloniforms and field assistants who made this study possible, many of whom are listed in lovejoy (2000). in addition, we gratefully acknowledge the assistance of p. heemstra, j. fu, a. summers, m. littman, m. sabaj, j. albert, l. ballance, and w. crampton. r. pitman generously provided nearly all of the flyingfish samples. l. parenti, g. d. johnson, and an anonymous reviewer provided valuable comments on the manuscript. we thank f. santini and g. ybazeta for organizing an excellent symposium. support from nserc (national science and engineering research council) and cfi (canada foundation for innovation) made the study possible .\n, s. j. gould, g. f. oster, and d. b. wake .\n. on the habits and development of certain atlantic synentognathi. carnegie inst. wash. publ. 435, pap .\n, g. e. mcgowen, n. v. parin, and s. mito .\n. wing - loading, stability, and morphometric relationships in flying fish (exocoetidae) from the north - eastern atlantic .\n. influences of phylogenetic position and fertilization biology on spermatozoal ultrastructure exemplified by exocoetoid and poeciliid fish .\n. phylogenetic relationships of new world needlefishes (teleostei: belonidae) and the biogeography of transitions between marine and freshwater habitats. copeia 2001: 324–338 .\n. an annotated list of the synentognathi with remarks on their development and relationships .\n, p. petry, i. r. porto jorge, m. jegu, and a. meyer .\n. patterns of nucleotide change in mitochondrial ribosomal rna genes and the phylogeny of piranhas .\n. osnovy sistemy letuchikh ryb (semeistva oxyporhamphidae y exocoetidae) [ in russian; principles of the classification of flyingfishes (families oxyporhamphidae and exocoetidae) ] .\n. paup *. phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (* and other methods). version 4. sinauer associates, sunderland, massachusetts .\n. molecular systematics of the african electric fishes (mormyroidea: teleostei) and a model for the evolution of their electric organs .\n, t. j. gibson, f. plewniak, f. jeanmougin, and d. g. higgins .\n. the clustalx windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. it furthers the university' s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\ndepartment of zoology, university of manitoba, z320 duff roblin building, winnipeg, mb, r3t 2n2, canada .\nto investigate jaw evolution in beloniform fishes, we reconstructed the phylogeny of 54 species using fragments of two nuclear (rag2 and tmo - 4c4) and two mitochondrial (cytochrome b and 16s rrna) genes. our total molecular evidence topology refutes the monophyly of needlefishes (belonidae) and halfbeaks (hemiramphidae), but supports the monophyly of flyingfishes (exocoetidae) and sauries (scomberesocidae). flyingfishes are nested within halfbeaks, and sauries are nested within needlefishes. optimization of jaw characters on the tree reveals a diverse array of evolutionary changes in ontogeny. during their development, needlefishes pass through a\nhalfbeak\nstage that closely resembles the adult condition in the hemiramphid halfbeaks. the reconstruction of jaw transitions falsifies the hypothesis that halfbeaks are paedomorphic derivatives of needlefishes. instead, halfbeaks make up a basal paraphyletic grade within beloniforms, and the needlefish jaw morphology is relatively derived. the parallel between needlefish ontogeny and beloniform phylogeny is discussed, and clades amenable to future morphological analysis are proposed .\ncontrary to this scheme, a study based on morphology and molecules, published in 2000 by lovejoy, places halfbeaks as the ancestral form among the beaked beloniforms. in love - joy' s tree, some halfbeaks are most closely related to needle - fishes and sauries, while the marine halfbeak hemiramphus is sister to flyingfishes. this result refutes an old hypothesis, based on the observation that needlefishes pass through a half - beak stage during their development, that halfbeaks derive from needlefishes via truncation of the development sequence .\nin most species of hemiramphids, or halfbeaks, the lower jaw is much longer than the upper. the front margin of the upper jaw is triangular in shape, the scales are large and cycloid, and fin spines are lacking. exocoetids, the flyingfishes, are torpedo shaped with greatly enlarged pectoral fins, and the lower lobe of the caudal fin is stiffened and much larger than the upper. interestingly, the most primitive flyingfish genera, oxyporhamphus (once included with hemiramphids) ,\nfodiator, and parexocoetus, have elongate lower jaws reminiscent of halfbeaks. more derived flyingfishes have acquired oversized pelvic fins in addition to large pectoral fins, and are called four - wingers .\nmarine beloniforms can be found in the surface waters of the open ocean, as well as in coastal habitats like estuaries and mangrove swamps. adrianichthyids, belonids, and hemiramphids can be found in a diversity of tropical freshwater habitats, including lakes and rivers .\none characteristic of many beloniforms is a strong attraction to lights at night. this behavior is exploited by fishermen, who use lights to capture schools of sauries that cruise just below the ocean surface. such fishing methods, however, involve a peculiar (although infrequent) hazard: impalement by large needlefishes. in one documented case, a 3. 3 ft (1 m) long tylosurus fatally impaled a fisherman after jumping toward the light on board his canoe .\ncertainly the most remarkable beloniform behavior is exocoetid flight. (it should be noted that flight is not entirely restricted to exocoetids: some hemirhamphids are capable of gliding, and euleptorhamphus viridis has been reported to travel 164 ft [ 50 m ] in two jumps .) in the more derived four - winged flyingfish species, flight is achieved as follows. the fish, swimming at a speed of about 33 ft / s (10 m / s), breaks the surface at an oblique angle and taxis for 16. 4–82 ft (5–25 m) by rapidly beating the caudal fin in the water. then a free flight ensues, which may span a distance of 164 ft (50 m) and reach a height of 26. 2 ft (8 m). once the fish loses altitude, caudal fin taxiing can be repeated without returning to the water, so that flights can be stretched to distances of 1, 312 ft (400 m). intriguingly, flyingfishes seem to sense wind direction and take off into the wind, and tantalizing evidence suggests that they can control the direction of flight; cypsilurus appear to successfully seek out patches of seaweed in which to land. so why do flyingfishes fly? one of the most likely hypotheses is that flight has evolved as a tactic for evading predators .\nfreshwater halfbeaks also feed on terrestrial insects, and some are particularly well suited to this mode of feeding. members of the genus hemirhamphodon are noteworthy for having numerous anteriorly directed teeth on their lower jaws, which ensnare ants and other insects found floating on the surface. marine halfbeaks, on the other hand, tend to feed on algae, diatoms, and sea grasses, though some species eat small fishes. planktivorous marine beloniforms include the flyingfishes and sauries. ricefishes are omnivorous and will eat plankton, small insects, detritus, and plant material .\nmuch of what is known about beloniform reproductive biology involves the eggs and larvae. typically, eggs develop in one to two weeks, and the larvae are immediately able to feed upon hatching. many pelagic beloniform eggs have filamentous projections that cause them to stick to floating debris. needlefish eggs have tendrils that are particularly sticky, and they form egg clusters that stick to other objects in the water. likewise, sauries produce filamentous eggs that float in open water, but they are less adhesive than needlefish eggs. flyingfishes lay pelagic eggs that may or may not have filaments, and some species attach their eggs to floating seaweed. marine halfbeaks lay eggs with tendrils that float about in open water, but some freshwater representatives bear live young, namely dermogenys, nomorhamphus, and hemirhamphodon. in these viviparous forms, long genital papillae are used for internal fertilization, and the male anal fin is modified into an andropodium .\nthe adrianichthyid horaichthys from india, uniquely among atherinomorphs, produces encapsulated sperm bundles, or spermatophores. in adrianichthyids other than oryzias, fertilization is apparently internal. the eggs of many species of adrianichthyids are retained externally by the female for various lengths of time. females of the species xenopoecilus oophorus, known as the egg - carrying buntingi, carry a cluster of about 30 fertilized eggs attached by filaments in an external concavity near the vent. the pelvic fins cover and protect this egg mass .\nfinally, it should be mentioned that needlefishes can in rare cases be traumatogenic, causing injury or death by means of impalement. in one such case, a hapless surfer was killed when the snout of a fast - swimming needlefish went through his eye socket and into his brain .\nenglish: japanese medaka, tooth - carp; german: japan - reiskärpfling; cantonese: fut mei dzeung ue; japanese: medaka .\nmaximum length 1. 6 in (4 cm). small and shallow bodied, with upturned mouth and silvery olive coloration. no spines in dorsal or anal fins. many strains of captive - raised japanese rice fish have been selectively bred for pale yellow color. strains that appear red or mottled black and gold have also been developed .\njapan, korea, china, and vietnam, as well as the great rivers of southeast asia: the mekong, red, irrawaddy, and salween .\nfeeds on zooplankton and insects, as well as some detritus and plant material .\nfertilization is external, although the eggs are carried for a short time, stuck to the female' s abdomen, prior to deposition. females can produce broods of 10–40 eggs every two days during the breeding season. eggs are slightly larger than 0. 039 in (1 mm) in diameter and usually hatch in 8–14 days." ]

{ "text": [ "beloniformes is an order composed of six families ( and about 264 species ) of freshwater and marine ray-finned fish : the adrianichthyidae ( ricefish and medakas ) ; belonidae ( needlefish ) ; exocoetidae ( flyingfishes ) ; hemiramphidae ( halfbeaks ) ; the scomberesocidae ( sauries ) and the zenarchopteridae ( viviparous halfbeaks ) .", "with the exception of the adrianichthyidae , these are streamlined , medium-sized fishes that live close to the surface of the water feeding on algae , plankton , or smaller animals including other fishes .", "most are marine , though a few needlefish and halfbeaks inhabit brackish and fresh waters .", "the order is sometimes divided up into two suborders , the adrianichthyoidei and the belonoidei .", "the adrianichthyoidei contains only a single family , the adrianichthyidae .", "originally , the adrianichthyidae were included in the cyprinidontiformes and assumed to be closely related to the killifish , but a closer relationship to the beloniforms is indicated by various characteristics including the absence of the interhyal , resulting in the upper jaw being fixed or nonprotrusible .", "the belonoidei may also be further subdivided into two superfamilies , the scomberesocoidea and the exocoetoidea .", "the scomberesocoidea contains the belonidae and scomberesocidae , while the exocoetoidea comprises the exocoetidae and hemiramphidae .", "however , newer evidence finds that the flyingfishes are nested within the halfbeaks , and the needlefish and sauries are nested within the subfamily zenarchopterinae of the family hemiramphidae , which has been recognized as its own family .", "the sauries are also nested within the family belonidae .", "the beloniforms display an interesting array of jaw morphologies .", "the basal condition in the order excluding the ricefishes is an elongated lower jaw in juveniles and adults as represented in halfbeaks .", "in the needlefish and sauries , both jaws are elongated in the adults ; the juveniles of most species develop through a \" halfbeak stage \" before having both jaws elongated .", "the elongated lower jaw is lost in adults and is lost in most juveniles in the flyingfishes and some halfbeak genera . " ], "topic": [ 2, 13, 13, 26, 26, 10, 26, 26, 2, 2, 23, 26, 23, 4 ] }

[ "beloniformes is an order composed of six families (and about 264 species) of freshwater and marine ray-finned fish: the adrianichthyidae (ricefish and medakas); belonidae (needlefish); exocoetidae (flyingfishes); hemiramphidae (halfbeaks); the scomberesocidae (sauries) and the zenarchopteridae (viviparous halfbeaks). with the exception of the adrianichthyidae, these are streamlined, medium-sized fishes that live close to the surface of the water feeding on algae, plankton, or smaller animals including other fishes. most are marine, though a few needlefish and halfbeaks inhabit brackish and fresh waters. the order is sometimes divided up into two suborders, the adrianichthyoidei and the belonoidei. the adrianichthyoidei contains only a single family, the adrianichthyidae. originally, the adrianichthyidae were included in the cyprinidontiformes and assumed to be closely related to the killifish, but a closer relationship to the beloniforms is indicated by various characteristics including the absence of the interhyal, resulting in the upper jaw being fixed or nonprotrusible. the belonoidei may also be further subdivided into two superfamilies, the scomberesocoidea and the exocoetoidea. the scomberesocoidea contains the belonidae and scomberesocidae, while the exocoetoidea comprises the exocoetidae and hemiramphidae. however, newer evidence finds that the flyingfishes are nested within the halfbeaks, and the needlefish and sauries are nested within the subfamily zenarchopterinae of the family hemiramphidae, which has been recognized as its own family. the sauries are also nested within the family belonidae. the beloniforms display an interesting array of jaw morphologies. the basal condition in the order excluding the ricefishes is an elongated lower jaw in juveniles and adults as represented in halfbeaks. in the needlefish and sauries, both jaws are elongated in the adults; the juveniles of most species develop through a \" halfbeak stage \" before having both jaws elongated. the elongated lower jaw is lost in adults and is lost in most juveniles in the flyingfishes and some halfbeak genera." ]

[ "chamesthema dioptis felder & rogenhofer, 1874; reise fregatte novara, bd 2 (abth. 2) (4): pl. 103, f. 13\ncalodesma dioptis; watson & goodger, 1986, occ. papers on syst. entomology 1: 33, f. 8; [ nhm card ]; vincent & laguerre, 2014, zoosystema 36 (2): 430\ncalodesma approximata hering, 1925; in seitz, gross - schmett. erde 6 (pericopinae): 433\ncalodesma niepelti hering, 1928; dt. ent. z. iris 42: 269; tl: colombia, bella vista\ncalodesma quadrimaculata hering, 1925; in seitz, gross - schmett. erde 6 (pericopinae): 433; tl: bolivia\ncalodesma albiapex hering, 1925; in seitz, gross - schmett. erde 6 (pericopinae): 432; tl: pernambuco\ncalodesma itaitubae hering, 1925; in seitz, gross - schmett. erde 6 (pericopinae): 432; tl: itaituba\ncalodesma apicalis hering, 1925; in seitz, gross - schmett. erde 6 (pericopinae): 432; tl: bahia\ncalodesma occidentalis hering, 1925; in seitz, gross - schmett. erde 6 (pericopinae): 432; tl: ecuador\ncalodesma eucyanoides hering, 1925; in seitz, gross - schmett. erde 6 (pericopinae): 433; tl: peru; são paulo de olivenca\ncalodesma tamara hering, 1925; in seitz, gross - schmett. erde 6 (pericopinae): 433; tl: pebas; são paulo de olivenca\ncalodesma jordani hering, 1925; in seitz, gross - schmett. erde 6 (pericopinae): 432; tl: paraguay, sapucay, nr villarica\ncalodesma approximata approximata; watson & goodger, 1986, occ. papers on syst. entomology 1: 33; vincent & laguerre, 2014, zoosystema 36 (2): 429\ncalodesma (pericopina); becker, 2013, j. res. lepid. 46: 54 (list); vincent & laguerre, 2014, zoosystema 36 (2): 428\ncalodesma uraneides; watson & goodger, 1986, occ. papers on syst. entomology 1: 33; [ nhm card ]; vincent & laguerre, 2014, zoosystema 36 (2): 429\ncalodesma eucyanoides; watson & goodger, 1986, occ. papers on syst. entomology 1: 33; [ nhm card ]; vincent & laguerre, 2014, zoosystema 36 (2): 429\ncalodesma tamara; watson & goodger, 1986, occ. papers on syst. entomology 1: 33; [ nhm card ]; vincent & laguerre, 2014, zoosystema 36 (2): 429\ncalodesma rubricincta; watson & goodger, 1986, occ. papers on syst. entomology 1: 33; [ nhm card ]; vincent & laguerre, 2014, zoosystema 36 (2): 429\ncalodesma quadrimaculata; watson & goodger, 1986, occ. papers on syst. entomology 1: 33; [ nhm card ]; vincent & laguerre, 2014, zoosystema 36 (2): 430\ncalodesma albiapex; watson & goodger, 1986, occ. papers on syst. entomology 1: 33; [ nhm card ]; vincent & laguerre, 2014, zoosystema 36 (2): 430\ncalodesma plorator; watson & goodger, 1986, occ. papers on syst. entomology 1: 33; [ nhm card ]; vincent & laguerre, 2014, zoosystema 36 (2): 430\ncalodesma contracta; watson & goodger, 1986, occ. papers on syst. entomology 1: 33; [ nhm card ]; vincent & laguerre, 2014, zoosystema 36 (2): 430\ncalodesma dilutana; watson & goodger, 1986, occ. papers on syst. entomology 1: 33; [ nhm card ]; vincent & laguerre, 2014, zoosystema 36 (2): 430\ncalodesma itaitubae; watson & goodger, 1986, occ. papers on syst. entomology 1: 33; [ nhm card ]; vincent & laguerre, 2014, zoosystema 36 (2): 430\ncalodesma apicalis; watson & goodger, 1986, occ. papers on syst. entomology 1: 33; [ nhm card ]; vincent & laguerre, 2014, zoosystema 36 (2): 430\ncalodesma jordani; watson & goodger, 1986, occ. papers on syst. entomology 1: 33; [ nhm card ]; vincent & laguerre, 2014, zoosystema 36 (2): 430\ncalodesma amica amica; watson & goodger, 1986, occ. papers on syst. entomology 1: 33, f. 4; vincent & laguerre, 2014, zoosystema 36 (2): 430\ncalodesma chesalon; watson & goodger, 1986, occ. papers on syst. entomology 1: 33; [ nhm card ]; vincent & laguerre, 2014, zoosystema 36 (2): 431\ncalodesma kedar; watson & goodger, 1986, occ. papers on syst. entomology 1: 33; [ nhm card ]; vincent & laguerre, 2014, zoosystema 36 (2): 431\ncalodesma amica occidentalis; watson & goodger, 1986, occ. papers on syst. entomology 1: 33; [ nhm card ]; vincent & laguerre, 2014, zoosystema 36 (2): 431\ncalodesma exposita; watson & goodger, 1986, occ. papers on syst. entomology 1: 33, f. 9; [ nhm card ]; vincent & laguerre, 2014, zoosystema 36 (2): 429\ncalodesma collaris; watson & goodger, 1986, occ. papers on syst. entomology 1: 33, f. 5; [ nhm card ]; vincent & laguerre, 2014, zoosystema 36 (2): 430\ncalodesma approximata niepelti; watson & goodger, 1986, occ. papers on syst. entomology 1: 33, f. 7; [ nhm card ]; vincent & laguerre, 2014, zoosystema 36 (2): 429\ncalodesma maculifrons; watson & goodger, 1986, occ. papers on syst. entomology 1: 33, f. 10; [ nhm card ]; becker, 2013, j. res. lepid. 46: 55, 54 (list); vincent & laguerre, 2014, zoosystema 36 (2): 429\nesthema uraneides butler, 1871; ann. mag. nat. hist. (4) 8 (46): 285; tl: cayenne\nacribia melanchroia felder, 1874; reise fregatte novara, bd 2 (abth. 2) (4): pl. 103, f. 14 (nom. nud. ? )\nstenelopsis exposita butler, 1877; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1877: 348; tl: parà\ncentronia rubricincta dognin, 1923; hét. nouv. am. sud 23: 12; tl: colombia, muzo\nphalaena collaris drury, 1782; illust. nat. hist. exot. insects 3: index 27; tl: brazil\ncentronia plorator kaye, 1922; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1922: 991; tl: trinidad, siparia\njosia contracta walker, 1854; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 2: 317; tl: sout america\neucyane dilutana druce, 1907; ann. mag. nat. hist. (7) 19: 300; tl: amazons\nphalaena amica stoll, [ 1781 ]; in cramer, uitl. kapellen 4 (29 - 31): 158\neucyane chesalon druce, 1885; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1885: 520; tl: ecuador, sarayacu\neucyane kedar druce, 1900; ann. mag. nat. hist. (7) 5 (30): 509; tl: colombia, bonda\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nreise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b. von wüllerstorf - urbair. zoologischer theil. band 2. abtheilung 2. lepidoptera. rhopalocera\n- 120, (inhalts - verz .) 1 - 9 (pl. 1 - 74), (felder & rogenhofer, 1874), (5): pl .\nbiologia centrali - americana; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america. zoology. lepidoptera. heterocera\nwatson & goodger, 1986 catalogue of the neotropical tigermoths occ. papers on syst. entomology 1: 1 - 71\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\narctiini leach, [ 1815 ] (lepidoptera, erebidae, arctiinae) of the brazilian amazon. ii — subtribe pericopina walker, [ 1865 ]\nthis browser does not support pdfs. please download the pdf to view it: download pdf\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (cc by 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited." ]

{ "text": [ "calodesma dioptis is a moth of the erebidae family .", "it was described by felder in 1874 .", "it is found in brazil , french guyana and bolivia . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "calodesma dioptis is a moth of the erebidae family. it was described by felder in 1874. it is found in brazil, french guyana and bolivia." ]

[ "have a fact about pahranagat pebblesnail? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for pahranagat pebblesnail? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nthe approximately one - acre site, located alongside u. s. highway 93 about 110 miles north of las vegas, nev. , receives 65, 000 - plus visitors annually. the popular site is home to the endangered white river springfish, as well as several sensitive species that include the pahranagat pebblesnail, pahranagat naucorid bug and grated tyronia .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\nbaillie, j. and groombridge, b. (eds). 1996. 1996 iucn red list of threatened animals. iucn, gland, switzerland and cambridge, uk .\ngroombridge, b. (ed .). 1994. 1994 iucn red list of threatened animals. iucn, gland, switzerland and cambridge, uk .\niucn. 1990. iucn red list of threatened animals. iucn, gland, switzerland and cambridge, uk .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50, 000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the u. s and canada. natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis (the integrated taxonomic information system) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u. s. fish and wildlife service' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants in idaho .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe bureau of land management (blm) ely district, caliente field office has closed the ash springs recreation site until further notice to provide for public safety .\n“unauthorized modifications made to the pool by members of the public have undercut the banks, which could cause the rock wall to collapse, ” caliente field office manager victoria barr said .\nfor more information, contact chris hanefeld, blm ely district public affairs specialist, at (775) 289 - 1842 or chanefel @ urltoken .\n© 2013 the ely times. all rights reserved. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed .\nget the latest news, alerts, and more from the ely times straight to your inbox .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon, d. d. , j. f. quinn, jr. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, f. g. hochberg, w. g. lyons, et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks, 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services." ]

{ "text": [ "the pahranagat pebblesnail also known as the pahranagat valley turban snail , scientific name fluminicola merriami , is a species of very small or minute freshwater snail with an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family lithoglyphidae .", "this species is endemic to the united states . " ], "topic": [ 2, 3 ] }

[ "the pahranagat pebblesnail also known as the pahranagat valley turban snail, scientific name fluminicola merriami, is a species of very small or minute freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family lithoglyphidae. this species is endemic to the united states." ]

[ "the wilson whose name is commemorated in wilson’s storm - petrel, wilson’s plover, wilson’s phalarope, wilson’s warbler and wilson’s snipe is alexander wilson (1766 - 1813). wilson played an important role in the development of north american ornithology .\nthe wilson’s warbler is named for alexander wilson (1766–1813), one of north america’s first ornithologists .\nwilson' s warbler (wilson' s pusilla) is yellow with an easily recognizable black cap .\nwilson' s warbler is a common spring and probably fall migrant in coahuila .\nvisit the bent life history for extensive additional information on the wilson' s warbler .\nread more about this conservation science breakthrough in rex graham’s article titled wilson’s warbler mystery solved by avian detectives .\ninformation on wilson' s warbler is being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nwilson' s warbler - taxonomy and etymology... the wilson' s warbler was first described in 1811 by the ornithologist alexander wilson, who placed it in the genus muscicapa... pusilla was described by alexander wilson in 1811... the wilson' s warbler resembles the yellow warbler the latter is readily distinguished by its different shape, yellow wing markings, and yellow tail spots ...\nthe wilson' s warbler was first described in 1811 by the american ornithologist alexander wilson, who gave his own name to the species .\nswainson’s name is commemorated in three species: the widespread western raptor, swainson’s hawk; the southeastern swainson ‘s warbler and our swainson’s thrush .\nstewart, r. m. 1973. breeding behavior and life history of the wilson' s warbler. wilson bull. 85: 21 - 30 .\nstewart, r. m. 1973. breeding behavior and life history of the wilson' s warbler. wilson bull. 85: 21 - 30 .\nwilson' s warbler is classified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) .\nwilson’s warblers are much more common in the western u. s. than in the east .\na chryseola sub - species of wilson' s warbler. photo used from the linked article (c) kaitlin backlund\nnaturalist alexander wilson, often called the\nfather of american ornithology ,\ndescribed the wilson’s warbler in 1811 which he called the “green black - capt flycatcher. ”\nthe wilson’s warbler has greenish upperparts and wings, and yellowish underparts. its black eyes stand out on its yellow face .\nstewart, r. m. 1973. breeding behavior and life history of the wilson' s warbler. wilson bull. no. 85: 21 - 30. close\nthe wilson' s warbler is found in a large diversity of environments in the winter. it is the only migrant warbler regularly found in tropical high plains (paramo) .\nwilson’s warblers inhabit willow and alder thickets, streamsides, and low shrubs undergrowth .\ndiet: wilson’s warbler feeds mainly on insects, bees, beetles and caterpillars, and spiders. occasionally they will eat some berries .\nwilson was a contemporary of audubon and they met briefly. wilson’s artistic skills were rudimentary compared to audubon but wilson’s keen eye and perseverance made him a better field ornithologist than audubon. in addition to the bird species listed above, wilson’s name is commemorated in the name of one of the major ornithological associations in north america, the wilson ornithological society .\nhabitat: wilson’s warbler breeds in waterside thickets, especially willows, alders or dwarf birches, streamside tangles and, in mountains, bushy hillsides or alpine meadows. in migration, wilson’s warbler can be found in a variety of shrubby habitats, including suburban hedges and gardens .\nother common warblers are yellow - throated warbler, wilson' s, prairie and orange - crowned warbler. one of the easiest ways to tell most warblers apart is with the head pattern .\ninsects and spiders are warbler' s main diet however they will visit suet feeders .\nwilson' s warbler likes areas along woodland streams with low shrubs, and willows. they can be found in alaska, canada, and across the u. s .\notahal, c. d. 1995. sexual differences in wilson' s warbler migration. journal of field ornithology 66: 60 - 69 .\ndescription: wilson’s warbler is a small bright olive and yellow warbler, lacking wing bars, tail pattern or streaking. male has a neat black “skullcap”. female shows little or no black on crown .\notahal, c. d. 1995. sexual differences in wilson' s warbler migration. j. field ornithol. 66: 60 - 69 .\ndensity of wilson' s warbler by detailed ecological unit in yukon - charley rivers national preserve, alaska, avian inventory, june 1999 and 2000 .\ngolden - crowned warbler (white - bellied). it is retained as a group within golden - crowned warbler :\nwilson’s warbler is primarily territorial and seasonally monogamous most of time. it is mostly solitary outside the breeding season, but associate with mixed flocks while foraging .\nprairie warbler' s sing a buzzy zee zee zee. their call sounds like\nchip\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - wilson' s warbler (wilsonia pusilla )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - wilson' s warbler (wilsonia pusilla )\ntitle =\narkive species - wilson' s warbler (wilsonia pusilla )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nmost commonly, the wilson’s warbler consumes adult and larval insects like bees, mayflies, beetles, and caterpillars, as well as spiders. they rarely forage on the ground but instead pick from foliage and twigs higher up. the wilson’s warbler uses several methods to capture its food including gleaning, hovering, and sallying .\nxantus’s murrelet – > split into scripps’s murrelet synthiliboramphus scrippsi and guadalupe murrelet synthiliboraphus hypoleucus. unidentified xantus’s murrelets can still be submitted as “scripps’s / guadalupe murrelet (xantus’s murrelet) ” .\nraley, c. m. , and s. h. anderson. 1990. availability and use of arthropod food resources by wilson' s warbler and lincoln' s sparrow in southeastern wyoming. condor 92: 141 - 150 .\nthe wilson’s warbler’s nest is a cup of leaves, grasses, and mosses and is lined with finer materials. it is placed on the ground in mossy areas or at the base of a shrub .\nwilson' s warblers in the west are common brown - headed cowbird hosts, which has resulted in extirpation in some lowland areas (garrett and dunn 1981). however, degraaf and rappole (1995) states that wilson' s warblers are\nnot normally parasitized by cowbirds\n. the wilson' s warbler has been known to successfully raise a cowbird and a warbler nestling in one nest (friedmann et al. 1985) .\nraley, c. m. and s. h. anderson. 1990. availability and use of arthropod food resources by wilson' s warbler and lincoln' s sparrow in southeastern wyoming. condor no. 92: 141 - 150. close\nharrison, h. 1984. wood warbler' s world. simon and schuster. new york. 334pp .\nwilson' s warbler song is quick chatter notes, which lower in pitch near the end. they have a call that sounds like\nchip\nwith kind of a nasal quality .\nblackburnian warbler, wilson’s storm - petrel, swainson’s thrush, lincoln’s sparrow. the common names of all of these birds, common in maine, are based on a person’s name. i’ll bet most of these people aren’t familiar to you. in today’s column, i will give you a little background on the people whose names are commemorated in the bird names .\nwilson’s warbler is a migratory bird. migration is overland and nocturnal, alone or in small groups, sometimes mixed with other species. immature birds follow a more coastal route than adults. wilson’s warbler is a member of the genus “wilsonia”. this genus is composed of wood warblers with conspicuous bristles around the mouth. these bristles form a tactile - net to aid these warblers in catching insects on the wing .\nwhen most songbird nestlings are ready to leave the nest, they hop out and don’t return to the nest, but some wilson’s warbler fledglings head back to the nest for a night or two after fledging .\nchase, m. k. , n. nur and g. r. geupel. 1997. survival, productivity and abundance in a wilson' s warbler population. auk 114: 354 - 366 .\nrobert woodrow wilson - life and work... robert woodrow wilson was born on january 10, 1936, in houston, texas... wilson and penzias also won the henry draper medal of the national academy of sciences in 1977... wilson has been a resident of holmdel township, new jersey ...\nduring spring migration, wilson’s warblers en route to alaska to breed are the last ones to pass through the southwestern u. s. birds that eventually breed in coastal california pass through arizona first, followed by birds headed to the pacific northwest and the sierra nevada mountains, and finally birds headed to alaska. read more about how scientists are using dna to study wilson' s warbler migration .\nstephenson, t. and s. whittle (2013). the warbler guide. princeton university press, new jersey, usa .\nchase, m. k. , n. nur, and g. r. geupel. 1997. survival, productivity, and abundance in a wilson' s warbler population. auk 114: 354 - 366 .\nstewart, r. m. , r. p. henderson, and k. darling. 1977. breeding ecology of the wilson' s warbler in the high sierra nevada. living bird 16: 83 - 102 .\notahal, c. 1998. wilson' s warbler (wilsonia pusilla). in the riparian bird conservation plan: a strategy for reversing the decline of riparian - associated birds in california. california partners in flight. urltoken\nchase, m. k. , n. nur and g. r. geupel. 1997. survival, productivity, and abundance in a wilson' s warbler population. auk no. 114: 354 - 366. close\nstewart, r. m. , r. p. henderson and k. darling. 1978. breeding ecology of the wilson' s warbler in the high sierra nevada, california. living bird 16: 83 - 102 .\nkate wilson - smith... kate wilson - smith (born 9 january 1979) is a female badminton player from australia... wilson - smith competed in badminton at the 2004 summer olympics in women' s doubles with partner jane crabtree... in mixed doubles, wilson - smith and partner travis denney lost to björn siegemund and nicol pitro of germany in the round of 32 ...\nbecause of wilson' s warblers susceptibility to brown - headed cowbird parasitism, cattle and equestrian staging areas near breeding habitat may have negative impacts .\nthe oldest recorded wilson' s warbler was a male, and at least 8 years, 11 months, when he was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in california in 2008. he had been banded in the same state in 2000 .\nreproduction: wilson’s warbler usually nests on or near the ground, under overhanging foliage, at the base of a shrub or clump of grass. sometimes, in favourable habitat, nests may be so close together as to resemble loose colony .\nstewart, r. m. , r. p. henderson and k. darling. 1977. breeding ecology of the wilson' s warbler in the high sierra nevada, california. living bird no. 16: 83 - 102. close\njust as it breeds across a wide altitudinal and latitudinal range, wilson' s warbler also winters in a great diversity of environments, ranging from the east to the west coast of mexico and central america, and from the caribbean lowlands to the cloud forests of the continental divide. moreover, it is the only migrant warbler regularly found in tropical high plains (paramo). in the winter, wilson' s warbler shows a diversity of behavioral strategies, with many birds defending territories, others acting as winter “floaters, ” and still others joining large mixed - species foraging flocks .\nperhaps it was a warbler or a thrush ,\ni thought, and walked on .\nwilson’s warblers breed from alaska across central and eastern canada and in parts of the northwestern u. s. during migration, they can be seen across most of the u. s. they winter in mexico and central america. the population may be declining .\nconnecticut / macgillivray’s / mourning warbler: geothlypis / oporornis sp. (mourning - type) – > oporornis / geothlypis sp. (mourning - type )\nbritish columbia liberal party - history - official opposition under wilson: 1991–1994... wilson' s policies did not coincide with many other liberals both in the legislature and in the party who wanted to fill the vacuum left by the collapse of social credit... in 1993, wilson' s leadership was further damaged by revelations of his affair with fellow liberal mla judi tyabji... wilson agreed to call for a leadership convention, at which he would be a candidate ...\nwilson' s warbler' s diet is typical of the warbler family, consisting mostly of small arthropods but also including a few berries. the principal insects eaten appear to be bees, beetles, and caterpillars, but many others are taken opportunistically. geographic variation in food preference is likely but not studied. wilson' s warbler also sometimes eats honeydew produced by scale insects and, in winter, protein corpuscles from leaf bases of cecropia trees. it is an active and versatile forager, using a variety of hunting techniques and moving rapidly through vegetation, usually in shrubs but sometimes (especially in winter) in tall trees and, rarely, on the ground .\nnamed for naturalist alexander wilson, who first described it, wilson' s warbler is a colorful, widespread, relatively well known warbler of riparian, meadow, and humid forest thickets. its combined breeding, migration, and wintering ranges cover nearly the entire north american continent. it has become something of a flagship species for the conservation of neotropical migrants and is considered a priority in several conservation plans because of widespread population declines and threats to its habitat .\ngolden - crowned warbler (white - bellied) — basileuterus culicivorus hypoleucus – – range: lowlands of e bolivia to ne paraguay and s - central brazil .\ngolden - crowned warbler (cabanis’s) basileuterus culicivorus [ cabanisi group ] — range: north colombia mountains and ne venezuela. (map) [ your records ]\nthe wilson’s warbler is more common in the west than in the east. they are typically found low to the ground in thick, brushy woods and alder and willow thickets, especially along streams and near other water. this species is an abundant spring migrant in the west .\nvoice: sounds by xeno - canto wilson’s warbler’s usual call is a sharp “chip”. song is a rapid, staccato, chattering “chi - chi - chi - chi - chi - chet - chet”, dropping in pitch at end. eastern birds tend to sing a descending song, while western birds sing on one pitch, increasing in volume .\nhooded warbler females of the two species somewhat similar. hooded warblers are larger and have white outer tail feathers .\ngolden - crowned warbler (white - bellied) — basileuterus culicivorus hypoleucus – – range: lowlands of e bolivia to ne paraguay and s - central brazil. (former species, now lumped with golden - crowned warbler; see “lumps” below .). (map) [ your records ]\nammon, elisabeth m. and william m. gilbert. 1999. wilson' s warbler (cardellina pusilla), version 2. 0. in the birds of north america (p. g. rodewald, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, new york, usa .\nfemale wilson’s warblers tuck their nests in small depressions on the ground typically at the base of a tree sapling, willow stem, flowering plant, dense clump of grass, or log so that it is well hidden. although most wilson’s warblers nest on the ground, those that live in coastal california build their nests as high as 5 feet above the ground in shrubs .\n( ridgway, 1902) – pacific coast and w slope of coastal mountain ranges from sw british columbia s to s california; migrates to region from nw mexico (including baja california) s to panama .\nwilson’s warblers do not visit feeders, but you can provide habitat for them in your yard by landscaping with native trees and shrubs. creating a bird - friendly backyard for wilson’s warblers even if they are not breeding in your area may help them out during migration. head on over to habitat network to learn about which native species are good matches for your yard and more .\n[ na / sa ] two subspecies in golden - crowned warbler basileuterus culicivorus groups were placed in the wrong group, so occultus and austerus are moved from the golden - crowned warbler (golden - crowned) basileuterus culicivorus [ auricapillus group ] group to the cabanis’s group. the range of the subspecies thus changes as a result of this move. below are the current groups for golden - crowned warbler (see also the “lumps” section. )\nlast week i rode my bike down to hull’s wood in fish creek p. p. twice to see how migration was coming along; i was not disappointed! as i rode through the woods both times, the chips of warblers and sparrows emanated from the trees and shrubs along the river. the woods were full of yellow warblers, chipping sparrows, house wrens, least flycatchers and warbling vireos (not all of these were migrants) while several american redstarts, tennessee warblers, northern waterthrushes and baltimore orioles were also present. there was also a single male wilson’s warbler, a single yellow - rumped warbler and a single connecticut warbler .\nwilson’s warblers dance around willow and alder thickets, often near water, to the rapid beat of their chattering song. this bright yellow warbler with a black cap is one of the smallest warblers in the u. s. and among the most recognizable. they rarely slow down, dashing between shrubs, grabbing insects from one leaf after another, and popping up on low perches to sing. wilson' s warblers breed in mountains and northern forests, but pass through every state in the lower 48 during migration—so be on the lookout when they are on the move in the spring and fall .\nwilson' s warbler: breeds from alaska eastward to newfoundland, ontario and nova scotia, and south along the west coast to southern california. spends winters from extreme southern california and the gulf coast south into mexico. preferred habitats include moist thickets in woodlands and along streams as well as alder, willow thickets, and bogs .\nthe wilson’s warbler is a small wood warbler at about 10 - 12 cm in length. adult males have yellowish, olive - green unmarked underparts in their breeding plumage. they also have a clearly defined black cap on top of their head and black eyes that stand out in contrast to their yellow face. females are duller overall and have a yellow - olive cap, yellow eyebrow, and plain yellow face. the back is olive - yellow in both sexes and the tail is dark and unmarked. wilson warblers flutter rapidly in mid - air and have rapid body movements including tail flicking and waving .\nbrown - streaked flycatcher muscicapa williamsoni — range: s myanmar to pen. thailand, malaya, s vietnam and sumatra (map) [ your records ]\na small and spritely warbler that moves actively in bushes and trees, often flipping its longish tail about as it hops from branch to branch. typically stays low in semi - open areas, avoiding the interior of dense forest. although it nests from coast to coast across canada, wilson' s warbler is far more common farther west. in the east it is seen in small numbers, but in the rockies and westward it is often the most abundant migrant in late spring .\nammon, elisabeth m. , and william m. gilbert. 1999. wilson' s warbler (wilsonia pusilla). species account number 478. the birds of north america online (a. poole, ed .). ithaca, ny: cornell laboratory of ornithology; retrieved 3 / 25 / 2008 from the birds of north america online database\nit is found in a large diversity of environments in the winter. it is the only migrant warbler regularly found in tropical high plains .\nwhat’s good for the country is good for general motors, and vice versa .\nin california, the wilson' s warbler experienced a 1. 6% annual decline between the period 1966 - 1996. this trend was significant (p = 0. 03). british columbia and washington state also showed a decreasing, albeit not statistically significant trend. in contrast, oregon positive but not significant trend (sauer et al. 1997) .\nammon, e. m. , and w. m. gilbert. 1999. wilson' s warbler (wilsonia pusilla). in the birds of north america, no. 478 (a. poole and f. gill, eds .). philadelphia: the academy of natural sciences; washington, d. c. : the american ornithologists' union .\ntennessee warbler - vermivora peregrina – vermivora - vermis: “worm”, voro: “eater”, peregrina: “to wander”. wandering worm - eater perhaps ?\n– n alaska s along coast to c british columbia, including queen charlotte is, also in w usa s in rockies to n new mexico and in coastal mountain ranges to c california; migrates to region from nw mexico s to w panama .\nfor decades biologists grouped wilson’s warblers into three subspecies, but a recent genetic study indicates that there could be 6 distinct breeding groups of wilson’s warblers and these 6 groups tend to segregate on the wintering grounds. birds breeding in eastern canada spend the winter mostly in the yucatan peninsula, while those breeding in the pacific northwest, the sierra nevada, and coastal california spend the winter in baja california sur and along the west coast of sinaloa, mexico .\ngould’s petrel pterodroma leucoptera — range: breeds new caledonia and cabbage tree is. (off e australia); ranges s pacific ocean (map) [ your records ]\nwilson' s warblers are depredated by accipiters, small mammals, weasels and snakes (usda forest service 1994). possible predators observed near the nest where the western scrub jay (aphelocoma californica), the steller' s jay (cyanocitta stelleri) and the garter snake (thamnophis sp .) (stewart 1973) .\nyong, w. , d. m. finch, f. r. moore, and j. f. kelly. 1998. stopover ecology and habitat use of migratory wilson' s warblers. auk 115: 829 - 842 .\nnesting sites are selected by the female and are usually placed at or below ground level—at the base of a tree, under bunches of grass, moss, or other ground vegetation. they use material such as leaves, stems, moss, and hair to construct their nests. they usually have 2 to 7 eggs and incubate them for a maximum of 13 days. male wilson’s warblers rarely help with brooding and incubating. young wilson’s warblers fledge 9 to 11 days after hatching .\nbehaviour: wilson’s warbler is an active bird, often feeding high, but freely feeds in low brushy cover, and may descends briefly to the ground. it has constantly flicking wings and tail while foraging, and indulges in brief flycatching and hovering antics. it makes circular motion with tail, or wags it up and down. it often catches flying insects on the wing like a flycatcher .\n[ na ] xantus’s murrelet synthliboramphus hypoleucus is split into two species, which differ in face pattern and calls, but overlap in occurrence during much of the year. please use scripps’s / guadalupe murrelet (xantus’s murrelet) to report individuals not conclusively identified to species .\ngolden - crowned warbler (stripe - crowned) basileuterus culicivorus [ culicivorus group ] — range: mexico to w panama. (map) [ your records ]\nprotection / threats / status: parasitism by brown - headed cowbird can be very high on the west coast. wilson’s warbler populations have been declining in the west for some time, but until fairly recently, was increasing in the east. widespread destruction of riparian habitat on the breeding grounds is believed to be the primary threat to this species. human disturbances, recreational activities, pesticides are other important threats .\nthe majority of wilson’s warblers nest on the ground, except for populations in coastal california and oregon where they nest up to 5 feet off the ground. these birds also tend to lay fewer eggs per nest compared to their ground - nesting relatives .\nyong, w. , d. m. finch, f. r. moore and j. f. kelly. 1998. stopover ecology and habitat use of migratory wilson' s warblers. auk no. 115: 829 - 842. close\nthey have a thin pointed and blackish bill, with upper mandible darker than lower, yellow supercilium and underparts, and olive upperparts. legs are pale brown. tail is relatively long and thin. black eyes stand out on the plain face. races of wilson’s warbler found in the east and west differ slightly in plumage, west bird being more golden underneath and more yellow above. first year closely resembles respective adults .\nthe song of the yellow warbler is musical, and sounds like sweet - sweet - sweet, i' m sweet. their call sounds like ship or chip .\nthe song of the orange - crowned warbler is a fast trill like chip - ee, chip - ee, chip - ee, and a fast chip call .\ncurson, j. & de juana, e. (2018). wilson’s warbler (cardellina pusilla). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\n– c & s canada (mackenzie district of northwest territories and n alberta e to newfoundland and nova scotia) and ne usa (new england); migrates to region from e mexico s to costa rica, also extreme s usa (extreme se texas and sw gulf coast) .\nroget' s 21st century thesaurus, third edition copyright © 2013 by the philip lief group .\ngolden - crowned warbler (golden - crowned) basileuterus culicivorus [ auricapillus group ] — range: e slope of e andes of colombia, n venezuela and trinidad south to s brazil, paraguay, ne argentina and e bolivia. (map) [ your records ]\n[ na ] the two identifiable subspecies groups in allen’s hummingbird — allen’s hummingbird (sasin) selasphorus sasin sasin and allen’s hummingbird (sedentarius) selasphorus sasin sedentarius — are no longer included in the ebird taxonomy, and instead are lumped with the species allen’s hummingbird selasphorus sasin. the reason for this merger is that we do not believe the subspecies are field - identifiable under normal field conditions .\nmorrison, m. l. 1981. the structure of western warbler assemblages: analysis of foraging behavior and habitat selection in oregon. auk 98: 578 - 58 .\ndouglas, d. c. , j. t. ratti, r. a. black, and j. r. alldredge. 1992. avian habitat associations in riparian zones of idaho' s centennial mountains. wilson bull. 104: 485 - 500 .\nwilson’s warblers tend to be brighter yellow in the west and paler yellow in the east. pacific coast populations have the brightest yellow, almost orange, foreheads and faces. rocky mountain and alaskan birds also tend to be slightly larger than the eastern and pacific coast populations .\nthe blackburnian warbler is one of our most striking warblers with its fiery orange throat and bold black plumage above. this warbler is named after either anna blackburne (1726 - 1793) or her brother, ashton blackburne (1730 - 1780). anna was an english naturalist. she never visited the new world but did have a strong interest in the birds of the new world. she maintained a collection of north american birds in her natural history museum in orford in the north of england. ashton moved to north america and lived in hempstead, new york. he collected birds in connecticut, new york and new jersey that he sent to his sister for her museum. among the specimens ashton collected was a blackburnian warbler. thomas pennant, a naturalist from orford, saw the specimen in anne’s collection and prepared the first scientific description of the species. he gave it the name of blackburnian warbler but it is not clear if pennant named the warbler for ashton or anne .\nfor north american birders, the split of xantus' s murrelet into guadalupe murrelet and scripps' s murrelet (shown here) is most likely to produce a new life bird. photo by brian sullivan .\nwilson was a scot who immigrated to the united states in 1794. he taught school for seven years in the philadelphia area and then decided to make a collection of the birds of eastern north america. from 1803 until his death in 1814, wilson devoted himself to producing the first book on the birds of north america, which he called american ornithology .\neditor' s note: phylogenetic analyses of sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear dna indicate that two species formerly placed in wilsonia (canadensis and pusilla) are more closely related to the red - faced warbler (cardellina rufifrons) and other neotropical warbler species than to the only other species formerly placed in wilsonia (citrina, now in setophaga). see the 52nd supplement to the aou checklist of north american birds for details. future revisions of this account will reflect these changes .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country' s most important bird protection law .\nranks synonyms and suggests the best matches based on how closely a synonym’s sense matches the sense you selected .\nlast year, the visitor centre housed a juvenile swainson’s hawk, which was penned near the front desk .\nwe often assume that familiar, widespread common species do not merit the same level of attention as scarce or localized species, and as a result birders often don’t give those common species a second glance. as this recent article on wilson’s warblers demonstrates, that assumption can lead to a false sense of security, and it is worthwhile for birders to take that second look, even for common species. the two subspecies of wilson’s warblers that breed in the northwest, the coastal chryseola which is the subject of the article and the interior pileolata, have two very different conservation status .\nwilson’s warblers pick larval insects, spiders, beetles, and caterpillars off leaves and twigs. they also hover or sally (fly out and back) to grab flies, bees, mayflies, aphids, and other insects from leaves or in the air. they do most of their foraging in the understory in willows, alders, or other shrubs. on the wintering grounds they also drink\nhoneydew\n—a sweet liquid excreted by scale insects as they feed on oak trees. wilson’s warblers hover near the insects and drink the sugary water for a few quick calories. back to top\nu. s. forest service. 1991. forest and rangeland birds of the united states: natural history and habitat use. u. s. department of agriculture, forest service agricultural handbook 688. 625 pages .\nit is easy to observe this common warbler, which has little fear of humans, because it searches the outsides of leafy branches, often catching flying insects on the wing like a flycatcher .\njuly 27: –rufous hummingbird (f) and young on nest, votier’s flats, fcpp, by ms .\nbreeding wilson' s warblers are socially monogamous, but polygyny occurs and a high rate of extrapair paternity has been found in one population. brood parasitism by brown - headed cowbirds is generally low, although it can be locally high in some areas. extensive studies have addressed the species' breeding biology (\njuly 26: –say’s phoebe, fish creek prov. prk. , near bridge # 9, by matthew simm .\nuse bwd' s birding and nature festival finder to help you select from events all over the usa and beyond .\ndiet: on the breeding grounds, wilson' s warblers consume insects gleaned from foliage and bark. in winter, these warblers will occasionally also feed on berries. these birds hunt flying insects by swooping after them from their perches. they also glean insects from the ground and vegetation as they hover low above the forest floor .\n), but many interesting aspects of its biology remain to be learned. for instance, geographic and altitudinal variation in life history traits, ecophysiology, mating system, extrapair paternity, and cowbird parasitism could be subject to comparative investigations. also, the evolutionary ecology of above - ground vs. ground nesting wilson' s warblers (\ndobkin, d. s. 1992. neotropical migrant landbirds in the northern rockies and great plains. u. s. d. a. for. serv. n. region publ. r1 - 93 - 34. missoula, mont .\nlenard, s. , j. carlson, j. ellis, c. jones, and c. tilly. 2003. p. d. skaar’s montana bird distribution, 6th edition. montana audubon, helena, mt. 144 pp .\nthis was all quite exciting but by 10: 30 a. m. both days things quieted down for warblers so i went to lafarge meadows to check out shorebirds. both days i found 6 species of shorebirds in lafarge meadows along the bow river; solitary and spotted sandpipers, greater and lesser yellowlegs, killdeer and wilson’s snipe .\nthe wood - warblers occur throughout north america except for the far northern tundra. the many species of this family have evolved to fill a wide variety of niches including marshes (yellowthroats) to tree trunks (the black - and - white warbler), and spruce forests (the cape may warbler). several species can reside in the same area, yet avoid competition by occupying slightly different habitats or feeding in different ways .\nhutto, r. l. , and j. s. young. 1999. habitat relationships of landbirds in the northern region, usda forest service. u. s. forest service general technical report rmrs - gtr - 32, ogden, utah .\nthe kirtland’s warbler is an endangered species restricted to a very specific type of habitat mostly found in michigan; jack pine forests. its habitat is managed for this species in a few national forests by ensuring that there are jack pine stands of the age and composition this species requires. brown - headed cowbird populations are also controlled on its breeding grounds .\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\n[ sa ] a recently described turdus, similar to hauxwell’s thrush turdus hauxwelli, was recently recognized from varzea forest along the amazon river and its tributaries. it was presumably overlooked previously due to its similarity to hauxwell’s thrush, but has subtle plumage differences and it is vocally distinct and\ncampbell’s fairywren chenorhamphus campbelli — range: se new guinea (middle strickland river and mt. bosavi area) (map) [ your records ]\n[ australasia ] the broad - billed fairywren (campbell’s) group split from broad - billed fairywren chenorhamphus grayi to species rank as campbell’s fairywren chenorhamphus campbelli; although both species occur in new guinea, their ranges do not overlap. (records updated to conform to range of new species. )\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\n[ australasia ] within carola’s parotia parotia carolae, subspecies berlepschi is elevated to species rank. (records updated to conform to range of new species. )\nbarrow’s goldeneye - bucephala islandica – bous: “bull”, kephale: “head” and islandica: “of iceland”. giving us… “bull - head of iceland”. interesting .\nbirdwatchers were mystified by the near - total collapse of the subspecies of wilson’s warblers that breeds in california, oregon and washington. however, when bird banders joined an unlikely team of scientists, the ecological smoking gun emerged from chemical birth certificate signatures in the chryseola subspecies’ feathers as if by magic. this “breakthrough type of analysis” can now be applied to any unexplained decline of a subspecies or subpopulation of any migratory bird species .\na winter range map based upon christmas bird counts is available at the bbs web site and probably should be included in the species account. wilson' s warblers winter on the coast and in the interior of southern california (zeiner et al. 1990). they are rare winter residents along the coast and interior grinnell and miller 1944). winter residents are rare in southern california (mccaskie et al. 1979) .\nthe nacc’s 53rd supplement detailed two other splits which already had been adopted by ebird / clements: the split of galapagos shearwater (puffinus subalaris) from audubon’s shearwater (puffinus lherminieri) and the recognition of costa rican brush - finch (arremon costaricensis) and black - headed brush - finch (arremon atricapillus) .\nthis summer while i was up in calgary, i noticed a lot of starlings as well, especially in fish creek p. p. on one of my excursions to the park, i positioned myself beneath a starling’s nest hole and managed to capture a few shots as the bird descended to feed it’s young .\nhoffmann, r. s. 1960. summer birds of the little belt mountains, montana. occasional papers of montana state university no. 1, missoula .\nwilson’s travels took from philadelphia along the eastern seaboard to savannah, georgia and then north via boat to new york. another trip took him from philadelphia to the southeast through ohio, kentucky, tennessee, mississippi and louisiana with another boat trip back to new york from new orleans. his visit to natchez provided one of the ornithological highlights of his life, the darkening of the skies for hours by millions and millions of passenger pigeons .\nthe bachman’s warbler is an enigmatic species considered to be extinct by most authorities although slim hopes for its continued existence are kept alive by a few possible sightings over the last thirty years. historically occurring in the southeastern united states, this little known species is thought to have been dependent upon canebrakes on its breeding and wintering grounds in cuba. although the reasons for its decline are unknown, destruction of these canebrakes is the most likely reason for its demise .\n[ australasia / pacific ] gould’s petrel pterodroma leucoptera is split into two species, each with two subspecies groups. (records not specified as collared petrel have been assumed to pertain to gould’s petrel. if you have been lucky enough to see these birds, please check your records carefully and let us know if you find problems! )\nseparation in the field is not simple, but is possible with some individuals, so ebirders can help monitor the status of both by taking a second look at the wilson’s warblers they encounter and identifying them to subspecies, if and when possible. as with all identification challenges, the most important rule is to use the subspecies designation only when the identification is certain, and carefully document any out - of - season or out - of - range identifications .\nmarks, j. s. , p. hendricks, and d. casey. 2016. birds of montana. arrington, va. buteo books. 659 pages .\ngniadek, s. 1983. southwest glendive wildlife baseline inventory. miles city, mont: bureau of land management, miles city district office. 56 pp with appendices .\n), in neotropical birds online (t. s. schulenberg, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa. retrieved from neotropical birds online :\n[ africa ] lump amber mountain rock - thrush monticola erythronota and benson’s rock - thrush monticola bensoni are lumped into forest rock - thrush, but all three groups are retained .\n* * note * *! these species overlap almost completely, so assigning them based on range is simply not possible. the records in ebird are of birds specifically identified as varzea thrush, but if you have observed hauxwell’s in an area of potential overlap, please consider changing it to turdus sp. (with next year’s update we will add hauxwell’s / varzea thrush, but that option is not currently available within ebird) if you were unsure of the species involved, or adding notes to support the identification and to help clarify the range of these two taxa, which is still incompletely known. note that varzea thrush was previously in ebird as a form: hauxwell’s thrush (gray - tailed) .\nthe loss of herbaceous cover, especially during the breeding season, may increase vulnerability to nest parasitism and predation (usda forest service 1994). the effects of disturbance on wilson' s warblers are largely unknown but their ground - nesting habits and susceptibility to cowbird parasitism suggests that disturbance could have negative effects (usda forest service 1994). prefers wet clearings in early stages of regeneration (degraaf and rappole 1995). sensitive to removal of deciduous tree species (morrison 1981) .\neach map is a visual guide to where a particular bird species may find the climate conditions it needs to survive in the future. we call this the bird’s “climatic range. ”\nbent, a. c. 1953. life histories of north american wood warblers. u. s. natl. mus. bull. 203. washington, d. c .\norange - crowned warblers inhabit brushy woodlands, and undergrowth. they like willows, and aspens. they can be found in alaska, canada, and across the u. s .\nlutmerding, j. a. and a. s. love. longevity records of north american birds. version 2015. 2. patuxent wildlife research center, bird banding laboratory 2015 .\nthere are many ways to contribute—we need species information, photographs, audio, video, translations, maps, distribution data, and bird sightings. there' s a role for everyone !\ndobkin, d. s. 1994. conservation and management of neotropical migrant landbirds in the northern rockies and great plains. univ. idaho press, moscow, idaho. 220 pp .\nmontana bird distribution committee. 2012. p. d. skaar' s montana bird distribution. 7th edition. montana audubon, helena, montana. 208 pp. + foldout map .\nbeedy, e. c. 1975. avifaunal complexity and forest structure in the sierra nevada of california. m. s. thesis, univ. calif. , davis. 100pp .\ntimossi, i. 1990. california' s statewide wildlife habitat relationships system. calif. dep. fish and game. computer database for the ibm personal computer. june 1992 version .\nbent, a. c. 1953. life histories of north american wood warblers, vol. 2. u. s. nat. mus. bull. 203: 642 - 646 .\nvocalizations: wilson' s warbler rapidly whistles a chattery series of 10 - 15\nchchchchchchchchchch\nnotes. the whistled notes are short and quick, with the last few notes downslurred. their call is a husky, sharp\njimp\nor\njip .\nwhen on the fly, the call is a clear, abrupt\ntilk .\nnests: ground nests are cup - shaped and placed among vine tangles, tree roots and grasses. in just five days, the female rapidly assembles the bulky nests of dead leaves, grasses and mosses and lines it with fine grass and hair. clutch size ranges from 2 - 7, 16mm white to creamy eggs, variably marked or wreathed in browns. unaided, the female incubates the eggs for 10 - 13 days. young birds fledge in another 8 - 11 days post - hatching. both parents assist in caring for the offspring .\nnature calgary is the local umbrella group for natural history enthusiasts. here is a link to the birding section of their web page. follow all of nature calgary' s activities on their facebook page .\nhome bird watching tips bird houses nest boxes identification parts of a bird anatomy bird shapes food - feeding bird feeders hummingbird feeders favorite birds songs and calls hummingbirds bluebirds u. s. state birds photography tips\nthis species is found in wisconsin' s northwoods and has been profiled with the support of a wisconsin - based family who care deeply about the area. to learn more visit our eco - region pages .\nmaxell, b. a. 2000. management of montana' s amphibians: a review of factors that may present a risk to population viability and accounts on the identification, distribution, taxonomy, habitat use, natural history, and the status and conservation of individual species. report to u. s. forest service region 1. missoula, mt: wildlife biology program, university of montana. 161 p .\nif you haven’t submitted any photos, go ahead and give it a try! the winners will be announced next sunday on the calgary herald’s facebook page. you can find out more about the competition here .\neat insects gleaned from foliage low in the canopy or understory (usda forest service 1994). a small amount of seed, fruits and berries are taken also (zeiner et al. 1990). bent (1953) states, based on 52 stomach samples, that animal matter makes up 93% of the food of the wilson' s warbler, with vegetable matter making up less than 7% . the most common insect eaten (35% of the animal matter) are hemipterans, mainly black olive scale and leafhoppers. the hymenoptera come in second (31 %), mainly wasps and ants. the tipulidae (crane flies) made up a good number of the prey items and 9% of the animal matter was comprised of assorted species of beetles, mainly chrysomelidae. finally, caterpillars made up 5% of the animal matter ingested. the vegetable matter was made up largely of fruit pulp ingested during september and october .\ndobkin, d. s. 1992. neotropical migrant land birds in the northern rockies and great plains. usda forest service, northern region. publication no. r1 - 93 - 34. missoula, mt .\ncasey, d. 2005. rocky mountain front avian inventory. final report. prepared for the u. s. fish and wildlife service and the nature conservancy by the american bird conservancy, kalispell, montana .\nskaar, p. d. , d. l. flath, and l. s. thompson. 1985. montana bird distribution. montana academy of sciences monograph 3 (44): ii - 69 .\nsome familiar genera, especially those in nightjars (caprimulgidae) and fringillidae, have changed around. also, purple, house, and cassin’s finches are no longer referred to as carpodacus — now they are haemorhous !\nthree subspecies recognized: one in the east w. p. pusilla and two in the west w. p. pileolata and w. p. chryseola. in california w. p. pusilla does not occur. however, it is listed as a vagrant to washington and oregon (a. o. u. 1957). the form w. p. pieolata breeds in the warner and white mountains of central eastern california (a. o. u. 1957). the final race, w. p. chryseola is a widespread breeding species in california. it breeds west of the crest of the cascades and sierra nevada, as far south as the san bernardino mountains (a. o. u. 1957). both pileolata and chryseola migrate through california. the wilson' s warbler is very rare in winter in california, but specimens of both pileolata and chryseola have been collected during this season (dunn and garrett 1997) .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nhutto, r. l. and j. s. young. 1999. habitat relationships of landbirds in the northern region, usda forest service, rocky mountain research station rmrs - gtr - 32. 72 p .\norange - crowned warblers (vermivora celata) are olive - green above, and yellow below, with a small orange crown that often can' t be seen. the female' s crown is a brownish color .\nwilson’s warblers breed mainly in the far north, so for many people they' re easiest to find during migration. spring can be the best time, as males often sing during migration. look for them in shrubby tangles along streams or ponds or even forested edges and take a moment to listen for their rapid song. unlike most warblers, they tend to forage at lower levels which makes finding them easier; no neck craning needed. the only real challenge is getting them in your binoculars. they don’t tend to stay still for long, so watch carefully and have your binoculars ready .\nehrlich, p. , d. dobkin, and d. wheye. 1988. the birder’s handbook: a field guide to the natural history of north american birds. simon and schuster inc. new york. 785 pp." ]

{ "text": [ "the wilson 's warbler ( cardellina pusilla ) is a small new world warbler .", "it is greenish above and yellow below , with rounded wings and a long , slim tail .", "the male has a black crown patch ; depending on the subspecies , that mark is reduced or absent in the female .", "it breeds across canada and south through the western united states , and winters from mexico south through much of central america .", "it is a very rare vagrant to western europe . " ], "topic": [ 28, 23, 23, 22, 21 ] }

[ "the wilson's warbler (cardellina pusilla) is a small new world warbler. it is greenish above and yellow below, with rounded wings and a long, slim tail. the male has a black crown patch; depending on the subspecies, that mark is reduced or absent in the female. it breeds across canada and south through the western united states, and winters from mexico south through much of central america. it is a very rare vagrant to western europe." ]

[ "sampson' s naiad or the wabash riffleshell (epioblasma sampsonii) was a species of freshwater mussel in the family unionidae. it is now extinct .\nvan der schalie, h. 1938a. the naiad fauna of the huron river in southeastern michigan. miscellaneous publication of the museum of zoology, university of michigan 40: 7 - 78 .\nfrierson, l. s. 1927. a classified and annotated checklist of the north american naiades. baylor university press: waco, texas. 111 pp .\ncummings, k. s. and c. a. mayer. 1992. field guide to freshwater mussels of the midwest. illinois natural history survey manual 5, illinois. 194 pp .\nwe’re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon' s innovative cambridge development centre, alongside other amazon teams including prime air, core machine learning, amazon devices and amazon web services .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\nstrayer, d. 1983. the effects of surface geology and stream size on freshwater mussel (bivalvia, unionidae) distribution in southeastern michigan, u. s. a. freshwater biology 13: 253 - 264 .\nevi, an amazon company, was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge. the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\ncummings, k. s. and c. a. mayer. 1997. distributional checklist and status of illinois freshwater mussels (mollusca: unionacea). pages 129 - 145 in: k. s. cummings, a. c. buchanan, c. a. mayer, and t. j. naimo (eds .) conservation and management of freshwater mussels ii: initiatives for the future. proceedings of a umrcc symposium, october 1995, st. louis, missouri. upper mississippi river conservation committee, rock island, illinois .\nwilliams, j. d. , m. l. warren, jr. , k. s. cummings, j. l. harris, and r. j. neves. 1993b. conservation status of freshwater mussels of the united states and canada. fisheries 18 (9): 6 - 22 .\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon, d. d. , j. f. quinn, jr. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, f. g. hochberg, w. g. lyons, p. m. mikkelsen, r. j. neves, c. f. e. roper, g. rosenberg, b. roth, a. scheltema, f. g. thompson, m. vecchione, and j. d. williams. 1998. common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks. 2nd edition. american fisheries society special publication 26, bethesda, maryland: 526 pp .\nthis species was historically placed in the genera dysnomia and plagiola (johnson, 1978) .\nthis species was extirpated within the past 50 years due to destruction of habitat .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\nthis species was formerly known from the wabash river system (burch, 1975; clarke, 1983; cummings and mayer, 1992; 1997), but is now globally extinct. this includes the lower wabash, middle wabash - little vermillion, and middle wabash - busseron in indiana (in nhp, pers. comm. , 2007) as well as the ohio river along the indiana / kentucky border (cicerello and schuster, 2003) .\nno occurrences remain. see clarke (1983) who lists historical distribution in the ohio river from near cincinnati (but likely not in ohio) to near the mouth of the wabash river, in the lower wabash river from near new harmony, indiana to the ohio river, and in the white river indiana, persumably near the mouth at the wabash river .\nlikely causes of extinction are the construction of dams, siltation, and pollution .\nthis species has not been collected in over 50 years and is rare in museum collections .\n( zero (no occurrences believed extant) ) this species was formerly known from the wabash river system (burch, 1975; clarke, 1983; cummings and mayer, 1992; 1997), but is now globally extinct. this includes the lower wabash, middle wabash - little vermillion, and middle wabash - busseron in indiana (in nhp, pers. comm. , 2007) as well as the ohio river along the indiana / kentucky border (cicerello and schuster, 2003) .\nthis species was formerly known from the wabash river system (burch, 1975; clarke, 1983; cummings and mayer, 1992; 1997), but is now globally extinct. it is reported to have occurred only on bars of gravel or sand and never on mud (clarke, 1983) .\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens, including live specimens or recently dead shells (i. e. , soft tissue still attached and / or nacre still glossy and iridescent without signs of external weathering or staining), at a given location with potentially recurring existence. weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence. evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data; unpublished, though documented (i. e. government or agency reports, web sites, etc .) observation or collection data; or museum specimen information .\nseparation barriers within standing water bodies are based solely on separation distance (see separation distance - suitable, below). separation barriers between standing water bodies and within flowing water systems include lack of lotic connections, natural barriers such as upland habitat, absence of appropriate species specific fish hosts, water depth greater than 10 meters (cvancara, 1972; moyle and bacon, 1969) or anthropogenic barriers to water flow such as dams or other impoundments and high waterfalls .\ncontact jay cordeiro (jay _ cordeiro @ natureserve. org) for a complete list of freshwater mussel taxa sorted by flow regime .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nburch, j. b. 1975a. freshwater unionacean clams (mollusca: pelecypoda) of north america. malacological publications: hamburg, michigan. 204 pp .\nhoward, a. d. 1915. some exceptional cases of breeding among the unionidae. the nautilus 29: 4 - 11 .\njohnson, r. i. 1978. systematics and zoogeography of plagiola (= dysnomia = epioblasma), an almost extinct genus of freshwater mussels (bivalvia: unionidae) from middle north america. bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology, 148 (6): 239 - 320 .\nlefevre, g. and w. t. curtis. 1912. studies on the reproduction and artificial propogation of fresh - water mussels. bulletin of the bureau of fisheries 30: 102 - 201 .\nmoyle, p. and j. bacon. 1969. distribution and abundance of molluscs in a fresh water environment. journal of the minnesota academy of science 35 (2 / 3): 82 - 85 .\nstrayer, d. l. 1999a. use of flow refuges by unionid mussels in rivers. journal of the north american benthological society 18 (4): 468 - 476 .\nstrayer, d. l. and j. ralley. 1993. microhabitat use by an assemblage of stream - dwelling unionaceans (bivalvia) including two rare species of alasmidonta. journal of the north american benthological society 12 (3): 247 - 258 .\nwatters, g. t. 1992a. unionids, fishes, and the species - area curve. journal of biogeography 19: 481 - 490 .\ncicerello, r. r. and g. a. schuster. 2003. a guide to the freshwater mussels of kentucky. kentucky state nature preserves commission scientific and technical series 7: 1 - 62 .\nclarke, a. h. 1983. the distribution and relative abundance of lithasia pinguis (lea), pleurobema plenum (lea), villosa trabalis (conrad), and epioblasma sampsoni (lea). american malacological bulletin, 1: 27 - 30 .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: has not been collected for more than 50 years. very scarce in museum collections .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nthe species was endemic to the united states, where it was found in the drainages of the ohio river, living in gravel and sand shoals. like all other members of its genus, its populations declined greatly from early dam and canal construction. the extinction of this species is believed to have occurred sometime in the early 20th century. [ 1 ]\nlittle is known about the biology and ecology of this species. [ 2 ]\nbogan, a. e. 2000. epioblasma sampsonii. 2006 iucn red list of threatened species. downloaded on 7 august 2007 .\nthis page was last edited on 9 june 2018, at 15: 27 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation." ]

{ "text": [ "wabash riffleshell , scientific name epioblasma sampsonii , was a species of freshwater mussel in the family unionidae .", "it is now extinct .", "the species was endemic to the united states , where it was found in the drainages of the ohio river , living in gravel and sand shoals .", "like all other members of its genus , its populations declined greatly from early dam and canal construction .", "the extinction of this species is believed to have occurred sometime in the early 20th century .", "little is known about the biology and ecology of this species . " ], "topic": [ 2, 0, 13, 17, 17, 19 ] }

[ "wabash riffleshell, scientific name epioblasma sampsonii, was a species of freshwater mussel in the family unionidae. it is now extinct. the species was endemic to the united states, where it was found in the drainages of the ohio river, living in gravel and sand shoals. like all other members of its genus, its populations declined greatly from early dam and canal construction. the extinction of this species is believed to have occurred sometime in the early 20th century. little is known about the biology and ecology of this species." ]

[ "sarasinula plebeia (fischer, 1868). family veronicellidae | gilianne brodie - urltoken\nslugs of the plant - eating family veronicellidae are found in the tropics. carnivorous slugs, which eat other snails and earthworms, include the testacellidae of europe .\nveronicella (leidyula) moreleti (crosse and fischer, 1872) in baker, 1925. north american veronicellidae. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia. 77: 157 - 184 .\nvaginulus kreideli semper, 1885 in thome, 1971. redescricao dos tipos de veronicellidae (mollusca, gastropod) neotropicais: vii especies depositadas no museum national d' histoire naturelle, paris, franca. iheringia (zool .) 40: 27 - 52 .\nvaginulus mexicanus strebel and pfieffer, 1882 in thome, 1989. annotated and illustrated preliminary list of the veronicellidae (mollusca: gastropod) of the antilles, and central and north america. journal of medical and applied malacology. 1: 11 - 28 .\nrathouisiidae are carnivorous slugs that prey on other slugs and snails using slender dagger - shaped teeth. at times they will also consume fungi and vegetable matter. veronicellidae are herbivorous, feeding on fungi and dead and living plant material, including garden and crop plants .\nthere are three families in the systellommatophora: the marine onchidiidae and the terrestrial rathouisiidae and veronicellidae. representatives of the rathouisiidae occur in southern china, burma and thailand, through indonesia, the philippines, and new guinea to northern and eastern australia. two australian species are found the wet forests of tropical and subtropical eastern australia. veronicellidae have a worldwide tropical distribution except for north africa and the middle east, where no veronicellids are found. there are also some species in cool temperate habitats in both the southern and northern hemispheres. the two species that occur across tropical and subtropical australia are introduced cosmopolitan tramp species .\n03 / 21 / 2017: as previously mentioned, when conducting a general mollusk survey, if samples are negative for veronicellidae, then negative data should be reported for each of these six genera: belocaulus, colosius, laevicaulis, sarasinula, semperula, and veronicella. in other words, if you list any of these genera as survey targets in your work plan, be sure to include all 6 genera as targets in your work plan, the survey summary form, and in your final data reporting. in april 2013, the family veronicellidae, a target on the 2013 and 2014 ahp prioritized pest lists, was broken down into six genera of concern. when conducting a general mollusk survey, if samples are negative for veronicellidae, then negative data may be reported for each of these six genera: belocaulus, colosius, laevicaulis, sarasinula, semperula, and veronicella. all positives must be reported at the species level .\nty - jour ti - north american veronicellidae t2 - the nautilus. vl - 42 ur - urltoken pb - american malacologists, inc. , etc. cy - melbourne, fla. , etc. , py - 1928 sp - 43 ep - 48 sn - 0028 - 1344 au - baker, h b er -\n… (onchidiidae), terrestrial and herbivorous (veronicellidae), or terrestrial and carnivorous (rathouisiidae); about 200 species. superorder basommatophora mantle cavity present; eyes at base of 1 pair of tentacles; male and female gonopore separate, usually on right side of body; shell conical to patelliform; mostly freshwater but a few land and marine…\nmalacology staff, dr. norine w. yeung (researcher) and jaynee r. kim (research assistant), and malacology affiliates, dr. kenneth a. hayes and dr. robert h. cowie, published a manuscript in pacific science (november 2016) that identified and assessed the distribution of introduced slugs (veronicellidae) in the hawaiian and samoan islands .\nty - jour ti - diversity and distribution of the veronicellidae (gastropoda: soleolifera) in the oriental and australian biogeographical regions t2 - memoirs of the queensland museum. vl - 49 is - 2 ur - urltoken pb - queensland museum, cy - brisbane: py - 2004 sp - 589 ep - 601 sn - 0079 - 8835 au - gomes, s r au - thomé, josé willibaldo er -\nleidyula floridana (leidy & binney, 1851), thome, et al. 1997, annotataed list of veronicellidae from the collections of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia and the national museum of natural history, smithsonian institution, washington, d. c. , u. s. a. (mollusca: gatropoda: soleolifera). proceedings of the biological society of washington. 110: 520 - 536 .\nnoventa y cinco babosas terrestres de la familia veronicellidae identificadas como phyllocaulis variegatus fueron recolectadas en puerto iguazú, provincia de misiones, argentina para ser examinadas en busca de parásitos. las metacercarias del género brachylaima fueron halladas en la cavidad del cuerpo cerca del poro genital femenino. este resultado establece la capacidad de p. variegatus de actuar como hospedador intermediario de brachylaima sp. en el área y representa el primer registro de metacercarias de brachylaima sp. en argentina .\n@ article { bhlpart96001, title = { north american veronicellidae }, journal = { the nautilus. }, volume = { 42 }, copyright = { in copyright. digitized with the permission of the rights holder. }, url = urltoken publisher = { melbourne, fla. , etc. , american malacologists, inc. , etc. }, author = { baker, h b }, year = { 1928 }, pages = { 43 - - 48 }, }\nsystellommatophora are hermaphroditic. individuals are capable of fertilising or being fertilised, but only a few species are able to do so simultaneously, since in all but a few exceptions, sperm and unfertilised eggs mature at different times. most species can self - fertilise. veronicellidae are protandrous hermaphrodites, being initially male then becoming female later in life. clutches of gelatinous eggs are laid on the ground in moist, concealed locations. young slugs are often lighter in color than adults and are active and feed as soon as they hatch if temperature and humidity are suitable .\n@ article { bhlpart236685, title = { diversity and distribution of the veronicellidae (gastropoda: soleolifera) in the oriental and australian biogeographical regions }, journal = { memoirs of the queensland museum. }, volume = { 49 }, copyright = { in copyright. digitized with the permission of the rights holder. }, url = urltoken publisher = { brisbane: queensland museum, 1912 - }, author = { gomes, s r and thomé, josé willibaldo }, year = { 2004 }, pages = { 589 - - 601 }, }\nan average of 78% of semi - slugs collected from residential properties were infected with a. cantonensis, compared with only 24% of cuban slugs (veronicella cubensis, family veronicellidae) collected from the same properties. residents reported that semi - slugs were more often found climbing on structures such as exterior house walls, drain pipes, and water tanks than other slug species. some residents reported finding semi - slugs in outdoor sinks, on dishes, and in food preparation areas. they were frequently abundant under plastic and in piles of compost, fallen palm leaves, and in other types of rotting organic matter. 17\nbarriers include barriers to dispersal such as the presence of permanent water bodies greater than 30 m in width, permanently frozen areas (e. g. mountaintop glaciers) which generally lack land snails (frest and johannes, 1995), or dry, xeric areas with less than six inches precipitation annually, as moisture is required for respiration and often hatching of eggs. for the various slugs and slug - like species (families arionidae, philomycidae, limacidae, milacidae, testacellidae, veronicellidae), absence of suitable moisture, except for the most ubiquitous of species such as deroceras reticulatum (müller, 1774), can serve as a barrier to movement (frest and johannes, 1995). members of these groups tend to have greater difficulty crossing areas of little moisture than other pulmonates. for tree snails (family bulimulidae [ = orthalicidae ]), lack of appropriate arboreal habitat (e. g. distance of greater than 500 m) also serves as a separation barrier .\n< mods xmlns: xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3. 0\nxmlns: xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi: schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > north american veronicellidae < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > baker, h b < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 42 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > the nautilus. < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> melbourne, fla. , etc. , < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > american malacologists, inc. , etc. < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 42 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 43 < / start > < end > 48 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1928 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright. digitized with the permission of the rights holder. < / accesscondition > < / mods >\n< mods xmlns: xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3. 0\nxmlns: xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi: schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > diversity and distribution of the veronicellidae (gastropoda: soleolifera) in the oriental and australian biogeographical regions < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > gomes, s r < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > thom & # 233; , jos & # 233; willibaldo < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 49 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > memoirs of the queensland museum. < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> brisbane: < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > queensland museum, < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 49 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 589 < / start > < end > 601 < / end > < / extent > < date > 2004 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright. digitized with the permission of the rights holder. < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon, d. d. , j. f. quinn, jr. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, f. g. hochberg, w. g. lyons, p. m. mikkelsen, r. j. neves, c. f. e. roper, g. rosenberg, b. roth, a. scheltema, f. g. thompson, m. vecchione, and j. d. williams. 1998. common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks. 2nd edition. american fisheries society special publication 26, bethesda, maryland: 526 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\nintroduced into hawaii (cowie, 1997; 1998) and samoa (cowie and cook, 1999) .\nit was first recorded as exotic in hawaiian islands in 1900 and had spread to o' ahu, moloka' i, and hawai' i, as well as midway (cowie, 1997) with recent records from kaua' i, lana' i, and maui (hayes et al. , 2007) .\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens, including live specimens or recently dead shells (i. e. , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining), at a given location with potentially recurring existence. weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence. evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data; unpublished, though documented (i. e. government or agency reports, web sites, etc .) observation or collection data; or museum specimen information .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\ncowie, r. h. 1997. catalog and bibliography of the nonindigenous nonmarine snails and slugs of the hawaiian islands. bishop museum occasional papers, 50: 1 - 66 .\ncowie, r. h. 1998. patterns of introduction of non - indigenous non - marine snails and slugs in the hawaiian islands. biodiversity and conservation, 7: 349 - 368 .\ncowie, r. h. and r. p. cook. 1999. the distribution and abundance of land snails in the national park of american samoa, with particular focus on partulidae. cooperative national park resources studies unit, university of hawaii at manoa, technical report 125: iii + 143 pp .\nhayes, k. a. , c. t. tran, and r. h. cowie. 2007. new records of alien mollusca in the hawaiian islands: nonmarine snails and slugs (gastropoda) associated with the horticultural trade. bishop museum occasional papers 96: 54 - 63 .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\ngenus cylindrocaulides strand, 1928 accepted as leidyula h. b. baker, 1925\ngenus cylindrocaulus hoffmann, 1925 accepted as leidyula h. b. baker, 1925\ngenus vaginula auct. accepted as vaginulus a. férussac, 1821 (incorrect subsequent spelling; also a junior homonym of vaginula risso, 1826 [ protozoa ] )\nbouchet p. , rocroi j. p. , hausdorf b. , kaim a. , kano y. , nützel a. , parkhaev p. , schrödl m. & strong e. e. (2017). revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. malacologia. 61 (1 - 2): 1 - 526. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of vaginulidae martens, 1866) bouchet p. , rocroi j. p. , hausdorf b. , kaim a. , kano y. , nützel a. , parkhaev p. , schrödl m. & strong e. e. (2017). revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. malacologia. 61 (1 - 2): 1 - 526. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of meisenheimeriinae hoffmann, 1925) bouchet p. , rocroi j. p. , hausdorf b. , kaim a. , kano y. , nützel a. , parkhaev p. , schrödl m. & strong e. e. (2017). revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. malacologia. 61 (1 - 2): 1 - 526. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of sarasinulinae hoffmann, 1925) bouchet p. , rocroi j. p. , hausdorf b. , kaim a. , kano y. , nützel a. , parkhaev p. , schrödl m. & strong e. e. (2017). revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. malacologia. 61 (1 - 2): 1 - 526. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of semperulinae hoffmann, 1925) bouchet p. , rocroi j. p. , hausdorf b. , kaim a. , kano y. , nützel a. , parkhaev p. , schrödl m. & strong e. e. (2017). revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. malacologia. 61 (1 - 2): 1 - 526. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of imeriinae hoffmann, 1928) bouchet p. , rocroi j. p. , hausdorf b. , kaim a. , kano y. , nützel a. , parkhaev p. , schrödl m. & strong e. e. (2017). revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. malacologia. 61 (1 - 2): 1 - 526. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of pseudoveronicellinae hoffmann, 1928) bouchet p. , rocroi j. p. , hausdorf b. , kaim a. , kano y. , nützel a. , parkhaev p. , schrödl m. & strong e. e. (2017). revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. malacologia. 61 (1 - 2): 1 - 526. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nveronicellid species can only be reliably distinguished from each other through dissections and observation of the genitalia .\nveronicella aff. floridana: this species may be distinguished from veronicella cubensis by the genitalia .\nv. cubensis: the body color of this slug is variable. there may be multiple shades of brown with two dark stripes running down the length of its back. the lines may be solid or broken up into spots. there may also be an albino form. another thin, pale white stripe also runs down the midline of the animal. the body texture also varies, where, the body may appear smooth or granular. this slug can usually be distinguished from other species of veronicellids by the presence its blue - gray eye tentacles. there is also a pale brown area around the eyespots. adults will measure between 50 - 70 mm in length, although lengths of up to 120 mm have been recorded .\nv. sloanei: similarly to the other species of this genus, this animal has variable body color, ranging from albino, to tan to grey with varying degrees of grey markings. it has the potential to attain a maximum length of 120 mm. the tentacles of this species are typically blue - grey with pale brown tips .\nv. moreleti: this brown - colored species usually does not have a dorso - median stripe. genitalia: the basal section of the penis is cylindrical. the apex is twisted and the entire region is a hardened mass .\npest species have been known to consume both ornamental and agricultural crops: melon, pumpkin, pepper, eggplant, cabbage, cassava, taro, sweet potato, yam, papaya, banana, star fruit, mango, noni, citrus and coffee .\nveronicella aff. floridana: this slug is known as a pest of potatoes in cuba and that of beans, tomatoes and ornamental plants elsewhere .\nv. cubensis: this animal is a serious pest of agricultural and ornamental crops (e. g. , papaya production in hawaii) especially in the pacific basin. crops include but are not limited to the following: banana, cabbage, cassava, citrus, coffee, eggplant, mango, noni, papaya, pepper, pumpkin, satar fruit, sweet potato, taro, yam. it can be found in very moist habitats (e. g. , near water bodies) .\nv. sloanei: this opportunistic pest is quite aggressive and consumes a wide variety of ornamental and agricultural crops. crops consumed by this pest includes but is not limited to the following: leafy vegetables (e. g. , spinach, cabbage, lettuce), dasheen, banana, plantain, tannia, papaya, citrus, bean, peanut, hibiscus sp. and bougainvillea sp. this pest can also remove the bark of several plants (e. g. , datura sp. and gardenia), therefore girdling the plant. it will lay clutches of 10 - 12 eggs in a chain .\nv. moreleti: this slug has been described from multiple habitats from lowland jungles to open savannas. it is viviparous; therefore, eggs of this species are never intercepted. it has been recorded as a pest of coffee and cacao in mexico .\nand the adjacent territories of north america. vol. i. a. a. gould (ed .) charles little and james brown, boston, ma. pp. 198, 251, pl. iv .\nveronicella floridana (binney, 1851) in binney, 1885. a manual of american land shells. bulletin no. 28 of the united states national museum, p. 528 .\nvaginulus moreleti fischer, 1871 in fischer, p. 1871. revision des especes du genere vaginula ferussac. nouvelles archives du museum d' historie naturelle. paris. 7: 147 - 175 .\ncowie 1997; cowie et al. 2008; cowie et al. 2009; fields and robinson 2004; lechmere guppy 1866; mcdonnell et al. 2008; naranjo - garcía et al. 2007; neck 1976; perez and cordeiro 2008; robinson et al. 2009; rosenberg and muratov 2006; stange 2004; thome 1989; thome 1993; whitney et al. 2004\nveronicella cubensis: feeding on fallen star fruit. (photo: © d. robinson, usda - aphis - ppq )\nveronicella cubensis: genitalia - penis. (photo: © t. w. thome, modified by k. weigel, university of florida )\nveronicella cubensis. genitalia - penial gland. (photo: © t. w. thome, modified by k. weigel, university of florida )\nveronicella cubensis. genitalia - part of the posterior genitalia. (photo: © t. w. thome, modified by k. weigel, university of florida )\nveronicella cubensis. genitalia - pedal gland. (photo: © t. w. thome, modified by k. weigel, university of florida )\nveronicella aff. floridana: feeding on fallen citrus. (photo: © b. frank, jacksonville )\nveronicella aff. floridana: genitalia - penis. (photo: © t. w. thome, modified by k. weigel, university of florida )\nveronicella sloanei. (photo: © father a. j. sanchez munoz, father sanchez' s website of west indian natural history )\nveronicella sloanei: genitalia - penis. (photo: © t. w. thome, modified by k. weigel, university of florida )\nveronicella sloanei: genitalia - penial gland. (photo: © t. w. thome, modified by k. weigel, university of florida )\nveronicella sloanei: genitalia - posterior genitalia. (photo: © t. w. thome, modified by k. weigel, university of florida )\nveronicella sloanei: genitalia - pedal gland. (photo: © t. w. thome, modified by k. weigel, university of florida )\nveronicella moreleti: genitalia - penis. (photo: © t. w. thome, modified by k. weigel, university of florida )\nveronicella moreleti: genitalia - penial gland. (photo: © t. w. thome, modified by k. weigel, university of florida )\nveronicella moreleti: genitalia - part of the posterior genitalia. (photo: © t. w. thome, modified by k. weigel, university of florida )\nveronicella moreleti: genitalia - pedal gland. (photo: © t. w. thome, modified by k. weigel, university of florida )\nthe tropical leatherleaf slug measures 70 - 80 mm long. it is dark - colored (grayish) with raised pustules / tubercles and a characteristically narrow foot. a pale brown line spans the length of its dorsum. the foot is 4 - 5 mm wide in adults and 1 mm wide in juveniles. the keel is tan colored. the tentacles are 2 - 3 mm long, and rarely extend beyond the tip of the mantle .\nthis pest species consumes vegetable crops, fruits and weeds. this species is an intermediate host for angiostrongylus cantonensis, the rat lung parasite of humans. it occupies dry areas at low altitudes and feed during periods of high humidity (late evening / early morning). the adults of this slug will deposit its eggs in any depression in the soil. the eggs are often observed in a cluster with a thread - like material surrounding it. fecal matter is also deposited on the eggs to maintain the eggs' high moisture content. the oval, translucent eggs will measure up to 8 mm. clutch size may be as much as 100 eggs. the eggs often hatch in about a month. the juveniles will measure close to 8 mm upon eclosion (hatching). although maturity is often attained after 5 months, breeding only commences during favorable conditions (warm and rainy weather) .\ncowie 1997; cowie et al. 2008; cowie et al. 2009; naggs et al. 2003; solem 1964; thome 1989\nvaginulus alte: genitalia - penis. (photo: © t. w. thome, modified by k. weigel, university of florida )\nvaginulus alte: genitalia - penial gland. (photo: © t. w. thome, modified by k. weigel, university of florida )\nvaginulus alte: genitalia - pedal gland. (photo: © t. w. thome, modified by k. weigel, university of florida )\nvaginulus alte: genitalia - posterior part of the genitalia. (photo: © t. w. thome, modified by k. weigel, university of florida )\nvaginulus alte: genitalia - part of the posterior genitalia. (photo: © t. w. thome, modified by k. weigel, university of florida )\nover 125 years of print at your fingertips! search our titles and purchase online. shipping is now available !\nbishop museum collections from hawaii and the pacific are among the largest and most important in the world .\nlearn about the research projects bishop museum scientists are working on in the hawaiian islands and the greater pacific basin .\nnon - native land snails are threatening and replacing many of our native species in hawaii and are agricultural and horticultural pests as well as vectors of parasites such as the rat lungworm, angiostrongylus cantonensis. there are no native slugs in hawaii, and it is important to understand how these non - native species impact our native fauna and flora. not only could they be affecting the native hawaiian tree snails, they could also be impacting the threatened native snails that live in our leaf litter .\nphotographs and drawings of three veronicellid species dissected to show structures used to distinguish them. 1: veronicella cubensis (representative specimen from hawai‘i); 2: laevicaulis alte (representative specimen from hawai‘i); 3: sarasinula plebeia [ no live specimen was available for dissection; this illustration is of the “plesiotype” of thomé (1971) in the muséum nationale d’histoire naturelle, paris, mnhn 21307 ]. key reproductive structures that differ among the species: a, penis; b, digitiform gland papilla; c, digitiform tubules .\nthis is a directory page. britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\ndog, (canis lupus familiaris), domestic mammal of the family canidae (order carnivora). it is a subspecies…\nhorse, (equus caballus), a hoofed, herbivorous mammal of the family equidae. it comprises a single species, …\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon, d. d. , j. f. quinn, jr. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, f. g. hochberg, w. g. lyons, et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks, 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 93a33f1b - 2d92 - 4cf4 - a00e - 9bed9def0a83\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 163cfe55 - 244e - 4092 - a904 - 5528c8564cd0\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 295875\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nninety - five veronicellid slugs identified as phyllocaulis variegatus were collected in puerto iguazú, misiones province, argentina. specimens were examined for parasites. metacercariae of the genus brachylaima (brachylaimidae) were recovered from the body cavity near the female genital pore. the results establish the capability of p. variegatus to act as an intermediate host of brachylaima sp. in the area. this study represents the first record of metacercariae of brachylaima sp. in argentina .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\n. this study examined whether the experiences of childhood or adolescent parental divorce / separation and parental alcohol problems affected the likelihood of offspring dsm - iv lifetime alcohol dependence, controlling for parental history of drug, dep ...\n. a mixture of rose bengal and fluorescein is recommended for vital staining of the conjunctiva and cornea because there are pathologic conditions in which only one of the components stains and others in which only the other component asserts itself ...\nteam physicians to appreciate what a certified athletic trainer expects and understands in order to work together as a team to optimize the care of athletes. foreword\n. sub - saharan africa (ssa) bears the heaviest burden of the hiv epidemic. health workers play a critical role in the scale - up of hiv programs. ssa also has the weakest information and communication technology (ict) infrastructure globally. implement ...\nnewman tancredi, a. ; chaput, c. ; touzard, m. ; verriele, l. ; millan, m. j .\nnacheva, g. ; todorova, k. ; boyanova, m. ; berzal herranz, a. ; karshikoff, a. ; ivanov, i .\n. the significance of the c - terminal part of human interferon gamma (hifngamma) for its biological activity was studied by 3 (& apos ;) - end gene mutagenesis. a series of nine derivative genes obtained by systemic deletion of three codons was constructe ...\n. we explore the interactions of v (iii) -, v (iv) -, and v (v) - 2, 6 - pyridinedicarboxylic acid (dipic) complexes with model membrane systems and whether these interactions correlate with the blood - glucose - lowering effects of these compounds on stz - indu ...\n. results at age 12 yr are presented of needle analyses and ht. growth performance of 25 provenances established from seed in 1957 / 58 and planted at 6 sites in lowland / central highland locations in e. germany in 1961. provenances from oregon and s... .\nsorry, preview is currently unavailable. you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we' ll email you a reset link .\nmelbourne, fla. , etc. , american malacologists, inc. , etc .\nbiodivlibrary @ artropica @ austmus @ bhl _ au indeed. these are truly works of art 😊\njaynee r. kim, kenneth a. hayes, norine w. yeung, robert h. cowie\nif you would like to authenticate using a different subscribed institution that supports shibboleth authentication or have your own login and password to project muse, click' authenticate' .\nproject muse promotes the creation and dissemination of essential humanities and social science resources through collaboration with libraries, publishers, and scholars worldwide. forged from a partnership between a university press and a library, project muse is a trusted part of the academic and scholarly community it serves .\n©2018 project muse. produced by johns hopkins university press in collaboration with the sheridan libraries .\nthis website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website. without cookies your experience may not be seamless .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nfilicaulis (slugs), filicaulis bleekeri (keferstein, 1865) (slugs), laevicaulis alte (ferussac, 1821) (slugs), sarasinula grimpe and hoffmann, 1924 (slugs), semperula birmanica (theobald, 1864) (slugs), semperula grimpe & hoffman, 1925 (slugs), semperula insularis thome, 1983 (slugs), semperula maculata (templeton, 1858) (slugs), semperula parva (heynemann, 1885) (slugs), semperula tailandensis thome et al. 1994 (slugs), semperula wallacei (issel, 1874) (slugs), valiguna flava (heynemann, 1885) (slugs), valiguna siamensis (martens, 1867) (slugs )\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nthis translation tool is powered by google. fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nkim, jaynee r. ; cowie robert h. ; hayes kenneth a. ; yeung norine w .\nwallacei and laevicaulis sp. , and a single l. alte and s. plebeia, and all specimens sequenced from independent samoa were s. wallacei .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 3. 0 australia license .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nunited states department of agriculture, agricultural research service, u. s. pacific basin agricultural research center, hilo, hi (r. g. h. )\ndepartment of pharmaceutical sciences, daniel k. inouye college of pharmacy, university of hawai‘i at hilo, hilo, hi (k. h. , s. i. j. )\ncorrespondence to: robert g. hollingsworth phd; usda - ars, 64 nowelo street, hilo, hi 96720 usa; ph: (808) 959 - 4349; email: vog. adsu. sra @ htrowsgnilloh. trebor\nalthough slugs or snails are the obligatory intermediate hosts of a. cantonensis, first to third stage larvae can also be found in the tissues of other, paratenic, hosts that are passive carriers. regarding risk to humans, the most important paratenic hosts are crustaceans (such as prawns and land crabs) and predacious land planarians (such as flatworms in the genus platydemus). 5 platydemus spp. are predators of slugs and snails, excreting digestive juices that externally digest their prey. these flatworms are considered high risk carriers of nematodes because they are small, commonly found on lettuce, cabbage, and fruits, and easily overlooked while preparing food that is consumed without cooking. 6 – 8 hosts of a. cantonensis such as snails, slugs, and prawns are considered safe for human consumption if thoroughly cooked (heated to an internal temperature of 74°c or 165°f). 9\nthe prevalence of a. cantonensis in intermediate hosts can be assessed by digesting slug or snail tissue in artificial gastric juice (1% pepsin with 1% hcl) and the third - stage larvae in the sediment identified morphologically under the microscope using the key of ash. 15 pcr tests have now been developed to identify a. cantonensis in tissues of slugs and snails and quantify the parasite load. 14, 16\n), native to southeast asia and introduced to hawai‘i, was discovered on a residential property in the puna district of hawai‘i island .\n) after consuming home - grown lettuce reportedly contaminated by immature semi - slugs .\nparmarion martensi. (a) eggs and neonates. eggs are about 2. 5 mm in diameter. (b) adult with yellowish - brown flattened fingernail - shaped shell visible on the dorsum. the distinct keel along the posterior dorsal midline helps distinguish this species from similar - looking species in hawai‘i. (c) adult with shell covered by mantle folds. adults are about 5 cm in length .\nthere is both direct evidence 17 and circumstantial evidence that p. martensi has been responsible for an increase in the number of human cases of rat lungworm disease on hawai‘i island. the state of hawai‘i department of health investigated 38 cases between 2005 and 2011, many of which were considered as probable cases only, as they were not confirmed by visualization of the larvae in the cerebrospinal fluid. the majority of these cases occurred on the east side of hawai‘i island (m. dixon, state of hawai‘i, department of health, letter to sij, august 24, 2012). this area includes the center of the distribution of p. martensi as determined in the 2005 survey. 17 since that time, the distribution of p. martensi has expanded and the hilo area is now also infested (rgh, personal observations). isolated populations are also present along the hamakua coast north of hilo (rgh, personal observations) and in waimea and kailua - kona. 17\nbased on the biology and behavior of this species, it appears to represent an unusually high risk for infecting people and animals with a. cantonensis relative to other slug and snail species. very high parasite loads have been found in some individuals. for example, over 6, 800 larvae were extracted from an individual semi - slug from puna (sij, unpublished). this, combined with their common climbing behavior and ability to move quickly and cover large distances across dry substrates (including wood, concrete, tree bark) to locate food sources such as bird food, dog food, cat food, fish entrails, and papaya fruits 17 increases the likelihood that people and pets will come into contact with them and the parasitic nematodes they carry .\nin okinawa, p. martensi and a flatworm predator of slugs and snails, platydemus manokwari, were carriers of a. cantonensis associated with an outbreak of human cases of rat lungworm disease in 2000, the flatworms presumably having become infected by eating infected slugs or snails. 8 both species are found in hawai‘i, sometimes in association with one another (rgh, personal observation) .\nin parts of the world, including hawai‘i, where slugs and snails are carriers of angiostrongylus cantonensis, controlling these animals around homes, gardens, and in the landscape is recommended and should reduce disease risk. control is most easily accomplished using a combination of sanitation and chemical control. 9, 20\nslugs and snails are mainly active at night, which helps preserve water balance, a critical survival factor for these animals. slugs in particular can quickly become dehydrated and die if they forage on a hot, sunny day and are unable to find cover. therefore, a good method for reducing their populations is to limit the number of moist hiding places. this may include removing unnecessary ground cover, cutting back vegetation, removing rocks and fallen wood, and raising items in the landscape off the ground. for example, plant pots and storage sheds can be placed on blocks instead of directly on the ground .\ndrowning slugs or snails for several days in a covered bucket filled with soapy water or a 15% solution of salt water is a convenient and safe way to kill slugs and snails. in the case of salt water, this treatment would also be expected to kill any a. cantonensis larvae that might exit the bodies or remain within them (sij, unpublished). simply smashing slugs and snails and leaving them on the ground is not recommended, as the disease - causing nematodes might be eaten by other animals (such as pets or surviving slugs and snails) .\n). these typically contain metaldehyde or iron phosphate as the active ingredient. placing the baits underneath boards or other objects protects them from the direct effects of rain (which can cause baits to fall apart) and may slow the development of mold, which can make baits unpalatable. it also reduces the chance that domestic animals will consume them. using molluscicides as the only control measure seldom produces adequate results. frequently a bait application might kill only half of the slugs or snails in the treated area. others will survive the treatment because either they were buried or hidden at the time of treatment, they were not attracted to the bait, or they did not eat enough to kill them .\ncommon products used to control slugs and snails in hawai‘i in commercial and residential settings. from left to right: sluggo® (food bait containing 1% iron phosphate) (neudorff, emmerthal, germany), durham® metaldehyde granules 7. 5 (amvac chemical corp. , los angeles, ca), metarex® (metaldehyde food bait) (de sangosse, pont du casse, france) and deadline® (metaldehyde food bait) (amvac chemical corp. , los angeles, ca) .\nfood bait pellets attract snails and slugs, but they may also attract domestic pets. if consumed, metaldehyde products are very toxic to dogs, cats, and other animals, and poisoning incidents are common. partly for this reason, metaldehyde products are also available as granules without the food attractants. granular formulations are finer than the pellets. slugs or snails accidentally contacting granules will respond by producing copious amounts of slime. under the right environmental conditions (hot and dry), the associated loss of moisture leads to death of the snail or slug. 23 liquid forms of metaldehyde are used as a foliar spray or pot drench but are not allowed on edible crops. metaldehyde products must be kept out of waterways and cannot be used legally around water or in swampy areas. for all pesticide products, directions for use are indicated on product labels, and directions must be strictly followed as a matter of federal law .\nalternatives to metaldehyde products are food baits with 1% iron phosphate or a chelated form of iron (sodium ferric edta) as the active ingredient. these products are considered generally safer for use around domestic animals and wildlife than those containing metaldeyde. slugs or snails that feed on iron phosphate baits stop feeding immediately but may not die for several days, so the control will not be immediately apparent. iron - containing baits can be just as effective, or more so, as metaldehyde baits. however, the scientific consensus is that metaldehyde baits outperform iron phosphate baits under normal conditions. 20 relative performance will vary by pest species (which can affect bait acceptance), bait formulation, and environmental conditions following application (eg, temperature and moisture), which affect survival associated with contact exposure to metaldehyde and mold growth on bait .\n, experiments were conducted in which semi - slugs were exposed to baits in mesh cages (∼46 × 46 × 48 cm high). each cage had a plastic pot as a hiding place, a stick to elevate the lip of the pot to allow access, and a piece of cardboard moistened by spraying with water every 1–3 days (\n). ten adult semi - slugs were placed in each cage. the cages were set up on tables in a covered outdoor area. each experiment used four cages, one as the control (no bait or other food provided), while the other three were provisioned with 140 pellets each of one of three types of bait pellets. additional pellets were added as necessary to ensure that bait was always available. the tests were replicated three times .\ntests were set up on a monday, and mortality and bait consumption were monitored usually each weekday following test set up for a period of two weeks (two replicates) or three weeks (one replicate). products tested were deadline® mp' s™ (4% metaldehyde, amvac chemical corp. , los angeles, ca), sluggo® (for details see\n), and ferroxx®, a newly available iron - containing product (5% sodium ferric edta, neudorff, emmerthal, germany). for each of the products, almost all bait consumption occurred within the first two days. although feeding by individual semi - slugs was not tracked, the results suggested that all three products were generally accepted as food. the average number (± se) of pellets consumed by the ten semi - slugs was 17. 7 (± 1. 4), 41. 7 (± 5. 5) and 75. 7 (± 15. 9), corresponding to 0. 48, 0. 88 and 0. 91 g dry weight for deadline, sluggo, and ferroxx, respectively cumulative mortality of semi - slugs after 7 and 14 days is shown in\n. deadline performed best, killing an average of 90% of semi - slugs within 7 days and 100% by 14 days. ferroxx performed better than sluggo, killing an average of 63% (compared to 30% for sluggo) by the end of the second week. results for the test monitored over a three - week period are shown in\n. although all semi - slugs were eventually killed in the ferroxx treatment in this test, 100% mortality was not observed until 16 days after the start of the trial. these results were in sharp contrast to results obtained in a single test using cuban slugs (\nmortality of semi - slugs (parmarion martensi) offered different types of food baits. numbers in parentheses indicate the number of bait pellets consumed by the 10 semi - slugs .\nmortality of cuban slugs (veronicella cubensis) exposed to different types of food baits. numbers in parentheses indicate the number of bait pellets consumed by the 10 slugs .\ncumulative percent mortality of parmarion martensi semi - slugs exposed to poisoned food baits .\nwhile deadline was the most effective product tested, it would also be the most toxic to domestic animals and must be used with discretion. the choice of bait for home users should take into consideration efficacy, cost, and the potential risks of each bait. given favorable weather, a sufficient amount of bait, and repeated treatments, any of the three products could result in complete control of semi - slugs over time .\nwe thank glenn asmus of the united states department of agriculture, agricultural research service (usda - ars) for technical assistance. this work was funded by usda - ars and the university of hawai‘i, hilo, college of pharmacy. this paper represents a contribution to the rat lungworm disease scientific workshop held at the ala moana hotel, honolulu, hawai‘i in august 2011. funding for the workshop and for this publication was provided by the national institute of food and agriculture, united states department of agriculture, through award no. 2011 - 65213 - 29954. mention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the usda. opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the usda. usda is an equal opportunity provider and employer." ]

{ "text": [ "the veronicellidae , also known by their common name the leatherleaf slugs , are a family of pulmonate terrestrial slugs .", "the herbivorous molluscs occur mainly in the tropical and subtropical areas of america , asia and africa .", "they act as intermediate hosts of the rat lung worm angiostrongylus costaricensis , and act as a vector for other human diseases .", "they also cause significant damage to crops . " ], "topic": [ 2, 13, 4, 12 ] }

[ "the veronicellidae, also known by their common name the leatherleaf slugs, are a family of pulmonate terrestrial slugs. the herbivorous molluscs occur mainly in the tropical and subtropical areas of america, asia and africa. they act as intermediate hosts of the rat lung worm angiostrongylus costaricensis, and act as a vector for other human diseases. they also cause significant damage to crops." ]

[ "html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ncontreras - balderas, s. & almada - villela, p. 1996 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthe area of collection is arid, with little vegetation, often succulents, also with thick shrubby growth around; the area is dusty, with poor soils and some cultivated fields nearby. water is clear, bottom muddy; aquatic vegetation includes chara and scirpus; banks shrubby or meadowlike (ref. 26729). not a seasonal killifish (ref. 27139) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnelson, joseph s. , edwin j. crossman, h. espinosa - pérez, l. t. findley, c. r. gilbert, et al. , eds .\nfull author list: nelson, joseph s. , edwin j. crossman, héctor espinosa - pérez, lloyd t. findley, carter r. gilbert, robert n. lea, and james d. williams\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ns. contreras - balderas & p. almada - villela (1996) .\nrobin a. abell (2000). freshwater ecoregions of north america: a conservation assessment. world wildlife fund ecoregion assessments. island press. p. 254. isbn 978 - 1 - 55963 - 734 - 3 .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors (here). text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 license; additional terms may apply. images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses." ]

{ "text": [ "cyprinodon ceciliae ( common names include villa lopez pupfish and violet pupfish ) is an extinct species of pupfish .", "it was endemic to nuevo leon state in mexico . " ], "topic": [ 15, 20 ] }

[ "cyprinodon ceciliae (common names include villa lopez pupfish and violet pupfish) is an extinct species of pupfish. it was endemic to nuevo leon state in mexico." ]

[ "calliactis tricolor among shell rubble in a tide pool near jacksonville, florida. photo courtesy of jax shells .\nasexual reproduction by the symbiotic sea anemone calliactis tric... : ingenta connect\nthinstripe hermit crab, clibanarius vittatus, with the commensal anemone, calliactis tricolor, on its shell. photo by l. holly sweat, smithsonian marine station at fort pierce .\nbrooks wr & rn mariscal. 1985. asexual reproduction by the symbiotic sea anemone calliactis tricolor (lesueur). bull. mar. sci. 36: 432 - 435 .\npreviously, it was unknown how the symbiotic sea anemone calliactis tricolor reproduced. the present paper reports the discovery of a c. tricolor anemone that was undergoing longitudinal fission. other anemones were also collected that had the distinctive column scars characteristic of recently separated anemones. these observations represent the first direct evidence for any type of reproduction by c. tricolor. in addition, small c. tricolor were found at one locality. these small anemones could have been produced sexually .\nbrooks, w. r. & mariscal, r. n. 1985. asexual reproduction by the symbiotic sea anemone calliactis tricolor (lesueur). bulletin of marine science, 36, 432 - 435 .\nbrooks wr & rn mariscal. 1986. population variation and behavioral changes in two pagurids in association with the sea anemone calliactis tricolor (lesueur). j. exp. mar. biol. ecol. 103: 275 - 289 .\ntricolor anemones are common along the georgia coast but are usually seen as a small gelatinous ball washed up on the beach .\nbach ce & wf herrnkind. 1980. effects of predation pressure on the mutualistic interaction between the hermit crab, pagurus pollicaris say, 1817, and the sea anemone, calliactis tricolor (lesueur, 1817). crustaceana 38: 104 - 108 .\ncutress, c. , ross, d. m. & sutton, l. 1970. the association of calliactis tricolor with its pagurid, calappid, and majid partners in the caribbean. canadian journal of zoology, 48, 371 - 376 .\ncitation :\nhermit crab anemones, calliactis tricolor ~ marinebio. org .\nmarinebio conservation society. web. accessed tuesday, july 10, 2018. < urltoken >. last update: 1 / 14 / 2013 2: 22: 00 pm ~ contributor (s): marinebio\n( of calliactis bicolor (le sueur) ) fautin, daphne g. (2013). hexacorallians of the world. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of actinia tricolor le sueur, 1817) fautin, daphne g. (2013). hexacorallians of the world. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncalliactis tricolor, is a bizarre, red dish - pink sea anemone that lives on shells inhabited by hermit crabs. a fascinating example of symbiosis. the anemone' s nematocysts protect the hermit crab from predators. the crab provides the anemone with food and mobility. flat clawed hermits often fight over anemones and steal them from one another .\n( of adamsia tricolor (le sueur, 1817) ) fautin, daphne g. (2013). hexacorallians of the world. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of calliactis egletes (d. & m .) ) fautin, daphne g. (2013). hexacorallians of the world. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nross, d. m. 1970. the commensal association of calliactis polypus and the hermit crab dardanus gemmatus in hawaii. canadian journal of zoology, 48, 351 - 357 .\nthe tricolor anemone, calliactis tricolor, is a colorful anemone with tricolored pigmentation around the mouth and oral disk, produced by alternating bands of bright yellow, red and pinkish - purple (ruppert & fox 1988). the column is generally dull brown, sometimes pink, with cream streaks. each anemone possesses up to 200 short tentacles that can be white, pink or orange. two circular rows of pores near the base of the column allow stinging threads, called acontia, to be expelled from the coelenterons when the animal is disturbed .\ninteresting facts: tricolor anemones form a symbiotic relationship with crabs. the crab provides movement and food scrapes to the anemone and the anemone provides protection and camouflage to for the crab .\nross dm. 1971. protection of hermit crabs (dardanus spp .) from octopus by commensal sea anemones (calliactis spp .). nature, lond. 230: 401 - 402 .\nross, d. m. 1971. protection of hermit crabs (dardanus spp .) from octopus by commensal sea anemones (calliactis spp .). nature, 230, 401 - 402 .\nthe blue leg hermit crab (clibanarius tricolor) is a nice addition to any saltwater reef tank because it is extremely good detritus eater and will aid in the removal of excess food, waste and algae ...\nthe tricolor anemone is a common species in warm temperate and tropical waters of the eastern u. s. , gulf of mexico and caribbean sea (e. g. ruppert & fox 1988). although c. tricolor is most commonly known for growing on the shells of hermit crabs and snails, the anemone can become dislodged from its host or intentionally move from location to location, washing ashore or attaching to shell rubble or other hard surfaces (ruppert & fox 1988) .\nresearch calliactis tricolor » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life (eol) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist (threatened status) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi (pubmed, genbank, etc .) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\nsymbioses between hermit crabs and sea anemones, e. g. , calliactis spp. , are commonly considered mutualistic. benefits to the sea anemone have not been clearly demonstrated, but the hermit crab is thought to benefit, in part, by receiving protection. in the present study, the effectiveness of calliactis in protecting hermit crabs from octopus predation was addressed. hermit crabs with a greater number of attached anemones survived longest. also, the location of an anemone greatly affected its ability to prevent predation. hermit crabs with an anemone attached closest to the shell aperture survived longest .\nthe reproductive strategies of c. tricolor are poorly documented. however, brooks & mariscal (1985) found that the anemones reproduced asexually via longitudinal fission of the column. while the presence of small anemones in the study area suggested sexual reproduction as well, no spawning or settlement behavior was observed .\n( of actinia tricolor le sueur, 1817) le sueur, c. a. (1818). observations on several species of the genus actinia; illustrated by figures. journal of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia. 1 (6): 149 - 154, 169 - 189, pls. 7 - 8. [ details ]\nre: feeding and care of calliactis tricolor anemone - 02 / 09 / 2007 just wanted to say thanks again for your help. bonus pictures attached ;) < neat! > after waiting 2 weeks for the tank to cycle with just live sand, we invested in 2 lbs cured live rock, which dropped the ammonia to 0, almost overnight. < ah, good > nitrites range from 0 - 1ppm and nitrate 5 - 10ppm with 10% water changes over the week. < very good > everyone' s back in the eclipse tank. the anemone we found with a desiccated pedal disk adhered to a shell a few days later while being moved during cleanup of some goo (skinny one in the back rh corner). the anemone in front, named\ngoldenrod\nby my husband, is definitely the tank poser (2nd picture). < heeee! > cheers. . lynn ag < thanks for sharing. bobf, who really likes the tiger cowry shell >\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nthe bulletin of marine science is dedicated to the dissemination of high quality research from the world' s oceans. all aspects of marine science are treated by the bulletin of marine science, including papers in marine biology, biological oceanography, fisheries, marine affairs, applied marine physics, marine geology and geophysics, marine and atmospheric chemistry, and meteorology and physical oceanography .\ningenta. article copyright remains with the publisher, society or author (s) as specified within the article .\nwebsite makes use of cookies so as to keep track of data that you have filled in .\nactinia bicolor le sueur, 1817 (senior homonym of actinia bicolor lesson, 1830. )\ndaly, m. ; fautin, d. (2018). world list of actiniaria .\n( of actinia bicolor le sueur, 1817) le sueur, c. a. (1818). observations on several species of the genus actinia; illustrated by figures. journal of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia. 1 (6): 149 - 154, 169 - 189, pls. 7 - 8. [ details ]\nden hartog, j. c. & van der land, j. (2000 - 2007). as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nfautin, d. g. and m. daly. 2009. actiniaria, corallimorpharia, and zoanthidea (cnidaria) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 349–357 in felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. biodiversity. texas a & m; press, college station, te [ details ]\nfautin, daphne g. (2013). hexacorallians of the world. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of actinia bicolor le sueur, 1817) fautin, daphne g. (2013). hexacorallians of the world. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of actinia bicolor le sueur, 1817) den hartog, j. c. & van der land, j. (2000 - 2007). as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of adamsia bicolor le sueur, 1817) fautin, daphne g. (2013). hexacorallians of the world. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of adamsia egletes duchassaing de fombressin & michelotti, 1866) fautin, daphne g. (2013). hexacorallians of the world. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cereus bicolor) fautin, daphne g. (2013). hexacorallians of the world. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nalthough several species of hermit crabs are found in the irl and surrounding florida waters, the coloration and pattern of stripes on c. vittatus make it readily distinguishable from other species .\nthe range of c. vittatus extends from the virginia coast in the eastern u. s. south to brazil (williams 1984). crabs can be found on sheltered beaches, mud and sand flats, on rock jetties, in seagrass beds and among mangrove roots, in oyster beds and other coastal habitats to a depth of 22 m (e. g. williams 1984). because it can withstand desiccation better than many other hermit crabs, c. vittatus is usually the species found on exposed tidal flats and beaches at low tide (ruppert & fox 1988) .\nthe thinstripe hermit is possibly the most common hermit species in the irl, and is located throughout the lagoon in most submerged or intertidal habitats .\nwith the exception of the giant hermit crab, petrochirus diogenes, c. vittatus is likely the largest hermit crab species in the irl. the anterior shield of the carapace ranges from about 14 to 17 mm in length (williams 1984). adult crabs are commonly found inhabiting gastropod shells at least 10 cm long (ruppert & fox 1988) .\nmean abundance for thinstripe hermit populations in the irl at the sebastian inlet has been documented to vary seasonally from 1. 5 to 13. 9 individuals m - 2 for january and november, respectively (lowery & nelson 1988) .\nas with other crustaceans, c. vittatus reproduces sexually via copulation and the transfer of a spermatophore from the male to the female (hazlett 1996; hess & bauer 2002). eggs are laid on the abdomen of the female up to one hour after mating (turra & leite 2007). ovigerous, or egg - bearing, female hermits have been reported from april through september for populations at sebastian inlet in the irl (lowery & nelson 1988), with each female carrying between 1, 000 to 30, 000 eggs on her abdomen in a mass commonly called a ‘sponge’. over the course of their development, eggs grow from a diameter of about 0. 4 to 0. 7 mm. fecundity in terms of egg number and weight is positively correlated to the size of the female (turra & leite 2001). because they produce multiple clutches over a single reproductive season, the annual reproductive capacity for a single individual has been estimated at about 180, 000 eggs (turra & leite 2001) .\nlaboratory examination of ovigerous crabs revealed that the females exhibited synchronous spawning around sunset, releasing their entire clutch over the course of one to several days (ziegler & forward, jr. 2006). after the larvae are released into the water column, they pass through 4 - 5 zoeal stages and one post - larval stage called a glaucothoe before settling and metamorphosing into juveniles (williams 1984; brossi - garcia 1988). developmental times may vary with water temperature, salinity, and other environmental factors (e. g. harvey 1996), but have been documented to range from 24 to 91 days (williams 1984; turra & leite 2007) .\nbased on their known range in warm temperate to tropical climate zones, thinstripe hermits likely prefer and / or require warm waters in order to thrive. like most organisms that reproduce via planktonic larvae, larval development times decrease in warmer water temperatures (williams 1984). larvae cultured at 25°c took two months to metamorphose into their juvenile stage, while those held at 15°c failed to reach metamorphosis. such studies suggest that the species range is determined by the thermal tolerances of the larvae, as opposed to those of the more robust adults (williams 1984) .\nthinstripe hermits are found in many habitats, from brackish estuaries to more saline coastal waters. some studies have found that salinity plays a role in the rate of larval development and growth (williams 1984) .\nthinstripe hermits are considered to employ an opportunistic trophic mode, feeding on a variety of plant and animal material. diet studies involving gut content analysis revealed that crabs consumed 40% scavenged material, 40% detritus, and 20% substratum (williams 1984) .\ninformation on the predators of c. vittatus is scare, but crabs are likely preyed upon by large benthic - feeding fishes and other crustaceans. eggs and larvae are consumed by a variety of organisms, including some species that are considered to be commensals of the parent crab (williams 1984) .\ncaine, ea. 1976. relationship between diet and the gland filter of the gastric mill in hermit crabs (decapoda, paguridea). crustaceana 31: 312 - 313 .\nbrossi - garcia, al. 1988. juvenile development of clibanarius vittatus (bosc, 1802) (decapoda, anomura), in the laboratory. crustaceana 54: 294 - 313 .\ndiaz, h, orihuela, b, rittschof, d & rb forward, jr. 1995. visual orientation to gastropod shells by chemically stimulated hermit crabs, clibanarius vittatus (bosc). j. crust. biol. 15: 70 - 78 .\nharvey, aw. 1996. delayed metamorphosis in florida hermit crabs: multiple cues and constraints (crustacea: decapoda: paguridae and diogenidae). mar. ecol. prog. ser. 141: 27 - 36 .\nhazlett, b. 1996a. organisation of hermit crab behavior: responses to multiple chemical inputs. behav. 133: 619 - 642 .\nhazlett, b. 1996b. reproductive behavior of the hermit crab clibanarius vittatus (bosc, 1802). bull. mar. sci. 58: 668 - 674 .\nhazlett, b, rittschof, d & ce bach. 2005. the effects of shell and coil orientation on reproduction in female hermit crabs, clibanarius vittatus. j. mar. biol. ecol. 323: 93 - 99 .\nhess, gs & rt bauer. 2002. spermatophore transfer in the hermit crab clibanarius vittatus (crustacea, anomura, diogenidae). j. morphol. 253: 166 - 175 .\nkaplan, eh. 1988. a field guide to southeastern and caribbean seashores: cape hatteras to the gulf coast. houghton mifflin co. boston, ma. usa. 393 pp .\nleite, fpp, turra, a & sm gandolfi. 1998. hermit crabs (crustacea: decapoda: anomura), gastropod shells and environmental structure: their relationship in southeastern brazil. j. nat. hist. 32: 1599 - 1608 .\nlowery, wa. 1987. aspects of the population of clibanarius vittatus at sebastian inlet, florida. master’s thesis. florida institute of technology. melbourne, florida. usa. 75 pp .\nlowery, wa & wg nelson. 1988. population ecology of the hermit crab clibanarius vittatus (decapoda: diogenidae) at sebastian inlet, florida. j. crust. biol. 8: 548 - 556 .\nraz - guzman, a, sánchez, aj, peralta, p & r florido. 2004. zoogeography of hermit crabs (decapoda: diogenidae, paguridae) from four coastal lagoons in the gulf of mexico. j. crust. biol. 24: 625 - 636 .\nruppert, ee & rs fox. 1988. seashore animals of the southeast: a guide to common shallow - water invertebrates of the southeastern atlantic coast. univ. south carolina press. columbia, sc. 429 pp .\nsant’anna, bs, zangrande, cm, reigada, ald & maa pinheiro. 2006. shell utilization pattern of the hermit crab clibanarius vittatus (crustacea, anomura) in an estuary at são vicente, state of são paulo, brazil. iheringia, sér. zool. , porto alegre 96: 261 - 266 .\nsant’anna, bs, reigada, ald & maa pinheiro. 2009. population biology and reproduction of the hermit crab clibanarius vittatus (decapoda: anomura) in an estuarine region of southern brazil. j. mar. biol. assoc. u. k. 89: 761 - 767 .\nturra, a & mr denadai. 2002. substrate use and selection in sympatric intertidal hermit crab species. braz. j. biol. 62: 107 - 112 .\nturra, a & fpp leite. 2001. fecundity of three sympatric populations of hermit crabs (decapoda, anomura, diogenidae). crustaceana 74: 1019 - 1027 .\nturra, a & fpp leite. 2004. shell - size selection by intertidal sympatric hermit crabs. mar. biol. 145: 251 - 257 .\nturra, a & fpp leite. 2007. embryonic development and duration of incubation period of tropical intertidal hermit crabs (decapoda, anomura). rev. brasil. zool. 24: 677 - 686 .\nvoss, gl. 1980. seashore life of florida and the caribbean. dover publications, inc. mineola, ny. usa. 199 pp .\nwilliams, ab. 1984. shrimps, lobsters, and crabs of the atlantic coast of the eastern united states, maine to florida. smithsonian institution press. washington, dc. usa. 550 pp .\nziegler, ta & rb forward, jr. 2006. larval release behaviors of the striped hermit crab, clibanarius vittatus (bosc): temporal pattern in hatching. j. exp. mar. biol. ecol. 335: 245 - 255 .\nbrooks wr. 1991. chemical recognition by hermit crabs of their symbiotic sea anemones and a predatory octopus. hydrobiologia 216 / 217: 291 - 295 .\nkaplan eh. 1988. a field guide to southeastern and caribbean seashores: cape hatteras to the gulf coast, florida, and the caribbean. houghton mifflin co. boston, ma. usa. 425 pp .\nruppert e & r fox. 1988. seashore animals of the southeast: a guide to common shallow - water invertebrates of the southeastern atlantic coast. university of sc press. columbia, sc. 429 pp .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbody soft, cylindrical with tentacles around the top, base attaches to hard substrate; color beige to dark brown with beige streaks to dark orange and red or purple; has dark spots (pores) surrounding the basal margin; tentacles are short, usually whitish, but may be dark orange or pink; pigment around the mouth and oral disk tricolored, usually with a darker outer ring and orange and / or pinkish center; releases orange stringy filaments (acontia) from the oral disk and from the dark pores at the base when disturbed .\nthis anemone varies in color but will always have the dark spots around the basal margin .\ncopyright 2012 - 2018. created by brenda bowling, texas parks and wildlife department .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthe blueberry gorgonian is a filter feeder which requires strong non lateral flow and phytoplankton / zooplankton to be fed to the tank at least once per week. due to the fact it is non ...\nthe pom pom crab aka boxing crab is a small crab typically no larger than a quarter. its body is white and tan with darker areas which provide a camouflage affect. the crab utilizes a small anemone ...\nlive copepods for sale & amphipods make great fish and coral food * * * * * * please note - this item does not ship free by itself. you must purchase a package that comes with free ...\nthe feather duster is a wonderful & fun filled addition to the reef aquarium. as the crown (radiole) which can range in a variety of colors unfurls both to feed and breathe, it appears to almost ...\nthe saltwater peppermint shrimp (lysmata wurdemanni) is also known as veined shrimp and caribbean cleaner shrimp. it is a natural predator of the nuisance anemone - aiptasia, while some peppermint ...\nthe saltwater blue porcelain crab is a filter feeder and a reef safe crab that is great for beginners. it is similar to the saltwater red porcelain crab but is slightly more docile. very bright and ...\nthe saltwater porcelain anemone crab is a docile and reef safe addition to any invertebrate or reef aquarium. they like to get into pairs under the shelter of an anemone and will try to fend off ...\nthe green star polyps coral (pachyclavularia sp .) are a popular genera of coral. not only because it’s so enjoyable to watch their little polyps sway as the water flows, are easy to propagate ...\nrange / geographical distribution: north carolina to the gulf of mexico and the caribbean .\nhabitat: grows on the shells of hermit crabs, box crabs, and snails; also attaches to shell rubble and other hard surfaces .\ndescription: a conical - shaped anemone with up to 200 short tentacles around a violet colored mouth. body tan in color with several cream stripes .\nbreeding: can reproduce asexually by longitudinal fission. scientists assume it also reproduces sexually but this behavior has not been observed .\nwe are on the south end of the island, just off the 14th street parking lot, next to the tybee pier & pavillion .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 34ecf482 - ee2a - 4585 - a9c1 - 18a0910f66ce\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 707ba16b - 94e1 - 4340 - bfd9 - 3eed4312af37\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: a6f76253 - be06 - 4618 - 82b5 - dd22e0335c93\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: ac9892d6 - 66b0 - 465a - b4b1 - 80368bcd613c\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: b7dc6f60 - ee40 - 41cf - b5fd - f4e4dc8933ca\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: f4b72507 - f2e9 - 4891 - 8ebd - 94647c210ddb\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 81ad61c4 - c3e2 - 480a - a4be - cdf86874320e\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthis bibliographic record is available under the creative commons cc0 public domain dedication. the new college of florida, as creator of this bibliographic record, has waived all rights to it worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law .\nthis course offers a transformative field research experience that many former students consider the capstone to their years at berkeley. the course begins with 3 weeks of intensive lectures and training on the uc berkeley campus that provide the contextual framework for the remainder of the course. the students then depart for approximately 9 weeks at the\non moorea in french polynesia. while in moorea, students design and execute their own independent research projects, starting with the initial preliminary studies and ending with statistical analyses and writing. the final weeks are spent back in the berkeley campus where students write up their findings and prepare a professional seminar on their projects. the class size is limited to 22 students by the gump dormitory facilities .\nstudents learn about the biology, geology, evolution, and people of the south pacific. they develop the fundamentals of field research and work with faculty members to develop an independent project on an island topic, such as marine or terrestrial ecology, volcanic geomorphology, biodiversity, invasion biology, animal behavior, or oceanography of reefs and islands .\n. selected students are then interviewed by course instructors. students from other uc’s may take this course, though preference is given to berkeley students. those selected for interviews will be called or emailed to arrange for an interview in april. ​ this is a 13 - unit course and enrollment is by\n. in addition to tuition, additional fees are required for lodging, food, research expenses. financial assistance is available for qualified students through the financial aid office. air fare from the bay area varies depending on ticket source and time of purchase. a valid passport is required and if you do not hold a us or eu passport, also a visa .\naustralian government. 2013. australian government: department of the environment. available: urltoken polypus [ accessed may 22 2014 ] .\nbocharova, e. s. & kozevich, i. a. 2011. modes of reproduction in sea anemones (cnidaria, anthozoa). biology bulletin, 38, 849 - 860 .\ndavie, p. 2011. wild guide to moreton bay and adjacent coasts, queensland museum .\nfautin, d. g. 2009. structural diversity, systematics, and evolution of cnidae. toxicon, 54, 1054 - 1064 .\nfautin, d. g. 2013. hexacorallians of the world [ online ]. available: urltoken [ accessed may 22 2014 ] .\nfautin, d. g. , crowther, a. l. & wallace, c. c. 2008. sea anemones (cnidaria: anthozoa: actinaria) of moreton bay. memoirs of the queensland museum - nature, 54 (1), 35 - 64 .\ngbif. 2013. gbif backbone taxonomy [ online ]. the global biodiversity information facility. available: urltoken [ accessed may 15 2014 ] .\ngruber, d. f. , kao, h. - t. , janoschka, s. , tsai, j. & pieribone, v. a. 2008. patterns of fluorescent protein expression in scleractinian corals. the biological bulletin, 215, 143 - 154 .\ngusmão, l. c. & daly, m. 2010. evolution of sea anemones (cnidaria: actiniaria: hormathiidae) symbiotic with hermit crabs. molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 56, 868 - 877 .\nhessinger, d. a. & lenhoff, h. m. 1973. assay and properties of the hemolysis activity of pure venom from the nematocysts of the acontia of the sea anemone aiptasia pallida. archives of biochemistry and biophysics, 159, 629 - 638 .\njosephson, r. k. 1974. vi - cnidarian neurobiology. in: muscatine, l. & lenhoff, h. m. (eds .) coelenterate biology. academic press .\nkass - simon, g. & scappaticci, a. a. , jr. 2002. the behavioral and developmental physiology of nematocysts. canadian journal of zoology, 80, 1772 - 1794 .\nmackie, g. o. 2002. what' s new in cnidarian biology? canadian journal of zoology, 80, 1649 - 1653 .\nmariscal, r. n. 1974. iii - nematocysts. in: muscatine, l. & lenhoff, h. m. (eds .) coelenterate biology. academic press .\nmurawski, d. a. 2013. anemone and hermit crab. online: national geographic .\nmuscatine, l. , howard, m. l. 1974. coelenterate biology: reviews and new perspectives, new york, academic press, inc .\npantin, c. f. a. 1942. the excitation of nematocysts. journal of experimental biology, 19, 294 - 310 .\npopov, a. 2012. anemone hermit crab egypt dahab (canyon night dive) june 2012 .\npeng, s. - e. , wang, y. - b. , wang, l. - h. , chen, w. - n. u. , lu, c. - y. , fang, l. - s. & chen, c. - s. 2010. proteomic analysis of symbiosome membranes in cnidaria–dinoflagellate endosymbiosis. proteomics, 10, 1002 - 1016 .\nrodríguez, e. , barbeitos, m. , daly, m. , gusmão, l. c. & häussermann, v. 2012. toward a natural classification: phylogeny of acontiate sea anemones (cnidaria, anthozoa, actiniaria). cladistics, 28, 375 - 392 .\nross, d. m. 1974. vii - behavior patterns in associations and interactions with other animals. in: muscatine, l. & lenhoff, h. m. (eds .) coelenterate biology. academic press .\nruppert, e. e. , fox, r. s. , barnes, r. d. 2004. inverebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach, belmont, ca, usa, brooks / cole .\nsalleo, a. , spada, g. & robson, e. a. 1990. discharge characteristics of nematocysts isolated from acontia ofcalliactis parasitica. marine biology, 104, 459 - 464 .\nshick, j. m. 1991. a functional biology of sea anemones, netherlands, springer netherlands .\nwestfall, j. a. 2004. neural pathways and innervation of snidocytes in tentacles of sea anemones. hydrobiologia, 530 / 531, 177 - 121 .\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\n1974. the experimental analysis of host location in symbiotic marine invertebrates, pp. 45–60 ,\nw. b. vernberg (ed .). symbiosis in the sea. university of south carolina press, columbia .\n1989. hermit crabs alter sea anemone placement patterns for shell balance and reduced predation .\n1991b. chemical recognition by hermit crabs of their symbiotic sea anemones and a predatory octopus .\n1993. protection of symbiotic cnidarians by their hermit crab hosts: evidence for mutualism .\ns. m. henry (ed .). symbiosis. academic press, new york .\n1975. behavior of some new zealand sea anemones and their molluscan and crustacean hosts .\n1992. alarm / investigation responses of hermit crabs as related to shell fit and crab size .\n1980. chemical attraction of hermit crabs and other attendants to gastropod predation sites .\n1992. chemical mediation of behavior in hermit crabs: alarm and aggregation cues .\nf. j. vernberg and w. b. vernberg (eds .). the biology of the crustacea. academic press, new york .\n1981. biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in biological research. w. h. freeman, new york. 859 pp .\nbrooks, w. r. , ceperley, l. & pittschof, d. j chem ecol (1995) 21: 1. urltoken\n§4x\u0003þ\u0011íd } ß\u0012ü ~ 1ÿ\u0000õè°\u0007ö ˆgüì§ÿ\u0000\u0001 \u0000 / ö? 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ïôü­š\u0000±âiþî4ýz / ßc\u0003 | û9â€5\u0013äštŠ¾märèßv59cøp\u0006´d”\u0005†\u000f¥\u0000: €9 { ixâò3÷ú% å\u0000? ä‰ö½smµŒþóìþ ~ ”\u0001uüë «îø†æ - ©Ÿz\u0000»ã\n& ó¦•âˆüi\n0 [ w8ý (\u0002huý6yü´ˆæÿ\u0000žr‚úð\u0006\u0000 (é @ \b´\u0000 ½ @ @ \u0005\u00004ð\u0002ð\u0003h\u0001q @ \u0005\u0000% \u0000: € # i # Œüî£êh\u0001r\u001b¥\u0000) \u0006—\u0003©\u0014\u0000´\u0000´\u0000´\u0000ê\u0000 (\u00004\u0000½¨\u0001\u0005\u0000\u0007­\u0000: € \u0000kp\u0001 @ \u0000 \u0000ð\u0003‡j\u0000u\u0000\u0014\u0000p\u0001 @ \u0005\u0000\u0014\u0000p\u0001 @ @ \u0005\u0000 - \u0000% \u0000\u0014\u0000p\u0001 @ \u0005\u0000% \u0000\u0014€ (\u0000 \u0002 \u0000 - \u0014p\u0004iö“õ\u0012 - \u0000 - \u0000\u0014\u0000p\u0001 @ @ \u0019“h\u001ad÷ > { û ýùë @ \u001a! \u0015sj€\u0017ò€3 [ @ ±2³¨– = ç, ‘êê­øp\u0005ß±â - ~ 싲, c å\u0000u°ñm4èž + o24 ~ £y4\u0000û \u000eîâi ^ ßì wúì¾wp\u0004 á6 & lg; ! îlfbsþù ôý\u0016ãkgkd? p [ 4\u0001\u0004 ~ Žü¿øî®­cå£†ß×¥\u0000húycg\u0007•\u0002í ½í\u0000r³ðã´ôe½k™úi ~ þâ0h\u0001ot k½ao | 顜 \u0013\u0013ãp \b®ü9 ÷ñþcs = ¬è»wdg # ñ \u0006gá { xµq¨gut $ æ\u001b÷Ÿz€ > ƒæë © } ±ötà. ñ·\u0014\u0000j\u001a\u0013 _ j6÷¦ñ‘íþâ †¬è) ªù2ùí\u0005ô? rd (\u0002¥ß†îïö\u000f¶jò; dû²± * ð\u0005ýcfkû\u0011\u0004³? ˜œ¤ün\u0006€\n}. þò\u0011o¨ ^ dð\u0010Š - ¥ÿ\u0000z\u0000×d\u0011 e\u0018\u0002€ @ íÿ\u0000†næ£% ö¨›9eûêw * h\u0003onóî 'ˆ½å×ú®èæò0 (\u0002®¥ ^ i³ \\ ³´\u0012 ß\u0019\u0018 \u0002ëk¿·×. /  1ïü œŠ\u0000ý: æ› ­§ék! + »£\u000eô\u0001‹§xxšú! b÷\u0016Ÿg ^ \u0004ü—å\u0000ijº * þéén¶h¹ï < ð\u0004\u000fýµqiög·† & #\nhaitian anemone, fdg. 5 / 1 / 08 i was wondering what types of things these anemones eat? <... condylactis... read here: urltoken bob fenner >\nanemone feeding, food types and frequency - 03 / 15 / 2006 hi. < hello. > i have been searching yours and other websites and am having a hard time getting a straight answer on this question. i have a condy who seems healthy and happy. just got him, is accepting food right away. gets natural sunlight, will be upgrading our lighting system to 250 watt metal halide. the question: how much and how often do i feed our condy? twice a day? twice a week? < once to twice weekly. > we are feeding him minced, thawed shrimp... he seems to like it very much. should i vary it or is just the fresh minced shrimp enough. < best to offer variety. meaty marine foods (fish flesh, crab, shrimp) only. > again, how much and how often? thanks... melissa and micah < read up here urltoken and on through the related links. hope that helps. - josh >\nache, b. w. , 1974. the experimental analysis of host location in symbiotic marine invertebrates. in w. b. vernberg (ed .), symbiosis in the sea. univ. of south carolina press, columbia: 45–60 .\n( lesueur) in protecting hermit crabs from octopus predators. j. exp. mar. biol. ecol. 116: 15–21 .\nsay from predators byhydroid - colonized shells. j. exp. mar. biol. ecol. 87: 111–118 .\ndavenport, d. , 1966. the experimental analysis of behavior in symbioses. in s. m. henry (ed .), symbiosis, 1. academic press, n. y. : 381–429 .\n. bull. mt desert isl. biol. lab. 13: 50–53 .\nmclean, r. , 1983. gastropod shells: a dynamic resource that helps shape benthic community structure. j. exp. mar. biol. ecol. 69: 151–174 .\nross, d. m. , 1974. evolutionary aspects of associations between crabs and sea anemones. in w. b. vernberg (ed .), symbiosis in the sea. univ. of south carolina press, columbia: 111–125\n, in intraspecific and interspecific encounters of three species of mediterranean pagurids. can. j. zool. 57: 1181–1189 .\n( couch .). in p. tardent & r. tardent (eds), developmental and cellular biology of coelenterates. elsevier / north - holland biomedical press, amsterdam: 171–174 .\nin the presence of cephalopods. mar. behav. physiol. 6: 175–184 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nthis home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap! if you would like to help out or know of a great video, photo or site about this species, let us know and we' ll notify you as soon as it is finished. our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year. if you' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio, check out our marinebio projects page .\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page. we greatly appreciate all feedback !\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world, raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly, providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today, and the scientists, teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support, most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected, if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity. we sincerely thank our thousands of members, donors and sponsors, who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88. 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation, education, research, and a sea ethic ~ marinebio. org, inc. is a u. s. 501 (c) 3 charitable, nonprofit organization. contact: info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states. > < (( (( ° > © 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use. privacy policy. > - < °° > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea — to oceanus, the ocean river, like the everflowing stream of time, the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson" ]

{ "text": [ "calliactis tricolor , the tricolor anemone or hitchhiking anemone , is a species of sea anemone in the family hormathiidae .", "it occurs in the caribbean sea and the gulf of mexico .", "it can be found attached to rocks but is often attached to a living crab or mollusc or an empty shell occupied by a hermit crab . " ], "topic": [ 3, 13, 18 ] }

[ "calliactis tricolor, the tricolor anemone or hitchhiking anemone, is a species of sea anemone in the family hormathiidae. it occurs in the caribbean sea and the gulf of mexico. it can be found attached to rocks but is often attached to a living crab or mollusc or an empty shell occupied by a hermit crab." ]

[ "an adult of tylochromis polylepis at sibwesa, lake tanganyika [ tanzania ]. photo by ad konings. (30 - sep - 2005). determiner ad konings\nconservation: tylochromis polylepis is evaluated by the international union for the conservation of nature in the iucn red list of threatened species as (lc) least concern (2006) .\na young (ca. 12 cm) individual of t. polylepis foraging in the shallow sandy zone (1m depth) in front of kalambo lodge (rift valley tropicals) in the south east of lake tanganyika, zambia .\ngreek, tylos = callus + greek, chromis = a fish, perhaps a perch (ref. 45335 )\nnamed by boulenger (1900) presumably in reference to the species' numerous small scales and the resultant high lateral line formula (ref. 52346). polys = greek for many, lepis = latin for scale (ref. 52307 )\nafrica: endemic to lake tanganyika (ref. 5714, 52346). in the lukuga river (lake tanganyika outflow), known up to niemba (ref. 93587) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 43. 5 cm ng male / unsexed; (ref. 1872 )\ndorsal spines (total): 14 - 16; dorsal soft rays (total): 13 - 15; anal spines: 3; anal soft rays: 7 - 9; vertebrae: 30. diagnosis: high lateral line count (54 - 59 scales) (ref. 52346). scales small (ref. 53244) .\nswamp - dweller (ref. 6770). juveniles are coastal and gregarious while adults wander over the sandy bottoms by themselves (ref. 6770), in shallow inshore areas of the lake, in lagoons and river mouths (ref. 4967). feeds mainly on crustaceans and insects, along with some plants (ref. 52307), but also a mollusc eater (ref. 6316, 10616). maternal mouthbrooder (ref. 1872, 52307) that does not pair bond (ref. 52307). females have been observed with about 100 eggs of a diameter of 6 mm (ref. 52307) .\nlamboj, a. , 2004. the cichlid fishes of western africa. birgit schmettkamp verlag, bornheim, germany. 255 p. (ref. 52307 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01585 (0. 00682 - 0. 03686), b = 3. 02 (2. 82 - 3. 22), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 0 ±0. 44 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low to moderate vulnerability (27 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\nsnoeks, j. (freshwater fish red list authority) & darwall, w. (freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\njustification: endemic to lake tanganyika and lower reaches of major affluent rivers where it is widespread and has no known major widespread threats .\nendemic to lake tanganyika and also the lower reaches of major inflowing rivers, including the malagarasi and rusizi .\nfound in very shallow inshore waters (0–1 m deep) on soft bottoms along the lakeshore and in river deltas and lagoons. feeds mostly on plant debris .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\npam chin has been replying to cichlid questions for over twenty years. highly respected and experienced aquarist, pam has visited cichlid habitats around the world, and bred in her' s and her husband gary fish house hundreds of cichlid species. besides her job, she still devotes time to help any person with a cichlid question !\narticles for sale beautifully formatted and wonderfully illustrated pdf articles about all matters relative to cichlids .\nbooks for sale cichlid books and dvds for sale at the cichlid room companion .\ne - books for sale pdf copies of popular cichlid books offered for sale at the best price .\ntrade section the master list of cichlid offers ordered by area and species name .\nboulenger, george albert. 1900 .\nmatériaux pour la faune du congo. poissons nouveaux du congo. sixième partie. mormyres, characins, cyprins, silures, acanthoptérygiens, dipneustes\n. annales du musée du congo belge. v. 1; (n. 6); pp. 129 - 164 (crc01392 )\nto view the full profile. see this and all other species profiles, pictures and videos by becoming a\nof the cichlid room companion. become a subscriber and get a free book the same value of your membership! you can also open the full profile for everyone to see by\npronunciation: refer to our pronunciation key for an explanation of the phonetic symbols .\nhabitat: this is the primary location where the cichlid is found and is a generalization. this does not mean a fish cannot be found in other habitats .\ndiet: many cichlids specialize in eating one type of food; notwithstanding, some of these specialized feeders are flexible and can be opportunistic feeders .\ntemperament: this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tankmates that are of a different species. consider that there is variability in temperament due to various factors, including aquarium size, tankmates of similar appearance, stocking levels, and order of introduction. there may even be some variability among individual specimens .\nconspecific temperament: this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tank - mates of the same species. consider that there is variability in temperament due to such factors as aquarium size, stocking levels and order of introduction. there may even be some variability among individual specimens .\nmaximum size: this is in regards to total length (including the tail) of typical aquarium specimens. wild specimens may not attain this size, or may in fact grow larger than aquarium raised individuals due to various factors. also consider that this is the typical maximum size and there are exceptional individuals that will exceed it .\ndifficulty: this measure is a relative value, comparing a single species against all other cichlids. this only accounts for maintanence in the aquarium and not breeding considerations. 1 = easy and forgiving, 5 = extremely challenging .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services." ]

{ "text": [ "tylochromis polylepis is a species of cichlid native to lake tanganyika and the lukuga river , where it is found in swampy habitats .", "this species can reach a length of 43.5 cm ( 17.1 in ) .", "it can be found in the aquarium trade . " ], "topic": [ 26, 0, 20 ] }

[ "tylochromis polylepis is a species of cichlid native to lake tanganyika and the lukuga river, where it is found in swampy habitats. this species can reach a length of 43.5 cm (17.1 in). it can be found in the aquarium trade." ]

[ "clypeobarbus schoutedeni is a species of ray - finned fish in the genus clypeobarbus .\nclypeobarbus schoutedeni is only known from the type locality: gangala na bodio, dungu river, affluent of the uele, central congo river basin .\njustification: clypeobarbus schoutedeni is only known from the type locality: gangala na bodio, dungu river, affluent of the uele, central congo river basin. the species may be more widespread than is currently known. more information is needed on the species distribution before an assessment can be made .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\nafrica: only known from the type locality (gangala na bodio, dungu river, affluent of the uele) in democratic republic of the congo (ref. 2801, 79650) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 3. 8 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 2801 )\nlévêque, c. and j. daget, 1984. cyprinidae. p. 217 - 342. in j. daget, j. - p. gosse and d. f. e. thys van den audenaerde (eds .) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa (cloffa). orstom, paris and mrac, tervuren. vol. 1. (ref. 2801 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5020 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00977 (0. 00372 - 0. 02567), b = 3. 01 (2. 78 - 3. 24), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 0 ±0. 3 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (10 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nbrummett, r. , mbe tawe, a. n. , dening touokong, c. , reid, g. m. , snoeks, j. staissny, m. , moelants, t. , mamonekene, v. , ndodet, b. , ifuta, s. n. b. , chilala, a. , monsembula, r. , ibala zamba, a. , opoye itoua, o. , pouomogne, v. , darwall, w. & smith, k .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nkeyword search - try again, but check your spelling, and / or use fewer search terms .\nif we don' t have it today, create a' want' and receive an automated email when the item is listed for sale .\nfind books from over 100, 000 booksellers worldwide, for easy searches and price comparison .\nby using the web site, you confirm that you have read, understood, and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions. copyright © 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc. & abebooks europe gmbh. all rights reserved .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\neschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. ; van der laan, r. (eds). (2017). catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. electronic version. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]" ]

{ "text": [ "clypeobarbus schoutedeni is a species of cyprinid fish endemic to the democratic republic of the congo where it is only known from the dungu river .", "this species can reach a length of 3.8 centimetres ( 1.5 in ) tl . " ], "topic": [ 27, 0 ] }

[ "clypeobarbus schoutedeni is a species of cyprinid fish endemic to the democratic republic of the congo where it is only known from the dungu river. this species can reach a length of 3.8 centimetres (1.5 in) tl." ]

[ "html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nclick on the plus [ + ] sign to open up each family list or click the family heading to go directly to the start of the thumbnail pages for that family .\nsimilarly clicking on the sub - family heading will take you to the start of the thumbnail pages for that sub - family .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en" ]

{ "text": [ "eoophyla mimicalis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by hampson in 1917 .", "it is found in cameroon , the republic of congo , the democratic republic of congo , ghana , kenya , malawi , nigeria , sierra leone , tanzania and uganda .", "the wingspan is 13 – 16 mm .", "the forewings are whitish , suffused with dark fuscous .", "the base is fuscous towards the costa .", "the hindwings have a fuscous fascia near the base , as well as fuscous and ochreous scales forming an antemedian fascia .", "adults are on wing year round . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 8 ] }

[ "eoophyla mimicalis is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by hampson in 1917. it is found in cameroon, the republic of congo, the democratic republic of congo, ghana, kenya, malawi, nigeria, sierra leone, tanzania and uganda. the wingspan is 13 – 16 mm. the forewings are whitish, suffused with dark fuscous. the base is fuscous towards the costa. the hindwings have a fuscous fascia near the base, as well as fuscous and ochreous scales forming an antemedian fascia. adults are on wing year round." ]

[ "this is the place for euargyra definition. you find here euargyra meaning, synonyms of euargyra and images for euargyra copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word euargyra. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word euargyra and, of course, euargyra synonyms and on the right images related to the word euargyra .\nhelcystogramma euargyra turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 120\nonebala semiluna janse, 1954; moths s. afr. 5 (4): 393\nonebala probolaspis meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 508; tl: transvaal, slypsteendrift\nonebala brunneotincta janse, 1954; moths s. afr. 5 (4): 393; tl: s. africa\nonebala obsoleta janse, 1954; moths s. afr. 5 (4): 392; tl: s. africa\nonebala blandiella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 792; tl: ceylon\ndectobathra amethystina meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 299 [ key ], 300; tl: toowomba, queensland; sydney, new south wales\ndectobathra choristis meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 299 [ key ], 300; tl: brisbane, queensland; bull, new south wales; albany, west australia\nhelcystogramma iridosoma meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 144\nhelcystogramma zapyrodes turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 119\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland. fascicle 7. 1. gelechioidea, gelechiidae (part), dichomeridinae\nwalsingham, 1881 on the tortricidae, tineidae, and pterophoridae of south africa trans. ent. soc. 1881 (2): 219 - 288, pl. 10 - 13\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\ncarodista fabajuxta (c. s. wu & k. t. park, 1999 )\ndeltoplastis cognata (c. s. wu & k. t. park, 1998 )\ndeltoplastis figurodigita (c. s. wu & k. t. park, 1998 )\ndeltoplastis lamellospina (c. s. wu & k. t. park, 1998 )\nhomaloxestis grabia (c. s. wu & k. t. park, 1999 )\nkalocyrma epileuca (c. s. wu & k. t. park, 1999 )\nkalocyrma oxygonia (c. s. wu & k. t. park, 1999 )\nlecithocera chartaca (c. s. wu & y. q. liu, 1993 )\nlecithocera glabrata (c. s. wu & y. liu, 1992 )\nlecithocera metopaena (c. s. wu & k. t. park, 1999 )\nlecithocera plicata (c. s. wu & k. t. park, 1999 )\nlecitholaxa mesosura (c. s. wu & k. t. park, 1999 )\nlecitholaxa pogonikuma (c. s. wu & k. t. park, 1999 )\nlongipenis dentivalvus (m. wang & h. s. wang, 2010 )\nneopectinimura beckeri (k. t. park & b. k. byun, 2010 )\nneopectinimura calligina (k. t. park & b. k. byun, 2010 )\nneopectinimura madangensis (k. t. park & b. k. byun, 2010 )\nneopectinimura morobeensis (k. t. park & b. k. byun, 2010 )\nneopectinimura setiola (k. t. park & b. k. byun, 2010 )\nneopectinimura walmakensis (k. t. park & m. y. kim, 2014 )\npectinimura batubatuensis (k. t. park & b. k. byun, 2008 )\npectinimura crassipalpis (k. t. park & b. k. byun, 2008 )\npectinimura crinalis (k. t. park & b. k. byun, 2008 )\npectinimura montiatilis (k. t. park & b. k. byun, 2008 )\nquassitagma laminospina (c. s. wu & k. t. park, 1999 )\nthubana felinaurita (h. h. li in yang, zhu & li, 2010 )\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "onebala euargyra is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by turner in 1919 .", "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland .", "the wingspan is 12 mm .", "the forewings are whitish , on the dorsal half suffused with fuscous and with a short fuscous strigula on the costa at one-third and another on the middle .", "there is an elongate-triangular fuscous spot on the costa at two-third , as well as a broad silvery transverse line from the termen beyond the tornus to near the costa before the apex and there are four longitudinal black streaks beyond this , as well as a black terminal line .", "the hindwings are grey , ochreous-whitish towards the base . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "onebala euargyra is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it was described by turner in 1919. it is found in australia, where it has been recorded from queensland. the wingspan is 12 mm. the forewings are whitish, on the dorsal half suffused with fuscous and with a short fuscous strigula on the costa at one-third and another on the middle. there is an elongate-triangular fuscous spot on the costa at two-third, as well as a broad silvery transverse line from the termen beyond the tornus to near the costa before the apex and there are four longitudinal black streaks beyond this, as well as a black terminal line. the hindwings are grey, ochreous-whitish towards the base." ]

[ "worms - world register of marine species - hemipolygona armata (a. adams, 1855 )\nworms - world register of marine species - hemipolygona distincta (a. adams, 1855 )\nchascax maderensis r. b. watson, 1873 accepted as hemipolygona armata (a. adams, 1855 )\nhemipolygona recurvirostra (schubert & wagner, 1829) accepted as nodolatirus recurvirostra (schubert & j. a. wagner, 1829 )\nspecies hemipolygona recurvirostra (schubert & wagner, 1829) accepted as nodolatirus recurvirostra (schubert & j. a. wagner, 1829 )\nchascax r. b. watson, 1873 (junior homonym of chascax ritgen, 1829 [ reptilia ]; hemipolygona is a replacement name. )\nsnyder m. a. (2006) description of hemipolygona honkeri sp. nov. from the western atlantic ocean and caribbean sea (gastropoda: fasciolariidae: peristerniinae). visaya 1 (6): 41 - 47. [ october 2006 ] [ details ]\nrosenberg, g. ; moretzsohn, f. ; garcía, e. f. (2009). gastropoda (mollusca) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 579–699 in: felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. texas a & m; press, college station, texas. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of latirus armatus a. adams, 1855) adams a. (1855 [\n1854\n]). description of twenty - seven new species of shells from the collection of hugh cuming, esq. proceedings of the zoological society of london. 22: 311 - 317. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of chascax maderensis r. b. watson, 1873) watson r. b. (1873). on some marine mollusca from madeira, including a new genus of the muricinae, a new eulima and the whole of the rissoa of the group of islands. proceedings of the zoological society of london (1873): 361 - 391. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of latirus armatus a. adams, 1855) gofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca. in: costello, m. j. et al. (eds), european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. patrimoines naturels. 50: 180 - 213. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of latirus armatus a. adams, 1855) gofas, s. ; afonso, j. p. ; brandào, m. (ed .). (s. a .). conchas e moluscos de angola = coquillages et mollusques d' angola. [ shells and molluscs of angola ]. universidade agostinho / elf aquitaine angola: angola. 140 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nto biodiversity heritage library (17 publications) (from synonym latirus armatus a. adams, 1855) to clemam (from synonym chascax maderensis r. b. watson, 1873) to clemam (from synonym latirus armatus a. adams, 1855) to encyclopedia of life to pesi to pesi (from synonym chascax maderensis r. b. watson, 1873) to pesi (from synonym latirus armatus a. adams, 1855 )\nmarais j. p. & r. n. kilburn (2010) fasciolariidae. pp. 106 - 137, in: marais a. p. & seccombe a. d. (eds), identification guide to the seashells of south africa. volume 1. groenkloof: centre for molluscan studies. 376 pp. [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nclick on one of the taxon names listed below to check the details. [" ]

{ "text": [ "hemipolygona is a genus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "hemipolygona is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies." ]

[ "powelliphanta augusta, monitoring, mark - recapture, translocation, land snails. ; powelliphanta augusta; population monitoring; mark recapture; translocation; land snails\npowelliphanta augusta, monitoring, mark - recapture, translocation, land snails. ; powelliphanta augusta; population monitoring; mark recapture; translocation; land snails\nworms - world register of marine species - powelliphanta augusta k. walker, trewick & barker, 2008\nusing next - generation sequencing to analyse the diet of a highly endangered land snail (powelliphanta augusta) feeding on endemic earthworms .\nfrequency of occurrence of each species of earthworm in the diet of p. augusta .\nusing next - generation sequencing to analyse the diet of a highly endangered land snail (powelliphanta augusta) feeding on endemic earthworms. - pubmed - ncbi\nthis corrects the article\nusing next - generation sequencing to analyse the diet of a highly endangered land snail (powelliphanta augusta) feeding on endemic earthworms\n, e75962 .\nmicrosatellite loci, pcr primers, dye labels and associated thermal cycling conditions. the microsatellite sequence motif below corresponds to that from the genomic dna from powelliphanta augusta individual x1778 .\npowelliphanta snails are hermaphrodites, meaning they possess both male and female reproductive organs and therefore can mate with any other adult powelliphanta .\nan extraordinary physiological feature is that powelliphanta are hermaphrodites. they have female and male reproductive organs and can mate with any other mature powelliphanta .\nwhen powelliphanta' augustus' goes extinct, the government can be held directly responsible .\nall species of powelliphanta, paryphanta and placostylus land snails are endemic to new zealand .\nit' s against the law to take or hold powelliphanta shells without a permit .\nwalker kj, trewick sa, barker gm (2008) powelliphanta augusta, a new species of land snail, with a description of its former habitat, stockton coal plateau, new zealand. j r soc n z 38: 163–186. doi :\npowelliphanta are mostly\nspot endemics\n. this means each species and subspecies are confined to its own small area, with lots of country in between without any powelliphanta at all .\nhuman - aided translocations destroy the intriguing natural patterns of distribution which typifies new zealand powelliphanta .\npowelliphanta were previously known as paryphanta, before being classified as a separate genus in the 1970s .\npowelliphanta snail is at risk from a predator plague caused by high levels of seed production (' beech mast'). battle for our birds protects powelliphanta snail and other native species from predators .\ncitation: boyer s, wratten sd, holyoake a, abdelkrim j, cruickshank rh (2013) using next - generation sequencing to analyse the diet of a highly endangered land snail (powelliphanta augusta) feeding on endemic earthworms. plos one 8 (9): e75962. urltoken\nin recent years, open - cast coal mining has been reducing the range of two species – powelliphanta augusta and powelliphanta patrickensis. both are found only on the buller plateau. this is an unusual habitat for large land snails as it is so acidic and poorly drained that it requires special adaptations in both snails and their earthworm prey—both normally lovers of alkaline and well drained soils— to thrive there .\nforty powelliphanta species or subspecies are listed with national conservation concern, and several species are at risk of extinction .\npowelliphanta snails originated about 200 million years ago, and belong to the oldest family of carnivorous land snails on earth .\n- the conducting of a wider survey of the surrounding environment to locate other possible areas of habitat for powelliphanta augustus .\nthe stronghold for powelliphanta snails is in north west nelson and north westland, with more species here than anywhere else .\nwalker, k. j. , trewick, s. a. , barker, g. m. 2008: powelliphanta augusta, a new species of land snail, with a description of its former habitat, stockton coal plateau, new zealand, journal of the royal society of new zealand, 38 (3) (p. 163 )\nit is estimated that powelliphanta snails can live up to 20 years. in snail terms, that is an incredibly long life span !\nmap of the stockton—denniston plateau and mohikinui river areas showing distribution of sampled powelliphanta. dots represent individual snails (some obscured because of overlying sampling) and colours show optimal assignment to populations as inferred by the structure analysis (cf. fig. 4 a for p. augusta population colour, and fig. 4 b for all other colours). letters refer to inset maps .\na department of conservation report states that not mining the site is the only option that ensures powelliphanta' augustus' does not become extinct .\nwalker, k. j. ; trewick, s. a. ; barker, g. m. (2008). powelliphanta augusta, a new species of land snail, with a description of its former habitat, stockton coal plateau, new zealand. journal of the royal society of new zealand. 38 (3): 163 - 186. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\namong these are at least 16 species and 57 sub - species of powelliphanta – which represent some of the most distinctive invertebrates in new zealand .\nthis decision on powelliphanta translocation clearly demonstrates the government' s prevailing policy to prioritise the extraction of energy sources and minerals at any cost to the environment .\npowelliphanta snails used to be known as paryphanta snails, until the 1970s. now, paryphanta refers only to kauri snails, which live north of auckland .\nthe carnivorous land snail powelliphanta' augustus' is endemic to a 5 hectare area on the mt augustus ridgeline northeast of westport. it is found nowhere else .\nms walker and dr bartlett disagreed over how many powelliphanta snails were in the gorge, but said they lived only in a small area that would be flooded .\ndespite being legally protected, new zealand’s powelliphanta land snails are under serious threat. several species are in danger of extinction, particularly from predation and habitat loss .\nthe fascinating find of a rare white - bodied giant powelliphanta snail was made in the flora stream area of kahurangi national park in november 2011. the albino snail was a powelliphanta hochstetteri hochstetteri that had its characteristic golden brown - spiralled shell but had a body that was a glowing white rather than the usual deep black colour .\npowelliphanta snails are carnivores. they particularly like earthworms, and suck them up through their mouth just like we eat spaghetti. they are also known to eat slugs .\npowelliphanta snails are difficult to find because they are nocturnal, coming out at night to feed and mate. earthworms are their favourite food, and they also eat slugs .\ninitial scientific analysis suggests that powelliphanta may be at least a new subspecies of snail if not a new species, but further scientific analysis is required before this can be confirmed .\nyou can help by supporting aerial 1080 possum and rodent control programmes in your area. these have proven to be safe and effective ways of protecting powelliphanta populations in new zealand .\nif powelliphanta are released outside their natural range, all the small resident animals at the new site suddenly have to contend with a top predator they are not equipped to handle .\npowelliphanta snails are not your common garden snail! in fact, they are totally unlike garden snails, which are a european import and an unwanted garden pest. powelliphanta are giants of the snail world. they are also beautiful. their oversize shells come in an array of colours and patterns, ranging from hues of red and brown to yellow and black .\npowelliphanta snails lay about 5 - 10 large eggs a year. each egg is up to 12 mm long, pearly pink and hard - shelled - just like a small bird’s egg !\nbecause powelliphanta snails are prone to dehydration, they cannot survive in dry conditions. for this reason, they are more common in moist high - altitude forest than in drier forests at lower altitudes .\nwalker, k. j. 2003: recovery plans for powelliphanta land snails, 2003 - 2013: threatened species recovery plan 49, department of conservation, wellington, 49 (p. 172 )\namova results describing genetic variation in four subspecies (p. l. johnstoni, p. l. rotella, p. l. unicolorata, p. l. lignaria) of powelliphanta lignaria .\nestimates of pairwise f st values between four subspecies (p. l. johnstoni, p. l. rotella, p. l. unicolorata, p. l. lignaria) of powelliphanta lignaria .\nthe less well - known species is powelliphanta patrickensis which lives only on the southern part of the stockton plateau and on adjoining denniston plateau. while it has a bigger range than p. augusta, it is affected by the same problem: specialisation to a habitat niche on coal measures which are also sought after for coal mining. in the past this was not a great problem as coal extraction was primarily by underground mining. but since the 1980s all mining has been open - cast which removes all the soil and vegetation supporting the snails to get at the coal under it .\nconservation minister chris carter and associate minister of energy harry duynhoven have approved permits under the wildlife act to enable a population of powelliphanta augustus snails to be moved from the mt augustus ridgeline on the west coast .\ndifferent powelliphanta species can be found from sea level, where they live in rich temperate rainforest, to above the bushline. most of the alpine species have to contend with prolonged snowfalls and bitterly cold winters .\nconservation minister chris carter and associate minister of energy harry duynhoven have approved permits under the wildlife act to enable a population of powelliphanta' augustus' snails to be moved from the mt augustus ridgeline on the west coast .\npowelliphanta' augustus' has not expanded into the nearby new location which is just 800m away. the altitude, solar aspect, exposure, diversity of vegetation, and soil chemistry are all different at the new site .\nmeridian energy was this week granted permission to build an 85 - metre - high dam in the mokihinui gorge. among conditions attached to the consent, meridian will be required to move powelliphanta snails whose habitat will be flooded .\nthe indigenous land snail known as powelliphanta\naugustus\noccurs on the fringes of the mt augustus coal deposit. p .\naugustus\nis listed as nationally critical on the department of conservation' s threat classification system .\na. principal coordinates analysis for powelliphanta lignaria individuals labelled with subspecies classification. b. principal coordinates analysis for p. lignaria individuals labelled with sampling location. the first two axes explain 28. 6% of the variation .\neach structure cluster had a relatively distinct geographic distribution, as shown in figure 1. the p. augusta cluster (from fig. 4 a: purple) was restricted to mount augusta. the second cluster (from fig. 4 b: yellow) was found to the north of mokihinui river and south of the river mouth, near the coast at ngakawau. the third cluster (from fig. 4 b: green) was restricted to the south branch of mokihinui river. the fourth cluster (from fig. 4 b: orange) was spread to the north and south of mokihinui river. the fifth cluster (from fig. 4 b: blue) was found at seddonville. the sixth cluster (from fig. 4 b: red) contained unclassified samples collected only from south of mount o' connor .\nthe largest species is powelliphanta superba prouseorum, found in kahurangi national park and measuring about 9 cm across. these are the sumo wrestlers of the snail world, weighing in at 90 g, or the equivalent of a tui !\nin december 2005, the royal forest and bird society inc. obtained a declaratory judgement from the high court which confirmed that senz required permits for the direct transfer of snail habitat and for any additional effects on powelliphanta arising from mining .\nalthough earthworm tissue was not detectable in snail faeces, earthworm dna was still present in sufficient quantity to conduct molecular analyses. based on faecal samples collected from 46 landsnails, our analysis provided a complete map of the earthworm - based diet of p. augusta. predated species appear to be earthworms that live in the leaf litter or earthworms that come to the soil surface at night to feed on the leaf litter. this indicates that p. augusta may not be selective and probably predates any earthworm encountered in the leaf litter. these findings are crucial for selecting future translocation areas for this highly endangered species. the molecular diet analysis protocol used here is particularly appropriate to study the diet of generalist predators that feed on liquid or soft - bodied prey. because it is non - harmful and non - disturbing for the studied animals, it is also applicable to any species of conservation interest .\nthe minister of conservation is also required to have regard for the wildlife act and the protection of endangered species. much of the existing habitat for powelliphanta' augustus' has already been destroyed, and surrounding mining activity has degraded what is left .\npowelliphanta snails vary in size but some are gigantic - up to 90mm across. the largest is p. superba prouseorum in kahurangi national park. it is the size of a man' s fist, and weighs 90g which is as much as a tui .\nthe powelliphanta snails found today are the culmination of million years of evolution on new zealand’s isolated landmass, developing a set of peculiar characteristics that is totally unique in the world. they represent a small but significant part of our natural heritage which deserves to be saved .\non mt burnett, in golden bay, doc staff could only find about four live powelliphanta gilliesi gilliesi snails in every hundred square metres in 1994. by 2009, following two aerial possum control programmes, searchers were finding almost 18 live snails in every 100 square metres .\na. plot of ln pr (x | k) vs k for all powelliphanta individuals, using species classification as prior probability for population assignment. b. plot of δ k vs k for all powelliphanta individuals, using species classification as prior probability for population assignment. c. plot of ln pr (x | k) vs k for p. lignaria individuals using subspecies classification as prior probability for population assignment. d. plot of ln pr (x | k) vs k for p. lignaria individuals excluding this prior information .\nin making our decision, we have had to weigh the economic benefits of accessing this coal resource with the potential risk of detriment to the snails. in doing so we have taken account of the extent to which stringent conditions may assist in the protection of powelliphanta augustus .\nnow another habitat crucial to the survival of a similar species will be lost with the building of the mokihinui dam. the conservation department says there is no evidence yet that moving powelliphanta snails, of which there are about 40 endangered kinds, to other wild locations can save them .\nnone of these measures are perfect on their own but taken together they provide us with sufficient confidence that the snails will be preserved. this is particularly so given much of the existing habitat for powelliphanta augustus has already been destroyed, and surrounding mining activity has degraded what is left .\nthe save happy valley campaign made the powelliphanta snails a symbol of protecting biodiversity in new zealand. in 2003 solid energy was forced to admit that members of the public had found what appeared to be a new species living on mt. augustus on the west coast of the south island .\na great deal of advice has been considered on these matters. it is fair to say the scientific information on powelliphanta augustus is heavily contested. there are a large number of unknowns, risks and scientific arguments around key aspects of the species, and what will happen if they are moved .\nhowever, until the trees in the replanted areas have grown enough to allow the formation of a proper densely littered forest floor and so become suitable habitat for powelliphanta gilliesi brunnea, the size of the snail population and the extent of habitat is just too small to be sure this subspecies is safe .\ncoal mining, along with causing climate change, kills biodiversity. powelliphanta snails are the moa of the mollusc world, and for how much longer will their survival continue? new zealanders want to keep what is precious and unique to this country. new coal mines should form no part of that .\npowelliphanta superba prouseorum is a gorgeous giant of a snail, with an old - gold coloured shell and huge size (nearly 10 cm across) but its now very rare to find such a large old individual as possums, and to a lesser extent at lower altitudes pigs and rats, have nearly wiped them out .\ndepartment of conservation powelliphanta expert kath walker said it was exceptional to come across an albino snail. from the photos it looked to be an adult snail at least 10 years old. it is amazing it survived so long as its white body would make it clearly stand out to be picked off by weka or other predators .\nchris carter admitted the risk of extinction when he stated\n... it is fair to say the scientific information on powelliphanta' augustus' is heavily contested. there are a large number of unknowns, risks and scientific arguments around key aspects of the species, and what will happen if they are moved ...\nwe followed the method of abdelkrim et al. (2009) for obtaining microsatellite markers for powelliphanta. a dna extract from a single individual of p. augusta (x1778) was sequenced on 1 / 16 of the plate of a roche gs flx sequencer. the resulting genomic dna sequences were scanned for microsatellite repeats using msatcommander v. 0. 8. 2 (faircloth, 2008). primers were designed for sequences containing repeats of appropriate lengths (di -, tri - and tetra - nucleotides) using the primer3 software (rozen & skaletsky, 2000) bundled within msatcommander. m13 tails (boutin - ganache et al. , 2001; schuelke, 2000) were appended to either the forward or reverse primers depending on the optimal primer design. primer pairs were then screened on a subset of the dna extractions, including the individual used in the high throughput sequencing. pcr conditions for the selected microsatellite markers are described in table 1 .\nyou are unlikely to spot a live snail, except at night or occasionally on rainy days. powelliphanta are nocturnal, and come out at night to forage for food and to mate. they live buried in leaf mould or under logs. the snails are most likely to be active on warm, moist nights after a long dry spell .\nin some cases, the population - genetic inferences from mtdna were slightly different from those from our microsatellite data. in other cases the two data sources were in agreement. for example, both sources of data agreed on the differentiation of p. augusta from its sister species p. lignaria. likewise, both data sources clearly showed sharing of alleles and haplotypes among some subspecies of p. lignaria. however, the pattern of sharing of microsatellite alleles differed from that of mtdna haplotypes. this demonstrates the more complex demographic and biogeographic histories typically detected with a combination of nuclear and mitochondrial markers (e. g. hare, 2001) .\nas a result of major habitat loss in the past, many powelliphanta populations are now restricted to tiny pockets of native bush, where they have a precarious toehold on existence. these isolated populations can be threatened further if the bush is removed entirely, or degraded by stock trampling or drainage of neighbouring land, as the snails need moist conditions to survive .\nthomas r. buckley, daniel j. white, robyn howitt, thomas winstanley, ana ramón - laca, dianne gleeson; nuclear and mitochondrial dna variation within threatened species and subspecies of the giant new zealand land snail genus powelliphanta: implications for classification and conservation, journal of molluscan studies, volume 80, issue 3, 1 august 2014, pages 291–302, urltoken\na. plot of assignment of all individuals to populations and coancestry coefficients (k = 4) from structure. b. plot of assignment of powelliphanta lignaria individuals only to populations and coancestry coefficients (k = 4). the height of each shaded bar is proportional to the posterior mean estimate of the proportion of that individual' s microsatellite genotype derived from that population .\nat the hearings into the proposed project, meridian witness ruth bartlett used the example of the successful shifting of snails at stockton as a way to mitigate the effect on the populations at mokihinui. however, doc' s witness, kathleen walker, said the gorge was\nthe most famous of all sites for powelliphanta\nbecause the river played an important role in their evolution .\nmaximum - likelihood gene tree showing relationships among mitochondrial coi haplotypes. branch lengths are drawn proportional to the number of substitutions per site following the scale bar. numbers above nodes are bootstrap percentages followed by bayesian posterior probabilities (expressed as percentages) and only values greater than 50% for the bootstrap are marked. the tree is rooted using powelliphanta fiordlandica, which was the same root location as under the bayesian molecular clock model .\nsolid energy will relocate up to 250 snails by hand to a 10ha site, establish a new snail habitat that will not be affected by mining, provide protection with intensive predator control and a predator proof fence, protect an expanded proportion of the existing snail habitat that will not be mined, develop a captive management programme, and conduct a wider survey of the surrounding environment to locate other possible habitat for powelliphanta' augustus' .\none species, powelliphanta gilliesi brunnea, is slithering towards recovery in golden bay, thanks to a combination of habitat protection and predator control measures. restricted to half a hectare of farmland, doc erected an outer fence to exclude farm stock, an inner fence to exclude rodents and hedgehogs, and planted native trees to increase the habitat available. by 2003, there were about 1, 000 individual snails compared to about 350 - 500 in 2001. numbers have remained high ever since .\non d' urville island in the marlborough sounds, numbers of live powelliphanta hochstetteri obscura snails almost immediately doubled when pigs were fenced out of two small areas of forest in the late1990s. somewhat surprisingly, this was not just because snails inside the fence were no longer being eaten by pigs, but because the snail eggs had a much better chance of hatching, the young hatchling snails had a much better chance of surviving, and they had more earthworms to eat once the forest floor wasn' t being regularly dug up by rooting pigs in search of their main food which is earthworms (pigs compete with snails for worms) .\nthese massive snails are confined to the forests inland of kahurangi point in north west nelson, and the introduced possum didn' t reach this remote site till the late 1950' s. as the invading possum population peaked in the following 2 decades and ate out all the most palatable vegetation, possums began eating the snails instead, and snail numbers plummeted. as the kahurangi point forests were so difficult to access, ground control of the possum population wasn' t easy and aerial control began so late that recovery of the snail population is in doubt. this, the largest of all powelliphanta, is a treasure the world should not lose .\nwe appreciate the efforts of mark hamilton and colleagues (mbc contracting) for collecting powelliphanta biopsies. other material was provided by gary barker and the department of conservation (west coast conservancy). 454 pyrosequencing and data analyses were assisted by jo - ann stanton, jawad abdelkrim and neil gemmell. the manuscript was improved after comments provided by gary houliston, gary barker, robyn simcock, anne austin, thierry backeljau and two anonymous reviewers. this project was funded by core funding for crown research institutes from the ministry of business, innovation and employment' s science and innovation group and solid energy new zealand ltd. support for collecting samples was also provided by meridian energy ltd .\nstructure analyses on all individuals revealed the most likely k to be 4 (fig. 3 a, b). population assignment with k = 4 clearly placed all p. augusta individuals into a distinct genetic cluster (fig. 4 a: purple); all individuals show a pp of at least 0. 994. the second cluster (fig. 4 a: orange) consisted of p. l. rotella and p. l. johnstoni individuals, and one p. l. lignaria individual (sn46) whose genome is a mixture of cluster two (86. 4 %), cluster four (12. 9 %) and cluster three (0. 7 %). the third cluster (fig. 4 a: blue) consists mainly of p. l. unicolorata and p. l. lignaria individuals. the fourth cluster (fig. 4 a: green) groups together the four p. lignaria individuals that could not be assigned taxonomically and two p. l. lignaria individuals. interestingly, p. l. ruforadiata shows a mixed genome from clusters 2, 3 and 4. overall, when all individuals are considered, p. lignaria subspecies do not cluster according to taxonomic classification and some individuals show genomes of mixed origin .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 frameset / / en\nurltoken\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nthe state - owned mining company solid energy new zealand, plans to extract high quality export coal with a value of nz $ 400 million (us $ 246 million) from the stockton opencast mine. the company must implement mitigation measures to preserve the snails before it can commence mining .\nchris carter has acted against the recommendation of the department of conservation, the agency under his authority, that the snails should not be moved .\nthe critically endangered species is fully protected under the wildlife act, but the current action of the conservation minister puts the already depleted population at a high risk of extinction .\nthere have been no previous translocations, and it is not known whether the snails will successfully re - establish on a new site .\nchris carter has also acted against the scientific advice of the biodiversity committee of the royal society of new zealand. the committee commented that\n... the evidence that this population of snails has not expanded its territory, and that its habitat is so restricted, both suggest the necessity to protect the original habitat ...\nthe committee questioned how likely is it for a top order carnivore to successfully survive immediately on re - release to a new habitat into which it has not spread to date, and suggested that these scientific questions need to be answered before the destruction of the original habitat .\nit is not known whether the species can be held in captivity successfully. there is no experience with captive breeding. like so many of new zealand' s rare indigenous species ,\n' augustus' is slow to breed, does not reach maturity and breed until five or six years old, and lives for up to 20 years .\nif the translocation and the captive management programme do not succeed there is no fall back position. mining will have already have done its damage .\ndoc stated in its comments on solid energy' s draft application\n... the tight timeframe for this proposal is its undoing. the' rush' attaches huge risk to the proposal... to eliminate risk the timeframe required is years. ideally before considering risking the only source population through habitat movement the success of translocation should be confirmed. snails should be translocated in several batches over several seasons and then monitored until at least breeding of the translocated and captive populations was confirmed ...\nsolid energy estimates moving and protecting snails on the mt augustus ridgeline will cost $ 8000 per snail .\nrelocation of the snails from mt augustus will cost us in the vicinity of upwards of $ 2 million\nsolid energy communications director vicki blyth said .\nwhen announcing his decision, the conservation minister said\n... should a population of very rare and apparently very localised snails be moved out of most of their known habitat? and if not, is the risk of moving the snails sufficiently high to halt solid energy' s mining plans on the mount augustus ridgeline? ...\nhowever, as ministers we have a legal responsibility to consider more than just the welfare of the snails\nmr carter said .\nwe are also required to have regard to the coal mines act, and this piece of legislation demands that we consider the economic benefits that flow from the efficient development and use of new zealand' s coal resources\nthe minister said .\nthe minister added\nin making our decision, we have had to weigh the economic benefits of accessing this coal resource with the potential risk of detriment to the snails .\nin other government actions that give mining priority, the minister of conservation has been very silent .\ncrown minerals has had a free hand at issuing two mineral prospecting licences to seafield resources limited, which is principally looking for gold on the seabed along more than 400km of the west coast of the south island, covering 10, 178 urltoken and extending to the edge of the 12 nautical mile territorial sea and beyond .\nwestland tai poutini national park and part of mount aspiring national park extend from the alps to the coastline that is subject to the licence. the two parks are part of the pride of new zealand conservation interests, the te wahipounamu - south west new zealand world heritage site which also includes aoraki / mount cook national park, and fiordland national park. the coast is the habitat of two important species, the protected new zealand fur seal, and endangered hector' s dolphin .\nk. j. walker crown copyright © dept. of conservation view larger image\nit was discovered in 1996 by members of the nelson botanical society, however, the department of conservation was unaware of its' existence until 2004 .\nthe species is listed as\nnationally critical\non the new zealand threatened species classification. the total population is estimated at only 800 - 1000 snails, but doc scientists state it is likely there are less .\nthe land snails of today are the result of 80 million years of evolution of new zealand' s unique ecology, isolated from the rest of the world after breaking away from the gondwana continent .\ntogether with new zealand' s other primitive species, tuatara, leiopelma frogs and weta, land snails are regarded as living fossils because of their ancient lineage .\nspecies and 51 subspecies. they occur in a few isolated pockets in the central north island, on the kapiti coast, and across cook strait in marlborough. the greatest diversity of species is in the mountains of northwest nelson and north westland. isolated locations occur down the west coast to fiordland and southland .\nmost species occupy small isolated areas, as a result of substantial habitat loss. snails are also threatened with predation by possums, pigs and rats .\nnew zealand' s long isolation, the absence of mammals, a rugged and divided topography, changing biogeographical conditions, and a varied climate have influenced the radiation of a unique and magnificent snail fauna that represents the country' s distinct gondwana heritage. in addition to the giant carnivorous land snails, there are about 1500 microscopic species that are the size of a pinhead and are mainly vegetarian .\ntwo species of the genus paryphanta (kauri snail), and another 3 placostylus species (flax snail) are only found in the northland region. they are also pretty big and carnivorous. the kauri snail goes a step further with cannibalism. the larger paryphanta species p. busbyi has a shell diameter of 79mm, and placostylus bollonsi has a shell length of 115mm\nthe shiny, colourful shells of land snails are quite beautiful. shell patterns vary considerably with species, with many delicate bands in shades of black, brown, red or yellow. the beauty of the shells was fatal for many land snails, before shell collecting became illegal in 1982 .\neach year, they lay 5 to 10 pink coloured eggs that are up to 14mm long, with hard shells like a bird' s egg .\nnature conservation organisation forest & bird is devastated that 800 native giant land snails from the west coast have died in a department of conservation fridge .\n“first, their natural home was destroyed for a coal mine on stockton plateau, and now they’ve died in captivity. this tragedy was entirely avoidable, ” forest & bird conservation advocate nicola vallance said .\ngiant land snails that died in the fridge were taken from the stockton plateau in 2006 to make way for solid energy’s open - cast coal mine. “all they lived on was 5 hectares on the top of mt augustus. we wanted that small corner left. instead, solid energy mined the lot, ” nicola vallance said .\nsnails have been moved from the department of conservation fridges to the denniston plateau, which is right now threatened by another open - cast coal mine planned by australian - owned bathurst resources. forest & bird is working to save these snails – and other wildlife including great spotted kiwi and west coast green geckos – and would like to see a reserve created to protect the denniston plateau and its unique native plants and animals .\n“keeping our wildlife in fridges is obviously not how new zealanders would like to care for native animals found nowhere else in the world. it’s a sad fact that this has been the best option for them because moving them back to the wild in other parts of the west coast has not worked, ” she said .\nlandcare research says the snails moved from the fridges to new sites last year are breeding too slowly for the populations to survive. new homes for the\nsnails are limited because the snails can’t adapt to different habitats or because other snail species are already there .\nscoop readers - donate and help us create quality, independent news & journalism that is freely available to the public. become a supporter professionals -' at work' users of scoop need a scooppro licence. this keeps scoop open, plus licensed users enjoy exclusive new tools. more about scooppro\nin new zealand, the last major landmass to be settled by humans, the level of detail in which researchers can study the first contact between people and fauna is exceptionally high because it only happened around 750 years ago .\nthe commission has laid 11 charges against spark alleging it made false or misleading representations relating to its billing and a $ 100 offer for new customers .\n‘if they’re not going to make progress, if it’s going to sit there at 19% , then we might have to start thinking about ways government can incentivise them. ’\npoliticians have beef with air new zealand over its promotion of a meat substitute' impossible burger.' acting prime minister winston peters said he would not eat a burger with lab - made meat, particularly if there' s one with the real thing available .\nkiwibuild home buyers will be required to live in their properties for at least three years and have an income cap of $ 180, 000, according to criteria released today .\nreport on statistics on the use of animals in research 12: 13 pm | ministry for primary indus ...\nscience awards winners announced as 11th festival launched 07 / 07 / 18 | the new zealand intern ...\nhuawei p20 pro review: best android phone, best ca... 03 may | bill bennett\ntenth boy rescued from the thai cave is being treated at a medical facility... read more\nrare snails are still living in fridges after being removed from a coalmine four years ago .\nsolid energy national environment manager mark pizey said the company spent $ 6 million moving more than 6000 snails from the ridgeline of its stockton opencast coalmine, near westport, in 2006 .\nthough 4000 of those were moved to other sites, the rest were being kept in hokitika, with some in an\nenvironmental chamber\n.\nit looks like a food cabinet that you would see in a place where food is being kept semi - refrigerated .\ndoc technical adviser kerry weston said 1552 snails were in captivity, with 216 kept in the atmospherically controlled chamber and the others in two - litre containers .\nmr pizey said the containers meant the snails were safe from predators .\nthey seem quite happy .\nms weston said survival rates for snails relocated in the wild varied from 55 per cent to 79 per cent. for a population to survive, that rate needed to be higher than 80 per cent .\nmeridian spokesman alan seay said the snails would be moved to an area where the company would carry out predator control work, so they would be safer than where they were now .\nhowever, forest & bird conservation advocate quentin duthie said that was a\nrisky claim\n, as the relocation of the stockton snails had made them\nfunctionally extinct\n.\n12th and final boy and coach rescued from thai cave... read more\na faulty temperature control has resulted in the death of about 800 rare giant snails taken from the stockton plateau on the west coast .\nthe department of conservation (doc) took nearly 6000 powelliphantia snails from the plateau in 2007 to protect them from solid energy' s stockton opencast mine development .\nfour thousand had been re - released, but about 1600 remained in three temperature controlled cool rooms and environmental chambers as part of a captive programme funded by solid energy .\ndoc spokeswoman jose watson said the snails were meant to be kept at 10 degrees, but a glitch sent the temperature in one of the cool rooms down to zero .\n'' the temperature probe... measured the temperature incorrectly. it said it was really hot in the container so it sent a message to the chiller unit to cool the unit down.''\nthe accident happened over labour weekend, and no one knew how long the snails were exposed to the freezing temperatures, watson said .\n'' snails in the wild do withstand quite cold temperatures. we weren' t sure what the impact was going to be from this event.''\nthe temperature probe was replaced and snails were left in the warmer environment for two weeks before conservancy staff checked up on them .\n'' it' s become apparent that it' s been very bad for them,'' watson said .\nstaff were still counting snails, but just one survivor had been found so far .\na captive breeding programme was going well, watson said, and the loss should be recovered in two to three years .\nbut solid energy new zealand must implement an intensive mitigation package to preserve the snails before it can commence mining in the area .\nthis decision has been an exceptionally difficult one to make because the issues involved are finely balanced ,\nmr carter said today .\nat the heart of this decision are two questions. should a population of very rare and apparently very localised snails be moved out of most of their known habitat? and if not, is the risk of moving the snails sufficiently high to halt solid energy' s mining plans on the mount augustus ridgeline ?\nthe department of conservation' s advice is that given all the unknowns if a decision were made purely in the interest of the snails, they would be left alone and mining of the ridgeline would not take place. we respect this advice .\nhowever, as ministers we have a legal responsibility to consider more than just the welfare of the snails ,\nmr carter said .\nwe are also required to have regard to the coal mines act, and this piece of legislation demands that we consider the economic benefits that flow from the efficient development and use of new zealand' s coal resources .\nthe snail habitat is on land owned by solid energy that has been specifically set aside for mining. the land contains a coal resource of considerable value to the west coast region and the nation .\non balance, we have decided to allow the snails to be moved. but we are requiring a larger mitigation package than originally offered by solid energy .\nthis comprehensive package will provide at least three opportunities to protect the snails, and the implementation of it will be carefully monitored and enforced ,\nmr carter said .\nwe are confident this is the best decision under the law, and fairly balances the competing interests at stake .\nsolid energy new zealand (senz) operates a coal mine at the stockton plateau on the west coast of the south island, and is the owner of the land .\np .\naugustus\nis absolutely protected under the wildlife act 1953. in recognition of this, senz applied for a permit under the wildlife act for a permit to translocate a number of p .\naugustus\n, but it was believed at that time that if senz did not get the permits it could proceed with mining anyway .\nin february, senz found two p .\naugustus\nsnails on a mining block in the stockton plateau that had already been modified .\non 22nd february 2006, senz applied to amend its application to incorporate any p .\naugustus\ndiscovered on any of the mining blocks on the stockton plateau. the ministers of conservation and energy approved a permit on 27th february, for senz to move any p .\naugustus\n, but for four of the mining blocks only. this meant that the snails found in those four blocks that had already been mined could be translocated .\nsenz has appealed the decision of the high court to the court of appeal but the appeal does not affect the ministers' authority to make this decision .\nthe democratic, online voting process run by urltoken has resulted in the majority of members voting to reject the latest proposed dhb nursing and midwifery multi - employer collective agreement offer .\nindustrial services manage cee payne confirms that industrial action will go ahead this thursday 12 may with a nationwide 24 hour strike starting at 0700 and finishing 0700 friday 13 july .\nthere’s a pattern here. centre - left governments will give defence whatever it says it needs, for fear that a “no” will result in them being labelled a bunch of peaceniks ...\nthe auckland city mission’s te whare manaaki wāhine women’s shelter provides safe, welcoming, and temporary accommodation for women starting from sunday 1 july .\nat today' s post - cabinet press conference the government confirmed plans to purchase four p - 8a poseidon maritime patrol aircraft and simulators... .\n“i’d like to thank all those involved with top. we had fun and we challenged people and for the more than 60, 000 people really interested in best practice policy, we appealed. ”\nnew zealand defence minister ron mark says he' s unconcerned about how china will react to criticism of its track record on human rights and freedom of information in the government' s strategic defence policy statement .\nthe mp posted on facebook, supporting auckland mayor phil goff' s decision to ban two controversial canadian speakers from auckland council venues .\nthe ministry for primary industries (mpi) has referred evidence of potential serious staff misconduct to the serious fraud office... mpi said the conduct of concern did not involve the contracting of thompson & clark by mpi .\nif we were you, education minister, this is how we’d do it 4: 46 pm | tertiary education uni ...\nra smith: reviving the “people’s marae. ” 3: 51 am | thomas croskery\nwatch: zoo fights plastic for world environment da... 12: 11 am | courtney day\nincreasing numbers of kiwis leave for asia a longe... 01 jul | samuel robinson\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser. some features of this site may not work without it .\nthey are among the largest snails in the world, and also among our most threatened invertebrates .\npopulation: unknown conservation status: varies between species found in: wet native forests and alpine tussock, especially around north–west nelson and north westland. threats: predation, habitat loss\nhidden away in new zealand’s forests and grasslands is a bewildering array of native land snails, which range from the microscopic to the massive .\nthey are as representative of new zealand’s unique evolutionary history as the kakapo, moa or kiwi. unfortunately, they are also one of the most threatened of new zealand’s invertebrates. a total of 40 species or subspecies are ranked as being of national conservation concern .\nthe genus was named after dr a. w. b. powell, a former scientist at auckland museum who studied the snails during the 1930s and 1940s .\nalbinism is known to occur in many animal species around the world. the absence in pigment, which could be partial or complete, was due to a genetically - inherited defect in the enzyme which produced melanin .\nthis is probably because of the patchiness of suitable habitat. and they can' t move very fast or far. it also relects past barriers to snail movement such as glaciers, rivers, lakes, mountains and volcanic ash. whatever the reason, it makes for a rich and interesting pattern of occupation, which is helping shed light on the past biogeography of new zealand." ]

{ "text": [ "powelliphanta augusta , previously provisionally known as powelliphanta \" augustus \" , is a species of amber snail , a large , carnivorous land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family rhytididae . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "powelliphanta augusta, previously provisionally known as powelliphanta \" augustus \", is a species of amber snail, a large, carnivorous land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family rhytididae." ]

[ "froese, rainer and pauly, daniel, eds. (2012) .\nanabas cobojius\nin fishbase. december 2012 version .\nthis species is widespread in india and bangladesh and rare in nepal. the taxonomic position of this species is uncertain. it is not clearly understood and is considered in the species complex of anabas testudineus, hence anabas cobojius is data deficient .\njustification: this species is widespread in india and bangladesh and rare in nepal. the taxonomic position of this species is uncertain. it is not clearly understood and is considered in the species complex of anabas testudineus, hence anabas cobojius is data deficient .\n{ author1, author2... }, (n. d .). anabas cobojius (hamilton, 1822). [ online ] india biodiversity portal, species page: { name of species field } available at: urltoken [ accessed date jul 10, 2018 ] .\nound in lakes, ponds, ditches and paddy fields and is able to live out of water for protracted periods (fishbase 2009). anabas are carnivorous, living on a diet of water invertebrates and their larvae. they guard their eggs .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthe taxonomy of this species needs further investigation, but is currently recognised as valid (eschmeyer and fricke 2010). there has been a considerable confusion about the taxonomy of the genus\nit is often treated as monotypic, but almost certainly represents a species complex. rao (1968) stated that there are two distinct species and gave the name\nthis species is found in tropical freshwaters of india, nepal (edds and ng 2007), and bangladesh, and may have a wider distribution (eschmeyer and fricke 2010) .\nno information on population is available but it spawns once during rainy season from may - july. the impact of fisheries on the species population requires research .\nthis is a tropical, benthopelagic freshwater fish, common at water temperatures of 22 - 28 ⁰c .\nthe species is a major commercial species and is also used as an ornamental fish .\nthe species is of major commercial interest and there are large scale fisheries for this fish. the species is also threatened by infection by aplanes brauni (fungi) that causes death of this species (de and mandal 2003) .\nthe impact of other regional threats (including siltation caused by deforestation and agricultural activities, pollution, and habitat alteration resulting from hydropower and irrigation dam development) require further research .\nno conservation measures are documented for this species at present but it is believed to be reared for fishery purpose .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 30. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 41236 )\nfound in lakes, ponds, ditches and paddy fields. able to live out of water for protracted period .\ntalwar, p. k. and a. g. jhingran, 1991. inland fishes of india and adjacent countries. volume 2. a. a. balkema, rotterdam. (ref. 4833 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 7500 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01820 (0. 00755 - 0. 04387), b = 2. 97 (2. 77 - 3. 17), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 5 ±0. 4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (fec = 10, 750 - 89, 991) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): moderate vulnerability (37 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n30. 0 cm tl (male / unsexed; (ref. 41236) )\nthis is a tropical, benthopelagic freshwater fish, common at water temperatures of 22 - 28 c .\n, where it occurs in many types of standing water bodies. this species reaches a\nof 30 cm (12 in). it is of commercial importance as a food fish in its native range .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nfroese, r. and d. pauly. editors. 2011. fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. < a href =' urltoken' target =' _ blank' > www. fishbase. org, version (10 / 2011). < / a >\n< a target =' _ blank' href =' urltoken' > iucn 2011. iucn red list of threatened species. version 2011. 2. exported on 12 january 2012 < / a >\nfroese, r. and d. pauly. editors. 2013. fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. ; urltoken version (12 / 2013) .\na general description, with any kind of information about the taxon. its main goal is summarize the most relevant or attractive characteristics of this taxon to the general public .\nmenon, a. g. k. 1999 check list - fresh water fishes of india. rec. zool. surv. india, misc. publ. , occas. pap. no. 175, 366 p .\ndescribes average size, max, range; type of size (perimeter, length, volume, weight ...) .\ngeneral description of the sites where the species is found (ecosystem, forest, environment or microhabitat). includes realm (e. g terrestrial etc) and climatic information (e. g boreal); also includes requirements and tolerances; horizontal and vertical (altitudinal) distribution. also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities (feeding, mating, etc .), associated mostly to vertebrates .\nenumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives. covers ranges, e. g. , a global range, or a narrower one; may be biogeographical, political or other (e. g. , managed areas like conservencies); endemism; native or exotic. does not include altitudinal distribution, which is covered under habitat .\n2006 iucn red list of threatened species. www. iucnredlist. org. downloaded july 2006 .\ndescribes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future. population size is treated under population biology, and trends in population sizes are treated under trends. however, this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .\ntalwar, p. k. and a. g. jhingran 1991 inland fishes of india and adjacent countries. volume 2. a. a. balkema, rotterdam .\nknown or potential benefits of the species for humans, at a direct economic level, as instruments of education, prospecting, eco - tourism, etc. it includes published material or suggestions from the author or others. in any event, the source must be explicitly quoted. can include ecosystem services. however, benefits to ecosystems not specific to humans are best treated under risk statement (what happens when the organism is removed )\n| | best supported on google chrome, firefox 3. 0 +, internet explorer 8. 0 +, safari 4. 0 +, opera 10 +. powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform. technology partner strand life sciences" ]

{ "text": [ "anabas cobojius , the gangetic koi ( bengali : কই মাছ ) , is a species of climbing gourami native to india and bangladesh , where it occurs in many types of standing water bodies .", "this species reaches a total length of 30 cm ( 12 in ) and is carnivorous , feeding on water invertebrates and their larvae .", "it is of commercial importance as a food fish in its native range .", "in addition to being fished , it may be threatened by siltation from deforestation and agricultural activities , pollution and habitat change by hydropower and dam development .", "the exact population is unknown but it spawns once during rainy season from may-july . " ], "topic": [ 22, 0, 15, 17, 17 ] }

[ "anabas cobojius, the gangetic koi (bengali: কই মাছ), is a species of climbing gourami native to india and bangladesh, where it occurs in many types of standing water bodies. this species reaches a total length of 30 cm (12 in) and is carnivorous, feeding on water invertebrates and their larvae. it is of commercial importance as a food fish in its native range. in addition to being fished, it may be threatened by siltation from deforestation and agricultural activities, pollution and habitat change by hydropower and dam development. the exact population is unknown but it spawns once during rainy season from may-july." ]

[ "c. crumbi can be identified by its late fall flight, its predominantly western range, relatively small size, and brassy brown - gray color with black and white basal dash and punctate orbicular spot. the most similar species is ceranemota improvisa with which it flies. it has extensive light greenish gray areas on the forewing that are lacking in c. crumbi .\nceranemota crumbi is known from forests of western oregon and the washington cascade range. a single record of this moth from dayton in columbia county, washington suggests that it might be more widespread but overlooked due to its late - season flight period .\nceranemota partida clarke & benjamin, 1938; bull. south. calif. acad. sci. 37: 63\nceranemota albertae clarke & benjamin, 1938; bull. south. calif. acad. sci. 37: 64\nceranemota amplifascia clarke & benjamin, 1938; bull. south. calif. acad. sci. 37: 65\nceranemota clarke, 1938; bull. south. calif. acad. sci. 37: 56; ts: cymatophora improvisa h. edwards\nceranemota semifasciata benjamin, 1938; bull. south. calif. acad. sci. 37: 61, pl. 13, f. 3, 3a\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nyou appear to have javascript disabled or are using a browser that does not support it. please enable javascript to experience all features of the site !\nwa: kittitas co. se cle elum l, 2461 ft 47. 3, - 121. 1 september 27, 1987, l. g. crabo. specimen courtesy of lgcc photograph copyright: merrill a. peterson\nthis species appears to be fairly common in both coastal rainforests and mixed hardwood forests at low elevations west of the cascades, but is rarely collected because of its very late flight season .\nno information is presently available regarding larval foodplants of this species, but it probably feeds on hardwoods based on closely related species .\nthis species is single brooded with a late fall flight. most records are from late october to late november. it is nocturnal and comes to light and bait .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 4. 0 international license\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\n[ nacl ]; hodges, 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep. am. n of mexico\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy." ]

{ "text": [ "ceranemota crumbi is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "it was described by benjamin in 1938 .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from western oregon and the washington cascade range .", "the habitat consists of coastal rainforests and mixed hardwood forests .", "the length of the forewings is 14 – 17 mm .", "the forewings are brassy brown-grey , but lighter grey in the terminal area .", "the hindwings are dark brown-grey with faint darker markings .", "adults are on wing from late october to late november in one generation per year .", "the larvae probably feed on hardwood species . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 24, 9, 1, 1, 8, 8 ] }

[ "ceranemota crumbi is a moth in the drepanidae family. it was described by benjamin in 1938. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from western oregon and the washington cascade range. the habitat consists of coastal rainforests and mixed hardwood forests. the length of the forewings is 14 – 17 mm. the forewings are brassy brown-grey, but lighter grey in the terminal area. the hindwings are dark brown-grey with faint darker markings. adults are on wing from late october to late november in one generation per year. the larvae probably feed on hardwood species." ]

[ "the western spinebill, acanthorhynchus superciliosus, is a honeyeater found in the heath and woodland of south - western western australia .\nfound only in the south west of western australia the western spinebill frequents residential gardens in margaret river .\nfeeding behaviour and energetics of the western spinebill, acanthorhynchus superciliosis (aves: meliphagidae) .\nthe western spinebill occurs only in south - western australia, mainly in the area north to eneabba and east to israelite bay .\nacanthorhynchus superciliosus, western spinebill image by julia gross - some rights reserved. (view image details )\nacanthorhynchus superciliosus - western spinebill image by julia gross - some rights reserved. (view image details )\nrange the western spinebill is endemic from kalbarri in the north of western australia to the fitzgerald river in the south. it is reasonably common in the perth area .\nred - capped parrot purpureicephalus spurius western rosella platycercus icterotis icterotis, p. i. xanthogenys western ground parrot pezoporus flaviventris noisy scrub - bird atrichornis clamosus red - winged fairy - wren malurus elegans western spinebill acanthorhynchus superciliosus\n​almost 550 species of birds have been recorded in western australia. 387 species have been recorded breeding. 17 species are endemic to western australia. these are carnaby' s black - cockatoo, baudin' s black - cockatoo, western corella, western rosella, red - capped parrot, noisy scrub - bird, red - winged fairy - wren, black grasswren, western bristlebird, dusky gerygone, western thornbill, western wattlebird, kimberley honeyeater, western spinebill, white - breasted robin, western ground parrot and red - eared firetail. many other species have unique sub species in western australia such as western whipbird, crested (western) shrike - tit and lemon - bellied (kimberley) flycatcher. text - birdlife australia 2017 urltoken ​\nfrontal view of a male western spinebill (photo courtesy of j. greaves) [ bungendore park, near perth, wa, june 2015 ]\nnear - lateral view of a male western spinebill (photo courtesy of j. greaves) [ bungendore park, near perth, wa, june 2015 ]\nthe western spinebill is a honey - eater found in the south west of western australia. its scientific name is acanthorhynchus superciliosus. the indigenous people of its home range (the noongar people) called the bird buljit. the eastern spinebill is related and occurs in the coastal areas of eastern australia. its scientific name is acanthorhynchus tenuirostris .\ndistant near - lateral view of an immature western spinebill; note the yellow gape (photo courtesy of j. greaves) [ dryandra woodlands, near narrogin, wa, may 2018 ]\noften seen darting about on whirring wings, the western spinebill inhabits the heathlands and woodlands of south - western australia, especially where banksias are growing. they feed at all levels of the vegetation, probing flowers with their long beaks to extract the sweet nectar .\naust. j. zool. , 1978, 26, 269 - 77 feeding behaviour and energetics of the western spinebill, acanthorhynchus superciliosis (aves: meliphagidae) brian g. collins and heather…\nbehaviour the western spinebill has a rapid, high - pitched whistle when communicating with its kind and a quieter whistle when feeding. the western spinebill is an active bird. the outer tail feathers are white and conspicuous when the bird is flying. the wing beats are audible. it engages in flight displays of a rapid and erratic nature. the male fans the tail to attract the female .\nstock images wa is proud to be a western australian local government association’s preferred supplier .\nthe eastern spinebill sometimes visits urban gardens that are well - vegetated, and will feed from both native and exotic flowers, including fuchsias .\nthe eastern spinebill sometimes hovers like a hummingbird when feeding on the nectar from flowers. most australian honeyeaters feed on flowers from a perched position .\nnutrition the long, curved bill of the western spinebill probes the flowers for nectar. although many of the honey eater species feed on higher shrubs, the western spinebill mainly feeds from low shrubs. it also obtains nectar from the flowers of some eucalyptus and banksia trees. it also feeds on herbs such as anigozanthos or kangaroo paw. it supplements its diet with insects taken while in flight or from vegetation. they do most of their feeding in the morning till around midday .\nnectar is the main food of the western spinebill, obtained by probing flowers with its long, narrow beak. the species also takes insects, mostly caught while sallying in the air, or occasionally by pecking them from the surfaces of plants .\nhabitat the western spinebill is found in heath, woodland and open forests with heath understorey. it is common in dryandra and banksia thickets but is rarely seen in gardens. banksia, verticordia, dryandra, grevillea and adenanthos plant species are all favourites .\nnear - dorsal view of a female western spinebill in a dryandra shrub, in which it was feeding; note the absence of a facial mask and frontal bar pattern (photo courtesy of j. greaves) [ bungendore park, near perth, wa, june 2015 ]\nwestern spinebills have a preference for heath and coastal banksia woodland. they can also be found in gardens .\nwestern\npurple swamphen p. p. bellus, one of the most isolated subspecies in the world .\nsouth western australia, ranging from north of jurien bay to israelite bay inland to moora, corrigin and lake grace .\nfemale and juvenile' western magpies', c. t. dorsalis, have attractive white scalloping across the mantle .\nthe western spinebill is a small honeyeater with long slender curved bill. the male has black head and rusty red band around the back of the neck to the underside of the bill and down the chest. the back and wings are grey. the female is duller with rust patch on back of neck and grey head .\nnevill, s. j. 2008. birds of the greater south west. simon nevill publications, perth, western australia .\nnevill et al. 2005. guide to the wildlife of the perth region. simon nevill publications, perth, western australia .\nwestern spinebills are endemic to australia. they are found only in south - western wa, up to about geraldton in the north, through the hills to the east of perth, and from there up to cape arid np on the wa south coast .\nthe nest of the western spinebill is small and cup - shaped, woven from grass and strips of bark. it is usually located among the foliage of a shrub or small tree, usually between 1 and 7 metres above the ground. the female usually incubates the one or two eggs, and both sexes feed the young birds .\nwestern spinebills occur mainly in heathlands and woodlands, but occasionally in open eucalypt forests, especially where banksias are growing in the understorey .\nour bird observatories in western australia may be a little off the track, but that’s what makes them such magical places to see birds .\nlike other honeyeaters, the western spinebill feeds on nectar. it tends to obtain its nectar from lower shrubs than most other honeyeaters, including banksia, dryandra, grevillea, adenanthos and verticordia. it also feeds from trees of banksia and eucalyptus, and from herbs such as anigozanthos. in addition to nectar, it feeds on insects that it captures in the air or on plants .\nthe eastern spinebill feeds on insects and nectar while perched or while hovering. nectar is obtained from a wide array of flowers, including grevilleas, but its beak is particularly well - suited to extracting nectar from tubular flowers such as epacrids .\ndiet: like other honeyeaters, the western spinebill feeds on nectar. it tends to obtain its nectar from lower shrubs than most other honeyeaters, including banksia, dryandra, grevillea, adenanthos and verticordia. it also feeds from trees of banksia and eucalyptus, and from herbs such as anigozanthos. in addition to nectar, it feeds on insects that it captures in the air or on plants .\nspecies endemic to wa – southwest carnaby’s black - cockatoo calyptorhynchus latirostris baudin’s black - cockatoo calyptorhynchus baudinii western corella cacatua pastinator pastinator, c. p. derbyi\nsw western australia mainly in coastal and subcoastal regions, from eneabba s to pingelly and fitzgerald r, thence e to israelite bay and cape arid national park .\nfemale western spinebills are easily confused with brown honeyeater but the pale chestnut hindcollar is diagnostic if seen and the white outer tail feathers are usually conspicuous in flight .\nwestern gerygone (race fusca) a large, dark form with more extensive white tail - tips. perth is the easiest capital city to see this species .\nhiggins, p. , christidis, l. & ford, h. (2018). western spinebill (acanthorhynchus superciliosus). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nwestern ground parrot pezoporus flaviventrus psittacidae recent surveys in 2012 for the western ground parrot have not located the birds where they were present only a few years ago. although this species is difficult to detect due to its shy habits and the dense habitat where it occurs along the south coast of western australia, the lack of records there is a worrying trend, as the overall population is thought to be particularly small. description the western ground parrot is a slender, medium - sized parrot with a long tail. it has distinctive bright - green plumage with yellow - and - black streaks, flecks and barring, and it has a narrow, bright - red band above its beak. similar speciesthe western ground parrot appears very similar to the eastern ground parrot of eastern and south - eastern australia, but there are no species within its range that it is likely to be confused with. distribution the western ground parrot occurs at a handful of sites in the fitzgerald river and cape arid national parks on the south coast of western australia. they have also been recorded in the nuytsland nature reserve and waychinnicup–many peaks area. the species once occurred on the coastal plains between israelite bay and dongarra, north of perth, before its range contracted. habitat western ground parrots inhabit coastal heathlands with a diverse range of low - growing shrubs, especially where there are patches of vegetation of different ages. they usually occur in areas that have not been burnt for more than 40 years, though they very occasionally venture into areas that are regenerating 2–3 years after a fire has moved through, but only if there is older, unburnt vegetation nearby. feeding western ground parrots feed on or close to the ground, where they eat seeds, flowers, fruits and leaves. breeding little is known of the breeding habits of the western ground parrot. they nest in spring, and the nest is situated on the ground, where the female probably lays three or four eggs. ​ - information supplied by birdlife australia\nthe male western spinebill has a conspicuous white eyebrow and rufous collar that extends onto the throat and upper breast and is bordered by a white band both above and below. the lower breast has a black band. the back, tail and upperwings are all olive grey, like the crown, while the underbody, apart from the throat and breast, is cream coloured. the female is duller, without the bold markings. the species’ most characteristic feature is its bill, which is slender and down - curved .\ndescription the western spinebill ranges from 12 to 15 cm long and weighs a tiny 10 grams. the head is black, the back and wings grey and there is a rufous band behind the neck as well as from the throat to the breast. the ventral surfaces are a light grey with black and white bands below the breast. there are white bands running from the bill back towards the neck and a similar white stripe above the eye. the long bill is curved and slender as befits a honey - eater .\nwestern spinebills are found in the shrublands and forests of far south - western w. a. roughly west of a line joining cockleshell gully n of jurien bay, and israelite bay east of esperance. largely nectar feeders, their long curved bills are well adapted to feeding from tubular flowers, in particular kangaroo paws. occasionally hovering to feed, their light weight also allows them to perch right at the ends of the blooms - they are the smallest honeyeater in the south - west. adult western spinebills live in permanent territories, usually areas rich in banksias, dryandras and other flowering shrubs. the males defend these territories in a vertical display flight with a distinctive high - pitched song. unlike eastern spinebills where the males and females look very similar, male western spinebills are much more strikingly coloured than their mates .\nthe eastern spinebill' s nest is a small cup of twigs, grass and bark, combined with hair and spider' s web, built in a tree fork, generally between 1 and 5 metres from the ground. only the female builds the nest and incubates the eggs, but both parents feed the young when they hatch .\n[ 1 ] schodde r & mason i (1999) the directory of australian birds: passerines. a taxonomic and zoogeographic atlas of the biodiversity of birds of australia and its territories. csiro publishing. [ 2 ] marchant s. & higgins pj, et al. (eds) (1990 - 2006). handbook of australian, new zealand and antarctic birds. (7 vols). oxford university press, melbourne. [ 3 ] nevill s (2008). birds of the greater south west western australia. simon neville publications. [ 4 ] johnstone re and storr gm (1998 - 2004). handbook of western australian birds (2 vols). perth, western australian museum. [ 5 ] joseph l, wilke t (2006). molecular resolution of population history, systematics and historical biogeography of the australian ringneck parrots barnardius: are we there yet? emu 106: 49 - 62 [ 6 ] murphy sa, joseph l, burbidge ah, austin j (2010). a cryptic and critically endangered species revealed by mitochondrial dna analyses: the western ground parrot. conservation genetics 12 (2): 595–600 [ 7 ] serventy dl & whittell hm (1976). birds of western australia. perth: university of western australia press. [ 8 ] ioc world birdlist .\n[ 10 ] johnstone re (2001). checklist of the birds of western australia. records of the western australian museum, supplement 63: 75 - 90. [ 11 ] wooler rd, saunders da, bradley js, de rebeira cp (1985). geographical variation in size of an australian honeyeater (aves: meliphagidae): an example of bergmann’s rule. biol j linnean soc 25: 355 - 363. [ 12 ]\nsilvereye (race chloronotus [ syn. gouldi ]) “western silvereye” western birds are quite distinct in having the whole of upperparts olive - green, whereas all other australian forms have a grey back; yellow - green undertail coverts; “…lacks the prenuptial moult which characterises the eastern populations”, according to serventy & whittell [ 7 ]; also a more rounded wing - tip, reflecting its more sedentary nature compared to the migratory eastern subspecies [ 2 ]. formerly regarded as a separate species, but aligns with the south australian form on mtdna and intergrades with it across western sa. there is a simmering argument about the correct subspecific name, s & m and hanzab arguing for reinstatement of gould’s chloronotus over gouldi .\nthe western race of the australian raven has shorter hackles, a finer bill, and different call to the east coast birds, and may explain some reports of little crows in perth from visiting birders familiar with the east coast australian ravens .\nwestern australia' s murray river and the helena river near the city of perth as they descend from the darling scarp that overlooks the west coast. on the west coast further south the jarrah forest region also covers the leeuwin - naturaliste ridge .\ns & m recognised an eastern and a western form of welcome swallow, the latter with a slightly shorter tail (especially in males); slightly smaller; and a slightly longer bill. the range of carteri extends into the pilbara in winter .\nthe western spinebill has a distinctive long, slender, down - curved bill. the male has an olive - grey crown with a white eye - brow and a black facial mask which is bordered below with a white stripe. the throat and upper breast are rufous, extending over the back of the neck as a collar; the lower breast has a white and a black band. the rest of the upperbody is olive - grey and the rest of underbody is cream. the female is duller, largely olive - grey above and cream below, with a diffuse pale eyebrow and a diffuse rufous collar, but lacks the black - and - white markings of the male .\nj. greaves reports spotting western spinebills at bungendore park, near perth, wa, in june 2015, and at dryandra woodlands, near narrogin, wa, in may 2018. all photographic and sighting information presented on this page has kindly been contributed by j. greaves .\nthere are two young western spinebills in my garden, recently out of the nest but still being fed by mum and dad. they can' t fly very well and spend their days in the plants learning how to suck nectar from the flowers. soon they will have their glorious chestnut colouring .\nboth subspecies have been lumped with eastern yellow robin in the past and this is “…yet to receive rigorous investigation” according to c & b [ 9 ], though a recent molecular study appears to have put this question to rest, while confirming subspecies status for the two western forms [ 14 ] .\nthe eastern spinebill is most easily recognised by its very long, fine, down - curved beak and energetic flight, during which its white outer tail feathers are prominent. males have a grey - black crown which extends in a black line on either site of the breast. the breast and throat are white, with a rufous patch in the centre of the throat. the wings and lower back are dark grey and the underparts and upper back are buff. females are similar to males but have less distinct markings .\nwestern ground parrot [ aka ground parrot (race flaviventris) ] lighter underparts; fainter barring on the belly; generally lighter green all over [ 3 ]. this is now an undisputed split following conclusive molecular work published in 2010 [ 6 ], though some checklists (looking at you birdlife) refuse to recognise this. endangered .\naustralian magpie (race dorsalis) “western magpie” these used to be perceived as intermediate between the “black - backed” and “white - backed” forms of magpie, particularly because of the distinct white feather edges (creating a coarse scalloped pattern) on the back of females. intergrades with longirostris through the murchison and along the mulga - eucalypt line .\nregent parrot (race anthopeplus [ westralensis ]) has a slightly darker green body (ie. less yellow) and is more evenly toned than the scarcer eastern form monarchoides. previously the eastern form took anthopeplus until it was noticed that the engraving of the type specimen in edward lear’s the parrots clearly shows the western form [ 2 ] .\n[ 13 ] ford j (1963). geographic variation in the yellow robin in western australia. emu 62: 241 - 248 [ 14 ] loynes k, joseph l, keogh js (2009). multi - locus phylogeny clarifies the systematics of the australo - papuan robins (family petrocidae, passeriformes). molecular phylogenetics and evolution 53: 212 - 219\naustralasian swamphen (race bellus) “western swamphen” distinct for the presence of a blue throat and upper breast overlaying the purple underparts; also some blue on the marginal wing coverts forming a shoulder patch; shorter bill shield; slightly larger [ 3 ]. distributed around moora to albany, with an apparently isolated population around esperance. has some plumage characters of african birds, but nevertheless shown genetically to lie in melanotus in the recent swamphen breakup .\nsplendid fairy - wren (race splendens) “banded fairy - wren” the western nominate splendens is distributed throughout the southwest and most of the mid - west and inland gascoyne, only hybridising with centralian callainus beyond a line wiluna to laverton. the male is more uniformly deep blue (ie. back is same deep blue as breast, not turquoise); has a narrower black band on the nape; and no black bar across the lower back .\nthe bird that inspired me to start the endemic project. i was so lucky to be able to paint the western ground parrot at the perth zoo. the breeding program at the zoo could be the birds last hope of regaining a heathy population. ​to find out a bit more about the zoo and see the first section of my mural check out the link below. urltoken ​i will be returning on the 29th to finish the other panels of the mural\nwestern spinebills are very small nectar - eating birds. their plumage is dimorphic, i. e. males and females are different. male western spinebills have a thin white eyebrow starting above each eye, which gives the species its name. the eyes are surrounded by wide black eye stripes, under which there are wider white stripes that connect to form a crescent under the chin. the crown is dark olive - grey; the chestnut - brown nape of the neck connects on the sides with a large chestnut throat and chest patch. below that patch there are two horizontal bands, the upper one being white, the lower one black. the shoulders, belly, vent and undertail coverts are creamy to buff. the rest of the back is dark grey - brown. the outer feathers of the otherwise dark - grey tail have white subterminal patches. female western spinebills have, except for a small whitish chin patch, an all creamy to buff front, from the throat to the undertail coverts. they have an inconspicuous, thin light - grey eyebrow. the nape of the neck is chestnut and the rest of the back is identical to males'. the eyes of both sexes have red irises. the very long, slender, slightly down - curved bill is black. the legs and feet are dark - grey. juveniles have duller colours and dark irises, but otherwise resemble females .\nwestern corella nominate form pastinator is now restricted to the lake muir and rocky gully areas; more widespread derbyi (new norcia, wongan hills, wubin, moora areas) is smaller in size, and has a shorter bill and slightly less red in the lores. the name derbyi (which takes precedence over synonym butleri) springs from an unfortunate mix - up when the notoriously over - eager mathews accidentally lodged the type specimen as a new little corella subspecies from derby !\ncopperback quail - thrush (race fordianum) a south - western subspecies split by s & m from arid zone clarum, within a species recently split after discovery of deep genetic divergence across the eyrean barrier [ 16 ]. the chestnut band across the back is narrower and does not extend onto the scapulars, while the female has only a chestnut wash instead of a band, and russet (not brown) flanks. there is a large zone of intergradation around kalgoorlie .\nsearch option: within category... all categories » all images » architecture, buildings, monuments, flags & signs » historic » industry, business & commerce » landscapes » nature - flora & fauna » lifestyle - people, sport, home, events & activities » perth - cbd and surrounds » regions of western australia » transport » rural - life & landscapes » seascapes - beach, ocean, rivers and lakes » suburban - life & landscapes » tourism & attractions\nwestern rosella the threatened wheatbelt form xanthogenys is distinct: more blue (ie. less green) on the wing and tail; males have a slightly paler cheek patch, and a red not green back; females have a redder belly. found in the outer wheatbelt (eg. southern cross / hyden / bruce rock to norseman), typically in association with rock sheoak allocasuaria huegliana [ 3 ], but is declining. the two subspecies hybridise in a narrow hybridization zone following the eastern darling range and stirling ranges .\ns & m re - split all the shrike - tits based on multiple differences, including the tail proportions, wing shape, size, and plumage. most notably, western shrike - tits have a white band between the breast and belly, compared to the wholly yellow belly of eastern birds. its call is also quite different from the eastern shrike - tit. despite noting that s & m had uncovered “…difference more than previously appreciated…”, c & b “tentatively” kept the group as a single species pending “…appropriate molecular studies” [ 9 ] .\naustralian raven (race perplexus) “western raven” regarded as quite distinct from eastern birds and almost intermediate between coronoides and little raven: noticably smaller; finer bill; shorter throat hackles; more clipped and guttural call. there is some uncertainty whether this is an isolated wa form (split at the head of the bight), or whether sa’s eyre peninsula birds are intergradient between perplexus and coronoides. authors of a recent worldwide corvid genetic study [ 15 ] support the split of coronoides and perplexus as species - level clades, though do not provide detail of genetic distance .\nrecognised as a separate species by s & m and the ioc [ 8 ], but not the' official' c & b [ 9 ] list or the wa museum [ 10 ]. distinctly less rufous over the crown, back and especially the rump; paler eye. c & b stated that “…given the provisional nature of schodde & mason’s treatment, [ these ] are kept as a single species pending further studies” [ 9 ], but preliminary genetic work yet to be published apparently suggests western fieldwren is conspecific with other wa fieldwren, and the split should be placed be east of the nullarbor .\nthis is the first of three checklists of bird species and subspecies endemic (or nearly so) to the state of western australia. the distributions of these, for the most part, correspond approximately to the three biogeographic ‘refuge’ areas of the state (the south - west, hamersley, and kimberley refuges), which due to their rockier and more hilly terrain offered climatic refuge during cyclical periods of aridity throughout the pleistocene. these refuges are, in turn, separated from each other (and those of neighbouring states) by coastward extensions of the less hospitable arid interior, namely the nullarbor, murchison, canning, and bonaparte paleo - barriers .\nsinging honeyeater (race virescens) this south - west (and adjacent western sa) nominate is larger, browner above (ie. less olive), more heavily streaked on the underparts, and has less yellow wash on the throat and breast. it intergrades with the smaller, paler inland form forresti abruptly through the outer wheatbelt. rottnest island birds are famously larger - 21% heavier [ 11 ] - and darker than adjacent mainland birds. however, despite once being recognised as a separate species ‘rottnest island honeyeater’ by milligan, s & m dismissed this size difference as “…only slightly [ larger ] …” and not sufficient for even subspecies recognition .\nwestern whipbird (races nigrogularis and oberon) the south coastal form is sometimes treated as a separate species, notably by s & m. it has historically contracted in range (listed as vulnerable) and is now restricted to a small area between two peoples bay and cheyne’s beach. less than 50kms away, across a line from the stirling ranges to beyond waychinicup, the western form of “mallee whipbird” p. n. oberon occurs apparently without intergradation. compared to oberon, nigrogularis is deeper olive on the dorsum, has an olive - grey (not pure pale grey) breast, is smaller, and has a shorter tail; oberon is itself distinct from eastern forms in having a black upper edge to the white malar stripe (a feature shared with nigrogularis - this being one of the reasons c & b baulked at the split), and a less distinct subterminal band on the tail. c & b [ 9 ] stated that s & m “did not make a compelling case”, and kept the clade as a single species “pending further evidence”. it appears that an unpublished molecular study by christidis & norman (in a report for calm) has subsequently argued against the split of nigrogularis at species level [ 12 ]. early reports of ongoing genetic work suggest that, as in fieldwren, the split with mallee whipbird should be placed at the eyrean barrier .\nwestern yellow robin (race griseogularis) the extreme south - west nominate griseogularis has a bright yellow rump, compared to the citrine rump of rosinae, which extends into south australia. the nominate also has a lighter grey breast band than rosinae. the hybrid zone between the two subspecies approximates a line between lancelin and denmark, though ford (1963) [ 13 ] found that birds with bright yellow rumps (thus ‘classic’ griseogularis) were restricted to the darling range in the vicinity of perth, rather than the deep south - west. the northern west coast population of rosinae, found from the coastal northern outskirts of perth to as far north as kalbarri, were noted as distinctly smaller by ford [ 13 ] and may also be a distinct race .\neucalyptus wandoo (wandoo, white gum) is a medium - sized tree widely distributed in southwest western australia. it grows as a small to medium - sized tree up to 25 metres in height. it has smooth bark, often in mottled patches of white, light grey, light brown light yellow and pink. old layers of bark come of in flakes, and it is not uncommon for a few flakes to persist on the trunk for a long time. young stems may be round or square in cross - section. adult leaves are usually a greyish - green or greyish - blue, the same on both sides, lanceolate, 7. 5 to 12. 5 centimetres long, 1 to 2. 8 centimetres wide, on a petiole one to two centimetres long. flowers are white, and occur in clusters of 9 to 17 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nchristidis, l. and boles, w. e. 2008. systematics and taxonomy of australian birds. csiro publishing, collingwood, australia .\njustification: this species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is described as common (morcombe 2000). trend justification: the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\n12·5–15·5 cm; male 9–11·5g, female 8–11 g. small honeyeater with long slender, decurved bill and moderately long tail. male is largely ...\nsong, throughout day when nesting, described as fluted, metallic whistles and twitterings, or ...\nmainly nectar, also small invertebrates (insects). forages at all levels from ground to canopy (to 30 m or more above ground), mainly in ...\nmainly spring - summer, eggs early aug to late oct and mid - dec, nestlings mid - aug to late nov and fledglings mid - sept to early dec; ...\nmainly resident, with some local movements; scattered records n of main range. some seasonal ...\nnot globally threatened. reasonably common. no estimates of global population; density 0·004 birds / ha at one site. has suffered from clearing of native vegetation for ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\ninternal sequence based mainly on findings of recent phylogenetic studies # r # r, with a few modifications # r # r .\nforms a clade with certhionyx, prosthemadera, anthornis and pycnopygius, as confirmed by recent genetic data # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\nnicholas tomney, arthur grosset, clivenealon, peter strauss, margaret leggoe, lindsay hansch, bleedingheart, greg griffith, twitcher, mat gilfedder .\nthis species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: acanthorhynchus superciliosus. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\ncolour: male has a black crown, white eyebrow, black mask, white chin and orange - chestnut throat bordered below by white and black bands. female is plainer with a pale chestnut red collar band, plain brown back and white underbody .\nflight: in flight the wings make a distinctive whirring noise and the white outer tail feathers are typically conspicuous .\nbreeding: it breeds in a nest made from bark, plant stems, down and spider web. it lays one or two eggs per season, and usually the female incubes them. nest location can vary from higher in the outer foliage of tall banksias to low shrubs only 40 – 60cm off the ground .\nwe expect birds to start breeding and singing earlier in the year as a result of climate change warming the earth. they may also start appearing in new areas as warmer temperatures enable them to live in environments that were previously too cold for them .\naround perth at whiteman park, seasonally kings park, bungendore reserve. suburban gardens on the darling scarp .\nwheatbelt reserves include, tutanning nr, boyagin nr, dryandra woodland nr, dongolocking nr, tarrin rock nr and stirling range np .\nlook in understory of forests / woodlands, sandplain heaths, coastal scrubs (between cape naturaliste and albany) and thickets of banksias .\nthe map below displays the accumulated observations of these species as reported by climatewatch observers, together with the layer showing how the range of the species might change between now and 2085, with orange areas indicating where the species might disappear, and green areas where the species range might expand .\nearthwatch acknowledges the generous support of the australian government for funding provided by way of a citizen science grant through inspiring australia - science engagement program .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nmathews, g. m. 1912 ,\na reference - list to the birds of australia\n, novitates zoologicae, vol. 18, pp. 171 - 455\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 09f7d19e - 66b6 - 4cf1 - ae73 - fafe640bf004\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: aeaea2a1 - 39be - 4c4a - b654 - a9fa8af0f38f\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 455095\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: cfb3f3ee - e0e6 - 463f - 9e6a - 98f96daa4c44\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nit is around 14 cm or 5. 5 inches long (including tail), and weighs around 10 g or 0. 35 oz .\nit has a black head, gray back and wings, with a red band behind its neck and from its throat to its breast. there are white banks behind its bill and its eyes. it has a long slender curved bill .\nits contact call is a rapid high - pitched whistle, but when feeding it has a quieter whistle .\nit breeds from september to january, in a nest made from bark, plant stems, down and spider web. it lays one or two eggs per season, and usually the female incubes them .\ncopyright: wikipedia. this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license. it uses material from the wikipedia. org .\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however, mistakes do happen. if you would like to correct or update any of the information, please\nthroughout history, crows, ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death. …\nplease note: any content published on this site is commentary or opinion, and is protected under free speech. it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes, and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice. avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material. your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others. more information! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey' s business dictionary (german - english). thanks on that account! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome! questions and answers\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 339, 882 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\n, south - west wa is rivalled only by far - north queensland as an endemic bird region within australia. what is probably less well appreciated is the high number of endemic bird sub species in the greater south - west region, several of which are potential candidates for splitting as full species once molecular phylogenies are investigated. an even greater number are shared with south australia’s eyre peninsula, due to the former presence of a continuous belt of mallee below the nullarbor cliffs in times of lower sea levels, which made the nullarbor barrier much leakier than it is today. we include some of these ‘almost endemics’ here (ie. range extends a small way into sa), but only for those subspecies which do not - according to schodde and mason’s distribution maps [ 1 ] - extend fully into the eyre peninsula itself .\nexcept where stated, subspecies descriptions follow schodde & mason directory of australian birds [ 1 ] (= s & m) for passerines, and handbook of australian, new zealand and antarctic birds [ 2 ] (= hanzab) for non - passerines. endemic species are included where these contain multiple subspecies .\ncape barren goose (race grisea) “recherche cape barren goose” smaller, with a more extensive white ‘cap’ and slight brown tint. breeds on the recherche archipeligo but strays to the mainland from esperance to cape arid, mainly in summer. vulnerable .\nthe wa race grisea of the cape barren goose, a regular visitor to the golf course at esperance .\na recently recognised split from eastern menziesi, recognised on the basis of a different display call and 0. 36% divergence on mtdna .\nlittle shearwater (race tunneyi) one of the ‘littlest’ of the little shearwaters, with a similar plumage but a shorter wing and tail than the eastern nominate form. unlike other local shearwaters, it breeds in winter - spring (may to december) when the leeuwin current is strongest along the south coast .\n, is apparently one of very few photographs known of this subspecies at sea. if you have been lucky enough to photograph this subspecies, the wa museum has requested copies .\nmodest differences include a smaller, yellow - buff (not chestnut) cap on the forehead, and a paler back .\nred - tailed black - cockatoo (race naso) “forest red - tailed black - cockatoo” has a more robust and ‘bulbous’ bill than the northern wheatbelt / arid zone form samueli; female has a red - orange tail rather than orange - yellow, and brighter spots and barring. declining and now “rare to uncommon” [ 4 ], though it has possibly increased in the southern swan coastal plain and perth hills in recent years, and is even regular in some southern suburbs of perth. note the central inland form samueli is steadily encroaching into the south - west, and is becoming regular in the wheatbelt [ 3 ]; this mid - west population of samueli is itself long isolated from the central desert population [ 2 ] and may be a subspecies in its own right .\nforest red - tailed black - cockatoo (c. b. naso). while the plumage of the males is indistinguishable from the inland race samueli (but with a more bulbous bill), females are more noticeably brightly patterned .\naustralian ringneck (race semitorquatus) “twenty - eight parrot” distinct for its red forehead mark, and its lighter green, not yellow, belly which lacks a sharp cut - off from the breast. slightly larger than the inland “port lincoln parrot” zonarius, with which it hybridizes in a broad hybrid zone across the northern coastal plain (including perth) and central - southern wheatbelt. also well - known for its classic “twenty - eight” call, which zonarius almost never uses (though north - west occidentalis does). however a molecular study of the ringneck complex [ 5 ] found that semitorquatus was paraphyletic, and would not be recognised by any molecular - based species concept even if the group is re - split in the future .\na typical\ntwenty - eight parrot\n, b. z. semitorquatus, photographed near bridgetown. further north around perth, hybrid birds are commonly seen, typically with the red supranasal spot of semitorquatus, but with more yellow on the belly\nelegant parrot (race carteri) differs only in its smaller size and shorter tail [ 2 ]. wa museum taxonomists johnstone & storr [ 4 ] do not recognise subspecies .\nslight differences in colour from eastern zeitzi; darker olive crown and throat, and darker yellow - olive belly. rock parrots surprisingly absent from the bight which provides the separation .\nsouthern emu - wren (race westernensis) distinct from eastern forms for its white (not buff) streaking on the ear coverts, and bluer supercilium; coarser black streaking; also larger size [ 7 ] .\nnew holland honeyeater (race longirostris) the south - west population is isolated, and has a smaller and narrower moustachial (malar) stripe, and a bill about 10% longer than the common south - east form. recent genetic work by dolman & joseph [ 16 ] found a surprising 1. 23% nd2 divergence from eastern birds, which could be taken to indicate a split is warranted .\nwhite - cheeked honeyeater (race gouldii) like the new holland honeyeater, this is widely isolated from the east coast nominate, and distinct: much smaller pear - shaped (vs. fan - shaped) cheek patch; longer more robust bill; broader shaft streaks on the breast and belly; males slightly larger in several measurements [ 2 ]; and a “louder and more intense” call [ 3 ]. quite possibly a future split, in light of the status of its relative new holland honeyeater; c & b [ 9 ] note gouldii is “…treated as a separate species by gadow 1884…their species status warrants investigation”." ]

{ "text": [ "the western spinebill ( acanthorhynchus superciliosus ) is a honeyeater found in the heath and woodland of south-western australia .", "ranging between 12 – 16 centimetres ( 4.7 – 6.3 in ) long , it weighs around 10 grams ( 0.35 oz ) .", "it has a black head , gray back and wings , with a red band behind its neck and from its throat to its breast .", "its curved bill is long and slender .", "like other honeyeaters , the western spinebill feeds on nectar .", "it tends to obtain its nectar from lower shrubs than most other honeyeaters , including banksia , dryandra , grevillea , adenanthos and verticordia .", "it also feeds from trees of banksia and eucalyptus , and from herbs such as anigozanthos .", "in addition to nectar , it feeds on insects that it captures in the air or on plants .", "it is a frequent visitor to adenanthos obovatus , and its territories are smaller when they contain more shrubs of this species .", "male spinebills often contest their territory borders with other males , and allow females to live within them .", "these territories range from 0.2 to 0.5 hectares in size .", "with their long curved bills , western spinebills are the only honeyeaters able to gain nectar out of the tube-like flowers .", "it breeds from september to january , in a nest made from bark , plant stems , down and spider web .", "it lays 1 – 2 eggs , usually incubated by the female . " ], "topic": [ 24, 0, 23, 23, 8, 12, 8, 8, 8, 9, 13, 8, 11, 28 ] }

[ "the western spinebill (acanthorhynchus superciliosus) is a honeyeater found in the heath and woodland of south-western australia. ranging between 12 – 16 centimetres (4.7 – 6.3 in) long, it weighs around 10 grams (0.35 oz). it has a black head, gray back and wings, with a red band behind its neck and from its throat to its breast. its curved bill is long and slender. like other honeyeaters, the western spinebill feeds on nectar. it tends to obtain its nectar from lower shrubs than most other honeyeaters, including banksia, dryandra, grevillea, adenanthos and verticordia. it also feeds from trees of banksia and eucalyptus, and from herbs such as anigozanthos. in addition to nectar, it feeds on insects that it captures in the air or on plants. it is a frequent visitor to adenanthos obovatus, and its territories are smaller when they contain more shrubs of this species. male spinebills often contest their territory borders with other males, and allow females to live within them. these territories range from 0.2 to 0.5 hectares in size. with their long curved bills, western spinebills are the only honeyeaters able to gain nectar out of the tube-like flowers. it breeds from september to january, in a nest made from bark, plant stems, down and spider web. it lays 1 – 2 eggs, usually incubated by the female." ]

[ "lujesa speciosa - world pedigree database english cocker spaniel, english cocker spaniel pedigree database .\nmitragyna speciosa, a psychoactive tree from southeast asia with opioid activity. - pubmed - ncbi\nellagitannins from lagerstroemia speciosa as activators of glucose transport in fat cells. - pubmed - ncbi\nspeciosa' s classic aspirations began to fall into place towards the end of last season .\nabstract kratom, derived from the plant mitragyna speciosa, is receiving increased attention as an ...\n, commemorating the 18 th century french botanist, j. e. guettard; latin speciosa, showy .\ngrade of mitragyna speciosa (ie. premium, super, ultra, extract, concentrated, pimp grade )\nstockleyview' s speciosa with kellouacy - world pedigree database standart bull terrier, standart bull terrier pedigree database .\nthe flowering of frasera speciosa in 2010 matched any flowering ever recorded. pictured above are hundreds of frasera speciosa flower stalks marching up the mountain - side at the beginning of the pass creek trail, coal bank pass, north of durango .\ni' m sure speciosa can run a good race. if she ran into a place it would be wonderful .\nq: there will be a lot of people supporting speciosa and yourself all season, so what would you say to them .\n‘speciosa wasn’t the most straight forward to ride in a race, it took her a few runs to learn her job. ’\npeterborough trainer pam sly was thrilled when vernatti, a speciosa filly, won great yarmouth’s 10 - furlong handicap under rob hornby yesterday .\nellagic acid & gallic acid from lagerstroemia speciosa l. inhibit hiv - 1 infection through inhibition of hiv - 1 protease & reverse transcriptase activity\nroger asked willie which were his best horses and he said a colt, which would have cost too much money, and speciosa .\nspeciosa might command centre stage down at singlecote, but pam sly insists her flat operation is far from being a one - horse band .\nellagic acid & gallic acid from lagerstroemia speciosa l. inhibit hiv - 1 infection through inhibition of hiv - 1 protease & reverse transcriptase activity .\nspeciosa is also entered in the french and irish equivalents of the 1, 000 guineas with the latter being the likeliest post - newmarket destination .\nit was michael sly' s desire to own a flat horse that prompted the purchase of speciosa as all those currently in residence at singlecote were fully owned .\nbut it was in october at newmarket that speciosa really put herself in the guineas picture with a stalls - to - finish success in the group two rockfel stakes .\nthe fairytale 1, 000 guineas success of speciosa, trained by small - time trainer pam sly, has been perhaps the highlight of the flat racing season so far .\nspeciosa, who triumphed in the 1000 guineas in 2006 for trainer pam sly, gave birth to her first foal, a bay colt by oasis dream, on monday .\nellagic acid & gallic acid from lagerstroemia speciosa l. inhibit hiv - 1 infection through inhibition of hiv - 1 protease & reverse transcriptase acti... - pubmed - ncbi\ni also had speciosa, who won the 1, 000 guineas at newmarket, and she did not like people in her box at all whether it was male or female .\nsly, 62, who prepares a string of around a dozen flat horses on her farm, near peterborough, saddled speciosa to see off some of the biggest names in the sport .\ni did think we might be flying our kite a little bit high at first, but now i believe speciosa has every right to be in the line - up for the guineas .\n2pm – that' s enough rest for you speciosa. it' s time for a half - hour session on the walker to relieve the boredom as she is a naturally active horse .\nhistorically used for analysis of indole alkaloids in madagascar periwinkle faster, moreeconomical, environmentalconsideration (betterthan hplc)  analytes (mitragynine, 7‐hydroxymitragynine, others)  matrix (leaves of m. speciosa )\nspeciosa later went onto become a broodmare, she was given some of the best opportunities possible at stud by being sent to some of the finest stallion available including dubawi, oasis dream and sea the stars. five of speciosa’s offspring have now made it onto the racecourse giving the mare three winners to date. we look forward to seeing more of her offspring on british soil for many years to come .\nit has all been a bit overwhelming ever since speciosa returned to the winners' enclosure after the nell gwyn and i found myself surrounded by all these burly gentlemen armed with their pads and tape recorders .\nspeciosa, a 30, 000 bargain buy for mrs sly, her son michael and london - based gp dr tom davies, is fancied to ruffle a few grand feathers after already roaring to two group race triumphs .\n‐ kikura‐hanajiri, r. , et al. , simultaneous analysis of mitragynine, 7‐ hydroxymitragynine, and other alkaloids in the psychotropic plant “kratom” (mitragyna speciosa) by lc‐esi‐ms. forensic toxicol. 27 (2009) 67‐74 .\nspeciosa had two more runs as a two - year - old placing third at doncaster in the group 2 may hill stakes, narrowly beaten by the paul cole trained high heel sneakers and the richard hannon trained winner nasheej .\nat the rocky mountain biological laboratory in gothic, colorado, dr. inouye has a number of frasera speciosa plants that he planted from seeds in 1981. observation of these plants indicates that we need to be a bit cautious in judging the age of frasera speciosa by counting its basal leaves: in 2011 several of the 30 year old plants had just two leaves and one had over 40 leaves. some of the 30 year old plants flowered in 2011; most did not .\n‐ wang, m. et al. , comparison of three chromatographic techniques for the detection of mitragynine and other indole and oxindole alkaloids in mitragyna speciosa (kratom) plants. j. sep. sci. 37 (2014) 1411‐1418 .\non her third start of the season she was entered to run in her second ever group 1 classic race the oaks at epsom racecourse. the race was to be speciosa’s first step up in trip to one mile four furlongs. the filly ran a valiant race to finish fourth out of ten runners. the aidan o’brien trained winner alexandrova went on to win by six lengths. speciosa had two more runs as a three - year - old before being put away for the winter .\nthe flowering of frasera speciosa in 2014 on the eagle peak trail did not match the 2010 flowering, but these giants were part of a good flowering. notice the younger plants at right waiting their turn to flower sometime in the next decades .\nshamima a. r. , fakurazi s. , hidayat m. t. , hairuszah i. , moklas m. a. m. , arulselvan p. antinociceptive action of isolated mitragynine from mitragyna speciosa through activation of opioid receptor system .\nher second start of her four - year - old campaign was in the group 1 lockinge stakes at newbury racecourse, unfortunately speciosa could only muster seventh place in an eight - runner field on the day. her next appearance was in the group 1 pretty poly stakes at the curragh racecourse, the filly ran an admirable race finishing second to the aidan o’brien trained peeping fawn. speciosa had three more starts in her four - year - old campaign before being retired from the track to start her new career .\nsuper speciosa is your home for kratom powder. whether it’s maeng da or malay, you’ve come to the right place to shop for kratom powder. buy kratom and get fast shipping. green vein, red vein, and white vein kratom powder is available .\nthe daughter of danehill dancer is out of an unraced sky classic mare specifically. from a filly sold as a two - year - old from doncaster breeze up sale for just 30, 000gns, she went on to win nearly 350, 000 pounds during her career. speciosa was trained in thorney, cambridgeshire by small trainer pam sly, who also owned the filly along with son michael sly and friend dr t davies. speciosa retired from racing with four race wins, including a win in the classic race, the 1000 guineas .\nand this season began as the last one ended with success at the headquarters of flat racing when speciosa powered home in the group three nell gwyn stakes – a recognised 1, 000 guineas trial – despite her trainer believing the horse to only be 90 per - cent right .\nthe proven cross of danehill dancer with the nijinsky line has already provided two gr. 1 winners: speciosa (sky classic) and again (kahyasi). lillie langtry, winner of the coronation stakes, has shadeed, a son of nijinsky, as her second dam’s sire .\nshe returned to the racecourse in april of her four - year - old year. her first start was at newmarket racecourse in the group 3 earl of sefton stakes. speciosa ran an extremely honourable race finishing second to the group 1 prince of wales stakes winner and now successful stallion manduro .\neven if george washington had not been so spooked by the winner' s enclosure as to create one of the most awkward no - shows in newmarket' s history, it is unlikely he would have been accorded the reception given to speciosa after yesterday' s stan james 1, 000 guineas .\nif weight of good fortune wished upon a trainer could get a horse home in front of its rivals in a race then pam sly, a small fenland farmer more used to winning at huntingdon, could taste her first classic success with speciosa in tomorrow' s stan james 1, 000 guineas .\nspeciosa (ire) b. m, 2003 { 8 - d } dp = 5 - 4 - 13 - 2 - 2 (26) di = 1. 48 cd = 0. 31 - 17 starts, 4 wins, 3 places, 2 shows career earnings: £343, 628\nyesterday, after a wet night, the dream came true. speciosa made all the running and never looked like being beaten as the blue - bloods behind her complained bitterly about getting wet feet. confidential lady emerged to give forlorn chase but could not get within two and a half lengths of the winner .\nbanaba (lagerstroemia speciosa l .) extracts have been used as traditional medicines and are effective in controlling diabetes and obesity. the aim of this study was to evaluate the anti - hiv property of the extracts prepared from the leaves and stems of banaba, and further purification and characterization of the active components .\n1pm – afternoons with runners means pam gets behind the wheel of the horsebox and heads for tracks across the country. days without runners are usually devoted to catching up with the form and some light reading in the form of the racing post and plenty of sales catalogues as she hopes to unearth the next speciosa .\ngoing into the dip ,\nhe said ,\ni didn' t think i was in any danger. it' s fantastic to win a british classic but i' d love to win an irish one .\nthat looks unlikely with speciosa, as sly feels she will be unsuited by the curragh .\nwith the start of the 2017 flat season just a couple of weeks away, this filly can takes a look back at some of the outstanding fillies and mares that achieved notable success on the track. this week we take a look at the guineas heroine speciosa, we caught up with her regular jockey micky fenton .\nfrom 19 crops of racing age, sky classic has sired six champions, 59 stakes winners, ten g1 winners and a total of 106 stakes horses. additionally, he is the sire of the dams of 43 stakes winners, including three champions, as well as english classic winner speciosa and 2014 g1 winner la tia .\nit' s the biggest day ever in local horse - racing tomorrow. mark plummer went to see pam sly to find out what all the fuss was about. pam sly will be catapulted from obscurity into the international limelight when saddling speciosa to be her first - ever classic runner in the stan james 1, 000 guineas tomorrow afternoon .\nin sly' s perfect world the stalls would be positioned on the stands' side instead of in the middle of the rowley mile, but speciosa has drawn three, a near - perfect pitch for a horse with a tendency to go left - although connections of flashy wings, drawn two, might not regard it in quite the same light .\nafter six runs in her two - year - old season, pam sly then targeted the filly to start her three - year - old campaign in may. her first start came in the group 3 nell gwyn stakes at newmarket racecourse. speciosa made a remarkable seasonal debut winning the group 3 by a length to the barry hills trained spinning queen .\nthis is for all the little people ,\nsaid sly, like a latter - day robin hood .\ndon' t give up .\nhere' s to that. indeed, if a speciosa were to win a classic every year, it wouldn' t much matter if the bhb' s dwindling marketing budget were cut to zero .\nthe filly was then prepared for her first group 1 appearance in the 1000 guineas stakes. speciosa more than lived up to expectations that day to win the race by two and a half lengths to the sir mark prescott trained confidential lady. not only did she pick up her first group 1 race, she had won the first fillies classic of the season .\nglucose transport enhancers were searched for in lagerstroemia speciosa, a philippine local herbal medicine used for diabetes mellitus. bioassay - guided fractionation of the aqueous acetone extract of the leaves afforded three active ellagitannins, lagerstroemin, flosin b and reginin a, identified by nmr and optical rotation. these compounds increased glucose uptake of rat adipocytes, and could be responsible for lowering the blood glucose level .\nin recent years l. subcostata, l. limii, and l. speciosa have also been used in crapemyrtle breeding (dix, 1999; pounders et al. , 2007a). lagerstroemia subcostata has large flowers but displays a more limited range of flower colors (lavender, pink, white) and growth habits than l. indica. lagerstroemia speciosa is a large tree species that exhibits desirable flowering performance and display. however, desirable traits from both of these tropical species must be introgressed into cold - hardy backgrounds because their usefulness as ornamental plants is limited to southern florida, coastal california, and hawaii. conversely, l. limii has sufficient cold - hardiness and disease resistance to be grown in temperate regions, but it has small flowers and lacks ornamental appeal .\nit is now part of racing legend that during the winter, against the trainer' s advice, her son and dr davies turned down an offer of £1 million for the filly - for which they had paid 30, 000gns - preferring instead to' live the dream', although with speciosa' s temperament, that was often a nightmare for the small, mainly jumping, trainer .\nthe symmetry and beauty of frasera speciosa flowers is apparent, but a closer look reveals some fascinating floral appendages: each petal has two elliptical bulges composed of a myriad of minute vertical hairs. these are covered by horizontal fringe with lavender tips. the fringe is easy to see on all four petals; the horizontal green bulges are best seen in the far left petal under the lavender fringe .\nmonument plant was first collected for science by david douglas (of douglas fir fame) in the present - day spokane area in the early 1830s. the genus name ,\nfrasera\n, is for john fraser, 18th century nurseryman and botanist who collected for kew gardens and the empress of russia .\nspeciosa\n(\nshowy\n) is for the leaves and massive display of flowers .\nher first start on a racecourse was in june of her two - year - old year at ripon, speciosa ran a remarkable race on her first start to finish second behind the ed dunlop trained zabeel house. she later went on to break her maiden at beverley racecourse on her fourth career start. after she broke her maiden, jockey micky fenton knew she would definitely be good enough to pick up some black type .\ninhibitory activity of n - butanol fraction of lagerstroemia speciosa l. and compound f (gallic acid) on hiv reverse transcriptase. (a) shows a dose dependent inhibition in hiv rt activity by the n - butanol fraction as compared with the reference control nevirapine as a function of time. similarly (b) shows the inhibitory activity of compound f (gallic acid). values shown as mean ± sem of three independent experiments .\nit' s a familiar scenario for fenton: an unfashionable horse for an underrated trainer against some well - touted rivals, just like three years ago, when he teamed up with fenland trainer pam sly' s speciosa to win the 1, 000 guineas. again, he had some work to do to get inside the complex head of an essentially willing partner, and again he got the psychology right, to everybody' s delight .\nher last start of her two - year - old campaign was at newmarket in the group 2 rockfel stakes. new tactics were implemented that day as speciosa was ridden from the front, and this gamble paid off allowing the filly to win the race by a neck to the sir mark prescott trained violet te. after her impressive group 2 win, pam sly had turned down an offer of £600, 000 for the sale of the filly .\nin the area around the rocky mountain biological laboratory this summer [ 2010 ] frasera speciosa... is exhibiting mast flowering, for the first time since 2005... . in our area it is quite spectacular, with many thousand (maybe 12 - 15, 000) plants flowering in the east river valley, with flower stalks about 5 feet tall. this species is monocarpic, with average age at flowering probably about 30 - 40 years .\nby danehill dancer (1993) phoenix s (g1), national s (g1), etc. sire of 2, 493 foals aged three and up, including fast company, again, alexander tango, alfred nobel, atomic force, ave, choisir, dancing rain, esoterique, here comes when, hillstar, legatissimo, light fantastic, lillie langtry, mastercraftsman, planteur, private steer, qemah, speciosa, steps in time, where or when .\ninhibitory activity of n - butanol fraction of lagerstroemia speciosa l. and compound g (ellagic acid) on hiv - 1 protease activity. (a) shows a dose dependent inhibition in hiv - 1 protease activity by the n - butanol fraction as compared with saqinavir used as a reference control with time. (b) shows the inhibitory activity of compound g (ellagic acid) on hiv - 1 protease. values shown as mean ± sem of three independent experiments .\nanti - hiv activity of different fractions prepared from l. speciosa l. (a) shows anti - hiv activity at varying concentrations of chloroform soluble fraction and n - butanol soluble fraction in tzm - bl cells. (b) shows a dose dependent inhibition in green fluorescent protein (gfp) expression using nl4. 3 hiv infected cem - gfp cells whereas (c) shows the virus load (p24) in the supernatant. values shown as mean ± sem of two independent experiments performed in duplicate .\ninterspecific hybrids between l. indica and l. fauriei show no apparent loss of fertility (pounders et al. , 2006). chromosome number is not reported for l. fauriei, but cross - compatibility with l. indica suggests that it is consistent with the basic chromosome number of x = 8 for family lythraceae j. st. - hil. nomen conservandum (raven, 1975; tobe et al. , 1986). bowden (1945) and guha (1972) report 2n = 50 for l. indica, whereas ali (1977) reports 2n = 48. repeated interspecific hybridizations among l. indica, l fauriei, l. limii, and l. subcostata indicate broad compatibility among species (pooler, 2006a, 2006b). however, hybridizations between l. indica × fauriei ‘tonto’ and l. speciosa only produced sterile progeny suggesting cytogenetic differentiation may interfere with some combinations (pounders et al. , 2007a). chromosome number for l. speciosa is reported as 2n = 50 by bowden (1945) and 2n = 48 by guha (1972) .\ndanehill dancer (ire) (bay 1993 - stud 1997). 4 wins - 3 at 2, curragh national s. , gr. 1. champion gb / ire. 2yo sire - twice. sire of 1773 rnrs, 1154 wnrs, 137 sw, inc. mastercraftsman (curragh phoenix s. , gr. 1), private steer, choisir, lillie langtry, dancing rain, again, anna pavlova, speciosa, atomic force, light fantastic, planteur, ave, alexander tango, where or when, alfred nobel, arapaho miss, miss beatrix, wajir, callwood dancer, etc .\nbut the fact that specifically has gone to her new home pregnant to the sire - of - the - moment comes under the judgement heading, rather than luck .\nafter speciosa won the nell gwyn, we took the commercial decision to send her dam back to danehill dancer ,\nsaid gleeson .\nwe watched the guineas in the parade ring on the big screen and were going so crazy that lesley graham though we must be her owners and came over to interview us. i suppose the only thing that didn' t go our way this year is that pride didn' t quite win the arc .\nmitragyna speciosa korth. (rubiaceae) is a tree that is commonly found in southeast asia. leaves from this tree have been traditionally been used for both their stimulant properties as well as an opium substitute. the tree / leaves are currently illegal in four countries, but is currently legal and widely available in the united states. to date over 40 compounds have been isolated from the leaves. the major alkaloid found within the crude extract, mitragynine, has been the subject of many pharmacological studies. in addition to the pharmacological studies, two total syntheses of mitragynine have been published as well as general structure - activity relationships (sars) with respect to opioid activity .\nseveral known hybrid cultivars cluster with l. indica. for example, ‘gamad i’, ‘gamad ii’, and ‘gamad iv’ originated as open - pollinated seed from ‘pocomoke’, which is a confirmed interspecific hybrid developed by the u. s. national arboretum. although the paternal contributions are not known, all of these cultivars should be included in the hybrid cluster. however, ‘gamad i’, ‘gamad ii’, ‘gamad iv’, and ‘pocomoke’ cluster within the l. indica group with ‘chickasaw’, which is also an interspecific hybrid between l. indica and l. fauriei. ‘mcfadden' s pinkie’ contains half l. subcostata genetic material and ‘monia’ contains half l. speciosa genetic material in their background (table 1). these two cultivars also cluster with l. indica group (fig. 1) .\nmitragyna speciosa and / or mitragynine and / or 7 - hydroxymitragynine are currently controlled only in a small number of eu member states, such as denmark, latvia, lithuania, poland, romania, and sweden [ 3 ]. kratom is also largely uncontrolled in the us at a federal level while at the state level there are some exceptions such as indiana, iowa, louisiana, and massachusetts. this means all parts of the plant and its extracts are legal to cultivate, buy, possess, and distribute without a license or prescription, and, when sold as a supplement, sales must conform to us supplement laws [ 66 ]. recently, in february 2014, the food and drug administration (fda) issued “import alert 54 - 15” that seems to provide customs and border agents broad authority to seize kratom products from a number of suppliers outside the us [ 66 ] .\nin recent years kratom has become popular in the eu, us, and other countries (e. g. , japan) as a recreational novel compound [ 3, 6, 60 ]. a variety of mitragyna speciosa related products are easily accessible from local smart shops and increasingly available for sale on the internet, in particular on web based “legal highs” pharmacies, but their exact content is not always verified [ 61, 62 ]. many different formulations are available, including raw leaves, capsules, tablets, powder, and concentrated extracts [ 49 ]. prices vary between countries, depending on the type and amount of the purchased product, for example, ranging from 2 to 10 euros per gram for “kratom 15x” extracts, 6 to 15 euros per 10 gram for dried kratom [ 49 ], or sometimes even for lower prices (from less than 1 euro per gram for “kratom power”) [ 21, 63 – 65 ] .\nkratom (mitragyna speciosa korth. , of the rubiaceae family) is a 4–16 - metre high tropical tree, indigenous to southeast asia, the philippines, and new guinea. traditionally, in certain regions of southeast asia, the chopped fresh or dried leaves of the tree are chewed or made into tea by local manual labourers to combat fatigue and improve work productivity [ 1 ]. in addition, kratom preparations have also been used for centuries during socioreligious ceremonies and to treat various medical conditions, such as morphine dependence in thailand [ 2 ], and as opium substitute in malaya [ 2 ]. it has been suggested that the genus was given the “ mitragyna ” name by the dutch botanist korthals because the leaves and the stigmas of the flowers of the plant resemble the shape of a bishop' s mitre [ 3 ]. however, considering its variety of uses, it could be speculated that the term derives from the “mithraic cults, ” seen as a source of spiritual transcendence for thousands of years [ 4 ] .\n3. 30: stan james 1, 000 guineas stakes £187, 374 (1m): speciosa (m fenton, 10 - 1) 1; confidential lady (s sanders, 12 - 1) 2; nasheej (r l moore, 16 - 1) 3. also: 3f rumplestiltskin (7th), 13 - 2 silca' s sister (4th), 7 flashy wings (11th), 7 nannina (12th), 9 alexander alliance (10th), 12 race for the stars (8th), 16 donna blini (13th), 25 wake up maggie (5th), 33 la chunga (9th), 50 spinning queen (6th). 13 ran. 212, 1, 112, 112, 2. (mrs p sly, thorney). tote: win £11. 80; places £2. 90, £3. 80, £5. 30. exacta: £139. 30. csf: £121. 30. trifecta: £4, 164. 40. time: 1m 40. 53s .\nthe use of substances to enhance human abilities is a constant and cross - cultural feature in the evolution of humanity. although much has changed over time, the availability on the internet, often supported by misleading marketing strategies, has made their use even more likely and risky. this paper will explore the case of mitragyna speciosa korth. (kratom), a tropical tree used traditionally to combat fatigue and improve work productivity among farm populations in southeast asia, which has recently become popular as novel psychoactive substance in western countries. specifically, it (i) reviews the state of the art on kratom pharmacology and identification; (ii) provides a comprehensive overview of kratom use cross - culturally; (iii) explores the subjective experiences of users; (iv) identifies potential risks and side - effects related to its consumption. finally, it concludes that the use of kratom is not negligible, especially for self - medication, and more clinical, pharmacological, and socioanthropological studies as well as a better international collaboration are needed to tackle this marginally explored phenomenon .\nmitragyna speciosa (rubiaceae) is an indigenous plant of southeast asia. this herbal plant is also known as “kratom, ” as “ketum” or “biak” (malaysia), or as “krathom” (thailand, “thom” in southern thailand) and has been used for millennia (a) as a stimulant; (b) as a remedy in traditional medicine; and (c) in social context [ 46, 47 ]. historically, manual labourers (e. g. , fisherman, farmers, and rubber - tappers) in northern malaysia and southern thailand commonly used ketum leaves to improve their work productivity under the sweltering sun and to relieve fatigue [ 1 ]. rural folk have traditionally ingested ketum leaves to self - treat common medical problems (e. g. , diabetes, diarrhoea, fever, and pain) and used it as a wound poultice [ 46, 48 ]. ketum was also used as an opium substitute in malaya during opium scarcity [ 47 ]. it is still popularly consumed in asian communities during social gatherings in the village [ 47 ] .\nindeed, the use of substances to enhance human abilities is a constant and cross - cultural feature in the evolution of humanity. opium, coca leaves, mescaline, and various other natural substances have been used for millennia in various cultures for therapeutic purposes, religious ceremonies, and improvement or modification of the physical and mental abilities. although much has changed over time, the drive for human enhancement has not diminished and drugs availability on the internet, often supported by misleading marketing strategies, has made their use even more likely and risky [ 9 ]. in this context, the tropical tree mitragyna speciosa korth. (kratom) has now planted its “roots” of use worldwide. although the phenomenon has only been marginally studied, an exponential number of kratom' s subjective experiences have been posted online on drug fora by users in the eu and us and elsewhere. kratom, still easily available in native countries, is now just “a click” away and potentially available to wide range of new users, including vulnerable individuals. as it emerged from our previous studies [ 9, 82 – 88 ], the web serves also as a repository of information for selected groups, who can share experiences and suggest new products or novel modalities of intake via online fora, chat - rooms, blogs, videos, and others .\n113 studies emerged from the literature review and were critically analysed. among these, 18 results were considered not relevant (resulting duplicated, botanical studies, or studies focusing mainly on other selected chemical compounds) and therefore excluded. the remaining 95 articles were further qualitatively analysed and thematically divided in three main areas of interest related to mitragyna speciosa and its main constituents: (1) in vitro and preclinical data on pharmacology and behavioral effects (n = 51), (2) laboratoristic techniques for identification / characterization (n = 26), and (3) epidemiological / toxicological reports on humans (n = 18). data on kratom that emerged from the online searches were identified, monitored, and registered into 5 categories: (1) epidemiology and motivation of use; (2) legal status, methods of purchase, and typical price; (3) forms of kratom use; (4) subjective pleasurable effects, adverse effects, and fatal intoxications related to kratom; (5) pattern of polyabuse. the results from the review of scientific literature and online sources were comprehensively integrated and summarized in the following three main subsections: (i) preclinical data about pharmacology and identification of kratom constituents; (ii) kratom use in humans in southeast asia; (iii) kratom use in humans in western countries .\ngenetic diversity was estimated for 51 lagerstroemia indica l. cultivars, five lagerstroemia fauriei koehne cultivars, and 37 interspecific hybrids using 78 simple sequence repeat (ssr) markers. ssr loci were highly variable among the cultivars, detecting an average of 6. 6 alleles (amplicons) per locus. each locus detected 13. 6 genotypes on average. cluster analysis identified three main groups that consisted of individual cultivars from l. indica, l. fauriei, and their interspecific hybrids. however, only 18. 1% of the overall variation was the result of differences between these groups, which may be attributable to pedigree - based breeding strategies that use current cultivars as parents for future selections. clustering within each group generally reflected breeding pedigrees but was not supported by bootstrap replicates. low statistical support was likely the result of low genetic diversity estimates, which indicated that only 25. 5% of the total allele size variation was attributable to differences between the species l. indica and l. fauriei. most allele size variation, or 74. 5% , was common to l. indica and l. fauriei. thus, introgression of other lagestroemia species such as lagestroemia limii merr. (l. chekiangensis cheng), lagestroemia speciosa (l .) pers. , and lagestroemia subcostata koehne may significantly expand crapemyrtle breeding programs. this study verified relationships between existing cultivars and identified potentially untapped sources of germplasm .\nphotograph by w a rouch © thoroughbred royal lancer (ire) 1922 st. leger\nreasons to be cheerful; peter thomas talks to micky fenton about life as a journeyman jockey - and his association with the evergreen mac love, who runs in today' s big race at goodwood. - free online library\nreasons to be cheerful; peter thomas talks to micky fenton about life as a journeyman jockey - and his association with the evergreen mac love, who runs in today' s big race at goodwood .\nmla style :\nreasons to be cheerful; peter thomas talks to micky fenton about life as a journeyman jockey - and his association with the evergreen mac love, who runs in today' s big race at goodwood. .\nthe free library. 2009 mgn ltd 10 jul. 2018 urltoken\nchicago style: the free library. s. v. reasons to be cheerful; peter thomas talks to micky fenton about life as a journeyman jockey - and his association with the evergreen mac love, who runs in today' s big race at goodwood. .\nretrieved jul 10 2018 from urltoken\napa style: reasons to be cheerful; peter thomas talks to micky fenton about life as a journeyman jockey - and his association with the evergreen mac love, who runs in today' s big race at goodwood. . (n. d .) > the free library. (2014). retrieved jul 10 2018 from urltoken\nin the case of micky fenton, appearances definitely have the knack of being deceptive. sat on the sofa of his cosy newmarket terraced home, in his baggy white t - shirt and jeans, he may look as though he' s taking it easy, but for the eager freelance jockey it' s never that simple. it' s tuesday and he has no rides booked, but while his agent goes about finding some for later in the week, fenton is very busy indeed - busy accentuating the positive .\nthis is perhaps the most important part of the journeyman rider' s lifestyle. riding a steady percentage of winners from a workable number of mounts is all very well, but if you can' t latch on to the affirmative as well, you' ll end up going barmy .\nthis is why fenton' s not missing a day' s racing, he' s\nmaking the most of my days off\n. and when he' s busy driving to the other end of the country and back for an also - ran, you won' t find him moaning, because\nif you weren' t busy, you' d be sitting at home moaning\n. it' s a classic ploy from the bing crosby book of reverse psychology and it seems to work well for the 37 - year - old irishman .\nyou really have to take the positives from everything ,\nhe confirms, positively .\nit' s a hard life, but if you start moaning about it, you' re in trouble. there are days when you' ll go for one ride and lose money just to keep the ride on one horse and maybe pick up another few to go with it on another day. that' s the only way to look at it .\nyou can sit there and complain about prize - money, and it can be so bad that a lot of the time you might just as well have one more ride as have a winner, but prize - money is what it is and you just have to try to get your share .\nyou can grumble about the travelling, but you' ve just got to learn not to try to do stupid things like get to evening meetings that are just too far away. the nine - meetings - a - week rule doesn' t affect me too much, but i wouldn' t mind if it did affect me, because it would mean i' d be getting a lot more rides .\nyou get the idea. it' s all about finding reasons to be cheerful and, fortunately, fenton enjoys another of those today when he partners the stef liddiard - trained mac love at goodwood, bidding to add the group 2 urltoken celebration mile to the brace of group 3s he' s already landed on the eight - year - old this year .\nnot surprisingly, his outlook is a bright one, even if his veteran partner, rescued from the scrapheap by liddiard and his new owner, internet travel tycoon vimal khosla, after a spell in retirement, looks to have it all to do to keep tabs on the likes of delegator before delivering his customary late challenge .\nthe trouble is ,\nsays fenton ,\nhe' s the kind of horse you have to switch off, but you have to keep him interested as well, and it took me a while to get to know him. it' s all about getting a feel through the reins of what they' re thinking, so it helps to know what you' ve got under you and it helps if you' ve got patient owners .\nif you go too soon, you get there too soon, and if you go too late, you' ll disappoint him and he' ll drop the lot on you. he' s very genuine, but he' s an older horse who' s done everything and you have to get to know his head .\nwhen he won the diomed at epsom, he loved the track and the ground was lovely. he winged down the hill and i had them all in front of me and i could see i had them all covered. as long as he went when i wanted him to, i knew we' d win, and i could tell he was interested and up for it that day .\nascot next time was a group 1 and nothing really went right for him, but he came back in great form to win at salisbury and probably arrived there even easier in a race he wasn' t really entitled to win .\non that run, you' d think you had an improving eight - year - old on your hands. i suppose he' s one of these hardened older horses who just needs a bit of confidence and some quick ground and he' ll go and do it for you .\npam used to ring and ask me to pop in and ride one out for her on the way somewhere, usually an old handicapper, then one day she got me in to ride this two - year - old who just flew down the gallops, so i started going there a bit more !\nhe says .\nshe was a bit disappointing early on, green and hanging all over the place and a bit moody, but i could always tell she was decent and it was good that she was tucked away up there, away from all the newmarket jockeys. i could keep her to myself. it' s the reward for putting yourself about among the smaller trainers. you' re more likely to keep the ride .\nall winter, all i could think was' don' t get injured' and just pray the filly doesn' t get injured. then you' re waiting for january to come round so you can start riding her out again, and hoping when you do she' s still the same filly. but pam got everything spot - on and everything worked out perfectly. my daughter eleanor was there to watch it, and the whole of the sly family, so it was a special day. it made it all the more special being for a small yard. pam' s son michael came running out to greet us and i thought he was going to fall over on the track !\nto the benefit of plenty of small trainers, fenton knows a decent horse when he sits on one and knows how much it means for the little man, or woman, to grab their share of success. after the obligatory spell riding ponies at home in limerick, he abandoned plans to become a jump jockey like brother barry and served his time with liam browne at the curragh, before joining michael bell in newmarket, first as an apprentice and then as stable jockey, teaming up with such good animals as 2001 oaks d' italia winner zanzibar .\nwhen the vagaries of fashion pushed him into a freelance career, he struck up a fruitful understanding with the hughie morrison - trained alcazar, and took his saddle round half of asia in the winters, gaining valuable experience in hong kong, singapore, malaysia and macau, riding difficult horses on unfamiliar tracks and ending up a prize asset for many minor outfits back home with no access to the sport' s biggest names .\ni got a lot of satisfaction from getting going again as a freelance and riding for smaller yards ,\nsays fenton .\nit makes you hungry when you see how much it means to these trainers and owners, even to finish third instead of fourth and cover some of their expenses. it' s hard to get started, but then a good horse comes along. alcazar started as a spare ride - none of his jockeys was available at nottingham one day, he was an outsider and i ended up winning on him and he went on to win a group 1 in france. he kept my name in lights for a few years .\ni' ve been lucky - as a freelance i' ve come across horses like this most years. some jockeys ride ones like this every saturday, but i look out for one or two in a season and they keep turning up .\na good winner probably helps my agent, reminds people who i am. it' s hard at my age to break into anything bigger, but it helps you hang on to what you' ve got, and i think this fella [ mac love ] has a chance of coming good for us again. as long as the ground stays okay, he' ll give me a sniff of winning, and he might just do it .\nand if you' re waiting for a negative, then don' t, because they' ve all been eliminated .\ncopyright 2009 mgn ltd no portion of this article can be reproduced without the express written permission from the copyright holder .\nterms of use | privacy policy | copyright © 2018 farlex, inc. | feedback | for webmasters\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbbc sport | other sport... | horse racing | pam bids for epsom fairytale\nnow the pair are at it again, seeking a second slice of classic glory in the vodafone oaks after a late entry fee of £20, 000 was paid .\nstaged on the eve of the derby, and over the identical mile - and - a - half long course, the oaks (first staged in 1779, so a year older than the derby) is for fillies only. jockey micky fenton will once again be on board .\non her first visit to epsom, pam sly answered questions about her filly, the course, and her hopes .\nq: so you have decided to pay the £20, 000, and go for it .\nyes. it' s quite a bit of money, but she' s won quite a bit now, so all three of us owners can afford it .\nhow steep it is in the first two furlongs, and how it keeps climbing for half a mile or so by the look of it. it' s quite awesome really. awesome, yes that' s what it is, awesome .\nq: but you have a filly that' s pretty awesome at the moment .\ni' m pretty sure she' ll stay a mile and a quarter, and the other two furlongs are a stab in the dark, but you have to gamble at some point in your life .\ni didn' t really want to go to the curragh [ for the irish 1, 000 guineas ] because it was heavy going, so we' ve plumped for this one now .\ni think that she' ll cope with it ok. she' s quite a balanced filly, even though she is also quite big, which is a good thing for all the twists and turns .\nyes, yes, it is the distance. but if you look at the pedigree for clues about stamina, on the [ all - important ] dam' s side, there' s quite a lot of horses that stay a mile and a half, or even further, like touching wood, who won the st leger [ in 1982 ], so that' s certainly encouraging .\nyes, i think she' ll be ok. in her last three races, she' s travelled there right on the bridle, always going well, right to the end .\nshe' s never really come off the bridle, which would indicate to me that she has plenty left in her to last out the longer distance if micky had to ask her. you just have to hope, don' t you, that she will have enough prowess to do it .\nthere' s been a lot of people that have had a wonderful time .\nfor me, since she won the guineas, the pressure' s really been off, because it was hardest and most worrying during the winter when i had to get there on the day .\nit did feel as though a big cloud had been lifted. from now on, everything is just a bonus .\ni can' t really say that i have left the ground at all because i' ve been so busy all the time. it just carries on, but obviously it was wonderful .\nit was an odd feeling, but a real pleasure, thinking that here i was trying to win a jump race the day after winning a classic, and becoming the first british woman to win a british classic .\nwell, i just hope that it gives everybody else an incentive to have a go. don' t give up, that' s the message, really. it can be done even against the bigger people .\nq: and now it sounds as though you are just living the dream .\na: you have to. the dream is to get there, to the guineas and to the oaks. you never quite know what' s going to happen. she might come down with a cold or prick her foot or do something silly, so you have to live it .\nsimply, you have to enjoy it and - i say it again - live the dream. we' re dreaming - and i hope you win a bit of money on her too." ]

{ "text": [ "speciosa ( foaled 28 april 2003 ) is an irish-bred , british-trained thoroughbred racehorse .", "in a racing career which lasted from june 2005 and october 2007 she ran seventeen times and won four races .", "as a two-year-old , she won two of her six races including an upset win in the group two rockfel stakes at newmarket racecourse .", "as a three-year-old she won the nell gwyn stakes and then took the classic 1000 guineas for her trainer and part owner pam sly .", "she failed to win in nine subsequent races although she placed second in the earl of sefton stakes and the pretty polly stakes .", "she was retired at the end of the 2007 season to become a broodmare .", "her front-running style and unconventional background made her a popular classic winner . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 14, 14, 14, 7, 7 ] }

[ "speciosa (foaled 28 april 2003) is an irish-bred, british-trained thoroughbred racehorse. in a racing career which lasted from june 2005 and october 2007 she ran seventeen times and won four races. as a two-year-old, she won two of her six races including an upset win in the group two rockfel stakes at newmarket racecourse. as a three-year-old she won the nell gwyn stakes and then took the classic 1000 guineas for her trainer and part owner pam sly. she failed to win in nine subsequent races although she placed second in the earl of sefton stakes and the pretty polly stakes. she was retired at the end of the 2007 season to become a broodmare. her front-running style and unconventional background made her a popular classic winner." ]

[ "the voalavoanala (gymnuromys roberti) is a species of rodent in the family nesomyidae. it is the only species in the genus gymnuromys .\n, or the voalavoanala, is found in eastern madagascar, where it ranges from the northern highlands to the southern limits of the anosyenne mountains .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others. more information! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey' s business dictionary (german - english). thanks on that account! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome! questions and answers\noccupies lowland and montane humid forests. its also commonly found in the reserve naturelle integrale d' andohahela, the reserve speciale d' anjanaharibe - sud, and the parc national de marojejy of madagascar .\ncan be found at elevations ranging from 500 m to 1, 625 m, but usually resides between 900 m and 1, 625 m. it lives in burrows near fallen trees, which can be up to one meter deep and terminate in a food storage chamber .\n( carleton and goodman, 2000; carleton and goodman, 2004; garbutt, 2007; goodman and carleton, 1998; goodman, et al. , 1999; musser and carleton, 2005; nowak, 1999 )\nis a medium - sized rodent with rat - like features. head - body length ranges from 149 to 175 mm, and its tail ranges from 176 to 197 mm (approximately 110 to 115% of the head / body length). this species also has long, wide hind feet. dorsal pelage is typically slate grey, and ventral pelage is greyish white with a slight silvery sheen. the vibrissae are long and dark, ranging in length from 50 to 60 mm. its tail has little hair on it and is grey on top and lighter grey or white underneath and the tip can be completely white. the ears are ovular and project out from the head .\nshows moderate variation in mass, ranging from 100 to 155 g. sexual dimorphism has not been reported in this species .\n) has a smooth braincase, reduced auditory bullae, a narrow hourglass - shaped interorbital region, short incisive foramina, and no sub - squamosal foramen. they have\nwith respect to size, tail length, and greyish pelt. these two species can be distinguished by the tuft of hair at the end of\n. females are thought to produce very small litters. two separate accounts have found female specimens pregnant with two embryos each, and in both accounts the females were discovered between june and july. males are thought to be sexually active between october and december .\n( carleton and goodman, 2004; garbutt, 2007; gunther, et al. , 1896; nowak, 1999 )\n. as a with all mammals, however, mothers nurse their young until weaning .\n. it lives in burrows near fallen trees, which can be up to one meter deep and terminate in a food storage chamber .\n. it is nocturnal, which may indicate an increased dependence on its auditory, olfactory, and haptic senses. in addition to these, its closest relatives rely on their sense of sight as well .\nforages for food in the leaf litter at the base of trees, where it eats fallen seeds and fruits. also, it stores seeds and fruits in an underground chamber at the end of its burrow .\nis an herbivore that primarily consumes seeds and fruit, which they store in their burrows. thus, is likely that they play an important role in their local ecosystem as seed dispersers. food caches may be forgotten, or a cache owner may die before it is depleted. it is also possible that many seeds are lost while individuals are en route to their cache site. there is no information available concerning parasites specific to this species. the burrows of\non humans. however, as seed predators this species may create a problem for grain farmers throughout its native range .\nwas listed as vulnerable on the iucn' s red list of threatened species. in 2008, this species was downgraded from vulnerable to least concern and it appears to be somewhat tolerant of habitat change. at present, population trends of\nare unknown. potential threats include habitat loss due to agricultural expansion and contraction of diseases (e. g. ,\nstephanie boyle (author), university of michigan - ann arbor, phil myers (editor), university of michigan - ann arbor, john berini (editor), animal diversity web staff .\nliving in sub - saharan africa (south of 30 degrees north) and madagascar .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\nreferring to a burrowing life - style or behavior, specialized for digging or burrowing .\noffspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc .) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes) .\nthis terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains, either without vegetation or covered by low, tundra - like vegetation .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nrainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal .\nplaces a food item in a special place to be eaten later. also called\nhoarding\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23. 5 degrees north to 23. 5 degrees south .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\n2010 .\nthe iucn red list of threatened species\n( on - line). accessed march 12, 2011 at urltoken .\ncarleton, m. , s. goodman. 2000. rodents of the parc national de marojejy, madagascar .\ngoodman, s. , m. carleton. 1998. the rodents of the reserve speciale d' anjanaharibe - sud, madagascar .\ngoodman, s. , m. carleton, m. pidgeon. 1999. rodents of the reserve naturelle integrale d' andohahela, madagascar .\nto cite this page: boyle, s. 2011 .\ngymnuromys roberti\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nmusser, guy g. , and michael d. carleton / wilson, don e. , and deeann m. reeder, eds .\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. , vol. 2\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2nd ed. , 3rd printing\nwith contributions by bernadette n. graham, adam p. potter, and mariana m. upmeyer\ncomments: some have voiced concern that populations of g. roberti are being supplanted by introduced rattus (see carleton and schmidt, 1990; goodman, 1995 )\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nthis species is endemic to eastern madagascar where it ranges from the northern highlands south to the southern limits of the anosyennes mountains. it has a wide elevational range and has been recorded from around 500 to 1, 800 m asl (carleton and goodman 2003) .\nmusser, g. , m. carleton. 2005. mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic references. baltimore: the johns hopkins university press .\nthis is a nocturnal, terrestrial species found in lowland and montane tropical moist forest. it generally occurs in areas with sparse understory vegetation. animals may be found in ground burrows, up to a meter deep, located under fallen logs and other ground cover. the biology of this species is not well known. this species appears to be able to tolerate some habitat modification, as individuals have been captured in intact secondary forest mixed with introduced tree species (carleton and goodman 2003) .\ncarleton, m. , s. goodman. 2000. rodents of the parc national de marojejy, madagascar. fieldiana, zoology, 97: 231 - 263 .\ncarleton, m. , s. goodman. 2004. the natural history of madagascar. chicago: the university of chicago press .\ngarbutt, n. 2007. mammals of madagascar: a complete guide. united states: yale university press .\ngoodman, s. , m. carleton, m. pidgeon. 1999. rodents of the reserve naturelle integrale d' andohahela, madagascar. fieldiana, zoology, 94: 217 - 250 .\ngoodman, s. , m. carleton. 1998. the rodents of the reserve speciale d' anjanaharibe - sud, madagascar. fieldiana, zoology, 90: 201 - 221 .\nnowak, r. 1999. walker' s mammals of the world. baltimore and london: the johns hopkins university press .\nvaughan, t. , j. ryan, n. czaplewski. 2011. mammalogy. sudbury, ma: jones and bartlett publishers, llc .\ngunther, a. , w. carruthers, w. francis. 1896. the annals and magazine of natural history, including zoology, botany, and geology. london: taylor and francis .\namori, g. (small nonvolant mammal red list authority) & hoffmann, m. (global mammal assessment team )\nlisted as least concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population even though it is poorly known, occurrence in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category. however it is important that further research is done to fully understand population levels and to monitor changes in availability of suitable habitat .\non the basis of standard trapping techniques, this species is never common (s. m. goodman and d. rakotondravony pers. comm .) .\nthis species is threatened by habitat loss through clearance for cultivation and fire. it may be suffering increased competition from the introduced black rat (rattus rattus). there is good evidence that all nesomyinae species (especially those found over 800 m) are susceptible to 100% mortality from plague from introduced rodents - these seem to be localized events .\nit has been recorded from several protected areas including analamazaotra and anjanaharibe - sud special reserves, and mantadia, marojejy, ranomafana, and andringitra national parks. as with other predominantly forest living rodents on madagascar, suitable tracts of pristine habitat should be conserved. further studies are needed into the distribution and natural history of this species .\nmusser, g. g. ; carleton, m. d. (2005) .\nsuperfamily muroidea\n. in wilson, d. e. ; reeder, d. m. mammal species of the world (3rd ed .). johns hopkins university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0. oclc 62265494 .\nbaillie, j. 1996. gymnuromys roberti. 2006 iucn red list of threatened species. downloaded on 19 july 2007 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\norders placed & paid for outside of the hello pretty platform aren' t protected, supported or guaranteed by hello pretty. in the event that a seller become unresponsive or disappears, or doesn' t supply your purchase after you' ve paid, or if your purchase gets lost in the mail, hello pretty cannot facilitate a refund or offer you any buyer protection, insurance, or assistance .\ndon' t worry - we won' t ever share these personal details. your address is safe .\nvintage and retro - inspired clothing re - imagined into chic, modern creations .\nitems are shipped within 3 - 5 working days of placing orders. out of stock items can be custom ordered and paid via eft with a waiting period of up to 4 weeks .\nno more excuse for being late. cottage & cheese is sponsoring a clock giveaway" ]

{ "text": [ "the voalavoanala ( gymnuromys roberti ) is a species of rodent in the family nesomyidae .", "it is the only species in the genus gymnuromys .", "it is found only in madagascar .", "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests . " ], "topic": [ 27, 26, 20, 24 ] }

[ "the voalavoanala (gymnuromys roberti) is a species of rodent in the family nesomyidae. it is the only species in the genus gymnuromys. it is found only in madagascar. its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests." ]

[ "female pine bunting, clibberswick, unst, shetland, november 2011. © brydon thomason\nsometimes split as\nmasked\nbunting. in marshy reed beds at edge of pine forest\nfinding a female pine bunting in november 2003 at flamborough head let to the discovery that for every male pine bunting trapped on the near continent, 2 female pine buntings were trapped. female pine buntings seem to be overlooked in britain (1 female to every 5 males in britain) .\nbrydon thomason and mike pennington found a female pine bunting on unst, shetland in november 2011. here are\nthe pine - siskin, chrysomitris pinus: so called from its fondness for the seeds of the pine .\nthere have been only about 50 uk recordings of the pine bunting since the first on fair isle in 1911 .\nwhere their ranges meet, the yellowhammer and pine bunting interbreed; the yellowhammer is dominant, and the hybrid zone is moving further east .\ncanceled - geographical variation in song structure of yellow hammer (emberiza citrinella) and pine bunting (e. leucephalos) in aspect of their hybridization .\nthis time it was the turn of the village of dunnington just to the east of york to be visited by hundreds of birdwatchers after the discovery of a male pine bunting .\na few also winter regularly in the tuscany region of italy and in the south of france but elsewhere in europe, including britain, the pine bunting is a rare vagrant .\nfound in open scrubby areas, cultivated fields, or open woodlands, especially pine forests .\npine buntings are widespread in siberia breeding in open forests just to the west of the ural mountains .\n“up beyond the bull pine, beyond, beyond” |... theresa kishkan, writer ...\ntaylor, t. j. 1978. the cirl bunting in marlborough. notornis 25: 249 - 251 .\nwhat intrigued me was that the bird did not make me immediately think ‘pine bunting’ (* see full account at end), given the field conditions and my limited experience, and i wondered again the likelihood of female pine buntings simply being overlooked in this country as they are so much less striking than males. pine buntings are likely to be buried away in yellowhammer flocks under conditions whereby the flocks are often not easy to scrutinise. the following statistics might enable us to be better informed and more inspired in looking for pine buntings in britain :\npanov, e. n. , roubtsov, a. s. and monzikov, d. g. 2003. hybridization between yellowhammer and pine bunting in russia. dutch birding 25 (1): 17 - 31 .\n“ pine ” in le trésor de la langue française informatisé (the digitized treasury of the french language) .\nthe snow - bunting, plectrophanes nivalis, in the plumage of winter, or of the female and young male .\nthe pine bunting and yellowhammer are so closely related that each responds to the other' s song. the male yellowhammer' s song is more attractive to females, and is one reason for the dominance of that species where the ranges overlap .\nan old name of some small bird which feeds on seeds, as a thistle - bird, linnet, siskin, or bunting .\n☞ the word is often used in composition, as in chaf finch, gold finch, grass finch, pine finch, etc .\ncirl bunting. adult male, feeding on residential lawn. tasman bay, nelson, september 2014. image © rob lynch by rob lynch\nthe song of the cock yellowhammer is a series of short notes, gradually increasing in volume and followed by one or two more protracted notes. it is often represented as\na little bit of bread and no cheese\n, and the full version can be confused with the almost identical song of the pine bunting. if the final notes are omitted, confusion with the cirl bunting is possible. other vocalisations include a\non a number of occasions. at the beginning of the 20th century, this bunting was seen as a serious agricultural pest in its adopted country .\nthe natural range of the cirl bunting extends from south - west britain south to the mediterranean sea and east to yugoslavia, greece and turkey; also north africa .\ncreate bird friendly habitat in your yard by planting native shrubs to provide foraging and even nesting opportunities for the lazuli bunting. learn more about birdscaping at habitat network .\nto compliment this picture there have been 31 records of 32 individuals of pine bunting in the netherlands. of these, 24 were sexed as male and nine as female (a ratio of nearly one female to every three males) and most records concern birds trapped at ringing stations (a. van den berg pers comms) .\ncopete, j. l. 2016. pine bunting (emberiza leucocephalos). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. and de juana, e. (eds), handbook of the birds of the world alive, lynx edicions, barcelona .\n, may be confused with pine buntings, but they always have a yellow tint to their plumage, a paler rufous rump and more uniform upperparts than that species .\nthe chaffinch; any bird of the genus fringilla or family fringillidæ, of which the species are very numerous; a bunting, sparrow, grosbeak, etc. see fringillidæ .\ntheir diet is mainly insects and spiders, which they usually find among the leaves and branches, and sometimes by hovering underneath the leaves. their favoured trees are spruce, pine and fir .\nangus, d. j. 2013 [ updated 2015 ]. cirl bunting. in miskelly, c. m. (ed .) new zealand birds online. www. nzbirdsonline. org. nz\nit would seem to be clear that female pine buntings are being overlooked in mainland britain and indeed in western europe. targeting a few more winter yellowhammer flock s would not be a bad pursuit !\ncopete, j. l. (2018). pine bunting (emberiza leucocephalos). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nsimilar species: the closely related yellowhammer is superficially similar, but both sexes show more yellow colouration, especially on the head. the rump is chestnut in both sexes, compared with olive - green in the cirl bunting .\nwintering in low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city. a male jumped up from a mountain stream (it was likely foraging), then entered shrubs. the bird was not seen while recording, but is likely the same individual. same individual as in xc191522. [ originally uploaded as grey bunting with the above description; a comparison of sonograms rather suggests a black - faced bunting (probably in the background) and changed the id ] .\nwintering in low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city. a male jumped up from a mountain stream (it was likely foraging), then entered shrubs. the bird was not seen while recording, but is likely the same individual. rather noisy due to the sound of the stream. [ originally uploaded as grey bunting with the above description; a comparison of sonograms rather suggests a black - faced bunting (probably in the background) and changed the id ] .\nalthough lazuli buntings have increased significantly in washington since 1966, there is some concern that habitat degradation has allowed brown - headed cowbirds to become more prominent in lazuli bunting breeding areas, and this may have a negative impact on the population .\nlazuli buntings are common in eastern washington in the ponderosa pine zone and along major rivers, from mid - may through september. they are local and uncommon at higher elevations east and west of the cascade crest. the lazuli bunting is mostly an eastern washington bird, but can be found locally west of the cascades at fort lewis (pierce county), in the vancouver area (clark county), along the skagit and cowlitz rivers, and in south king county on the muckleshoot prairies around enumclaw .\nsepia delft tiles surrounded the fireplace, their crudely drawn biblical scenes in faded cyclamen blending with the pinkish pine, while above them, instead of a mantelshelf, there was an archway high enough to form a balcony with slender balusters and a tapestry - hung wall behind .\ngreene, erick, vincent r. muehter and william davison. 2014. lazuli bunting (passerina amoena), version 2. 0. in the birds of north america (p. g. rodewald, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, new york, usa .\nwintering in low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city. a male jumped up from a mountain stream (it was likely foraging), then entered shrubs. the bird was not seen while recording, but is likely the same individual. rather noisy due to the sound of the stream. same individual as in xc191522. although there are background songs of a tit, i leave the id open. [ originally uploaded as grey bunting with the above description; a comparison of sonograms rather suggests a black - faced bunting (probably in the background) and changed the id ] .\nlowther, peter e. , scott m. lanyon and christopher w. thompson. 2015. painted bunting (passerina ciris), version 2. 0. in the birds of north america (p. g. rodewald, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, new york, usa .\nlazuli buntings typically inhabit shrubby areas in forested zones. in washington, they are often found along dry hillsides, at the lower edge of the ponderosa pine zone, or in streamside thickets, but can also be found occasionally at high elevations. recently burned areas, agricultural hedgerows, and residential gardens all may provide shrubby habitats for lazuli buntings as well .\nboth members of a pair search through dense foliage for nest sites. they usually choose a spot 3–6 feet off the ground—sometimes as high as 50 feet when there is no low vegetation—with nearby perches and open feeding grounds. common nest plants include spanish moss, mulberry, mesquite, elm, osage - orange, greenbrier, oak, myrtle, and pine .\nmost have been seen among flocks of yellowhammers – the two species are closely related and can interbreed. male pine buntings have a white crown and cheek, edged with rufous and black and a rusty red back streaked with black. females are greyer and less well marked so are much harder to pick out among yellowhammer flocks –some no doubt go unnoticed as a result\npine buntings breed in may - august. the nest is on the ground, consisting of a cup made of stalks, rootlets, and dry grass, lined with soft grasses and very often with horsehair. the nest is often placed under a bush, grass tussock, or fallen branch. the female lays 4 - 6 eggs which are incubation for 13 days. the chicks fledge 10 - 14 days after hatching .\nlooking at a tree, a long black scar on one side where lightning or a a fire scorched it. and huge plates of bark fitting together like sections of a puzzle. i got out of the truck and walked over to it. clusters of resin, deep gold, with a few ants trapped inside, as beautiful as amber. which they were on their way to becoming in the fullness of time, though i wasn’t sure if these pines were known for their amber, unlike pinites succiniter, also known as pinus succinifera, or baltic pine. i broke off a little chunk and wrapped it in a soft mullein leaf which i tucked into my pocket. and looking up, i heard nutcrackers up in the branches, scolding me for interrupting their meal of seeds. this was what i wanted, the ordinariness of birds and pines, not the sorrow of life without you, james. i sunk into the deep duff of needles to cry and after a few minutes, i took out my map and noted the date, the location, and drew a little pine to remind me to look up the passage in swamp angel. my fingers were tacky with resin and a little of it stuck to the map. i pressed a single pine needle into it and made sure i refolded the map with that section exposed to air .\nlazuli buntings live in brushy hillsides, areas near streams, wooded valleys, thickets and hedges along agricultural fields, and residential gardens from sea level to more than 9, 500 feet elevation. they are also common in recently burned areas, but less so in selectively logged forests or clearcuts. on their wintering grounds in western mexico, they use overgrown fields, thorn forests, second - growth pine - oak forests, agricultural areas, and hedgerows. back to top\nif i wanted to wait. i didn’t see that i had choice and anyway the day was sunny. i walked up beyond the bull pine, beyond, beyond, to where i felt i was on the spine of the earth. forests and grasslands in all directions, and the long beautiful length of kamloops lake, fed and replenished by the thompson river. a train snaked its way along the far shore, too far away to hear. but i could see the water holding the sky in its wide bowl .\nhence a genus of thistle - birds named by koch in 1816, containing the linnet, the siskin or aberdevine, the goldfinch, the redpoll, and others, both of europe and of america. in present usage, the siskin is spinus spinus, the pine - finch is s. pinus, the goldfinch of europe is s. carduelis, that of america is s. tristis, etc. the name wavers in application, and is more or less inexactly synonymous with several others, as acanthis, carduelis, chrysomitris, astragalinus, ægiothus, linaria, linota, etc. see cuts under siskin and goldfinch .\npainted buntings eat seeds for most of the year, switching to mostly insects in the breeding season. they forage on the ground for seeds of bristle grass, pigweed, wood sorrel, spurge, panic grass, st. john’s wort, sedge, dock, pine, rose, wheat, or fig. they may fly up to grab a plant stem and drag it to the ground, holding it in place with one foot while eating the seeds. during the breeding season they catch grasshoppers, weevils and other beetles, caterpillars, bugs, spiders, snails, wasps, and flies. in addition to ground foraging, in the breeding season they also forage in marshes and in trees, sometimes over 30 feet off the ground. the buntings may pull invertebrates from spiderwebs, or even dive straight through a web to steal a spider’s prey. back to top\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ncramp, s. and simmons, k. e. l. (eds). 1977 - 1994. handbook of the birds of europe, the middle east and africa. the birds of the western palearctic. oxford university press, oxford .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, though the european population is estimated at 50 - 120 pairs, which equates to 100 - 240 mature individuals (birdlife international 2015), with europe forming < 5% of the global range. national population estimates include: c. 100 - 10, 000 breeding pairs in china; < c. 1, 000 individuals on migration and < c. 1, 000 wintering individuals in korea; < c. 1, 000 individuals on migration and < c. 1, 000 wintering individuals in japan and c. 100 - 10, 000 breeding pairs in russia (brazil 2009). trend justification: the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats. the european population trend is unknown (birdlife international 2015) .\ngenerally there is no evidence for substantial threats (copete 2016). the species interbreeds with emberiza citrinella in the contact zone of both species in the most western part of its range. according to panov et al. (2003) the hybridisation process will intensify in the contact zone of both species, as they are very similar in behaviour and habitat choice. the long - term impact of this process is unclear (hagemeijer and blair 1997, copete 2016) .\nconservation actions underway there are currently no known conservation measures for this species within its european range. conservation actions proposed surveys are required in siberia, where the bulk of the population breeds, in order to generate a robust global population estimate (copete 2016) .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment). the iucn red list of threatened species 2017: e. t22720881a111133257 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nmagnificent bird! perched male at 10m away. some calls seem different from e. citrinella, for instance the decreasing' tscheeu' call .\nsuspected id (virtually same place as in xc392146). two types of notes. sharp calls (such as at 9. 5s, 12. 3s) extending from 5 to 8 khz are unlike those of emberiza rustica of similar frequencies but are similar to xc145227 .\nsound recorded 40 min after visual sighting in the same place. the bird was an adult male (with a white crown) with some feathers molted (also photos and video). the bird did no issue call in flight from a perch. the recorded voice is very similar to xc36328 and i give this id .\n[ recording\nruined\nby electrical interference but the sonogram etc. is still very good so i rated this as a ] singing from the pinnacle of a larch tree at the forest edge .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nsometimes considered conspecific with e. citrinella, but differs clearly in plumage, behaviour and osteology, supporting treatment as separate species. the two hybridize extensively in w & c siberia, and interbreeding is increasing. see remarks under e. citrinella. proposed races of present species stachanowi (described from naryn, in tien shan of c kyrgyzstan) and karpovi (from chita, in transbaikalia, and blagoveshchensk, in se russian amurland) synonymized with nominate. two subspecies recognized .\ns. g. gmelin, 1771 – e european russia from c & s ural region (sverdlovsk district and chelyabinsk) e across siberia (n to c. 62° in w and 67° in e) to russian far east (upper r kolyma and mountains n of sea of okhotsk), s to n kazakhstan, c & e tien shan, nw & ne china, n mongolia, and lower r amur, sakhalin and s kuril is; bulk of population winters from iran, afghanistan and n pakistan e to nepal, n china and japan (also tiny numbers in levant and europe) .\nstresemann, 1930 – ne qinghai (from e border of zaidam depression) e to s gansu, in nc china .\n, but slightly larger, with tail 5–10% longer. male ...\nprefers edges of forests and clearings in s taiga, also areas devoid of trees following logging or ...\ndiet during breeding season mainly invertebrates, such as grasshoppers (orthoptera), bugs (hemiptera), beetles (coleoptera), caterpillars (...\nseason late apr to end of jul, usually most pairs starting during may; normally two broods. nest built by female, a tightly woven cup of ...\nresident. nominate race migratory. autumn migration starts in aug or ...\nnot globally threatened (least concern). locally common. no realistic estimates of global population, since bulk of this breeding in siberia, where surveys needed; european ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\npreviously treated in much broader versions, which included calcariidae and passerellidae, and earlier also cardinalidae and thraupidae # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\npieter de groot boersma, mkennewell, éric roualet, daniêl jimenez, desmond allen, yoël jimenez .\nstanislav harvančík, christophe gouraud, bluesrock, paul cools, eduardo de juana, gilgit2, dubi shapiro, aleix comas, dusan m. brinkhuizen, frédéric pelsy, alexdersu, lchunfai, lars petersson .\ncombined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: emberiza leucocephalos. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nthey arrive from second half of october, but chiefly in first half of november. maximum numbers occur mid - december to mid - february. the last birds leave the wintering grounds during first week of march .\nof 12 trapped birds in december 1995, six were male, six were female and nine of the 12 were first - winters .\nwith this background in mind, i decided to visit flamborough head on 12th november 2003, with the chief hope of seeing the hume’s warbler which had been present in old fall plantation the previous few days. john mcloughlin had the same idea so we agreed to meet early morning at flamborough. i was down old fall hedge before first light which eventually had the positive result of great looks at the hume’s with no - one around but was also negative because the late arriving mcloughlin (new baby was the lame excuse) found two tundra bean geese in the daylight which i had almost certainly walked past in the dark !\nenter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nunlike yellowhammer, adult plumage of male and female strikingly different but both show white ground - colour to underparts, long rufous rump, and bright white outer tail - feathers. breeding male has striking white central crown and cheeks contrasting with bold black and chestnut stripes on face and chestnut throat; white underparts, interrupted by chestnut - spotted chest - band and flanks; similar but much duller, hoarier in fresh plumage. female duller and patterned more like yellowhammer but no trace of yellow, with dull white ground - colour to plumage most obvious in pale head, tips to median coverts, and belly. at close range, typical bird shows sharper, duller streaks on lateral crown - stripes and darker malar and chest streaking than yellowhammer .\nfeeds and other plant material; insects in breeding season. forages primarily on ground and in low bushes; on breeding grounds, feeds at forest edge or in large clearings; in winter quarters, where specializes on cereal grains, searches for food in flocks, often with other seed - eaters, on arable fields (bare soil or stubble), waste ground, in orchards, villages, parks, by roads and tracks, etc. ; often near water and swampy places .\nthis species has a large range, with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 1, 000, 000 - 10, 000, 000 km2. the global population size has not been quantified, but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population size criterion of the iucn red list (i. e. , less than 10, 000 mature individuals in conjunction with appropriate decline rates and subpopulation qualifiers). global population trends have not been quantified, but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the iucn red list (i. e. , declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). for these reasons, the species is evaluated as least concern. [ conservation status from urltoken ]\nmigratory, birds moving chiefly south to winter in southern and central asia. winter range overlaps slightly with breeding range. in zone of sympatry with yellowhammer (western siberia), more migratory than that species and makes longer movements .\navibirds, almere, netherlands 2001 - 2012 - your source to the birds of europe. contact? mail us: info { @ } avibirds. com\nthis winter’s run of rare vagrant birds from siberia which began in october is continuing .\nyork birder chris gomersall first identified it last friday among a flock of about 250 yellowhammers and other buntings and finches in a setaside stubble field off intake lane and it remained there into this week .\nin autumn the majority migrate south across asia with israel one of the more westerly wintering areas .\nthere have been about 50 uk records since the first on fair isle in 1911, the majority in october and november including about six in yorkshire .\nthere has been an influx into northern europe this winter with a female seen in shropshire on new year’s day and others, including small groups, over the past few days in the netherlands, belgium, and switzerland. there could be more waiting to be found in britain .\nmore eurasian white - fronted geese have been reported with a peak count of 58 in a field around seamer tip pools near scarborough and others at filey and flamborough and smaller numbers inland including six at swillington ings .\nseveral tundra bean geese were reported among flocks of pink - footed geese good numbers of which have been taking advantage of the calm conditions to move across to lancashire on the first stage of their journey back to icelandic breeding grounds .\nother sightings along the yorkshire coast included two black redstarts on rocks near the albert drive café in north bay scarborough and one on carr naze, filey while another has been present in the trinity churchyard at north ossett, west yorkshire regularly feeding in the gutters on the church roof .\n1913, joseph c. lincoln, chapter 1, in mr. pratt' s patients :\ni stumbled along through the young pines and huckleberry bushes. pretty soon i struck into a sort of path that, i cal' lated, might lead to the road i was hunting for. it twisted and turned, and, the first thing i knew, made a sudden bend around a bunch of bayberry scrub and opened out into a big clear space like a lawn .\nto feel irritated; to reflect on a problem. ; to think something over .\n1855, john sullivan dwight (translator), “oh holy night”, as printed in 1871, adolphe - charles adam (music), “cantique de noël”, g. schirmer (new york), originally by placide cappeau de roquemaure, 1847 long lay the world in sin and error pining / till he appear’d and the soul felt its worth\nthe way the story went was that the man' s foot healed up all right but that he just pined away .\nthis page was last edited on 7 july 2018, at 23: 35 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nthe most frequently seen birds at feeders across north america last winter were the dark - eyed junco, house finch and american goldfinch, along with downy woodpeckers, blue jays, mourning doves, black - capped chickadees, house sparrows, northern cardinals and european starlings .\nany small conirostral oscine passerine bird, as of the family ploceidæ or tanagridæ; a weaver - bird or tanager .\nloosely, in composition, some other small bird, as the fallow - finch .\npeucæa cassini, a kind of summer finch of southwestern parts of the united states: named for the same .\na name applied to many passerine birds, esp. to those of the genus\nas poet, mr. finch of course recalled many former members of the society .\nwho were the other offenders glanced at by colonel finch, as also in one of severn' s letters, i have no distinct idea .\nthese are matters to think over dreamily while the finches sing overhead in the apple - tree .\nit is an unbroken strain running up and down the middle of the scale and has it in a reminder of the purple finch' s lay .\njerry l. finch, former deputy prosecuting attorney of king county, gave impeaching testimony against wm .\nthey seem to partake much of the nature of our linnets, sparrows, and finches .\nstooping as if to look for the finch, she whispered:' save me quickly .\nnot a sound was heard, save the rapid ticking of the clocks and the innocent singing of the thistle - finch .\na finch now flew away from the tree beneath which he was standing; it flew over the river to the island .\nonly the ploceids and the cardueline finches in the present investigation fail to show such a division .\ngaudy painted finches, or\nnon - pareils ,\nwere less conspicuous only because of their small size .\nrobert ridgway says he first made the acquaintance of the purple finch at mt .\nthe finches were the worst behaved, though the tomtits and the nuthatches ran them very close in the noise they made .\ncamille autumn finch was born thursday, oct 11, 2012, at alaska regional hospital in anchorage .\nshe weighed seven pounds, 13 ounces and is the daughter of sheila and kyle finch of eagle river .\n( ap) — over the past year, roy finch has seen his chances to make an impact for no 10 oklahoma shrink to almost none .\nsoftball star and former olympian jennie finch is pregnant with her third child with husband casey daigle, who' s a former major league baseball pitcher .\nouellette & crazy maggy will kick off the new season of the finch coffeehouse series in newburyport tomorrow night .\nrobert finch, age 59, died wednesday, oct 10, 2012, at alliance community hospital following a long illness .\ni had just started setting up the registration table for the national women' s bicycling summit when emily finch arrived .\nmary jo finch (nichols), 83, of konawa, died sept 14, 2012, in shawnee .\nsports let' s celebrate jennie finch' s birthday by watching her break scientific equipment .\nuniversity of arizona softball great jennie finch turns 32 today, 10 years removed from setting an ncaa record with 60 consecutive wins .\nroy finch' s position for the sooners has changed, but his attitude has not .\ndean finch, 29, of canyon died tuesday, july 3, 2012, in amarillo .\nwe wish to thank charlie finch, hektor monteiro, and jen winters for their supporting work in this effort .\nsee finch and kuchment for surveys of these and other developments in euclidean space .\nfinch, the attenuated x - ray transform: recent developments, in inside out: inverse problems and applications (edited by g .\nin fact, there are also other images of the caustics (blandford & narayan 1986; suyu & blandford 2006) and they are the so - called transition loci (finch et al. 2002) which receives less attention so far .\nsince the middle column shows the images of the magnification patterns, they can well present the critical curves and transition loci, which are the images of the caustics (finch et al. 2002) .\nfinch et al. (2002) have studied the images of the caustics for the m = 2 lens by analytical method .\nthe images of the caustic include not only the critical curves but also the transition loci (finch et al. 2002) .\nfinch, experimental summary talk in these proceedings. 3. e. - e .\nfinch et. al. and hughes et. al. both report similar clustering phenomena .\nfinch during tomography meeting in oberwolfach in august, 2006, where our results where also presented for the first time .) the spherical case is discussed in sections 1 through 3. a series solution for a general acquisition geometry is presented in section 4 .\nfinch, the single valued extension property on a banach space, pacific j .\nce gigantesque travail est le résultat de près de cinquante ans de compilation dans les publications ornithologiques, linguistiques, dans les dictionnaires et par quelques enquêtes personnelles de l' auteur. hors du temps, hors des préoccupations habituelles, hors des propos déjà tenus, michel desfayes a rassemblé les mots qui désignent les oiseaux et les chauves - souris dans les langues européennes, anciennes et modernes, et dans leurs dialectes .\n1998. trésor de noms d' oiseaux. etymologie du lexique européen par les paradigmes. i. les noms d' oiseaux, 1246 pages. ii. les paradigmes, 1286 pages. cd - rom illustré et sonorisé. musée cantonal d' hsitoire naturelle, sion, suisse, isbn 2. 88426 - 025 - 0\n1998 a thesaurus of bird names. etymology of european lexis through paradigms. volume i: the names of birds, 1246 pp. volume ii: the paradigms, 1286 pp. cahiers des sciences naturelles, no. 2. museum of natural history, sion, switzerland - isbn - 2 - 88 - 426 - 025 - 0\nabbildungen aus: naumann, naturgeschichte der vögel mitteleuropas, zweite auflage 1896 - 1905 (12 bände). lateinische, deutsche und englische namen nach dem neueren werk von peterson, mountfort und hollom. die texte wurden nicht übernommen (peter v. sengbusch, uni hamburg) .\nbis auf die tatsache, dass die vogelnamen in deutsch, enlisch und lateinisch widergegeben sind, fand ich keine sprachlich interessanten hinweise .\nabbildungen aus: naumann, naturgeschichte der vögel mitteleuropas ,\nzweite\nauflage 1896 - 1905 (12 bände). lateinische, deutsche und englische namen nach dem neueren werk von peterson, mountfort und hollom. die texte wurden nicht übernommen (peter v. sengbusch) .\nherausgegeben von dr. carl r. hennicke in gera register: geordnet nach deutschen artnamen (englische und lateinische namen sind mit aufgeführt) - nomenklatur nach peterson... . .\nbirkhahn x moorschneehenne (bastard) - black grouse x willow grouse - lyrurus tetrix. x lagopus lagopus\nverlag: eichborn; auflage: 1. , aufl. (6. oktober 2009 )\nein werk der wunder - jetzt mit 80 bislang unveröffentlichten aquarellen johann friedrich naumann lebte von 1780 bis 1857. er war und ist der bedeutendste deutsche ornithologe. aber mehr noch als seine wissenschaftlichen leistungen beeindrucken uns heute die natürliche schönheit seiner vogelbilder und die erstaunliche kreativität seiner sprache. niemand hat jemals besser über vögel geschrieben. über johann friedrich naumanns werk und seine vogelbilder sagt claus nissen in seinem 1953 erschienenen buch die illustrierten vogelbücher: »die sorgfältige ausmalung macht diese naturgeschichte der vögel deutschlands... rein äußerlich zum schönsten deutschen vogelbuch, das unter bibliophilen gesichtspunkten wohl eine auferstehung mittels heutiger reproduktionstechniken verdienen könnte. es hat immerhin goethe, der auch auf diesem gebiet einige kennerschaft besaß, zu fast begeisterter anerkennung hingerissen. « zu lebzeiten war johann friedrich naumann nicht nur in deutschland berühmt und hochgeehrt, aber seit dem zweiten weltkrieg ist er im gegensatz zu seinen englischsprachigen zeitgenossen john gould und john james audubon fast vergessen. dieses buch soll sowohl die schönheit und genauigkeit seiner vogelbilder als auch den glanz seiner sprache in erinnerung rufen. johann friedrich naumann ist ein vergessenes deutsches genie .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhere, once more, they drove past the great solitary bull pines with their strongly hatched and corrugated bark – all the delights of this country spoke afresh to maggie – swelling hills, wild and widespread sage, look! there is a coyote and his coat is the same dun colour as the hill on which he runs purposefully about his business. he vanishes. this was maggie’s third year in. breathe this sagey air! see, a bluebird! floating cloud, drifting scent, tree, wild creature, curving fleeting hill – each made its own statement to maggie in the imperishable spring. (sa, 205 )\nmy truck wouldn’t start. i turned the key and there was a kind of grinding noise. then nothing. i sat in the driver’s seat on the edge of the road, my map on the dashboard, and i did what i usually do in such circumstances: i cried. i’m not proud of it but sometimes i feel so helpless and hopeless that i don’t know what else to do. and then someone was knocking on my window .\nan older man in overalls with a john deere cap turned backwards like a catcher. –need help? he asked. and i must have nodded because he was lifting the hood and making noises like ah huh, and oh boy. it was the battery and he had jumper cables but they were at his ranch, about a twenty minute drive away, near jocko creek. if i wanted to wait, he’d go get them and then we’d see if we could get the truck up and running .\nthis entry was posted on september 24, 2016 at 10: 11 am and is filed under uncategorized. you can follow any responses to this entry through the rss 2. 0 feed. you can leave a response, or trackback from your own site .\nprivacy & cookies: this site uses cookies. by continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. to find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: cookie policy\n1. a light cotton, woolen, or synthetic cloth used for making flags .\n3. strips of cloth or material usually in the colors of the national flag, used especially as drapery or streamers for festive decoration .\n1. any of various birds of the family emberizidae, having short, cone - shaped bills and brownish, yellowish, or grayish plumage .\n2. any of various similar birds of the family cardinalidae, often with brightly colored plumage .\na snug - fitting, hooded sleeping bag or one - piece garment of heavy material for infants .\n( animals) any of numerous seed - eating songbirds of the families fringillidae (finches, etc) or emberizidae, esp those of the genera emberiza of the old world and passerina of north america. they all have short stout bills\n1. a coarse, open fabric of worsted or cotton for flags, signals, etc .\n2. patriotic and festive decorations made from such cloth, or from paper, usu. in the colors of the national flag .\nany of various small, chiefly seed - eating songbirds of the subfamilies cardinalinae and emberizinae (family emberizidae) .\nat their hats; from the stern, a whale - boat was suspended, bottom down; and hanging captive from the bowsprit was seen the long lower jaw of the last whale they had slain .\ncarried away by the breeze, papuans, with the finest azure colours, and in all a variety of winged things most charming to behold, but few eatable .\nhad been placed in trees on town end by golcar library' s knit and natter group .\nall content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. this information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional .\ncirl buntings are the least - known and most localised of new zealand’s introduced song birds. they were introduced in small numbers from britain between 1871 and 1880. cirl buntings are largely birds of low rainfall areas, found mainly in farmland habitats with patches of scrub, hedgerows and scattered trees. the males are an attractive and boldly marked bird, whilst the females are comparatively drab and streaked. they feed on a diet of seeds and a wide variety of insects. they are territorial and mostly sedentary, and do not associate a great deal with other bird species, except at a good food source .\ncirl buntings are roughly the size of a house sparrow. males have a distinctive facial pattern: a black line runs through the eye, with yellow lines above and below it; there is a black bib on the throat with a yellow band beneath it. an olive - green band runs across the upper chest. in winter the plumage is duller due to the presence of buff tips which wear off by spring. females and juveniles are brownish and streaked, with diagnostic pale horse - shoe shaped markings on the ear - coverts .\nvoice: the male has a rattling song similar to part of a greenfinch song, repeated up to nine times per minute. a high - pitched contact call is uttered frequently between birds in pairs or small flocks, except while feeding. a loud chattering call is used during territorial disputes .\ncirl buntings are mainly found in low - rainfall regions of the eastern south island. they require dry summers in order to breed successfully. cirl buntings are widespread from the marlborough sounds south to kaikoura, being most common in parts of the awatere valley. they are present at scattered sites in canterbury, from waiau south to timaru. there are widespread records from coastal north otago and central otago. cirl buntings are also present in the nelson region, with records from coastal golden bay and motueka as well as from a number of sites closer to nelson. vagrants have been reported from southland and the west coast. in the north island, cirl buntings are known to have been breeding regularly at two sites in wellington since 1991. there are scattered records from northland, auckland, gisborne, hawke’s bay, manawatu and wairarapa. single birds or small flocks have been recorded from stephens, mana, motuora and waiheke islands .\ncirl buntings have restricted habitat preferences compared to other songbirds introduced and established in new zealand. they prefer dry open pastoral country with patches of scrub, scattered trees and hedgerows, where the grass is kept relatively short by the grazing of livestock. cirl buntings have a particular liking for the lower slopes of hills, gullies in rolling country and river terraces with the above vegetation types .\ncirl buntings are rare or absent from most of new zealand, but are fairly common at a few favoured localities in the south island. the total new zealand population has been estimated at 2000 - 5000 birds .\nthere are no reported economic or ecological impacts from this species; nor are any likely, as the population size is small .\ndue to their narrow range of habitat preferences, changes in land use may have a detrimental impact on cirl buntings. there has been a proliferation of vineyards in one of the more favoured localities in new zealand - the awatere valley. this may have caused a substantial decline in the population of cirl buntings there, due to the loss of habitat. the conversion of rural land to residential uses on the outskirts of christchurch has likewise been linked to a decline there. the removal of livestock from farmland can also impact this species negatively, as they prefer close - cropped sward for foraging .\nmale cirl buntings establish territories in late september and sing to attract a mate. these territories are relatively large; 12 were counted on a 500 ha farm in marlborough. a loose nest sited in dense vegetation is built by the female, and is lined with fine fibres. 2 - 4 (typically 3) eggs are laid. both parents feed the chicks. after fledging, the female is likely to nest again while the male attends the chicks from the first nest .\ncirl buntings spend much of their time close to cover, feeding mainly on the ground. however, males frequently sing from prominent positions on the top of trees, bushes, fences, large rocks or power lines. they are inconspicuous, but can often be approached closely. cirl buntings may join flocks of other species briefly when they feed in or near their territories. they are highly territorial during the breeding season, during which time this aggression may occasionally extend to territorial disputes with yellowhammers. cirl buntings are largely sedentary; most birds remain in the vicinity of their territories throughout the year. records from the wellington south coast indicate that some birds cross cook strait." ]

{ "text": [ "the pine bunting ( emberiza leucocephalos ) is a passerine bird in the bunting family emberizidae , a group most modern authors now separate from the finches , fringillidae . " ], "topic": [ 26 ] }

[ "the pine bunting (emberiza leucocephalos) is a passerine bird in the bunting family emberizidae, a group most modern authors now separate from the finches, fringillidae." ]

[ "the recognition of nulliparous and parous culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) without dissection .\na compilation of online taxonomic tools and resources available for use by the culicoides worker .\nexperimental infection studies of uk culicoides species midges with bluetongue virus serotypes 8 and 9 .\ntabachnick, w. 1996. culicoides variipennis and bluetongue virus epidemiology in the united states .\npresent conclusions on the current status in culicoides taxonomy and systematics and prospects for the future .\nfeeding behaviour of culicoides spp. (diptera: ceratopogonidae) on cattle and sheep in northeast germany\nvector species of culicoides midges implicated in the 2012‑2014 bluetongue epidemics in italy. - pubmed - ncbi\nan improved laboratory larval medium for culicoides guttipennis (coq .) (diptera: ceratopogonidae) .\nsubgenera of culicoides as recognised by borkent (2014a) with wing pattern of representative species morphological characteristics .\nidentification aids to the culicoides fauna by biogeographical region as defined by holt et al. (2013) .\nin study a, the activity of culicoides spp. was monitored over a 72 h period by collecting insects at regular intervals from the interior of drop traps with cattle or sheep standing inside. in study b, culicoides spp. were directly aspirated from the coat and fleece of cattle and sheep during the peak activity period of culicoides. in study c, culicoides spp. were collected using drop traps with either cattle or sheep standing inside and located 10 m apart .\ncommon name: biting midges, no - see - ums scientific name: culicoides spp. (insecta: diptera: ceratopogonidae )\nfeeding behaviour of culicoides spp. (diptera: ceratopogonidae) on cattle and sheep in northeast germany | parasites & vectors | full text\nan interactive identification key for female culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) from the west palaearctic region (mathieu et al. , 2012 )\nmorphological identification of the majority of potential vector species of culicoides spp. samples within southern india appears relatively robust; however, potential cryptic species diversity was present in some groups requiring further investigation. the uv led cdc trap is recommended for surveillance of culicoides in southern india .\nbowne, j. , r. jones. 1966. observations on bluetongue virus in the salivary glands of an insect vector, culicoides variipennis .\nkremer m. paul lechevalier; paris, france: 1965. contribution à l’étude du genre culicoides latreille particulièrement en france. (in french )\njennings dm, mellor ps (1988) the vector potential of british culicoides species for bluetongue virus. vet microbiol 17 (1): 1–10\nculicoides spp. play an important role in the transmission of several vector - borne pathogens such as bluetongue and schmallenberg virus in europe. to better understand the biology of local culicoides species, a study divided into three parts was performed in northeast germany to elucidate the feeding activity patterns (study a), preferential landing and feeding sites (study b) and host feeding preferences (study c) of culicoides spp. using cattle and sheep as baits .\nregression coefficients with standard errors (se) for the fixed effects of the two final general linear mixed models with (i) a binomial error distribution for the total number of female culicoides spp. collected and (ii) a negative binomial error distribution for the total number of male culicoides spp. collected\ndiversity and abundance of species varied across seasons and traps. culicoides brunnicans was present almost exclusively in spring (table 1). culicoides obsoletus was present during the three periods, mainly in summer (table 1). the abundance of c. scoticus decreased progressively from the first to the last collection period (table 1). culicoides brunnicans was more abundant in host - baited traps than in the uv - light / suction trap, whereas the opposite situation was observed for c. obsoletus. moreover, the uv - light trap collected some species rarely or not collected in host - baited traps, as culicoides punctatus latreille and culicoides festivipennis keiffer. on the contrary c. dewulfi and c. chiopterus were found in host - baited traps but not in the uv - light / suction trap (table 1) .\nculicoides abundance and btv prevalence in sassari - 1 during 2001. a) seasonal patterns of abundance of parous females and b) btv - 2 infection prevalence per month\nto cite this page: lenneman, n. 2001 .\nculicoides variipennis\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\nharrup, l. e. , 2014. the pirbright institute culicoides dna barcoding protocols, version 2, updated 3rd july 2014. avaliable at: < urltoken > .\nwirth w. w. , hubert a. a. the american entomological institute; gainesville, florida: 1989. the culicoides of southeast asia (diptera: ceratopogonidae )\nfrom the var department and corsica [ jacquet s et al. range expansion of the bluetongue vector culicoides imicola in continental france thanks to meteorological events (submitted) ] .\nalmost all the collections were carried out without any rainfall. comparing culicoides abundance with data logger records, we noted that culicoides were collected across a large range of temperature (fig. 3): single individuals were collected at temperatures as lowest as 4. 8°c and the first substantial catch (60 culicoides) with low temperatures was recorded at temperatures between 8. 4 and 10. 4°c. low relative humidity did not seem to inhibit host - seeking activity (fig. 3) as 47 culicoides were collected between 32 and 52% relative humidity. moreover, we noted that the first significant catch (16 culicoides) with strong wind was recorded with a wind speed of 5 m / s, but only 2 / 3 of collection sessions could be analyzed. indeed, due to technical problems, local meteorological parameters were missing for some collection sessions .\nbellis, g. , 2014. key to females of economically important species of culicoides subgenus avaritia from india using characters visible under a stereomicroscope. avaliable from: < urltoken > .\nmeiswinkel r, van rijn p, leijs p, goffredo m (2007) potential new culicoides vector of bluetongue virus in northern europe. vet rec 161 (16): 564–565\nthis review considers the taxonomic methods used to identify culicoides from the perspective of both morphological and genetic techniques, with a view to understanding the factors limiting our current understanding of their biology and role in pathogen epidemiology. we additionally examine the global status of culicoides identification, highlighting areas that are poorly addressed including the implementation of emerging technologies that may assist in this process .\nan insight into the feeding behaviour of local culicoides species under field conditions in northeast germany was obtained, with implications for the implementation of control measures and midge - borne disease risk analysis .\ndyce a. l. , bellis g. a. , muller m. j. abrs; canberra, australia: 2007. pictorial atlas of australian culicoides wings (diptera: ceratopogonidae )\nbalenghien t, rakotoarivony i, allène x, perrin jb, garros c. l’activité des populations de culicoides en corse en 2013. santé animale - alimentation. 2014; 64: 41 .\nthe best model predicting the observed abundance of culicoides overall (pearson’s product - moment correlation, r = 0. 98) was the complete model including location, season, interactions between both and trap as fixed effects and the session as a random effect, even though season lacked a clear effect on abundance (table 2). most culicoides females were collected outdoors (mean predicted number of culicoides was 8. 5 outdoors versus between 0. 4 and 1. 0 indoors) and more were collected by the drop trap (4. 2 versus 2. 4) .\nchaker e contribution à l’étude de la morphologie et de la diagnose des larves de culicoides (diptera, ceratopogonidae [ thèse d’université ]. strasbourg (france): université louis pasteur de strasbourg; 1983\nthere are over 4, 000 species of biting midges in the ceratopogonidae family, and over 1, 000 in just one genus, culicoides. the distribution of midges in the genus culicoides is world - wide; 47 species are known to occur in florida. species belonging to the genus leptoconops occur in the tropics, sub - tropics, the caribbean, and some coastal areas of southeast florida .\noutdoor activity of culicoides was compared between periods of the year to highlight influence of day length on circadian activity and was compared with climatic conditions to assess influence of meteorological parameters on host - seeking activity .\nfigure 2. adult biting midge, culicoides sonorensis wirth and jones, showing blood - filled abdomen and the characteristic wings patterns used for species identification. photograph by ed t. schmidtmann, usda / ars .\nbluetongue (bt) epidemics have affected the mediterranean island of sardinia since 2000. while culicoides imicola represents the main bluetongue virus (btv) vector, other european culicoides biting midges, possibly implicated in virus transmission, have been detected here. understanding their distribution, seasonal abundance, and infection rates is necessary to predict disease incidence and spread across coastal and inland areas, and to define their role in virus overwintering .\ndelécolle j - c, de la rocque s. contribution à l' étude des culicoides de corse. liste des espèces recensées en 2000 / 2001 et redescription du principal vecteur de la fièvre catarrhale ovine :\nmatta, j. f. , 1967. a monograph of the culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) of el salvador and honduras (m. s. thesis). university of florida, fl, usa .\nshahin, n. , 1977. biting midges of the genus culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) from southwest asia (ph. d. thesis). entomology department. university of maryland, md, usa .\nbiting midges, primarily the species culicoides sonorensis, are responsible for transmission of bluetongue virus to sheep and cattle in the u. s. bluetongue is a serious disease of ruminants. bluetongue viruses are found world - wide and are transmitted by different culicoides species in different regions. many countries that are bluetongue free prohibit the movement of livestock from bluetongue endemic regions. the annual economic damage in lost trade is in the millions of dollars .\nin most culicoides species the lifecycle is poorly understood. during summer the development from egg to adult takes a couple of weeks. some larvae and pupae are overwinter in protected breeding places and continue development in warmer weather .\nculicoides species are holometabolic (undergo complete metamorphosis). the adult midges usually live for about 20 days, depending on ambient conditions they can live for more than 90 days. the adults fly and copulate in swarms .\na retrospective btv infection prevalence survey was also conducted on ethanol - stored culicoides midges captured in the sassari - 1 farm, during a btv - 2 outbreak in 2001. this investigation had the specific purpose of establishing virus prevalence in culicoides species over the year. analyses were carried out on monthly collected parous females grouped in 68 species - specific pools of c. imicola, c. obsoletus and c. newsteadi species a and b .\nthe emergence of several btv serotypes in northern europe from 2006 has confirmed that endemic culicoides species are able to transmit btv efficiently and that overwintering mechanisms are able to maintain the virus in animal hosts and / or infected vectors .\npaine, e. , b. mullens. 1994. distribution, seasonal occurrence, and patterns of parasitism of heleidomermis magnapapula (nematoda: mermithidae), a parasite of culicoides variipennis (diptera: ceratopogonidae) in california .\nthe database development, taxonomic status of species and diagnostic characters were discussed by experts of the european network medreonet at the international meeting on culicoides taxonomy, strasbourg, france, march 2009. (minutes are available here) .\nfigure 1. culicoides furens shown next to a u. s. dime and pencil point to demonstrate the relative size of this adult biting midge species. photograph by roxanne connelly, florida medical entomology laboratory, university of florida .\ngenbank sequences used in genetic analyses of culicoides from southern india. table s2. barcode index numbers (bins) assigned within the barcode of life database (bold) for specimens collected within this study. (docx 27 kb )\ndelécolle jc. nouvelle contribution à l’étude systématique et iconographique des espèces du genre culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) du nord – est de la france. thesis / dissertation: université louis pasteur de strasbourg (france); 1988 .\nbellis, g. , 2013. studies on the taxonomy of australian species of culicoides latreille (diptera: ceratopogonidae) (ph. d. thesis). school of biological sciences. university of queensland, queensland, australia .\ndelécolle jc nouvelle contribution à l’étude systématique et iconographique des espèces du genre culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) du nord - est de la france [ thèse d’université ]. strasbourg (france): université louis pasteur de strasbourg; 1985\nfew workers have attempted to utilise genetic data and phylogenetic analysis to test subgeneric groupings of culicoides (bellis et al. , 2014a; pagès et al. , 2009). at a higher level, only a single study has used genetic data to test the higher classification of ceratopogonidae, however, support for many of the resulting clades was low and did not support the monophyly of several recognised taxa, including the genus culicoides (beckenbach and borkent, 2003) .\nduring the 18 collection sessions, a total of 986 culicoides (948 females and 38 males) belonging to 13 species was collected in host - baited traps (drop trap and suction trap) and 539 culicoides (451 females and 88 males) belonging to 19 species in the uv - light / suction trap (table 1). molecular assays were performed on 407 culicoides females morphologically identified as belonging to the obsoletus complex. the sample contained 349 c. obsoletus, 25 c. scoticus, 6 c. dewulfi and 1 c. chiopterus; 26 individuals were not identified. only 4% of culicoides collected in host - baited traps were males – mainly the dominant species culicoides brunnicans edwards collected by the drop trap – whereas 20% of culicoides were males in uv - light / suction trap. a total of 84 gravid females was collected: all in the suction trap mainly in summer (47 %) and most were c. obsoletus (76 %). blood - fed females were collected by all traps, but mainly by the drop trap (197 versus 4 in suction trap and 9 in the uv - light / suction trap). the majority of blood - fed females (196 / 210) belonged to the dominant species c. brunnicans and c. obsoletus; the engorgement rate in the drop trap was 28% for c. brunnicans and 65% for c. obsoletus .\nthere is clearly a need for combining morphological and genetic analyses in taxonomic studies of culicoides with the assessment of congruence between morphological and molecular phylogenetic data, so called ‘integrative taxonomy’ (will et al. , 2005), providing independent confirmation of species definitions. studies integrating detailed morphological examinations with phylogenetic analysis have already yielded important information regarding the subgeneric classification of culicoides and the identification of new species (bellis et al. , 2014a; bellis et al. , 2013b) .\ngonzález de heredia, m. g. , lafuente, a. g. , 2011. el género culicoides en el país vasco guía práctica para su identificatión y control. neiker tecnalia, san sebastián, spain. (in spanish) .\njan debila, t. , 2010. characterisation of selected culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) populations in south africa using genetic markers (m. sc. thesis). department of veterinary tropical diseases. university of pretoria, pretoria, south africa .\nswanson, d. , 2011. ecology of larval culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) in south carolina with an assessment of phylogenetic patterns of habitat use (ph. d. thesis). entomology. clemson university, clemson, sc, usa .\nblanton fs, wirth ww. 1979. the sand flies (culicoides) of florida (diptera: ceratopogonidae). arthropods of florida and neighboring land areas; volume 10. florida department of agriculture and consumer services. gainesville, fl. 204 pp .\nthe midges breed in moist conditions in a variety of habitats, particularly damp, muddy areas and in faecal and plant matter. modification of these areas by removing organic matter and draining muddy areas, form an important part of the control strategy for culicoides .\nsarvasova a, kocisova a, halan m, delecolle j - c, mathieu b. morphological and molecular analysis of the genus culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) in slovakia with five new records. zootaxa. 2014; 3872 (5): 541–60 .\nspecies definition of culicoides has traditionally been based on the morphology of adults. other approaches including the morphology of immatures and genetic characterisation are, however, becoming increasingly common in taxonomic studies and are beginning to reveal deficiencies in the traditional reliance on adult morphology .\ndelécolle, j. c. , 1985. nouvelle contribution a l’etude systématique et iconographique des espèces du genre culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) du nord - est de la france. these d’universite. universite louis pasteur de strasbourg uer sciences vie et terre .\nglukhova, v. m. , leningrad, n. , 1989. blood - sucking midges of the genera culicoides and forcipomyia (ceratopogonidae). fauna of the ussr no 139, vol. 3 (5a). nauka, leningrad, russia .\ndna barcode sequences of culicoides spp. were mostly congruent both with existing dna barcode data from other countries and with morphological identification of major vector species. however, sequence differences symptomatic of cryptic species diversity were present in some groups which require further investigation. while the diversity of species collected by the uv led center for disease control (cdc) trap did not significantly vary from that collected by the green led cdc trap, the uv cdc significantly outperformed the green led cdc trap with regard to the number of culicoides individuals collected .\nseasonal abundance pattern of culicoides midges in representative farms selected on the basis of the highest catches of each species and comparing a northern and a southern location. dashed lines represent the nightly number of light - trapped females; solid lines depict the nightly number of parous females\nborkent a. the subgeneric classification of species of culicoides - thoughts and a warning. salmon arm, british columbia, canada: royal british columbia museum, american museum of natural history and instituto nacional de biodiversidad; 2015. updated: 16th may 2016, available at :\nin sardinia, bluetongue virus is transmitted by multiple culicoides vectors, including c. imicola and the newsteadi complex being the most important. the newsteadi complex and other midge species can play an important role in internal areas and are likely to be directly involved in virus overwintering .\n∗ an additional 324 extant species are currently placed within 38 species groups that are unplaced within the current subgeneric classification of culicoides, with an additional 173 extant species simply placed within a miscellaneous group and 5 unplaced extant species listed as nomina dubia (borkent, 2014a) .\nfoote rh, pratt hd. 1954. the culicoides of the eastern united states (diptera, heleidae). public health monograph no. 18. publication no. 296. u. s. department of health, education and welfare, public health service. 53 pp .\nlog 10 median abundance of the specimens collected per trap night for the five most abundant culicoides spp. collected by green light emitting diode (led) center for disease control (cdc) traps as compared to ultraviolet (uv) led cdc traps, stratified by species and sex\ndzhafarov s. m. akademiya nauk armenii ssr; institute of zoology, leningrad, russia: 1964. biting midges (diptera, heleidae) of transcaucasus (morphology, biology, ecology, geographical distribution, control and fauna of the genera culicoides, leptoconops, and lasiohelea )\nfife, m. , carpenter, s. , mertens, p. , kersey, p. , 2013. bb / j016721 / 1 and bb / j017299 / 1: genetic mapping of vector competence in culicoides sonorensis, a biotechnology and biological sciences research council funded grant .\nculicoides spp. collected from tamil nadu and karnataka were used to construct a framework for future morphological identification in surveillance, based on sequence comparison of the dna barcode region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase i (coi) gene and achieving quality standards defined by the barcode of life initiative. pairwise catches of culicoides spp. were compared in diversity and abundance between green (570 nm) and ultraviolet (uv) (390 nm) light emitting diode (led) suction traps at a single site in chennai, tamil nadu over 20 nights of sampling in november 2013 .\nwe collected culicoides using one drop trap and one suction trap in the field and in the closed stable, and one suction trap in the largely - open - stable (fig. 5). all traps were separated by a minimum of 30 m to minimize interference and to assess the level of endophagy of culicoides. the drop trap is a host - baited trap and consisted of a rectangular cage (2. 5 m wide×3 m long and 2 m high) and made of white cotton netting (< 0. 25 mm 2 mesh size). its structure and use was described in detail by viennet et al. [ 16 ]. the suction trap allows culicoides collections without human intervention and consisted of a wooded box (48 cm wide×58 cm long and 73 cm high) equipped with a engine cooling fan at the top and an inner collection bottle rotator (model 1512, john w. hock company, gainesville, fl) (fig. 6). culicoides were collected in 0. 5 liter plastic collection bottles, which were filled 1 / 3 full with water and two drops of soap, and then were transferred in 70% ethanol .\nlassen sb, nielsen sa, skovgard h, kristensen m: molecular identification of bloodmeals from biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae: culicoides latreille) in denmark. parasitol res. 2011, 108 (4): 823 - 829. 10. 1007 / s00436 - 010 - 2123 - 4 .\nboorman j. taxonomic problems in culicoides of southwest asia, in particular of the arabian peninsula. in: service m. w. , editor. vol. 37. clarendon press; oxford, uk: 1988. pp. 271–282. (biosystematics of haematophagous insects, the systematics association special) .\ncitation: viennet e, garros c, rakotoarivony i, allène x, gardès l, lhoir j, et al. (2012) host - seeking activity of bluetongue virus vectors: endo / exophagy and circadian rhythm of culicoides in western europe. plos one 7 (10): e48120. urltoken\nbellis, g. a. , halling, l. , anderson, s. j. , 2014b. a pictorial key to adult female culicoides latreille (diptera: ceratopogonidae) from the northern territory, western australia and south australia. aust. entomol. online early. [ epub ahead of print ] .\nnielsen sa, nielsen bo, chirico j: monitoring of biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae: culicoides latreille) on farms in sweden during the emergence of the 2008 epidemic of bluetongue. parasitol res. 2010, 106 (5): 1197 - 1203. 10. 1007 / s00436 - 010 - 1791 - 4 .\nin south - western continental france, in the littoral zone of the pyrénées - orientales department, confirmed the ability of this species to continue expanding its range and colonize new habitats [ jacquet s et al. range expansion of the bluetongue vector culicoides imicola in continental france thanks to meteorological events (submitted) ]. a combination of high population abundances and suitable wind dispersal capacity has been shown to contribute to the successful range expansion of this species [ jacquet s et al. range expansion of the bluetongue vector culicoides imicola in continental france thanks to meteorological events (submitted) ]. besides, an ecoclimatic niche model predicted new suitable habitats under climate change for\nsavini g, goffredo m, monaco f, di gennaro a, cafiero ma, baldi l, de santis p, meiswinkel r, caporale v: bluetongue virus isolations from midges belonging to the obsoletus complex (culicoides, diptera: ceratopogonidae) in italy. vet rec. 2005, 157 (5): 133 - 139 .\nborkent, a. , 2014a. the subgeneric classification of species of culicoides – thoughts and a warning, updated: 20th january 2014, accessed: 6th march 2014. available at: < urltoken >. royal british columbia museum, american museum of natural history and instituto nacional de biodiversidad, salmon arm, british columbia, canada .\nwirth, w. w. , blanton, f. s. , 1974. the west indian sandflies of the genus culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae), technical bulletin no. 1474, in: service, a. r. (ed .). united states department of agriculture, washington d. c. , usa .\nthe number of eggs produced varies among species and size of bloodmeal. for example, culicoides furens (poey) can lay 50 to 110 eggs per bloodmeal, and c. mississippiensis hoffman, 25 to 50 eggs per bloodmeal. the adults can live two to seven weeks in a laboratory setting, but only a few weeks under natural conditions .\ngeographical location of sites from which culicoides spp. specimens selected for genetic analysis were collected: tn01 (n = 16); tn02 (n = 16); tn08 (n = 10); tn10 (n = 14); tn11 (n = 9); tn12 (n = 3); ka01 (n = 5 )\nthe aim of this study was to describe circadian host - seeking activity and endo / exophagous behavior of palaearctic culicoides using host - baited trap collections. as insect behavior is directly affected by geophysical (sun and moon light cycles) and climatic (temperature, humidity, wind) factors, we carried out collections in three different periods of the year .\nto help close this gap, we studied distribution, abundance and seasonality of culicoides species involved in btv transmission in relation to climatic factors and the availability of blood meal sources. these investigations included rt - qpcr - based virus detection and infection rate determination in field - collected midge species from livestock farms affected by btv epidemics in 2012–2013 and, retrospectively, in 2000–2001 .\nthe risk of establishment of orbiviruses across different conditions (climate, landscape, hosts, vectors) in europe is dependent on culicoides vector competence and abundance, demography and habitat use. susceptibility to orbiviruses is expected to vary within and between key vector species in europe and to depend on climatic conditions and edenext will develop standardised protocols for assaying vector competence and levels of infection .\nobtaining genetic data from holotype specimens would seem a logical progression in defining a species and should be encouraged whenever new species are described. while the retrieval of viable genetic material retrospectively from slide - mounted culicoides type specimens may prove impossible, in these cases, the next best approach is to utilise specimens from the type locality of the species (bellis et al. , 2013b) .\nmeiswinkel r. , venter g. j. , nevill e. m. vectors: culicoides spp. in: coetzer j. a. w. , tustin r. c. , editors. vol. 1. oxford university press; cape town, south africa: 2004. pp. 93–136. (infectious diseases of livestock with special reference to south africa). 2nd ed .\nalternative identification methodologies have recently been proposed, including matrix - assisted laser desorption / ionization - time of flight (maldi–tof) analysis (kaufmann et al. , 2012a, b; kaufmann et al. , 2011; steinmann et al. , 2013), however, the benefits of these techniques in reduced cost or labour in comparison to pcr - based assays are yet to be demonstrated. in particular, unlike pcr - base methods, identification profiles for the different life - stages of culicoides are not transferable between life - stages using maldi–tof (kaufmann et al. , 2011). while the maldi–tof method may have a place within culicoides identification systems, the results produced do not infer any evolutionary information and as such cannot easily be used to further resolve the phylogenetic relationship of the genus .\nindividuals belonging to the obsoletus complex (c. obsoletus and c. scoticus) were molecularly identified following the assay developed by nolan et al. [ 38 ]. dna extraction was done high - throughput using chelex100® resin (200 µl / culicoides) before polymerase chain reaction (pcr) [ 39 ]. primers and pcr amplifications conditions were as described by nolan et al. [ 38 ] .\npopulation genetic structure results of culicoides imicola. a genetic clustering of c. imicola samples. each vertical line represents an individual and each colour represents a cluster. b microsatellite neighbor - joining tree based on genetic distance of cavalli - sforza & edwards (1967). bootstrap values are calculated over 1, 000 replicates (only values > 50% are shown). c principal component analysis based on microsatellite allelic frequencies\nwe observed that c. obsoletus / scoticus complex midges are more prevalent in soil samples with a high carbon: nitrogen (c: n) index; this index indicates the amount of organic matter in soil. c: n indices between 15 and 30 support production of humus and ensure good microbial growth. in addition, larvae of culicoides spp. feed on organic material and microorganisms in soil (8) .\nculicoides - borne diseases (cbd) have been a central feature of veterinary epidemiology over the past decade, the accelerated occurrence of waves of cbd epizootics in the mediterranean basin and europe having major economic consequences. bluetongue (btv) in domestic and wild ruminants has been the most important so far, but other cbd are lurking on europe’s borders, including epizootic haemorrhagic disease in ruminants and african horse sickness and horse encephalosis .\nmale culicoides typically emerge before the females and are ready to mate when the female emerges from the pupal stage. mating typically occurs in flight when females fly into swarms of males and the insects are oriented end to end with the ventral parts of the genitalia in contact. some species mate without swarming; instead, the males go to hosts where the female is likely to feed on blood; mating occurs when she finishes feeding .\nclausen ph, stephan a, bartsch s, jandowsky a, hoffmann - kohler p, schein e, mehlitz d, bauer b: seasonal dynamics of biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae, culicoides spp .) on dairy farms of central germany during the 2007 / 2008 epidemic of bluetongue. parasitol res. 2009, 105 (2): 381 - 386. 10. 1007 / s00436 - 009 - 1417 - x .\nall culicoides were morphologically identified under a stereomicroscope (stemi 2000 c zeiss) to species level based on an identification key for the palaearctic region [ 36 ] and sorted by sex. females were classified as nulliparous, parous [ 37 ], freshly blood - fed and gravid. when morphological identification with a stereomicroscope was not possible, individuals were dissected and identified using microscopic slide preparations (zeiss imager a. 1 fluorescence microscope) .\nadult culicoides were collected using suction light traps (miniature blacklight trap; gz international, ferrara, italy) fitted with a blacklight tube (philips tl 4 w / 08) and a downdraught suction motor. traps, operating overnight from dusk until dawn of the following day, were hung 1. 8 m above the ground inside an open shelter in six farms and outside a shelter close to the livestock in the other four farms .\nmathieu b. , cêtre - sossah c. , garros c. , chavernac d. , balenghien t. , carpenter s. , setier - rio ml. , vignes - lebbe r. , ung v. , candolfi e. , delécolle jc. development and validation of iikc: an interactive identification key for culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) females from the western palaearctic region. parasites and vectors, 2012: 5: 137\nwe conducted a study on 5 cattle farms in belgium during february–october 2008. three samplings were performed: the first in late february, the second in mid - june, and the third in late october. soil samples (15 biotopes) were collected inside cowsheds. these samples were incubated at 24°c to enable adult midges to emerge. all culicoides specimens were identified by sex and to the species level by using the morphologic key of delécolle (7) .\nin 2008, btv serotype 8 (btv - 8) continued its spread across europe and showed virulence in france where 26, 925 btv - 8 outbreaks were reported (3). this observation indicates possible overwintering of the vector from year to year. however, the mechanism of overwintering is not clear. the biting midges responsible for transmission of btv in northern europe belong to the genus culicoides, but only few species are vectors of this virus (2) .\nthe natural habitats of biting midges vary by species. areas with substantial salt marsh habitat are major producers of many biting midge species. additional sources for some species, like the bluetongue virus vector culicoides sonorensis wirth and jones, include highly organic soil that is wet but not underwater such as those found with high manure loads in swine -, sheep - and cattle - farming operations. these insects do not establish inside homes, apartments, or inside humans or other animals .\nmathieu b, cêtre - sossah c, garros c, chavernac d, balenghien t, vignes - lebbe r, ung v, candolfi e, delécolle jc: iikc: an interactive identification key for female culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) from the west palearctic region. in proceedings of the international congress tools for identifying biodiversity: progress and problems: 20 - 22 september 2010; paris. edited by nimis pl, vignes - lebbe r; 2010: 201 - 205\ndatasets of sequences for national checklists of culicoides morphospecies are starting to be published (ander et al. , 2013; matsumoto et al. , 2009b; slama et al. , 2014), although often with a limited number of specimens per morphospecies. a dramatic increase in the number of specimens analysed per morphospecies and the range of geographic areas from which these samples are collected is required in order to investigate within - species haplotype diversity and reassess species deliminations using cladistic analysis .\nthe authors would like to thank eric denison, ian roper and craig o’brien for their contribution to the preparation and production of the culicoides wing images, and simon carpenter for his valuable comments during the preparation of this manuscript. the work of leh is supported by funding from the horserace betting levy board (hblb) (vet / prj / 766). gab acknowledges support received from lyn cook and alan dyce. the authors are grateful to the anonymous referees whose comments greatly improved this manuscript .\nin parallel, a uv - light / suction trap (manufactured by the onderstepoort veterinary institute in south africa) was operated during each collection session to provide an overview of culicoides diversity. it was run with an 8 w uv light tube and on a 12 - volt car battery, was placed at 1. 5 m height from the ground on a tree and was not visible from the animal baits (fig. 5). the insects collected with the uv - light / suction trap were stored in 70% ethanol .\nto confirm the full dissemination of the virus in btv positive species, additional rt - qpcr analyses were conducted to detect the virus in head and thorax regions of small pools (5 individuals) of parous females of c. imicola, c. obsoletus, c. scoticus and c. newsteadi species a and b. the remaining abdominal region was used for genetic discriminations among species of obsoletus and newsteadi complexes. culicoides pulicaris (s. str .) and c. punctatus were not included in these analyses because of the lack of a sufficient number of positive specimens .\nculicoides brunnicans biting rates in spring assessed by drop trap or suction trap were linearly and positively correlated with the abundance in the uv - light / suction trap (r 2 = 0. 55, p < 0. 001), but some collections were positive in host - baited traps but not in uv - light / suction trap, or conversely (fig. 4). correlation was much lower for c. obsoletus (r 2 = 0. 13, p = 0. 032), although it seemed that uv - light / suction trap tended to over - estimate biting rates .\nduring the winter of 2006–2007, losson et al. (1) monitored the presence of biting midges inside farm buildings. zimmer et al. (4) observed potential vectors of btv inside a sheepfold during the winter of 2007–2008 and in farm buildings in 2008. these authors suggested that culicoides spp. may be more abundant indoors than outdoors when animals are kept in these buildings. breeding sites of bluetongue vector species have been found near farms (silage residues) (5) and in neighboring meadows (overwintering cattle dung and silt along a pond) (5, 6) but not inside sheds .\nstudy b aimed to determine the predilection sites for feeding of culicoides spp. on cattle and sheep. this study took place on the 17 th, 18 th, and 20 th july 2012. four direct collections per day were performed by simultaneously aspirating the coat and fleece of one cow and one sheep for 10 min using the backpack aspirator, followed by a 15 min exposition interval between the collections. during the aspiration, the animals were standing inside their respective crush pens with 120 m intermediate distance. the study was performed during the peak activity period of the midges at sunset as determined in study a .\nvenail r. , balenghien t. , guis h. , tran a. , setier - rio m. l. , delécolle j. c. , mathieu b. , cêtre - sossah c. , martinez d. , languille j. , baldet t. , garros c. assessing diversity and abundance of vector populations at a national scale: example of culicoides surveillance in france after bluetongue virus emergence. in: melhorn h. , editor. vol. 3. springer; berlin, germany: 2012. pp. 77–102. (arthropods as vectors of emerging diseases: parasitology research monographs) .\nphc, an, bb and ta designed the study. ta carried out the field work, counted and performed the morphological identification of the midges, performed the molecular analyses, analysed the data and prepared the manuscript. an supervised the field and laboratory work, analysis of the data and interpretation of results, participated in the field work and assisted in drafting the manuscript. ww participated in the field work and in the identifications. bb assisted in drafting the manuscript. xa assisted in the culicoides identification. phc supervised the study, and assisted in drafting the manuscript. all authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript .\nthe last study was performed from the 23–25 july 2012, again during the peak activity of the midges at sunset (from 20: 45 to 23: 15 hours). three collections were performed per day. the objective was to identify differences in host feeding preferences of culicoides spp. in this case, the crush pen and drop trap from cattle was placed next to that of the sheep at an intermediate distance of 10 m. to control for the accidental carry - over of midges between both drop traps, the origin of the bloodmeal in all the engorged midges collected from sheep and the same number of randomly selected engorged midges from cattle was analysed by a pcr targeting the cytochrome b gene .\nribosomal dna markers have been used to investigate phylogenies (its1 and its2: gomulski et al. , 2005, 2006; perrin et al. , 2006; 28s: henni et al. , 2014), interspecific genetic distances (its1: nielsen and kristensen, 2011) and population structure (its1: ritchie et al. , 2004) within culicoides. sequence diversity in the its regions has also been used to develop both conventional (mathieu et al. , 2007; stephan et al. , 2009) and real - time (cêtre - sossah et al. , 2008; mathieu et al. , 2011; monaco et al. , 2010) pcr assays for the identification of btv vector species from individual specimens and pooled samples .\nabundance of culicoides species was modeled using a poisson mixed - effect model fitted with a method providing an adaptive gauss - hermite approximation to the log - likehood. we used the session (1 to 18) as a random effect, and the location (field, closed stable and largely - open - stable), the trap (drop trap, suction trap) and the season (spring, summer and autumn) as fixed effects. we considered also interactions between location and season, as endophagic behavior may change between the different seasons [ 12 ], [ 13 ]. selection of effects and / or interactions in the abundance model was based on a likehood ratio test, and pearson’s product - moment correlation was used as an overall test for goodness of fit .\nthe best model predicting c. brunnicans abundance (r = 0. 99) was the complete model without the interaction term (table 2). this species was found almost exclusively during the first collection period and outdoors (between 100 and 300 fold more abundant outdoors than indoors) and mainly by the drop trap (1. 9 versus 0. 5 by the suction trap). interaction between location and season (p < 0. 001) was needed to obtain the best prediction of c. obsoletus abundance (r = 0. 91). culicoides obsoletus was collected more abundantly outdoors (between 8 and 10 fold more abundant outdoors than indoors) and by the suction trap (1. 6 versus 0. 9 by the drop trap). for c. scoticus and c. dewulfi, only trap and location as fixed effect were needed to obtain parsimonious models with good fit (r = 0. 98 and r = 0. 72). both species were collected more abundantly by the suction trap (predicted abundance was 0. 22 and 0. 26 versus 0. 04 and 0. 04), and c. scoticus was collected more abundantly outdoors (between 9 and 22 fold more abundant outdoor than indoor) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: scientific reports. publisher: lippincott williams & wilkins oclc: 958713580\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nbiting midges can be a nuisance to campers, fishermen, hunters, hikers, gardeners, and others who spend time outdoors during early morning and evenings, and even during the daytime on cloudy days when winds are calm. they will readily bite humans; the bites are irritating, painful, and can cause long - lasting painful lesions for some people .\na common observation upon experiencing a bite from this insect is that something is biting, but the person suffering cannot see what it is. biting midges are sometimes incorrectly referred to as sand flies. sand flies are insects that belong to a different biological group and should not be confused with the biting midges .\nimmature stages: the eggs can be cigar -, banana -, or sausage - shaped and approximately 0. 25 mm long. they are white when first laid but later turn brown or black. the eggs are laid on moist soil and cannot withstand drying out. some species can lay up to 450 eggs per batch and as many as seven batches in a lifespan. eggs typically hatch within two to 10 days of being laid; time to hatch is dependent on the species and temperatures .\nthe larvae are worm - like, creamy white, and approximately 2 to 5 mm long. larvae develop through four instars; the first instar larvae possess a functional spine - bearing proleg. pupal color can be pale yellow to light brown to dark brown. they are 2 to 5 mm in length with an unsegmented cephalothorax that has a pair of respiratory horns that may bear spines or wrinkles. during this stage, the insects possess a spiny integument which can be used to identify the fly to species level .\nadults: the adult no - see - ums are gray and less than 1 / 8 - inch long. the two wings possess dense hairs and give rise to pigmentation patterns. these wing patterns are used by biologists to identify species. the large compound eyes are more or less contiguous above the bases of the 15 - segmented antennae. the pedicel of the males' antennae houses the johnston' s organ. the mouthparts are well - developed with cutting teeth on elongated mandibles in the proboscis, adapted for blood - sucking in females, but not in males. the thorax extends slightly over the head, and the abdomen is nine - segmented and tapered at the end .\nadults: biting midges are holometabolous, progressing from egg to larva to pupa, and finally to the adult stage. the complete cycle can occur in two to six weeks, but is dependent on the species and environmental conditions. the adults are most abundant near productive breeding sites, but will disperse to mate and to feed. the mean distance for female flight is 2 km, less than half of that distance for males .\neggs: males and females feed on nectar, but the females require blood for their eggs to mature. the females will blood - feed primarily around dawn and dusk; however, there are some species that prefer to feed during the day. some species are autogenous and therefore may produce the first batch of viable eggs without a blood meal using reserves stored from the larval period; blood meals are required for subsequent batches of eggs .\nlarvae: larvae require water, air and food and are not strictly aquatic or terrestrial. they cannot develop without moisture. the larvae are present in and around salt - marsh and mangrove swamps, on shores of streams and ponds, and in muddy substrates. they feed on small organisms. most species cannot exist more than a few inches below the air - water interface .\nin the tropics, the larval habitat of many species is in rotting fruit, bromeliads, and other water - holding plants. other larval habitats include mud, sand, and debris at edges of ponds, lakes and springs, tree holes, and slime - covered bark. the larval stage can last from two weeks to a year, depending on the species, temperatures, and geographic area .\nwhile some larvae can develop in wet manure - contaminated areas (mullen 2002), they do not develop inside the animal. the larvae also do not develop inside humans or other animals .\nother animal disease causing pathogens transmitted by the bite of infected biting midges include african horsesickness virus in equines that is confined primarily to africa and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus in ruminants found in north america and principally having lethal effects on deer. some equines experience allergic reactions to the bites, resulting in equine allergic dermatitis, affecting the withers, mane, tail and ears of the animal .\nhistorically, management methods included diking and drainage of marshlands to reduce the habitats used by the immature stages. the insecticide ddt was used to target the adult stage. currently, larval habitats are not targeted in control efforts because of the extensive amount of area that the habitats may cover, some negative environmental impacts resulting from changing water flow patterns of large areas, and the spotty spatial distribution of larvae within a given habitat .\non a large scale, removal trapping is conducted using co 2 as an attractant to lure the biting midges to an insecticide - treated target where they are killed. research from the the university of florida, institute of food and agricultural sciences florida medical entomology laboratory showed that biting midge populations were reduced in test areas of vero beach and boynton beach, fl, and castaway cay, bahamas. this method of control is more appropriate for islands and specific inland areas where pest control personnel can make a long term commitment to this technique .\nhomeowners can install proper screening for windows and patios to prevent no - see - ums from entering residences and outdoor areas used for leisure and entertaining. most biting midges can pass through 16 - mesh insect wire screen and netting, so a smaller mesh size is required. the small mesh size does limit air flow through the screens. additionally, because no - see - ums are so small and are weak fliers, ceiling and window fans can be used at high speeds to keep no - see - ums out of small areas." ]

{ "text": [ "culicoides is a genus of biting midges in the family ceratopogonidae .", "there are over 1000 species in the genus , which is divided into many subgenera .", "several species are known to be vectors of various diseases and parasites which can affect animals . " ], "topic": [ 26, 26, 4 ] }

[ "culicoides is a genus of biting midges in the family ceratopogonidae. there are over 1000 species in the genus, which is divided into many subgenera. several species are known to be vectors of various diseases and parasites which can affect animals." ]

[ "harlequin duck working group. 1994. proceedings of the second harlequin duck symposium. halrlequin duck working group, site 12, box 15, rr 3! , galiano, b. b. v0n 1p0. 22 pp .\nthe harlequin duck breeds at a relatively late age, about two to five years old .\ninformation on the harlequin duck is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nharlequin duck working group. 1993. status of harlequin ducks (histrionicus histrionicus) in north america. iii + 83 pp .\ngenter, d. l. and j. d. reichel. 1994. harlequin duck surveys in western montana: 1994. p. 19 in: proc. 2nd ann. harlequin duck symposium, march 13 - 15, 1994. harlequin duck working group. 22 pp. plus appendices .\nthe harlequin duck is classified as sensitive in the current general status of alberta wild species report. see :\nashley, j. 1994. status of harlequin ducks in glacier national park, montana. p. 2 in: proc. 2nd ann. harlequin duck symposium, march 13 - 15, 1994. harlequin duck working group. 22 pp. plus appendices .\nanswers to these questions will provide insight into links between food, tropic interactions, and subsequent harlequin duck productivity .\nit’s important to maintain the aquatic insect resources in breeding streams for the harlequin duck. to achieve that the flow variability should be kept low. it is also recommended to keep track of harlequin duck activity in the future .\nlee, david. memorandum to david genter regrding harlequin duck survey, flathead river basin. 31 august 1991 .\ncrowley, d. w. 1994. breeding habitat of harlequin ducks in prince william sound, alaska. p. 4 in: proc. 2nd ann. harlequin duck symposium, march 13 - 15, 1994. harlequin duck working group. 22 pp. plus appendices .\njewett, s. g. 1931. nesting of the pacific harlequin duck in oregon. condor 33: 255 .\nmerz, n. 1991. 1991 harlequin duck survey for the lower clark fork drainage. unpubl. field survey report\nwarren, e. r. 1914. harlequin duck in glacier national park, montana. auk 31: 535 .\nwallen, r. 1992. harlequin duck status report 1992: wyoming. pp. 49 - 54 in: cassirer, e. f. , et al. , (eds .), status of harlequin ducks in north america. harlequin duck working group. 83 pp .\ncassirer, e. f. and c. r. groves. 1994. breeding ecology of harlequin ducks in idaho. p. 3 in: proc. 2nd ann. harlequin duck symposium, march 13 - 15, 1994. harlequin duck working group. 22 pp. plus appendices .\ngenter, d. l. 1993. harlequin duck status report 1992: montana. pp. 31 - 34 in: cassirer, e. f. , et al. , (eds .), status of harlequin ducks in north america. harlequin duck working group. 83 pp .\nbreault, a. m. 1993. harlequin duck status report 1992: british columbia. pp. 60 - 64 in: cassirer, e. f. , et al. , (eds .), status of harlequin ducks in north america. harlequin duck working group. 83 pp .\n2009 .\nalaska sealife center\n( on - line). harlequin duck. accessed march 12, 2009 at urltoken .\n2008 .\nseattle audobon society\n( on - line). harlequin duck. accessed march 13, 2009 at urltoken .\nthe calls consist of un - duck - like, high, squeaking noises .\nmorneau, f. and r. decarie. 1994. status and distribution of harlequin ducks in the great whale watershed, quebec. pp. 6 - 7 in: proc. 2nd ann. harlequin duck symposium, march 13 - 15, 1994. harlequin duck working group. 22 pp. plus appendices .\nwhen engaged in behavioral interactions, the harlequin duck gives distinctly unducklike squeaks, the source of one of its local names: sea mouse .\n( alderfer, 2006; ehrlich, et al. , 1988 ;\nharlequin duck\n, 2002; john and john, 1994 )\nhendricks, p. 1999. harlequin duck research and monitoring in montana: 1998. montana natural heritage program, helena, mt 30pp .\na bird of fast - moving water, the harlequin duck breeds on fast - flowing streams and winters along rocky coastlines in the crashing surf .\n(\nalaska sealife center\n, 2009 ;\nharlequin duck\n, 2002; john and john, 1994; t. , 2001 )\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - harlequin duck (histrionicus histrionicus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - harlequin duck (histrionicus histrionicus )\ntitle =\narkive species - harlequin duck (histrionicus histrionicus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nuntil recently, the harlequin duck was simply managed as a migratory game bird, although waterfowl hunting does not generally occur within its range in alberta .\ngale group. 2002. harlequin duck. pp. 365 - 389 in m hutchens, j jackson, w bock, d olendorf, eds .\nclarkson, p. and r. i. goudie. 1994. capture techniques and 1993 banding results for moulting harlequin ducks in the strait of georgia, b. c. pp. 11 - 14 in: proc. 2nd ann. harlequin duck symposium, march 13 - 15, 1994. harlequin duck working group. 22 pp. plus appendices .\nwallen, r. 1992. annual variation in harlequin duck population size, productivity and fidelity in grand teton national park, wyoming. in proceedings, harlequin duck symposium, april 23 - 24, 1992. unpubl. rep. , 45pp. idaho dept. fish and game, moscow, id .\n( alderfer, 2006 ;\nharlequin duck\n, 2002; john and john, 1994; milton and macdonald, 1996; t. , 2001 )\nkerr, r. 1989. field survey data forms of the harlequin duck (histrionicus histrionicus) of the kootenai national forest, montana. 16 pp .\nmaccallum, b. and m. bugera. 1998. harlequin duck use of the mcleod river watershed. hinton, ab: bighorn environ. design. close\nvermeer, k. 1983a. diet of the harlequin duck in the strait of georgia, british columbia. murrelet no. 64: 54 - 57. close\nbengtson, s. - a. 1966. field studies on the harlequin duck in iceland. wildfowl trust ann. rep. 17: 79 - 84 .\nmerriam, c. h. 1883. breeding of the harlequin duck (histrionicus histrionicus) in newfoundland. bulletin of the nuttall ornithological club 8: 200 .\nrivera, heniy. 1992. [ 5\nwildlife sighting reports\nfor harlequin duck sightings in 1992 by personnel of the hungry' horse ranger district. ]\nthere was no particular habitat attribute that was connected to harlequin duck density. this might show that on every stream different factors might influence the duck density. female ducks seem to be dependent on access to invertebrate prey in order to produce eggs. every river that was studied showed variations in aquatic insect availability, a positive association between the insect availability and harlequin density and a negative association between the fish presence and the duck density .\nthe harlequin duck is a species that is of conservation concern and sensitive to habitat degradation. their nonbreeding part of the year they spend in nearshore coastal environments. however, their breeding habitat is located in mountainous terrain along fast - flowing streams. if the breeding habitats are changed it could affect the productivity of the harlequin duck .\nthe harlequin duck has fast, direct flight, usually flying low over the water and following the river’s course. it needs some running before rising into the air .\nbate, l. j. 2010. harlequin duck surveys along upper mcdonald creek glacier national park. division of science and resource management glacier national park. 11pp .\nthe harlequin duck is a small sea duck. breeding males are striking in appearance with their slate blue colour highlighted by streaks of white, copper, and black. females are brown, with a pale belly, plus three white spots on each side of their head .\nreichel, j. d. and d. l. genter. 1995. harlequin duck surveys in western montana: 1994. montana natural heritage program. 58 pp .\nashley, j. 1992. a summary of documented harlequin duck observations in glacier national park, 1874 - 1992. unpublished draft report. 18 pp. plus maps .\nhendricks, p. and j. d. reichel. 1998. harlequin duck research and monitoring in montana: 1997. unpublished report to asarco, incorporated. 28pp .\njohnson, d. 1991. field report of harlequin duck streams surveyed. unpubl. field notes on file mont. nat. heritage prog. , helena, mont .\nlaurion, t. and b. oakleaf. 1995. harlequin duck survey, shoshone national forest. wyoming game and fish dept. , laramie, wy. 10pp .\nschirato, g. 1993. a preliminary status report of harlequin ducks in washington: 1993. pp. 45 - 48 in: cassirer, e. f. , et al. , (eds .), status of harlequin ducks in north america. harlequin duck working group. 83 pp .\nthe research on harlequin duck was conducted to find attributes of breeding streams and examine the selection mechanisms of the variations found. the results showed that distribution and productivity showed that insect food is clearly important to produce eggs. their distribution is also loosely linked with the aquatic insects density, but fish presence has a negative effect on harlequin duck density .\nthe harlequin duck is a small duck with a round head and a small bill. male / breeding plumage: - reddish flanks. - dark gray breast and back, with white stripes on back. - black head with several white patches and a reddish strip above each eye .\nbengtson, s. a. 1972. breeding ecology of the harlequin duck (histrionicus histrionicus) in iceland. ornis scandinavica. 3 (1): 1 - 19 .\ncarlson, j. c. 1990. results of harlequin duck (histrionicus histrionicus) surveys in 1990 on the flathead national forest, montana. unpublished report. 31 pp .\nhunt, w. a. 1993. jasper national park harlequin duck projects, 1992: maligne valley pilot projects. canadian parks service, jasper national park. 58 pp .\nmiller, v. e. 1989. field survey report, harlequin duck (histrionicus histrionicus): lower clark fork drainage, west central montana. unpublished, 47 pp .\nintroduction: the harlequin duck is a beautiful and powerful sea duck. it favours the mountain streams in summer, diving and swimming against the current of rushing rivers. during winter, it occurs at sea in rocky coastal waters and wild coastlines where the waves break on rocks. the name of this small sea duck “harlequin” comes from its colourful plumage. it is the only remaining species of the genus histrionicus and it is monotypic. it breeds in nw and ne north america, greenland and iceland, and disperses along the sea coasts in winter, within the breeding range. the harlequin duck is not threatened and the overall population trend is currently increasing .\nsmith, c. m. 1999b. harlequin duck research in kananaskis country, alberta, in 1998: kananaskis river and elbow river. canmore: alberta environ. protection. close\nbengtson, s. a. and s. ulfstrand. 1971. food resources and breeding frequency of the harlequin duck histrionicus histrionicus in iceland. oikos 22: 235 - 239 .\nsmith, c, f. cooke, and r. i. goudie. 1998. ageing harlequin duck histrionicus histrionicus drakes using plumage characteristics. wildfowl 49: 245 - 248 .\nsmith, cyndi. 2000. harlequin duck monitoring plan for banff national park. unpublished technical report. parks canada. banff, alberta, canada. 19pp + appendices and maps .\ncassirer, e. f. 1993. harlequin duck status report 1992: idaho. pp. 27 - 30 in: cassirer, e. f. , et al. , eds. status of harlequin ducks in north america. 83 pp .\nsmith, c. m. 1999a. banff national park harlequin duck research project: 1998 progress report. banff, ab: herit. resour. conserv. , parks canada. close\nmarkum, d. 1990. distribution and status of the harlequin duck (histrionicus histrionicus) on the gallatin national forest, montana. montana natural heritage program. helena, mt. 54pp\nthis project is designed to address, on a regional scale, the factors that influence harlequin duck distribution and productivity in the southern coast mountains of british columbia. this research provides the scientific background necessary to understand how variation in habitat (including that related to hydroelectric operations and other human activity) affects harlequin ducks, and prescribes concrete mitigation or restoration activities that would improve harlequin duck productivity. a primary objective of the research is to develop models describing the relationship between harlequin duck distribution and habitat attributes (for example, stream gradient, width, substrate, vegetation, prey availability, fish presence, etc) at a regional scale .\nreichel, j. d. and d. l. genter. 1994. harlequin duck surveys in western montana: 1993. montana natural heritage program, helena, mt. 87 pp .\nsmith, c. 1999. banff national park harlequin duck research project - 1998 progress report. unpublished technical report, heritage resource conservation, banffnational park, alberta, canada. 40 pp .\nlifespan of harlequin ducks normally ranges from 12 to 14 years in the wild. there is no information on the lifespan of harlequin ducks in captivity .\nchadwick, d. h. 1992. some observations of a concentration of harlequin ducks in the strait of georgia, british columbia. pp. 33 - 40 in: proceedings harlequin duck symposium, apr 23 - 24, 1992, moscow, id. 45 pp .\nashley, j. 1997. harlequin duck inventory and monitoring in glacier natioanal park, montana. unpublished report. division ofnatural resources, glacier national park. west glacier, montana. 36 pp .\nsmith, c. 1996. banff national park harlequin duck research project: progress report: 1996 field season. heritage resource conservation, parks canada, banff, alberta, canada. 43 pp .\nmilton, r. , p. macdonald. 1996 .\ndepartment of natural resources\n( on - line). the harlequin duck - keeping watch. accessed may 06, 2009 at urltoken .\nashley, j. 1995. harlequin duck surveys and tracking in glacier national park, montana. unpublished report. division of natural resources, glacier national park, west glacier, montana. 41 pp .\nreichel, j. d. and d. l. genter. 1996. harlequin duck surveys in western montana: 1995. montana natural heritage program, helena, mt. vii + 107 pp .\nashley, j. 1996. harlequin duck inventory and monitoring in glacier national park, montana. unpublished report. division of natural resources, glacier national park, west glacier, montana. 21 pp .\ncassirer, e. f. and c. r. groves. 1991. harlequin duck ecology in idaho: 1987 - 1990. idaho dept. of fish and game, boise. 93 pp .\nskalski, j. r. 1995. use of\nbellwether\nstations and rotational sampling designs to monitor harlequin duck abundance. unpubl. rept. u. of wash. , seattle. 19pp .\nashley, j. 1994. 1992 - 93 harlequin duck monitoring and inventory in glacier national park, montana. unpublished report. division of research management, glacier natl. park, montana. 57 pp .\nashley, j. 1994. progress report: harlequin duck inventory and monitoring in glacier national park, montana. unpublished report. division of research management, glacier natl. park, montana. 14 pp .\ngaines, w. l. and r. e. fitzner. 1987. winter diet of harlequin duck at sequim bay, puget sound, washington. northwest science 61 (4): 213 - 215\nschirato, g. and f. sharpe. 1992. distribution and habitat of harlequin ducks in northwestern washington. in proceedings, harlequin duck symposium, april 23 - 24, 1992. unpubl. rep. , 45 pp. idaho dept. fish and game, moscow, id .\nthere is no evidence suggesting that harlequin ducks have a negative impact on humans .\n( ehrlich, et al. , 1988; ehrlich, et al. , 1988; elphick, et al. , 2001 ;\nharlequin duck\n, 2002; robertson, et al. , 1998 )\nin general have always been important to humans. many types of ducks are hunted and consumed by cultures around the world. as a game animal, harlequin ducks have an economic importance to the duck hunting industry .\nashley, john. 1998. harlequin duck use on the middle fork of the flathead river in the vicinity of the essex bridge. mdot project br 1 - 2 (85) 180 / control number 1763 .\ngenter, d. l. 1992. status of the harlequin duck in montana. p. 5 in: proc. harlequin duck symp. , april 23 - 24, 1992, moscow, idaho. id dept. of fish & game, u. s. for. serv. intermtn. res. stat. , id panhandle nat. forests, and nw sect. of wildl. soc. 46 pp .\ninglis, i. r. , j. lazarus, and r. torrance. 1989. the pre - nesting behavior and time budget of the harlequin duck histrionicus histrionicus. wildfowl 40: 55 - 73 .\ncassirer, e. f. and c. r. groves. 1992. status and breeding of harlequin ducks in idaho. in proceedings, harlequin duck symposium, april 23 - 24, 1992. unpubl. rep. , 45pp. idaho dept. fish and game, moscow, id .\nto link harlequin duck distribution with habitat information duck surveys and measurements of the habitat attributes were required. seven streams of about 5 km in length were selected and surveyed during the pair arrival and laying period. for the brood surveys the number of hens, her ducklings and the age class of the ducklings were recorded. attributes that were measured at the harlequin duck habitats include invertebrate abundance, flow type, substrate size and composition, number of exposed boulders, stream width, stream depth, flow rate, temperature, ph, slope and vegetation sampling. after all the attributes were sampled, the relationship between those and the harlequin ducks were assessed .\ncassirer, e. f. and g. schirato. 1990. harlequin duck boat surveys, northwest washington coast, 9 / 24 - 9 / 29 / 90. washington dept. of wildl. 1 p .\nharlequin ducks communicate mainly with vocalizations. males also perform courtship dances to attract females .\ndiamond, s. and p. finnegan. 1992. harlequin duck ecology on montana' s rocky mountain front. unpublished report. rocky mountain district, lewis and clark national forest, choteau, mt. 45 pp .\ndiamond, s. and p. finnegan. 1993. harlequin duck ecology on montana' s rocky mountain front. unpublished report. rocky mountain district, lewis and clark national forest, choteau, mt. 45 pp .\nreichel, j. d. and d. l. genter. 1993. harlequin duck surveys in western montana: 1992. montana natural heritage program, helena, mt. 67 pp. , including appendices and maps .\nfournier, m. a. , and r. g. bromley. 1996. status of the harlequin duck, histrionicus histrionicus, in the western northwest territories. canadian field - nat. 110: 638 - 641 .\nmittelhauser, g. h. 1989. the ecology and distribution of the harlequin duck (histrionicus histrionicus) wintering off isle au haut, maine. b. a. thesis. college of the atlantic. 69 pp .\nthe harlequin duck eastern population is protected by the federal migratory birds convention act. under this act, it is prohibited to kill, harm, or collect adults, young, and eggs. harlequin ducks are also protected in new brunswick, nova scotia, and newfoundland and labrador under their respective endangered species acts .\n(\nalaska sealife center\n, 2009 ;\nseattle audobon society\n, 2008; ehrlich, et al. , 1988 ;\nharlequin duck\n, 2002; john and john, 1994; t. , 2001 )\nbrown, m. e. 1998. population genetic structure, kinship, and social associations in three harlequin duck { histrionicus histrionicus) breeding subpopulations. m. s. thesis, university of california, davis. 104 pp .\ncassirer, e. f. and c. r. groves. 1990. a summary of harlequin duck sightings in idaho, 1989. unpubl. rep. idaho dept. of fish and game, boise. 11 pp .\nrichards, w. , and a. edmonds. 2004. harlequin duck surveys, upper mcdonald creek, glacier national park. chapter 1 in report to glacier national park, division of science and resources management. 11 pp .\njohnson, d. d. 1991. productivity and the importance of vegetation: the link between harlequin duck winter and summer habitat. unpubl. rep. for plant ecol class, univ. mont. , missoula. 14 pp .\nmarkum, d. 1990. preliminary report on the distribution and status of the harlequin duck, histrionicus histrionicus on the gallatin national forest, montana. unpublished report for the gallatin national forest. montana national heritage program. 21 pp .\nwallen, r. l. 1991. annual variation in harlequin duck population size, productivity and fidelity to grand teton national park. off. of science and res. mgmt. grand teton national park, wy. 7 pp .\nthe oldest recorded harlequin duck was a male, and at least 20 years, 9 months old when he was seen in the wild in british columbia in 2014 and identified by his band. he had been banded in alberta in 1995 .\ngangemi, j. t. 1991. results of the 1991 survey for harlequin duck (histrionicus histrionicus); distribution in the non - wilderness portion of the flathead national forest, montana. unpublished report for the mtnhp. 26 pp .\nreichel, j. d. , d. l. genter, and d. p. hendricks. 1997. harlequin duck research and monitoring in montana: 1996. unpublished report, montana natural heritage program, helena. 77 pp .\nprotection / threats / status: the harlequin duck is preyed upon by the arctic fox and the grey wolf, but also by bald eagles, jaegers and ravens, and on rivers by otters on adults, and mink and martens on nests. the species is widespread and common, and even locally abundant. the population is estimated to number 190, 000 / 380, 000 individuals (2006), and is currently stable or even increasing. the harlequin duck is evaluated as least concern .\ngoudie, r. i. 1991. the status of the harlequin duck (histrionicus histrionicus) in eastern north america. committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada (cosewic), ottawa, ontario. 59 pp. + 4 appendices .\nthompson, l. 1985. a harlequin romance. montana outdoors 16: 21 - 25 .\nthe harlequin duck population in western canada is in decline but jasper national park still provides excellent habitat for this colourful and interesting species. each spring their arrival from the pacific coast to their mountain breeding streams in the athabasca watershed heralds the end of winter .\ncassirer, e. f. , j. d. reichel, r. l. wallen, and e. atkinson. 1996. harlequin duck (histrionicus histrionicus) conservation assessment and strategy for the u. s. rocky mountains. draft report .\nmontevecchi, w. a. , a. bourget, j. brazil, r. i. goudie, a. e. hutchinson, b. c. johnson, p. kehoe, p. laporte, m. a. mccollough, r. milton, and n. seymour. 1995. national recovery plan for the harlequin duck in eastern north america. prepared by the harlequin duck (eastern north am. pop .) recovery team for the recovery of nationally endangered wildlife committee. 31 pp .\nin a subsequent detailed status assessment, alberta’s endangered species conservation committee identified the harlequin duck as a species of special concern—a species that without human intervention may soon become threatened with extinction. see information on the endangered species conservation committee and species of special concern at :\nharlequin ducks first breed at 2 or 3 years of age. their nests are usually built on the ground along the banks of fast - flowing streams. surprisingly, the first two active harlequin duck nests ever reported in eastern north america were both on cliff ledges, one about 20 m above the water. the clutches of 3 to 8 creamy eggs are incubated by the female, who later leads the hatched young to secluded streams to feed. fluctuations in food and water levels can affect breeding success. the reproductive rate of harlequin ducks is low, which makes it more difficult for this duck to recover from a decline .\nharlequin ducks are important members of the ecosystems they inhabit. they are parasitized by lice and ticks .\ncastren. chad. 1992. [ report on field surveys for harlequin ducks, summer 1992 ] .\ndiamond. seth. 1990. [ various reports of harlequin sightings along the rmf during 1990. ]\nharlequin ducks spend most of the year in coastal marine environments, but they move inland each spring to breed along fast - flowing turbulent rivers. during the winter, the harlequin duck are often associated with offshore islands, headlands, and rocky coastline where the surf breaks against rocks and ice buildup is minimal. these ducks feed close to rocky shorelines or rock skerries .\nthere is little information on harlequin duck population numbers and trends, but wintering populations in eastern north america are currently much smaller than historical (late 1800s) numbers. however, populations grew in the last part of 20th century. the species rates an 11 out of 20 on the continental concern score. harlequin duck is not on the 2016 state of north america' s birds watch list. the species is listed as endangered in canada, threatened in maine, and a species of special concern in western states. back to top\ncassirer, f. 1995. harlequin duck monitoring in northern idaho, 1995. cooperative project report. idaho dept. of fish & game, north idaho traditional bowhunters, u. s. forest service, and washington department of fish and wildlife. 20 pp .\ngudmundsson, f. 1971. straumendur (histrionicus histrionicus) a islande. (\nthe harlequin duck in iceland\n) natturufroedingurinn 41 (1): 1 - 28, (2) 64 - 98. (english summary pp. 84 - 98) .\nlee, d. n. b. , and d. l. genter. 1991. results of harlequin duck (histrionicus histrionicus) surveys in wilderness areas of the flathead national forest, montana. montana natural heritage program. helena, mt. 31 pp .\nbachelor harlequins arrive in montana in mid - to late april. paired ducks show up about two weeks later. “the female brings her mate home to her natal stream, ” says john ashley, a harlequin expert who teaches courses on the duck at the glacier institute .\nrodway, m. s. , jr. gosse, j. w. , i. fong and w. a. montevecchi. 1998b. discovery of a harlequin duck nest in eastern north america. wilson bull. no. 110: 282 - 285. close\ncalls and songs: sounds by xeno - canto the harlequin duck is usually silent outside the breeding season. the male becomes more vocal during the displays, uttering a high - pitched squeaking whistle, increasing as displays intensify. the female gives several short, harsh calls .\ncassirer, e. f. 1995. harlequin duck monitoring in northern idaho, 1995. cooperative project report. idaho department of fish & game, north idaho traditional bowhunters, u. s. forest service, and washington department of fish and wildlife. 20 pp .\ncassirer, e. f. 1995. harlequin duck monitoring on the moyie river and other tributaries to the kootenai river in northern idaho subsequent to natural gas pipeline construction. [ unpublished report ]. 11 pp. idaho department of fish and game, lewiston, id .\nhunt, w. a. 1993. jasper national park harlequin duck research project, 1992 pilot projects - - interim results. jasper warden service biological report series, no. 1. heritage resource conservation, parks canada, box 10, jasper, alberta. 67 pp .\nmiller, v. e. 1989. 1989 field survey report: harlequin duck (histrionicus histrionicus). lower clark fork river drainage, west - central, montana. unpubl. rep. on file mont. nat. heritage prog. , helena. 48 + pp .\nit was the aim to identify the traits of breeding streams affecting habitat selection. the two specific questions that were addressed were: do the ducks constitute a significant part of their energy through foraging on breeding streams and is the availability of harlequin duck invertebrate prey being influenced by flow variability and fish abundance? the information gathered will be used to help in the conservation of harlequin ducks .\nthe harlequin duck is abundant during the breeding season in a few regions within its range, but only in remote areas inaccessible to most people in the aleutian islands. recent population estimates place the pacific population at 1 million individuals and the atlantic population at 11, 000 breeding pairs .\nrobertson, gregory j. and r. ian goudie. 1999. harlequin duck (histrionicus histrionicus), version 2. 0. in the birds of north america (p. g. rodewald, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, new york, usa .\nthe harlequin duck is a migratory bird covered under the migratory birds convention act, 1994 and is under the management jurisdiction of the federal government. the species at risk act (sara, section 65) requires the competent minister to prepare management plans for listed special concern species. the harlequin duck was listed as special concern in may 2001. canadian wildlife service – atlantic region, environment canada led the development of this management plan. all responsible jurisdictions reviewed and approved the plan. the plan meets sara requirements in terms of content and process (sections 68 - 70) .\nthe year in the life of a harlequin duck can be divided into three primary events: wintering, breeding, and molting. paired birds usually depart for breeding streams in late - april or may, but timing varies considerably according to diverse ecological conditions across their broad wintering and breeding range .\nthe harlequin duck is listed as a sensitive species by the u. s. forest service and the bureau of land management. in 2014, the first systematic statewide survey of known or likely brood streams for this species in montana detected a total of 31 broods with 126 chicks. it is uncertain how these reproductive levels compare with previous surveys; however, harlequin duck reproduction was not detected in a large number of previously documented brood streams. spring warming of 2014 occurred later than average and that, accompanied by a high snowpack, may have affected the suitability of some streams for breeding .\nharlequin duck females and immature individuals are cryptically colored to protect them from predators. they are also vigilant and will swim or fly to escape threats. reported predators include bald eagles, jaegers, ravens, and river otters on adults, and mink, martens, foxes, and wolves on nests .\nmaj, m. e. and m. b. whitfield. 1995. harlequin duck surveys, final report 1995, targhee national forest. u. s. forest serv. , targhee nat. for, idaho dep. fish and game, northern rockies cons. coop. 21 pp .\nrobertson, g. j. , and r. i. goudie. 1999. harlequin duck (histrionicus histrionicus). in the birds of north america, no. 466 (a. poole and f. gill, eds .). academy of natural sciences of philadelphia and american ornithologists’ union .\ncassirer, e. f. , j. d. reichel, r. l. wallen, and e. atkinson. 1996. harlequin duck (histrionicus histrionicus) conservation assessment and strategy for the u. s. rocky mountains. montana natural heritage rep. , 53 pp. plus appendices .\nflint, v. e. , r. l. boehme, y. v. kostin, and a. a. kuznetsov, (eds .). 1984. harlequin duck. p. 50 in: birds of the ussr. the easton press, norwalk, connecticut. 353 pp .\nwild bird society of japan. 1989. sea ducks: harlequin duck. p. 56 in: sonobe, k. and j. w. robinson, (eds .), a field guide to the birds of japan. kodansha international ltd. , tokyo, new york, san francisco .\nharlequin ducks dive to feed on crustaceans and mollusks, insects, small fish and roe found in riverine and marine habitats .\nharlequin ducks eat primarily an animal diet of invertebrates and some fish. they have been reported eating crustaceans, mollusks, insects, and small fish. harlequin ducks dive for their food but also dip their heads in shallow water to obtain food .\njasper is fortunate to have such an unusual species and to have a place where visitors are able to watch it diving and feeding in the clear water. hopefully alberta and british columbia will manage the harlequin more wisely in the future so that spring in the rockies will always be heralded by the return of this colourful little duck .\nrange: the harlequin duck breeds in alaska and yukon, s to se idaho, california and massachusetts. it also breeds in e canada, s to gulf of st lawrence, greenland and iceland, and probably baffin island. it winters along the coasts off korea and japan, and in usa in maryland and n california .\nthe harlequin duck is not truly migratory, but it disperses along the sea coasts in winter, within its breeding range. males leave first in june, and females and young in early september. they moult during this period. they return to their breeding areas in late april and courtship displays often continue until mid - june .\nmiller, v. e. 1988. harlequin ducks 1988 results of field surveys in west - central montana. unpublished report .\npool, w. 1962. feeding habits of the harlequin. wildfowl trust ann. rep. 13: 126 - 129 .\nthe distinctive harlequin duck is a small sea duck with a small bill, short neck, and long tail. males in breeding plumage are unmistakable with their dark blue color, rufous sides and crown, and striking white patterning on the face, neck, sides, and back. in non - breeding plumage the males are brown with white on the face and a round white spot at each ear. a subtle white shoulder stripe and white on the wings distinguishes the male in non - breeding plumage from the juvenile and the female, which look similar .\nmore than half of eastern north american population of harlequin ducks winters in coastal maine, particularly outer reaches of penobscot and jericho bays .\ncenter. d. l. 1992. [ field notes from 13 august re: banding harlequin ducks on spotted bear river. ]\ncassirer, e. f. , j. d. reichel, r. l. wallen and e. c. atkinson. 1996. harlequin duck (histrionicus histrionicus) united states forest service / bureau of land management habitat conservation assessment and conservation strategy for the u. s. rocky mountains. boise: idaho dept. fish game. close\nbyrd, g. v. , j. c. williams, and a. durand. 1992. the status of harlequin ducks in the aleutian islands, alaska. pp. 14 - 22 in: proc. harlequin duck symposium, april 23 - 24, 1992, moscow, idaho. id dept. of fish & game, u. s. for. serv. intermountain research station, id panhandle nat. forests, and northwest section of wildlife society. 46 pp .\nryan murphy has an album of images of harlequin ducks which he took while he was an ecoguardian at race rocks - 2009 - 2011 .\nmiller, v. e. 1988. harlequin ducks (histrionicus histrionicus): results of field survey in west - central montana. 18 pp .\nmiller, v. e. 1988. harlequin ducks (histrionicus histrionicus) 1988 results of field survey in west - central montana. 18 pp .\nthe harlequin duck – named after the 16th century italian comic character in diamond - patterned multi - colored tights – is a small sea duck only half the size of a mallard. the female is rather plain which allows her to be virtually invisible on the nest. she is mostly a cryptic brown with three white patches on each side of the head and a pale belly. the male, however, is magnificent with a slate blue body, broad white stripes bordered in black and large chestnut side patches. he is well camouflaged against the wet, shiny rocks of his watery habitat. vocalization is a rather mouse - like squeak .\nbehaviour in the wild: the harlequin duck feeds primarily on molluscs, crustaceans and insects (adults, larvae and pupae) in spring and summer. at sea, its diet consists mainly of mussels, shellfish, aquatic insects, crustaceans and occasionally small fish and marine worms. on rivers during the breeding season, it feeds mostly on aquatic insects and it may take small amounts of plant material .\nthe harlequin duck is a small, subarctic sea duck. the adult male appears dark from a distance, but has colourful patches. he has slate blue plumage, chestnut sides, and streaks of white on the head and body. the crown has a black stripe with a chestnut stripe on either side. the belly is slate grey. females are a rather plain brownish - grey with patches of white behind, below and in front of the eye. immatures resemble the female until late autumn of their first year, when young male ducks begin to resemble the adult males. they do not gain the full adult plumage until the next winter .\nrobertson, g. , f. cooke, r. goudie, w. boyd. 1998. moult speed predicts pairing success in male harlequin ducks .\nt. , t. 2001 .\nblue planet biomes\n( on - line). harlequin ducks. accessed march 15, 2009 at urltoken .\nboyd, d. 1994. conservation of harlequin ducks (histrionicus histrionicus). university of montana school of forestry, missoula, mt. 14 pp .\nthe harlequin duck feeds mostly by diving, often in tight - packed flocks in intertidal and subtidal zones. it also dabbles and head dips in shallow water. it takes aquatic preys from rocks just below the surface, or skims insects from the surface. but when feeding in groups, the ducks drive into water 3 - 4 metres deep, and they catch preys within 15 - 20 seconds of diving .\nadams, p. , g. robertson, i. jones. 2000. time - activity budgets of harlequin ducks molting in the gannet islands, labrador .\nreed, j. , p. flint. 2007. movements and foraging effort of steller' s eiders and harlequin ducks wintering near dutch harbor, alaska .\nrodway, m. s. 1998. habitat use by harlequin ducks breeding in hebron fjord, labrador. canadian journal of zoology 76: 897 - 901 .\nsmith, cyndi. 2000. survival and recruitment of juvenile harlequin ducks. ms thesis. simon fraser university. burnaby, british columbia, canada. 83pp .\ncarboneras, c. & kirwan, g. m. (2018). harlequin duck (histrionicus histrionicus). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\ngoudie, r. i. 1989. historical status of harlequin ducks wintering in eastern north america: a reappraisal. wilson bull. 101: 112 - 114 .\nthough increases have been recorded in southern parts of its breeding range, the population size of this sea duck remains relatively small. its tendency to congregate in large groups when moulting and on its marine wintering areas makes it susceptible to catastrophic events such as oil spills. such threats are substantial and are likely increasing, and are of particular significance for populations of long - lived species such as this sea duck, which can be slow to recover. its population also appears to rely on continued management efforts, particularly those involving restrictions on hunting .\nshort - distance migrants, harlequin ducks move from the coast inland and back again. when they migrate inland, they usually fly low, following the course of a river. males leave the breeding area for molting areas in the strait of juan de fuca and puget sound in late june or early july. females and the young of the year leave the breeding grounds in august. harlequin duck migration often does not take the standard north - south pattern found in many birds; harlequins wintering on the pacific coast and in puget sound may move south or west (to the olympic peninsula) to breed .\nashley says harlequin populations along the strait of georgia off the coast of british columbia (where most of glacier’s ducks winter) are showing a slow, steady decline. the greatest threats are oil pollution, degradation to breeding streams, and human disturbance to nesting birds. in montana, the harlequin is listed as a species of special concern .\nthe home range of harlequin ducks is relatively small, both during the breeding season and winter. they are seen in small groups both migrating and in their home range .\nwallen, r. l. 1987. habitat utilization by harlequin ducks in grand teton national park. master' s thesis, montana state univ. , bozeman. close\nclarkson, p. 1994. managing watersheds for harlequin ducks. unpublished presentation. american river management society river without boundaries symposium, grand junction, co. 33 pp .\nhabitat: the harlequin duck breeds along the fast flowing rivers in hilly and mountainous country, and around rapids and waterfalls, but usually in rocky area with trees. it may reach high elevations of up to 3350 metres. it winters along rocky coastlines, in shallow waters usually within 300 metres from the shore. it often dives among the heavy surf of the breaking waves. it is rarely seen in sheltered bays, but sometimes around harbours .\nduring the breeding season, the harlequin duck female looking for a mate always chooses a mate with bright plumage, indicating a powerful, healthy male, able to defend her against the rivals during this period. male’s plumage is usually affected by age and such duck does not attract the females. the males perform courtship dances to attract females. they shake both head and tail while producing high - pitched whistles when they swim around females. males also perform short flights close to the water surface. they are monogamous for a single breeding season. the male usually helps in nest - building, but it leaves and migrates back to the ocean for moulting as soon as the female starts to incubate. she rears the chicks alone .\ncrowley, d. w. 1994a. breeding habitat of harlequin ducks in prince william sound, alaska. master' s thesis, oregon state univ. , corvallis. close\nmichael, c. w. and e. michael. 1922. an adventure with a pair of harlequin ducks in the yosemite valley. auk 39: 14 - 23 .\nwallen, r. l. 1987. annual brood survey for harlequin ducks in grand teton national park. grand teton nat. pk. , resource management. 15 pp .\nharlequin ducks breed in fast - flowing streams scattered throughout coastal and interior mountains. the pacific harlequin duck breeds from northeast siberia across to arctic canada, throughout most of alaska and british columbia, and in the coastal and inland mountains of oregon and washington and the northern rocky mountain regions of the u. s. and canada as far south as wyoming. historically, birds bred as far south as central california. in alaska breeding records include the eastern north slope, northwest alaska, st. lawrence island, yukon - kuskokwim region, alaska peninsula, denali national park, northern coast of the gulf of alaska, and southeast alaska .\nwallen, r. l. 1987. habitat utilization by harlequin ducks in grand teton national park. m. s. thesis. montana state university, bozeman. 67 pp .\ndzinbal, k. a. 1982. ecology of harlequin ducks in prince william sound, alaska, during summer. master' s thesis, oregon state univ. , corvallis. close\nrodway, m. s. 1998b. habitat use by harlequin ducks breeding in hebron fiord, labrador. can. j. zool. no. 76: 897 - 901. close\ncarlson, j. c. 1990. results of 1990 surveys for harlequin ducks on the flathead national forest, montana. unpubi. rep. , usda forest service. 31 pp .\nsavard, j. p. l. and a. m. breault. no date. molting harlequin ducks: capture technique, weights and movements. unpublished draft. 16 pp .\nwallen, r. l. 1987. habitat utilization of harlequin ducks in grand teton national park. m. s. thesis, montana st. univ. , bozeman. 67pp .\nthe female builds her well - concealed nest near the water’s edge. she lays three to eight eggs that hatch in 28 days. hatchlings practice paddling techniques in quiet backwaters. their 600 - mile aerial migration to the coast begins in september. some females depart earlier, leaving the young to fend for themselves. ashley estimates that only about ten percent survive to reach the average breeding age of three. long - lived for a duck, the harlequin can reach 15 years of age .\nfleischner, t. l. 1983. natural history of harlequin ducks wintering in northern puget sound. m. s. thesis. west. washington univ. , bellingham. 49 pp .\ngoudie, r. i. 1988. breeding distribution of harlequin ducks in northern labrador. atlantic soc. of fish and wildl. biologists. 4 (2): 17 - 21 .\nthe surveys on habitat associations were successful with seven streams examined in 2003 and six in 2004. there were only six in 2004 because the rutherford creek survey was not representing the harlequin duck densities accurately. out of the 34 captured adult female ducks 22 were on nests and 13 hatched at least one duckling. the research also showed that the relationship between the aquatic insect availability and the flow variability is of a negative correlation. a decrease in flow variability always resulted in an increase in aquatic insect availability .\ncassirer, e. f. 1989. distribution and status of harlequin ducks (histrionicus histrionicus) on the nez perce national forest, idaho. report on challenge cost share project. 13 pp .\nmittelhauser, g. 1991. harlequin ducks at acadia national park and coastal maine, 1988 - 1991. island research center, college of the atlantic, bar harbor, maine. 67 pp .\nclarkson, p. 1992. a preliminary investigation into the status and distribution of harlequin ducks in jasper national park. unpublished technical report. natural resource conservation, jasper national park, alberta. 63pp .\nthe widespread harlequin is known to also breed along glacial lakes, in tundra ponds, and perhaps rarely on offshore islets in marine waters. many non - breeding birds remain on the coast year - round .\nkuchel, c. r. 1977. some aspects of the behavior and ecology of harlequin ducks breeding in glacier national park, montana. master' s thesis, univ. of montana, missoula. close\nrodway, m. s. 1998a. activity patterns, diet, and feeding efficiency of harlequin ducks breeding in northern labrador. can. j. zool. no. 76: 902 - 909. close\ngowans, b. , g. j. robertson and f. cooke. 1997. behaviour and chronology of pair formation by harlequin ducks histrionicus histrionicus. wildfowl no. 48: 135 - 146. close\ndzinbal, k. a. 1982. ecology of harlequin ducks in prince william sound, alaska, during summer. m. s. thesis. ore. state univ. , corvallis. 89 pp .\natkinson, e. c. 1991. distribution and status of harlequin ducks and common loons on the targhee national forest. idaho dep. of fish and game, nongame and endangered wildlife prog. 27 pp .\non rivers, its behaviour is close to that of the torrent duck in the andes. it is able to swim easily against the current by using the swirls, but also the calm waters close to the shore. it also rushes on the water, mid - flying and mid - swimming, or jumps into the water from a rock .\nkuchel, c. r. 1977. some aspects of the behavior and ecology of harlequin ducks breeding in glacier national park, montana. m. s. thesis. university of montana, missoula. 160 pp .\ncassirer, e. f. 1994. proposed inventory and monitoring protocol for harlequin ducks in northern idaho. paper presented at interagency rare animal workshop, march 2, 1994, post falls, idaho. 14 pp .\ncoudie. r. i. 1984. comparative ecology of common eiders, black scoters, oldsquaws and harlequin ducks wintering in southeast newfoundland. thesis. univ. of w. ontario. london, ontario. canada .\njohnson, d. d. 1991. results of stream surveys for harlequin ducks in the gallatin and a section of the custer national forests, montana. unpublished report to the montana natural heritage program. 18 pp .\nrobertson, g j. , f. cooke, r. i. goudie, and w. s. boyd. 1998a. the timing of pair formation in harlequin ducks. condor 100: 551 - 555 .\nwallea r. l. and c. r. groves. 1989. distribution breeding biology and nesting habitat of harlequin ducks { histrionicus histrionicus) in northern idaho. report on challenge cost share project. 40 pp .\nharlequin ducks choose their mates beginning around october. breeding begins in may and june. harlequin ducks are seasonally monogamous, with pairs forming for a single breeding season. females lay from 5 to 8 eggs, which hatch after 27 to 29 days. young fledge and become independent by 70 days old. breeding success for both males and females remains low until the age of 5, even though they become sexually mature at around 2 years old .\ncassirer, e. f. and c. r. groves. 1992. ecology of harlequin ducks in northern idaho; progress report 1991. idaho dept. of fish and game, boise, id. 74 pp .\ncassirer, e. f. and c. r. groves. 1989. breeding ecology of harlequin ducks (histrionicus histrionicus) on the kaniksu national forest, idaho. report on challenge cost share project. 48 pp." ]

{ "text": [ "the harlequin duck ( histrionicus histrionicus ) is a small sea duck .", "it takes its name from harlequin ( french arlequin , italian arlecchino ) , a colourfully dressed character in commedia dell ' arte .", "the species name comes from the latin word \" histrio \" , \" actor \" .", "in north america it is also known as lords and ladies .", "other names include painted duck , totem pole duck , rock duck , glacier duck , mountain duck , white-eyed diver , squeaker and blue streak . " ], "topic": [ 2, 25, 25, 27, 19 ] }

[ "the harlequin duck (histrionicus histrionicus) is a small sea duck. it takes its name from harlequin (french arlequin, italian arlecchino), a colourfully dressed character in commedia dell' arte. the species name comes from the latin word \" histrio \", \" actor \". in north america it is also known as lords and ladies. other names include painted duck, totem pole duck, rock duck, glacier duck, mountain duck, white-eyed diver, squeaker and blue streak." ]

[ "the fish in the top two pictures is a protomelas spilonotus. the fish in the bottom photo is harder to identify. it has characteristics of both protomelas stevensi and scianochromis fryeri. it is possible it is a hybrid. but they are definitely not protomelas taeniolatus. andy\nprotomelas labridens is found at depths of 5m or greater generally near vegetated areas in shallow bays .\nnarwhal72 wrote: the fish in the top two pictures is a protomelas spilonotus. the fish in the bottom photo is harder to identify. it has characteristics of both protomelas stevensi and scianochromis fryeri. it is possible it is a hybrid. but they are definitely not protomelas taeniolatus. andy\nad konings explains how he discovered the stunning cichlid protomelas sp. \\' steveni taiwan \\' during a stormy dive in lake malawi .\nprotomelas labridens, is a large, mouthbrooding haplochromine cichlid from lake malawi, africa. this fish was first typed by trewavas in 1935 and it is rarely exported to the hobby .\nprotomelas sp. ‘steveni taiwan’ reaches nearly 20cm / 8” so needs space. the minimum for a male and some females would be a 120 x 30 x 45cm / 47 x 12 x 18” tank .\nlike most of the other cichlids in lake malawi, protomelas are maternal mouthbrooders. brooding females need quiet places to shelter, so add plenty of rocks to the tank so that they can escape the males .\nin the wild, protomelas labridens picks small invertebrates from plant leaves. they are not difficult to feed in the aquarium. i offered tetra cichlid sticks, exreme big fella, dainichi veggie deluxe and the occasional treat of repashy gel food .\nprotomelas labridens is not a fish you will find in the hobby very much. until recently, only wild specimens were available. i would guess that wild caught adults would go for $ 50 - 80 each. f1 fry, if you could find them, would be $ 5 - 8 each .\nwas wondering if any one could help me identify these two fish? when i purchased them i was told that they where both protomelas taeniolatus but they do not look like the ones in the profile section. i have looked in the profiles section and found some that are close but not exact. let me know what you think thay maybe. thanks\nif the steveni at taiwanee reef were p. fenestratus the lack of such behaviour could be explained why there was no sediment to blow in. however, there are more characteristics that wouldn’t match with a population of p. fenestratus and, after examining several specimens, i concluded that the steveni was undescribed. i gave them the name of protomelas sp. ‘steveni taiwan’ .\nat a later date, when the winds abated, i returned to try again and i needed the help of the fishermen to locate the reef. on this dive i discovered a most beautiful rock - dwelling non - mbuna with a strong resemblance to protomelas taeniolatus, the so - called steveni, which at taiwanee reef has broad, vertical bars — a pattern fairly similar to that of p. fenestratus .\nmaréchal, c. , 1991. protomelas. p. 387 - 393. in j. daget, j. - p. gosse, g. g. teugels and d. f. e. thys van den audenaerde (eds .) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa (cloffa). isnb, brussels; mrac, tervuren; and orstom, paris. vol. 4. (ref. 4996 )\nprotomelas labridens is not a very aggressive cichlid, but since it is a large fast swimming fish, tanks of at least four feet are required. a six foot tank would be preferred. water temperature in their natural habitat of lake malawi is between 74°f and 79°f with high hardness. i had no trouble with this fish in chicago water at 78f. i performed regular partial water changes each week of about 25% of the tank volume .\none of the more popular and readily available protomelas species in the hobby, p. taeniolatus is very similar to p. fenestratus. several colour forms of both these species exist. some of the popular morphs of taeniolatus include “red empress”, “super red empress” and “blue fire”. it is likely that some of these may be reclassified as distinct species in the future, as they attain different maximum sizes. none of these related species or morphs should be kept together in aquaria as they may hybridise .\nfemales and juveniles, like all most protomelas species, have one or sometimes two dark horizontal lines that extends from behind the gill plate to the base of the caudal. males are variable in appearance depending on their mood. generally, males have a bright blue head, an overall blue sheen, variegated red tail and a red speckled dorsal edged in black and white. females are relatively drab by comparison with an overall tan - grey color with some gold sheen and highlights. males get up to eight or more inches long and females stay an inch or so smaller .\ni obtained a group of six, adult protomelas labridens from fellow gcca member mike helford in april, 2013. mike always seems to have interesting and unusual malawian cichlids and i was fortunate that he was looking to free up some tank space. mike kept his group in a six - foot 180 gallon tank. i moved my group into a 4 - foot, 90 gallon tank. mike also gave some otropharynx sp .\nsilver torpedo\nwhich joined the new arrivals. this tank was filtered by marineland tidepool ii filter and had a sand substrate. i added several large flower pots and slates so there was ample rockwork in the tank .\nprotomelas taeniolatus is commonly called the\nred empress .\nthere are a few variants of this species, including a blue morph from makanjila point called\nblue fire .\nof the red empress variety, there are two classes. one morph has been\nline - bred\nin europe for substantially more red color and consequently has been dubbed the\nsuper red empress .\nthe other red empress morph is the american strain and has more blue color than the super red empress. adult p. taeniolatus generally attain sizes of 13 - 15 cm (5 - 6 inches), although in captivity they can certainly get much larger than this (see photo above) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani, 30. 11. 04, , php script by cmilitante, 05 / 11 / 2010, last modified by cmilitante, 14 / 03 / 2013\ndue to the size of this hap, it is not recommended that you keep it in anything smaller than 75 gallons, with 100 + gallons being the preferred minimum. this hap needs lots of room to swim about. due to its strong temperment, it is not a good idea to keep more than one male in the same tank unless your tank is over 200 gallons. this species is a polygamous mouthbrooder and each male should be accompanied by at least three females. females should be given lots of potential hiding places to avoid being abused .\ndoesn' t seem to be picky about mate selection and will spawn readily if given enough space in the aquarium. males of this beautiful species claim only a relatively smal area that is only defended prior to and during spawning. after spawning, a male\nwill quickly forget about his territory and will take to the open water. this is a rather tough\nspecies, although compared with other african cichlids, it rarely chases or instigates fights with other tankmates .\np. taeniolatus is also a greedy cichlid, which will quickly fatten - up if fed too much or if it is housed with less - aggressive companions. spirulina - based flake food and the european shrimp mix are recommended foods for this species. □\n48″ x 18″ x 15″ (120cm x 45cm x 37. 5cm) – 200 litres .\nuse piles of rocks to form lots of caves and hiding places with areas of open space for swimming between. a sandy substrate is ideal .\nit feeds mainly on algae and other microrganisms in nature and requires a high fibre diet in the aquarium. a large proportion of the diet should therefore be composed of vegetable matter such as spirulina flake or blanced spinach / lettuce. live and frozen brine shrimp, daphnia and bloodworm are useful supplements to this. meaty foods such as beefheart are detrimental to the fishes’ long term health. it is a greedy fish and is prone to becoming overweight so care must be taken when feeding .\na peaceful species but it is more robust than others in the genus and can even be kept with mbuna. however, more suitable tankmates include aulonocara, copadichromis and other peaceful malawi species. males are very territorial and a very large tank would be required to keep more than one. it is also better to keep several females per male .\nthe male is larger and much more colourful than the female and has extended dorsal, anal and pelvic fins .\npossible. maternal mouthbrooder. for the best results, it should be spawned in a species tank. adult fish tend to be quite expensive so a more feasible option is to start with a group of 6 - 8 young fish. a 48″x15″ aquarium is an adequate size and this should be furnished as suggested above. be sure to provide some areas of open sand and flat rock surfaces to act as potential spawning sites. the ph should be around 8. 0 - 8. 5 and the temperature 77 - 80°f. condition the fish on a good diet of live, frozen and dried foods .\nwhen in condition, the male will form a small temporary territory containing either a flat rock surface or simply an area of the substrate in which he excavates a pit. he will display around this, showing intense colour, and attempt to entice females to mate with him. he can be quite aggressive in his pursuits and it is in order to dissipate this aggression that this species should be spawned in a harem. if there are other species in the tank they will not be permitted to enter the male’s territory. when a female is willing, she will approach the spawning site and lay her eggs there, allowing the male to fertilise them before taking them into her mouth. once spawning is complete both fish leave the site, the male no longer defending it as a territory .\nthe female carries the eggs for around 3 weeks before releasing the free swimming fry. she will not eat during this period and can be easily spotted by her distended mouth. if a female is overly stressed, she may spit out the brood prematurely or eat them, so care must be taken if you decide to move the fish in order to avoid fry predation. some breeders artificially strip the fry from the mother’s mouth at the 2 week stage and raise them from that point as this usually results in a larger number of fry. this method is only recommended for the expert. the fry will accept newly hatched brine shrimp or microworm immediately after they become free swimming .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nsnoeks, j. (freshwater fish red list authority) & darwall, w. (freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\njustification: endemic to lake malawi where it is widespread with no known major widespread threats .\noccurs in the sediment free rocky habitat in shallow water less than 10 m deep. herbivorous, mainly feeding on algae sucked from the rock surfaces. also feeds on plankton when available. males are territorial throughout the year. they occupy a spawning site on top of rocks. mouth brooding females hide among the rocks. known as\nhaplochromis steveni, haplochromis fenestratus, haplochromis hinderi, haplochromis boadzulu, haplochromis red empress and haplochromis fire blue\nin the aquarium trade. max. size: males can attain a length of 19 cm .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nsign up for email reminders for meetings, swaps, auctions, and other events .\nemail reminders for meeting notices providing a reminder for our next meeting, speaker info, rare fish auctions, picnics and holiday party .\nemail reminders for vendors to alert them when the next swap vendor signup dates are .\nafter a couple of weeks of fattening up the fish with frequent feedings of repashy spawn and grow, i did a very large water change (about 80 %). shortly thereafter, i observed my first female holding. i allowed the female to hold for twelve days after which i stripped her of 42 fry at the heads and tails stage. i moved the fry in to a clean 2 gallon container which i maintained at 80f. eight days after stripping, the fry were free - swimming and i immediately began feeding baby brine shrimp. a week later, i moved the babies to a 5 - gallon tank for grow out switched the babies onto cyclopseze abd nls powder. at two weeks, they are eating flake and showing the distinctive stripe on the flank .\nthe greater chicago cichlid association — gcca — is a not - for - profit, educational organization, chartered in the state of illinois, dedicated to the advancement and dissemination of information relating to the biology of the fishes in the family cichlidae, with particular emphasis on maintenance and breeding in captivity. we are simply cichlid hobbyists who love cichlids .\nduring an expedition along the western coast of lake malawi i spent six weeks diving at every possible site .\nsince the late stuart grant, malawi fish exporter extraordinaire, had been collecting in the area for about 15 years, i was interested in places never previously dived .\nwe asked fishermen where these unfished reef sites, called virundu, were to be found. these are rocky reefs, sometimes very deep, that usually support large shoals of utaka — the plankton - eating cichlids that feed in the water column and which are the staple food of malawian people .\nmalawi fishermen have an amazing memory and feel of direction when it comes to locating a fishing site. so we took one or two on board our boat to guide us .\nmany times their virundu sites consisted of just a few rocks on the sandy bottom. even though such areas may harbour thousands of fish, these were not what i was looking for. we needed larger rocky areas that may support different kinds of rock - dwelling mbuna .\njustus chirwa, the boat’s coxswain, was born and raised on chizumulu island, in the middle of the lake. like most of the natives living along the shores of malawi, many island inhabitants are fishermen .\njustus told us of some reefs he knew around chizumulu and rounded up some of his fishing friends to guide us to a reef far from the island and which the locals call taiwanee .\nyes. at that time i misunderstood the name and for years referred to it as taiwan reef .\nwe had problems organising the trip as there was a particularly high wind blowing and the fishermen found it too dangerous to go out in their dug - out canoes. it took our diesel boat about an hour to make its way to the site .\nalthough the fishermen were positive we had reached the right position we couldn’t possibly anchor the boat, even with a 40m / 130’ anchor chain, as the south - easterly was blowing hard .\nmost fishkeepers think of lake malawi as a huge body of relatively still water. do the strong winds whip up a current ?\nyes, it gets quite rough. when i got into the water i felt a formidable current forcing me against the wind. it was so strong that i could barely manage to swim against it, even with my fins on .\nafter a while i could see the rocks at a depth of about 7m / 23’, but it took me a long time before i could get a strong enough hold to prevent me being swept away .\nunfortunately i had to stay where i was as i could not clear my ears of the pressure and pain .\ni could see a small, bright yellow mbuna (later described as pseudotropheus saulosi) in large groups fighting against the current atop a large boulder. it was the only species i could see and guessed it was the only one able to withstand the fierce current .\nunlike fenestratus i did not see it squirting water into the biocover to expose prey. the latter is a typical characteristic of p. fenestratus and all populations are supposed to employ such a method of foraging .\nanatomy is closer to p. taeniolatus but it has a much larger eye and basic colour is different. the eye might be an adaptation for deeper water .\nit is completely isolated from the mainland and also from chizumulu which lies about 7km / 4. 3 miles south of the reef and separated from it by water deeper than 100m / 330’. as far as i know it contains the most isolated rock - dwelling fish community in the lake and, as such, the reef is a very interesting area for evolutionary studies .\nthat’s right. probably because of the lack of any ‘frequent’ contact with neighbouring populations the community of rock - dwelling cichlids living at the reef includes a number of endemic species .\ninterestingly the reef seems to be inhabited by only a few mbuna, with all mbuna complexes represented by just a single member apiece and labidochromis not found at all — yet. in addition the ‘stevenis’ are just represented by p. sp. ‘steveni taiwan’, while at most other rocky habitats around the lake there are usually two or more species of that group .\nalmost identical ones have been found. they are thought to be p. sp. ‘steveni taiwan’, found in tanzania at higga reef and ngkuyo (mbamba bay) island. these are known as ‘chimoto red’ and ‘chimoto yellow’ respectively .\nterritorial males of p. sp. ‘steveni taiwan’ defend territories on top of rocks at rather deep levels and most males are found at more than 15m / 50’. females can sometimes be seen in shallower water, usually in loose groups of less than 25 .\n‘steveni taiwan’ is found alongside p. saulosi, a small mbuna. however, you should avoid mixing it with larger or more boisterous species as these may be too feisty for company\nto reduce the likelihood of a single female being harassed, always place more females than males. two females per male is the minimum, but the more females added the better .\nthis item was first published in the september 2009 issue of practical fishkeeping magazine. it may not be reproduced without written permission. pictures by neil hepworth and ad konings .\n© 1955 - 2016 bauer consumer media limited are authorised and regulated by the financial conduct authority (firm reference no. 710067) media house, peterborough business park, peterborough, pe2 6ea .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhere' s where you need to go to get help identifying your cichlids .\none of the challenges in identifying this fish, is they both appear to be a bit picked on, so their full colours aren' t being displayed. in the body, what other colours are there, and do they both have the same colour in the same areas ?\nthey do not have the same color in the same areas the first ones barring is smaller and more of them and the anal fin is usually on orange color. the second one is more of a solid blue color with the barring larger and a white strip down his head. they are both about 3 - 4 inches in length so i am assuming they are not full adults yet. any one out there ever seen fish like this? i have had both of them for about 8 - 9 months they do seem like they are doing well. the 2nd one was getting picked on for a little while but i removed the aggressor. i will try and get some better picks posted .\ngood call i think. it is i guess possible that both fish, esp if from the same place, are both hybrids and one just taking on the form closer to one pairent than the other ?\ni guess it depends on the quality of the seller which one i would guess .\ntanks 180, empty revamping 100, 65, 60g tropheus / tang communities 75g revamping. 29gx3 shelly communities, 29g trigs breeding. 20gx2 shelly tanks. bca member 207. try it you might like it .\npremier pet pty ltd po box 1393, burpengary dc, qld, australia 4505, ph: (07) 3385 8500 fax: (07) 3203 2100 a. b. n. 11 010 271 397\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nreproduction: mouthbrooder: after spawning, the females incubate the eggs in their mouth until the fry are free - swimming. males will mate with multiple females. the fry are easily raised with first foods such as baby brine shrimp .\nadditional comments: occurs at taiwan reef, a remote area near the centre of the lake. young fish and adult females are completely bright yellow. young males are also yellow, but at about 5cm they begin to darken, eventually turning blue - black with bright blue vertical bars. this fish is ideal for a malawi community aquarium containing small to medium sized species\ngreek, protos = the first + greek, melas, melanos = black (ref. 45335 )\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 11. 3 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 4996 )\ndorsal spines (total): 16 - 17; dorsal soft rays (total): 10 - 11; anal spines: 3; anal soft rays: 9 - 10; vertebrae: 31. resembles p. fenestratus in form and in ecology, but differs from it in having a larger eye and consequently narrower preorbital, in the more numerous teeth in the upper jaw and on the lower pharyngeal, the higher number of gill rakers, the anterior of which, although short, are acute and well defined and in the higher modal number of dorsal spines. differs from p. virgatus in the absence of enlarged pharyngeal teeth .\ninhabits shallow, rocky sediment - free habitat. feeds on' aufwuchs' attached to rocks, but also takes small invertebrates, including zooplankton when this is abundant (ref. 267) .\nparents practice co - operative care of young by grouping together and setting up protective stations close to one another; releasing their young and embarking upon parental care. every protective mantle is very close to the next in such a way that young can move from one parent to the next .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01514 (0. 00700 - 0. 03275), b = 2. 97 (2. 80 - 3. 14), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 2 ±0. 37 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (13 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in" ]

{ "text": [ "protomelas is a genus of haplochromine cichlids endemic to lake malawi in east africa .", "the genus is part of the haplochromine tribe and have maternal mouthbrooding and sexual dimorphism typical of this group .", "popular in the aquarium hobby , protomelas species are sold under a variety of trade names . " ], "topic": [ 26, 26, 15 ] }

[ "protomelas is a genus of haplochromine cichlids endemic to lake malawi in east africa. the genus is part of the haplochromine tribe and have maternal mouthbrooding and sexual dimorphism typical of this group. popular in the aquarium hobby, protomelas species are sold under a variety of trade names." ]

[ "stripe - tailed hummingbird (eupherusa eximia) is a species of bird in the trochilidae family .\nstripe - tailed hummingbird (ssp. nelsoni) (eupherusa eximia nelsoni - ridgway, 1910 )\nstripe - tailed hummingbird (ssp. egregia) (eupherusa eximia egregia - sclater, pl and salvin, 1868 )\nthe stripe - tailed hummingbirds (eupherusa eximia) occur naturally in middle america .\nthe stripe - tailed hummingbirds occur along the gulf slope from southeastern mexico south through belize, guatemala, honduras, nicaragua, costa rica to panama .\nthe stripe - tailed hummingbirds primarily feed on nectar taken from a variety of brightly colored, scented small flowers of trees, herbs, shrubs and epiphytes .\nthey are closely related to the mexican blue - capped hummingbirds (also known as oaxaca hummingbirds) and white - tailed hummingbird (eupherusa poliocerca), which are sometimes considered subspecies .\nmale stripe - tailed hummingbird is primarily emerald green. the secondaries are rufous. the inner rectrices are green, but the outer two pairs of rectrices are black, with extensive white on the inner webs. the underparts, and the sides of the face, of the female are pale gray .\nbird feeding in red flowers in a shade coffee plantation. there were also some green - breasted mountain - gems feeding there, and the very last call in this recording (less than half a second) may be from a green - breasted mountain - gem rather than the stripe - tailed hummingbird .\nthe stripe - tailed hummingbird’s most distinctive feature is probably its rufous wing patch. these hummingbirds inhabit cool, wet forest where they spend most of their time in the canopy. when away from the forest interior, they also drop to lower levels of the forest and females are sometimes seen in very shaded parts of the forest understory. males are aggressive and defend flowers at times. they fan out their striped - looking tailed when singing .\nstiles, f. g. & boesman, p. (2018). stripe - tailed hummingbird (eupherusa eximia). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nthey may also visit local hummingbird feeders for some sugar water, or drink out of bird baths or water fountains where they will either hover and sip water as it runs over the edge; or they will perch on the edge and drink - like all the other birds; however, they only remain still for a short moment .\nthe average clutch consists of two white eggs (about the size of coffee beans), which she incubates alone for about 15 - 19 days, while the male defends his territory and the flowers he feeds on. the female alone protects and feeds the chicks with regurgitated food (mostly insects since nectar is an insufficient source of protein for the growing chicks). as is the case with other hummingbird species, the chicks are brooded only the first week or two, and left alone even on cooler nights after about 12 days - probably due to the small nest size. the chicks leave the nest when they are about 20 - 26 days old .\nauthors: marîa del coro arizmendi, claudia i. rodríguez - flores, carlos a. soberanes - gonzález, and thomas s. schulenberg\narizmendi, m. d. c. , c. i. rodríguez - flores, c. a. soberanes - gonzález, and t. s. schulenberg (2013) .\n), version 1. 0. in neotropical birds online (t. s. schulenberg, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa .\nneotropical birds is an authoritative, online resource for life histories of neotropical birds. these accounts are intended primarily for ornithologists, especially those based in the neotropics, but will also prove useful to wildlife biologists, conservationists, amateur ornithologists with strong interests in avian natural history, and biology teachers and students .\nhelp build the world' s best resource for neotropical birds. contribute text, photos, audio, video, maps, translations, and sightings .\nwe want any information, photos, audio, video, or map data you have about a species. full articles are great, smaller sections are just as valuable. both receive full publication credit and peer recognition .\na brief review of some of the important species - level changes that are incorporated in the 2014 revisions to the ebird / clements checklist .\nfebruary 14 - 17 (friday to monday) is the 17th annual great backyard bird count (gbbc). to participate, just go birding during this timeframe and make sure to enter your checklists in ebird .\nclosely related to e. cyanophrys and e. poliocerca. three subspecies recognized .\n( delattre, 1843) – extreme e mexico (chiapas) s through highlands to c nicaragua .\np. l. sclater & salvin, 1868 – highlands of costa rica and w panama .\n9–10·5 cm; male 4·7 g, female 4·1 g. bill black, feet dusky flesh - coloured. male of nominate race bronzy green above, glittering green below, ...\nsong a long series of 1–3 squeaky or metallic notes, followed by a lower - pitched, dry insect - like ...\ncanopy, mid - levels and borders of cool, wet highland forest, descending to shrub level in gaps, ...\nlate wet into dry season, sept–mar or apr in costa rica; apr–jun in oaxaca, mexico. nest a neat cup of pale - coloured plant down ...\nin costa rica and probably panama often descends to lower elevations, locally down to 250–300 ...\nnot globally threatened (least concern). cites ii. locally uncommon to common over most of range, where deforestation has not been severe. regularly recorded in the mayan ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\na bird on a small branch, flicking its tail and wings before flying away .\nkeith blomerley, richard garrigues, keith and lynn youngs, yoël jimenez, max roth, pieter de groot boersma, greg baker .\nthore noernberg, joe tobias, dusan m. brinkhuizen, alberto lobato, guy poisson, richardgreenhalgh031, jacqueserard, ben lascelles, tadeusz stawarczyk, josé frade, róger rodríguez, marc fasol, hal and kirsten snyder, gustavo a. rodríguez .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. and fishpool, l. d. c. 2014. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 1: non - passerines. lynx edicions birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\njustification: this species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is very large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\npartners in flight estimate the total population to number 50, 000 - 499, 999 individuals (a. panjabi in litt. 2008) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ngiven while foraging at flowers beside the road. i tried to filter down the river noise .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 332, 129 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\na guide to the birds of mexico and northern central america, steve n. g. howell, sophie webb\nhanbook of the birds of the world - vol 15, del hoyo j. , elliott a. christie d .\nioc world bird list (v7. 1), gill, f and d donsker (eds). 2017 .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group (polytypic) group (monotypic) species split life sp. ssp. intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records (accepted, rejected, pending). to filter / search please enter a phrase. e. g. to filter rejected records, type rejected into the search box, all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n© 2018 birdguides, warners group publications plc. all rights reserved. company registered in england no. 2572212 | vat registration no. gb 638 3492 15\nthey are mostly found in pre - montane and lower montane forests and adjacent clearings .\nthese small hummingbirds measure around 3. 5 inches or 8. 89 cm in length (measured from tip of bill to end of tail) and weigh between 0. 14 - 0. 17 oz (4 - 5 g) .\nmales have a mostly metallic green plumage, except for conspicuous bronzy upper wing patches, whitish vent and two pairs of the two pairs of the long flight feathers (rectrices) on the side of the tail have white inner webs and black or partly black outer webs .\nfemales and juveniles are whitish / pale grey below (throat, chest, abdomen) .\nthey favor flowers with the highest sugar content (often red - colored and tubular - shaped) and seek out, and aggressively protect, those areas containing flowers with high energy nectar. they use their long, extendible, straw - like tongues to retrieve the nectar while hovering with their tails cocked upward as they are licking at the nectar up to 13 times per second. sometimes they may be seen hanging on the flower while feeding .\nmany native and cultivated plants on whose flowers these birds feed heavily rely on them for pollination. the mostly tubular - shaped flowers actually exclude most bees and butterflies from feeding on them and, subsequently, from pollinating the plants .\nthey also take some small spiders and insects - important sources of protein particularly needed during the breeding season to ensure the proper development of their young. insects are often caught in flight (hawking); snatched off leaves or branches, or are taken from spider webs. a nesting female can capture up to 2, 000 insects a day .\nmales establish feeding territories, where they aggressively chase away other males as well as large insects - such as bumblebees and hawk moths - that want to feed in their territory. they use aerial flights and intimidating displays to defend their territories .\nmales are fiercely territorial. aerial battles between males are frequently observed and are usually very entertaining to the observer. even though males will defend the flowers and scrubs in their feeding territories against other male hummingbirds; they usually tolerate females .\nhummingbirds are solitary in all aspects of life other than breeding; and the male' s only involvement in the reproductive process is the actual mating with the female. they neither live nor migrate in flocks; and there is no pair bond for this species. males court females by flying in a u - shaped pattern in front of them. he will separate from the female immediately after copulation. one male may mate with several females. in all likelihood, the female will also mate with several males. the males do not participate in choosing the nest location, building the nest or raising the chicks .\nthe female is responsible for building the bulky cup - shaped nest out of plant fibers woven together and green moss on the outside for camouflage in a protected location. she lines the nest with soft plant fibers, animal hair and feather down, and strengthens the structure with spider webbing and other sticky material, giving it an elastic quality to allow it to stretch to double its size as the chicks grow and need more room. the nest is typically found on a low, thin horizontal branch .\nchinese: ?? ?? ... czech: kolibrík páskovaný... danish: stribehalet kolibri... dutch: streepstaartkolibrie... finnish: sälepyrstökolibri... french: colibri à épaulettes... german: streifenschwanzeupherusa, streifenschwanzkolibri... italian: colibrì codastriata... japanese: kurosujiojirohachidori... norwegian: stripehalekolibri... polish: diamencik pregostern... russian: ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?... slovak: kolibrík pásochvostý... spanish: calibrí / colibri colirrayado, colibrí cola rayada, colirrayado, colibrí colirrayado, colibrí de cola rayada... swedish: strimstjärtad kolibri\nfor updates please follow beautyofbirds on google + (google. com / + avianweb )\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however, mistakes do happen. if you would like to correct or update any of the information, please\nthroughout history, crows, ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death. …\nplease note: any content published on this site is commentary or opinion, and is protected under free speech. it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes, and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice. avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material. your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nspecies of eupherusa are medium sized hummingbirds with straight black bills and square - tipped tails; all species also have extensive white in the tail, and a rufous wing patch. the sexes of eupherusa are dichromatic .\nadult male: upperparts bright metallic grass green, becoming more bronzy posteriorly, especially on the uppertail coverts. the three central pairs of rectrices are dark bronze green; the two outermost pairs of rectrices have black outer webs, but the inner webs are pure white, broadly tipped with black. primaries dusky, the innermost primaries basally cinnamon rufous; secondaries cinnamon rufous, tipped with dusky. underparts bright metallic grass green; undertail coverts pure white .\nadult female: upperparts similar to male, but secondaries not tipped with dusky. central rectrices terminally black or dusky. underparts and sides of face light brownish gray, the flanks spotted with metallic green .\nbare parts color data from ridgway (1911) and wetmore (1968) .\ntotal length: 8. 0 - 9. 3 cm (ridgway 1911), 9. 5 cm (stiles and skutch 1989), 9. 5 - 10 cm (howell and webb 1995 )\nwing length, mean 58. 7 mm (range 56. 5 - 61 mm )\ntail length, mean 33. 5 mm (range 32. 5 - 34. 5 mm )\nbill length, mean 17. 6 mm (range 16 - 19 mm )\nwing length, mean 53. 1 mm (range 50. 5 - 54. 5 mm )\ntail length, mean 29. 9 mm (range 27 - 31 mm )\nbill length, mean 17. 6 mm (range 16 - 19. 5 mm )\nwing length, mean 60. 1 mm (range 58 - 62 mm )\ntail length, mean 34. 9 mm (range 33 - 37 mm )\nbill length, mean 18. 6 mm (range 17 - 19. 5 mm )\nwing length, mean 54. 9 mm (range 53. 5 - 56 mm )\ntail length, mean 31. 9 mm (range 30 - 34 mm )\nbill length, mean 18. 9 mm (range 17. 5 - 20 mm )\nwelcome to bia birdimagency. we use cookies. by continuing to use our website, you consent to the use. for further information on cookies, please read our\nwe’ve partnered with invision to make it easier to search and download our images in sketch and adobe® photoshop® .\n{ { t (' more _ than _ one _ credit', { zero: calc. totalcreditcost }) } }\nonce this video clip is done converting, you' ll be able to download it from your video conversion queue or download history .\neditorial use only photos don' t have any model or property releases, which means they can' t be used for commercial, promotional, advertorial or endorsement purposes. this type of content is intended to be used in connection with events that are newsworthy or of general interest (for example, in a blog, textbook, newspaper or magazine article) .\nthis format requires a quick conversion (usually under 5 mins) before download begins, or you can get the largest and smallest formats immediately .\ncrop for social, add text and more with istock editor. open in editor\nby clicking\nconfirm download\nyou agree that you' ve read and agree to all applicable license agreements for this download." ]

{ "text": [ "the stripe-tailed hummingbird ( eupherusa eximia ) is a species of hummingbird endemic to subtropical moist forests and adjacent clearings of middle america , from the gulf slope of southeastern mexico to panama . " ], "topic": [ 24 ] }

[ "the stripe-tailed hummingbird (eupherusa eximia) is a species of hummingbird endemic to subtropical moist forests and adjacent clearings of middle america, from the gulf slope of southeastern mexico to panama." ]

[ "pademelon has been important part of diet of (now extinct) tasmanian tiger .\npregnancy in a marsupial, the tasmanian pademelon (thylogale billardierii). - pubmed - ncbi\nthe tasmanian pademelon is the largest of the genus and has thick fur suited to the cool temperate climate .\non the island of tasmania they are still hunted by tasmanian devils, eagles and spotted quolls. there are though no foxes in tasmania the tasmanian pademelon is fairly abundant in tasmania .\nthere are seven species of pademelons. the tasmanian pademelon (sometimes known as the rufous - bellied [ or red - bellied ] pademelon) is endemic to tasmania and the only representative of its genus .\ngeographic distribution of the tasmanian pademelon represented by coverage of 1: 250, 000 map sheets of australia (see urltoken for australian maps) .\ntasmanian pademelons forage out from the forest edge but choose moist thickets for daytime shelter .\ntasmanian pademelon and joey. photographed in the cradle mountain area. image by original uploader was panbk at en. wikipedia - some rights reserved. (view image details )\nloss in the form of deforestation has caused the pademelon population numbers to decline. in other areas, pademelon are most commonly preyed upon by canines including foxes ,\nthe tasmanian pademelon is a small wallaby. it is dark brown or grey - brown above, and lighter red - brown colour underneath. the fur is dense and long .\nnatural enemies of pademelons are dogs, dingoes, tasmanian devils, foxes, pythons and eagles .\nrose, r. , j. horak, a. shetewi, s. jones. 1999. pregnancy in a marsupial, the tasmanian pademelon (* thylogale billardierii *) .\nthe tasmanian pademelon has the scientific name of thylogale billardierii. the pademelon group belong to the family macropodidae and genus thylogale. the macropods include kangaroos, wallabies and pademelons. the three groupings are differentiated mainly by size and the pademelons are the smallest of them all .\npademelon rests during the day and searches food during the night (nocturnal animal) .\npademelon is solitary and territorial creature. males occupy territory of 5 to 30 hectares .\nthe pademelon is a marsupial meaning that the female pademelon has a pouch on her belly where she nurses her young. after mating the infant pademelon will be born just 30 days later, when it has to make its own way into its mother' s pouch .\npademelons are also susceptible to becoming roadkill, being one of the most common species killed on tasmanian roads .\nmeaning that the pademelon, spends the light daytime hours resting, and goes foraging for food during the cooler cover of night. the pademelon is most commonly found inhabiting coastal regions of\nmales to 12 kg (average 7. 0 kg) and females to 10 kg (average 3. 9 kg). the tasmanian pademelon is the largest of the pademelons and reasonably stocky in appearance .\njarman, s. j. , g. kantvilas, m. j. brown. 1999. floristic and ecological studies in tasmanian rainforest. tasmanian forest research council research report no. 2, hobart, tasmania, australia .\njohnson, s. 1998. tasmanian wilderness world heritage area: flora. urltoken. viewed on august 17, 2001 .\npademelons are small compact macropods. the term macropod is derived from the scientific name macropoidea which means ‘large footed’. there are three types of pademelon in australia, and only one is found in tasmania. the tasmanian pademelon is also commonly known as a red - bellied pademelon or rufous wallaby. tasmanian pademelons are dark brown to dark grey in colour, buff underneath with a rufous tinge. their tail is about two - thirds the length of their body. males are much larger than females, averaging 7kg, but can reach 12kg. females have an average weight of 3. 9kg. it is estimated that they live only 5 - 6 years in the wild .\nnutrition the pademelon feeds on a variety of herbs, grasses, small shrubs, seedlings and shoots and nectar - bearing flowers .\nsource / reference article learn how you can use or cite the pademelon article in your website content, school work and other projects .\npademelon is a herbivore. its diet is based on the leaves, grass, shoots, herbs, mosses, ferns and berries .\npademelon spends its life in dense undergrowth of forest. it creates tunnels in the tall grass and bushes that are used to facilitate access to the feeding areas and as the escape routes. most macropods use their tail as a third leg. due to small size of a tail of pademelon, it is not used as additional limb (pademelon drags it across the ground while it moves through the forest) .\navidly eat brush and foilage, sometimes competing with the livestock of tasmanian farmers. this has been controlled recently by the installation of electric fences. (statham 1994 )\njustification of ecoregion delineation the tasmanian temperate rainforest ecoregion includes the majority of three ibra’s: all of ‘d’entrecasteaux’ and ‘west and south west’, and most of ‘woolnorth’, except for king island (thackway and cresswell 1995). this ecoregion encompasses most of the ‘western tasmanian wilderness’ centre of plant diversity (harris et al. 1995) .\npademelon is small marsupial and close relative of wallaby and kangaroo. it belongs to the kangaroo family (macropod). there are 7 species of pademelon that can be found in australia, papua new guinea and tasmania. pademelon inhabits wet sclerophyll forests and rainforests in the coastal areas. major threats for the survival of these animals are habitat loss (due to accelerated deforestation), hunting (because of their fur and meat), introduction of various predators and lack of food. mountain and calaby' s pademelon are already on the list of endangered species .\nthe tasmanian pademelon used to exist in south - eastern south australia and victoria. it is now presumed extinct, having not been sighted in sa for over 100 years and in victoria for over 80 years. the extinction coincided with excessive land clearing for agriculture, and the establishment of the european red fox .\nthe pademelon is common over much of tasmania, and the larger of the bass strait islands. it also occurs on maria and bruny islands .\nbaby pademelon then spend the next 6 months or so growing and developing inside the pouch and eventually begin to venture out into the outside world .\npademelon has pointed nose, round, dark - colored eyes, prominent, erect ears, stocky body, short legs and short, thick tail .\npademelon is covered with soft fur that is dark brown to grey - brown on the back and reddish - brown or creamy - colored on the belly .\ntasmanian pademelon filmed at mount field tasmania, footage can be used for none profit, single use, educational purposes as long as credit is given. please contact for all other uses. filmed on a canon 7d at 1080p. filming tasmanian wildlife. wildlife tv nature wildlife documentaries. tasmanian wilderness. silver eye camera equipment. canon eos 7d canon l ef 300mm f4 telephoto lens canon l ef 17 - 40mm f4 lens. manfrotto 501 pan and tilt fluid head. rode video mic pro zoom h2 audio recorder alan gordon car mounting suction caps. car mounting camera system. servo city speed controllers. workshop equipment used. hafco metal machines. hafco hm 50 vertical milling machine. hafco al50ga bench lathe weldmaster mig welder\nthe pademelon was once part of the thylacine’s diet. quolls, tasmanian devils, wedge - tailed eagles and pythons are natural predators with feral cats, dogs and foxes now also accounting for some deaths. the introduction of rabbits meant more competition for available pasture. clearing of land has increased the number of larger macropods into regions that were once inhabited solely by pademelons. despite all these problems, the pademelon continues to thrive in tasmania and on the islands nearby. culling occurs regularly to control the population .\npademelon can reach 16. 5 to 20. 5 inches in length and 7. 7 to 26 pounds of weight. males are much larger than females .\nrose rw, mccartney dj (1982) reproduction of the red - bellied pademelon, thylogale billiardieri (marsupialia). australian wildlife research 9, 27 - 32 .\nstatus, conservation and threats pademelon meat is generally considered inferior to the more common beef and mutton but it was still an important food item for aboriginals and early settlers. like all macropod meat, pademelon is low in fat and cholesterol. they are also hunted for their coats which, when tanned, give a soft pelt .\npademelon is very shy creature that is rarely seen in the wild because it rarely leaves the safety of the forest. it cannot be seen more than 328 feet away from the forest edge .\nthe tasmanian pademelon occupies a diversity of habitats provided there are dense, moist thickets for daytime shelter. thus it is found in wet sclerophyll forest, temperate rainforest, tea - tree scrub, and dry sclerophyll forest with an open, grassy understorey. it is often in sympatry with red - necked wallabies and shares foraging areas at night but is likely to be in thicker cover during the day. crypsis rather than flight protects it from predators whereas the larger wallaby tends to flee. the use of open grasslands for forages brings the pademelon into conflict with agriculture and it is poisoned and shot in some areas .\nthe park has diverse wildlife including the tasmanian sub - species of eastern grey kangaroo and red - necked wallaby. other mammals include wombats, tasmanian devils, brush - tailed possums and echidnas. bird life is diverse with species from heath, shore and sea given the coastal location. there are large grassy areas from former livestock grazing that have remained open through the foraging of native herbivores. this makes for ideal viewing of macropods, especially around dawn and dusk .\ntasmanian pademelons are what is termed ‘partly protected’. this is a legal definition meaning that they can be hunted during open seasons, their skins and meat sold commercially. they are also poisoned or shot by farmers and the forestry industry under the authority of ‘crop protection’ permits. many thousands of tasmanian pademelons are killed every year - see issues sheet no. 7 for more on poisoning and shooting of pademelons, and issues sheet no. 8 for information about non - lethal methods of control .\nshooting is affecting the average age of pademelon populations. the selective shooting for larger (and older) animals means that fewer live to old age, and the average age of the population is significantly reduced .\nreddish coloured fur is something of a theme with red - bellied, red - necked and red - legged in the species common names. they emerge from forest cover at night to eat succulent grasses and take some browse. they have remained common over much of their geographic range but the tasmanian pademelon was once found in south - eastern south australia and victoria. dense thickets of vegetation are required for shelter and so habitat fragmentation and clearing reduce the viability of populations .\na number of species are restricted to this ecoregion, including the critically endangered orange - bellied parrot (neophema chrysogaster) (hilton - taylor 2000), which returns from its wintering range on mainland australia to breed in coastal southwest tasmania. the birds utilize a wide variety of habitat, nesting in tree hollows only on the edge of rainforest and eucalypt forest, and feeding in buttongrass plains. whereas flocks numbering in the thousands were recorded in the 1800s, less than 200 of these birds remain today (bryant and jackson 1999). twenty - one species of native birds regularly utilize rainforest habitat, including the grey goshawk (accipiter novaehollandiae), brown scrubwren (sericornis humilis), and black currawong (strepera fulignosa). mammals found in the rainforest include the dusky antechinus (antechinus swainsonii) and the spotted - tail quoll (dasyurus maculatus) (vu) (hilton - taylor 2000), as well as several tasmanian endemics, including the tasmanian long - tailed mouse (pseudomys higginsi), tasmanian pademelon (thylogale billardierii), and tasmanian devil (sarcophilus harrisii) (wildlife service of tasmania 2000). the tasmanian pademelon was once found on mainland australia but was eradicated due to loss of habitat and overhunting for meat and pelts (strahan 1998). the monotypic amphibian bryobatrachus nimbus is found only in the southern, lowland moist forests of this ecoregion. one reptile is endemic to this ecoregion, the pedra branca skink (niveoscinus palfreymani), which can be found only on tiny, offshore pedra branca island and is considered vulnerable (hilton - taylor 2000). the invertebrate fauna found in rainforest includes a number of ancient and primitive species, such as the giant velvet worm (tasmanipatus barretti), northwest velvet worm (ooperipatellus cryptus), and hickman’s mountain shrimp (allanaspides hickmani) .\nthe diet of the tasmanian pademelon is primarily short green grasses and broad - leafed herbs (forbs). it will browse on the seedlings of woody plants bringing it into conflict with forestry where tree seedlings are planted out near cover. the graze down grasses and reduce the growth of eucalypt seedlings but much of this damage is indirect through encouraging more insect damage. the effect is short - term and mainly during the first 15 weeks of planting out seedlings. damage also lessens the further from cover with less foraging activity as distance from the forest edge increases .\npregnancy in female lasts 30 days and ends with one, poorly develop baby called joey. baby completes its embryonic development inside the mother' s pouch and spends first 6 months inside it. young pademelon is weaned at the age of 7 to 8 months .\noften referred to as a kangaroo in tasmania, males can weigh more than 20 kg and stand up to 1. 5 m tall. they can be distinguished from the pademelon and kangaroo by their black nose and paws, and white stripe on the upper lip .\nthere appear to be no major threats to this species. in parts of its tasmanian range it is considered to be a pest species of agricultural crops (johnson and rose 2008). the mainland populations were driven to extinction mainly by introduced foxes. in tasmania the recent introduction of foxes could become a major threat if they are not controlled .\njackson, w. d. 1999b. the tasmanian environment. pages 11 - 38 in j. b. reid, r. s. hill, m. j. brown, and m. j. hovendon, editors. vegatation of tasmania. flora of australia supplementary series. no. 8. australian biological resources study, environment australia, canberra .\nbefore the fire, andy was growing fast and well out of the pouch. he and his mother were inseparable, and used to nuzzle each other lovingly. if he became separated from her and disoriented, she would face any threat to get to him. she was a small pademelon but extremely brave .\npademelon thumps the ground with its hind legs when it detects predators. this habit is useful for the forest animals because it informs them about the upcoming danger. vibrations of the soil are very strong and they can easily trick large snakes that some very large, and potentially dangerous animal is the one that creates them .\nharris, s. , j. balmer, and j. whinam. 1995. western tasmanian wilderness. pages 495 – 499 in s. d. davis, v. h. heywood and a. c. hamilton. editors. centres of plant diversity. volume 2. asia, australasia, and the pacific. wwf / iucn, iucn publications unit, cambridge, uk .\ncurrent status a large portion of this ecoregion is protected by the 13, 800 km2 tasmanian wilderness world heritage site. less than 25 percent of the tasmanian wilderness world heritage site contains rainforest vegetation, which can grow only where fires are infrequent (harris et al. 1995). in general, rainforest vegetation is well - conserved, with 45 percent found in protected areas and another 12 percent currently proposed for protection (brown and podger 1999). out of an identified 38 communities, all but six are deemed to have good representation in protected areas (jarman et al. 1991 in brown and podger 1999). wet eucalypt forest are not as well - represented in protected areas, with only 18 percent of this community included in reserves (brown and podger 1999) .\nthe cool, moist climate of rugged western tasmania harbors a rich, gondwanan flora. rainforest vegetation mixes with a variety of habitats in this ecoregion, supporting endemic plants, rare marsupials, and endangered birds. although rainforest is well - conserved in the large tasmanian wilderness world heritage area, fire is a pervasive threat to rainforest vegetation throughout the region, and logging and mining continue outside protected areas .\nbreeding is continuous but the majority of young are born in april - june. the pouch life is about 7 months so most young exit the pouch permanently in summer or early autumn when grass growth in the cold tasmanian climate is vigorous. gestation is about 30 d with a post - partum oestrus and embryonic diapause occurs if the pouch is occupied. young are weaned at about 14 - 15 months .\nreproduction gestation for the pademelon is 30 days. joeys stay in the pouch for about six months and are weaned at eight months. both sexes are sexually mature at around 14 to15 months and lifespan in the wild is between five and six years. the joey is tiny when born and claws its way to the pouch where it attaches itself to a teat .\nthis nocturnal macropod hides in thick bush during the day, resting or browsing amongst protective vegetation, preferring rainforest, water courses and wet forest. they live in bushland adjacent to glades or pastures where they go to graze during the night. it is thought that land clearing in a mosaic pattern (giving them access to more grassed areas whilst retaining shelter areas close by) and the extinction of the tasmanian tiger has enabled them to breed higher numbers than before european settlement .\nthe tasmanian pademelon, thylogale billardierii, is a medium - sized wallaby that adapts well to captivity and, unlike the well - studied tammar wallaby, is capable of breeding all year round. it may, therefore, be a useful model species for research into the reproductive biology of macropod marsupials. this paper presents necessary background data on histological changes in the reproductive organs and the rate of embryonic growth during gestation in t1 billardierii. after day 4 rpy (removal of young from the pouch) the gravid and non - gravid uteri differ significantly in some histological parameters. the corpus luteum becomes active by day 6 rpy and is fully developed by day 14 rpy; it begins to degenerate from day 19 rpy. plasma progesterone concentrations through gestation follow a pattern similar to that in the tammar wallaby. there is an early, smaller, peak at day 5 rpy, with plasma concentrations of progesterone then falling until the larger pre - partum peak occurs several days before birth .\nbehaviour whatever the terrain of his environment the pademelon makes tunnels through the undergrowth or grasses to expedite access from feeding areas to resting places. it is solitary and nocturnal. it rests up during the day in dense vegetation and moves out at dusk to feed. even then it rarely moves more than 100 metres from the security of the thick undergrowth. in common with many macropods, it communicates danger to others by thumping the ground with a hind foot .\napproximately 70% of pademelon births occur around the beginning of winter. the single small unhaired and blind offspring (i. e. new - born joey) is born 30 days after mating, making its way to the pouch and attaching itself to a nipple. it remains in the pouch for 6. 5 months. soon after the birth, the mother mates again, with the new embryo not developing until the previous young pademelon is nearly ready to leave the pouch. it is possible for the mother to be suckling a new - born pouch young, and a larger joey outside the pouch, whilst carrying a third embryo suspended in its development within her uterus (‘diapause’). amazingly the nipples are able to produce two different types of milk, one for the joey in the pouch, and a milk that is higher in energy, protein and fats for the joey outside of the pouch. pademelons wean from their mothers at around 7 - 8 months, and are able to start breeding themselves at 14 - 15 months of age .\ndescription the male is considerably larger than the female. males weigh around 12 kg and are 1 to 1. 2 metres in height (measured when sitting on the hind legs) while females average 3. 9 kg in weight. the hind feet are about 13 cm in length. the legs and tail are relatively short making it easier for them to push through thick undergrowth. the fur is thicker than other species of thylogale as tasmania is cooler than other pademelon habitats. the colour can vary from dark - to grey - brown on the upper surfaces but the belly is a red - brown or rufous colour. the males have muscular ‘upper bodies’ – forearms and chests .\nthe pademelons are small, compact, short - tailed wallabies that typically inhabit wet sclerophyll and rainforests from tasmania to new guinea. the genus is equally diverse in new guinea (4 species) and australia (3 species) with one of the latter, the red - legged pademelon (t. stigmatica), in both regions. the pademelons occupy an interesting taxonomic position and may have been the ancestors of both tree - kangaroos and rock - wallabies a few million years ago. given the absence of rock - wallabies from new guinea but presence of pademelons in both australia and new guinea, tree - kangaroos likely evolved first, probably in new guinea, and two species entered the far north through cape york. rock - wallabies evolved later in australia, probably on the east coast where pademelons are found, and when no suitable habitat breached the torres strait or bass strait given their absence from tasmania .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nmammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together. * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production. a valuable reference work and a vital tool, particularly for researchers. * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections. * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work, and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come. * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work. * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work. - - g. r. seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist, and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines. * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals. this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries. * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues, we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003... we can say that the wait was worth it. - - sergio solari and robert j. baker * journal of mammalogy *\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution, large population, occurrence in a number of protected areas, tolerance to some degree of habitat modification, and because its overall population appears to be stable .\nthis species is present on the island of tasmania and the larger islands of the bass strait, australia. it was formerly present in south - eastern south australia and victoria (johnson and rose 2008), but became extinct in this region in the 1920s. it occurs up to around 1, 400 m asl in tasmania .\nit is found in areas of dense vegetation within wet sclerophyll forest, temperate moist forest, scrubland and open grassy areas containing refuges of dense vegetation (johnson and rose 2008). it may form loose groups of up to ten animals when feeding (johnson and rose 2008). breeding is continuous throughout the year (johnson and rose 2008). it is tolerant of some degree of habitat disturbance .\nit is present in many protected areas in tasmania. fox control programs should be implemented in tasmania .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nkangaroos are marsupials and belong to the family macropodidae (i. e. big feet) that is grouped with the potoroidae (potoroos, bettongs, rat - kangaroos) and hypsiprymnodontidae (musky rat - kangaroo) in the super - family, macropodoidea. this comprises around 50 species in\nsome of the smaller species, such as yellow - footed rock - wallabies, burrowing bettongs, accompanied pig - footed and golden bandicoots, bilbies and possibly hairy - nosed wombats into extinction with the advent of pastoralism. however, the largest species remain in much of their original range with the grey kangaroos expanding inland as grazing habitat increased and coastal habitat was lost in clearance for agriculture. the defining feature of the kangaroo family is that they are the largest vertebrates to hop (both currently and from what we know from palaeontology) .\nmt william national park conserves coastal heath and dry sclerophyll woodland in north - eastern tasmania. the nearest town is gladstone, 320 km and about 4 hours drive from hobart and 127 km and under 2 hours drive from launceston. access to the park is along short gravel roads from gladstone (northern section) or st helens (southern section). the park has day visitor centres near the campgrounds located at stumpys bay in the north and along the coastal drive from eddystone point to deep creek in the south. best developed in near campground 4 at stumpys bay which has gas barbecues. fire our allowed except when bans operate but visitors must bring their own firewood. bore water is supplied in campgrounds but is not recommended from drinking and so potable water should be brought in. rubbish must be taken out as not collection facilities are provided. campgrounds have pit - toilets but no power .\nthe long fur is thick and soft indicative of the cool temperate climate of tasmania .\nthe back and sides are grizzled grey - black with some rich dark brown individuals .\nthe head is a uniform olive - grey except for a slight pale yellow line along the upper lip and around the eye sockets .\nthe ears are short and have a black margin with the inner ear and base yellow - brown .\nthe undersides are yellow with a red tinge, and the area around the cloaca is brightly coloured .\nthe arms and legs are grey - brown, the hands and feet are brown. the tail is short (about 2 / 3 length of body) and grey - brown near the base changing to grey - white towards the end on the underside .\nthe species is strongly sexually dimorphic with males larger and more muscular in the forelimbs and chest than females. reproductive behaviour has not been described in detail and presumably males compete amongst themselves for mating opportunities with the sexes intermingling .\nhome ranges are relatively large at around 170 ha and individuals may travel up to 2 km in a night through forest. at the forest edge, they rarely emerge more than about 100 m to graze and browse on grassy patches. aggregations occur at night on these foraging grounds where social interactions take place. sheltering during the day is likely solitary except for mothers and dependent young - at - foot .\nbulinski j, mcarthur c (2003) identifying factors related to the severity of mammalian browsing damage in eucalypt plantations. forest ecology and management 183, 239 - 247 .\nle mar k, mcarthur c (2005) comparison of habitat selection by two sympatric macropods, thylogale billardierii and macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus, in a patchy eucalypt - forestry environment. austral ecology 30, 674 - 683 .\nle mar k, mcarthur c, statham m (2003) home ranges of sympatric red - necked wallabies, red - bellied pademelons and common brushtail possums in a temperate eucalypt forestry environment. australian mammalogy 25, 183 - 191 .\nsprent ja, mcarthur c (2002) diet and diet selection of two species in the macropodid browser - grazer continuum: do they eat what they' should'? australian journal of zoology 50, 183 - 192 .\nwhile gm, mcarthur c (2005) foraging in a risky environment: a comparison of bennett' s wallabies macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus (marsupialia: macropodidae) and red - bellied pademelons thylogale billiardierii (marsupialia: macropodidae) in open habitats. austral ecology 30, 756 - 764 .\n, a wildlife tourism information provider. the information is general only and does not purport to be comprehensive. the currency of the information is at the time of production only. new information and the correction of inaccuracies may be placed on this web site but there is no obligation to do so. the information is not intended to provide or make any recommendation on which you should rely – if you rely on this information then you do so at your own risk. the producers of this website exclude any liability for any error or inaccuracy in, or omissions from, the pages and any loss or damage which you or any other person may suffer. the producers do not necessarily endorse any company, product, service or organisation represented on the website .\nwith questions or comments about this web site. text copyright © 2007 rootourism - the kangaroo trail\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nthey make ‘runways’, or paths, beneath dense vegetation, both to move to and from feeding areas, and as an excellent means of escaping predators quickly. they travel nightly along defined paths through bush and pasture made by many such trips by a number of pademelons and other grass - eating wildlife .\npademelons are classified as a browser, rather than a grazer (grass eater). studies have shown that whilst grass makes up a large part of their diet, they eat a variety of other plant types. one study has shown grasses made up 53% of the diet of pademelons. broadleafed plants made up around 38% of their intake .\nthey will browse seedlings and small shrubs. when food is scarce, particularly in late winter, pademelons living around human habitation will browse a wide variety of accessible garden plants. fencing yards or guarding individual plants is the best method to halt them. they are treated as pests by farmers and forestry companies as they eat crops, pasture and newly planted seedlings. see issues sheets numbers 5 & 7 for more information .\nin dry seasons and during extended drought periods, the availability of water can cause the pademelons to remain in the moister forest environment. during these times they are also at increased risk of being killed whilst crossing roads that intersect their foraging areas to seek water .\npademelons emerge from their daytime cover at dusk in ones and twos (earlier in summer, later in winter). on dull days and during the short - length days of winter they are sometimes seen at the edges of their forest habitats grazing. in darker canopy forests they are sometimes seen browsing during the daylight hours. groups of 10 - 20 or more pademelons of both genders gather to browse an area together. although they don’t appear as sociable as kangaroos, they graze quite close together. they move about slowly on all fours when grazing pasture. if disturbed, they scatter widely with a burst of speed, using only their hind legs .\nthey may venture 100 metres or more from the forest fringe to browse, with their home range being anywhere from around 15 hectares, to upwards of 100 hectares, depending on food availability. females have a smaller home range than males. individuals have been known to travel more than 2 kilometres from their daytime base to favourite feeding areas .\nusually silent feeders, occasionally a squabble may break out in which case a gutteral hiss or growl may be heard. if fighting, the males are particularly strong in the hind legs: they stand and grapple each other and fur may fly. males may also produce a clucking sound when following a female during breeding time. mothers use a similar sound when ordering their joey into the pouch .\nit seems pademelons believe in safety in numbers! they have a social strategy to manage the risk of predation. it has been shown that larger groups of pademelons are able to spend less time as individuals being vigilant for predators, and more time grazing. they also have individual strategies to minimise risk of predation. the further they are from cover, the more they are ‘on the lookout’. this is also the reason that they usually only leave cover at dusk, and go home again at dawn. one study showed that pademelons spend approximately 15% of their time ‘on the lookout’ .\npademelons stay closer to cover than larger macropod species, such as the bennetts wallaby. although fast over short distances, they are not able to sustain the speed, instead, they use crypsis, their ability to blend into the bush, to escape predation .\nshould foxes establish in tasmania, pademelons would be under serious threat. pademelons are bound to become far less common over time if this occurred .\nbefore the fire, we had the most wonderful group of about 30 or so pademelons and bennetts wallabies who used to come in from the bush and gather around our house. there was andy and his mum, little man, old lady and many others. of the group, the ones i’ve named were the only survivors. others who were badly burned somehow made their way to our lawn and died there. i have tears in my eyes recounting this .\nwe spent a lot of time every day leaving buckets of water all over our property, as well as distributing pasture replacement pellets from carers for wildlife tasmania .\nafter the fire, andy didn’t have a scratch on him but his mother was quite burned. she had protected him the whole time, carrying him in her pouch through the fire to safety, despite his size. it must have been extremely hard for her to keep ahead of the fire. even with her injuries, she continued to protect him .\nwhen he later became trapped behind a pile of debris and couldn’t get out, she waited by the pile for days until we discovered him and freed him .\nthe most unique aspect of this animal, which is easily observed, is the\nrunways\n( cleared tracks) the pademelons make in the ground vegetation they are a nocturnal animal sleeping by day in the undergrowth and coming out at night to graze in clearings. they are fairly solitary and territorial, though a number have been observed feeding close together\na stocky looking small wallaby sized mammal the male is bigger than the female (8kg vs 4kg on average). they have a short tail and short legs in comparisism to wallabies and kangaroos the pademelons distinctive fur covered round ears are a good way of identifying them. their fur ranges from dark brown to grey, with a red to brown coloured belly\nthese pademelons are only found in tasmania. they need dense undergrowth to sleep in during the day and access to clearings for grazing in the night. these areas include rainforests, costal scrub wet forrest gullies, etc\npademelons can breed all year round but most births occur in autumn (april to june) one young only is born at a time. after a one month gestation period the young stays in the pouch for a further 6 months and is weaned after a further 4 months. in the wild they have a life span of around 4 to 6 years .\n, are native to australia and tasmania, but now are only found on tasmania. red - bellied pademelons were once widespread and abundant on the mainland of australia, but they have been extinct on the mainland since the early 1900s. red - bellied pademelons are still abundant on tasmania and the larger islands of bass strait .\nwill also inhabit wet gullies in dry open eucalyptus field. however, when in a clear area, they usually stay within 100 meters of forest shelter. (pbs )\nare short stocky marsupials. adult males weigh about 7 kg, females only about 4 kg. pademelons have a short tail and compact body that are useful for maneuvering through dense vegetation .\nhave soft fine fur that is dark brown to grey brown on the dorsal side (back) of the animal, and reddish brown or lighter brown on the ventral side (stomach). the males of\nhave a broad chest and forearms, which are factors that contribute to males being larger than females. (parks and wildlife services of tasmania )\nrange length 1 to 1. 5 m 3. 28 to 4. 92 ft\nare polygynandrous. occasional clicking can be heard in males chasing after females in oestrus. immediately after birth, the female again comes into oestrus, but the blastocyst remains in embryonic diapause .\n, pouch life is six and a half months, and the young are weaned from the mothers teat around seven or eight months .\nare solitary animals that come together for mating, and will occasionally share a feeding ground .\nreproduce in captivity year round, but in the wild 70% of births are in late autumn. the gestation period is 30 days. the young makes its way into the pouch immediately after birth, and attaches itself to one of four teats. if there are other siblings, the newly born joey will choose a teat not used by a sibling .\nimmediately after birth, the mother again comes into oestrus and mates. the resulting embryo develops into the blastocyst stage, and then remains in embryonic diapause. if the current joey is lost or removed, the blastocyst is developed and born 27 - 28 days later. if the current joey develops naturally, it will be replaced on the night he leaves the pouch by a new young resulting from the activated blastocyst (rose et al. 1999) .\nare exclusively cared for by the mother, until they are weaned at around 7 months. (rose et al 1999 )\nthe lifespan of thylogale billardierri is around 5 - 6 years in the wild. there is unsufficient data for the lifespan in captivity. (pbs )\nare mainly solitary animals that come together for mating and occasionally for feeding. there is no evidence however, that any further connection between individuals persists .\ntravel to a feeding spot (sometimes as far away as 2km) each evening at dusk and return to a bedding spot each morning. daytime feeding is extremely rare. as many as ten individuals may come together for feeding; however, they scatter immediately when they sense danger. (parks and wildlife services of tasmania )\nmainly eat short green grasses and herbs, and they occasionally eat taller woody plants .\nare nocturnal and feed at night close to the protection of the forest. (pbs )\nhas a soft, fine fur that is valuable to humans. the meat of\nonly inhabit tasmania, this fact has added increased interest in tourism. (stranham )\nis currently very abundant and widespread in tasmania. the species is harvested each year to ensure that the numbers remain controlled and abundant. (pbs )\nadrienne davis (author), university of michigan - ann arbor, kate teeter (editor), university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in australia, new zealand, tasmania, new guinea and associated islands .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching. in birds, naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nin mammals, a condition in which a fertilized egg reaches the uterus but delays its implantation in the uterine lining, sometimes for several months .\nhumans benefit economically by promoting tourism that focuses on the appreciation of natural areas or animals. ecotourism implies that there are existing programs that profit from the appreciation of natural areas or animals .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nthe kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males, each of which also pairs with several different females .\nrainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\njohnson, k. , r. rose. 1995. pademelons, thylogale. pp. 394 - 396 in r strahan, ed .\npbs ,\ntasmania, land of the devils\n( on - line). accessed october 5, 2001 at urltoken .\nparks and wildlife services of tasmania ,\nwildlife of tasmania\n( on - line). accessed october 2, 2001 at urltoken .\nstatham, m. 1994. electric fencing for the control of wallaby movement .\nto cite this page: davis, a. 2002 .\nthylogale billardierii\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services." ]

{ "text": [ "the tasmanian pademelon ( thylogale billardierii ) , also known as the rufous-bellied pademelon or red-bellied pademelon , is the sole endemic species of pademelon , marsupials found in tasmania , and formerly throughout south-eastern australia .", "this pademelon has developed heavier and bushier fur than its northern relatives , who inhabit northern australia and papua new guinea .", "males reach around 12 kg ( 26.5 lbs ) in weight , 1 – 1.2 metres in length including the tail , and are considerably larger than the females , which average 3.9 kg ( 8.6 lbs ) . " ], "topic": [ 20, 28, 0 ] }

[ "the tasmanian pademelon (thylogale billardierii), also known as the rufous-bellied pademelon or red-bellied pademelon, is the sole endemic species of pademelon, marsupials found in tasmania, and formerly throughout south-eastern australia. this pademelon has developed heavier and bushier fur than its northern relatives, who inhabit northern australia and papua new guinea. males reach around 12 kg (26.5 lbs) in weight, 1 – 1.2 metres in length including the tail, and are considerably larger than the females, which average 3.9 kg (8.6 lbs)." ]

[ "enter the name or part of a name you wish to search for. the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard. e. g.' papilio *'. keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature. unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance. meanwhile, please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr. 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail: fauna - eu (at) mfn - berlin. de website: urltoken\nblå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch. kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade. kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor, t ex arter i ett visst län, i en viss biotop, substrat, som påverkas av en hotfaktor, eller som är knutna till en sk värdart, t ex trädet alm. dessa kan även kombineras .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, knutna till alm, är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .\ndefaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer. under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade. om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer. nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .\ndenna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera. du kan t. ex. navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn. du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder, kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista. ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera”, där du kan söka på olika egenskaper. ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .\nthe mit license copyright (c) 2014 - 2016 google, inc. urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license (mit) copyright (c) 2011 - 2015 twitter, inc permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright (c) 2008 - 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2014 openlayers contributors. all rights reserved. redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution. this software is provided by openlayers contributors '` as is'' and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed. in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, exemplary, or consequential damages (including, but not limited to, procurement of substitute goods or services; loss of use, data, or profits; or business interruption) however caused and on any theory of liability, whether in contract, strict liability, or tort (including negligence or otherwise) arising in any way out of the use of this software, even if advised of the possibility of such damage. the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, either expressed or implied, of openlayers contributors .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3. 2 / / en\nbelgium, namur, lavaux ste. - anne, 13 june 2004. (photo © chris steeman )" ]

{ "text": [ "adela violella is a moth of the adelidae family .", "it is found in most of europe , except ireland , great britain , fennoscandia , the baltic region , croatia , greece and portugal .", "the wingspan is about 11 mm .", "adults are on wing from june to july .", "the larvae feed on the flowers and seeds of hypericum perforatum . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 8, 8 ] }

[ "adela violella is a moth of the adelidae family. it is found in most of europe, except ireland, great britain, fennoscandia, the baltic region, croatia, greece and portugal. the wingspan is about 11 mm. adults are on wing from june to july. the larvae feed on the flowers and seeds of hypericum perforatum." ]

[ "data from: conservation genetics and the implication for recovery of the endangered mitchell’s satyr butterfly, neonympha mitchellii mitchellii .\nal15 _ sortdata from: conservation genetics and the implication for recovery of the endangered mitchell’s satyr butterfly, neonympha mitchellii mitchellii .\nal15 _ sortdata from: conservation genetics and the implication for recovery of the endangered mitchell’s satyr butterfly, neonympha mitchellii mitchellii. - dryad\nrecovery plan (esa): recovery plan for mitchell’s satyr butterfly mitchell’s satyr butterfly, neonympha mitchellii mitchellii french. approved 4 / 2 / 88\nlee, y. 2000. special animal abstract for mitchell’s satyr butterfly, neonympha mitchellii mitchellii (mitchell’s satyr butterfly). michigan natural features inventory, lansing, mi. 4 pp .\nhamm ca, rademacher v, landis da, williams bl (2013) data from: conservation genetics and the implication for recovery of the endangered mitchell’s satyr butterfly, neonympha mitchellii mitchellii .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service, 1997. recovery plan for mitchell’s satyr butterfly mitchell’s satyr butterfly, neonympha mitchellii mitchellii french. ft. snelling, mn. viii + 71 pp .\nbarton, b. 2004 .\nneonympha mitchellii\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\nshuey, j. a. 1997. conservation status and natural history of mitchell’s satyr butterfly, neonympha mitchellii mitchellii french (insecta: lepidoptera: nymphalidae). natural areas journal 17 (2): 153 - 163 .\n( hyde, et al. , 2001 ;\nrecovery plan for the mitchell' s satyr butterfly < < neonympha mitchelli mitchellii > >\n, 1998 )\nhamm ca, rademacher v, landis da, williams bl (2013) conservation genetics and the implication for recovery of the endangered mitchell’s satyr butterfly, neonympha mitchellii mitchellii. journal of heredity 105 (1): 19 - 27. urltoken\nrecovery plan for the mitchell' s satyr butterfly < < neonympha mitchelli mitchellii > >. ft. snelling, mn: us fish and wildlife service. 1998 .\nszymanski, j. a. 1999. population and spatial ecology of the mitchell’s satyr butterfly, neonympha mitchellii mitchellii french, in southwestern michigan. master’s thesis. univ. of minn. , minneapolis - st. paul, mn. 78 pp .\nthe saint francis’ satyr (neonympha mitchellii francisci) is an endangered butterfly found only in north carolina, usa. first discovered in 1983, it was officially described in 1989 and listed as a federally endangered species by the us fish and wildlife service in 1994. it is a subspecies of n. mitchellii and is only known from a single metapopulation on fort bragg military base in hoke and cumberland counties. the other subspecies, mitchell' s satyr (neonympha mitchellii mitchellii), is also federally endangered .\nto cite this page: barton, b. 2004 .\nneonympha mitchellii\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\nholotype: parshall, d. k. & kral, t. w. 1989. a new subspecies of neonympha mitchellii (satyridae) from north carolina. j. lepid. soc. 43 (2): 114 - 119 .\nmichigan department of natural resources .\nmitchell' s satyr butterfly neonympha mitchellii mitchellii\n( on - line). michigan department of natural resources. accessed february 18, 2003 at http: / / www. michigan. gov. / dnr / 0, 1607, 7 - 153 - 10370 _ 12145 _ 12204 - 33013 - -, 00. html .\nhamm, c. a. ; rademacher, v. ; landis, d. a. ; williams, b. l. (2013) .\nconservation genetics and the implication for recovery of the endangered mitchell' s satyr butterfly, neonympha mitchellii mitchellii\n. journal of heredity 105 (1): 19–27. doi: 10. 1093 / jhered / est073. issn 0022 - 1503 .\nrabe, m. l. , m. a. kost, h. d. enander, and e. h. schools. 2002. u se of a gis - based habitat model to identify potential release sites for mitchell’s satyr butterfly, neonympha mitchellii mitchellii in michigan. report to the u. s. fish and wildlife service – region 3 office, fort snelling, mn. 34 pp .\nblack, s. h. , and d. m. vaughan. 2005. species profile: neonympha mitchellii mitchellii. in shepherd, m. d. , d. m. vaughan, and s. h. black (eds). red list of pollinator insects of north america. cd - rom version 1 (may 2005). portland, or: the xerces society for invertebrate conservation .\n( darlow, 2000; mcalpine, et al. , 1960; roble, et al. , 2001 ;\nsaint francis' satyr recovery plan\n, 1996 ;\nrecovery plan for the mitchell' s satyr butterfly < < neonympha mitchelli mitchellii > >\n, 1998 )\nholotype for neonympha mitchellii francisci parshall & kral, 1989 catalog number: usnm collection: smithsonian institution, national museum of natural history, department of entomology sex / stage: male; preparation: pinned collector (s): t. kral year collected: 1984 locality: cumberland co. n. c. fort bragg mil. res, cumberland, north carolina, united states\n( hall, 1993; hall, 1994; rabe, et al. , 2002; roble, et al. , 2001; shuey, 1997; szymanski, 1999 ;\nmitchell' s satyr butterfly - endangered species fact sheet\n, 1999 ;\nsaint francis' satyr recovery plan\n, 1996 ;\nrecovery plan for the mitchell' s satyr butterfly < < neonympha mitchelli mitchellii > >\n, 1998 )\nthe habitat requirements of mitchell’s satyr (neonympha mitchellii mitchellii) are poorly understood, but it nearly always occurs in calcareous wetlands, commonly known as fens. these habitats are characterized by low - nutrient levels and alkaline water discharge from groundwater seeps. the plant communities are dominated by sedges, with upright (tussock) sedge (carex stricta) occurring at every historic site. deciduous shrubs and coniferous trees such as tamarack (larix laricina) and eastern redcedar (juniperus virginiana) are also found in plant communities associated with the butterfly, and the butterfly is often reported as occurring at the interface between open stands of sedge meadows and woody vegetation .\nthe role of n. mitchellii in the ecosystem is that of prey for the previously mentioned predators. they may also serve as pollinators to some degree, and the larvae may be significant herbivores on sedge plants .\nkuefler, daniel; haddad, nick m. ; hall, stephen; hudgens, brian; bartel, becky; hoffman, erich (2008) .\ndistribution, population structure and habitat use of the endangered saint francis satyr butterfly, neonympha mitchellii francisci\n. the american midland naturalist 159 (2): 298–320. doi: 10. 1674 / 0003 - 0031 (2008) 159 [ 298: dpsahu ] 2. 0. co; 2. issn 0003 - 0031 .\nmcalpine, w. s. , s. p. hubbell, and t. e. pliske. 1960. the distribution, habits, and life history of euptychia mitchellii (satyridae). journal of the lepidopterists' society 14 (3): 209 - 226 .\nmitchell' s satyrs are small, brown butterflies that are unmarked on the upper surface of the wings. their wings have rows of round, black, yellow - ringed\neyespots\non the undersides of their wings. they have two orange lines that border the undersides of both fore - and hind - wings. females are slightly lighter in color than males. the forewings of the males range from 1. 6 - 1. 8 cm; females are larger, ranging from 1. 8 - 2. 1 cm .\nsaint francis' satyrs are slightly different than mitchell' s satyrs. they are darker, and the eyespots are usually more irregular in shape and they are circled by thinniner rings .\nthe eggs of both subspecies are greenish - white to cream colored and become tan when they age. the dark head of the larvae is visible one to two days before hatching .\nthe caterpillars of this species can be different shades of green with white stripes on their sides. young caterpillars have purple or black heads, and older caterpillars have small, white or green projections on their heads .\n( mcalpine, et al. , 1960; szymanski and shuey, 2002 )\npupae are generally light lime green in color, with some blue. there is also some pale green or whitish speckling. pupal lengths are 10. 5 - 15. 5 mm .\nthe species is only found in the united states. there are two recognized subspecies: mitchell' s satyr and saint francis' satyr. historically there were more than 30 isolated populations of mitchell' s satyr in the states of michigan, ohio, indiana, new jersey, and possibly maryland. currently, there are 19 known populations remaining, 17 in michigan and 2 in northern indiana (c. tansy, usfws, personal communication, hyde et al. 2001) .\nthere are 12 known populations of saint francis' satyrs in the southeastern united states. the first identified population was discovered in the sandhills region of north carolina in 1983. in 1998, intensive survey efforts located 10 more populations in virginia, and in 2000 one population was discovered in alabama .\n( glassberg, 2001; hall, 1993; roble, et al. , 2001 ;\nsaint francis' satyr recovery plan\n, 1996 )\nmitchell' s satyrs prefer wetlands such as bogs, fens, and sedge meadows. these habitats contain mostly sedges, with trees such as tamarack and red cedar. these butterflies generally use the areas on the edges of sedge meadows and dense stands of shrubs or tamarack trees .\n( kost, 2000; rabe, et al. , 2002; shuey, 1997; szymanski and shuey, 2002; szymanski, 1999 )\nin north carolina and virginia, saint francis' satyrs also occur in wetlands dominated by sedges. there is light to moderate grazing by livestock at these sites. there is very limited shrub cover at the virginia sites, primarily smooth alder (\n). there are ground water seepages and springs at most sites, and mud or gravel bottom streams in all sites. the dominant plant species is bulrush (\ncaterpillars in both subspecies go through five molts before they become pupae. in some populations, the caterpillars become dormant in the fall, and become active again the following spring .\n( legge and rabe, 1996; mcalpine, et al. , 1960 )\nmales spend most of their time looking for females. males often chase one another. females are not very active and generally stay within vegeatation. no courtship behaviors have been recorded. mating and egg - laying generally occur in mid to late afternoon .\nbefore they lay eggs, female mitchell' s satyrs must find a sot in the vegetation to lay their eggs. once they settle on a spot, they either lay their eggs immediately or flutter in the vegetation. if a female decides the spot is good, she' ll lay her eggs. if not, she' ll try to find another spot .\nfemales often lay their eggs close to the ground on small plants, under leaves and stems, and even on dead leaves. they generally lay eggs in clusters .\nhow often does reproduction occur? mitchell' s satyrs reproduce once per year, saint francis' satyrs breed twice per year in north caroloina, once in virginia; breeding interval in alabama unknown .\nbreeding season flight dates for mitchell' s satyr range from late june through mid - july. in virginia, saint francis' satyrs fly from early to late july. saint francis' satyr populations in north carolina are active from early may through early june and again from late july through late august .\nthere is no parental care in this species. females supply their eggs with nourishment, but once they have laid their eggs, they have no further interaction with their offspring .\nthe lifespan for an adult is approximately three weeks. if they are dormant in the winter, then they may live up to a year at most .\nmitchell' s satyrs are most active on warm, overcast days, and and are less active on sunny days, especially if it is very hot. in contrast, saint francis' satyrs are active on hot days .\n( darlow, 2000; roble, et al. , 2001; shuey, 1997 )\nmitchell' s satyrs do not have very large home ranges (less than 0. 05 hectares). the average individual appears to use only a small portion of what seems to be suitable habitat in the surrounding area .\nnot much is nown about how this species communicates. as in many butterflies, chemical cues may be important in mating, as is vision. females probably use vision and smell to find good sites to lay their eggs .\n( legge and rabe, 1996; mcalpine, et al. , 1960; roble, et al. , 2001; szymanski and shuey, 2002 )\nwe don' t have specific information on predators of these satyrs. common predators of butterflies (lepidoptera) include birds, spiders, ants, and parasitic wasps .\nindividuals traveling to observe these butterflies contribute to local economies directly, and to the national economy through the purchase of field equipment such as binoculars, field guides, and cameras .\nboth mitchell' s satyr and saint francis' satyr are listed as endangered by the u. s. fish and wildlife service. mitchell' s satyr is also listed as endangered in the state of michigan .\nhabitat loss is the major cause of their decline. this habitat loss may be caused by 1) development, 2) changes in water use, 3) invasive species, 4) prevention of natural fires and beaver activity. often, periodic fires are very important and necessary to maintain certain types of ecosystems .\nsaint francis' satyr recovery plan. asheville, nc: us fish and wildlife service. 1996 .\nus fish and wildlife service region 3. 1999 .\nmitchell' s satyr butterfly - endangered species fact sheet\n( on - line). endangered species. accessed 02 / 18 / 03 at urltoken .\n2001 .\nmitchell' s satyr photos\n( on - line image). accessed 02 / 18 / 03 at urltoken .\nhiawatha national forest, us forest service .\nrange map for mitchell' s satyr butterfly\n( on - line). great lakes ecological assessment .\nrabe, m. , m. kost, h. enander, e. schools. 2002. use of a gis based habitat model to identify potential release sites .\nstruttman, j .\nbutterflies of michigan, mitchell' s satyr\n( on - line). butterflies of north america. accessed 02 / 18 / 03 at urltoken .\nstruttman, j. 2004 .\nbutterflies of new jersey\n( on - line). butterflies of north america. accessed november 23, 2004 at urltoken .\nszymanski, j. , j. shuey. 2002. conservation strategy for mitchell' s satyr butterfly at... (site name deleted) .\nwilson, t .\nmitchell' s satyr: an endangered butterfly species found in the oakmulgee national forest\n( on - line). judson webspinner. accessed 02 / 18 / 03 at urltoken .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative. it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education, university of michigan museum of zoology, and the detroit public schools. this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151. copyright © 2002 - 2018, the regents of the university of michigan. all rights reserved .\nbrowsers that cannot handle javascript will not be able to access some features of this site .\nlearn the history of turning michigan' s non - renewable resources (oil, gas and minerals) into recreation opportunities for all .\nsign up to receive email updates. you will be able to choose from many different topics to receive the news you want to know about .\nsmall and fragile with translucent wings. underside of both wings with yellow - rimmed black submarginal eyespots .\nadults fly in sunlight with a slow, bobbing flight about a foot above the grasses. males patrol for females. females may lay single eggs on grasses, or multiple eggs on the undersurface of small forb seeedlings (2 - 5\n), or on narrow - leaved sedges. caterpillars eat leaves and the fourth stage hibernates .\nisolated populations in southern michigan, northern indiana, northern new jersey, and south - central north carolina .\nendangered species. this sensitive butterfly is declining in most of its range, and has already disappeared from former habitat in northeastern ohio and maryland. collecting may eradicate its small colonies .\ng2 - imperiled globally because of rarity (6 to 20 occurrences), or because of other factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range. (endangered throughout its range) .\nno critical habitat rules have been published for the mitchell' s satyr butterfly .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50, 000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the u. s and canada. natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis (the integrated taxonomic information system) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u. s. fish and wildlife service' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe midwest region includes illinois, indiana, iowa, michigan, minnesota, missouri, ohio and wisconsin. find a location near you\nthe mitchell' s satyr is an endangered species. endangered species are animals and plants that are in danger of becoming extinct. threatened species are animals and plants that are likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future. identifying, protecting, and restoring endangered and threatened species is the primary objective of the u. s. fish and wildlife service' s endangered species program .\nappearance - this butterfly is medium sized (1 3 / 4inch wingspan) butterfly with an overall rich brown color. a distinctive series of orange - ringed black circular eyespots with silvery centers are located on the lower surfaces of both pairs of wings .\nrange - the mitchell' s satyr butterfly is one of the most geographically restricted eastern butterflies. historically, the mitchell' s satyr was found in new jersey, ohio, michigan, indiana, and possibly maryland. today, the butterfly can be found in only 13 locations in michigan and 2 locations in indiana .\nhabitat - the mitchell' s satyr is restricted to rare wetlands called fens which are low nutrient systems that receive carbonate - rich ground water from seeps and springs .\nreproduction - little is known about the mitchell' s satyr' s three life stages. the eggs are probably laid on the young leaves of low, tender plants. eggs hatch into caterpillars (larvae) in about a week. the caterpillar grows throughout the year, shedding its skin many times. the fourth stage caterpillar hibernates under the snow to later emerge in the spring and resume its development. the caterpillar finally makes a cocoon and then emerges as an adult butterfly. the adults live only two weeks .\nfeeding habits - caterpillars feed on one or more species of grass - like plants called sedges. adults may never eat or drink .\nhabitat loss and degradation - the greatest threat to the mitchell' s satyr is habitat destruction. most of the wetland habitat that this butterfly depends on for survival has been drained and filled to make way for urban and agricultural development. also, invasion from exotic weeds threaten the fens on which the butterflies depend .\npesticides and other pollutants - contamination of fen wetlands by pesticides, fertilizer, and nutrient runoff from adjacent agriculture, including livestock production, poses a threat to the butterfly' s habitat .\nbutterfly collectors - it is believed that some populations of the mitchell' s satyr were eliminated by butterfly collectors. because butterfly numbers are so low, the collection of even a few individuals could harm the butterfly population. collection is illegal without a permit from the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nlisting - the mitchell' s satyr was added to the u. s. list of endangered and threatened wildlife and plants on june 25, 1991. it is illegal to harm, harass, collect, or kill the butterfly without a permit from the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nrecovery plan - the u. s. fish and wildlife service has created a recovery plan that describes actions needed to help the butterfly survive, and enable it to be taken off the endangered species list .\nresearch - researchers are studying the mitchell' s satyr to find the best way to manage for the butterfly and its habitat .\nhabitat protection - on state, county, and private lands, the butterfly' s habitat is being managed and protected. many other kinds of plants and animals will also benefit from protection of the butterfly' s habitat .\npublic education - public education programs are being developed to raise awareness of the butterfly' s plight .\nlearn - learn more about the mitchell' s satyr and other endangered and threatened species. understand how the destruction of habitat leads to loss of endangered and threatened species and our nation' s plant and animal diversity. tell others about what you have learned .\nwrite - write to the u. s. fish and wildlife service or your state fish and game agency to learn more about endangered and threatened species .\nprotect - ensure your actions protect endangered species and their habitat, in the places you visit and live .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service home page | department of the interior | urltoken | about the u. s. fish and wildlife service | accessibility | privacy | notices | disclaimer | foia\nthis species is only found in the united states. there are two recognized subspecies ,\n( saint francis' satyr). historically there were 30 + isolated populations of\nin the states of michigan, ohio, indiana, new jersey, and possibly maryland. currently, there are 19 known populations remaining, 17 in michigan and 2 in northern indiana (c. tansy, usfws, personal communication, hyde et al. 2001) .\nmost known habitats for mitchell' s satyrs are peatlands ranging on a continuum from prairie / bog fens to sedge meadow / swamps. they are sedge dominated, usually by\n). the fens are comprised of a mosaic of community types. mitchell' s satyrs restrict their activities to the interface zone between open sedge meadows and dense stands of shrubs or tamarack savannah areas. shuey (1998) suggests a minimum habitat size of 8 ha (20 acres) .\nin north carolina, saint francis' satyrs occur in sedge dominated, acidic, boggy wetlands within the sandhills region. these are sedge meadows surrounded by open, fire - maintained forestland, and open, hillside seepages. in virginia, they are found in open canopy, bulrush (\nspp .) dominated, boggy seepage wetlands. there is light to moderate grazing by livestock at these sites. habitat size ranges from 0. 16 ha (0. 4 acres) to 8 ha (20 acres), with the majority between 0. 16 ha and 1. 21 ha (0. 4 - 3. 0 acres). they differ from the northern sites in that they are neither calcareous wetlands or bog fens (it should be noted there are very few calcareous wetlands in virginia), yet they are similar in vegetative structure. there is very limited shrub cover at the virginia sites, primarily smooth alder (\nmitchell' s satyrs are small, brown butterflies that are unmarked on the upper surface of the wings. they can be identified by rows of round, black, yellow - ringed ocelli (eyespots) along the margins of the ventral wings. there are two orange lines that border the undersides of both fore - and hind - wings. females are slightly lighter in color. the forewings of the males range from 1. 6 - 1. 8 cm; females are larger, ranging from 1. 8 - 2. 1 cm .\nsaint francis' satyrs have subtle differences from mitchell' s satyrs. they possess a much darker ground color, and the eyespots are usually more irregular in shape and have thinner rings encircling them. roble examined individuals from virginia and north carolina and found that both populations have the frequent presence of obliquely oriented third and fourth hind ocelli .\nthe eggs of both subspecies are greenish - white to cream colored and become tan when they age. they are spheroidal or rounded cubical, with a diameter of 0. 8 - 1. 0 mm. the surfaces of the eggs are covered with five or six - sided shallow cells that are described as\nirregularly polygonal\n( mcalpine 1960). the dark head of the larvae is visible one to two days before hatching .\nmcalpine et al. (1960) give a detailed description of all larval stages from captive - reared individuals. the measurements that follow the larval descriptions are from these individuals and may or may not reflect the sizes found in natural settings. the first instar larvae have a pale ochre or light yellow - green color after they first emerge. after feeding their color changes to light lime green. their heads are medium to dark violet brown to black with a silky sheen, and are very large and bilobate. they have pale white lateral stripes and a bifurcate (two - branched) tail. their lengths at emergence were 2. 5 - 3. 0 mm and their final lengths before molting were 4. 5 - 6. 0 mm. second instar larvae possess a light lime green body. their heads are smaller in relation to their bodies than in first instar. their heads and bodies are covered irregularly and densely with small, fleshy, light colored papillae. the white striping is more pronounced in this stage. their lengths at emergence were 4. 5 - 6. 0 mm and their final lengths before molting were 7. 5 - 11 mm. the lime green color deepens slightly in the third instar stage. their heads and bodies are very densely covered with whitish papillae. the white striping in this stage is more pronounced. their lengths at emergence were 7. 5 - 11 mm and their final lengths before molting were 9 - 13 mm. fourth instar larvae are very similar to the previous stage. different shades of lime green begin to appear in longitudinal bands. their lengths at emergence were 9 - 13 mm and their final lengths before diapausing were 11 - 16 mm. fifth instar larvae are very similar to fourth instar larvae. the surfaces of their heads are rough, covered with fine green and white papillae. their lengths were 11 - 19 mm. sixth instar larvae differ only in length from the previous stage. their lengths were 19 - 28 mm. szymanski and shuey (2002) recorded larval lengths of 15 - 38 mm in two wild individuals .\npupae are generally light lime green in color, except the venation of the wing sheaths and the abdomen, which are slightly darker and bluish. there is some pale green or whitish mottling. pupae are stout and truncate at the anterior end and taper posteriorly. pupal lengths were 10. 5 - 15. 5 mm .\nlarvae in both subspecies go through five molts before pupation. in univoltine populations, larvae undergo three molts before diapausing in the fall. there are two additional molts in the spring followed by pupation in june .\nin captive reared mitchell' s satyrs, the duration of the egg stage was 7 - 11 days; first instar 11 - 18 days; second instar 11 - 16 days; third instar 16 - 27 days; the fourth instar diapaused from early september to late may; fifth instar 15 - 18 days; and the six instar 20 - 25 days. the pupal stage lasted 10 - 15 days .\nmales spend most of their time patrolling for females. male - to - male chases are common and resemble territorial behavior. females are relatively inactive and stay down in the vegetation. no courtship behaviors have been recorded. mating and oviposition generally occur in mid - late afternoon .\nmating takes place soon after females emerge. mitchell' s satyr females exhibit two behavioral stages prior to egg - laying. first, the females engage in a dispersal flight followed by an inspection flight. they fly just below or at the level of the vegetation seeking out appropriate host plants. in the second stage, the females make a short hop down into the vegetation after a brief resting period. they will either lay eggs immediately, or begin fluttering low in the vegetation. egg laying will then commence if the substrate is accepted. if it is rejected, the female will engage in another dispersal flight .\nfemales tend to oviposit in the interface zones between habitat patches (most often within one meter of shrubs), laying their eggs close to the ground on a variety of small forbs. oviposition has also been observed to occur on dead leaves (legge and rabe 1996). eggs have been placed on the undersides of leaves and on stems, and are most often laid in clusters .\nbreeding interval mitchell' s satyrs reproduce once per year, saint francis' satyrs breed twice per year in north caroloina, once in virginia; breeding interval in alabama unknown .\nmitchell' s satyrs are most active on warm, overcast days, and tend to reduce their activities during sunny days. there is little activity when temperatures rise above 32° c (90° f). in contrast, saint francis' satyrs are active on hot days. nectaring by mitchell' s satyrs had only been recorded once by researchers prior to darlow' s work in 2000. it is unclear why nectaring was so prevalent at these two michigan sites during 2000, but it accounted for a substantial portion of female observations .\nlimited data suggests that mitchell' s satyrs have very small home ranges of less than. 05 hectares (szymanski and shuey 2002). the average individual appears to use only a small portion of seemingly suitable habitat within a patch. in two study sites in michigan during 1997 - 98, males used on average 4% of available habitat, with the exception of one site in 1997 where they occupied 15% . females used 10% at one site and 5% at the other in 1998. due to their short life spans and restricted environmental conditions suitable for activity, adult mitchell' s satyrs primarily confine their activities to reproduction .\nthere have been no reports of communication in this species. potential mates probably rely on chemical senses and vision to communicate. females probably locate suitable egg - laying sites with a combination of visual and olfactory cues .\n, a species commonly thought of as the main foodplant (mcalpine 1960). larvae accepted\nduring foodplant studies by szymanski and shuey (2002). legge and rabe (1996) confirmed larval feeding on\nin the ecosystem is that of prey for the previously mentioned predators. they may also serve as pollinators to some degree, and the larvae may be significant herbivores on sedge plants .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the new world. this includes greenland, the canadian arctic islands, and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\na wetland area rich in accumulated plant material and with acidic soils surrounding a body of open water. bogs have a flora dominated by sedges, heaths, and sphagnum .\na period of time when growth or development is suspended in insects and other invertebrates, it can usually only be ended the appropriate environmental stimulus .\nhumans benefit economically by promoting tourism that focuses on the appreciation of natural areas or animals. ecotourism implies that there are existing programs that profit from the appreciation of natural areas or animals .\nhaving a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .\na large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows. in insects ,\nincomplete metamorphosis\nis when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form, and\ncomplete metamorphosis\nis when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms. butterflies have complete metamorphosis, grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother' s body .\noffspring are all produced in a single group (litter, clutch, etc .), after which the parent usually dies. semelparous organisms often only live through a single season / year (or other periodic change in conditions) but may live for many seasons. in both cases reproduction occurs as a single investment of energy in offspring, with no future chance for investment in reproduction .\na wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water, often dominated by woody vegetation .\nthat region of the earth between 23. 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north (between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle) and between 23. 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south (between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle) .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nwith a historical distribution though southern michigan, northern ohio, northern indiana, and new jersey, mitchell’s satyr is one of the most geographically restricted eastern butterflies. the butterfly is now considered extirpated in new jersey and ohio, although new records exist in isolated locations in virginia, north carolina, and alabama. the greatest threat to the mitchell’s satyr is habitat destruction. most of the wetland habitat that this butterfly depends on for survival has been drained and filled to make way for urban and agricultural development. also, invasion of exotic weeds threaten the fens on which this butterfly depends. it is believed that some populations of the mitchell’s satyr were eliminated by butterfly collectors, a continuing threat because the remaining populations of mitchell’s satyr are so small .\nhistorically known from thirty locations in four states, today mitchell’s satyr is recorded from only seventeen sites in michigan and two in indiana. searches for new locations are on - going and have been successful in recent years (such as the isolated records in north carolina and alabama), which gives hope that more populations will be discovered .\nmitchell’s satyr was listed as a federal endangered species on may 20, 1992, (federal register 57: 21564 - 21569) .\nthis butterfly has a 1 ¾ - inch wingspan with an overall rich brown color. a distinctive series of orange - ringed black circular eyespots with silvery centers are located on the lower surfaces of both pairs of wings. both the older larvae and the pupae are lime green in color .\nadult butterflies mature during a two to three week period, usually in early to mid - july. one generation is produced each year. by the end of july, larvae are present on various sedges. pupation takes place in june and lasts approximately two weeks .\nthe mitchell’s satyr butterfly is one of the most geographically restricted eastern butterflies. in the past, the known range of the mitchell’s satyr spanned thirty locations scattered across southern michigan, northern ohio, northern indiana and new jersey. the butterfly is now considered extirpated from new jersey and ohio, although isolated records have recently been discovered in virginia, north carolina, and alabama .\nthe greatest threat to the mitchell’s satyr is habitat destruction. most of the wetland habitat that this butterfly depends on for survival has been drained and filled to make way for urban and agricultural development. also, invasion of exotic weeds threaten the fens on which this butterfly depends. contamination of fen wetlands by pesticides, fertilizer, and nutrient runoff from adjacent agriculture, including livestock production, poses a threat to the butterfly’s habitat. it is believed that some populations of the mitchell’s satyr were eliminated by butterfly collectors. because the remaining populations of mitchell’s satyr are so small, the collection of even a few individuals could adversely impact this species .\nthe primary need for this butterfly is habitat. prairie fens and their mitchell’s satyr populations are very sensitive to changes in groundwater and surface water flow. alterations in hydrology resulting from disturbances such as roads, paths, residential development, and agricultural may have drastic results that affect nearby prairie fen communities and mitchell’s satyr. conservation of prairie fens is essential to protect mitchell’s satyr from extinction. a federal recovery plan for mitchell’s satyr butterfly has been completed .\naccording to the recovery plan, site protection will be partially accomplished through negotiating cooperative agreements and conservation easements with land owners and managers, and acquiring lands from willing sellers .\nsurveys to locate additional populations of mitchell’s satyr should continue. a better understanding of the dynamics of the fen ecosystem and appropriate ways to manage it would be good, as would life history studies of the butterfly .\nmichigan department of natural resources; mitchell’s satyr butterfly. (accessed 4 / 6 / 05 )\nsign up for our newsletter to receive up to date information about our programs and events .\nthe xerces society • 628 ne broadway ste 200, portland or 97232 usa • tel 855. 232. 6639 • fax 503. 233. 6794 website terms of use • privacy policy\nmitchell' s satyr is a dark, chocolate brown, medium - sized butterfly with a wing span that ranges from 1. 5 to 1. 75 inches (3. 8 - 4. 4 cm). the ventral surface, or underside, of the forewing and hindwing contains a row of four to five black, yellow - ringed ocelli, or eyespots, with the central three eyespots on the hindwing being the largest. two orange bands encircle the eyespots. mature larvae are pale green with pale, longitudinal stripes and a bifurcate tail .\nupdated 5 / 15 / 2018. information is summarized from mnfi' s database of rare species and community occurrences. data may not reflect true distribution since much of the state has not been thoroughly surveyed .\nalthough this species' habitat requirements are not yet fully understood, this butterfly appears to be restricted to calcareous wetlands that range along a continuum from open fen, wet prairie, prairie fen, and sedge meadow to shrub - carr and tamarack savanna .\nfor each species, lists of natural communities were derived from review of the nearly 6, 500 element occurrences in the mnfi database, in addition to herbarium label data for some taxa. in most cases, at least one specimen record exists for each listed natural community. for certain taxa, especially poorly collected or extirpated species of prairie and savanna habitats, natural community lists were derived from inferences from collection sites and habitat preferences in immediately adjacent states (particularly indiana and illinois). natural communities are not listed for those species documented only from altered or ruderal habitats in michigan, especially for taxa that occur in a variety of habitats outside of the state .\nnatural communities are not listed in order of frequency of occurrence, but are rather derived from the full set of natural communities, organized by ecological group. in many cases, the general habitat descriptions should provide greater clarity and direction to the surveyor. in future versions of the rare species explorer, we hope to incorporate natural community fidelity ranks for each taxon .\nthe primary threat to the continued survival of this species is habitat loss and modification. many of the wetland complexes occupied currently have been altered or drained for agriculture or development. wetland alteration is responsible for extirpating the single known satyr population in ohio. wetland alteration also can lead to invasion by exotic plant species such as glossy buckthorn (rhamnus frangula), purple loosestrife (lythrum salicaria), common buckthorn (rhamnus cathartica), and the common reed (phragmites australis). in addition, landscape - scale processes that may be important for maintaining suitable satyr habitat and / or creating new habitat, such as wildfires, fluctuations in hydrologic regimes, and flooding from beaver (castor canadensis) activity, have been virtually eliminated or altered throughout the species' range .\nthe best way to survey for this species is to conduct visual surveys while meandering through suitable habitat, particularly along the interface of open wetland habitat and shrubby / forested vegetation. this species' behavior and activity appear to be strongly influenced by ambient temperatures and solar radiation. mitchell' s satyr are most active and easiest to observe on warm (80 - 90f), overcast days, and their activity is significantly reduced during hot (> 90f), sunny days. at some sites, mitchell' s satyrs also have exhibited a diurnal activity pattern in which individuals are active during the cooler parts of the day (i. e. , early morning and late afternoon) and appear to rest during the warmest part of the day (i. e. , midday) .\nmichigan natural features inventory. 2007. rare species explorer (web application). available online at urltoken [ accessed jul 10, 2018 ]\nmartin, j. e. h. 1977. the insects and arachnids of canada (part 1): collecting, preparing, and preserving insects, mites, and spiders. publication 1643. biosystematics research institute, ottawa .\nevers, d. c. 1994. endangered and threatened wildlife of michigan. the university of michigan press, ann arbor. 412pp .\nlee, y. 2002. special animal abstract for appalachina sayana (spike - lip crater). michigan natural features inventory. lansing, mi. 4pp .\nopler, p. a. and g. o. krizek. 1984. butterflies east of the great plains. johns hopkins university press, baltimore. 294pp .\nopler, p. a. and v. malikul. 1992. eastern butterflies. houghton mifflin company, new york. 396pp .\nmsu extension programs and materials are open to all without regard to race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, marital status or family status. .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\ndescription: saint francis' satyr is a small, dark brown butterfly. the wingspan for the species ranges from 34 to 44 millimeters (opler and malikul 1992). saint francis' satyr has conspicuous\neye spots\non the lower surfaces of the wings. these eye spots have a dark maroon - brown center, and within the eye spots are lighter opalescent patches that reflect a silver cast. the border of these dark eye spots is straw - yellow in color, with an outermost border of dark brown. the eye spots are usually round to slightly oval and are well - developed on the fore wing as well as on the hind wing. the spots are accented by two bright orange bands along the posterior wing edges and two somewhat darker orange - brown bands across the central portion of each wing .\ndistribution: only a single metapopulation of saint francis' satyr is known to exist in the sandhills of north carolina, in cumberland and hoke counties .\nhabitat: the habitat occupied by this satyr consists primarily of wide, wet meadows dominated by a high diversity of sedges and other wetland graminoids. in the north carolina sandhills, such meadows are often relicts of beaver activity. saint francis' satyr has also been observed in pitcher plant (\n). it is, however, unknown whether the satyr uses such habitat for reproduction or simply as a dispersal corridor .\nbecause their populations are highly vulnerable to the threat of collection, locations of this species are kept confidential. documentation of this species is limited to the sandhills of north carolina. please contact the usfws if concerns for this species arise .\nspecies distribution from known occurrences. species may occur in similar habitats in other counties .\ngreen counties indicate observed within 20 years. yellow counties indicate an obscure data reference to the species in the county. red counties indicate observed more than 20 years ago .\nspecies location map based on information provided by the north carolina natural heritage program .\nvisit the north carolina es homepage visit the u. s. fish and wildlife service home page\nglobal range: (< 100 square km (less than about 40 square miles) ) fort bragg is about 250 square miles, of this about 100 square miles is in long leaf pine communities, and thie butterfly ranges through only a relatively small portion of this. see kuefler et al. (2008 )\ncan be difficult to identify and should not be attempted by non - experts unless with careful consultation of original description or a good butterfly guide. characters useful for the species will suffice for this subspecies. best character for tentative field use is the underside eyespots which are always mostly very rounded and close together, whereas most individuals of n. areolatus septentrionalis (which occurs with francisci) have more elongated and more widely separated eyespots. a few septentrionalis run very close to francisci in eyespot shape. steve hall suggests that the following characters work well for field separation. on the hindwing beneath the orange postmedian band (beneath the eyespots) is much straighter, and also much duskier, on francisci than on septentrionalis, while the subterminal orange band (just beyond the eyespots) and the terminal band are not dusky and therefore much brighter than the postmedian band. in septentrionalis all of these bands are of similar intensity. while it is not a useful field character, he also notes that usually at least some of the hindwing eyspots have a small amount of yellow (which may be connected to the outer yellow ring) within the\npupil\n. despite statements in some older books the presence or absence of eyespots on the underside of the forewing is of very little value in separating these species .\ncomments: known only from a few sedge wetlands in close proximity. habitat apparently open seepage areas dominated with carex. habitat is successsional or disclimax with both beaver and fires being apparently critical factors in maintaining it .\nnon - migrant: no. all populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations .\nlocally migrant: no. no populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e. g. , to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites) .\nlocally migrant: no. no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .\nbasically a weak flier and fairly sedentary. however some dispersal does occur, although distances involved are poorly known. probably very rarely wanders more than a kilometer .\ncomments: adult food habits not really known. larva probably feeds on carex but this is not established. oviposition has been observed on a small panicum grass .\nnote: for many non - migratory species, occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .\ncomments: see the discussion in kuefler et al. (2008). this could all be reasonably considered as one occurrence considering the proximity of the metapopulations to each other, or one could treat some of the metapopulations as separate occurrences; 31 colonies have been documented over more than a decade, but in any given year fewer habitats are occupied. these colonies are in eight small drainages. some proximate or connected drainages probably would be considered together so it would be difficult to justify eight separate occurrences. the individual colonies are clearly not appropriate units for defining occurrences." ]

{ "text": [ "neonympha mitchellii is an endangered species of nymphalid butterfly of the eastern united states .", "there are two known subspecies : n. m. mitchellii , the nominate subspecies , commonly called mitchell 's satyr or mitchell 's marsh satyr , is found in michigan and indiana .", "the species is presumably extirpated from former ranges in ohio ( last seen in the 1950s ) , new jersey ( last seen in 1988 ) , and wisconsin .", "n. m. francisci , commonly called saint francis ' satyr , is found in a single metapopulation in a 10 × 10 km area of fort bragg in north carolina .", "recent discoveries since 1998 of populations in alabama , mississippi , and virginia are being studied for taxonomic classification , and may be grouped with n. m. mitchellii or be described as new subspecies .", "all subspecies , including those newly discovered , are federally protected under the endangered species act . " ], "topic": [ 17, 21, 13, 16, 17, 5 ] }

[ "neonympha mitchellii is an endangered species of nymphalid butterfly of the eastern united states. there are two known subspecies: n. m. mitchellii, the nominate subspecies, commonly called mitchell's satyr or mitchell's marsh satyr, is found in michigan and indiana. the species is presumably extirpated from former ranges in ohio (last seen in the 1950s), new jersey (last seen in 1988), and wisconsin. n. m. francisci, commonly called saint francis' satyr, is found in a single metapopulation in a 10 × 10 km area of fort bragg in north carolina. recent discoveries since 1998 of populations in alabama, mississippi, and virginia are being studied for taxonomic classification, and may be grouped with n. m. mitchellii or be described as new subspecies. all subspecies, including those newly discovered, are federally protected under the endangered species act." ]

[ "common tsessebe preparation head kudu oryx antelope africa trophy # 95. 20. 2\ncommon tsessebe preparation head kudu oryx antelope africa trophy # 95. 20. 2 | ebay\noccurrence of blood - borne tick - transmitted parasites in common tsessebe (damaliscus lunatus) antelope in northern cape province, south africa .\noccurrence of blood - borne tick - transmitted parasites in common tsessebe (damaliscus lunatus) antelope in northern cape province, south africa. - pubmed - ncbi\nvehicle in a small handling camp. be cautious not to chase tsessebe around with a helicopter\nlong period of little interest in the breeding and re - development of tsessebe as a species .\ndorgewoh, werner g. (2006) .\nhabitat suitabiwity for tsessebe damawiscus wunatus wunatus\n.\nthe common tsessebe or sassaby (damaliscus lunatus) is one of five species of african antelope of the subfamily alcelaphinae in the family bovidae. it is most closely related to the topi and korrigum, and the bontebok in the same genus .\nplains antelope resembling hartebeest, only much darker in color, with smaller head and more common - looking horns. topi are built for speed .\nthe tsessebe is reportedly the fastest antelope in kruger. this awkward - looking antelope is believed to be able to run at speeds of over 100km / h. tsessebe also have great stamina and can gallop - at a gentler pace - for many kilometres .\nbecause the tsessebe is mostly found on the african plains, shots may have to be long. a careful stalk should get the hunter close enough to take a rest and execute a shot. tsessebe are wary animals, though, and if they see the hunter approaching, they can just walk away moving just slightly faster than the approaching hunter. a flat shooting rifle is highly recommended for hunting tsessebe in africa. minimum caliber should be. 270. a better choice for hunting tsessebe in africa is one of the fast. 30 magnums, like the. 300 winchester magnum, with a 180 - grain bullet. shot placement when hunting tsessebe in africa is behind the shoulder and one - third of the way up the body\nthe tsessebe is africa’s fastest antelope, able to run at speeds up to fifty miles per hour. when hunting tsessebe in africa, there a few specific traits of the animal that will aid the hunter. when in danger, it will run a short distance, then stop and look around, even if the danger is serious. there’s an old african saying that covers this. “there is its mistake. there is your shot. ” also, tsessebe have an inquisitive nature. they will stand and look at something unfamiliar rather than run off. sometimes this can work for the hunter when hunting tsessebe in africa .\nthe common tsessebe (damaliscus lunatus) is a member of the antelope family found in botswana, angola, zambia, namibia, zimbabwe, swaziland, and south africa. adult male tsessebe weigh between 250 and 350 pounds, and stand 46 inches to 54 inches tall at the shoulder. females weigh 130 to 270 pounds, and are 45 inches to 52 inches at the shoulder. both sexes have horns, and are one of the most difficult animals to sex. the male’s horns grow to about fifteen inches; females average 12 inches. when hunting tsessebe in africa, a hunter needs to rely on the professional hunter (ph) to identify the proper animal to harvest. .\ntsessebe breed once per year. calves take two to three and one half years to reach sexual maturity. gestation lasts seven months. the rut starts in february and can last until the end of march. tsessebe bulls can commonly be found standing on a termite mound during the heat of the day. the added height aids in locating predators such as lion, leopard, wild dog and spotted hyena. the added height also aids hunting tsessebe in africa by making them easier to see .\ntsessebe males use their horns for territory defense and mate attraction, although horn length has not been shown to relate directly to female attraction. in the wild, tsessebe usually live a maximum of 15 years, however in some areas, their average lifespan is drastically reduced due partly to drought, reduction of habitat, and overhunting for bush meat .\nspeciation the nyala antelope shows a marked sexual dimorphism in size with a large male and a much smaller female. as a result the male is known as a bull in common with the larger antelope species and the female a ewe in common with the smaller antelopes. young males are camouflaged by their colour pattern which resembles that of a female. this protects them from the aggressive behaviour of... [ show full abstract ]\ntsessebe are primariwy grazing herbivores [ 12 ] in grasswands, open pwains, and wightwy wooded savannas, but dey are awso found in rowwing upwands and very rarewy in fwat pwains bewow 1500 m above sea wevew. [ 11 ] tsessebe found in de serengeti usuawwy feed in de morning between 8: 00 and 9: 00 am and in de afternoon after 4: 00 pm. the periods before and after feeding are spent resting and digesting or watering during dry seasons. tsessebe can travew up to 5 km to reach a viabwe water source. to avoid encounters wif territoriaw mawes or femawes, tsessebe usuawwy travew awong territoriaw borders, dough it weaves dem open to attacks by wions and weopards. [ 11 ]\ntsessebe are also very fast runners, with speeds of up to 80km / h, so once they get going, it’s tough for a predator, as they have good stamina as well .\nthe common muntjac is also reffered to as the barking deer due to the bark - like sound that it makes as an alarm when danger is present. it is omnivorous and other than in the mating season, is a solitary animal .\nseveraw of deir behaviors strike scientists as pecuwiar. one such behavior is de habit of sweeping tsessebe to rest deir mouds on de ground wif deir horns sticking straight up into de air. mawe tsessebe have awso been observed standing in parawwew ranks wif deir eyes cwosed, bobbing deir heads back and forf. these habits are pecuwiar because scientists have yet to find a proper expwanation for deir purposes or functions. [ 11 ]\ntsessebe reproduce at a rate of one cawf per year per mating coupwe. [ 7 ] cawves reach sexuaw maturity in two to dree and hawf years. after mating, de gestation period of a tsessebe cow wasts seven monds. the rut, or period when mawes start competing for femawes, starts in mid - february and stretches drough march. [ 10 ] the femawe estrous cycwe is shorter, but happens in dis time .\nthey used to be very common all over africa, but their numbers are now shrinking (due to habitat loss mainly), but not yet to the level of them being threatened. they are certainly doing very well on our reserve, which is great news .\nour only partner in northern cape province, not so far from the town of kimberley. hunting for 30 different game species - including slightly rarer species such as white blesbok, all 4 springbok colour variants, scimitar oryx, tsessebe, sable and roan .\nfun facts: the tsessebe use grass stems to spread secretions from preobrital glands over the head and horns. females, young males and adult males form separate territorial herds. individual tsessebes can run up to 80 km / h (~ 50 mph) .\ntsessebe are social animals and their basic group structure consists of small breeding groups, each comprising of six to ten cows with their offspring. bachelor groups and territorial bull herds may sometimes number up to 30 strong. this is especially noticeable near water and favourable gazing. breeding herds consisting of cows are not restricted to a specific territory. in areas where tsessebe occur in higher densities, bulls establish typical' lek' system territories. young bulls form bachelor groups at the age of one year as they are pushed out of herds .\ntruth is, we have several hundreds of species on this reserve, so when you visit here, then you will see so much more than this blog suggests. some of these animals are so “common” that i forget to even mention them, but that’s not doing them justice, because they are all beautiful … and important .\nthe antelope damaliscus lunatus (topi) is classified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1). there are six subspecies: damaliscus lunatus tiang (tiang) and damaliscus lunatus lunatus (tsessebe) are classified as least concern (lc), damaliscus lunatus jimela (topi) and damaliscus lunatus superstes (bangweulu tsessebe) are classified as vulnerable (vu), and damaliscus lunatus topi (coastal topi) and damaliscus lunatus korrigum (korrigum) are classified as endangered (en) on the iucn red list (1) .\ntsessebe are by nature social animals. they form herds of six to ten animals with a dominant male as leader. they associate with zebra, wildebeest, and sometimes ostriches. after young bulls reach one year of age, they are kicked out of the herd and form bachelor herds with up to 25 males in them. several tsessebe activities are somewhat peculiar, among them is a behavior where a group of males will stand in parallel ranks with their eyes closed, bobbing their heads back and forth. scientists have not come up with a good explanation for this behavior .\nspeciation tsessebe, not related to any of the other hartebeest species, but related to the blesbok damaliscus dorcas; and thus the afrikaans boer - name\nbasterhartbees\nmeaning a crossed hartebeest. tsessebe is named after the old tswana - name\ntshêsêbe\n. past cape colonials called it sassaby. it is classed in the family bovidae, subfamily antilopinae, tribe alcelaphini, genus damaliscus which has two species namely  damaliscus pygargus, formerly known as d. dorcas, with two subspecies o d. p. phillipsi the blesbok and d. p. pygargus the bontebok  damaliscus lunatus with six subspecies o d. l. lunatus the tsessebe of southern africa o d. l. tiang the tiang of the eastern regions of the sahel o d. l. topi the topi of tanzania o d. l. jimela the east coast topi of somalia and kenya\ndunham, k. m. , robertson, e. f. and swanepoel, c. m. (2003) population decline of tsessebe antelope (damaliscus lunatus lunatus) on a mixed cattle and wildlife ranch in zimbabwe. biological conservation, 113 (1): 111 - 124 .\nthe common, or grey, duiker is a tiny, shy antelope with only the males having short horns. the common name refers to a characteristic habit of taking off at high speed in a series of diving jumps when alarmed. adult males stand 500mm at the shoulders and females are about 20mm higher. males have a mass of between 15 and 18 kg, females between 16 and 21 kg. the colour of the upper parts varies from a greyish - buff in (s. g. caffra) to a reddish - yellow in (s. g. splendidula) considerable colour variation within populations are observed in some areas. the under parts are usually white. most have a black band restricted to the lower part of the face near the nostrils .\nthey do not occur in forests, although they will take refuge in forests when hiding from a predator. widely distributed in southern africa, but absent from desert regions. the common duiker is usually seen at dawn and dusk in open scrub country. they avoid open grassland where there is no shelter. they are found throughout africa south of the sahara, except in the rain forests of central africa .\ntsessebe are primarily grazing herbivores that feed in grasslands, savannas and open plains, but they can be found in rolling hills and at altitudes of 1, 500 feet. they feed in the morning and again after the temperature drops in the afternoon. they require water on a daily basis, and will travel miles to find it .\nfun facts: the most colorful hartbeest, the red hartebeest has black markings contrasting against its white abdomen and behind. it also has a longer face then the other subspecies. this subspecies is widespread and common in africa, and its population is increasing. however, this species is still a popular game animal. when alarmed it will run in a zig - zag pattern to evade predators; however, they can have poor eyesight and sometimes run into cyclists\n... plant reference slides a reference catalogue, against which plant fragments found in the faeces could be compared, was made using a procedure described by perrin & taolo (1999). the reference catalogue was prepared for 48 of the most common plant species occurring in both examined areas, sampling leaves, branches, bark and flowers or fruits of particular plant species if available, including the supplementary food fed to eland in the bandia reserve... .\ntsessebe are sociaw animaws. femawes form herds composed of six to 10, wif deir young. after mawes turn one year of age, dey are ejected from de herd and form bachewor herds dat can be as warge as 30 young buwws. territoriaw aduwt buwws form herds de same size as young buwws, awdough de formation of aduwt buww herds is mainwy seen in de formation of a wek. [ 10 ] tsessebe decware deir territory drough a variety of behaviors. territoriaw behavior incwudes moving in erect posture, high - stepping, defecating in a crouch stance, ground - horning, mudpacking, shouwder - wiping, and grunting. the most important aggressive dispway of territoriaw dominance is in de horning of de ground. anoder far more curious form of territory marking is drough de anointing of deir foreheads and horns wif secretions from gwands near deir eyes. tsessebe accompwish dis by inserting grass stems into deir preorbitaw gwands to coat dem wif secretion, den waving it around, wetting de secretions faww onto deir heads and horns. this process is not as commonwy seen as ground - horning, nor is its purpose as weww known, uh - hah - hah - hah. [ 11 ]\ngenerally an inhabitant of floodplains and other grasslands in sub - saharan africa. the species moved seasonally between the sahel grasslands, savannas and the floodplains of the inner niger delta. in sudan, the tiang was widespread in savannah and floodplain grasslands, but also occurred in much lower numbers in the woodlands of the south - west. in somalia, the coastal topi formerly occurred locally in the south, in riverine grasslands on the lower shebelle and juba rivers and in the lake badana area. in south africa, the tsessebe formerly occurred in the bushveld and lowveld; currently, it occurs mainly on the basalt plains of northern kruger national park. tsessebe do not occur in forests, arid or montane habitats (above 1, 500 m) (east 1999, duncan 2013). nearly exclusively grazers, they can go for months without drinking in the dry season if they are feeding on growing grass (duncan 2013) .\nthey belong to the same family as the wildebeest and the hartebeest, all of whom are characterised by an ungainly appearance as a result of their shoulders being higher than the withers. only one of the several subspecies that are recognized, occur in the subregion. in south africa the tsessebe are confined to northern savannah woodlands. they are mostly confined to the kruger national park and some provincial game reserves. they have also been re - introduced to some private game farms .\naduwt tsessebe are 150 to 230 cm in wengf. [ 7 ] they are qwite warge animaws, wif mawes weighing 137 kg and femawes weighing 120 kg, on average. [ 8 ] their horns range from 37 cm for femawes to 40 cm for mawes. for mawes, horn size pways an important rowe in territory defense and mate attraction, awdough horn size is not positivewy correwated wif territoriaw factors of mate sewection, uh - hah - hah - hah. [ 8 ] their bodies are chestnut brown, uh - hah - hah - hah. the fronts of deir faces and deir taiw tufts are bwack; de forewimbs and digh are greyish or bwuish - bwack. their hindwimbs are brownish - yewwow to yewwow and deir bewwies are white. [ 9 ] in de wiwd, tsessebe usuawwy wive a maximum of 15 years, but in some areas, deir average wifespan is drasticawwy decreased due to overhunting and de destruction of habitat. [ 9 ]\nthe popuwation of damawiscus wunatus was estimated to be in de tens of dousands in 1998, so it was decwared at wow risk of extinction, uh - hah - hah - hah. however, de iucn species survivaw commission observed a generaw popuwation decwine dat wouwd resuwt in de popuwation becoming vuwnerabwe to extinction by de year 2025. [ 2 ] tsessebe popuwations once were present in much greater numbers, but popuwations decwined due to habitat destruction, wif bush encroachment pwaying a primary rowe. [ 4 ]\none of the most common ungulates over many african grasslands until the early 1900s, the topi has now gone extinct in much of its former range and remaining populations continue to decline. it is the rise of cattle - based human societies in its habitat which has resulted in the retreat of many extant topi populations (3). known for its distinctive sentry position on termite mounds as it surveys its range, the topi has a short, glossy, brown coat with a bold pattern of black patches, and fawn coloured underparts and legs (4). most of the subspecies also have a purple sheen, black face masks, and black patches on the upperlimbs. both sexes have strong, deeply ringed, s - shaped horns (5) .\nthe southern red muntjac is listed as least concern because it remains common throughout most of its range, is resilient to hunting and increases in numbers with logging and presumably other forms of forest disruption, and survives even almost complete conversion of forest to at least some crop plantations. densities are probably widely below carrying capacity, particularly where habitat is highly fragmented. its use of the hills means that most of the population is outside the very high forest conversion rates recently occurring in the sundaic level lowlands, and gives it a healthier conservation outlook than that for m. atherodes with which it is sympatric on borneo. the coming years will see further fragmentation and if hunting continues at current high levels, wider declines and a higher frequency of local extinction than has so far occurred. nonetheless, future declines are unlikely to be fast enough to warrant listing the species even as near threatened .\n... results of most observational studies concur that roan antelope, and tsessebe to a lesser extent, feed at higher levels above the ground than do bulk grazers like buffalo and especially wildebeest (reviewed in skinner and smithers, 1990). in knp, knoop (2004) identified the tall grass sporobolus ioclados as the most dominant grass species consumed by roan antelope, and tall grass species like themeda triandra, hyparrhenia hirta, and heteropogon contortus dominated their diets in another southern african savanna: weenen, kwazulu - natal (perrin and taolo, 1999). recently, showed that these feeding niche differences, i. e. between tall - and short - grass grazers, are strongly reflected in the oral morphology of these species... .\nfun facts: native to china, the pere david’s deer went extinct in the wild around 200 a. d. , however a captive herd maintained in the imperial hunting park preserved the species’ existence. this species was named for armand david, a french missionary to china who first made the animal known to western science. another common name for this deer is sibuziang, which translates to “four not alike”. this unusual moniker is thought to refer to the anatomy of pere david’s deer, which is described as resembling “the neck of a camel, the hooves of a cow, the tail of a donkey, and the antlers of a deer”. the branched antlers of pere david’s deer are unique in that the tines point backwards instead of forwards. further, the main beam of the antler is oriented almost straight upward. pere david’s deer is considered semi - aquatic, as it spends much of its time standing shoulder deep in water and swims very well .\nthe gender ratio of adult animals in a population becomes very important when a new species is introduced or established. this ratio needs to take into account the desired male / female ratio, and must also account for individual social competition. with several strictly territorial species eg white rhinoceros, blesbok, water buck, sable antelope, gems buck, reedbuck, and tsessebe, there needs to be a minimum of three adult males in new populations or herd. if there were only 2 males, the more dominant stronger male would continuously chase the weaker animal until it would die of starvation or exhaustion, or suffer a severe injury. if there were only one adult male in the population it would be supremely dominant and kill all male offspring, or injure them as soon as youths would attain sexual maturity .\nfun facts: the american elk or wapiti is one of the largest deer species in the world. the common name “wapiti” is from the shawnee or cree word “wapiti”, which means white rump, referring to the rump patch of this deer. wapiti have also been termed “elk”, which comes from early european settlers considering the wapiti to be similar to moose, which are commonly called elk in europe. the wapiti was once thought to be a subspecies of the red deer, however genetic analysis has revealed that these are two distinct species. some morphological differences exist between the wapiti and the red deer, including the paler antlers and wider rump patch of the wapiti. during the breeding season, male wapiti participate in a number of rituals to attract females. these rituals include antler wresting with competing males and bugling, a loud, high - pitched call. males also spray themselves with urine, giving them a distinct smell, which can attract females to their harem. outside of the breeding season, male and female wapiti divide into single - sex herds. like the red deer, wapiti are depicted in artwork by ancient peoples of north america; petroglyphs of wapiti dating back thousands of years have been discovered carved into cliffs in the american southwest .\nthe rib - faced deer is a solitary animal, usually found singly or in pairs. it keeps in thick jungle, only leaving the forest to graze on the skirts of the woods or in abandoned clearings. it has a wonderful way of getting through the thickest underwood, and it runs in a peculiar manner with its head low and its hind quarters high; when not alarmed, as colonel hamilton observes, it steps\n\ndaintily and warily, lifting each leg well above the grass or leaves .\n\nthe call of this species, from which the common name of\n\nbarking deer\n\nis derived, is at a little distance very like a single bark from a dog, and is very loud for the size of the animal. it is often repeated at intervals, usually in the morning and evening, sometimes after dark, and in the cold weather, which is the rutting - season. it is uttered by the animal when alarmed, as well as when calling its mate. elliot and jerdon state that the tongue is very long and extensile, and this deer often licks the whole face with it. mcmaster and sterndale confirm this. when the buck is attacked by dogs it uses its canine teeth in defence and inflicts severe wounds with them. colonel hamilton has pointed out that these teeth are not fixed firmly in the jaw, but that the animal has some power of moving them. several observers have noticed a peculiar rattling noice, like that produced by a pair of castanets, made by this deer when running, but the cause is not known. the horns of the male fall in may and the new horns are perfect in august .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: this species remains widespread across sub - saharan africa, but has undergone substantial declines during the last 100 years and is threatened by hunting for meat and competition with cattle. total population size has been estimated at about 300, 000. about 25% of these occurred in areas with reasonably good protection and management. however, wcs surveys in southern sudan indicate that this estimate should be increased by about 100, 000. most remaining populations are known or believed to be declining. however there is no evidence at present to show that the decline overall has reached the 20 - 25% level over three generations (18 years) that would justify near threatened status, but if declines continue it is only a matter of time before one of this threshold or a higher one is reached .\nwhile the species is still numerous and widespread, it has been eliminated from large areas of its former range by hunting, and habitat degradation associated with the encroachment / expansion of cattle. these threats have been most marked on the west african korrigum; of the 12 countries in which they formerly occurred, they are now extirpated from four, and probably only occur as vagrants in three .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsouth africa, northern cape prov. , kuruman dist. ,\nmakkwarin\n( matlhwareng) river .\nsouthern africa in e angola, n botswana, mozambique (extinct), ne namibia, south africa (extinct in northern cape, north - west, and mpumalanga provs. , and n kwazulu - natal; survives in e limpopo prov. ; reintroduced within former range), swaziland (extinct; reintroduced), e and c zambia, and zimbabwe .\nfor date of publication see ellerman et al. (1953: 201), who included korrigum in this species. cotterill (2003 c) separated a zambian population as a separate species and also regarded korrigum as a separate species .\nbulls have a mass of 140 kg and measure 1. 2 m at the shoulders, and are slightly larger than cows which weigh approximately 120 kg. both sexes grow horns, but those on bulls are heavier. when viewed from the front the horns appear typical' halfmoon' shaped. it has a dark face with purple blotches on the shoulders, whereas the withers and upper body are reddish - brown .\nthey are grazers which utilise a wide range of grass species. they select the leaf over the stems. they prefer fresh growth, and are attracted to burnt areas .\nseasonal breeders, which in south africa give birth during september / october to single calves, after a gestation period of seven months. the rut takes place during mid - february and continues through to march. during the mating season elaborate displays by the bulls form part of the mating ritual .\na single young is born from september - november after a gestation period of + / - 8 months .\nin patrolling their territories, territorial males maintain a steady gait and defecate at regular intervals. both sexes mark their territories with the preorbital glands, but the territorial males are more active in doing so. they also rub the sides of their faces on the ground, usually on a termite mound or on a sandy patch, dropping to their knees to do so. both sexes horn the ground, especially after rain. the animal has well developed interdigital glands on the front feet, and territorial males paw and scrape the ground as a means of territorial marking .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nbrothers ps 1, collins ne, oosthuizen mc, bhoora r, troskie m, penzhorn bl .\ndepartment of veterinary tropical diseases, faculty of veterinary science, university of pretoria, private bag x04, onderstepoort 0110, south africa .\nblood samples were collected from 71 tsessebes relocated from the deproclaimed vaalbos national park to mokala national park, south africa. dna was extracted from the samples and the reverse line blot (rlb) hybridization technique was used to detect and identify any haemoparasites present. six samples hybridized to the theileria / babesia genus - specific probe, the theileria genus - specific probe and the theileria sp. (sable) probe, while 3 / 6 also hybridized to the theileria separata probe. full - length 18s rrna genes of the theileria spp. detected were amplified, cloned and sequenced. two novel theileria 18s rrna gene sequences were identified which are phylogenetically very closely related to both theileria sp. (sable) and t. separata. all animals appeared to be in good health. it seems likely, therefore, that these theileria spp. do not cause disease under normal circumstances. nevertheless, care should be taken when translocating wild animals, as introduction of novel piroplasm parasites into new areas could cause clinical disease and losses in naïve wildlife and domestic animals, and new parasite species could become established in areas in which they previously did not occur .\njavascript has been deactivated in your browser. reactivation will enable you to use the vocabulary trainer and any other programs .\nyou are not signed in. please sign in or register for free if you want to use this function .\nwe are using the following form field to detect spammers. please do leave them untouched. otherwise your message will be regarded as spam. we are sorry for the inconvenience .\nthank you! your message has now been forwarded to the pons editorial department .\ncollect the vocabulary that you want to remember while using the dictionary. the items that you have collected will be displayed under\nvocabulary list\n.\nif you want to copy vocabulary items to the vocabulary trainer, click on\nimport\nin the vocabulary list .\nplease note that the vocabulary items in this list are only available in this browser. once you have copied them to the vocabulary trainer, they are available from everywhere .\nunique: the editorially approved pons online dictionary with text translation tool now includes a database with hundreds of millions of real translations from the internet. see how foreign - language expressions are used in real life. real language usage will help your translations to gain in accuracy and idiomaticity !\nenter a word (“newspaper”), a word combination (“exciting trip”) or a phrase (“with all good wishes”) into the search box. the search engine displays hits in the dictionary entries plus translation examples, which contain the exact or a similar word or phrase .\nthis new feature displays references to sentence pairs from translated texts, which we have found for you on the internet, directly within many of our pons dictionary entries .\na click on the tab “usage examples” displays a full inventory of translations to all of the senses of the headword. usage examples present in the pons dictionary will be displayed first .\nthe pons dictionary delivers the reliability of a dictionary which has been editorially reviewed and expanded over the course of decades. in addition, the dictionary is now supplemented with millions of real - life translation examples from external sources. so, now you can see how a concept is translated in specific contexts. you can find the answers to questions like “can you really say … in german? ” and so, you will produce more stylistically sophisticated translations .\nthe “examples from the internet” do, in fact, come from the internet. we are able to identify trustworthy translations with the aid of automated processes. the main sources we used are professionally translated company, and academic, websites. in addition, we have included websites of international organizations such as the european union. because of the overwhelming data volume, it has not been possible to carry out a manual editorial check on all of these documents. so, we logically cannot guarantee the quality of each and every translation. this is why they are marked “not verified by pons editors” .\nwe are working on continually optimizing the quality of our usage examples by improving their relevance as well as the translations. in addition, we have begun to apply this technology to further languages in order to build up usage - example databases for other language pairs. we also aim to integrate these usage examples into our mobile applications (mobile website, apps) as quickly as possible .\nthe examples come from the entire data collection of the pons dictionary and are all editorially certified .\ncan' t find a community you love? create your own and start something epic .\nmobile version - juza. ea @ urltoken - terms of use and privacy - p. iva 01501900334 - rea 167997 - pec juzaphoto @ urltoken\ndouble - check spelling, grammar, punctuation. translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different, search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different, try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations, dictionary, verb conjugations, and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language. have a suggestion, idea, or comment? send us your feedback .\nthe topi is classified as lower risk / conservation dependent (lr / cd) ...\nlions are predatory carnivores. they usually hunt in groups, but the ...\nfor other uses, see topi (disambiguation)... ... .\nthe range of the topis includes a series of segregated populations... .\ntopis prefer grassland habitats. these areas range from large treeless plains ...\ntopis breed once a year. most populations breed at the same ...\nrange lifespan status: wild: 15 (high) years... .\nthe diet of topis is composed almost entirely of grass. these ...\nwe’ve partnered with invision to make it easier to search and download our images in sketch and adobe® photoshop® .\n{ { t (' more _ than _ one _ credit', { zero: calc. totalcreditcost }) } }\nonce this video clip is done converting, you' ll be able to download it from your video conversion queue or download history .\neditorial use only photos don' t have any model or property releases, which means they can' t be used for commercial, promotional, advertorial or endorsement purposes. this type of content is intended to be used in connection with events that are newsworthy or of general interest (for example, in a blog, textbook, newspaper or magazine article) .\nthis format requires a quick conversion (usually under 5 mins) before download begins, or you can get the largest and smallest formats immediately .\nby clicking\nconfirm download\nyou agree that you' ve read and agree to all applicable license agreements for this download .\nthis listing was ended by the seller because the item is no longer available .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. this amount is subject to change until you make payment. for additional information, see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. this amount is subject to change until you make payment. if you reside in an eu member state besides uk, import vat on this purchase is not recoverable. for additional information, see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis item will be posted through the global shipping program and includes international tracking. learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nyou must return items in their original packaging and in the same condition as when you received them. if you don' t follow our\nin australia, consumers have a legal right to obtain a refund from a business if the goods purchased are faulty, not fit for purpose or don' t match the seller' s description. more information at\ncopyright © 1995 - 2018 ebay inc. all rights reserved. user agreement, privacy, cookies and adchoice\nsubspecies: topi (damaliscus l. jimela) western topi, korrigum (damaliscus l. purpurescens) tiang (damaliscus l. tiang )\ndistribution: tsesseby: south africa, mozambique, zimbabwe, zambia, botswana, namibia and angola topi: kenya, anzania and uganda. western topi: senegal, gambia, burkina faso, nigeria, cameroun, car. chad and sudan. tiang: sudan, ethiopia, uganda and congo .\ndescription: middlesized antelope, that weighs 150 - 160 kg and measures 110 - 130 over the shoulder. general colour reddish brown to purplish red. the horns are thick, short, deeply ridged and curving evenly backwards. depending on the species the horns bend backwards (topi and tiang) or outwards (tsesseby). all the above species are very fast animals, tsesseby being the fastest (maybe the fastest antelope in africa )\nhunting available in: tsesseby: south africa, zimbabwe, zambia and botswana. topi: tanzania. western topi: burkina faso, benin, cameroun, car and chad. tiang: ethiopia .\nour partner in zambia currently holds the hunting rights for some of the best hunting districts in zambia, and provides large numbers of top quality trophies to visiting hunters. do you dream of fantastic hunting in\nthe real\nafrica? if so, this could be just the hunting tour for you .\na couple of years ago kwalata safaris secured the hunting rights to a fantastic new district in the southern part of zambia. the district is called mufunta and lies on the western side of the kafue national park, and consists of no less than 500, 000 ha. of untamed bush .\nlimpopo & hunting tours faaborgvej 240 dk - 5700 svendborg tel. : (+ 45) 62 20 25 40 mail: info @ urltoken danish state travel guarantee fond (reg. no. 1462) cvr: dk26251966\nat urltoken we use cookies, which are small, harmless text files which we use for our statistics and to improve your experience of our website. you can read more on our cookies and privacy policy page, where you can also find out how to delete them .\nthe topi employs two different breeding systems, depending on the density of the population. at low densities, a dominant bull defends a territory that supports two to ten females and their immature offspring (5). the territory is marked using various secretions, including one from glands beneath the eyes (2). however, at high population densities, it is thought to be uneconomical for a male to defend large territories, because of the effort required to exclude others from the area. in these situations, breeding leks are formed instead (7); the topi is one of only four antelopes known to do so (pers). in areas where females regularly congregate, males cluster on traditional breeding grounds (5), competing for mates by posturing and sparring with the horns (2). most females visit this lek on their day of oestrus and mate with the largest, fittest males (5) .\nrecently, research has shown that in individual females in a high density population mate with an average of four partners, mating with each male approximately 11 times. the fertile period of females lasts only a single day, and during this time females may be pushy and aggressive as they attempt to mate with numerous males to ensure that they become pregnant. males become exhausted during peaks in mating activity and appear to mate selectively due to sperm depletion (8). female topi give birth to a single calf after a pregnancy lasting 7. 5 to 8 months (5) .\ntopi can reach top speeds of over 70 km / h, but are so curious that they have been known to stand and stare while members of their herd are shot. natural predators include lions, hyenas, leopards, cheetahs and cape hunting dogs (2). topi graze on most grass species (4), selecting the lush green leaves from amongst dry grass (5) .\nthe topi have a fragmented distribution several distinct populations across the northern savanna to eastern and southern africa. the subspecies are separated by region (1) (4) .\nevidence is increasing that where cattle are present, topi decline, through competition for food (4) (9). however, the humans that accompany domestic cattle also cause habitat destruction and hunt the topi its meat (1) .\nauthenticated (04 / 01 / 08) by dr jakob bro - jørgensen, research fellow, institute of zoology, london. urltoken\nsubspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species, but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species. ungulate hoofed, grazing mammal .\nsayer, j. a. (1982) the pattern of the decline of the korrigum damaliscus lunatus in west africa. biological conservation, 23: 95 - 110 .\nkingdon, j. (1989) east african mammals: an atlas of evolution in africa. university of chicago press, chicago .\nalden, p. c. , estes, r. d. , schlitter, d. and mcbride, b. (1996) collins guide to african wildlife. harpercollins publishers, london .\nmacdonald, d. w. (2006) encyclopedia of mammals. oxford university press, oxford .\nsutherland, w. j. (1996) from individual behaviour to population ecology. oxford university press, oxford .\nbro - jørgensen, j. (2007) reversed sexual conflict in a promiscuous antelope. current biology, 17: 2157 - 2161 .\nnature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel: + 44 (0) 117 911 4675 fax: + 44 (0) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - topi (damaliscus lunatus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - topi (damaliscus lunatus )\ntitle =\narkive species - topi (damaliscus lunatus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is affected by global climate change. to learn about climate change and the species that are affected, visit our climate change pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nuse on websites and for limited audiences in social media, apps, or live performances .\nsoccer ball in goal net with slowmotion. slowmotion football ball in the net .\nstage lights and different shapes art gallery. series 3 + version from 1 to 26 + orange - blue - purple and white color series\nover 10, 966, 411 royalty - free video clips with 81, 058 new stock clips added weekly .\nthe breeding process starts wif de devewopment of a wek. leks are estabwished by de congregation of aduwt mawes in an area to which femawes visit onwy for de purpose of mating. lekking is of particuwar interest, since femawe choice of a mate in de wek area is independent of any direct mawe infwuence. severaw options are avaiwabwe to expwain how femawes choose a mate, but de most interesting is in de way de mawes group in de middwe of a wek. the grouping of mawes can appeaw to femawes for severaw reasons. first, groups of mawes can provide protection from predators. second, if mawes group in an area wif a wow food suppwy, it prevents competition between mawes and femawes for resources. finawwy, de grouping of mawes provides femawes a wider variety of mates to choose from, as dey are aww wocated in one centraw area. [ 13 ] dominant mawes occupy de center of de weks, so femawes are more wikewy to mate at de center dan at de periphery of de wek. [ 12 ]\na study by bro - jorgensen (2003) awwowed a cwoser wook into wek dynamics. the cwoser a mawe is to de center of de wek, de greater his mating success rate. for a mawe to reach de center of de wek, he must be strong enough to outcompete oder mawes. once a mawe' s territory is estabwished in de middwe of de wek, it is maintained for qwite a whiwe; even if an area opens up at de center, mawes rarewy move to fiww it unwess dey are abwe to outcompete de warge mawes awready present. however, maintaining centraw wek territory has many physicaw drawbacks. for exampwe, mawes are often wounded in de process of defending deir territory from hyenas and oder mawes. [ 14 ]\ndatabase entry incwudes a brief justification of why dis species is of weast concern, uh - hah - hah - hah .\neast, rod; iucn / ssc antewope speciawist group (1998) .\nafrican antewope database\n.\n. van den berg, phiwip, van den berg, heinrich. cascades, souf africa: hph pubwishing. p. 102 .\nbro - jorgensen, j (2007) .\nthe intensity of sexuaw sewection predicts weapon size in mawe bovids\n.\n. new york, ny: the stephen greene press, inc. pp. 81–82 .\n. los angewes, ca: university of cawifornia press. pp. 142–146 .\n. new york, ny: press syndicate of de university of cambridge. pp. 109–112 .\nbro - jorgensen, jakob; sarah m durant (2003) .\nmating strategies of topi buwws: getting in de centre of attention\n.\ntext is avaiwabwe under de creative commons attribution - shareawike license; additionaw terms may appwy. by using dis site, you agree to de terms of use and privacy powicy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of de wikimedia foundation, inc. , a non - profit organization, uh - hah - hah - hah .\nmost of africa' s herbivores can be classified as either grazers of grass or browsers of leaves off trees. some animals, like the elephant and impala, do both - depending on the availability of food. the grassland has been described as the “engine room of the savanna” by scientist robert scholes. it provides sustenance for large grazing herds, while the mixed woodland within the savanna provides the diet for the browsers." ]

{ "text": [ "the common tsessebe or sassaby ( damaliscus lunatus lunatus ) is one of five subspecies of african antelope damaliscus lunatus of the genus damaliscus and subfamily alcelaphinae in the family bovidae .", "it is most closely related to the topi , korrigum , coastal topi and tiang ( all subspecies of damaliscus lunatus ) , and the bangweulu tsessebe and bontebok in the same genus .", "tsessebe are found primarily in angola , zambia , namibia , botswana , zimbabwe , swaziland , and south africa .", "tsessebe can run at a maximum of 80 km/h . " ], "topic": [ 14, 5, 20, 14 ] }

[ "the common tsessebe or sassaby (damaliscus lunatus lunatus) is one of five subspecies of african antelope damaliscus lunatus of the genus damaliscus and subfamily alcelaphinae in the family bovidae. it is most closely related to the topi, korrigum, coastal topi and tiang (all subspecies of damaliscus lunatus), and the bangweulu tsessebe and bontebok in the same genus. tsessebe are found primarily in angola, zambia, namibia, botswana, zimbabwe, swaziland, and south africa. tsessebe can run at a maximum of 80 km/h." ]

[ "hamanumida daedalus is widespread across africa including madagascar. it also occurs in the arab states .\nthe guineafowl (hamanumida daedalus) is a butterfly of the nymphalidae family and only member of the hamanumida genus. it is found in the afrotropic ecozone .\nthe genus hamanumida comprises of a single species - daedalus, which is popularly known as the guineafowl due to it' s colour and pattern which resembles that of the guineafowl bird .\nhamanumida daedalus; [ ebw ]; [ bow ]: pl. 103, f. 11; [ bafr ], 346; [ nhm card ]; [ bk ]: 312, pl. 42, f. 522; [ afrl ]\ncopyright: mark hyde, bart wursten, petra ballings and meg coates palgrave, 2002 - 18 hyde, m. a. , wursten, b. t. , ballings, p. & coates palgrave, m. (2018). flora of zimbabwe: lepidoptera - butterflies and moths: hamanumida daedalus. urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified: 26 december 2016 8: 34pm (gmt + 2) terms of use\nnatal, swaziland, transvaal, moçambique, rhodesia, botswana, tropical africa (dry lowland areas), sw. arabia. see [ maps ]\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea; compiled by mark c. williams, 7th ed. (2008) (april 2007) ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nungemach, 1932 contribution à l' étude des lépidoptères d' abyssinie (pt. 1, rhopalocères) mém. soc. sci. nat. phys. maroc 32: 1 - 122, 2pls\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nthis is a grassland / savannah species found at altitudes between sea level and about 800m. it is associated mainly with dry, rocky grassland where there are scattered bushes and trees, but also rapidly colonises abandoned agricultural land .\nthe primary larval foodplant is combretum, but terminalia and tectona (teak) are also used .\nthe butterflies are normally seen singly or in two' s and three' s. males will mud - puddle at the edges of fords and small streams, but both sexes are more commonly seen aggregating at the top of hills where courtship and copulation take place. they fly very low over the ground, and frequently settle to bask on bare ground or on rocks or boulders. at all times they remain very alert, taking flight at the slightest disturbance .\nall photographs, artwork, text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins (unless otherwise stated) and are protected by copyright. photographs or text on this website must not be reproduced in part or in whole or published elsewhere without prior written consent of adrian hoskins / urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfamily: nymphalidae subfamily: nymphalinae upper image: location unrecorded, courtesy of ron eggert bottom photos: lake chala, courtesy of stein ø. nilsen all others: darakuta ranch and suledo forest\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ all unattributed butterfly images on this website are: copyright © 2013 - 16 trude peterson all other images are the property of the indicated photographers: ron eggert, stein ø. nilsen last update this page: 04 - 01 - 13\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe wet season form meleagris has well - defined white spots on the underside (photo right) .\nvery common in deciduous woodland from swaziland to mozambique and zimbabwe, across to botswana and namibia .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nplease view in large, thank you captured location: groenland safari’s, tolwe, limpopo province, south africa featured in the groups: it’s in the detail dutch showcase nikon d50 raw (12 - bit) lens: vr 80 - 400mm f / 4. 5 - 5. 6 d focal length: 360mm exposure mode: aperture priority metering mode: multi - pattern 1 / 80 sec – f / 5. 6 sensitivity: iso 200\nwingspan male 55 - 65mm female 60 - 78mm well worn specimen may appear dull and unattractive, but freshly emerged butterflies are striking. distribution: common and widespread in savanna, arid savanna and lowland forest. from kwazulu - natal midlands to swaziland, mpumalanga, limpopo and nw provinces, and warmer parts of gauteng. habitat: flatlands. flight period: continuously brooded; peaks in midwinter and midsummer. larval food: combretum molle and terminalia sericea\nreceive exclusive deals and awesome artist news and content right to your inbox. free for your convenience .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nis 55–65 mm for males and 60–78 mm for females. adults are on wing year round, with peaks in midwinter and summer .\nwoodhall, s. field guide to butterflies of south africa, cape town: struik publishers, 2005 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you!" ]

{ "text": [ "hamanumida daedalus , the guineafowl , is a butterfly of the nymphalidae family and only member of the hamanumida genus .", "it is found in the afrotropic ecozone ( natal , swaziland , transvaal , mozambique , rhodesia , botswana , tropical africa ( dry lowland areas ) and southwest arabia ) .", "the wingspan is 55 – 65 mm for males and 60 – 78 mm for females .", "adults are on wing year-round , with peaks in midwinter and summer .", "the larvae feed on combretum and terminalia species . " ], "topic": [ 26, 24, 9, 15, 8 ] }

[ "hamanumida daedalus, the guineafowl, is a butterfly of the nymphalidae family and only member of the hamanumida genus. it is found in the afrotropic ecozone (natal, swaziland, transvaal, mozambique, rhodesia, botswana, tropical africa (dry lowland areas) and southwest arabia). the wingspan is 55 – 65 mm for males and 60 – 78 mm for females. adults are on wing year-round, with peaks in midwinter and summer. the larvae feed on combretum and terminalia species." ]

[ "rocksim file for the black brant ii - 2. 6\nfiberglass rocket kit\nthe black brant xii will be replaced by the black brant xii - a, which substitutes the taurus (honest john) second stage motor with a terrier mk. 70 motor .\nthe black brant xii rocket system is a four stage system used primarily to carry a variety of payloads to high altitudes. its development is a spin - off of the black brant x development .\nnasa: code 810: sounding rocket vehicles - black brant xii launch vehicle (40. xxx )\nthe first and second stage are the mk 11 mod 5 talos rocket motor and the taurus motor. the third stage is a modified black brant vc motor. the black brant nozzle is extended for exoatmospheric use and the tailcan has been changed to enclose the nozzle. the aft end of the tailcan has a restraining device to keep the taurus and black brant connected while coasting .\nto see how the black brant ii - 4\nfiberglass looks and performs with each motor configuration, download the free rocksim design file .\nthe 26ks20000 black brant v rocket motor has been modified for use as the third stage of the black brant xii. the nozzle cone has been extended as has the tailcan, and the diameter at the aft end of the conical extension is 57. 8 cm. the standard black brant v fin panels are used even though the tail assembly is different. the 26ks20000 black brant v rocket motor produces an average thrust level of 7074 kg and an action time of 32. 42 seconds. the primary diameter of the black brant v is 43. 8 cm and it is 5. 66 m long. loaded weight of the motor including hardware is 1271 kg which includes 1017 kg of propellant .\nto see how the black brant ii - 2. 6\nfiberglass looks and performs with each motor configuration, download the free rocksim design file .\nsimply enter your details below and we will send you an e - mail when “black brant ii - 2. 6\nfiberglass” is back in stock !\nthe decals are three - color, including black, white, and metallic silver .\nan abundant small goose of the ocean shores, the brant breeds in the high arctic tundra and winters along both coasts. the brant along the atlantic have light gray bellies, while those off the pacific coast have black bellies and were at one time considered a separate species .\nthe standard payload configuration for the black brant xii vehicle is 43. 8 cm in diameter with a 3: 1 ogive nose shape. payload length and weight limits for the black brant xii are not defined as they are for the black brant v and specific limitations for this system will be determined as the situation warrants. because of relatively high dynamic pressures, bulbous (larger than 43. 8 cm) diameter payloads are carefully considered before flight on the black brant xii. for payloads weighing as little as 136 kg, 1500 km apogee altitudes can be reached. the 500 km altitude region is attainable with 521 kg payloads from sea level, when the launcher elevation is 85°. standard hardware systems that are available for black brant v motors include payload separation systems including a high velocity separation system and despin systems. these units are\nstackable\nsuch that a great deal of flexibility exists in meeting experiment requirements. it should be noted that because of the extreme range at even moderately high launch elevation angles, recovery of the payload may not be possible .\nclick here to check out the massive 4 - inch diameter all - fiberglass madcow black brant. there' s a reason i' m smiling in the photo above. i' m just plain proud to carry these kits .\nthe solution is fiberglass. sit on a black brant in your car, and it' s likely to go through the seat before it breaks. this kit is so durable, i expect it to outlast all of my paper and balsa kits .\ntubular nylon ® shock cord - the 15 feet of 9 / 16\nwide shock cord is designed for high power rockets like this black brant. you attach it to the heavy - duty solid steel screw eye on the forward engine mount centering ring .\ntubular nylon ® shock cord - the 10 feet of 9 / 16\nwide shock cord is designed for high power rockets like this black brant. you anchor it to the heavy - duty solid steel screw eye on the forward engine mount centering ring .\nyou deserve something as nice as this rocket. you' ve put in your dues, not it is time to reap the rewards of all your effort. click on the\nadd to cart\nbutton above, and we' ll have a black brant on the way to you today .\n38mm engine mount tubes - this rocket is designed to handle high - power engines, up through j size rocket motors. the motor mount tube is fiberglass, the centering rings are fiberglass. all of these parts fit together with minimal sanding. the beefy construction gives you the ability to fly the black brant on unnaturally fast - burning motors, like the i800 vmax. you can fly the brant with 24 and 29 - 38mm adaptors, too .\nfor other motors that are not tested or not listed here, download the black brant ii - 4\nfiberglass rocksim file and load it to see if it will work in this rocket kit. see also technical publication # 28 for guidance on selecting appropriate rocket engines other than those listed in this chart .\nfor other motors that are not tested or not listed here, download the black brant ii - 2. 6\nfiberglass rocksim file and load it to see if it will work in this rocket kit. see also technical publication # 28 for guidance on selecting appropriate rocket engines other than those listed in this chart .\nin 1930s, a sudden die - off of eelgrass along atlantic coast (the main winter food of brant) may have had serious impact on this species. no long - term damage to numbers, as brant were able to switch to other food sources, and eelgrass has made partial recovery in these areas .\nat right is a photo of my black brant ii in flight on a cesaroni i540. this was a gorgeous flight, with quick liftoff, loud roar, and nice, bright white flame. perfectly straight, nice and high, and i had drilled the delay out to 11 seconds, which put deployment right at apogee .\nthe oldest recorded brant was a female, and was over 27 years, 6 months old. it had been banded in alaska and was found in washington .\nthe nihka rocket motor, previously developed for the black brant x, is used on this vehicle system. the average thrust is 4804 kg, with a total impulse of 85, 47 kg - sec. the primary diameter is 43. 8 cm and the length is 1. 93 m. the loaded motor weight of 407 kg. which includes 315 kg of propellant .\nthe black brant is a canadian - designed sounding rocket built by bristol aerospace in winnipeg, manitoba. over 800 black brants of various versions have been launched since they were first produced in 1961, and the type remains one of the most popular sounding rockets ever built. they have been repeatedly used by the canadian space agency and nasa. black brant was the result of research at carde during the 1950s into the nature of the upper atmosphere as part of ongoing research into anti - ballistic missile systems and very - long - range communication. in 1957 carde contracted bristol to produce a simple rocket fuselage, called the propulsion test vehicle, for studies into high - power solid fuels. the resulting design was able to accommodate a wide variety of engine burning times, propellant loadings and launch angles in keeping with its role as a test vehicle for abm systems development. the first test flight took place only two years later from fort churchill in september 1959 .\nthe only damage occurred at the leading edge of the body tube, with about 3 / 4 of an inch of fiberglass somewhat cracked up. normally, the motor mount would break loose with an impact like this, but with the black brant, it didn' t even have any cracks. nor were there any fin cracks. in fact, after this flight, the kit was flyable as - is. amazing .\nbefore new technologies are used in spacecraft they need to be thoroughly tested. although ground tests are often acceptable, some technologies need a “test drive” before being integrated into space vehicles. suborbital rockets, also called sounding rockets, are valuable tools in qualifying technologies for flight and providing the test drive that is needed. nasa will flight test a modified black brant sounding rocket motor, launch vehicle and spacecraft systems and sub - payload ejection technologies during a suborbital mission between 7 and 9 p. m. edt, oct. 7, from the wallops flight facility in virginia. the launch and vapor cloud releases, as part of the sub - payload ejection tests, may be seen by residents in the mid - atlantic region. the launch window runs october 6 through 12. the flight’s primary objective is to characterize the reformulated black brant motor performance in a two - stage configuration. “the flight also provides an opportunity to test new technologies being developed for space missions and science conducted using sounding rockets, ” said cathy hesh, technology manager in the sounding rocket program office at wallops. during the flight of the two - stage black brant ix sounding rocket, nasa will test a section of the payload fabricated using near net shape (nns) technology from the agency’s langley research center in hampton, virginia, and three different materials through a cubesat experiment developed by orbital atk of magna, utah .\nthis rocket is made entirely of super - strong fiberglass. it is so rugged, that it is begging for you to strap in the biggest motor you can find. perfect for level - 1 high power certification on a 38mm - diameter\nh\nsize motor. it is also a scale rocket. the real black brant is a canadian - designed sounding rocket built by bristol aerospace in winnipeg, manitoba. this one will be the pride of your fleet .\nhow did madcow rocketry make the black brant ii even better? they made it larger! and they kept the all - fiberglass construction. it is so strong that you can pound it into the air on a 54mm - diameter motor. you' ll probably want to consider this kit when you go after a high - power level - 2 certification. it also comes with the hardware to put in an electronics - bay; which means it is ready for dual - deployment flights .\nthe madcow black brant ii is a brute - force high power capable model in every way. you' ll find that it is the perfect rocket if you' d like to get your level 1 high power certification because, with its all - fiberglass construction, it is very robust to handle the stresses of high power flight. and it is a simple rocket to build, so you' ll be able to get ready for your certification flight in a short amount of time .\nthe madcow black brant ii is a huge, brute - force high power model, period. you' ll find that it is the perfect rocket if you' d like to get your level 1 and 2 high power certification because, with its all - fiberglass construciton, it is very robust to handle the stresses of high power flight. and it is a simple rocket to build, so you' ll be able to get ready for your certification flight in a short amount of time .\nthe taurus motor is 4. 19 m long with a principal diameter of 57. 8 cm. the motor has the interstage adapter bolted to the forward end, which is then clamped to the aft end of the black brant motor. each taurus fin is 0. 44 m 2 in area. normally, the fins are canted to provide two revolutions per second spin rate at taurus burnout. the weight of the booster system (with hardware) is 1363 kg, including 761 kg of propellant .\nthis black brant is a big rocket that uses materials that could cause a substantial amount of damage if launched carelessly. while the fiberglass tubes don' t make the rocket any harder to assemble, the finished rocket does require extra safety precautions when flown. this is a heavy rocket for its size, weighing in at well over two pounds even without the motor. a balsa and paper model this size typically only weighs half a pound or so. patience and acquired flying skills to know when not to fly are just as important as quality construction techniques .\nif you love the look, but need to save money or can' t find a field big enough to fly the massive 4 inch brant, check out this link to the 2. 6 inch madcow all - fiberglass kit. apogee is proud to carry both of these fabulous kit !\nthis black brant is a huge rocket that uses materials that could cause a substantial amount of damage if launched carelessly. while the fiberglass tubes don' t make the rocket any harder to assemble, the finished rocket does require extra safety precautions when flown. this is a massive rocket for its size, weighing in at well over seven pounds even without the motor. the amount of kinetic energy this rocket packs is phenomenal. a balsa and thin - wall paper model this size typically only weighs a pound or so. patience and acquired flying skills to know when not to fly are just as important as quality construction techniques .\n54mm engine mount tubes - this rocket is designed to handle high - power size engines, like the i through l size rocket motors. the motor mount tube is fiberglass, the centering rings are fiberglass. you can fly the brant on 38mm motors, but you' ll need an optional 38 - 54mm adaptor .\nno other geese nest as far north as the brant, and few migrate as far. these small geese are characteristic of coastal areas in summer and winter; most birdwatchers know them from seeing their wintering flocks along both of our coasts. traveling between their summer and winter outposts, they may fly at altitudes of several thousand feet as they cross great expanses of land or open ocean .\none would reason, reasonably, that more expensive high - tech composite materials should fit in a precise way that' s not possible with standard paper, plastic and wood models. that hasn' t been my experience. these parts actually require more handwork, with mold separation flash to sand off, mold release material to scrub off, slightly off - center tail cones, bulkheads and centering rings that need to be sanded to fit, etc. and watch out for the fiberglass strands sticking up inside the nose cone and tail cone. they are sharp and hard (bulletin: they' re glass), and if you' re used to sliding a piece around in your hands as you sand it, they' ll getcha. one factor in these fiberglass kits that offsets these ease of finishing quirks is the surface of the body tubes. the ones in my black brant were simply the best surface i have ever seen. they were a matte texture, and all they required for prep was to wipe the dust off, and they were ready to prime. one coat of primer and they were perfect .\nthe 4\ndiameter blank brant kit from madcow rocketry could very well become the flagship of your rocket fleet. it is big enough to stand out among all the rockets in your display area, and is durable enough to withstand launch after launch. it may cost a little more than your other rockets, but it is worth it and over the long term, you' ll probably save a lot of money and time. just think of how much you' ll save by not having to fix a rocket every time you launch it ?\none would reason, reasonably, that more expensive high - tech composite materials should fit in a precise way that' s not possible with standard paper, plastic and wood models. that hasn' t been my experience. these parts actually require more handwork, with mold separation flash to sand off, mold release material to scrub off, slightly off - center tail cones, body tubes that aren' t quite square, bulkheads and centering rings that need to be sanded to fit, etc. and watch out for the fiberglass strands sticking up inside the nose cone and tail cone. they are sharp and hard (bulletin: they' re glass), and if you' re used to sliding a piece around in your hands as you sand it, they' ll getcha. one factor in these fiberglass kits that offsets these ease of finishing quirks is the surface of the body tubes. the ones in my black brant kit were simply the best surface i have ever seen. they were a matte texture, all they required for prep was to wipe the dust off, and they were ready to prime. one coat of primer and they were perfect .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nif you appreciate the information provided on this site, please consider supporting my work by making a simple and secure donation via paypal. please help to run the website and keep everything free of charge. thank you very much .\nthe talos motor is 3. 35 m long with a diameter of 78. 7 cm. it is fitted with a conical adapter for mating to the second stage and differential drag forces cause separation. four fins are arranged at the aft end in a cruciform configuration and drive the roll rate to approximately one revolution per second at burnout. each fin is 0. 64 m 2 in area .\nvisit: urltoken urltoken is the leading space news site on the web keeping up on the latest space science, technology and astronomy news. show less\nastronauts representing countries from around the world show you what life is like in space .\nwe recall pivotal moments in spaceflight, astronomical discoveries and more. hosted by urltoken' s hanneke weitering. urltoken # otdis page: urltoken\ntapping into the minds who' ve' reached for the stars,' translating the message through their art .\nlearn all about astrophysics in this video series hosted by paul m. sutter and anna voelker. produced by doug dangler .\nbeautiful videos of our only (current !) home in the solar system, the planet earth .\nm - class experimental rocket motor testing... unexpected result ...\ngarage sale item 7 - 1 / 8\nx2. 5\nlaunch lugs\ngarage sale item 14 - 5. 5\n4: 1 ogive fiberglass nose cone\nin episode 2, the fins were sanded and primed. now, you' ll attach the paper decorative rivet straps onto the fins. the process starts... (more )\nin this episode, you' ll install the engine mount assembly that was glued up previously. you' ll see a little trick on how to make sure t... (more )\nthis video in the sequence shows how to install the bulkhead into the coupler, and then how to install that assembly into the payload tube. the... (more )\nman, does this kit fly great! with the pre - cut slots and the perfectly flat fins, it doesn' t spin or wobble at all .\nseriously. when i pulled this out of my van at the last high power launch, there were girly - man screams ,\nawww, my gawd !\nand ,\ntim, you actually gonna fly that today! ?\n.\nman - (and woman) crushes aside, everybody goes bug - eyed at this kit. the first thing they always want to do is pick it up. they inevitably get a shocked look ,\nwow, tim, this is heavy .\nthen they look at the business end and relax a little ,\nah, 54mm... that should do the trick .\nmost high - power fliers look at the ingenious avionics bay next, and examine how it all fits together .\nthe fins. the perfection of the nose cone. the tail cone. the paint job. the decals .\nand, inevitably, the bottom line ,\ni gotta get me one o' these .\nof course, this must be spoken with a resonant sam elliot drawl .\nthis kit has a 54mm motor mount, for easy level 2 certification. it' s set up out of the bag with an avionics bay for dual deployment. the fins mount through the body to the motor mount, which gives this kit the structure to stand up to the pounding of a k motor .\nthe kit comes with a high power fiberglass body, a fiberglass nose cone, g10 fiberglass fins using through - the - wall attachment, and a tubular nylon shock cord .\nmadcow does without some things you might expect, like motor retention and parachutes. with the many different motor retention and deployment options, they figure you' ll want to decide on these issues yourself. check out our parachute options for high power rocket kits here .\nat left is a photo of our display model on the pad, ready to fly at tripoli colorado' s hartsel site (where the buffalo roam) .\nwith such a large rocket, a small launch pad won' t do, so i count on the gun turret pad. the gun turret is so stout, so easy to load, and adjusts so precisely and easily that it makes hitting that gorgeous, intense\ncolorado blue\na cinch .\nmadcow believes that if you' re considering this magnificent kit, you know a few things about rockets. the kit is simple to build, and the instructions are par for the course. so you' re on your own when it comes to such minor issues as motor retention and stability .\nthe main reason this is a skill level 3 is that the instructions call for epoxy as the primary adhesive. epoxy can be messy and cause an allergic reaction in some people. adult supervision and nitrile gloves are recommended when working with epoxy .\ni wouldn' t recommend trying electronic dual - deployment with this as a first attempt. you should perfect your techniques on a less expensive, lighter - weight kit first. and when flying dual deploy, always have a backup, such as a second altimeter on a completely different circuit, or a timer .\nyou' ll need to download the rocksim file for this kit and use it. no nose cone weight comes with the kit, but you must add nose weight for some of the motor options. you need to determine the correct nose weight for the heaviest motor you intend to fly, and mark the center of pressure on the rocket so you' ll never try to fly a motor that makes the rocket unstable. ever see an k or l powered skywriter? it' s not pretty .\npremium quality fiberglass body tubes - the fiberglass tubes in this kit are thick - wall for extra strength. they' ll easily handle the high thrust of extreme motors and supersonic flight. the surface is machined with an even matte surface that' s ideal for primer, which makes finishing a breeze. the fin slots are pre - cut and are a perfect fit for the g10 fiberglass fins .\nthe coupler fits nicely, and all of the avionics bay parts go together with a minimum of sanding and fuss .\nscale fiberglass nose cone - that' s a full - sized spray paint can in the photo, to give you an idea of the scale. made from fiberglass, this heavy - wall nose cone can stand up to almost any amount of abuse you might give it, and it' s a lot stronger overall than plastic or wood. however, be gentle with that tiny, pencil - sharp point. it can be broken fairly easily .\nfiberglass fins - no wimpy lite - ply in this kit. these fins are made from premium fiberglass. you' ll have to try to break these babies, and you won' t have to worry about fin flutter on high - speed flights. they are perfectly uniform, which saves you the time of doing the stack - sanding yourself. madcow includes fiberglass tape to fiberglass - fillet the root edges for an incredibly strong fin .\nthrough - the - wall fin mounting - tabs on the base of the fins are slipped through slots in the body tube and epoxy directly to the engine mount tube. this makes the fins extra strong .\ntail cone - the fins are pre - cut to the contour of the tail cone, which is a premium handmade fiberglass piece .\nrail buttons. with a kit this big, you don' t launch from a rod. you use a long extruded aluminum rail. the delrin - plastic rail buttons are included with the kit and fit the standard size rail launchers used by many clubs throughout the country .\nsolid steel recovery system mount. this beefy eyebolt fastens through a hole in the forward engine mount centering ring .\nhard - core hardware - the ready - for - primetime avionics bay includes threaded steel rod, steel shock cord mounts, fiberglass bulkheads, and all the bolts and washers .\nfor dual deploy, you only need to add a sled and brass mounts, along with the normal complement of electronics .\nthe avionics bay is an ingenious simplification of the standard design like the blue tube bays we carry, and it eliminates the external body tube in the center of most dual - deploy bays. the fore portion of the bay is epoxied into the payload bay, so there is only one joint to wiggle instead of two. and cutting sloppiness by 50% in a rocket' s structure when that rocket is going well past mach is, trust me, a good thing .\nglossy vinyl decals - the laser - cut decals are pressure - sensitive stickers that are ready to apply. they come with tape backing on both sides of the letters. you peel off one side, slap it down in the right position on the rocket, and then peel up the other side. there is no glossy plastic that hangs over the edges of the lettering to distract from the appearance of the rocket .\nuse the chart below to help determine which motor to use for this kit .\ndelay is a little short, so use on breezy days or if the rocket is heavier. restricted: 18 + | l2\ndelay * given is recommended for calm wind conditions. please double check with your rocksim file. set delays using the aerotech delay drilling tool or the cesaroni pro - dat tool .\nnote: these motors (haz) are shipped with a hazmat fee of $ 32 on top of the standard ups / fedex ground shipping costs. (learn more about hazmat fees). these motors are non - returnable due to shipping regulations .\nif you are purchasing an age - or certification - restricted motor, please email or fax us a copy of your id, or nar or tra membership card as soon as possible so we can get your order shipped promptly. we will keep note of your status on file, so you only have to do this once. if you are not certified, please see our information page for additional details on membership and high power certification .\n18 + - you must be at least 18yrs of age to purchase ths motor .\n- this motor is classified as\nhigh power\nand requires a level 1 certification via the nar or tra, or a scheduled attempt, to purchase .\n- this motor is classified as\nhigh power\nand, due to the amount of propellant, requires a level 2 certification via the nar or tra, or a scheduled attempt, to purchase .\nrocket motors are sold separately from the kit. for more help in selecting rocket motors, see our\nif you' re unsure, start with the\nfirst flight\nrecommendation or the one with the lowest altitude, then go up from there .\nthe aeropack 38 / 54mm motor adapter allows you to change motor size in an instant! just drop the adapter into your kit, and double the number of motors you can use .\nthis file can be opened with the free demo version of rocksim. both windows and macintosh versions are available .\nthe rocksim software gives you a lot of information about the flight characteristics of this rocket: how high, how fast, where it will land, how will it react to wind, etc. the\ndesign file\nis intended to save you time. all the parameters (size, shape, weight, fin design, etc .) of this rocket have already been entered into the rocksim program, and saved as an electronic database file. you can just open it up in your copy of rocksim and start loading different rocket motors to run launch simulations. it' s fun and educational to see the rocket zoom skyward, even before you built it. for more information about rocksim and to download a free 30 - day demo version, click here .\nfinishing supplies like sanding sealer, paint and sandpaper (200 and 400 grit) .\nparachute - this kit does not contain a parachute. see our high power parachutes here .\nsince this is a big rocket that uses the rail guiding system, you' ll need the gun turret launch pad. with its all - steel construction and tilting head, this pad was developed specifically for people that want something that makes it easy to load and launch those large rockets .\nwe offer two different controllers that can be used for mid and high - power size rockets. the aerotech interlock and the pratt hobbies go - box controller .\na: read this article with more information on getting high power level 1 certified .\nq: how exactly do i epoxy the bulkhead into the nose cone? there' s a large gap and no surface at all inside the nose cone for gluing .\na: fix - it epoxy clay. i rolled a rope of clay, placed it approximately 1 / 8 inch into and around the inner edge of the nose cone, then used a gloved finger to firmly work the leading (fore) edge of the rope into the course fiberglass texture inside the nose cone. then i pressed the bulkhead into the clay, which seated it fully all around. finally, i used a small wooden dowel to tamp down the thin epoxy clay left on the walls when the bulkhead was pressed past it. this results in the bulkhead being sealed on both sides. finally, after the fix - it set up, i poured in polyester resin, filling it to the top (not shown). this gives an incredibly strong and good - looking assembly, almost as if it were a single hollow fiberglass piece .\na: aero pack engine retainers. these are useful on rockets that use the 54mm diameter reloadable motors. and yes, they can be installed on existing rocket kits like this kit. for this fiberglass kit from madcow rocketry, order the ra54p - part # 24067 or the flanged version ra54 - # 24068 .\nq: i need help selecting motors. what should i do? can you teach me how to select them myself ?\nwatch this youtube video - how to select model rocket engines we encourage you to learn the proper motor selection technique. please watch our youtube video that will walk you step - by - step through the process\nretainer set - fits 54mm tubes with an 2. 278 od: pml and giant leap phenolic, madcow fiberglass, performance rocketry and hawk mountain fiberglass\nthe most versatile epoxy we' ve every found. with it: make perfect fin fillets, fill spirals in tubes, thread locker, fix imperfections and gaps ...\nthis vinyl decal gives you the cp and cg symbols that you can place on your rocket to let the range safety officer know that your rocket is stable ...\nthis kit for housing deployment and tracking electronics includes the tubes, 1 / 4\nplywood bulkheads, a plywood mounting sled, nuts, washers, ...\nhow much money can you save by building your own designs instead of from a commercial kit? you' ll have money left over to buy motors to fly it! ...\nthis rocket is made entirely of super - strong fiberglass. it is so rugged, that it is begging for you to strap in the biggest motor you can find... .\nonline tech support check the bottom of your browser window to see if we' re online to chat .\nyou guys rock i did not expect to get my order as fast as i did. and without a doubt excellent service. you will definitely be getting more orders ...\napogee components has the best selection, prices and customer service anywhere. these guys rock, they get you what you need, at a great price, and on ...\napogee should be a harvard business case for all business majors of what it takes to be the epitome of excellence. customer service 2nd to none. all ...\nplease select aeropack aerospace specialty products aerotech aggressor aerospace rocketry altaira rocketry altus metrum always ready rocketry apogee cesaroni dino chutes dori' z adorables dynastar entacore estes fins and fire rocketry fruity chutes generic glenmarc jolly logic klima loc precision rocketry lumadyne macklin madcow rocketry missile works mjg technologies newway rocketry noris rocketry north coast rocketry odd' l rockets pemberton technologies perfectflite pratt hobbies precis, inc. proline composites quest quickburst real space rockets red river rocketry rocketarium rosenfield aerospace sc precision semroc astronautics shrockets by apogee sirius rocketry sky rocketry spacemonkey models sunward group ltd tinder rocketry transolve u. s. rockets\nour mission statement: to provide a rewarding experience to any person wanting to further their growth in rocketry, by providing exciting products that teach, as well as showing how fun and safe the hobby can be. we also provide in - depth information about rockets, so that customers can make informed decisions about rocketry so they save money .\nat right is a liftoff shot of our display model on a cesaroni g115. it was a great choice for the first flight, because it was perfectly straight and there was absolutely no drama — until deployment (see below) .\nthis kit has a 38mm motor mount, so it can do a level 2 certification. because of the extreme altitude (two miles), i don' t recommend this unless you add an avionics bay and use altimeter based dual deployment with tracking. the fins mount through the body to the motor mount, which gives this kit the structure to stand up to the pounding of a j motor .\nthe kit comes with a high power fiberglass body, a fiberglass nose cone, g10 fiberglass fins using through - the - wall attachment, a tubular nylon shock cord, and a 30 - inch diameter nylon parachute, with a nomex chute protector .\nmadcow does without some things, like motor retention. if you intend to launch this kit many times, you' ll want to consider beefing up construction with an easy to use retention system .\nwhile i was at the nar national meet recently, i heard one of the most heart - wrenching descriptions of destruction i have ever heard, from a well - seasoned rocketeer ,\ngo ahead, hop in my car. if you hear a sound like crunching potato chips, you' ve sat in the wrong place .\ni had to wince. i' ve done that myself, and i' ve had passengers do it, too. balsa, lightweight plastics, and paper just don' t mix too well with leather, steel, and the old gluteus maximus. come to think of it, they don' t mix too well with extreme speed, hot exhaust, ejection gasses, rocks and ground, either .\nbelow, you see the result of my shock cord coming off the motor mount screw eye. i' m not sure what happened (it didn' t break, and i suspect operator error), but the result well illustrates the brute strength of this rocket. it came in and smacked the colorado hardpack in hartsel at well over 100 mph .\nbelow is a photo of what rocketeers call a\ncore sample\n. this particular core sample took a few minutes to remove, because it was extremely hard. i had to insert a steel rod through the motor mount and force it out. again, though, it illustrates what a profoundly tough rocket this is. kids, don' t try this at home .\nmadcow believes that if you' re considering this magnificent kit, you know a few things about rockets. the kit is simple to build, and the instructions are par for the course. so you' re on your own when it comes to such minor issues as motor retention and stability, although madcow does tell the maximum distance the center of gravity should be from the tip of the nose .\nyou' ll need to download the rocksim file for this kit and use it. no nose cone weight comes with the kit, but you must add nose weight for some of the motor options. you need to determine the correct nose weight for the heaviest motor you intend to fly, and mark the center of pressure on the rocket so you' ll never try to fly a motor that makes the rocket unstable. ever see an i or j powered skywriter? it' s not pretty .\nscale fiberglass nose cone - made from fiberglass, this heavy - wall nose cone can stand up to a lot of abuse, and overall it is a lot stronger than plastic or wood. however, be gentle with the tiny, pencil - sharp tip. it can be compromised fairly easily .\npremium quality fiberglass body tube - thick - wall for extra strength. it' ll easily handle the high thrust of extreme motors and supersonic flight. the body tube is machined with an even matte surface that' s ideal for primer, which makes finishing a breeze. the fin slots are pre - cut and are a perfect fit for the g10 fiberglass fins .\nthe tail cone is a good - fitting handmade fiberglass piece that makes the finished rocket look great .\nfiberglass fins - no wimpy lite - ply in this kit. these fins are made from premium g10 fiberglass. you' d have to use a jackhammer to try to break these babies, and you won' t have to worry about fin flutter on high - speed flights. they are perfectly uniform, which saves you the time of doing the stack - sanding yourself. madcow includes fiberglass tape to fiberglass - fillet the root edges for an incredibly strong fin .\nthrough - the - wall fin mounting - tabs on the base of the fins are slipped through slots in the body tube and epoxy directly to the engine mount tube. this makes both the fins and the motor mount extra strong. the fins are pre - cut to the contour of the tail cone .\nnomex chute protector. once you try one of these, you may not ever use wadding again. the chute is protected a lot better (no burn marks) and prep is quicker and easier. the fact that madcow includes one of these gems with the kit is very impressive .\n30 inch nylon chute. high quality parachute. opens with a thump. when you see this chute deploy in a clear, blue sky, you remember all over again what it' s like to be a kid .\nrail buttons - this kit includes rail buttons instead of launch lugs. you will need a rail guided launch system to launch this rocket .\nsolid steel recovery system mount. this beefy eyebolt fastens through a pre - drilled hole in the forward engine mount centering ring .\nglossy vinyl decals - the laser - cut decals are pressure - sensitive stickers that are ready to apply. they come with tape backing on both sides of the letters. you peel off one side, slap it down in the right position on the rocket, and then peel up the other side. there is no glossy plastic that hangs over the edges of the lettering to distract from the appearance of the rocket. if you want optional - color lettering, you can spray the rocket that color first, let it dry, and use the vinyl lettering as a mask .\na: aero pack engine retainers. these are useful on rockets that use the 38mm diameter reloadable motors. and yes, they can be installed on existing rocket kits like this kit. for this fiberglass kit from madcow rocketry, order part number 24063 .\na: the madcow 2. 6\nelectronics bay kit will fit nicely in the 2. 6\nthin wall madcow tubes .\nthis is a very rugged, slightly heavy for its size, fiberglass rocket. assembly is straightforward, but require extensive use of epoxy. despite warning about being underpowered, the rocket flew well on f50 - 4 motors. only issue is that with the supplied parachute, the rocket landed hard enough on asphalt to break the fins loose from their mounting, although they were not broken. a better fin retention system along with a slightly larger parachute might be advised. however, i recommend this kit. good value for its price; fiberglass is a little heavy, but quite strong .\nretainer set - fits 38mm tubes with an 1. 650 od: madcow, pml and giant leap phenolic, performance rocketry and hawk mountain fiberglass. blue tubes - ...\nthis simple cardstock display stand allows you to stand your rockets upright for storage and to show off the great craftsmanship of your models. fits ...\ng5000 is a two component filled epoxy with high strength bonds for joining fiberglass and carbon fiber composites with extremely high shear ...\nthis package deal contains everything you may need to assemble and launch your first 38mm reloadable rocket motor (except the propellant packs). this ...\nrail buttons are used in place of launch lugs to guide the rocket off the pad. they are used on big rockets, where additional support is needed to ...\nthe thing that makes apogee stand out from the rest of the online ordering i have done is the email i received after my order. unlike other emails i ...\nnever been let down when it comes to customer service, orders always arrive even before i expect it. still learning\nroc sim\nshame i don' t order rocket ...\napogee rockets is like mcmaster - carr. their selection is huge. their web site is user friendly. you can see pictures of everything to know you are ...\nthis is a very rugged, slightly heavy for its size, ...\nsalt bays, estuaries; tundra (summer). usually on wet coastal tundra of high arctic in summer, along coastlines in fairly mild climates in winter. migrants may make regular stopovers on a few freshwater lakes in the interior of the continent .\nforages by wading or tipping up in shallow water, or by walking on tidal flats or on shore. feeds in flocks at most times of year .\n3 - 5, rarely up to 8. creamy white to pale olive, becoming nest - stained. incubation is by female only, 22 - 26 days, usually 24. when female leaves nest to feed, she covers eggs with down, keeping them warm. young: leave nest within 1 - 2 days after hatching, are tended by both parents and led to feeding areas, where young find their own food. in long daylight of high arctic, young feed at all hours and develop rapidly, fledging at 40 - 50 days .\nleave nest within 1 - 2 days after hatching, are tended by both parents and led to feeding areas, where young find their own food. in long daylight of high arctic, young feed at all hours and develop rapidly, fledging at 40 - 50 days .\nmostly plant material. in migration and winter, eats aquatic plants; eelgrass heavily favored where available, also takes wigeon grass, rockgrass, green algae, others. on breeding grounds, grazes on sedges, grasses, pondweed, others. also eat a few aquatic insects, mollusks, worms .\npair bond usually formed on wintering grounds. often breeds in loose colonies. nest site is on small island in tundra pond, slight rise in low grassy flats, usually within 1 - 5 miles of coast and often subject to destruction by storm tides. nest is a shallow bowl of grass and other materials, heavily lined with down." ]

{ "text": [ "the black brant or pacific brent goose ( branta bernicla nigricans ) is a subspecies of the brant goose that breeds in alaska and winters in baja california .", "there are an estimated 115,000 black brant in the world and about 14,000 are taken each year by hunters .", "fox predation of eggs is thought to be significant and , in 2006 , the u.s. began a 5-year fox removal program .", "the population has been as high as 200,000 in 1981 , and as low as 100,000 in 1987 . " ], "topic": [ 5, 15, 17, 17 ] }

[ "the black brant or pacific brent goose (branta bernicla nigricans) is a subspecies of the brant goose that breeds in alaska and winters in baja california. there are an estimated 115,000 black brant in the world and about 14,000 are taken each year by hunters. fox predation of eggs is thought to be significant and, in 2006, the u.s. began a 5-year fox removal program. the population has been as high as 200,000 in 1981, and as low as 100,000 in 1987." ]

[ "select an image: 1. storm' s stork > > adult in flight from below 2. storm' s stork > > adult in flight from below 3. storm' s stork > > adult 4. storm' s stork > > adult 5. storm' s stork > > adult 6. storm' s stork > > adult 7. storm' s stork > > adult 8. storm' s stork > > adult 9. storm' s stork > > taking off 10. storm' s stork > > adult 11. storm' s stork > > adult 12. storm' s stork > > adults 13. storm' s stork > > adult 14. storm' s stork > > display 15. storm' s stork > > adult in flight from below 16. storm' s stork 17. storm' s stork 18. storm' s stork 19. storm' s stork > > adult in flight from below 20. storm' s stork > > adult in flight from below 21. storm' s stork > > adult 22. storm' s stork > > adult 23. storm' s stork > > adult 24. storm' s stork > > adult 25. storm' s stork > > adult 26. storm' s stork > > in flight from below 27. storm' s stork > > adult 28. storm' s stork > > adult 29. storm' s stork > > adult 30. storm' s stork > > adult 31. storm' s stork > > adult 32. storm' s stork\nthe storm' s stork was formerly considered as a subspecies of the woolly - necked stork .\nstorm' s stork (ciconia stormi) is a species of bird in the ciconiidae family .\nthe milky stork (mycteria cinerea) is a large wading bird in the stork family ciconiidae .\nplease keep us up - to - date and contact us with your own updates or new protocols for rearing the storm' s stork .\nthe storm' s stork is classified as endangered (en), considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - storm’s stork (ciconia stormi )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - storm’s stork (ciconia stormi )\ntitle =\narkive species - storm’s stork (ciconia stormi )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nstorm' s stork (ciconia stormi) at menanggol tributary, borneo, during the march 2016 avifauna tour. filmed by tour guide teet sirotkin .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - storm' s stork at nest in tree\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - storm' s stork at nest in tree\ntitle =\narkive photo - storm' s stork at nest in tree\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nlike numerous ciconiidae, the storm’s stork uses its long, broad wings for soaring, and it flies with outstretched neck. soaring is often interspersed with flapping .\nfile: woolly - necked stork (ciconia episcopus) with black - headed ibises & painted stork w2 img 9730. jpg\nstorm' s stork rescued from a fishermen' s net in sumatra = storm' s stork rescued from a fishermen' s net in sumatra by wild tiger. this endangered storm' s stork ciconia stormi was caught in a fishing net on the banks of a river in the senepis - buluhala forests, riau, sumatra, indonesia. aware of how rare this species is (status: endangered; 250 - 1000 left in the world) staff were careful to see it back to health before releasing it at a remote site. more\ndescription: the storm' s stork is a large high - flying bird with a black and white body, red bill, and orange face that occurs in certain islands of the south pacific, including malaysia, borneo, sumatra and possibly thailand. a rare, solitary bird, the storm' s stork prefers undisturbed expanses of lowland forest. because of widespread habitat loss due to logging, conversion to palm oil plantations and damming operations throughout its range, storm' s stork populations are declining .\ndescription: the storm' s stork is a large high - flying bird with a black and white body, red bill, and orange face that occurs in certain islands of the south pacific, including malaysia, borneo, sumatra and possibly thailand. a rare, solitary bird, the storm' s stork prefers undisturbed expanses of lowland forest. because of widespread habitat loss due to logging, conversion to palm oil plantations and damming operations throughout its range, storm' s stork populations are declining. more\nthe storm' s stork is a solitary bird. its diet consists mainly of fish. the female usually lays two eggs in stick platform nest high in trees canopy .\nimages storm' s stork in tree storm’s stork is a large black and white bird with a slightly upturned, red bill, orange facial skin and golden - yellow area around eye. the wings, back, crown and breast are black, while the throat, nape of the neck, abdomen and vent are white... more\nlook for our storm’s storks in the wings of the world aviary and in the marsh exhibit in nairobi village .\nrange: the storm’s stork is found on the malay peninsula, with very small populations in s thailand and peninsular malaysia, sumatra where it is resident, and borneo where the species is widespread but scarce .\nintroduction: the storm’s stork is included in the subfamily ciconiini which gathers seven species of genus ciconia, the “typical” storks. this monotypic species was formerly a subspecies of the woolly - necked stork, and both are fairly similar. it occurs rarely in small groups, and is usually seen alone or in pairs in a variety of wet forested areas. the storm’s stork is an endangered species, threatened by habitat loss throughout its range .\nthe storm’s stork is suspected to wander great distances, and some birds have been observed several kilometres from their suitable areas in sumatra. this species probably moves in response to habitat loss .\ndue to ongoing habitat loss, very small population size, limited range and overhunting in some areas, the storm' s stork is classified as endangered on the iucn red list of threatened species .\ncutter, p. ; boontua, p. ; sri - buarod, k. 2007. a recent record of storm' s stork ciconia stormi in thailand. forktail: 163 - 165 .\nto harm a stork' s nest in a pear tree, for storks serve us all ...\ncutter, p. , boontua, p. and sri - buarod, k. (2007) a recent record of storm' s stork ciconia stormi in thailand. forktail 23: 163 - 165 .\nfrogs are a main food source for european white storks. the frogs are attracted to the stork’s red legs .\nhabitat: the storm’s stork frequents freshwater swamp forest, rivers, streams and pools in evergreen forests, and densely forested areas. it usually occurs in lowlands, up to 240 metres above the sea - level .\nmarks, j. s. and leasure, s. m. (1992) breeding biology of tristram' s storm - petrel on laysan island. wilson bull. 104: 719 - 731 .\nthe storm' s stork (ciconia stormi) is a large, approximately 91 centimetres (36 in) long, stork with black and white plumages, red bill, orange bare facial skin, red legs and yellow orbital skin. both sexes are similar. the young has duller plumage and bare skin .\n(\nwhite stork, ciconia ciconia\n, 1999; latus and kujawa, 2005; cramp, et al. , 1977 ;\nwhite stork\n, 2006 )\n( berthold, et al. , 2004 ;\nwhite stork\n, 2006 )\nthe centres of stork diversity are in tropical asia and sub - saharan africa, with eight and six breeding species respectively. just three species are present in the new world: wood stork, maguari stork and jabiru, which is the largest flying bird of the americas. two species, white and black stork, reach europe and western temperate asia, while one species, oriental stork, reaches temperate areas of eastern asia, and one species, black - necked stork, is found in australasia. [ 2 ]\nmaheswaran, g. (2003) black - necked stork' s present status in india. mistnet 4: 8 .\nluthin, c. s. (1987) status and conservation priorities for the world' s stork species. colon. waterbirds 10: 181 - 202 .\ncalls and songs: sounds by xeno - canto the storm’s stork is usually silent outside the breeding season during which they may produce various vocalizations and noises at their breeding sites. the displays at nest are accompanied by bill - clattering .\nbrooke, m. de l. (2000) a search for the nesting colonies of markham' s and hornby' s storm - petrel in the atacama desert. unpublished report .\n, when we started with marabou and jabiru storks. today, between the san diego zoo and san diego zoo safari park, we have 10 stork species represented in our collection. the storm’s storks and shoebills are the rarest we have .\nfile: black - necked stork (ephippiorhynchus asiaticus) near hodal i picture 2021. jpg\nabout the wood stork: denizens of the wetlands, accessed on 13. 12. 2010\nthe storm' s stork is one of the rarest birds at the safari park. the colorful, medium - sized storks are native to forested peat swamps in indonesia and malaysia. they feed on fish but may also eat reptiles, frogs, or large insects. storm' s storks form pair bonds that can last for years. they may reuse their nest, freshening it up with sticks and mud each year. stork nests used over time can become huge, measuring six feet across !\nanon. (2006) new zealand storm - petrel - in the hand! . birding world 19: 44 .\nit was an honor when malaysia’s zoo negara sent us two pairs of young storm’s storks in 1994. we hoped to apply our stork - breeding expertise to these rare birds. in 2001, we welcomed four chicks from two different clutches, the first breeding of this species in north america .\nstorm’s stork is generally solitary, but is occasionally found in small groups (2). this species is thought to feed primarily on fish, but also on frogs, crustaceans, earthworms, invertebrates and aquatic insect larvae (4) (5) .\ngaskin, c. and baird, k. (2005) observations of black and white storm petrels in the hauraki gulf, november 2003 - june 2005: were they of new zealand storm petrels? . notornis 52: 181 - 194 .\nmargolis, marvin; parker, philip (1972) .\nthe stork fable−some psychodynamic considerations\n.\nf danielsen, r kadarisman, h skov, u suwarman, and wjm verheugt, storm' s stork ciconia stormi in indonesia: breeding biology, population and conservation: ibis, vol. 139, no. 1, pp. 67 - 75, jan 1997 .\ncheyne, s. m. ; husson, s. j. ; dragiewicz, m. ; thompson, l. j. ; adul; jeffers, k. a. ; limin, s. h. ; smith, d. a. e. 2014. kalimantan' s tropical peat - swamp forests are important for storm' s stork (ciconia stormi) conservation. journal of indonesian natural history 2: 45 - 50 .\nstorm’s stork is legally protected in thailand, malaysia and indonesia and has been recorded in several protected areas, including at least five (and one proposed) in kalimantan, at least four (and a further four proposed) on sumatra and four in malaysia (2) .\nit was a great honor when malaysia’s zoo negara sent us two pairs of storm’s storks in 1994 with hopes that we could successfully apply our stork - breeding expertise to these rare birds. in 2001, when the storks matured, we welcomed four chicks from two different clutches, the first breeding of this species in north america .\nstorm' s stork is legally protected in thailand, malaysia and indonesia and has been recorded in several protected areas, including at least five (and one proposed) in kalimantan, at least four (and a further four proposed) on sumatra and four in malaysia (2) .\nabidin ben ja' afar, z. and chong hee nam, m. (2001) a preliminary survey of storm' s stork (ciconia stormi) at the lower kinabatangan floodplain, sabah, malaysia (march 1999 - january 2000). report to the oriental bird club .\nbreeding and hand - rearing storm' s storks ciconia stormi at the zoological society of san diego. m. mace. international zoo yearbook. vol 40. page 254 - 260\nainley, d. g. , henderson, r. p. and strong, c. s. (1990) leach' s storm - petrel and ashy storm - petrel. pp. 128 - 162 in seabirds of the farallon islands: ecology, dynamics and structure of an upwelling - system community. stanford, ca, usa: stanford university press .\nin aesop' s tale\nthe frogs who desired a king\nthe frogs ask zeus for a king, and he first sends them the ineffective king log and then the king stork who devours his frog subjects. in this context, viewed from the point of view of a frog who may get eaten by a stork, the stork is the symbol of tyrannical power .\nthe milky stork can be found in coastal regions and favors mangroves and low - saline swamps of these areas .\nbrooke, m. de l. (1999) a search for the nesting colonies of hornby' s storm petrel in the atacama desert; april / may 1999. unpublished report .\nmatsuda, s. (2008) early stage success for reintroduction of the oriental white stork in toyooka. chin. crane news 12: 36 - 37 .\nin estonian ,\nstork\nis toonekurg, which is derived from toonela (underworld in estonian folklore) + kurg (crane). it may seem not to make sense to associate the now - common white stork with death, but at the times storks were named, the now - rare black stork was probably the more common species .\nin estonian ,\nstork\nis toonekurg, which is derived from toonela (underworld in estonian folklore) + kurg (crane). it may seem not to make sense to associate the now - common white stork with death, but at the times storks were named, the now - rare black stork was probably the more common species .\n. 2011), raising the possibility that these birds could cross to sumatra and mix with key milky stork populations .\nhowell, s. n. g. and collins, c. (2008) a possible new zealand storm petrel off new caledonia, southwest pacific. birding world 21: 207 - 209 .\nstorm' s stork can be found in peninsular malaysia, borneo, sumatra and extreme southern thailand. population size: the population is thought to be between 250 and 500 individuals. the core population are found in sumatra, kalimantan and brunei. characteristics: this large species of stork measures up to 91cm long. it has black and white plumage with a red bill, orange and yellow skin on its face and red legs. more\nbaker, p. , baker, h. and seto, n. (1997) tristram' s storm petrel oceanodroma tristrami on midway: a probable breeding record.' elepaio 57: 80 .\n(\nwhite stork - fact sheet\n, 2001; tryjanowski, et al. , 2004; wuczynski, 2005 )\ni found the info online after guessing that it was some kind of stork. i' ve never been to malaysia, but i hear that it' s beautiful there !\nde villiers, m. (2002) effect of a storm on breeding african penguins spheniscus demersus at foxy beach, boulders penguin colony, simon' s town. bird numbers 11: 7 - 9 .\nstorm’s stork is a large black and white bird with a slightly upturned, red bill (3), orange facial skin and golden - yellow area around eye (2). the wings, back, crown and breast are black, while the throat, nape of the neck, abdomen and vent are white (3) .\n(\nhow do white storks adapt to their environment ?\n, 2003; berthold, et al. , 2004 ;\nwhite stork - fact sheet\n, 2001; cramp, et al. , 1977 ;\nwhite stork\n, 2006 )\nwikipedia. 2006 .\nwhite stork\n( on - line). wikipedia. accessed march 20, 2006 at urltoken .\nadjakpa, j. b. (2000) the breeding biology of abdim' s stork ciconia abdimii in the far north of benin. . ostrich 71: 61 - 63 .\nhowell, s. n. g. , webb, s. and spear, l. b. (1996) identification at sea of cook' s, de filippi' s and pycroft' s petrels. west. birds 27: 57 - 64 .\njoines, s. (1985) america' s extinct parrot. zoonooz 58: 4 - 9 .\nkomer, s. (2006) the eagle' s eye: april 2006. endangered wildlife trust .\nstorm' s stork is a large black and white bird with a slightly upturned, red bill (3), orange facial skin and golden - yellow area around eye (2). the wings, back, crown and breast are black, while the throat, nape of the neck, abdomen and vent are white (3) .\nchisholm, hugh, ed (1911) .\nstork\n. encyclopædia britannica (11th ed .). cambridge university press .\n, as are other stork species. storks generally are of a heavier build and fly with their necks outstretched as opposed to retracted .\nevans, s. w. (1999) globally threatened bird species profile: botha' s lark spizocorys fringillaris. newsl. birdlife s. africa 2: 16 .\n2011. stork. pp. 1 in columbia electronic encyclopedia, vol. 1, 6th edition. new york: columbia university press .\nthis little known species is found in undisturbed forest and freshwater habitats in sumatra, mentawai islands, borneo and peninsular malaysia. one of its strongholds are in southeast sumatra, with remaining populations confined to kalimantan and brunei. while in peninsular malaysia only one very small population and scattered individuals left. the world population of the storm' s stork is less than 500 individuals .\nthis little known species is found in undisturbed forest and freshwater habitats in sumatra, mentawai islands, borneo and peninsular malaysia. one of its strongholds are in southeast sumatra, with remaining populations confined to kalimantan and brunei. while in peninsular malaysia only one very small population and scatter individuals left. the world population of the storm' s stork is less than 500 individuals .\n(\nwhite stork - fact sheet\n, 2001; tryjanowski, et al. , 2004; cramp, et al. , 1977 )\nbirdguides. 1999 .\nwhite stork, ciconia ciconia\n( on - line). birdguides. accessed march 20, 2006 at urltoken .\n2006. stork. pp. 1 in encyclopedia of animals, vol. 1, 1 edition. ipswich, ma: great neck publishing .\nthe storm' s stork, ciconia stormi is a large, approximately 91 centimetres (36 in) long, stork with black and white plumages, red bill, orange bare facial skin, red legs and yellow orbital skin. both sexes are similar. the young has duller plumage and bare skin. this little known species is found in undisturbed forest and freshwater habitats in sumatra, mentawai islands, borneo and peninsular malaysia. one of its strongholds are in southeast sumatra, with remaining populations confined to kalimantan and brunei. more\nthe stork family is a well - defined group which was already distinctive around the beginning of the tertiary, and the earliest remains identifiable as belonging to a stork come from the upper eocene in france. there is extensive fossil evidence, pertaining to some 30 species and the main ...\nvan zalinge, r. , visal, s. , phreakdey, s. & evans, t. (2011 )\ngarcía - godos, i. , goya, e. and jahncke, j. (2002) the diet of markham' s storm petrel oceanodroma markhami on the central coast of peru. mar. ornithol. 30: 77 - 83 .\nhertel, f. and torres - mura, j. c. (2003) discovery of a breeding colony of elliot' s storm - petrels (oceanites gracilis, hydrobatidae) in chile. ornitol. neotrop. 14: 113 - 115 .\nfirst described by john latham as mycteria asiatica, this species was later placed in the genus xenorhynchus based on morphology. based on behavioural similarities, kahl suggested the placement of the species in the genus ephippiorhynchus, which then included a single species, the saddle - billed stork. this placement of both the black - necked stork and saddle - billed stork under the same genera was later supported by osteological and behavioural data, and dna - dna hybridisation and cytochrome – b data. the genera xenorhynchus and ephippiorhynchus were both erected at the same time, and as first revisor, kahl selected the latter as the valid genus for the two species. this and the saddle - billed stork ephippiorhynchus senegalensis are the only stork species that show marked sexual dimorphism in iris colour .\nhess, p. (2008) fea' s or zino' s petrel? . birding 40: 28 - 29 .\na marabou stork’s bill grows all its life and can be 13. 6 inches (34. 6 centimeters) long. the large, heavy bill is a formidable weapon against other scavengers, even hyenas and jackals .\nbyers, o. (1995) stork, ibis and spoonbill conservation assessment and management plan: working document. apple valley, minnesota, u. s. a. : iucn / ssc conservation breeding specialist group .\ngopi sundar, k. s. (2003) notes on the breeding biology of the black - necked stork ephippiorhynchus asiaticus in etawah and mainpuri districts, uttar pradesh, india. forktail 19: 15 - 20 .\nberthold, p. , k. michael, u. querner. 2004. long - term satellite tracking of white stork migration: constancy versus variability .\njabiru, black - necked, and storm’s storks form a male - female bond that can last for many years, and nest by themselves. the pair often uses the same nest over and over again, freshening it up with sticks and mud each year .\ncoulter, m. c. , balzano, s. , johnson, r. , king, c. and shannon, p. (1989) conservation and captive management of storks. unknown: stork interest group .\nthe black - necked stork is the type - host for a species of ectoparasitic ischnoceran bird louse, ardeicola asiaticus and a species of endoparasitic trematode dissurus xenorhynchi .\n100–102 cm; 2·275–4·4 kg; wingspan 155–165 cm. large, mostly white stork with black flight - feathers and conical red bill. males average ...\nholmer, s. (2007) lear' s macaw making a remarkable comeback in protected reserve. afa watchbird 34: 8 .\nli zuo wei, d. , siti hawa yatim, howes, j. and ilias, r. (2006) status overview and recommendations for the conservation of milky stork mycteria cinerea in malaysia: final report of the 2004 / 2006 milky stork field surveys in the matang mangrove forest, perak. . wetlands international .\n( linnaeus, 1758) – n africa, europe, w asia and s africa; winters mostly in tropical africa and s africa .\neskelsen, j. (2007) kirtland' s warblers found nesting outside michigan. birder' s world 21: 14 - 16 .\nharrison, c. s. (2009) conservation of newell' s shearwaters and hawaiian petrels. pac. seabirds 36: 45 .\nhowell, s. n. g. and webb, s. (in prep .) a guide to the birds of chile .\niucn, s. s. c. and traffic (2002) iucn analyses of proposals to amend the cites appendices. unpublished report .\nstork populations are decreasing in numbers because of habitat loss, pesticide usage, and poaching. storks are diverse and unique, and they are dependent on marshlands for their survival. as they are so recognizable, they are an excellent flagship group of birds. saving stork habitat will also protect other flora and fauna that use the marshlands .\nmcchesney, g. j. , h. r. carter, h. r. and parker, m. w. (2000) nesting of ashy storm - petrels and cassin' s auklets in monterey county, california. west. birds 31: 178 - 183 .\nthe storm’s stork performs the typical displays of ciconiidae during the breeding season, and both mates can be seen together during aerial displays. at nest - site, the bill - clattering display is common and accompanies various ceremonies between mates. male and female of a pair stay together for several breeding seasons, and the same nest is often reused on several following years. the birds regularly add more material each year, and the structure is sometimes impressive .\nsmithsonian national zoological park. 2001 .\nwhite stork - fact sheet\n( on - line). poland. pl. accessed january 24, 2006 at urltoken .\nlatus, c. , k. kujawa. 2005. the effect of land cover and fragmentation of agricultural landscape on the density of white stork in brandenburg, germany .\nbhatt, k. (2006) black - necked stork ephippiorhynchus asiaticus nest with four chicks in marine national park, gujarat, india. indian birds 2: 35 .\nbourne, w. r. p. and jouanin, c. (2004) the origin of specimens of new zealand storm petrel (paeleornis maoriana mathews, 1932). notornis 51: 57 - 58 .\nhale, s. r. (2006) using satellite imagery to model distribution and abundance of bicknell' s thrush (catharus bicknelli) in new hampshire' s white mountains. auk 123: 1038 - 1051 .\nbourne, w. r. p. , jouanin, c. and catto, j. v. f. (2004) the original specimens of the new zealand storm - petrel. notornis 51: 191 .\nheight: largest - marabou stork leptoptilos crumeniferus, 4. 9 feet (152 centimeters) tall; smallest - hammerkop scopus umbretta, almost 2 feet (56 centimeters) tall\n(\nhow do white storks adapt to their environment ?\n, 2003 ;\nwhite stork - fact sheet\n, 2001; cramp, et al. , 1977 )\nliving lakes partnership. 2005 .\nliving lakes\n( on - line). white stork conservation: for nature and people. accessed march 24, 2006 at urltoken .\nstorm’s stork has a very small, fragmented population that is rapidly declining due to destruction of its lowland forest habitat through logging, dam construction and conversion to oil - palm plantations. the major fires of 1997 - 1998 on sumatra and borneo are thought to have had a significant impact on this bird, and the development of lowland rivers as major transport routes is considered a considerable threat. fortunately, incidental hunting and trade are minor threats to this species (2) .\nbutchart, s. h. m. (2007) prigogine' s nightjar caprimulgus prigoginei. bull. afr. bird club 14: 145 .\ncox, j. b. (1990) the enigmatic cooper' s and cox' s sandpiper. dutch birding 12: 53 - 64 .\nthe longest lifespan of asian openbills in captivity is 18 years. however, in one study, an asian openbill stork was found to survive for more than 18 years in captivity .\nstorm' s stork has a very small, fragmented population that is rapidly declining due to destruction of its lowland forest habitat through logging, dam construction and conversion to oil - palm plantations. the major fires of 1997 - 1998 on sumatra and borneo are thought to have had a significant impact on this bird, and the development of lowland rivers as major transport routes is considered a considerable threat. fortunately, incidental hunting and trade are minor threats to this species (2) .\nelliott, a. , kirwan, g. m. & garcia, e. f. j. (2018). storm' s stork (ciconia stormi). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018) .\nbehaviour in the wild: the storm’s stork feeds primarily on fish, but it also takes frogs, reptiles and large insects. thanks to the long legs, it wades through water or tall grass, and takes the preys from water or ground with the long, pointed bill. it forages in swampy forests or muddy riverbanks by walking, probing and pecking. it may forage in small groups of 7 - 12 individuals, but it is more often solitary or in pairs when feeding .\nash, j. s. and turner, d. a. (in prep .) a second record of friedmann' s lark from ethiopia .\nmayer, s. (1995) notes on the occurrence and natural history of berlepsch' s canastero asthenes berlepschi. cotinga 3: 15 - 16 .\nmccormac, j. (2011) kirtland' s warbler: seeking the jack pine firebird. bird watcher' s digest 33: 24 - 31 .\nmorse, s. (2009) a challenging future for the steller' s eider. endang. spec. bull. 34: 22 - 23 .\nmanna, c. 2009. nest - building behaviour of the asian open billed stork in the kulik bird sanctuary, raiganj, india. our nature, 7: 39 - 47 .\nlarned, w. w. (2004) steller' s eider spring migration surveys, southwest alaska 2004. anchorage, alaska, u. s. a. : u. s. fish & wildlife service, wildfowl branch .\nthe asian openbill or asian openbill stork (anastomus oscitans) is a large wading bird in the stork family ciconiidae. this distinctive stork is found mainly in the indian subcontinent and southeast asia. it is greyish white with glossy black wings and tail and the adults have a gap between the arched upper mandible and recurved lower mandible. young birds are born without this gap which is thought to be an adaptation that aids in the handling of snails, their main prey. although resident within their range, they make long distance movements in response to weather and food availability .\niqbal, m. and hasudungan, f. (2008) observations of milky stork mycteria cinerea during 2001 - 2007 in south sumatra province, indonesia. birdingasia 9: 97 - 99 .\nji wei - tao and wang yun - bao (2007) number and distribution of oriental white stork in poyang lake in the winter of 2006. chin. crane news 11: 39 .\nbutchart, s. h. m. (2007) tessmann' s flycatcher muscicapa tessmanni. bull. afr. bird club 14: 147 - 148 .\nmikchi, s. b. and bérnils, r. s. (2004) livro vermelho da fauna ameaçada no estado do paraná. curitiba: iap .\nmcclelland, g. t. w. and jones, i. l. (2008) the effects of invasive ants on the nesting success of tristram' s storm - petrel, oceanodroma tristrami, on laysan island, hawaiian islands national wildlife refuge. pac. conserv. biol. 14: 13 - 19 .\nas has already been seen, the genera mycteria and anastomus are highly gregarious and this is particularly true of their breeding habits. of the other storks, the three members of leptoptilos and abdim' s stork are also normally communal breeders. all of these species ...\nbanks, r. c. , goodman, s. m. , lanyon, s. m. and schulenberg, t. s. (1993) type specimens and basic principles of avian taxonomy. auk 110: 413 - 414 .\nlarned, w. w. (2003) steller' s eider spring migration surveys southwest alaska. anchorage, alaska, u. s. a. : u. s. fish and wildlife service migratory bird management office, waterfowl branch .\nsome species of stork are highly gregarious, notably the colonial breeders, such as the members of the genera mycteria and anastomus. however, although they may breed and roost in numbers ...\nlohmus, a. and sellis, u. (2003) nest trees - a limiting factor for the black stork ciconia nigra populations in estonia. . aves liege 40: 84 - 91 .\nmalaysian nature society (2005) report on the milky stork captive breeding and re - introduction programme, kuala selangor nature park. kuala lumpur: malaysian nature society (mns conservation publication 3) .\nhowell, s. and webb, s. (1995) noteworthy bird observations from chile. bull. brit. ornithol. club 115: 57 - 66 .\nmanu, s. (2001) possible factors influencing the decline of nigeria' s rarest endemic bird, the ibadan malimbe malimbus ibadanensis. ostrich supplement: 119 .\nmartin, g. and kremer, s. (2006) saving saipan' s white - eye. endang. spec. bull. : 38 - 41 .\nmciver, w. r. (2002) breeding phenology and reproductive success of ashy storm - petrels (oceanodroma homochroa) at santa cruz island, california, 1995 - 1998. aracatat, ca, usa: humboldt state university (msc) .\nmcclelland, g. t. w. , jones, i. l. , lavers, j. l. and sato, f. (2008) breeding biology of tristram' s storm - petrel oceanodroma tristrami at french frigate shoals and laysan island, northwest hawaiian islands. mar. ornithol. 36: 175 - 181 .\ncarter, h. r. , mciver, w. r. , adams, j. and j. y. takekawa, j. y. (2007) population monitoring of ashy storm - petrels and cassin’s auklets at santa cruz island, california, in 2006. unpublished report, carter biological consulting, victoria, british columbia; u. s. fish and wildlife service, ventura, california; and u. s. geological survey, moss landing & vallejo, california. 32 pp .\nherzog, s. k. , kessler, m. , maijer, s. and hohnwald, s. (1997) distributional notes on birds of andean dry forests in bolivia. bull. brit. ornithol. club 117: 223 - 235 .\nknapp, s. (1999) reserva ecologica de guapiaçu. unpublished management plan .\n86–95 cm; 1590–2790 g. fairly small, black - and - white stork with grey bill. ad has black cap and glossy black wings and body, contrasting with all - white neck ...\nthe milky stork breeds in colonies during mating season. they most commonly breed during the non - rainy seasons of their habitat, being january and february in cambodia and july and august in indonesia. during this time, fish numbers have multiplied, increasing the storks' food supply. during mating season, the face and legs of the milky stork will turn bright red and the bill will turn a brighter orange .\nbrown, a. , collier, n. , robinette, d. and sydeman, w. j. (2003) a potential new colony of ashy storm - petrels on the mainland coast of california, usa. waterbirds 26: 385 - 388 .\nlecroy, m. and peckover, w. s. (1988) misima' s missing birds. bull. brit. ornithol. club 118: 217 - 238 .\nmills, s. l. and cohen, c. (2007) brazza’s martin phedina brazzae: new information on range and vocalisations. ostrich 78: 47 - 50 .\nthis stork is listed as endangered because it has a very small, fragmented population which is very rapidly declining, owing to destruction of lowland forest through logging, dam construction and conversion to oil - palm plantations .\nthe black - necked stork (ephippiorhynchus asiaticus) is a tall long - necked wading bird in the stork family. it is a resident species across south and southeast asia with a disjunct population in australia. it lives in wetland habitats where it forages for a wide range of animal prey. adult birds of both sexes have a heavy bill and are patterned in white and glossy blacks, but the sexes differ in the colour of the iris. in australia, it is sometimes called a jabiru although that name refers to a stork species found in the americas. it is one of the few storks that is strongly territorial when feeding .\nin english folk mythology and old wives' tales, storks deliver newborn babies to mothers by dropping them down chimneys. this is the origin of the phrase\ndr. stork\nto refer to an obstetrician .\nmaheswaran, g. , rahmani, a. r. and coulter, m. c. (2004) recent records of black - necked stork ephippiorhynchus asiaticus in india. forktail 20: 112 - 116 .\ntryjanowski, p. , t. sparks, z. jakubiec, l. jerzak, j. kosicki, s. kuzniak, p. profus, j. ptaszyk, a. wuczynski. 2005. the relationship between population means and variances of reproductive success differs between local populations of white stork .\nanon. (2006) beck' s is back. world birdwatch 28: 9 .\nherrando, s. , brotons, l. , guallar, s. , sales, s. and pons, p. (2009) postfire forest management and mediterranean birds: the importance of the logging remnants. biodiv. conserv. 18: 2153 - 2164 .\nhowell, s. n. g. and webb, s. (1992) a little - known cloud forest in hidalgo, méxico. euphonia 1: 7 - 11 .\nhowell, s. n. g. and webb, s. (1995) a guide to the birds of mexico and northern central america. oxford: oxford university press .\nthe birds of south america: the oscine passerines by robert s. ridgely, guy tudor\nbried, j. (2003) impact of vagrant predators on the native fauna: a short - eared owl (asio flammeus) preying on madeiran storm petrels (oceanodroma castro) in the azores. arquipélago: life mar. sci. 20a: 57 - 60 .\naccording to european folklore, the stork is responsible for bringing babies to new parents. the legend is very ancient, but was popularised by a 19th - century hans christian andersen story called the storks. [ 17 ] german folklore held that storks found babies in caves or marshes and brought them to households in a basket on their backs or held in their beaks. these caves contained adebarsteine or\nstork stones\n. the babies would then be given to the mother or dropped down the chimney. households would notify when they wanted children by placing sweets for the stork on the window sill. [ 11 ] from there the folklore has spread around the world to countries such as the philippines and south america. [ 11 ] birthmarks on the back of the head of newborn baby, nevus flammeus nuchae, are sometimes referred to as stork - bite. [ 27 ]\ngoriup, p. and schulz, h. (1990) conservation management of the white stork: an international opportunity. cambridge, u. k. : international council for bird preservation (study report 37) .\nacharjyo, y. 1970. notes on a nodular disease of the intestine of the open - billed stork - (anastomus oscitans) caused by chaunocephalus ferox. journal of wildlife diseases, 6: 64 - 66 .\nbisht, m. s. , phurailatpam, s. and kathait, b. s. (2005) nesting ecology and breeding success of cheer pheasant catreus wallichii in garhwal himalaya, india. j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 102: 287 - 289 .\nthe sexes look similar. the plumage is generally creamy - white, hence the name\nmilky\nstork. this is contrasted with a naked red face and a long shiny green - black tail and flight - feathers .\nchauhan, r. and andrews, h. (2006) black - necked stork ephippiorhynchus asiaticus and sarus crane grus antigone depredating eggs of the three - striped roofed turtle kachuga dhongoka. forktail 22: 174 - 175 .\nbernado, c. s. s. (2007) the red - billed curassows are persisting in the wild. reserva ecológica de guapiaçu, cachoeiras de macacu, rj, brazil .\nbernardo, c. s. s. (2007) the red - billed curassows are persisting in the wild. reserva ecológica de guapiaçu, cachoeiras de macacu, rj, brazil .\nchoi, s. (2007) 2007' s macao international symposium on black - faced spoonbill - city development and wetland protection. chin. crane news 11: 48 - 49 .\nchowdhury, s. u. (2010) preliminary survey of shorebird hunting in five villages around sonadia island, cox' s bazar, bangladesh. birdingasia 14: 101 - 102 .\ndebus, s. j. s. (1995) the morphs of solomon islands accipiter spp. - a comment on webb (1992). emu 95: 71 - 72 .\nferreira, s. m. and taylor, s. (2003) population decline of brown teal (anas chlorotis) on great barrier island. notornis 50: 141 - 147 .\ngilbert, m. and gombobataar, s. (2009) the status and distribution of pallas' s fish eagle in mongolia: a report on field surveys june - august 2009 .\n0600hrs early morning river cruise to the oxbow lakes. the trip will take you to see the riverine forest and the wildlife in the area as well as an experience to see the magnificent morning mist in the river of kinabatangan. oriental darter, storm’s stork and various species of hornbills and kingfishers is possible sightings. after morning cruise, return to lodge for breakfast. free at leisure till lunch. in the afternoon, proceed for another river cruise downstream of kinabatangan river to find different species of wildlife. return to lodge before sunset. o / n at lodge (b, l, d )\ncarboneras, c. (1992) hydrobatidae (storm - petrels). pp. 258 - 271 in del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. and sargatal, j. , eds. handbook of the birds of the world. barcelona, spain: lynx edicions .\nthis article' s content derived from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (see original source) .\nbiswell, s. (2006) ferals filmed killing endangered chicks. for. bird 319 .\ngottschalk, t. k. and ampeire, s. (2008) a nest record of oberländer' s ground thrush. bull. afr. bird club 15: 250 - 252 .\nmeckvichai, w. , asirapoj, s. , wonghongsa, s. and pitdamkham, c. (in prep) the distribution and population of green peafowl pavo muticus in thailand. .\nmills, m. s. l. (2010) angola' s central scarp forests: patterns of bird diversity and conservation threats. biodiv. conserv. 19: 1883 - 1903 .\ndue to the fact that they are large and conspicuous, almost everyone knows the stork, and several species are popular and respected. the most famous species and among the best - known of all birds is the european ...\nstork. the word isn’t exactly poetry in motion, but there is much to admire in these graceful birds that inhabit wetlands, grasslands, and tropical forests on every continent except antarctica. they range in size from the small hammerkop, at about 2 feet tall (56 centimeters), to the looming marabou stork at nearly 5 feet in height (1. 5 meters). some species are slate gray, while others sport white, red, and black .\njohst, k. , brandl, r. and pfeifer, r. (2001) foraging in a patchy and dynamic landscape: human hand use and the white stork. . ecol. appl. 11: 60 - 69 .\nmaphisa, d. h. , donald, p. f. , ryan, p. g. and piper, s. e. (in prep .) habitat use and breeding ecology of the globally threatened rudd' s lark and botha' s lark in eastern south africa .\ndzhamirzoev, g. s. and bukreev, s. a. (2009) status of egyptian vulture neophron percnopterus in the north caucasus, russian federation. sandgrouse 31: 128 - 133 .\nlangrand, o. and goodman, s. m. (1996) current distribution and status of benson' s rockthrush pseudocossyphus bensoni, a madagascar endemic. ostrich 67: 49 - 54 .\nbolton, m. , smith, a. l. , gómez - díaz, e. , friesen, v. l. , medeiros, r. , bried, j. , roscales, j. l. and furness, r. w. (2008) monteiro' s storm petrel oceanodroma monteiroi: a new species from the azores. ibis 150: 717 - 727 .\nin india, it is widespread in the west, central highlands, and northern gangetic plains into the assam valley, but somewhat rare in peninsular india and sri lanka. this distinctive stork is an occasional straggler in southern and eastern pakistan .\niqbal, m. , ridwan, a. , takari, f. and mulyono, h. (2008) rediscovery of a milky stork mycteria cinerea breeding colony in south sumatra province, indonesia. birdingasia 10: 62 - 66 .\nmukhopadhyay, anand (1980) .\nsome observations on the biology of the openbill stork, anastomus oscitans (boddaert), in southern bengal\n. j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 77 (1): 133–137 .\nthe open - billed stork has the most unusual eating habit. a curved opening in the middle of the bill allows the stork to eat a favorite food: acquatic snails. people used to think the stork picked up a snail and then crushed it, kind of like a nutcracker. but when the birds were studied, the empty snail shells weren’t crushed at all. it turns out that these storks use the upper part of their bill to hold the snail against the ground, while the lower part of the bill slices the muscle holding the snail in its shell. the snail is then pulled out and swallowed, leaving the shell intact. open - billed storks also use this nifty trick to open clams and mussels .\nanon. (2008) blakiston' s fish - owl conservation. flight path 2: 8 .\nanon. (2008) exclusive breeding centre for spix' s macaws. cyanopsitta 91: 10 .\nanon. (2008) world' s rarest cockatoo rediscovered in indonesia. . available from: urltoken\nanon. (2009) hutton' s shearwater colony news. south. bird 39: 3 .\nbirdlife international (2008) canal diverted to save jerdon' s courser. . available from: urltoken\nboy, g. (2003) hinde' s find. swara 26: 26 - 27 .\nchauhan, a. s. , dhiman, s. p. and mohan, l. (2008) breeding the western tragopan at sarahan pheasantry. world pheasant assoc. news 81: 14 .\nchauhan, a. s. , dhiman, s. p. and mohan, l. (2008) sarahan pheasantry, himachal pradesh, india. int. zoo. news 55: 248 .\nclements, t. j. , garrett, l. , tan, s. , kong, k. s. , pech, b. , thong, s. and rours, v. (2007) bird nest protection programme in the northern plains 2003 - 2007. wcs cambodia report .\ncox, j. b. (1990) the measurements of cooper' s sandpiper and the occurrence of a similar bird in australia. s. aust. ornithol. 30: 169 - 181 .\ngummer, h. (2003) new zealand' s secret plovers. wingspan 13: 25 .\nharrison, c. s. , hida, t. s. and seki, m. p. (1983) hawaiian seabird feeding ecology. wildl. monogr. 85: 1 - 71 .\nhowell, k. m. (1982) tanzania' s export trade in live birds 1982 .\nkanyamibwa, s. (1995) viewpoint: war and conservation. world birdwatch 17: 24 .\nknapp, s (1997) rio de janeiro antwren rediscovered. cotinga 7: 9 - 10 .\nmadge, s. and burn, h. (1988) wildfowl. london: christopher helm .\nrails of the world: a monograph of the family rallidae by s. dillon ripley, fenwick lansdowne\nmaheswaran, g. and rahmani, a. r. (2005) breeding behaviour of the black - necked stork ephippiorhynchus asiaticus in dudhwa national park, india. j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 102: 305 - 312 .\nhowell, s. n. g. and webb, s. (1992) new and noteworthy bird records from guatemala and honduras. bull. brit. ornithol. club 112: 42 - 49 .\njones, s. l. , green, m. t. and geupel, g. r. (1998) a closer look: baird' s sparrow. birding 30: 109 - 116 .\nking, b, geale, j. and chatterjee, s. (2008) recent observations of the east himalayan subspecies of blyth' s tragopan tragopan blythii molesworthi. birdingasia 10: 96 - 97 .\nwhite storks often build their large stick nests on rooftops, chimneys, and electrical towers, which can be both dangerous and an annoyance. in some areas the presence of stork nests is seen as a sign of good luck and nests are tolerated .\nsome storks dig up patches of turf and place them inside the nest. often, the male brings a leafy green twig as the finishing touch after the construction is over—the stork version of home decorating! stork nests can be huge, more than 9 feet (2. 7 meters) deep and 6 feet (1. 8 meters) wide in some cases. the storks aren’t the only ones using them—small birds like sparrows, starlings, and wrens make their own nests in spaces between the sticks .\nthis stork has been uplisted to endangered because recent population estimates from its stronghold in sumatra suggest that it is undergoing a very rapid ongoing population decline owing to intense hunting pressure at nesting colonies, human disturbance and the rapid loss and conversion of coastal habitat .\nbreeding seasons vary among stork species, depending upon the range and the diet, because they revolve around the available food supply throughout the year. for example, insectivorous abdim’s storks breed during the rainy season when locusts and caterpillars are most abundant; marabou storks breed in the dry season when carrion, their main food source, is plentiful around drying water holes .\nstorks tend to use soaring, gliding flight, which conserves energy. soaring requires thermal air currents. ottomar anschütz' s famous 1884 album of photographs of storks inspired the design of otto lilienthal' s experimental gliders of the late 19th century. storks are heavy, with wide wingspans: the marabou stork, with a wingspan of 3. 2 m (10. 5 ft), joins the andean condor in having the widest wingspan of all living land birds .\nanon. (1996) forest fire helps kirtland' s warbler. can. wildl. : 43 .\nanon. (2007) good news for cook' s petrel. for. bird 326: 11 .\nanon. (2007) survey uncovers grauer’s swamp - warbler nest. birdlife international. available from: urltoken\nanon. (2011) search continues for pohnpei' s rarest bird. world birdwatch 33: 6 .\nfessl, b. and tebbich, s. (2002) philornis downsi - a recently discovered parasite on the galápagos archipelago - a threat for darwin' s finches? . ibis 144: 445 - 451 .\nhaig, s. m. , ballou, j. d. and derrickson, s. r. (1993) genetic considerations for the guam rail. re - introduction news 7: 11 - 12 .\nmelville, d. s. (1997) call of the grey imperial pigeon. kukila: 172 .\nwhite storks are important cultural icons in europe. the arrival of a white stork was once thought to herald the arrival of a new baby. they are also the official birds of lithuania and part of the symbol for the city of the hague, netherlands .\nabbott, s. (2008) nova scotia piping plover conservation program. a bird' s life: stealth and survival on the north shore of nova scotia. birdwatch - can. 42: 20 - 21." ]

{ "text": [ "the storm 's stork ( ciconia stormi ) is a medium-sized stork species that occurs primarily in lowland tropical forests of indonesia , malaysia and southern thailand .", "it is considered to be the rarest of all storks , and is estimated to number less than 500 wild individuals throughout its geographic range .", "the population has long been in decline and the primary cause is widely considered to be deforestation of its native habitat . " ], "topic": [ 16, 17, 17 ] }

[ "the storm's stork (ciconia stormi) is a medium-sized stork species that occurs primarily in lowland tropical forests of indonesia, malaysia and southern thailand. it is considered to be the rarest of all storks, and is estimated to number less than 500 wild individuals throughout its geographic range. the population has long been in decline and the primary cause is widely considered to be deforestation of its native habitat." ]

[ "avise jc, nelson ws. molecular genetic relationships of the extinct dusky seaside sparrow .\nthe mitochondrial dna of the dusky seaside sparrow is same as the mtdna of other seaside sparrow subspecies. however, it does not show that their classification as subspecies is undeserving .\nhaving bold black and white markings on the breast and underbelly: the dusky seaside sparrow is almost extinct .\nbut scientists fear this will be the last time that anyone hears the mating call of the dusky seaside sparrow .\npresuming that the mitochondrial dna in sparrows evolves at the same rate like mammals and other birds, the last time when the dusky seaside sparrow possibly came in contact with scott’s seaside sparrow was 250000 - 500000 years ago. it gave the dusky seaside sparrow a lot of time to establish its unique characteristics, such as its call and plumage .\ndusky seaside sparrow inhabited natural salt marches along the upper st. johns river and merritt island in florida. this subspecies was geologically separated from other seaside sparrow subspecies. they depended on moist cord - grass for nesting .\nthere are a few different subspecies of the seaside sparrow, however, none of them are like the dusky seaside sparrow. dusky seaside sparrows had a black - ish color back, with dark, heavy streaks on their chests. they were darker in color than all other species of the seaside sparrows. the dusky seaside sparrows also had a distinct song that was only unique to them, no other bird sings it. scientists believe that the reason for that is because they were geologically isolated from other species of the seaside sparrow .\nhi: for more on the extinction on the dusky seaside sparrow, read: a shadow and a song by mark jerome walters .\nmatrilineal history of the endangered cape sable seaside sparrow inferred from mitochondrial dna pol ...\navise jc, nelson ws (1989) molecular genetic relationships of the extinct dusky seaside sparrow. science 243 (4891): 646–648 .\n- under the biological and morphospecies concepts, the endangered dusky seaside sparrow appeared to be a unique taxon worth saving. (subspecies) - a hybridization program was started to cross dusky' s with another population of seaside sparrow, to save the dusky' s genes. - new genetic data showed that under the phylogenetic species concept, there are only two species of seaside sparrow. morphospecies concept did the right thing\nno attempt was made to reduce the harmful effects of the flooding on wildlife that depended on that habitat, such as the dusky seaside sparrow .\nammodramus maritimus nigrescens was isolated from other subspecies for a very long time given their small inhabited locale. dusky seaside sparrow and scott’s seaside sparrow’s mtdna comparison have been able to determine (to an extent) the last time when these two subspecies came in contact .\nunder the biological and morphospecies concepts, the endangered dusky seaside sparrow appeared to be a unique taxon worth saving. a hybridization program was started to cross duskys with another population of seaside sparrow, to save the duskys' genes. what happened as a result ?\nnew genetic data showed that under the phylogenetic species concept, there are only two species of seaside sparrow .\nthrough this kind of breeding, an individual with a very high percentage of dusky seaside sparrow genes (although not 100 %) could live to carry on much of the genetic diversity that would otherwise be lost. unfortunately, the cross - breeding attempts were unsuccessful. the last dusky seaside sparrow died in captivity in 1987 .\nthe dusky seaside sparrow became extinct in 1987. it is widely considered to be the most recent, well - documented extinction of a vertebrate in the united states .\ncaptive breeding of ammodramus maritimus nigrescens with scott’s seaside sparrow (a. m. peninsulae) was given permission in 1979. by the year 1980, there were five dusky seaside sparrows in a breeding facility in gainesville, florida .\nthis black and white dusky seaside sparrow lived on the east coast of florida and was especially abundant on merritt island. the dusky seaside sparrow depended on moist cordgrass (spartina bakerii) habitat for nesting sites. suitable habitat usually is found only at 10 - 15 feet above sea level. lower areas are too wet and dense for the sparrow, while higher areas are too dry to support cordgrass .\nonce plentiful in brevard county, fla. , where it lived in marshland along the st. johns river, the dusky seaside sparrow fell victim to the advances of man .\ntwo fledgling saltmarsh sparrows at hammonasset with a fledgling seaside sparrow in between. seaside sparrows are also highly specialized to tidal marshes; as the habitat declines, so do they .\nthe last known dusky seaside sparrow has died in captivity at walt disney world, where scientists had hoped to save the species from extinction by cross - breeding it with similar sparrows .\nslipping into extinction almost unnoticed, the dusky seaside sparrow, ammodramus maritimus nigrescens — found mainly on florida’s merritt island — declined from roughly 3, 000 pairs to none as its salt marsh habitat was sprayed with ddt and taken over for use by the space program. the last dusky sparrow died in 1987 .\nthe dusky seaside sparrow, now extinct, was a non - migratory seaside sparrow subspecies. its distinct song and dark coloration was unique among this species (a. maritimus). in 1873, it was first listed as species. in 1973, it was categorized as subspecies. this subspecies was officially declared extinct in december 1990 .\ndusky\nseaside sparrow became extinct in 1987 ;\ncape sable\nform is localized and vulnerable, as are some other populations. species as a whole has declined owing to destruction of coastal marshes .\nsalt marshes, especially spartina grass, rushes, and tidal reeds ;\ncape sable\nseaside sparrow in marsh prairie. back to top\nmitochondrial dna from the extinct dusky seaside sparrow (ammodramus maritimus nigrescens) was compared in terms of nucleotide sequence divergence to mitochondrial dnas from extant populations of seaside sparrows. analyses of restriction sites revealed a close phylogenetic affinity of a. m. nigrescens to other sparrow populations along the atlantic coast of the united states but considerable genetic distance from gulf coast birds. concerns and applied management strategies for the seaside sparrow have been based on a morphological taxonomy that does not adequately reflect evolutionary relationships within the complex .\ntwo case studies: the dusky seaside sparrow: the species declined in the 1960' s; by 1980 only 6 birds remained that were all male. a captive breeding program was initiated and captive scott' s seaside sparrow was chosen as the females. when the last male dusky died avise & nelson analyzed its mitochondrial dna (mtdna) and found that the dusky and scott' s seaside sparrows were members of different clades on the phylogeny of these sparrows. the implication is that more detailed phylogenetic knowledge of the endangered species would have lead to different management decisions in handling this captive breeding program (choosing a different species to mate to the dusky )\nif the dusky seaside sparrow had not had such specialized habitat needs, it would not have become extinct. what does this indicate about other animals which can live only in a type of habitat that is not common ?\n` 'no dusky seaside sparrow has been seen in the wild since 1980, '` says charles l. cook, curator of disney 's discovery island, where the surviving birds have been housed since 1983 .\nno other songbird in north america is so closely tied to salt marsh as the seaside sparrow. except for a few populations in florida, it is almost never found away from tidal marshes along the immediate coast. with a patchy and disjunct habitat, this species has evolved a number of well - marked local races. one of these, the\ncape sable\nseaside sparrow, was not discovered until 1918; another, the\ndusky\nseaside sparrow, recently became extinct despite major efforts by conservationists .\n“this is a little piece of biological diversity, of life, that is just going to disappear and will be gone forever, ” elphick says. the saltmarsh sparrow could be among the birds wiped out by humans, much in the same way the dusky seaside sparrow was 30 years ago .\nshielded from public view, the last known dusky seaside sparrow on earth, a graying 12 - year - old male, blind in one eye, now resides in an unobtrusive screened cage at a disney world zoological park .\nfirst discovered in florida 's brevard county in 1872, the dusky seaside sparrow apparently never strayed outside a 10 - mile radius of the spartina grass marshes along the lagoons of merritt island and the upper st. johns river .\nthe sparrow’s cordgrass habitat could only grow in a very narrow range of moisture conditions. when one habitat area was flooded and the other drained, there was nowhere for the dusky seaside sparrow to live. in the mid - 1970s, an effort was made to restore natural water flow in one of the areas. while native vegetation did gradually return, it was too late for the sparrow .\ndusky sparrow individual green band appeared to be elusive. it was never recaptured after it was banded. it was last spotted on 23 rd july, 1980 .\nthe museum preserves more than 6, 300 different species in cases like these. in addition to the study skins shown here, the collection contains some extinct species, including the ivory - billed woodpecker, passenger pigeon, and dusky seaside sparrow .\nthe decline and disappearance of the dusky seaside sparrow is due entirely to the loss of its habitat. problems with mosquitoes breeding in the marsh area adjacent to the kennedy space center led to a mosquito control program in 1963 in which the marsh was flooded .\norlando, fla. — for the dusky seaside sparrow the end has come, not with a bang, but with a lonely twitter. the species, always reclusive and rare in the florida salt marshes it once inhabited, is now a population of one .\nwhat to do, then, about the red wolf? the fish and wildlife service has never really known how to treat hybrids. in the case of the florida panther it actually encouraged crossbreeding with a related subspecies, in order to reduce inbreeding and introduce new genetic variety into a tiny population. but in the case of another critically endangered animal, the dusky seaside sparrow, it refused to authorize “genetic rescue” through crossbreeding with a related subspecies in the 1980s. a few years later, the dusky seaside sparrow went extinct .\ndusky seaside sparrow: this is the only one of the five examples where the animal in question is extinct. as nasa grew in the 1960s and ’70s in florida, the habitat for this bird gradually diminished. the full story of its demise is told beautifully in\none example of such heel - dragging resulted in the extinction of the dusky seaside sparrow. this species of bird was listed as endangered in 1967—six years before passage of the esa—but its critical habitat was not outlined for another ten years. this came much too late, as the sparrow inhabited land used by nasa and the space program. in order to eradicate mosquitoes from the area—and make this coastal part of florida conducive to development and tourism—the only suitable habitat for the dusky sea sparrow was eliminated and the last of the species perished in 1987. 34\nseaside sparrow are common overall, most populations were stable between 1966 and 2014, according to the north american breeding bird survey. other populations are declining and vulnerable. partners in flight estimates a global breeding population of 160, 000, with 100% living in the u. s. the species rates a 13 out of 20 on the continental concern score. the cape sable population of seaside sparrow in southern florida is endangered and is on the 2014 state of the birds watch list, which lists bird species that are at risk of becoming threatened or endangered without conservation action .\ndusky\nseaside sparrow went extinct in the 1980s. back to top\nthe death of orange band ends a last - ditch effort to save the dusky through cross - breeding. the male duskies had been mated to scott' s seaside sparrows; scientists hoped the resultant offspring could be mated again with the duskies to produce birds with ever - purer dusky bloodlines .\nin 1979 and 1980, a captive breeding program was established. however, only seven dusky seaside sparrows were located and they were all male. because there were no females left to help reproduce the species, the captive breeding program brought in females from a closely related subspecies of sparrow .\nit was not to be. there are no dusky seaside sparrows in the public exhibit cage at disney world these days. the most endangered species is now too rare to be put on public display .\ndusky seaside sparrows were only found in florida. they resided in the salt marshes of merritt island as well as along the st. johns river. the duskies depended solely on cordgrass for their nesting sites. these suitable habitats can only be found at ten to fifteen feet above sea level. because cordgrass can only grow in a narrow range of moisture conditions, duskies did not have many options as to where they could live. the dusky seaside sparrows were geologically isolated from all other seaside sparrows since they could only live in certain conditions .\nfortunately, another population of dusky seaside sparrows was found in a different marsh and the us fish and wildlife service was persuaded to purchase the area for a reserve. unfortunately, the reserve did not successfully protect the sparrows .\ncross - breeding attempts, such as this, are designed to preserve some of the genetic diversity represented by a species. the female offspring of the cross - bred pair could then breed with the other male dusky seaside sparrows .\nduring the last three years, disney officials and the florida audubon society have cooperated in a controversial program to crossbreed the remaining birds with the scott 's seaside sparrow, a more plentiful native species of the florida gulf coast .\n` 'it 's sad, but for the dusky seaside sparrow, this is really the end of the line, '` says marshall jones, chief of endangered species programs for the u. s. fish and wildlife service 's regional office in atlanta. '` when this one is gone, there won 't be any more. '`\nsalt marshes. lives in tidal marshes along coast, favoring areas with dense tall growth above level of highest tides and with openings and edges for foraging. habitats often feature spartina, rushes, and saltgrass. in florida, extinct\ndusky\nseaside sparrow nested in fresh or brackish marsh in some areas, and\ncape sable\nform still does so in parts of extreme southern florida .\nalthough similar habitat was available nearby, the dusky refused to move. its stick - close - to - home character made it unique among north american birds and a favorite with visiting watchers. in 1947, roger tory peterson' s field guide said that\nany seaside sparrow seen in the titusville area in the summer is this species... . you will find it across the bridge .\npost, w. and j. s. greenlaw. 2009. seaside sparrow (ammodramus maritimus), version 2. 0. in the birds of north america (p. g. rodewald, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa .\nin spite of the setbacks, disney and audubon intend to press ahead with the breeding program - - even after the death of the last dusky .\npeople here feel that the dusky carried a banner, and the program gave the bird a chance to tell its story ,\ncook said .\nthe experiment produced five part - duskies, one male and four females. one of the females is seven - eighths dusky, but the loss of the last pure dusky means that no offspring will ever be purer than that. scientists still hope to repopulate the wild with the hybrid birds, which are fertile and look purebred .\nresearch done on fox sparrow (passerella iliaca) showed that some subspecies of one color group could have the color of another in spite of carrying different mtdna type. some researchers believe that if the breeding program of was continued with ammodramus maritimus nigrescens hybrids, then sparrows carrying the color of dusky seaside sparrows could be produced. but just after the breeding program was withdrawn, the remaining hybrid specimens either escaped from captivity or died. it also ended the hope of preserving the taxon .\n... the fact that so many diverse taxa (e. g. horseshoe crab [ 32 ], dusky seaside sparrow [ 33 ], and diamond - back terrapin [ 34 ]) show similar phylogeographic patterns across this region likely indicates a shared history. while no single geologic or environmental event has been identified, changing environmental conditions and the shifting presence of tropical and subtropical habitats in this region during the pleistocene likely have played a substantial role in population level diversification in the region [ 3 ]... .\n` 'if nothing else, what we are doing is symbolic, '` cook says. '` as long as there is one bird that has 1 per cent dusky genes, we will have\nrestriction analyses were conducted on mitochondrial dna (mtdna) amplified by long - pcr from an endangered bird, the cape sable seaside sparrow. the first of several successful mtdna amplifications was accomplished using the partially digested tissue remains of a transmitter - monitored bird retrieved from the gut of a snake. as many as 91 mtdna restriction fragments produced by 18 endonucleases... [ show full abstract ]\n... we note that the western panhandle of florida (escambia co. to approximately bay co .) remains a gap in our knowledge, at least partially because the limited amount of saltmarsh habitat population genetics of seaside sparrows means that there are very few seaside sparrows in the area [ 23, 24 ]. although some published range maps depict this area as within the range of a. m. juncicola (e. g. , [ 14, 20, 68 ]), this view may have begun as a misinterpretation of the range described (albeit somewhat ambiguously) by griscom and nichols [ 69 ]. this interpretation was abandoned by robbins [ 22 ], and we consider numbers below structure output correspond to the nine sampled populations of seaside sparrow (seefig... .\n... however, mercer et al. [ 43 ] used cr data and found there was phylogeographic structure between the alaskan doublecrested cormorant and those from eastern north america. in another coastal bird taxon, the dusky seaside sparrow (ammodramus maritimus), avise and nelson [ 44 ] detected substantial phylogeographic structuring of populations from eastern and southern north america, delineated by the florida peninsula. it should be noted that the genetic data used in our study are from rapidly evolving mtdna cr1, rather than the more slowly evolving' barcoding' coi marker often used in bird systematics (e. g... .\nafter the last specimen died, the breeding initiative was called off given the facts that hybrids that existed would not be able to reproduce dusky sparrows as they did not have proper mtdna possessed by ammodramus maritimus nigrescens .\nas a practical matter, the fate of the shy little sparrow was tragically clear in 1980 when, in a desperate effort to save the species, wildlife biologists rounded up the last birds in the wild .\nas the last representative of the species, the remaining sparrow mirrors the story of the passenger pigeon. millions of them once darkened the skies of america. the last one died in a cincinnati zoo in 1914 .\nthrough successive '` cross - back '` matings, they had hoped to produce a substantial flock of hybrid sparrows that, after five breeding seasons, would be 97 percent dusky - - outwardly indistinguishable from the real thing .\n... from north america and europe (bermingham et al. 1991; davidson et al. 1989), seaside sparrow (ammodramus maritimus), and the canada goose (branta canadensis; avise and nelson, 1989; van wagner and baker, 1990; zink, 1991). males thus mediate the spread of genetic diversity (nuclear dna) at larger (intermediate and regional) spatial scales (also see chapter 2)... .\n“there! there’s a bird sitting up on that stick, ” he says, motioning to a palm - sized, orange - faced saltmarsh sparrow about 50 feet away. dozens of these birds are probably hiding around us, but the sighting still feels lucky .\nas the second bird to become extinct since the u. s. endangered species act was passed in 1973, the dusky 's obituary will reflect that it was the victim of the nation 's space program, a superhighway, florida development and years of bureaucratic indecision .\n... coastal and marine bird species tend to be more mobile than their terrestrial counterparts, producing bigger connectivity in nearshore plant communities (kinlan and gaines 2003). interestingly, boundary currents have been shown to produce a biogeographic imprint on coastal bird populations and their genetic structure (e. g. , the seaside sparrow ammodramus maritimus, avise and nelson 1989). furthermore, it has been suggested that australia seabirds play a pivotal role in long distance dispersal of terrestrial plant along coastal environments (heyligers 1995)... .\nchris elphick and his survey team marks a saltmarsh sparrow chick with an ankle band. by keeping tabs on the birds' survival rates and numbers, they cannot only track the population health of the species, but also of salt marshes up and down the coastline .\nthere, among tufts of its native cord grass, it is nesting this spring for what may be the last time - - a union with a related species that scientists hope will help preserve at least some of the bird 's genetic traits in future generations of seaside sparrows .\n- - have left the efforts to reconstitute the species far short of its original objectives. of nine hybrid eggs laid last year, only two hatched. instead of scores of hybrid birds, there are only five, and only one that is 87. 5 percent '` dusky. '`\nconservation efforts appeared to be too late. by 1981, just five male specimens remained. there was an effort to breed the remaining male individuals with scott’s seaside sparrows so that they can create a hybrid offspring. the fish and wildlife service backed out from their initial support because of interior’s hybrid policy .\nas soon as ruskin spots one she takes off—as fast as her rubber boots can take her. apgar circles around to corner the bird, and elphick throws off his hat and swoops in from the other side. the sparrow leaps... straight into the net. “that’s how it’s supposed to work, ” elphick says. the researchers work through the rest of the morning, but only catch a half dozen saltmarsh sparrows in all .\nthe saltmarsh sparrow has always played hard to get. birding legend jonathan dwight knew how to track the species by sight and song, and still struggled to find a nest in 1896. he had spent the better part of two decades collecting bird eggs, many of which were eventually housed in the american museum of natural history. despite his expertise, he found the species to be vexing, eventually blaming his failure to unearth a single nest on the birds’ “exasperating shyness, ” as he wrote in the auk .\nthe saltmarsh sparrow, one of two species formerly known as the sharp - tailed sparrow, is rarely seen at eye level. the quiet, rusty passerine blends in with the grass, where it spends most of its days gathering and feasting on insects. in spring, the bird spins its cup - shaped nest near the highest part of the estuary, inland from where the marsh turns to ocean. because the grasses are so low, finding a suitable spot for the nest can be tricky: the site must be steep enough to escape high tides, but shallow enough to avoid the sight of predators. soon enough, three to five brown - flecked eggs appear—but the hard part has only just begun. the mother bird needs to know the daily pattern of the tides: if the water flows into her nest, her unhatched young will float out and away. the sparrows are used to sacrificing a few eggs; but over the past two decades, the sea has grown more treacherous, leaving many chicks helpless against the ocean and its whims .\namid the uncertainty, the scientists carry on. the sharp surveys and tagging run through the summer, and continue in the fall with new technologies, such as nanotags for tracking the birds. back at hammonasset, ruskin and apgar are taking measurements of a sparrow’s bill and plumage, information that lets them study the birds' evolution and hybridization with other species. as soon as they’re finished, elphick takes the bird, combing through its tail feathers to show me the ones that have worn away. they’ll all look this way by summer’s end, he says, from the sea salt and friction of fleeing through the grass .\nit’s still unclear where the solution lies. millions of dollars have been spent rebuilding tens of thousands of acres of coastal wetlands, but research shows these efforts have done nothing to boost the sparrow’s populations. a study authored by elphick last year found that many restoration efforts, particularly those in low - lying marshes, have failed to create more suitable nesting habitats. this is partly because the projects focus on conserving vegetation, not the sparrows. many of them consist of removing invasive grasses, with the expectation that native salt marsh species will return on their own. but these efforts pay little attention to whether the grasses the sparrows nest in are growing at suitable elevations, or whether they' re even growing at all .\nelphick isn' t alone in his struggle: he' s part of a scientific task force that spans that atlantic coast, collecting data for the saltmarsh habitat and avian research program (sharp). mo correll, a postdoctoral researcher with the university of maine and a landscape ecologist at the bird conservancy of the rockies, is one of his dedicated collaborators; she’s spent the past six years trekking to obscure tidal marshes to count birds for sharp. after combining her observations with historical data dating back to 1998, she discovered that saltmarsh sparrow populations were shrinking by a staggering 9 percent each year. correll’s latest research looks at four other bird species from the marsh, but shows that the sparrows are by far the most imperiled .\nthe species resides along the eastern seaboard year - round, but only breeds on a thin sliver of coastline between maine and virginia. for decades, the incursion of roads, beachside homes, and invasive plants have devoured its natural habitats—yet swelling sea levels may be its biggest enemy yet. ocean levels on the east coast are rising between 2 and 6 millimeters each year as a result of climate change, and according to most recent estimates, the bird’s population could plummet from 53, 000 to 5, 000 within the next 25 years. the sparrow is already on many state watch lists, and is labeled as “vulnerable” on the international union for the conservation of nature’s (iucn) list of threatened species. new research released in conservation biology on friday posts an even more dire outlook: in 50 years or less, the species may be completely extinct .\ndue to the sensitive wildlife and habitat in the area, the refuge is closed to the public .\na sampling of some of the birds that call st. johns nwr home .\nst. johns national wildlife refuge is not open to the public at this time. a special use permit is required for any authorized activity on the refuge .\nst. johns national wildlife refuge is managed as part of the merritt island nwr complex .\nthe national wildlife refuge system, within the u. s. fish and wildlife service, manages a national network of lands and waters set aside to conserve america' s fish, wildlife, and plants .\npage photo credits – all photos courtesy of usfws unless otherwise noted. , great egret - matthew paulson, southern leopard frog - trish hartmann, wood stork - ray sanders\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50, 000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the u. s and canada. natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis (the integrated taxonomic information system) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u. s. fish and wildlife service' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe florida department of transportation built a highway through the marsh in order to connect the kennedy space center to disney world. the remaining marsh eventually was drained for real estate development .\n$ 1. 6 billion requested for u. s. fish and wildlife service in 2017\ntwenty years after the species was first declared endangered, the hopes of bird lovers and biologists now hinge on a single, lilting song and the opportunity to salvage one or two more pinkish eggs the size of a navy bean, and perhaps, if breeders are really fortunate, one last frail and hairless chick .\nthe birds were intended to be the nucleus of a flock that would perpetuate the species in captivity. there was just one problem. biologists had found only five birds - - and all five of them were males .\nsince then, old age has taken its inevitable toll. in 1983, four\n` 'duskies '` remained alive. last year there were two. now, since the death on feb. 10 of another 10 - year - old male, there is only one .\nstanding between the brazilian toucans and discovery island restrooms, pert, gold - uniformed disney tour guides still tell tourists that '` the two remaining sparrows '` are part of '` a project for salvation. '`\n` 'we had hoped for as many as 15 birds a year, so we are obviously way behind, '` says dr. herbert kale, the audubon ornithologist who conceived the project. '` at this stage, it looks pretty hopeless. '`\nregardless of the degree of their racial purity, the hybrid sparrows face an uncertain future. in the view of the fish and wildlife service, they are non - species - - deserving neither federal protection nor the right to be released on federal lands .\nalthough some conservationists blame the federal government for waiting until it was too late to begin rounding up the last birds in the wild, the underlying causes of the species 'collapse are not easily isolated .\nthis bird is now extinct. one of the last few remaining birds and was looked after by santa fe college, gainesville, florida .\nofficials at the florida amusement park' s wildlife refuge said yesterday that the canary - sized bird, named orange band for a metal tag on its leg, was found dead in its food dish tuesday. the bird was the last of five male duskies gathered from the wild in 1980 - - apparently the only birds remaining of a flock that once numbered in the thousands .\nas far as we know, there are not any more ,\nsaid u. s. fish and wildlife service spokeswoman megan durham .\nthis marks the extinction of the species. no females or evidence of reproduction in the wild has been seen since 1975, and this bird was more than 12 years old .\ndisney world curator charles cook said the last bird' s heart and liver will be frozen in hope that technology will someday make it possible to recreate the species through cloning .\nthe bird' s sole habitat was 10 square miles of atlantic marsh near titusville, directly in the path of advancing development from the cape canaveral space complex .\nby the 1960s, however, road construction and pesticide spraying had reduced the population to 2, 000, and a mid - 1970s wildfire wiped out many of those .\nfrom 1975 to 1980, the population was decreasing at a rate of 50 percent every year ,\ncook said. by 1980, when desperation forced ornithologists to capture the last birds for a breeding program, only orange band and his four male companions remained. they died at the rate of one a year starting in 1983 .\ncook, who cared for the duskies at the disney world refuge since 1983, said the loss of orange band was\nsobering ,\nbut added that\nthe mood here has not been depressed .\nsadness at orange band' s passing was quickly overcome by efforts to preserve its tissues for the future, cook said .\nit felt like we shifted gears, and that became as important as the living bird, knowing those tissues were still alive ,\nhe said .\nthat bird could have become extinct seven years ago and gone entirely unnoticed. its story gave everyone a chance to reflect on our own mortality and our effect on the environment .\njust how much trouble is rep. jim jordan in over alleged ohio state sexual abuse ?\nread stories based on reporting for “trump revealed, ” a broad, comprehensive biography of the life of the 45th president .\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\nopen cup of grass stems and blades, lined with finer grass blades and sometimes built up on sides to form partial covering .\nbluish white to grayish white, speckled and blotched with shades of brown, often more heavily on larger end .\nwalks on ground and gleans prey from surrounding vegetation; probes with bill in mud. back to top\nlutmerding, j. a. and a. s. love. longevity records of north american birds. version 2015. 2. patuxent wildlife research center, bird banding laboratory 2015 .\nnorth american bird conservation initiative. 2014. the state of the birds 2014 report. us department of interior, washington, dc, usa .\nsauer, j. r. , j. e. hines, j. e. fallon, k. l. pardieck, jr. ziolkowski, d. j. and w. a. link. the north american breeding bird survey, results and analysis 1966 - 2013 (version 1. 30. 15). usgs patuxtent wildlife research center 2014b. available from urltoken\nsibley, d. a. (2014). the sibley guide to birds, second edition. alfred a. knopf, new york, usa .\nforages on the ground at edge of water, and in low growth such as cordgrass and salicornia. may probe in mud or pick items from surface of vegetation .\n3 - 4, sometimes 2 - 5. bluish white to very pale gray, with blotches of brown often concentrated at larger end. incubation is by female only, about 12 - 13 days. young: both parents feed the nestlings. young leave the nest about 9 - 11 days after hatching, but unable to fly well for at least another week. parents may feed young for 2 - 3 weeks after they fledge. 1 - 2 broods per year .\nboth parents feed the nestlings. young leave the nest about 9 - 11 days after hatching, but unable to fly well for at least another week. parents may feed young for 2 - 3 weeks after they fledge. 1 - 2 broods per year .\nmostly insects, other invertebrates, and seeds. diet varies with season and location, but major items include grasshoppers, beetles, caterpillars, spiders, small crabs, snails, amphipods, and marine worms. also eats many seeds, especially in fall and winter, including those of cordgrass and saltbush .\nduring courtship, male follows female, frequently raising his wings and singing. in non - migratory southern populations, members of pair may remain together on nesting territory all year. nest site is in low marsh vegetation, a few inches above level of highest tides. nest (built by female alone) is an open cup of grass, lined with finer grasses. usually has at least a partial cover or canopy built by bird or provided by surrounding plants .\nmany birds probably non - migratory, although some depart in fall from northernmost part of breeding range and a few spend the winter south of known breeding areas in florida and texas .\naudio © lang elliott, bob mcguire, kevin colver, martyn stewart and others .\nin the broadest and most detailed study of its kind, audubon scientists have used hundreds of thousands of citizen - science observations and sophisticated climate models to predict how birds in the u. s. and canada will react to climate change .\nthe darker the color, the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival. the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season .\neach map is a visual guide to where a particular bird species may find the climate conditions it needs to survive in the future. we call this the bird’s “climatic range. ”\nthe darker the shaded area, the more likely it is the bird species will find suitable climate conditions to survive there .\nthe outline of the approximate current range for each season remains fixed in each frame, allowing you to compare how the range will expand, contract, or shift in the future .\nthe first frame of the animation shows where the bird can find a suitable climate today (based on data from 2000). the next three frames predict where this bird’s suitable climate may shift in the future—one frame each for 2020, 2050, and 2080 .\nyou can play or pause the animation with the orange button in the lower left, or select an individual frame to study by clicking on its year .\nthe darker the color, the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival. the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season. more on reading these maps .\nresidents of port aransas, texas, are still feeling the effects of the storm four months later. but that didn' t stop counters from their annual survey .\nthe only hope to prevent extinction may be to remove some of the last birds from the wild for captive breeding. this summer scientists scrambled to collect enough sparrows before the breeding season’s end .\na decade after the devastating hurricane, new orleans is still more vulnerable than it should be. david yarnold explains what still needs to be done .\ntell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country' s most important bird protection law .\nphotographer joel sartore has shared some of his work on this blog before, so i am thrilled to tell you that national geographic also appreciates his exemplary work. you can view more endangered animals of the united states that were photographed by this talented photographer at national geographic online. all images appear here by permission of national geographic online .\ni’ll second the recommendation to read “a shadow and a song. ” it’s a sad and infuriating story .\nno wonder the thing’s dead if we keep on putting them in glass jars .\nis this photograph available to purchase? it is absolutely gorgeous and i would love to own it .\nthank you for the requiem for this tiny bird. sadly, more tragedies like this may well stack up because of our species’ short sightedness. the eco - systems in isolated places are so delicately balanced…\nin australia, there has been a drought for six years that has made life difficult for wild budgies. i read details about breeding flocks that distressed me. if we don’t watch out, parakeets will only live in our cages and the genetic makeup of the species will be limited to its hothouse varieties .\ni still remember the year that the last of its kind died. i read the article i found in the local newspaper to my middle school students that day. it’s a sad time when a species is gone forever .\nnam et ipsa scientia potestas est (and thus knowledge itself is power) — sir francis bacon. the…\n© 2006 - 2018 science 2. 0. all rights reserved. scienceblogs is a registered trademark of science 2. 0, an education nonprofit operating under section 501 (c) (3) of the internal revenue code. contributions are fully tax - deductible .\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncitation: driscoll ca, yamaguchi n, bar - gal gk, roca al, luo s, macdonald dw, et al. (2009) mitochondrial phylogeography illuminates the origin of the extinct caspian tiger and its relationship to the amur tiger. plos one 4 (1): e4125. urltoken\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons public domain declaration which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose .\nfunding: this project has been funded in part with federal funds from the national cancer institute, national institutes of health, under contract n01 - co - 12400. the contents of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the department of health and human services, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the u. s. government. this research was supported in part by the intramural research program of the nih, national cancer institute, center for cancer research. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\n. abbreviations correspond to traditionally named tiger subspecies, arranged chronologically by date of naming. 1 )\n. lettered arrows indicate postulated dispersal avenues: (a) indian, southern route; (b) siberian, northern route; and (c) silk road / gansu route with (d) secondary eastward dispersal. see text for details. redrawn from figures 19 and 20 in mazak\npanthera tigris virgata (illiger, 1815) was the second tiger taxon described following the nominate panthera tigris tigris (linnaeus, 1758). however, because no holotype specimen of p. t. virgata exists, the relative scarcity of specimens, and the unreliability of morphological subspecies - diagnostic characters, the taxonomic validity of p. t. virgata has been questioned, its phylogenetic placement relative to other tigers is a matter of speculation, and its biogeographic origin unclear [ 1 ], [ 3 ], [ 4 ], [ 6 ]. here, using well provenanced museum samples and ancient dna techniques, we explore and interpret the phylogeographic natural history of the caspian tiger, p. t. virgata in the genetic context of the living tiger subspecies, and explore possible routes taken during tiger colonization of central asia .\ntwenty (of 23) caspian tiger museum samples (table s1) were successfully sequenced for at least one segment of five mitochondrial genes – nd5, nd6, cytb, nd2, and coi (1257 bp), amplified as eight short amplicons to facilitate pcr of ancient material (see methods). the amplification targets include 21 single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps), of which 14 are diagnostic (fixed differences) for subspecies affiliation in tigers [ 11 ], and include four of the four sites diagnostic for p. t. altaica, five of the seven for p. t. amoyensis, one of the three for p. t. corbetti, two of the three for p. t. tigris and both sites diagnostic for p. t. sumatrae. there are no diagnostic sites for p. t. jacksoni though we survey three signature alleles found uniquely in p. t. jacksoni .\naligned sequences define 21 single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps), of which 14 are known diagnostic (fixed differences) for subspecies affiliation in extant tigers and seven are subspecies - specific signature alleles which are unique to, but variable within, a given subspecies (table 1; table s2). the caspian tiger sequences differed at all respective diagnostic and signature alleles from p. t. tigris, p. t corbetti, p. t. amoyensis, and p. t. sumatrae and matched none of the four p. t. jacksoni signature alleles. in contrast, the caspian haplotype differs from the single altaica haplotype only at one of four possible diagnostic sites, a t / c transition at position 7287 in the coi gene, where caspian tigers have the less derived state (t) universal in other tiger subspecies (table 1) .\nto place more accurately the caspian tiger relative to living tiger subspecies we re - assessed the phylogenetic relationships of tiger subspecies using a previously published dataset [ 11 ], but here rooted using clouded leopard (neofelis nebulosa) [ 14 ], leopard (panthera pardus) [ 15 ] and snow leopard (panthera uncia) [ 16 ], with the inclusion of ptv - 2, the caspian tiger for which the longest combined sequence was available (1. 26 kb) (see methods) .\nthe rooting imparted evolutionary polarity to the tiger family tree and showed p. t. amoyensis to be basal and p. t. altaica to be a sister group to p. t. corbetti, while the caspian tiger haplotype was one step away from that of p. t. altaica (figure 2). the phylogenetic placement and remarkable similarity observed between p. t. altaica and p. t. virgata indicate that the amur tiger population is the genetically closest living relative of the extinct caspian tiger, and strongly implies a very recent common ancestry for the two groups. russian records from the 19 th and early 20 th centuries indicate that tigers were sporadically present throughout the region between the core distribution of caspian and amur tigers (see figure 1) and were only hunted out in the modern era [ 4 ]. thus, the actions of industrial - age humans may have been the critical factor in the reciprocal isolation of caspian and amur tigers from what was likely a single contiguous population." ]

{ "text": [ "the dusky seaside sparrow , ammodramus maritimus nigrescens , was a non-migratory subspecies of the seaside sparrow , found in florida in the natural salt marshes of merritt island and along the st. johns river .", "the last definite known individual died on june 17 , 1987 , and the subspecies was officially declared extinct in december 1990 . " ], "topic": [ 12, 5 ] }

[ "the dusky seaside sparrow, ammodramus maritimus nigrescens, was a non-migratory subspecies of the seaside sparrow, found in florida in the natural salt marshes of merritt island and along the st. johns river. the last definite known individual died on june 17, 1987, and the subspecies was officially declared extinct in december 1990." ]

[ "genetic diversity and population genetic structure of macrobrachium lar and m formosense in the ryukyu archipelago .\nbreeding, fecundity and ovarian development of freshwater prawn macrobrachium lar in andaman and nicobar islands .\nmacrobrachium lar (j. c. fabricius, 1798) – monkey river prawn, monkey river shrimp\nmonkey river prawn - macrobrachium lar (j. c. fabricius, 1798) - overview - encyclopedia of life\nevaluation of the extent of population structuring in wild stocks of the indigenous species of giant freshwater prawn (macrobrachium lar) in the pacific .\nnew insight on the genetic connectivity of the widespread amphidromous prawn macrobrachium lar (fabricius, 1798) (crustacea: decapoda: palaemonidae) .\nc palaemon concinnus, p. debilis, macrobrachium grandimanus and m. equidens .\nnew insight on the genetic connectivity of the widespread amphidromous prawn macrobrachium lar (fabricius, 1798) (crustacea: decapoda: palaemonidae). | borea research unit\nmonoculture of the native freshwater prawn macrobrachium lar in vanuatu, and integrated with taro in wallis and futuna. spc fisheries newsletter # 112 - january / march 2005 .\nculture of macrobrachium acanthurus and m carcinus with notes on the selective breeding and hybridization of these shrimps .\npotential of other macrobrachium species for aquaculture fiji aquaculture symposium: an in - house review of aquaculture development activities in fiji .\nbenson, a. j. , 2018, macrobrachium lar: u. s. geological survey, nonindigenous aquatic species database, gainesville, fl, urltoken revision date: 8 / 28 / 2015, access date: 7 / 9 / 2018\ntable 1. states with nonindigenous occurrences, the earliest and latest observations in each state, and the tally and names of hucs with observations†. names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records. the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of macrobrachium lar are found here .\n( of macrobrachium ornatus jayachandran & raji, 2004) jayachandran, k. v. & a. v. raji, 2004. an ornate new species of macrobrachium bate, 1868 (palaemonidae) from kerala, india. — journal of the inland fisheries society of india 36: 41 - 44. [ details ]\nthe monkey river prawn macrobrachium lar is a large palaemonid freshwater prawn indigenous to a number of regions across the indo - west pacific, and of importance to artisanal and subsistence fisheries in almost all areas where it occurs (holthuis 1950, 1980; nandlal 2005, 2010; barbier et al. 2006; ponia 2010) .\nbased on the results of this study, commercial - scale hatchery operations for m. lar require further research into improvement of larval survival and reduction in development duration to ensure feasibility. nonetheless, our research provides a record of the first ever complete larval development of m. lar with accompanied morphological descriptions, both of which are key tools for successful larviculture for it and potentially other related species .\npaper presented at the shrimp and prawn farming in the western hemisphere: proceedings of the 2nd workshop on the culture of macrobrachium held at charleston, south carolina, usa in june 1976, charleston, south carolina, usa; 1977 .\nalthough larvae were morphologically similar to other macrobrachium spp. which display a' prolonged / normal' (alekhnovich and kulesh 2001; jalihal et al. 1993) development pattern, there were important differences in behaviour, growth and feed preferences .\nseveral macrobrachium spp. produce larvae with requirements for oceanic salinity conditions (30–35 ppt). the number of stages described for these ranges from 9 (m. grandimanus; shokita 1985), 10 (m. equidens; ngoc - ho 1976 and m. intermedium; williamson 1971) and up to 12 (m. sp. ; ngoc - ho 1976 and m. olfersii, dugger and dobkin 1975), compared to the 13 described here for m. lar .\n( of palaemon lar fabricius, 1798) fabricius, j. c. (1798). entomologia systematica emendata et aucta, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species adjectis synonimis locis observationibus descriptionibus. hafniae. i - iv. supplementum entomologiae systematicae copenhagen: 1 - 572. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe observation that the larvae may have different feed preferences to other macrobrachium spp. requires further investigation. the larvae of most macrobrachium spp. are omnivorous, with carnivorous tendencies. this has been demonstrated for m. rosenbergii up to zoea vii, after which they become more omnivorous (dhont et al. 2010). reasons stated for this include the larvae remaining primitive during early development, with only partially developed systems for digestion, sight and chemoreception. the gut remains poorly developed until larval stages v and vi, resulting in a low digestive capacity and hence the early stages are reliant on highly digestible live feeds (eg. zooplankton), which provide exogenous prey enzymes to begin the proper processes of digestion (dhont et al. 2010) .\nsurvival rates reported for other macrobrachium spp. assessed for culture potential are varied. survival till metamorphosis was 12% for m. vollenhovenii (willführ - nast et al. 1993), 21% and 2. 5% for m. acanthurus and m. carcinus respectively (dobkin et al. 1974), 9% for m. acanthurus (choudhury 1971a), > 90% for m. amazonicum (anger et al. 2009), 20% for m. americanum (holtschmit and pfeiler 1984) and ~ 59% for m. nipponense (maclean and brown 1991). it is difficult to compare these rates with those of m. lar in this study, as some of the species do not have larvae which require fully marine conditions for development .\nbecause of its size, relatively fast growth rates and a number of other favourable culture characteristics, it appears to have good potential for aquaculture except for one major constraint; the availability of seed stock for grow - out is severely limited by difficulties in rearing the larvae from hatch until metamorphosis into the decapodid. shokita et al. (1984) in their report on inland water prawns present in fiji identified 3 species (m. lar, m. australe and m. equidens) which appeared to have potential for aquaculture in the country, and went on to state that mass artificial seed production of any had yet to succeed. of the three species discussed, m. lar was put forth as the leading candidate owing to the large size it attains relative to the other two species .\nprevious studies which reared m. lar had used artemia nauplii as the staple feed with varying results, and all failed to reach the decapodid stage (kubota 1972; atkinson 1973, 1977; nandlal 2010). supplementary feeds utilised included ox liver particles (nandlal 2010), melon fly bactrocera (dacus) cucurbitae larvae along with a prepared feed incorporating shrimp meal (20% ; atkinson 1973, 1977) .\nseveral studies have examined the role that microalgae play in the larviculture of macrobrachium spp. . lober and zeng (2009) found higher survival and shorter development duration in m. rosenbergii reared at higher vs. lower microalgal concentrations, while reduced ammonia levels (cohen et al. 1976) and enhanced survival and metamorphosis rates were seen when larvae were cultured with 7 species of unicellular algae (manzi and maddox 1977; manzi et al. 1977) .\n( of macrobrachium ornatus jayachandran & raji, 2004) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of palaemon lar fabricius, 1798) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nthis project was funded by the australian centre for international agricultural research (aciar) dabl mini - project ms0808. the authors wish to thank cathy hair for assistance with project administration, maika ciqo for broodstock collection and tomohiro imamura for technical assistance in developing a larval rearing technique for m. lar. we would also like to acknowledge the assistance of mere brown in processing the larval photomicrographs. the research was carried out during a usp - aciar scholarship awarded to mml and it forms a part of his msc thesis .\ndescriptions of the morphological development of m. lar larvae provided here have intentionally been kept simple, for the purpose of easily identifying developmental stages. rather than adopting the approach of providing an exhaustive description of larval morphological features, descriptions are from a more practical perspective and have used a few, major and easily detectable features rather than minor morphological changes. the rationale behind this was to provide a means of simply and rapidly identifying live specimens for any future larviculture work aimed at mass production of decapodids in a hatchery system, involving this or a similar species .\nthe primary feed used for most other species including m. rosenbergii (ling 1961, 1962; uno and kwon 1969), m. vollenhovenii (willführ - nast et al. 1993), m. carcinus (choudhury 1971b, 1971c), m. novaehollandiae (greenwood et al. 1976), m. americanum (monaco 1975; holtschmit and pfeiler 1984), m. equidens (ngoc - ho 1976) and m. acanthurus (choudhury 1970, 1971a) is the nauplii of artemia spp. if larval m. lar are proven to show a preference for plant - based feeds, this may imply lower feed - associated costs as they are generally cheaper to obtain .\ntwo particular stages viz. zoea vii and xi, may include more than 2 and up to an estimated 4 instars, as some individuals showed nearly identical morphological features but had increased in size relative to other larvae within the same stage. any changes noted in morphology were subtle and very minor, e. g. additional setae on the antennal scale, pleopods and pereiopod exopods. this was interpreted as possible evidence of mark time moulting, and in the case of some zoea xi larvae, terminally additive staging. by taking these observations into consideration, the larvae of m. lar may moult through a minimum of 22 and maximum of 31 instars before being ready to metamorphose into the decapodid .\n8 adult male and 19 female m. lar broodstock were collected at 2 sites in waisere creek, vugalei district, tailevu province, viti levu, fiji (17° 56’ 42. 14” s; 178° 33’ 11. 31” e and 17° 56’ 43. 42” s; 178° 32’ 55. 81” e). all prawns were maintained in single 2500 l rectangular fibre - reinforced plastic (frp) and square 1000 l polyethylene tanks, filled to a depth of 500 mm with 50 μm filtered freshwater maintained at 26 ± 0. 5°c. aeration was provided via four air diffusers at ~ 200 ml / sec at each outlet. water parameters remained at do 2 > 6. 5 mg / l and ph 7. 2 - 7. 6. females bearing mature grey coloured eggs were transferred to hatching tanks .\nzoea i larvae of m. lar possess a short, straight rostrum which is not toothed. the telson does not possess uropods, is roughly heart - shaped and doesn' t articulate, forming a solid join with the sixth abdominal somite. this stage does not possess fully formed walking legs (pereiopods) with the first two pairs present as buds only. the first three maxillipeds pairs are present, the eyes are sessile and located on the anterior half of the cephalothorax. the body is highly transparent and lipid globules can be seen in the foregut and midgut regions (additional files 1: figure s1). most zoea i larvae were not observed to feed immediately after hatch, however some individuals seized and fed on egg custard and biofloc particles. most individuals were seen feeding on the second day post - hatch .\nthe larvae displayed a more benthic habit (even in the presence of aeration), unlike m. rosenbergii where healthy larvae without aeration remain near the water surface (valenti et al. 2010). this agrees with atkinson (1973), who mentions that larvae occupied the upper portion of the water column but were not directly associated with the surface. this may be related to predator avoidance and use of sub - surface currents for larval transport out of coastal waters during dispersal, and could be important for providing feed where larvae are able to easily access it in culture. cannibalism was not observed during this study although it cannot be conclusively ruled out, whereas this has been documented for m. rosenbergii (valenti et al. 2010). our observations differ with nandlal (2010), who reported that m. lar larvae did cannibalise .\nthe state of knowledge on the larval development of m. lar is fragmentary, largely due to difficulties encountered by previous researchers in rearing larvae to metamorphosis. the first attempt at completing larval development in captivity was by kubota (1972), who was able to rear larvae till the fifth zoeal stage. further attempts were made by atkinson (1973, 1977), muranaka in hanson and goodwin (1977), takano (1987), nandlal (2010), sethi and roy in kutty and valenti (2010) and sethi et al. (2011), however all experienced total larval mortality before metamorphosis to the decapodid. there is also a distinct lack of further information resulting from the work of m. s. muranaka (in hanson and goodwin 1977), who had reportedly managed to produce decapodids, however it appears no further publications resulted from that study .\n( of palaemon ornatus olivier, 1811) olivier, a. g. , 1811. suite de l’introduction à l’histoire naturelle des insectes. palèmon. in: olivier, a. g. , encyclopédie méthodique. histoire naturelle. insectes, volume 8: 656 - 670. h. agasse, imprimeur - libraire, paris. [ details ]\n( of palaemon tridens white, 1847) white, a. (1847). list of the specimens of crustacea in the collection of the british museum. british museum, london. i - viii, 1 - 143. [ details ]\n( of palaemon longimanus fabricius, 1798) fabricius, j. c. (1798). entomologia systematica emendata et aucta, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species adjectis synonimis locis observationibus descriptionibus. hafniae. i - iv. supplementum entomologiae systematicae copenhagen: 1 - 572. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of palaemon vagus heller, 1862) heller, c. (1862). beiträge zur näheren kenntnis der macrouren. sitzungsberichte der mathematisch­naturwissenschaftlichen classe der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften in wien. 389 - ­426, plates 1 - 2. [ details ]\n( of palaemon spectabilis heller, 1862) heller, c. , 1862a. neue crustaceen, gesammelt während der weltumseglung der k. k. fregatte novara. zweiter vorläufiger bericht. — verhandlungen der kaiserlich - königlichen zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft in wien 12: 519 - 528. [ details ]\n( of palaemon ruber hess, 1865) hess, w. (1865). beiträge zur kenntnis der decapoden - krebse ost - australiens. arch. naturgesch. , berlin. xxxi, 1: 127 - 173, pls. vi - viii. [ details ]\n( of palaemon spectabilis heller, 1865) heller, c. (1865). crustaceen. in: reise der osterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857, 1858, 1859. zoologischer theil. 2 (3): 1 - 280, pls. 1 - 25. (partial photocopy pp. 150 - 252 .) the volume on copepods was 1865: it was reprinted and bound with the annelid and molluscs volumes and re - issued in 1868. [ details ]\n( of palaemon longimanus hoffman, 1874) hoffman, c. k. (1874). crustacés et echinodermes de madagascar et de l’ile de la réunion. in: f. p. l. pollen & d. c. van dam (eds), recherches sur la faune de madagascar et de ses dépendances. leyden 5 (2): 1 - 58, pls. i - x [ echinodems on pp. 45 - 56, pl. 10 ] [ details ]\n( of palaemon mayottensis hoffman, 1874) hoffman, c. k. (1874). crustacés et echinodermes de madagascar et de l’ile de la réunion. in: f. p. l. pollen & d. c. van dam (eds), recherches sur la faune de madagascar et de ses dépendances. leyden 5 (2): 1 - 58, pls. i - x [ echinodems on pp. 45 - 56, pl. 10 ] [ details ]\n( of palaemon reunionnensis hoffman, 1874) hoffman, c. k. (1874). crustacés et echinodermes de madagascar et de l’ile de la réunion. in: f. p. l. pollen & d. c. van dam (eds), recherches sur la faune de madagascar et de ses dépendances. leyden 5 (2): 1 - 58, pls. i - x [ echinodems on pp. 45 - 56, pl. 10 ] [ details ]\n( of palaemon madagascariensis hoffman, 1874) hoffman, c. k. (1874). crustacés et echinodermes de madagascar et de l’ile de la réunion. in: f. p. l. pollen & d. c. van dam (eds), recherches sur la faune de madagascar et de ses dépendances. leyden 5 (2): 1 - 58, pls. i - x [ echinodems on pp. 45 - 56, pl. 10 ] [ details ]\n( of leander dionyx nobili, 1905) nobili, g. (1905). decapodi e isopodi della nuova guinea tedesca raccolti dal sign. l. biró. annales historico - naturales musei nationalis hungarici. 3: 480 - 507, pls. 12 - 13. [ details ]\n( of cancer teatae curtiss, 1938) curtiss, a. , 1938. a short zoology of tahiti in the society islands: i - xvi, 1 - 193. brooklyn. [ details ]\nfischer, w. & g. bianchi (eds .) (1984). fao species identification sheets for fisheries purposes: western indian ocean. fao, rome. [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nde grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of palaemon tridens white, 1847) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of palaemon vagus heller, 1862) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of palaemon spectabilis heller, 1865) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of palaemon ruber hess, 1865) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of palaemon spectabilis heller, 1862) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of palaemon longimanus fabricius, 1798) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of palaemon ornatus olivier, 1811) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of leander dionyx nobili, 1905) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of cancer teatae curtiss, 1938) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of palaemon madagascariensis hoffman, 1874) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of palaemon reunionnensis hoffman, 1874) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of palaemon mayottensis hoffman, 1874) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of palaemon longimanus hoffman, 1874) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure. the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information. occurrences are summarized in table 1, alphabetically by state, with years of earliest and most recent observations, and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed. the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states, years, and drainages selected. references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .\nindo - west pacific: east africa to the ryukyu islands and the marquesas (holthuis, 1980). australia, french polynesia (marquesas), guam, indonesia, japan, kenya, madagascar, malaysia, mauritius, mozambique, new caledonia, northern mariana islands, papua new guinea, philippines, taiwan, china, tanzania (degrave 2013) .\n. the iucn red list of threatened species. version 2015. 2. < www. iucnredlist. org >. downloaded on 28 august 2015 .\nholthuis, l. b. 1980. fao species catalogue. vol. 1. shrimps and prawns of the world. an annonated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries. fao fisheries synopsis (125) vol. 1: 271 p .\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision. it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science. the information has not received final approval by the u. s. geological survey (usgs) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u. s. government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy, scale, completeness, extent of coverage and origin. it is the user' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations. we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information: u. s. geological survey. [ 2018 ]. nonindigenous aquatic species database. gainesville, florida. accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted. for queries involving fish, please contact pam fuller. for queries involving invertebrates, contact amy benson .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: the species is widely distributed throughout the indo - west pacific area, ranging from east africa through to the marquesas islands, and is thought to have been introduced in hawaii. in view of this very wide distribution, and in the absence of any known major threats the species is considered to be of least concern .\naustralia (queensland); comoros; fiji; french polynesia (marquesas); guam; indonesia (jawa, lesser sunda is. , papua, sulawesi); japan (kyushu); kenya; madagascar; malaysia (sarawak); mauritius (mauritius (main island), rodrigues); mozambique; new caledonia; northern mariana islands; papua new guinea (papua new guinea (main island group) ); philippines; réunion; seychelles (seychelles (main island group) ); taiwan, province of china (taiwan, province of china (main island) ); tanzania, united republic of\nno population information is available, but the species is thought to be abundant where it occurs .\nthe species is largely restricted to permanently flowing rivers and creeks from near sea level up to medium elevation. although on smaller oceanic islands the species extends its range further upstream to upland headwaters .\nthis is one of the largest species of the genus, and is extensive fished wherever it occurs (holthuis 1980) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nmclaughlin et al. 2005. common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: crustaceans. american fisheries society special publication 31\nchace, fenner a. , jr. , and a. j. bruce\nthe caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda) of the albatross philippine expedition 1907 - 1910, pt. 6: superfamily palaemonoidea\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfact: the tahitian prawn has a life cycle similar to the native. when it was released on moloka‘i and o‘ahu as a food crop, its babies traveled to other islands. they probably compete with native species for food .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nchace, fenner a. , jr. , and a. j. bruce (1993) the caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda) of the albatross philippine expedition 1907 - 1910, pt. 6: superfamily palaemonoidea: smithsonian contributions to zoology, no. 543\nchace, fenner a. , jr. , and a. j. bruce, 1993: the caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda) of the albatross philippine expedition 1907 - 1910, pt. 6: superfamily palaemonoidea. smithsonian contributions to zoology, no. 543. vii + 152 .\nde grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). < em > zool. med. leiden. < / em > 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 .\nfischer, w. & g. bianchi (eds .) (1984). fao species identification sheets for fisheries purposes: western indian ocean. fao, rome .\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. < em > china science press. < / em > 1267 pp .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nde grave, s. & fransen, c. h. j. m. 2011 ,\ncarideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobrachiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda )\n, zoologische mededelingen (leiden), vol. 85, no. 9, pp. 195 - 589\nhoffmann, c. k. 1874 ,\ncrustacés et echinodermes de madagascar et de l' île de la réunion\n, ed. pollen, f. p. l. & van dam, d. c. (eds), recherches sur la fauna de madagascar et de ses dépendances, part 5, pp. i - xvii, i - xxxi, ix - xvi, 1 - 58 pls 1 - 10, e. j. brill, leiden\nnobili, g. 1905 ,\ndecapodi e isopodi della nuova guinea tedesca, racolti dal sign. l. biro\n, annales historico - naturales musei nationalis hungarici (zoologica), vol. 3, pp. 480 - 507 figs 1, 2 pls 12, 13\nheller, c. 1862 ,\nbeiträge zur näheren kenntnis der macrouren\n, sitzungsberichte der mathematischen - physikalischen klasse der königlich bayerischen akademie der wissenschaften zu münchen, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 389 - 426, 2 pls\nheller, c. 1862 ,\nneue crustaceen, gesammelt während der weltumseglung der k. k. fregatte novarra: zweiter vorläufiger bericht\n, verhandlungen der zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft in wien, vol. 12, pp. 519 - 528\ncurtiss, a. 1938, pp. i - xvi, 193 pp. , self - published, new york\nhess, w. 1865 ,\nbeiträge zur kenntniss der decapoden - krebse ost - australiens\n, archiv für naturgeschichte, vol. 31, pp. 127 - 173 pls 6 - 7\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 1453e80c - 7c5b - 4db4 - b47b - 2312babaccc6\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 4abe2bdb - 08f4 - 4416 - ae18 - 18d2ed2f6486\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 81a93f1a - e247 - 40f3 - bca5 - 6148fd6657e8\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 82f62b51 - 456b - 4ab6 - 9fc9 - a5841dd806e9\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 329105\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nthis article is published under license to biomed central ltd. this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (urltoken), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited .\nthe online version of this article (doi: 10. 1186 / 2193 - 1801 - 3 - 568) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users .\nthese studies provide some indications why larval rearing so far has proved to be unsuccessful, and include conditions of improper salinity, temperature, disease (kubota 1972), as well as nutrition (kubota 1972; atkinson 1973, 1977). the most recent investigation into the role of salinity and temperature on larval development found that newly - emerged larvae are able to tolerate fresh or brackish water of approximately 10 ppt, but require gradually increasing salinities post - hatch reaching 30–35 ppt, which needs to be maintained until metamorphosis into the decapodid (lal et al. 2012). the information obtained from these investigations was utilised in an attempt to close the lifecycle for this species, and to concurrently better understand its early life history .\ncircular 1000 l flat - bottomed polyethylene tanks for hatching larvae doubled as larval rearing tanks (lrts). approximately 300 l brackish water (10 ± 0. 5 ppt at 28 ± 0. 5°c) which had been filtered to 50 μm was prepared in a dedicated 1000 l polyethylene water preparation tank. other water parameters were as follows; ph 7. 8 ± 0. 2, do 2 > 6. 5 mg / l and average nh 4 + and nh 3 ≤ 1. 5 and ≤0. 1 ppm respectively. gentle aeration was provided at ~ 15–30 ml / sec via four air diffusers. a fluorescent light tube fitting with a 1. 2 m osram 36 w ‘warm white’ tube and 1. 2 m eurolux 36 w ‘cool white’ tube was suspended over each tank providing ~ 6700 lx at the surface of the water. these lights were kept off during hatching and turned on the morning after .\nlarvae were reared in a mass culture trial over 110 days. 5 ovigerous females at the grey egg stage were introduced into 3 separate lrts and maintained for 48 h until they had spawned. females were not fed during this period. an initial hatch estimate was made after 24 h, and the tank volume increased by 100 l using brackish water mixed to 20 ± 0. 5 ppt. this strategy was employed to slowly increase the salinity of the culture medium, and tank volume was increased by 100 l without any water exchanges every 24 h until 800 l was reached. this approach was developed after lal et al. (2012). after 800 l was reached, 12 - 25% (~ 100 - 200 l) was exchanged daily with 50 μm filtered seawater at 30 ± 0. 5 ppt and 28 ± 0. 5°c, depending on requirements. the target salinity when mixing replacement water was set at either 20 or 32 ppt. during the first few days of culture, replacement water was mixed to 20 ppt, to progressively increase salinity with successive daily water exchanges. because larvae were hatched at 10 ppt, ~ 20 ppt was attained by day 7 of culture .\nfollowing this, all subsequent water exchanges for each tank were mixed to 32 ppt, attaining ~ 30 ppt by day 30 of culture. this salinity was maintained until decapodids were produced, after which point all water exchanges used treated freshwater to progressively reduce salinity to 0 ppt. because larvae were reared using a greenwater technique, at 2–3 day intervals the replacement water for water exchanges was sourced from cultures of either marine or freshwater microalgae or both. both sets of cultures were of mixed species of varying concentrations, as it was found to be much easier and less time - consuming to mass culture using this method than to maintain monospecific / axenic cultures of different species due to the volumes required .\naeration volume was progressively increased as the larvae developed. gentle aeration was employed at ~ 15–30 ml / sec at each air diffuser for early stage larvae e. g. zoea i, so as not to damage them by excessive turbulence. this rate was increased to ~ 150–200 ml / sec for mid and late stage larvae (zoeae v to x), in order to keep feed and biofloc particles in suspension where they could be accessed. this also prevented circulating matter from settling on the tank floor which would have lead to accelerated decomposition and poor water quality .\nnauplii being offered once daily in the afternoon. the sieve mesh sizes were selected according to the development stage of larvae in individual tanks, to ensure they were able to capture and feed on particles of an appropriate size in relation to their body and mouth sizes. the feeding sieve mesh sizes are detailed in table\nb whole boston squid loligo pealei (lund' s seafood inc .) .\nlarval feeding schedule. the feeds offered were egg custard (ec), squid custard (sc), shrimp custard (shc), algamac 3050 flake (am), artemia nauplii (art .), artemia meta - nauplii (mart .) and commercial formulated prawn pellet (cfpp) .\nwhen larvae had developed to zoea xiii, crushed formulated prawn pellet (32% crude protein, crest chicken limited, fiji) was offered to complement the custard feeds. algamac 3050 flake (aquafauna biomarine inc, hawthorne, usa) was also used to supplement the custard feeds and to enrich artemia nauplii offered to the larvae. for direct feeding, the algamac 3050 flake was weighed according to the daily feed ration measured for each tank and either screened through the appropriately sized feeding mesh for zoeae i to ix larvae, or added directly to the water for zoea x onwards .\nlarvae were observed consuming a number of other live feed items apart from artemia nauplii and meta - nauplii. the majority of these comprised of biofloc, and biofloc - associated microorganisms. a number of the biofloc - associated microorganisms included various types of rotifers, the most abundant of which was a colurella sp. (family brachionidae), together with various nematodes and protozoans .\nit proved to be difficult to quantify biofloc volumes, however a general guide established was to maintain concentrations of 1500–2500 pieces of biofloc / l. this proved to be an apparently optimal density based on qualitative observations of larval feeding behaviour. a single piece of biofloc was loosely defined as any aggregation of biofloc material up to 5 mm. at times between scheduled feeding intervals if larvae were observed to have consumed all feed from the previous offering, they were encouraged to feed on biofloc present in the tank by stirring settled material on the tank floor .\nall microscopy was carried out using a binocular compound microscope (olympus ch - 2) fitted with a calibrated eyepiece graticule. all photomicroscopy was carried out using a digital camera (nikon coolpix e995) mounted on one of the microscope eyepieces. larvae were routinely examined at 0900 daily, using a cavity slide without a coverslip to avoid squashing the specimens. all observations and photographs were of live individuals and specimens were either preserved immediately afterwards in 80% ethanol for larval staging work, or returned to the tank .\na select number of larval morphological features were examined and changes in these recorded and used for characterising larval development. these morphological features included carapace armature (rostrum, supra - orbital spines and pterygostomian spines), as well as developments of the tail fan (telson and uropods), pereiopods (walking legs), pleopods (swimmerets) and antennules and antennae. larvae were also measured to determine their total and carapace lengths .\n10 individuals of the same apparent morphological developmental stage and age were sampled and used in making determinations of larval stage and average size. all larvae were thoroughly examined to ensure the morphological features being recorded were consistent between the individuals sampled. once determinations of stage had been made, representative specimens were lodged at the marine reference collection of the school of marine studies, faculty of science, technology and environment, university of the south pacific, suva, fiji islands under catalogue number 5940 .\nsimple line diagrams of specimens showing the body outlines without internal structures e. g. organs, musculature and external chromatophore patterns were produced with the aid of photographs of live specimens. all diagrams were then outlined in black ink before being scanned at 600 dpi and processed using adobe photoshop version 7. 0 software .\n), with 5 decapodids produced after 77, 78, 85, 101 and 110 days of culture respectively. survival to this stage was 0. 08% , and 0. 27% to zoea xii / xiii. mortality proved to be very high, especially during the first few days of culture (figure\nlarval survivorship, salinity and temperature data recorded over the culture period. the increase in larval population over days 1 to 6 is due to continued input of larvae from spawning broodstock. broodstock were removed on day 6. following metamorphosis of the first decapodid, the water parameters displayed here were recorded in the tank containing the remaining larvae .\n). development through zoeae i to iv occurred consistently with average intermoult durations of ~ 3 days, ~ 8 days from v to viii and ~ 12 days from ix to xi. from this point, development was irregular with durations of 21 and 63 days for zoeae xii and xiii respectively. metamorphosis into the decapodid was also prolonged, taking 34 days from the time of metamorphosis of the first till last individuals. salinity and temperature variations over the culture period did not vary outside the desired limits (figure\nday of first appearance of larval stages and their intermoult durations. values indicated are ± standard deviation (sd) .\ndue to poor larval survival (10 individuals remaining by day 65), it became impractical to rear survivors in the single 1000 l tank which had not encountered total mortality. all larvae were then transferred to a 60 l cylindro - conical fibreglass lrt and the trial continued. after the first decapodid was observed on day 77, salinity was reduced from 30 to 24. 3 ppt over days 80–81, with further gradual reductions carried out until 0 ppt was reached by day 96 .\nthe first decapodid was removed and transferred to a separate 60 l cylindro - conical fibreglass lrt, which was maintained at 28. 8 ppt and 28 ± 0. 5°c for a period of 24 h, before salinity was reduced to 0 ppt in 5 ppt steps each day by exchanging 20–25% of the tank volume (figure\n). this procedure was also carried out for the next 4 decapodids collected from the tank .\n3rd and 4th pleopod pairs now biramous, with 5th pair also biramous on some individuals. buds for 1st pair emerge\nall pleopods now biramous and possess setae. buds of appendices internae seen on 3rd and 4th pleopods\n* indicates stages which may have at least 2–3 instars and * * indicates stages which may have 3–4 instars. # v. c. refers to the ventral carina and d. c. the dorsal carina of the rostrum .\nthe rostrum remains largely unchanged from zoea i, however the carapace now has pairs of supra - orbital and pterygostomian spines. the most noticeable feature of this stage is the presence of stalked eyes. a join starts forming between the sixth abdominal somite and telson allowing partial articulation, and within the telson, rudimentary uropod exopods may be seen forming which will appear in the next stage (additional file 2: figure s2). the antennal flagella are present but not segmented. the first two pereiopods have developed and appear similar to the third maxilliped .\nthe first tooth on the rostrum appears, located immediately behind the eyes on the dorsal carina and the pterygostomian spine develops 2 obvious points. the antennal flagellum becomes divided, and now contains 3 segments. uropod exopods emerge, and rudimentary uropod endopods can be seen developing inside the telson (additional file 3: figure s3). all maxillipeds and pereiopods are better developed in this stage, with the fourth pereiopod appearing as a biramous bud .\nthe second tooth on the rostrum appears, appearing in front of the first tooth. the fifth pereiopod appears as a uniramous bud, while the fourth pereiopod is no longer a bud and possesses all segments. the uropod endopods now emerge, making the tail fan complete (additional file 4: figure s4). this stage is often noticeably pigmented, with chromatophores distributed over various parts of the body .\n4 and 1 segments are present in the antennal and antennular flagellae respectively. all pereiopods are present now, with the fifth pereiopod becoming fully developed. the second tooth on the dorsal carina of the rostrum remains. the telson has also gradually changed shape, becoming noticeably rectangular from its previous triangular outline (additional file 5: figure s5) .\nthe rostrum remains unchanged, with the exception of the appearance of 2 or more setae in front of the second tooth. 5 and 1 segments are present in the antennal and antennular flagellae respectively. pleopod buds now appear, but usually only for the third and fourth, and occasionally fifth pairs of pleopods (additional file 6: figure s6) .\nthis stage is often the first point at which mark - time moulting may be encountered, and variability in morphological development between individuals was observed. the rostral tooth count can vary between 2–3 teeth on the dorsal carina. upon reaching zoea iii, some individuals had their first rostral tooth emerging almost parallel to the supra - orbital spine, thus the tooth was located well behind the eye (termed the post - orbital tooth here). in other individuals, their first rostral tooth emerged immediately behind or parallel to the eye (additional file 7: figure s7) .\nfor individuals which had their first rostral tooth well behind the eye, they possessed a total of 3 rostral teeth by the time they moulted to stage vi, whereas others had only 2. those individuals which had only 2 teeth occasionally developed a protrusion in front of the second dorsal tooth where the next tooth would emerge (see additional file 11: figure s11 for an example of this in a zoea x larva). 6–8 segments are present in the antennal flagellum and 1 segment remains in the antennular flagellum. the pleopod buds have also become more developed, as the third and fourth pairs have elongated and buds for the second and fifth pairs emerged. in individuals which already possessed a fifth pleopod bud, it elongated along with the third and fourth buds .\nthe rostral tooth count is usually 3 teeth along the dorsal carina, however some individuals may still possess 2 teeth, as described for zoea vii. 8 and 2 segments are present in the antennal and antennular flagellae respectively. all pleopods which had elongated during the previous stage are biramous now and possess natatory setae. in most individuals, the second pleopod bud elongates, and the first pair of pleopods emerges as a simple bud (additional file 8: figure s8) .\nthis larval stage possesses 3–4 teeth along the dorsal carina of the rostrum, and individuals which possessed only 3 teeth did not have a post - orbital rostral tooth. 9 and 3 segments are present in the antennal and antennular flagellae respectively. all pleopods are biramous and possess setae, making their development almost complete. now that the endopods of the third and fourth pleopods are fully formed, buds of the appendices internae begin to appear along their inner margins (additional file 9: figure s9) .\nan additional tooth is added to the rostrum, bringing the tooth count up to 4–5 teeth along the dorsal carina. individuals which possessed only 3–4 teeth did not have a post - orbital rostral tooth (additional file 11: figure s11). 10 and 4 segments are present in the antennal and antennular flagellae respectively. chelae appear, forming at the ends of the second pair of pereiopods (additional file 10: figure s10) .\nthe number of rostral teeth is 6–7, or 5–6 along the dorsal carina. individuals which possessed 5–6 teeth did not have a post - orbital rostral tooth. 14–18 and 6–8 segments are present in the antennal and antennular flagellae respectively. all pleopods are now fully formed, with complete development of the appendices internae. chelae on the second pair of pereiopods are now larger, and used by the larva in feeding. it was difficult to ascertain whether chelae on the first pair of pereiopods had developed at this stage on the live specimens examined. the basal segment of the fifth pair of pleopods now begins to develop setae on its rear margin, with 4 present at first appearance (additional file 12: figure s12) .\nthe rostral tooth count is 7–8 teeth along the dorsal carina, and individuals which possessed 7 teeth did not have a post - orbital rostral tooth. 15–20 and 9–14 segments are present in the antennal and antennular flagellae respectively. chelae on the second pair of pereiopods (second chelipeds) further enlarge from the previous stage, and have developed more setae along the pollex and dactylus. chelae are now evident on the first pair of pereiopods (first chelipeds). the basal segment of the fifth pair of pleopods possesses 8 setae on its rear margin (additional file 13: figure s13)." ]

{ "text": [ "macrobrachium lar is a species of freshwater shrimp found throughout the indo-west pacific area , ranging from east africa through to the marquesas islands and was first described in 1798 .", "this species is found in flowing rivers and creeks near sea level . " ], "topic": [ 13, 13 ] }

[ "macrobrachium lar is a species of freshwater shrimp found throughout the indo-west pacific area, ranging from east africa through to the marquesas islands and was first described in 1798. this species is found in flowing rivers and creeks near sea level." ]

[ "the javan cochoa (cochoa azurea) is a species of bird in the family turdidae. it is endemic to indonesia .\ninformation on the javan cochoa is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - javan cochoa (cochoa azurea )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - javan cochoa (cochoa azurea )\ntitle =\narkive species - javan cochoa (cochoa azurea )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n, where it is known from the higher peaks within a range spanning from gunung halimun to gunung slamet. there are recent records from just four localities. it appears to occur at low densities, although it is perhaps more unobtrusive than genuinely rare. its population is nevertheless likely to be undergoing a steady decline as javan montane forests become increasingly isolated by deforestation on lower slopes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. , fishpool, l. d. c. , boesman, p. and kirwan, g. m. 2016. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 2: passerines. lynx edicions and birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\n23 cm. medium - sized, thrush - like bird of forest canopy. male has silky - blue upperparts including sides of head, wings and tail. black underparts, iris, bill and legs. female duller blue above and dark brown below. immature dull blue above with brown wing - coverts, fawn below, speckled dark brown .\nscan mid - storey and canopy of forest for occasional short flights made by this species .\nvulnerable b1ab (ii, iii, v); c2a (i) ver 3. 1\nthis unobtrusive species qualifies as vulnerable because it has a small and naturally fragmented range and population, which is likely to be declining owing to habitat loss at the lower fringes of its altitudinal range .\nthe population size is preliminarily estimated to fall into the band 2, 500 - 9, 999 mature individuals. this equates to 3, 750 - 14, 999 individuals in total, rounded here to 3, 500 - 15, 000 individuals. trend justification: a moderate and on - going population decline is suspected to be occurring as a result of habitat loss within the lower altitudinal range of the species, as well as possible effects of exploitation for the wild bird trade, although the likely rate has not been estimated .\nit inhabits montane rain forest between 900 and 3, 000 m, where it is rather tame, moving quietly or sitting motionless for long periods, often in the lower and middle storeys, but also in the canopy. it is presumed to be largely sedentary, but may make local seasonal movements .\nforest loss, degradation and fragmentation, through widespread agricultural encroachment and localised development (e. g. holiday resorts and geothermal projects), is becoming an increasing threat in the lower altitudinal range of the species (900 m - 1, 500 m). the area above this zone is still relatively secure (n. brickle\n2012). it has also been recorded the domestic bird trade, albeit in very small numbers (n. brickle\nit occurs in two protected areas, gunung gede / pangrango national park and gunung halimun nature reserve (now gunung halimun - salak national park), both of which provide hope for a range of threatened species endemic to java. the two areas cover over 500 km\nof forest between 500 m and 3, 000 m. a substantial nature reserve has been proposed for gunung slamet (an historical site for the species), and a small nature reserve exists on gunung tangkuban prahu, from where there are also historical records .\nconduct further surveys for the species at all mountains potentially within its range to clarify its current distribution and population status. propose key sites for establishment as protected areas, or as extensions to existing reserves. cooperate with local authorities and relevant companies to minimise the impact of tourism and development projects on forested mountains within its range .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\nkhaleb yordan, birdpacker, marvinhyett, dubi shapiro, chairunas adha putra, rob hutchinson, james eaton .\nthe song is very quiet - this recording was made from a distance of about 7m - calling from about 6m off the ground in the lower part of a medium - sized tree. one of the same pair of birds ason xc141901 - 5\nthe song is very quiet - this recording was made from a distance of about 7m - calling from about 6m off the ground in the lower part of a medium - sized tree. one of the same pair of birds ason xc141901 - 3\nthe song is very quiet - this recording was made from a distance of about 15m. same bird as on xc141901 - 2\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nclassified as vulnerable (vu) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nflpa - images of nature pages green house wetheringsett stowmarket suffolk ip14 5qa united kingdom tel: + 44 (0) 1728 861 113 fax: + 44 (0) 1728 860 222 pictures @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 300, 327 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\ndouble - check spelling, grammar, punctuation. translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different, search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different, try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations, dictionary, verb conjugations, and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language. have a suggestion, idea, or comment? send us your feedback .\nits natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. it is threatened by habitat loss .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 12 / 3 / 2016. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files." ]

{ "text": [ "the javan cochoa ( cochoa azurea ) is a species of bird in the family turdidae .", "it is endemic to indonesia .", "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .", "it is threatened by habitat loss . " ], "topic": [ 3, 0, 24, 17 ] }

[ "the javan cochoa (cochoa azurea) is a species of bird in the family turdidae. it is endemic to indonesia. its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. it is threatened by habitat loss." ]

[ ": predators of the southern plains woodrat include hawks, owls, foxes, coyotes, bobcats and snakes .\n: the range of the plains woodrat occurs in the southwestern part of kansas where it lives in crevices in rocky outcrops, and in shrubby grasslands. the range of the southern plains woodrat and the eastern woodrat do not overlap, and are separated in western kansas by the arkansas river .\nhow often does reproduction occur? southern plains woodrats mate frequently during the breeding season .\nsouthern plains woodrats are potential vectors of a number of zoonotic illnesses. they are reservoir hosts of\nsouthern plains woodrats are preyed upon by many different animals. they are hunted by a variety of birds such as\nare also known to trap and kill adults and nestlings. to avoid predation, southern plains woodrats often hide in their dens .\nthere is currently very little information available regarding the parental behavior of southern plains woodrats. however, an endangered member of the same genus, key largo woodrats (\nsouthern plains woodrats are considered primary consumers, consuming nuts, berries, leaves and many other types of vegetation. they also host many different species of parasites such as\nsouthern plains woodrats serve as important primary consumers throughout their range, consuming nuts, berries, leaves and many other types of vegetation. they also host many different species of parasites such as\nscent marking is an important method of communication for woodrats. southern plains woodrats are able to identify members of the opposite sex by scent. males use urine and sebum to attract mates, while females use their urine and feces. likewise, southern plains woodrats are extremely sensitive to sound. these animals quickly react to even the slightest sound or movement. they produce a drumming sound by hitting the ground with their hind feet; this may act as an alarm call or establish territory. southern plains woodrats also have extremely acute vision, which may help them evade predators .\nsouthern plains woodrats are usually found near shrubs and cacti in dry grasslands, such as cactus grasslands or shrubby and mesquite grasslands. these animals like semi - arid, flat plains and low valleys, usually found between timberlands and deserts, they may also be found on rocky hillsides. they usually dig below ground dens, although they are not able to in certain areas of their range due to the soil quality. where they are not able to dig below ground dens, southern plains woodrats use rock crevices and trees for cover .\nthis species is currently not considered endangered or threatened. according to the iucn, southern plains woodrats have a stable population with a status of' least concern' due to their wide distribution and large population size .\nsouthern plains woodrats often scent mark for communication. these animals are able to identify members of the opposite sex by scent. they are also very sensitive to sound, they react quickly to even the slightest sound or movement. southern plains woodrats make a drumming sound by hitting the ground with their hind feet, they may use this as an alarm or territory call. they also have very good vision, which may help them avoid predators .\nsouthern plains woodrats are solitary and territorial. these animals usually stay in their nests alone except for females with young. southern plains woodrats build dens underneath cacti or shrub with 2 to 5 entrances. many of them use the same den for life, particularly females. they also dig underground tunnels that they use for food storage, nesting and escaping predators. they keep their nest chamber clean and full of soft grasses. their above ground nest is made of plant material and human trash, which has given them the nickname\npackrat\n. they can be aggressive to other animals while defending their territory. southern plains woodrats are nocturnal and are most active between dusk and midnight .\nbreeding season most populations breed in the early spring, however, southern populations may have a continuous breeding season .\nsouthern plains woodrats prefer dry grassland environments, they favor cactus grasslands but can also be found in shrubby or mesquite grasslands, regardless, they are typically found in close proximity to shrubs or cacti. they are generally found in semi - arid, flat plains and low valleys, often located between timberlands and deserts, they may also be found on rocky hillsides. most populations construct below ground dens, however, some populations are precluded from this behavior due to the soil quality in their area. where den excavation is not possible, southern plains woodrats use rock crevices and trees for cover .\n, particularly in the southern part of their range. however, they may be immune to fairly large quantities of snake venom .\nthis species is currently not considered endangered or threatened. according to the iucn, southern plains woodrats have a stable population with a status of' least concern' due to their wide distribution and large population size. likewise, they have no specific listing by cites .\n). they get the moisture they need from the food they eat. these animals use an area of their den for storing, or caching food. southern plains woodrats hoard food for the winter; they begin collecting food in late summer and early autumn. their caches are sometimes raided by other animals including\n: breeding occurs in late february or march. two or three young are born in late april after a gestation period of 33 days, and are weaned after 30 days. three months later the young southern plains woodrats become full grown and in ten months are sexually mature. there is one litter per year .\nit occurs southern great plains of the united states and northeastern mexico. in the us from southeastern colorado to south - central kansas, southward through western oklahoma, texas, and new mexico. in mexico, the range is primarily northern chihuahua, northeastern coahuila, nuevo leon, tamaulipas, and the northeast sector of san luis potosi .\nsouthern plains woodrats have short lives. many of them do not survive until adulthood, because of that the average lifespan for males is 5. 6 months and the average lifespan for females is 7. 6 months. among the individuals that do survive until adulthood, females tend to live longer. the oldest known individual survived to be about 2. 25 years old .\nsouthern plains woodrats have a fairly short lifespan. females tend to live longer, particularly among those that survive until adulthood. due to high mortality among immature individuals, males have an average lifespan of 5. 6 months and females have an average lifespan of 7. 6 months. the average lifespan among individuals that survive to adulthood is not known. the oldest known individual survived to be about 2. 25 years old .\nsouthern plains woodrats typically breed in the early spring and produce 1 litter per year. however, southern populations may produce 2 or more litters per year as a result of their continuous breeding season, which peaks in early spring and late fall. their gestation period lasts about 33 to 35 days, after which, they have litters of 1 to 4 individuals, each weighing about 10 to 13 grams. litters are most frequently composed of 2 to 3 individuals, although variation can be seen in populations, northern populations have an average of 3 individuals per litter while southern populations average 2. males and females grow at a similar rate; however, by about 6 months old, males are generally somewhat larger. technically, sexual maturity occurs at 10 weeks for males and 6 months for females, however, most individuals do not mate immediately after reaching maturity .\nmale southern plains woodrats tend to have a much larger range size than females. in southwestern texas, the minimum required range space for males was 232. 4 meters squared, compared to 157. 8 meters squared for females. the average home range size in southern texas is 1, 696 to 1, 829. 2 meters squared for males and 188 to 258. 2 meters squared for females. their home ranges sometimes overlap and there are generally 0 to 31 individuals per hectare. they do not move very far every day, they generally stick to their cactus patch or a neighboring patch. they use paths leading from their dens to their preferred feeding areas .\n). they obtain their required water from the food they eat. during droughts, they depend on cactus pulp for food and moisture. these animals designate an area of their den for caching food. southern plains woodrats are larder hoarders and begin collecting food stores in late summer and early autumn. each year they typically lose a great deal of weight during autumn and winter and gain weight during the winter and spring. occasionally, their caches are raided by other animals including\n: southern plains woodrats, like other woodrats, are actually large mice. they can be distinguished from other members of their family by: 1) soft fur on their upperparts gray mixed with blackish guard hairs, 2) white underparts, feet, throat, and breast, 3) short, sparsely - haired tail blackish above and grayish below, and 4) large, well - haired ears. sexes are alike in color, but young are not as brightly colored as adults .\nsouthern plains woodrats are medium - sized rodents with white feet, large ears, dark eyes and long whiskers. their fur is dense, soft and grayish, or sometimes buffy, with occasional black hairs on their back. their under belly is gray and they have a white throat. their tail is dark above and lighter on the bottom side, it is also short, heavy and mostly hairless. males have an average total body length of 370 mm, including an average tail length of 152. 6 mm, whereas females have an average total body length of 355. 8 mm, including an average tail length of 147. 1 mm. they have four toes on each foot. they have a total of 16 teeth. southern plains woodrats from coastal texas and south - central kansas may be larger than woodrats from other ranges. males and females are the same color and males are slightly larger than females. adult animals molt each year, usually between june and october. juveniles go through 2 to 3 molts before they get their adult pelage .\nsouthern plains woodrats typically breed in the early spring and have 1 litter per year. however, animals found further south may produce 2 or more litters per year due to their continuous breeding season, which peaks in early spring and late fall. their gestation period lasts about 33 to 35 days, after which, they have litters of 1 to 4 pups, each weighing about 10 to 13 grams. males and females grow at the same rate, however, males are usually somewhat larger by the time they are 6 months old .\nsouthern plains woodrats are found in places where grasses, creosotebush, mesquite, and cactus grow. local populations can reach high levels and then crash. crashes can be associated with changes in habitat—for example, an unusually rainy year may kill cactus the woodrats rely on for food. like many rodents, these woodrats are active between dusk and midnight. when disturbed, individuals thump or drum their hindfeet, possibly to communicate territorial ownership. they live in association with many other mammals, including armadillos, cotton rats, kangaroo rats, grasshopper mice, jackrabbits, and cottontails .\ntheir home range sizes may vary based on the location of the population, regardless; males tend to have a much larger range size. in southwestern texas, the average home range size ranged from 971. 3 to 1, 335. 5 meters squared. however, the minimum required range space for males was 232. 4 m2, compared to 157. 8 m2 for females. whereas the average range size in southern texas was 1, 696 to 1, 829. 2 m2 for males and 188 to 258. 2 m2 for females. likewise, the overall home range size in guadalupe mountains national park is 258 m2. home ranges may overlap; there are generally 0 to 31 individuals per hectare. their daily movement is minimal, sticking to their cactus patch or a neighboring patch; they rarely cross areas without vegetation. southern plains woodrats may have paths leading from their dens to many of their preferred feeding areas .\nsouthern plains woodrats have a very involved mating process. males and females cautiously approach each other in a crouched position while partially flexing their legs. these animals then smell each other’s faces while touching their whiskers together, after which, they stand on their hind feet and touch their forefeet together while chattering their teeth. individuals then bob their heads side to side and forward and back. the female quickly passes back and forth in front of the male in a crouched position, making short hops and rapidly drumming her hind feet. she then drags her back end on the ground, directing it toward the male while giving low - pitched raspy squeaks. the male approaches from the rear and mounts. the pair may mate every 2 to 10 minutes for 2 to 90 seconds at a time. based on male and female home ranges, they probably have a promiscuous mating system .\nthe mating behavior of southern plains woodrats is a long and detailed process. males and females cautiously approach each other in a crouched position while partially flexing their legs. these animals then smell each other’s faces while touching their whiskers together, after which, they stand on their hind feet and touch their forefeet together while chattering their teeth. individuals then bob their heads side to side and forward and back. the female quickly passes back and forth in front of the male in a crouched position, making short hops and rapidly drumming her hind feet. she then drags her back end on the ground, directing it toward the male while giving low - pitched raspy squeaks. the male approaches from the rear and mounts. the pair may continue to copulate every 2 to 10 minutes, prior to each mating attempt, the female performs a display. copulation lasts from 2 to 90 seconds, but averages 10 to 20 seconds. females may become pregnant with as little as 2 copulations, but they are much more reproductively successful with four or five copulations. based on their home range distribution, these animals are assumed to engage in a promiscuous mating system .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\npopulations somewhat variable, ranging from 0 - 31. 1 individuals / ha over a 30 - month period. these changes are correlated with cactus density .\nit occurs in a wide variety of habitats characterized by grasses, shrubs, and cactus. this species is associated with rocky habitats in some parts of the range .\nthere are no known conservation measures specific to this species. however, there are several protected areas within its range .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017). the iucn red list of threatened species 2016: e. t14591a115123286 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ndescription. a large, gray - colored rat with large ears and relatively short, heavy, sparsely - haired tail. differs from neotoma floridana, to which it is most closely related and which may occur in the same area, in gray, often bluish - gray, dorsal coloration. upperparts pale drab, mixed with blackish hairs along the back; tail blackish above, grayish below; underparts and feet white. external measurements average: total length, 351 mm; tail, 163 mm; hind foot, 41 mm. weight, (males) 272 - 310 g; (females) 204 - 243 g .\ndistribution in texas. found in western two - thirds of state eastward to johnson county in north and gulf coast in south .\nhabits. this rat is characteristic of the brushlands in the semi - arid region between the timberlands and the arid deserts to the west. unlike other woodrats, it is rarely associated with rocks or cliffs; rather, it is usually found associated with cactus or some of the thorny desert shrubs. it is at home in thickets of cacti, mesquite, or thorn bush where it constructs a house of sticks, joints of cactus, thorns, and other readily available material. frequently, an underground burrow system is added, particularly in localities where building materials are not abundant. these houses may be a meter or more high with two or more openings near the base to which well - worn trails lead through and over the spiny vegetation. so well protected are these rats by their spiny fortresses that, when at home, they seldom are molested by larger animals .\ntheir food consists almost entirely of vegetation; the thick blades of the prickly pear and the juicy fruits of many species of cactus are favored items. specific items include the thick basal parts of the leaves of sotol, blades of agaves, beans and pods of mesquite, and acorns. their food also supplies the necessary water .\nthe breeding season is restricted to early spring and there is some evidence that the species is monestrous and produces only one litter a year. the usual number of young per litter is three, but ranges from two to four. the gestation period is about 33 days. at birth the young weigh about 10 g, but growth is rapid. they are weaned when about 30 days old and at the age of 3 months are nearly full - grown and weigh about 85% as much as adults. at the age of 300 days they are sexually mature .\nunder suitable conditions the population density may become high, at which times the rats may compete seriously with livestock and big game animals for forage. however, they ordinarily are not serious pests .\ncolor photo by barbara l. clauson. copyright 1999. all rights reserved .\n: adults may attain the following dimensions: total length 300 - 390 mm; tail 120 - 170 mm; hind foot 36 - 41 mm; ear 23 - 32 mm; weight 240 - 340 grams .\n: food is mainly vegetation, including leaves, berries, roots, nuts, and seeds, some of which is stored in their dens for winter use .\nbaird, s. f. , 1855. characteristics of some new species of mammalia, collecred by the u. s. and mexican boundary survey, major w. h. emory, u. s. a. commissioner, p. 133. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia, 7: 331 - 333 .\nmammal species of the world (opens in a new window). mammalian species, american society of mammalogists' species account (opens in a new window) .\n) have a range that extends north into southeastern colorado and southwestern kansas and south through western oklahoma, western texas and northeastern mexico. they also inhabit the majority of new mexico except the far northwestern portion of the state .\n( braun and mares, 1989; charles, et al. , 2012; reid, 2006; suchecki, et al. , 2004 )\n( braun and mares, 1989; conditt and ribble, 1997; suchecki, et al. , 2004 )\n( braun and mares, 1989; pitts, et al. , 1985 )\n( alligood, et al. , 2008; braun and mares, 1989 )\n( braun and mares, 1989; conditt and ribble, 1997; reid, 2006; suchecki, et al. , 2004 )\nrange territory size 157. 8 to 1, 829. 2 m ^ 2\n( braun and mares, 1989; linzey, et al. , 2008; suchecki, et al. , 2004 )\ntheir diet consists of cactus leaves, cactus fruits, berries, mesquite pods and beans, acorns and other types of plant material. some of their favorite food items include the joints, fruits, leaf blades and seeds of prickly pears (\n( braun and mares, 1989; suchecki, et al. , 2004 )\n. this species is an important ecological engineer. the microclimate created in their dens is essential for\n, likewise, 40 additional invertebrate taxa also casually use this habitat. their dens are also by other vertebrate species as well including\n. wood decomposing fungi also reside within their dens due to the high moisture content. their urine and feces, in addition to the waste created by the other occupants of their den, fertilize the soils and create nutrient enriched areas .\n( braun and mares, 1989; charles, et al. , 2012; whitford and steinberger, 2010 )\nwoodrats are sometimes used as biological indicators to detect changes in habitat quality, particularly in guadalupe mountains national park. their population density is inversely related to the quality and quantity of the grassland .\n( braun and mares, 1989; charles, et al. , 2012 )\n( charles, et al. , 2012; clarke, et al. , 2013 )\ndemetri lafkas (author), northern michigan university, leila siciliano martina (author, editor), animal diversity web staff, john bruggink (editor), northern michigan university .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the new world. this includes greenland, the canadian arctic islands, and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nin deserts low (less than 30 cm per year) and unpredictable rainfall results in landscapes dominated by plants and animals adapted to aridity. vegetation is typically sparse, though spectacular blooms may occur following rain. deserts can be cold or warm and daily temperates typically fluctuate. in dune areas vegetation is also sparse and conditions are dry. this is because sand does not hold water well so little is available to plants. in dunes near seas and oceans this is compounded by the influence of salt in the air and soil. salt limits the ability of plants to take up water through their roots .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\noffspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc .) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nthe kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males, each of which also pairs with several different females .\nplaces a food item in a special place to be eaten later. also called\nhoarding\na terrestrial biome. savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america, and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (> 23. 5° n or s latitude). vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\nlinzey, a. , r. timm, s. alvarez - castaneda, i. castro - arellano, t. lacher. 2008 .\n( on - line). iucn redlist of threatened species. accessed august 29, 2013 at\nto cite this page: lafkas, d. and l. siciliano martina 2013 .\nneotoma micropus\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 09, 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\n) are found as far north as southeastern colorado and southwestern kansas and as far south as western oklahoma, western texas and northeastern mexico. they also can also be found throughout new mexico except the far northwestern corner of the state .\nthey eat cactus leaves, cactus fruits, berries, mesquite pods and beans, acorns and other types of plant material. some of their favorite food items include the joints, fruits, leaf blades and seeds of prickly pears (\n. this species is considered an ecological engineer due to the habitat they create by making nests and digging dens. the microclimate created by their dens is essential for\n. there are also 40 other invertebrate groups that casually use this habitat. their dens are used by other vertebrate species as well including\n. their urine and feces, in addition to the waste created by the other animals living in their dens, fertilize the soils and create nutrient enriched areas .\nwoodrats are sometimes considered biological indicators; they are used for monitoring changes in habitat quality in guadalupe mountains national park .\nlinzey, a. , r. timm, s. alvarez - castaneda, i. castro - arellano, t. lacher. 2008 .\nneotoma micropus\n( on - line). iucn redlist of threatened species. accessed august 29, 2013 at urltoken .\nlafkas, d. and l. siciliano martina 2013 .\nneotoma micropus\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 09, 2018 at urltoken\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative. it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education, university of michigan museum of zoology, and the detroit public schools. this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151. copyright © 2002 - 2018, the regents of the university of michigan. all rights reserved .\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life: april 2013 selected by c. michael hogan - see more .\nc. michael hogan set\nimage of neotoma micropus\nas an exemplar on\nneotoma micropus baird, 1855\n.\nc. michael hogan marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life: april 2013\nas preferred for\nneotoma micropus baird, 1855\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\npreeriakauppiasrattu\nto\nneotoma micropus baird, 1855\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\na curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .\na curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .\nprojects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing, such as caloric restriction .\nsoftware for ageing research, including the ageing research computational tools (arct) perl toolkit .\na curated database of ageing and life history information in animals, including extensive longevity records .\nthe benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived, cancer - resistant naked mole - rat (heterocephalus glaber) .\na high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale (balaena mysticetus), the longest - lived mammal .\nanalyses using the anage database to study the evolution of longevity and ageing in vertebrate lineages .\na portal of ageing changes covering different biological levels, integrating molecular, physiological and pathological age - related data .\nthe whosage database contains people and biotech companies that are contributing to increase our understanding of ageing and life - extension .\nnot much is known about the longevity of these animals. in the wild, they have been known to live more than 2 years. one average they live about half a year with females being slightly longer lived. captive animals have lived 3. 3 years after being caught as adults [ 0622 ] .\n[ 0455 ] virginia hayssen et al. (1993), asdell' s patterns of mammalian reproduction: a compendium of species - specific data\n[ 0731 ] zullinger et al. (1984), fitting sigmoid equations to mammalian growth curves\ncomments, suggestions, ideas, and bug reports are welcome. please contact us .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "the southern plains woodrat ( neotoma micropus ) is a species of rodent in the family cricetidae .", "it is found in northwest mexico and in colorado , kansas , new mexico , oklahoma , and texas in the united states . " ], "topic": [ 29, 20 ] }

[ "the southern plains woodrat (neotoma micropus) is a species of rodent in the family cricetidae. it is found in northwest mexico and in colorado, kansas, new mexico, oklahoma, and texas in the united states." ]

[ "taxid: 282029 polyommatus artvinensis (species), agrodiaetus artvinensis (synonym), polyommatus artvinensis (carbonell, 1997) (authority) .\nagrodiaetus actis artvinensis carbonell, 1997; linn. belg. 16 (4): 140; tl: turkey, erzumum, gorge nr tortum\ncontribution à la connaissance du genre agrodiaetus hübner (1822), agrodiaetus actis artvinensis n. ssp. en turquie orientale, (lepidoptera: lycaenidae )\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) artvinensis stat. nov. and p. (a .) sigberti sp. nov. , two vicariant species known so far only from turkey (lepidoptera: lycaenidae )\npolyommatus artvinensis is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family. it was described by frédéric carbonell in 1997. it is found in turkey, where it is only known from the north - eastern pontic chain, in the provinces of erzurum and artvin .\ntaxid: 696841 polyommatus juno (species), polyommatus icarus juno (synonym), polyommatus juno hemming, 1933 (authority) .\ntaxid: 1144877 polyommatus aloisi (species), polyommatus aloisi balint, 1988 (authority), polyommatus eros aloisi (synonym) .\ntaxid: 712039 polyommatus atlantica (species), polyommatus atlantica (elwes, 1905) (authority), polyommatus atlanticus (synonym) .\npolyommatus (polyommatus) elena; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 90\ntaxid: 282042 polyommatus menelaos (species), polyommatus menelaos brown, 1976 (authority) .\ntaxid: 575437 polyommatus forsteri (species), polyommatus forsteri pfeiffer, 1938 (authority) .\ntaxid: 712042 polyommatus nivescens (species), polyommatus nivescens keferstein, 1851 (authority) .\ntaxid: 575433 polyommatus erotides (species), polyommatus erotides staudinger, 1892 (authority) .\ntaxid: 712038 polyommatus ariana (species), polyommatus ariana moore, 1865 (authority) .\ntaxid: 712040 polyommatus buzulmavi (species), polyommatus buzulmavi carbonell, 1991 (authority) .\na new polyommatus species from southern mongolia: polyommatus aloisi spec. n. (lepidoptera: lycaenidae )\ntaxid: 596651 polyommatus hunza (species), polyommatus erigone hunza (synonym), polyommatus hunza (grum - grshimailo, 1890) (authority) .\ntaxid: 596649 polyommatus amor (species), polyommatus amor (lang, 1884) (authority) .\ntaxid: 1133365 polyommatus bilucha (species), polyommatus bilucha (moore, 1884) (authority) .\ntaxid: 282046 polyommatus andronicus (species), polyommatus andronicus coutsis & ghavalas, 1995 (authority) .\ntaxid: 988025 polyommatus semiargus (species), polyommatus semiargus (rottemburg, 1775) (authority) .\ntaxid: 282003 polyommatus aedon (species), polyommatus aedon (christoph, 1887) (authority) .\ntaxid: 712041 polyommatus golgus (species), polyommatus golgus (hubner, 1813) (authority) .\ntaxid: 265387 polyommatus myrrhinus (species), polyommatus myrrhinus (staudinger, 1901) (authority) .\ntaxid: 596654 polyommatus venus (species), polyommatus venus (staudinger, 1886) (authority) .\nnote: synonymies are unverified, no idea how to distribute between polyommatus marcida and polyommatus daphnis, great confusion .\ntaxid: 265364 polyommatus dantchenkoi x polyommatus menalcas (species), agrodiaetus dantchenkoi x agrodiaetus menalcas (synonym) .\ntaxid: 575554 polyommatus ciloicus (species), polyommatus ciloicus de freina & witt, 1983 (authority) .\npolyommatus alaicus balletto & nekrutenko, 1987; (preocc. polyommatus thersamon var. alaica grum - grshimailo, 1888 )\ntaxid: 1219463 polyommatus myrrha (species), polyommatus myrrha (herrich - schaffer, 1843) (authority) .\ntaxid: 712043 polyommatus stoliczkanus (species), polyommatus stoliczkanus (felder & felder, 1865) (authority) .\ntaxid: 596650 polyommatus erigone (species), polyommatus erigone (grum - grshimailo, 1890) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268673 polyommatus mithridates (species), agrodiaetus mithridates (synonym), polyommatus mithridates staudinger, 1878 (authority) .\ntaxid: 282052 polyommatus zarathustra (species), agrodiaetus zarathustra (synonym), polyommatus zarathustra eckweiler, 1997 (authority) .\ntaxid: 675497 polyommatus amorata (species), lycaena eros var. amorata (synonym), polyommatus amorata (alpheraky, 1897) (authority), polyommatus eros sichuanicus (synonym) .\ntaxid: 282001 polyommatus klausschuriani (species), agrodiaetus klausschuriani (synonym), polyommatus klausschuriani hagen, 1999 (authority) .\ntaxid: 317092 polyommatus faramarzii (species), agrodiaetus faramarzii (synonym), polyommatus faramarzii skala, 2001 (authority) .\ntaxid: 317083 polyommatus stempfferi (species), agrodiaetus stempfferi (synonym), polyommatus stempfferi brandt, 1938 (authority) .\ntaxid: 282057 polyommatus shahrami (species), agrodiaetus shahrami (synonym), polyommatus shahrami skala, 2001 (authority) .\ntaxid: 268698 polyommatus turcicolus (species), agrodiaetus turcicola (synonym), agrodiaetus turcicolus (synonym), polyommatus turcicola (misspelling), polyommatus turcicolus (kocak, 1977) (authority) .\npolyommatus (polyommatus) ariana; wiemers, stradomsky & vodolazhsky, 2010, eur. j. ent. 107 (3): 334\npolyommatus (polyommatus) stoliczkanus; wiemers, stradomsky & vodolazhsky, 2010, eur. j. ent. 107 (3): 334\ntaxid: 265363 polyommatus admetus (species), agrodiaetus admetus (synonym), polyommatus admetus (esper, 1783) (authority) .\ntaxid: 265365 polyommatus alcestis (species), agrodiaetus alcestis (synonym), polyommatus alcestis (zerny, 1932) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268624 polyommatus ainsae (species), agrodiaetus ainsae (synonym), polyommatus ainsae (forster, 1961) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268628 polyommatus aserbeidschanus (species), agrodiaetus aserbeidschanus (synonym), polyommatus aserbeidschanus (forster, 1956) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268635 polyommatus cyaneus (species), agrodiaetus cyaneus (synonym), polyommatus cyaneus (staudinger, 1899) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268676 polyommatus phyllides (species), agrodiaetus phyllides (synonym), polyommatus phyllides (staudinger, 1886) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268678 polyommatus phyllis (species), agrodiaetus phyllis (synonym), polyommatus phyllis (christoph, 1877) (authority) .\ntaxid: 282053 polyommatus lorestanus (species), agrodiaetus lorestanus (synonym), polyommatus lorestanus (eckweiler, 1997) (authority) .\ntaxid: 265373 polyommatus iphicarmon (species), agrodiaetus iphicarmon (synonym), polyommatus iphicarmon eckweiler & rose, 1993 (authority) .\ntaxid: 268649 polyommatus dolus (species), agrodiaetus dolus (synonym), polyommatus dolus (hubner, 1823) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268674 polyommatus ninae (species), agrodiaetus ninae (synonym), polyommatus ninae (forster, 1956) (authority) .\ntaxid: 282013 polyommatus ernesti (species), agrodiaetus ernesti (synonym), polyommatus ernesti (eckweiler, 1989) (authority) .\ntaxid: 282025 polyommatus sertavulensis (species), agrodiaetus sertavulensis (synonym), polyommatus sertavulensis (kocak, 1979) (authority) .\ntaxid: 282049 polyommatus tenhageni (species), agrodiaetus tenhageni (synonym), polyommatus tenhageni schurian & eckweiler, 1999 (authority) .\ntaxid: 265369 polyommatus demavendi (species), agrodiaetus demavendi (synonym), polyommatus demavendi (pfeiffer, 1938) (authority) .\ntaxid: 265375 polyommatus menalcas (species), agrodiaetus menalcas (synonym), polyommatus menalcas (freyer, 1837) (authority) .\ntaxid: 265379 polyommatus turcicus (species), agrodiaetus turcicus (synonym), polyommatus turcicus (kocak, 1977) (authority) .\ntaxid: 282033 polyommatus zapvadi (species), agrodiaetus zapvadi (synonym), polyommatus zapvadi (carbonell, 1993) (authority) .\ntaxid: 282041 polyommatus poseidonides (species), agrodiaetus poseidonides (synonym), polyommatus poseidonides (staudinger, 1886) (authority) .\ntaxid: 317085 polyommatus pfeifferi (species), agrodiaetus pfeifferi (synonym), polyommatus pfeifferi (brandt, 1938) (authority) .\ntaxid: 317090 polyommatus transcaspicus (species), agrodiaetus transcaspicus (synonym), polyommatus transcaspicus (staudinger, 1899) (authority) .\ntaxid: 265368 polyommatus caeruleus (species), agrodiaetus caeruleus (synonym), polyommatus caeruleus (staudinger, 1871) (authority) .\ntaxid: 281999 polyommatus gorbunovi (species), agrodiaetus gorbunovi (synonym), polyommatus gorbunovi dantchenko & lukhtanov, 1994 (authority) .\ntaxid: 282051 polyommatus achaemenes (species), agrodiaetus achaemenes (synonym), polyommatus achaemenes (skala, 2002) (authority) .\ntaxid: 282058 polyommatus actinides (species), agrodiaetus actinides (synonym), polyommatus actinides (staudinger, 1886) (authority) .\ntaxid: 317076 polyommatus rjabovi (species), agrodiaetus rjabovi (synonym), polyommatus rjabovi (forster, 1960) (authority) .\ntaxid: 596784 polyommatus elvira (species), glabroculus elvira (synonym), polyommatus elvira (eversmann, 1854) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268625 polyommatus altivagans (species), agrodiaetus altivagans (synonym), polyommatus altivagans (forster, 1956) (authority) .\ntaxid: 282018 polyommatus dama (species), agrodiaetus dama (synonym), polyommatus dama (staudinger, 1892) (authority) .\ntaxid: 282021 polyommatus schuriani (species), agrodiaetus schuriani (synonym), polyommatus schuriani (rose, 1978) (authority) .\ntaxid: 282048 polyommatus khorasanensis (species), agrodiaetus khorasanensis (synonym), polyommatus khorasanensis (carbonell, 2001) (authority) .\ntaxid: 876066 polyommatus daphnis (species), meleageria daphnis (synonym), polyommatus daphnis (schiffermuller, 1775) (authority) .\ntaxid: 1158063 polyommatus marcida (species), meleageria marcida (synonym), polyommatus marcida (lederer, 1870) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268652 polyommatus eriwanensis (species), agrodiaetus eriwanensis (synonym), polyommatus eriwanensis (forster, 1960) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268655 polyommatus firdussii (species), agrodiaetus firdussii (synonym), polyommatus firdussii (forster, 1956) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268657 polyommatus glaucias (species), agrodiaetus glaucias (synonym), polyommatus glaucias (lederer, 1870) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268660 polyommatus huberti (species), agrodiaetus huberti (synonym), polyommatus huberti (carbonell, 1993) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268665 polyommatus iphigenides (species), agrodiaetus iphigenides (synonym), polyommatus iphigenides (staudinger, 1886) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268681 polyommatus posthumus (species), agrodiaetus posthumus (synonym), polyommatus posthumus (christoph, 1877) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268690 polyommatus rovshani (species), agrodiaetus rovshani (synonym), polyommatus rovshani dantchenko & lukhtanov, 1994 (authority) .\ntaxid: 282000 polyommatus femininoides (species), agrodiaetus femininoides (synonym), polyommatus femininoides (eckweiler, 1987) (authority) .\ntaxid: 282004 polyommatus pseudoxerxes (species), agrodiaetus pseudoxerxes (synonym), polyommatus pseudoxerxes (forster, 1956) (authority) .\ntaxid: 282007 polyommatus dizinensis (species), agrodiaetus dizinensis (synonym), polyommatus dizinensis (schurian, 1982) (authority) .\ntaxid: 282012 polyommatus lycius (species), agrodiaetus lycius (synonym), polyommatus lycius (carbonell, 1996) (authority) .\ntaxid: 265366 polyommatus antidolus (species), agrodiaetus antidolus (synonym), polyommatus antidolus (rebel, 1901) (authority) .\ntaxid: 265374 polyommatus iphidamon (species), agrodiaetus iphidamon (synonym), polyommatus iphidamon (staudinger, 1899) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268670 polyommatus kurdistanicus (species), agrodiaetus kurdistanicus (synonym), polyommatus kurdistanicus (forster, 1961) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268683 polyommatus pseudactis (species), agrodiaetus pseudactis (synonym), polyommatus pseudactis (forster, 1960) (authority) .\ntaxid: 282015 polyommatus wagneri (species), agrodiaetus wagneri (synonym), polyommatus wagneri (forster, 1956) (authority) .\ntaxid: 282044 polyommatus aroaniensis (species), agrodiaetus aroaniensis (synonym), polyommatus aroaniensis (brown, 1976) (authority) .\ntaxid: 282401 polyommatus karindus (species), agrodiaetus karindus (synonym), polyommatus karindus (riley, 1921) (authority) .\ntaxid: 265377 polyommatus ripartii (species), agrodiaetus ripartii (synonym), polyommatus ripartii (freyer, 1830) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268648 polyommatus darius (species), agrodiaetus darius (synonym), polyommatus darius eckweiler & hagen, 1998 (authority) .\ntaxid: 268669 polyommatus kendevani (species), agrodiaetus kendevani (synonym), polyommatus kendevani (forster, 1956) (authority) .\ntaxid: 282054 polyommatus peilei (species), agrodiaetus peilei (synonym), polyommatus peilei bethune - baker, 1921 (authority) .\ntaxid: 317084 polyommatus ardschira (species), agrodiaetus ardschira (synonym), polyommatus ardschira (brandt, 1938) (authority) .\ntaxid: 317095 polyommatus shamil (species), agrodiaetus shamil (synonym), polyommatus shamil (dantchenko, 2000) (authority) .\ntaxid: 596741 polyommatus pulchella (species), agrodiaetus pulchellus (synonym), polyommatus pulchella (bernardi, 1951) (authority) .\ntaxid: 596783 polyommatus cyane (species), glabroculus cyane (synonym), polyommatus cyane (eversmann, 1837) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268694 polyommatus surakovi (species), agrodiaetus sekercioglui (synonym), agrodiaetus surakovi (synonym), agrodiaetus surakovi sekercioglu (misspelling), agrodiaetus surakovi sekercioglui (synonym), polyommatus sekercioglui (synonym), polyommatus surakovi dantchenko & lukhtanov, 1994 (authority), polyommatus surakovi sekercioglu (misspelling), polyommatus surakovi sekercioglui (synonym) .\ntaxid: 268699 polyommatus vanensis (species), agrodiaetus vanensis (synonym), polyommatus vanensis (de lesse, 1957) (authority) .\ntaxid: 317081 polyommatus ectabanensis (species), agrodiaetus ectabanensis (synonym), polyommatus ectabanensis (de lesse, 1963) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268656 polyommatus fulgens (species), agrodiaetus fulgens (synonym), polyommatus fulgens (de sagarra, 1925) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268697 polyommatus tankeri (species), agrodiaetus tankeri (synonym), polyommatus tankeri (de lesse, 1960) (authority) .\ntaxid: 282055 polyommatus morgani (species), agrodiaetus morgani (synonym), polyommatus morgani (le cerf, 1909) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268629 polyommatus baytopi (species), agrodiaetus baytopi (synonym), polyommatus baytopi (de lesse, 1959) (authority) .\ntaxid: 265371 polyommatus hamadanensis (species), agrodiaetus hamadanensis (synonym), polyommatus hamadanensis (de lesse, 1959) (authority) .\ntaxid: 282056 polyommatus sennanensis (species), agrodiaetus sennanensis (synonym), polyommatus sennanensis (de lesse, 1959) (authority) .\ntaxid: 317087 polyommatus baltazardi (species), agrodiaetus baltazardi (synonym), polyommatus baltazardi (de lesse, 1963) (authority) .\n[ polyommatus elena sp. n. and polyommatus neglectus sp. n. - new blues taxa (lepidoptera, lycaenidae) ] (in russian )\ntaxid: 281997 polyommatus valiabadi (species), agrodiaetus valiabadi (synonym), polyommatus valiabadi (rose & schurian, 1977) (authority) .\ntaxid: 282016 polyommatus actis (species), agrodiaetus actis (synonym), polyommatus actis (herrich - schaffer, 1851) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268659 polyommatus hopfferi (species), agrodiaetus hopfferi (synonym), polyommatus hopfferi (herrich - schaffer, 1851) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268684 polyommatus putnami (species), agrodiaetus putnami (synonym), polyommatus putnami (dantchenko & lukhtanov, 2002) (authority) .\ntaxid: 265376 polyommatus poseidon (species), agrodiaetus poseidon (synonym), polyommatus poseidon (herrich - schaffer, 1851) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268630 polyommatus bilgini (species), agrodiaetus bilgini (synonym), polyommatus bilgini (dantchenko & lukhtanov, 2002) (authority) .\ntaxid: 282387 polyommatus dagmara (species), agrodiaetus dagmara (synonym), polyommatus dagmara (grum - grshimailo, 1888) (authority) .\ntaxid: 575428 polyommatus celina (species), lycaena celina (synonym), lycaena celina austaut, 1879 (authority), polyommatus celina (austaut, 1879) (authority), polyommatus icarus celina (synonym) .\ntaxid: 268636 polyommatus damocles (species), agrodiaetus damocles (synonym), polyommatus damocles (herrich - schaffer, 1844) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268658 polyommatus haigi (species), agrodiaetus haigi (synonym), polyommatus haigi (dantchenko & lukhtanov, 2002) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268679 polyommatus pierceae (species), agrodiaetus pierceae (synonym), polyommatus pierceae (lukhtanov & dantchenko, 2002) (authority) .\ntaxid: 282045 polyommatus nephohiptamenos (species), agrodiaetus nephohiptamenos (synonym), polyommatus nephohiptamenos (brown & coutsis, 1978) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268626 polyommatus arasbarani (species), agrodiaetus arasbarani (synonym), polyommatus arasbarani (carbonell & naderi, 2000) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268662 polyommatus iphigenia (species), agrodiaetus iphigenia (synonym), polyommatus iphigenia (herrich - schaffer, 1847) (authority) .\ntaxid: 282038 polyommatus kanduli (species), agrodiaetus kanduli (synonym), polyommatus kanduli (dantchenko & lukhtanov, 2002) (authority) .\ntaxid: 282040 polyommatus humedasae (species), agrodiaetus humedasae (synonym), polyommatus humedasae (toso & balletto, 1976) (authority) .\ntaxid: 414009 polyommatus eckweileri (species), agrodiaetus eckweileri (synonym), agrodiaetus eckweileri ten hagen, 1998 (synonym), polyommatus (agrodiaetus) eckweileri (synonym), polyommatus eckweileri hagen, 1998 (authority) .\ntaxid: 281998 polyommatus paulae (species), agrodiaetus paulae (synonym), polyommatus paulae (wiemers & de prins, 2004) (authority) .\ntaxid: 265385 polyommatus eroides (species), polyommatus eroides (frivaldszky, 1835) (authority), false eros blue (genbank common name) .\ntaxid: 282017 polyommatus maraschi (species), agrodiaetus maraschi (synonym) .\ntaxid: 414013 polyommatus pulcher (species), agrodiaetus pulcher (synonym) .\ntaxid: 268668 polyommatus karatavicus (species), agrodiaetus karatavicus (synonym) .\ntaxid: 268680 polyommatus pljushtchi (species), agrodiaetus pljushtchi (synonym) .\ntaxid: 317096 polyommatus dagestanicus (species), agrodiaetus dagestanicus (synonym) .\ntaxid: 282050 polyommatus mofidii (species), agrodiaetus mofidii (synonym) .\ntaxid: 317094 polyommatus lukhtanovi (species), agrodiaetus lukhtanovi (synonym) .\ntaxid: 265372 polyommatus interjectus (species), agrodiaetus interjectus (synonym) .\ntaxid: 268653 polyommatus erschoffii (species), agrodiaetus erschoffii (synonym) .\ntaxid: 317088 polyommatus sorkhensis (species), agrodiaetus sorkhensis (synonym) .\ntaxid: 317091 polyommatus brandti (species), agrodiaetus brandti (synonym) .\ntaxid: 268631 polyommatus carmon (species), agrodiaetus carmon (synonym) .\ntaxid: 268634 polyommatus ciscaucasicus (species), agrodiaetus ciscaucasicus (synonym) .\ntaxid: 282400 polyommatus damalis (species), agrodiaetus damalis (synonym) .\ntaxid: 317082 polyommatus paracyaneus (species), agrodiaetus paracyaneus (synonym) .\ntaxid: 268666 polyommatus juldusus (species), agrodiaetus juldusus (synonym) .\ntaxid: 282037 polyommatus vaspurakani (species), agrodiaetus vaspurakani (synonym) .\ntaxid: 317086 polyommatus kermansis (species), agrodiaetus kermansis (synonym) .\ntaxid: 414014 polyommatus luna (species), agrodiaetus luna (synonym), agrodiaetus luna (eckweiler, 2002) (synonym), polyommatus (agrodiaetus) ardschira luna eckweiler, 2002 (synonym), polyommatus ardschira luna (synonym) .\na comparative analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences in blue butterflies of subgenus polyommatus (s. str .) latreille, 1804 (lepidoptera: lycaenidae: polyommatus )\ntaxid: 282020 polyommatus theresiae (species), agrodiaetus theresiae (synonym), polyommatus theresiae schurian, van oorschot & van den brink, 1992 (authority) .\npolyommatus actinides actinides; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 94\npolyommatus actinides weidenhofferi; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 94\npolyommatus firdussi pseudactis; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 93\npolyommatus admetus yeranyani; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 92\npolyommatus admetus malievi; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 92\npolyommatus mithridates staudinger, 1878; horae soc. ent. ross. 14: 247\npolyommatus ripartii colemani; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 92\npolyommatus ripartii ovchinnikovi; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 92\npolyommatus damon damon; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 93\npolyommatus damon merzbacheri; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 94\npolyommatus damon zhicharevi; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 94\npolyommatus damon mongolensis; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 94\npolyommatus iphigenia araratensis; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 93\npolyommatus ishkashimicus alajanus; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 94\npolyommatus juldusus juldusus; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 94\npolyommatus juldusus kasachstanus; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 94\npolyommatus kirgisorum kirgisorum; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 94\npolyommatus kirgisorum rueckbeili; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 94\npolyommatus kirgisorum khamul; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 94\npolyommatus kirgisorum gorthaur; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 94\npolyommatus damocles damocles; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 93\npolyommatus damocles krymaeus; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 93\npolyommatus damocles rossicus; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 93\npolyommatus damone tanais; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 93\npolyommatus damone walteri; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 93\npolyommatus daphnis daphnis; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 95\npolyommatus phyllides phyllides; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 94\npolyommatus phyllides askhabadicus; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 94\npolyommatus phyllides kentauensis; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 94\npolyommatus phyllides urumbash; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 94\npolyommatus phyllis sheljuzhkoi; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 94\npolyommatus dorylas dorylas; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 92\npolyommatus dorylas armena; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 92\npolyommatus eros napaea; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 91\npolyommatus eros krulikowskyi; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 91\npolyommatus amor amor; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 91\npolyommatus amor vantshensis; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 91\npolyommatus avinovi avinovi; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 95\npolyommatus avinovi dangara; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 95\npolyommatus amandus amurensis; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 95\npolyommatus icadius morkeleb; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 90\npolyommatus poseidonides poseidonides; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 94\npolyommatus poseidonides rickmersi; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 94\npolyommatus poseidonides danilevskyi; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 94\npolyommatus erigone erigone; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 91\nsynexophenus (dujardin, 1968) (polyommatus); riviera sci. 55: 55\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) urmiaensis sp. n. aus nordwestiran (lepidoptera: lycaenidae )\ntaxid: 265367 polyommatus birunii (species), agrodiaetus biruni (synonym), agrodiaetus birunii (synonym), agrodiaetus posthumus biruni (synonym), agrodiaetus posthumus birunii (synonym), polyommatus (agrodiaetus) posthumus birunii (synonym), polyommatus (agrodiaetus) posthumus birunii eckweiler & ten hagen 1998 (synonym), polyommatus birunii (eckweiler & ten hagen, 2001) (authority), polyommatus posthumus birunii (synonym) .\ntaxid: 282023 polyommatus sigberti (species), agrodiaetus sigberti (synonym), polyommatus sigberti (olivier, poorten, puplesiene & de prins, 2000) (authority) .\ntaxid: 414016 polyommatus aereus (species), agrodiaetus aereus (synonym), agrodiaetus aereus (eckweiler, 1998) (synonym), agrodiaetus antidolus aereus (synonym), polyommatus (agrodiaetus) antidolus aereus (synonym), polyommatus antidolus aereus (synonym) .\n= polyommatus phyllis dagestanicus; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 94\n= polyommatus eros erotulus; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 91\n= polyommatus eros tshetverikovi; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 91\n= polyommatus eros napaea; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 91\n= polyommatus amandus amandus; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 95\n? polyommatus icadius cicero; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 91\n= polyommatus icadius fominae; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 91\n= polyommatus icarus turanicus; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 90\ntaxid: 414012 polyommatus magnificus (species), agrodiaetus magnificus (synonym), agrodiaetus magnificus (grum - grshimailo, 1885) (synonym), polyommatus magnifica (synonym) .\ntaxid: 265386 polyommatus icarus (species), papilio icarus (synonym), polyommatus icarus (rottemburg, 1775) (synonym), common blue (genbank common name) .\ntaxid: 414010 polyommatus masulensis (species), agrodiaetus masulensis (synonym), agrodiaetus masulensis (ten hagen & schurian, 2000) (synonym), polyommatus (agrodiaetus) darius masulensis ten hagen & schurian, 2000 (synonym), polyommatus darius masulensis (synonym) .\ntaxid: 265383 polyommatus cornelia (species), lycaena cornelia (synonym), lycaena cornelia gerhard, 1851 (authority), polyommatus cornelia (gerhard, 1851) (authority) .\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) praeactinides; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 94\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) kirgisorum; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 94\npolyommatus amandus brenda hemming, 1932; entomologist 65: 269; tl: cedar mt. lebanon\npolyommatus icarus zelleri verity, 1919; ent. rec. j. var. 31: 44\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) tarch; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 92\ntaxid: 282024 polyommatus guezelmavi (species), agrodiaetus guezelmavi (synonym), polyommatus guezelmavi (olivier, puplesiene, van der poorten, de prins & wiemers, 1999) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268654 polyommatus fabressei (species), agrodiaetus fabressei (synonym), agrodiaetus fabressei (oberthur, 1910) (authority), polyommatus fabressei (oberthur, 1910) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268643 polyommatus damone (species), agrodiaetus damone (synonym), agrodiaetus damone (eversmann, 1841) (synonym), polyommatus damone (eversmann, 1841) (authority) .\npolyommatus erschoffi erschoffi; korb, 2013, caucasian ent. bull. 9 (1): 177\npolyommatus erschoffi pashtu; korb, 2013, caucasian ent. bull. 9 (1): 177\n= polyommatus magnificus; korb, 2013, caucasian ent. bull. 9 (1): 177\n= polyommatus pulchella; korb, 2013, caucasian ent. bull. 9 (1): 178\npolyommatus pulchella chaburobata; korb, 2013, caucasian ent. bull. 9 (1): 178\na replacement name in the section agrodiaetus hbn. of the genus polyommatus latreille (lycaenidae, lepidoptera )\ntaxid: 268641 polyommatus damon (species), agrodiaetus damon (synonym), agrodiaetus damon (denis & schiffermuller 1775) (synonym), polyommatus damon (schiffermuller, 1775) (authority) .\ntaxid: 265370 polyommatus elbursicus (species), agrodiaetus elbursicus (synonym), agrodiaetus sp. vl - 01 - b210 (includes), polyommatus elbursicus (forster, 1956) (authority) .\ntaxid: 696840 polyommatus virgilius (species), agrodiaetus dolus virgilius (synonym), agrodiaetus virgilia (synonym), agrodiaetus virgilius (synonym), agrodiaetus virgilius (oberthur, 1910) (authority), lycaena virgilia (synonym), polyommatus dolus virgilius (synonym), polyommatus virgilia (synonym) .\npolyommatus (polyommatus) venus; wiemers, stradomsky & vodolazhsky, 2010, eur. j. ent. 107 (3): 334; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 91\npolyommatus (polyommatus) amor; wiemers, stradomsky & vodolazhsky, 2010, eur. j. ent. 107 (3): 334; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 91\npolyommatus (polyommatus) amorata; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 91; wiemers, stradomsky & vodolazhsky, 2010, eur. j. ent. 107 (3): 334\ntaxid: 575427 polyommatus boisduvalii (species), lycaena boisduvalii (synonym), lycaena boisduvalii herrich - schaffer, 1844 (authority), polyommatus boisduvalii (herrich - schaffer, 1844) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268672 polyommatus merhaba (species), agrodiaetus merhaba (synonym), polyommatus merhaba (de prins, van der poorten, borie, oorschot, riemis & coenen, 1991) (authority) .\npolyommatus menelaos brown, 1976; entomol. gaz. 27 (2): 82; tl: greece\n? polyommatus venus sinica (grum - grshimailo); [ mrs ], 690 (spell. ? )\n= polyommatus erschoffi erschoffi; korb, 2013, caucasian ent. bull. 9 (1): 177\nune nouvelle espéce de lycaenidae du sud de la turquie: polyommatus bollandi n. sp. (lycaenidae )\ntaxid: 268647 polyommatus dantchenkoi (species), agrodiaetus dantchenkoi (synonym), agrodiaetus dantchenkoi lukhtanov, wiemers & meusemann, 2003 (authority), polyommatus dantchenkoi (lukhtanov & wiemers, 2003) (authority) .\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) baytopi; shapoval & lukhtanov, 2015, folia biol. 63 (4): 299\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) iphicarmon; shapoval & lukhtanov, 2015, folia biol. 63 (4): 299\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) tankeri; shapoval & lukhtanov, 2015, folia biol. 63 (4): 299\npolyommatus dorylas magna bálint, 1985; neue ent. nachr. 14: 14; tl: rumania, transsylvania\npolyommatus teysmanni weyenbergh, 1874; petites nouv. ent. 6 (102): 408; tl: banca\ntaxid: 282397 polyommatus eros (species), eros blue (genbank common name), papilio eros (synonym), papilio eros ochsenheimer, 1808 (authority), polyommatus eros (ochsenheimer, 1808) (authority) .\npolyommatus thersites thersites; [ bru2 ], 196; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 92\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) ripartii; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 92; [ fe ]\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) iphigenia nonacriensis; shapoval & lukhtanov, 2015, folia biol. 63 (4): 299\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) damone damone; shapoval & lukhtanov, 2015, folia biol. 63 (4): 299\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) damone altaicus; shapoval & lukhtanov, 2015, folia biol. 63 (4): 299\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) damone pljushtchi; shapoval & lukhtanov, 2015, folia biol. 63 (4): 299\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) damone irinae; shapoval & lukhtanov, 2015, folia biol. 63 (4): 299\npolyommatus amandus amandus; [ bru2 ], 195; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 95\npolyommatus amandus amata; [ bru2 ], 195; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 95\npolyommatus icadius candidus; [ bru2 ], 194; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 90\npolyommatus icarus omelkoi; [ bru2 ], 194; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 90\npolyommatus (lycaena) adulterinus heydemann, [ 1955 ]; zs. wien. ent. ges. 39: 425\na new species of the subgenus agrodiaetus hübner, 1822 from iran: polyommatus { agrodiaetus) sephidarensis spec. nov .\npreimaginal stages of polyommatus elena stradomsky et arzanov, 1999 and p. shchurovi stradomsky, 2006 (lepidoptera, lycaenidae )\ntaxid: 414015 polyommatus urmiaensis (species), agrodiaetus urmiaensis (synonym), agrodiaetus urmiaensis (schurian & ten hagen, 2003) (synonym), polyommatus (agrodiaetus) urmiaensis schurian & ten hagen, 2003 (synonym) .\ntaxid: 282043 polyommatus escheri (species), escher' s blue (genbank common name), papilio escheri (synonym), papilio escheri hubner, 1823 (authority), polyommatus escheri (hubner, 1823) (authority) .\ntaxid: 268716 polyommatus amandus (species), amanda' s blue (genbank common name), papilio amandus (synonym), papilio amandus schneider, 1792 (authority), polyommatus amandus (schneider, 1792) (authority) .\ntaxid: 519471 polyommatus icadius (species), lycaena icarus var. icadius (synonym), lycaena icarus var. icadius grum - grshimailo, 1890 (authority), polyommatus icadius (grum - grshimailo, 1890) (synonym) .\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) juldusus eckweiler, 2013; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 34 (3): 99\npolyommatus nivescens keferstein, 1851; stettin. ent. ztg 12 (10): 309; tl: sierra de alfacar\npolyommatus eros aloisi; vodolazhsky, stradomsky & yakovlev, 2012, caucasian ent. bull. 8 (2): 265\npolyommatus eros dividus; vodolazhsky, stradomsky & yakovlev, 2012, caucasian ent. bull. 8 (2): 265\npolyommatus eros orientalis; vodolazhsky, wiemers & stradomsky, 2009, caucasian ent. bull. 5 (1): 117\npolyommatus amor vantshensis tshikolovets, 1995; j. ukr. ent. soc. 1 (3 / 4): 39\npolyommatus elena stradomsky & arzanov, 1999; kharkov ent. soc. gaz. 7 (2): 17 - 21\npolyommatus neglectus stradomsky & arzanov, 1999; kharkov ent. soc. gaz. 7 (2): 17 - 21\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) faramarzii skala, 2001; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 22 (2): 101\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) shahrami skala, 2001; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 22 (2): 102\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) achaemenes skala, 2002; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 23 (3): 127\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) muellerae eckweiler, 1997; nachr. ent. ver. apollo (suppl .) 16: 11\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) kashani eckweiler, 2013; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 34 (3): 97\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) lori eckweiler, 2013; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 34 (3): 99\ntaxid: 265388 polyommatus thersites (species), argus alexis thersites (synonym), argus alexis thersites cantener, 1834 (authority), chapman' s blue (genbank common name), polyommatus thersites (cantener, 1834) (authority) .\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) actinides weidenhofferi eckweiler, 1997; nachr. ent. ver. apollo (suppl .) 16: 13\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) pfeifferi astyages skala, 2001; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 22 (2): 104\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) pfeifferi eclidius skala, 2002; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 23 (3): 123\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) demavendi lorestanus eckweiler, 1997; nachr. ent. ver. apollo (suppl .) 16: 8\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) avinovi dangara eckweiler, 1997; nachr. ent. ver. apollo (suppl .) 16: 20\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) erschoffi pashtu eckweiler, 1997; nachr. ent. ver. apollo (suppl .) 16: 16\npolyommatus actis bogra evans, 1932; indian butterflies (edn. 2): 231; tl: bogra, 7000ft, baluchistan\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) bogra taftanus eckweiler, 1997; nachr. ent. ver. apollo (suppl .) 16: 14\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) eckweileri ten hagen, 1998; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 18 (4): 315\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) klausschuriani ten hagen, 1999; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 20 (1): 19\npolyommatus parameleager verity, 1936; ent. rec. j. var. 48: 130; tl: elburz mts about 1000m\nnotes regarding previously undescribed european taxa of the genera agrodiaetus hübner, 1822 and polyommatus kluk, 1801 (lep. , lycaenidae )\n[ polyommatus shchurovi sp. n. (lepidoptera: lycaenidae) from the altitude areas of western caucasus ] (in russian )\na molecular phylogeny of polyommatus s. str. and plebicula based on mitochondrial coi and nuclear its2 sequences (lepidoptera: lycaenidae )\ntaxid: 856255 polyommatus violetae (species), agrodiaetus violetae (synonym), agrodiaetus violetae gomez bustillo, exposito hermosa & martinez borrego, 1979 (authority), polyommatus violetae (gomez bustillo, exposito hermosa & martinez borrego, 1979) (authority) .\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) zarathustra neglectus dantchenko, 2000; neue ent. nachr. 48: 69, pl. 7, f. 1 - 4 (preocc. polyommatus neglectus stradomsky & arzanov, 1999); tl: transcaucasus, armenia, zungezursky range, 2000m\npolyommatus pacificus stradomsky & tuzov, 2006; caucasian ent. bull. 2 (1): 129; tl: primorsky prov .\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) tenhageni schurian & eckweiler, 1999; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 20 (2): 120\npolyommatus annamaria bálint, 1992; linn. belg. 13: 424, f. 1 - 3; tl: pamirs, blankulu\npolyommatus (subsection actisia) cilicius; koçak & kemal, 2001, centre ent. stud. misc. papers 78 / 79: 8\npolyommatus (subsection xerxesia) xerxes; koçak & kemal, 2001, centre ent. stud. misc. papers 78 / 79: 11\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) iphigenia manuelae eckweiler & schurian, 2013; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 33 (4): 185\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) antidolus aereus eckweiler, 1998; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 19 (3 / 4): 220\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) mofidii sorkhensis eckweiler, 2003; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 24 (1 / 2): 52\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) bogra birjandensis eckweiler, 2003; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 24 (1 / 2): 51\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) shirkuhensis ten hagen & eckweiler, 2001; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 22 (2): 53\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) ardschira luna eckweiler, 2002; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 23 (1 / 2): 77\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) elbursicus gilanenis eckweiler, 2002; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 23 (1 / 2): 77\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) darius eckweiler & ten hagen, 1998; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 19 (2): 110\npolyommatus bollandi dumont, 1998; linn. belg. 16 (8): (335 - 338); tl: kizildag, hatay\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) zardensis schurian & ten hagen, 2001; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 22 (1): 1\npolyommatus (subsection xerxesia) barmifiruze; koçak & kemal, 2001, centre ent. stud. misc. papers 78 / 79: 11\nphylogenetic analysis of subgenus polyommatus (s. str .) latreille, 1804 (lepidoptera: lycaenidae) based on mtdna markers. part i\nmolecular phylogeny of the subgenus polyommatus (s. str .) (lepidoptera: lycaenidae) based on the sequence of the coi mitochondrial gene\ntaxid: 414007 polyommatus mediator (species), agrodiaetus mediator (synonym), agrodiaetus mediator dantchenko & churkin, 2003 (authority) .\npolyommatus eros wazira evans, 1932; indian butterflies (edn. 2): 232; tl: waziristan, razmak, 7000 (pakistan )\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) posthumus birunii eckweiler & ten hagen, 1998; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 19 (2): 116\npolyommatus pseuderos moore, 1879; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1879 (1): 138; tl: sind valley, kashmir\n[ a study on the biodiversity zoogeography and taxonomy of the section agrodiaetus hbn. in the genus polyommatus latr. ] (lycaenidae, lepidoptera )\nphylogenetic analysis of subgenus polyommatus (s. str .) latreille, 1804 (lepidoptera: lycaenidae) based on mtdna markers. part ii .\ntaxid: 268691 polyommatus sp. ad - 00 - p430 (species), agrodiaetus sp. ad - 00 - p430 (synonym) .\ntaxid: 268692 polyommatus sp. ad - 00 - p475 (species), agrodiaetus sp. ad - 00 - p475 (synonym) .\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) dantchenkoi orphicus kolev, 2005; nota lepid. 28: 26; tl: rhodopi mts, hvoyna village, 800 - 950m\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) urmiaensis schurian & ten hagen, 2003; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 24 (1 / 2): 1\neine übersicht über das lycaeniden - subgenus paragrodiaetus in kirgisien, usbekistan und tadshikistan mit der beschreibung von polyommatus (paragrodiaetus) pulchra chaburobata subspec. nov .\nanalysis of mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences in some butterflies of subgenus polyommatus (s. str) latreille, 1804 (lepidoptera: lycaenidae) of afghanistan\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) paulae sp. nov. (lepidoptera: lycaenidae) from northwest iran, discovered by means of molecular, karyological and morphological methods\npolyommatus eros droshana evans, 1925; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 30 (2): 349; tl: jhela drosh, chitral\ntaxid: 414001 polyommatus n. sp. 2 npk - 2006 (species), agrodiaetus n. sp. 2 npk - 2006 (synonym) .\ntaxid: 414003 polyommatus n. sp. 4 npk - 2006 (species), agrodiaetus n. sp. 4 npk - 2006 (synonym) .\ntaxid: 414002 polyommatus n. sp. 3 npk - 2006 (species), agrodiaetus n. sp. 3 npk - 2006 (synonym) .\npolyommatus thersites orientis; [ baru, (note) ]; [ bru2 ], 196; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 92\npolyommatus drunela swinhoe, 1910; in moore, lepidoptera indica 8: 27, pl. 646, f. 3a - b; tl: peshawur, pakistan\npolyommatus erotides staudinger, 1892; dt. ent. z. iris 5 (2): 319; tl: kentei? malakhanskliy mountains, kudara - somon\npolyommatus icarus ammosovi; [ baru, (note) ]; [ bru2 ], 194; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 90\npolyommatus eros janetae evans, 1927; indian butterflies (ed. 1): 161; tl :\nbatura\nand\nkhunjerab\n, w. karakoram\ncomparative characteristics of some taxa of polyommatus eros - group (lepidoptera: lycaenidae) with a description of p. pacificus stradomsky et tuzov, sp. n .\ntaxid: 265384 polyommatus dorylas (species), papilio dorylas (synonym), papilio dorylas schiffermuller, 1775 (authority), papilio dorylas [ schiffermuller ], 1775 (authority), plebicula dorylas (synonym), polyommatus dorylas (schiffermuller, 1775) (authority), turquoise blue (genbank common name) .\npolyommatus peilei bethune - baker, 1921; ent. rec. j. var. 33: 63; tl: persia, karind gorge, 6000ft (peile )\npolyommatus (icarus) kashgharensis; [ bru2 ]: 195, pl. 77, f. 34 - 39, pl. 78, f. 1 - 15\npolyommatus pulchella pulchella; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 94; korb, 2013, caucasian ent. bull. 9 (1): 178\npolyommatus kashgharensis moore, 1878; ann. mag. nat. hist. (5) 1 (3): 230; tl: yangihissar (4320ft), yarkund\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) zarathustra eckweiler, 1997; nachr. ent. ver. apollo (suppl .) 16: 9; tl: north - west iran, zagros range\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) damone walteri dantchenko & lukhtanov, 1993; atalanta 24 (1 / 2): 79; tl: nw. mongolia, ureg - nur - see\npolyommatus eros kaabaky [ sic, recte kaabaki? ]; vodolazhsky, stradomsky & yakovlev, 2012, caucasian ent. bull. 8 (2): 264 (note )\npolyommatus icarus chitralensis swinhoe, 1910; in moore, lepidoptera indica 8: 30, pl. 647, f. 3a - b; tl: chitral, drosh, pakistan\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) paulae wiemers & de prins, 2004; ent. zs. 114 (4): 158; tl: iran, azerbaijan e sharqi, ahar pass\ndescription of a new subspecies of polyommatus ciloicus de freina & witt, 1983: alamuticus ssp. n. from north iran (alburz mts .) (lepidoptera: lycaenidae )\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) turcicus; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 93; shapoval & lukhtanov, 2015, folia biol. 63 (4): 299\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) cyaneus fredi eckweiler, 1997; nachr. ent. ver. apollo (suppl .) 16: 21 (repl. agrodiaetus xerxes brandti forster, 1956 )\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) juldusus; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 94; shapoval & lukhtanov, 2015, folia biol. 63 (4): 299\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) phyllides; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 94; shapoval & lukhtanov, 2015, folia biol. 63 (4): 299\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) phyllides kentauensis lukhtanov, 1990; vestn. zool. 6: ?; tl: kazakhstan, chimkent distr. , syrdaryinsky karatau, boyaldyr river valley, 700m\npolyommatus (group glaucias) frauvartianae bálint, 1997; neue ent. nachr. 40, 49, 22; tl: afghan centr. , band - i - amir, 3000m\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) iphigenides; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 94; shapoval & lukhtanov, 2015, folia biol. 63 (4): 299\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) iphigenides karatavica lukhtanov, 1990; vestn. zool. 6: 21; tl: kazakhstan, chimkent distr. , syrdaryinsky karatau, ca. mynzhilki, 18800m\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) karatavicus; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 94; shapoval & lukhtanov, 2015, folia biol. 63 (4): 299\npolyommatus (polyommatina); talavera, lukhtanov, pierce & vila, 2013, cladistics 29: 185; stradomsky, 2016, caucasian ent. bull. 12 (1): 152\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) damone bogdoolensis dantchenko & lukhtanov, 1997; neue ent. nachr. (suppl .) 16: 33; tl: w. mongolia (north mongolian altai )\npolyommatus dux riley, 1926; ent. mon. mag. 62: 278; tl: n. india, uttar pradesh, m. tohar, gori r. , mialm 11000ft\npolyommatus (subsection juldus) hyrsyz koçak & kemal, 2001; centre ent. stud. misc. papers 78 / 79: 9; tl: kirghistan, terskey alatau, przewalsk, karakol\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) damone irinae dantchenko, 1997; neue ent. nachr. (suppl .) 16: 30; tl: russia, kamyschin (volga region), vic. olkhovka\npolyommatus forsteri; vodolazhsky & stradomsky, 2010, vetnik mok. univ. biol. 2010 (4) mosc. univ. biol. sci. bull. 65 (4): 160\npolyommatus ciloicus alamuticus naderi & ten hagen, 2006; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 27 (3): 171; tl: n. iran, n. qazvin, 2000m\npolyommatus bilucha; vodolazhsky, stradomsky & pljushtch, 2011, caucasian ent. bull. 7 (2): 218; talavera, lukhtanov, pierce & vila, 2013, cladistics 29: 185\npolyommatus eroides orientalis krzywicki, 1983; polskie pismo ent. 53: 401 (preocc. lycaena amandus orientalis staudinger, 1901, agriades thersites var. orientalis chapman, 1913); tl: poland\npolyommatus nepalensis forster, 1961; veröff. zool. stsamml. münch. 6: 149, pl. 14, f. 1 - 2, 4 - 5; tl: mustang, nepal\npolyommatus icarus persica; vodolazhsky & stradomsky, 2010, vetnik mok. univ. biol. 2010 (4) mosc. univ. biol. sci. bull. 65 (4): 158\npolyommatus pierinoi bálint, 1995; ann. hist. - nat. mus. natn. hung. 87: 96, f. 3 - 6; tl: nepal, sabze khola, 13500ft\npolyommatus amorata amorata; vodolazhsky & stradomsky, 2010, vetnik mok. univ. biol. 2010 (4) mosc. univ. biol. sci. bull. 65 (4): 158\npolyommatus thersites; [ bru2 ]: 196, pl. 76, f. 31 - 36; [ otakar kudrna ]; talavera, lukhtanov, pierce & vila, 2013, cladistics 29: 186\npolyommatus kuronjerus korb, 2011; zool. zh. 90 (5) ent. review 91 (4): 524; tl: kyrgyzstan, suusamyr valley, 7km e from suusamyr village, 2800m\npolyommatus (subsection phyllisia) igisizilim koçak & kemal, 2001; centre ent. stud. misc. papers 78 / 79: 10; tl: turkey, van, bahçesaray, karabet geçidi, 2700m\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) damocles; dantchenko & lukhtanov, 1993, atalanta 24 (1 / 2): 79; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 93; [ fe ]\npolyommatus dorylas; [ bru2 ]: 195, pl. 76, f. 25 - 30; [ otakar kudrna ]; talavera, lukhtanov, pierce & vila, 2013, cladistics 29: 186\npolyommatus amandus; [ bru2 ]: 195, pl. 77, f. 1 - 15; [ otakar kudrna ]; talavera, lukhtanov, pierce & vila, 2013, cladistics 29: 185\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) gorbunovi; wiemers & de prins, 2004, ent. zs. 114 (4): 159 (note); korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 93\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) karindus saravandi shapoval & lukhtanov, 2015; zookeys 538: 14; tl: iran, lorestan, zagros mt, 33°22. 39' n; 49°10. 25' e, 2070m\npolyommatus atlantica barraguei dujardin, 1977; entomops 43: 93, 94 (f. 1 - 2), 95 (f. 3 - 6); tl: tikjda, hodna mts (algeria )\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) valiabadi; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 92; lukhtanov, dantchenko, vishnevskaya & saifitdinova, 2015, biol. j. linn. soc. 116: 480\npolyommatus (subsection phyllisia) baytopi ilkkursun koçak & kemal, 2001; centre ent. stud. misc. papers 78 / 79: 10; tl: turkey, van, çatak 35km n, 2000 - 2200m\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) ischkaschimicus danilevskyi dantchenko, 1994; atalanta 25 (1 / 2): 204, pl. viib, f. 1 - 4; tl: tadzhikistan, gissar, anzob pass, 3000m\npolyommatus everesti riley, 1923; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922 (3 - 4): 473, pl. 36, f. 1 - 3; tl: tibet, kharta, 12000ft\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) phyllis wolfganeckweiler koçak & kemal, 2000; centre ent. stud. misc. papers 62: 7 (repl. agrodiaetus phyllis sheljuzhkoi forster, 1960); tl: mt. daralagez, armenia\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) firdussii ernesti eckweiler, 1989; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 10 (2): 97; tl: turkey, antalya, elmali, kohu daglari, dokuz gölü, 17000 - 2000m\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) iphigenia ischkaschimicus shchetkin, 1986; entomol. obozr. 65 (7): 1093; tl: pamirs [ sangou - dara gorge, w. spurs of shugnansky mts. , w. pamirs ]\npolyommatus icarus zelleri; [ nhm card ]; vodolazhsky & stradomsky, 2010, vetnik mok. univ. biol. 2010 (4) mosc. univ. biol. sci. bull. 65 (4): 158\npolyommatus icarus juno; [ nhm card ]; vodolazhsky & stradomsky, 2010, vetnik mok. univ. biol. 2010 (4) mosc. univ. biol. sci. bull. 65 (4): 158\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) iphigenia iphicarmon eckweiler & rose, 1993; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 13 (3a): 360; tl: turkey, isparta, egridir, aksu, dedegöl dag, 1500 - 1800\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) gorbunovi dantchenko & lukhtanov, 1994; atalanta 25 (1 / 2): 207, pl. 8, f. 1 - 4; tl: azerbaidzhan, talysh mts. , zuvand, mistan, 1900m\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) theresiae schurian, van oorschot & van den brink, 1992; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 12 (4): 227, f. 1 - 4; tl: adana and konya, turkey\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) rovshani dantchenko & lukhtanov, 1994; atalanta 25 (1 / 2): 208, pl. 8, f. 5 - 8; tl: azerbaidzhan, talysh mts. , zuvand, mistan, 1900m\npolyommatus icadius cicero ivonin & kosterin, 2000; atalanta 31 (1 / 2): 173, pl. xiii, f. 1 - 6, 13; tl :\ndzhazator\n, altai mts. , kosh - agach dist .\npolyommatus fraterluci bálint, 1995; ann. hist. - nat. mus. natn. hung. 87: 94, f. 1 - 2; tl: india, e. punjab, kulu, digibogri nal. , runi thach, 12800\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) rjabovianus masul lukhtanov, dantchenko, vishnevskaya & saifitdinova, 2015; biol. j. linn. soc. 116: 485; tl: n. iran, gialn, vic. masuleh, 37. 185°n, 48. 906°e, 2200m\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) pseudorjabovi lukhtanov, dantchenko, vishnevskaya & saifitdinova, 2015; biol. j. linn. soc. 116: 482, 473; tl: azerbaijan, talysh mnt. , zuvand plateau, 38. 656330°n, 48. 414607°e, 1700m\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) merhaba de prins, poorten, borie, van oorschot, riemis & coenen, 1991; phegea 19 (4): 142; tl: turkey, artvin, env. kilckaya, 14 - 20km sw yusufeli, coruh valley, 1000m\npolyommatus icadius fominae; vodolazhsky & stradomsky, 2010, vetnik mok. univ. biol. 2010 (4) mosc. univ. biol. sci. bull. 65 (4): 158; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 91\npolyommatus icarus; vodolazhsky & stradomsky, 2010, vetnik mok. univ. biol. 2010 (4) mosc. univ. biol. sci. bull. 65 (4): 158; talavera, lukhtanov, pierce & vila, 2013, cladistics 29: 186\npolyommatus ciloicus; vodolazhsky & stradomsky, 2010, vetnik mok. univ. biol. 2010 (4) mosc. univ. biol. sci. bull. 65 (4): 160; talavera, lukhtanov, pierce & vila, 2013, cladistics 29: 186\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) mediator dantchenko & churkin, 2003; neue ent. nachr. 54: 6, pl. 1, f. 1 - 4; tl: mongolia, altai, 30km of biger, 45 - 25n, 97 - 08e, 2650 - 2950m\nnew taxa of the subgenus agrodiaetus hübner, 1822 from iran: polyommatus (agrodiaetus) faramarzii sp. n. , p. (a .) shahrami sp. n. , and p. (a .) pfeifferi astyages ssp. n. (lepidoptera: lycaenidae )\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) rovshani; wiemers & de prins, 2004, ent. zs. 114 (4): 159 (note); korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 93; shapoval & lukhtanov, 2015, folia biol. 63 (4): 299\npolyommatus venus venus; [ bru2 ], 192; vodolazhsky & stradomsky, 2010, vetnik mok. univ. biol. 2010 (4) mosc. univ. biol. sci. bull. 65 (4): 160; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 91\npolyommatus erigone; [ nhm card ]; vodolazhsky & stradomsky, 2010, vetnik mok. univ. biol. 2010 (4) mosc. univ. biol. sci. bull. 65 (4): 160; talavera, lukhtanov, pierce & vila, 2013, cladistics 29: 186\npolyommatus eros taimyrensis; vodolazhsky & stradomsky, 2008, caucasian ent. bull. 4 (1): 126; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 91; vodolazhsky, stradomsky & yakovlev, 2012, caucasian ent. bull. 8 (2): 264 (note )\npolyommatus (agrodiaetus) iphigenia; wiemers, stradomsky & vodolazhsky, 2010, eur. j. ent. 107 (3): 335; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 93; shapoval & lukhtanov, 2015, folia biol. 63 (4): 299; [ fe ]\npolyommatus amorata tsvetajevi; vodolazhsky, wiemers & stradomsky, 2009, caucasian ent. bull. 5 (1): 118; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 91; vodolazhsky, stradomsky & yakovlev, 2012, caucasian ent. bull. 8 (2): 264 (note )\npolyommatus hunza; [ bru2 ]: 193, pl. 78, f. 40 - 42; vodolazhsky & stradomsky, 2010, vetnik mok. univ. biol. 2010 (4) mosc. univ. biol. sci. bull. 65 (4): 160; talavera, lukhtanov, pierce & vila, 2013, cladistics 29: 186\npolyommatus icarus fuchsi; [ baru, (note) ]; [ bru2 ], 194; [ nhm card ]; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 90; vodolazhsky & stradomsky, 2010, vetnik mok. univ. biol. 2010 (4) mosc. univ. biol. sci. bull. 65 (4): 158\npolyommatus celina; vodolazhsky & stradomsky, 2008, caucasian ent. bull. 4 (2): 239; vodolazhsky & stradomsky, 2010, vetnik mok. univ. biol. 2010 (4) mosc. univ. biol. sci. bull. 65 (4): 160; talavera, lukhtanov, pierce & vila, 2013, cladistics 29: 186\npolyommatus icadius; [ nhm card ]; [ bru2 ]: 194, pl. 78, f. 16 - 24; vodolazhsky & stradomsky, 2010, vetnik mok. univ. biol. 2010 (4) mosc. univ. biol. sci. bull. 65 (4): 158; talavera, lukhtanov, pierce & vila, 2013, cladistics 29: 186\npolyommatus icarus icarus; [ bmat ]: 46, pl. 13, f. 32 - 41; [ bru2 ], 194; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 90; vodolazhsky & stradomsky, 2010, vetnik mok. univ. biol. 2010 (4) mosc. univ. biol. sci. bull. 65 (4): 158\npolyommatus eros pacificus; vodolazhsky & stradomsky, 2010, vetnik mok. univ. biol. 2010 (4) mosc. univ. biol. sci. bull. 65 (4): 158; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 91; vodolazhsky, stradomsky & yakovlev, 2012, caucasian ent. bull. 8 (2): 264 (note )\npolyommatus eros yildizae; vodolazhsky & stradomsky, 2008, caucasian ent. bull. 4 (2): 238; vodolazhsky & stradomsky, 2010, vetnik mok. univ. biol. 2010 (4) mosc. univ. biol. sci. bull. 65 (4): 158; vodolazhsky, stradomsky & yakovlev, 2012, caucasian ent. bull. 8 (2): 264 (note )\npolyommatus eros meoticus; vodolazhsky & stradomsky, 2008, caucasian ent. bull. 4 (1): 126; vodolazhsky & stradomsky, 2010, vetnik mok. univ. biol. 2010 (4) mosc. univ. biol. sci. bull. 65 (4): 158; vodolazhsky, stradomsky & yakovlev, 2012, caucasian ent. bull. 8 (2): 264 (note )\npolyommatus icadius icadius; ivonin & kosterin, 2000, atalanta 31 (1 / 2): pl. xiii, f. 7 - 8; [ bru2 ], 194; vodolazhsky & stradomsky, 2010, vetnik mok. univ. biol. 2010 (4) mosc. univ. biol. sci. bull. 65 (4): 158; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 90\npolyommatus amorata tartarus; vodolazhsky, wiemers & stradomsky, 2009, caucasian ent. bull. 5 (1): 118; vodolazhsky & stradomsky, 2010, vetnik mok. univ. biol. 2010 (4) mosc. univ. biol. sci. bull. 65 (4): 158; vodolazhsky, stradomsky & yakovlev, 2012, caucasian ent. bull. 8 (2): 264 (note )\npolyommatus eros; [ ebw ]; [ bow ]: pl. 10, f. 23; [ nhm card ]; [ mrs ], 689; [ otakar kudrna ]; vodolazhsky & stradomsky, 2010, vetnik mok. univ. biol. 2010 (4) mosc. univ. biol. sci. bull. 65 (4): 158; talavera, lukhtanov, pierce & vila, 2013, cladistics 29: 186\npolyommatus eros extremiorientalis; vodolazhsky & stradomsky, 2008, caucasian ent. bull. 4 (2): 238; vodolazhsky & stradomsky, 2010, vetnik mok. univ. biol. 2010 (4) mosc. univ. biol. sci. bull. 65 (4): 158; korb & bolshakov, 2011, eversmannia suppl. 2: 91; vodolazhsky, stradomsky & yakovlev, 2012, caucasian ent. bull. 8 (2): 264 (note )" ]

{ "text": [ "polyommatus artvinensis is a butterfly in the family lycaenidae .", "it was described by frédéric carbonell in 1997 .", "it is found in turkey , where it is only known from the north-eastern pontic chain , in the provinces of erzurum and artvin .", "the length of the forewings is 13.5 – 16 mm .", "the upperside ground colour is purplish violet .", "the underside ground colour is warm greyish brown , without any or at most a vestigial blue-green basal suffusion . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 27, 9, 1, 1 ] }

[ "polyommatus artvinensis is a butterfly in the family lycaenidae. it was described by frédéric carbonell in 1997. it is found in turkey, where it is only known from the north-eastern pontic chain, in the provinces of erzurum and artvin. the length of the forewings is 13.5 – 16 mm. the upperside ground colour is purplish violet. the underside ground colour is warm greyish brown, without any or at most a vestigial blue-green basal suffusion." ]

[ "erinaceusyllis cirripapillata is a species belonging to the phylum annelida, a group known as the segmented worms .\nerinaceusyllis hartmannschroederae is a species belonging to the phylum annelida, a group known as the segmented worms .\nerinaceusyllis ettiennei is a species belonging to the phylum annelida, a group known as the segmented worms .\nerinaceusyllis kathrynae is a species belonging to the phylum annelida, a group known as the segmented worms .\npublication date the description of the genus erinaceusyllis has been published in 2005 but it was already mentioned in 2003. [ details ]\nsan martín, g. (2005). exogoninae (polychaeta: syllidae) from australia with the description of a new genus and twenty - two new species. records of the australian museum. 57 (1): 39 - 152. , available online at urltoken page (s): 81, fig. 36a - h [ details ]\nholotype am w26711, locality australia (new south wales, north creek canal, richmond river (28º52. 1' s, 153º32. 8' e); mud; 3 m) [ details ]\ntype locality australia, new south wales, north creek canal, richmond river (28º52. 1' s, 153º32. 8' e). [ details ]\ndistribution australia (new south wales). known only from the type locality .\ndistribution australia (new south wales). known only from the type locality. [ details ]\netymology the specific epithet refers to the distinct characteristic papillae on the dorsal cirri .\netymology the specific epithet refers to the distinct characteristic papillae on the dorsal cirri. [ details ]\nread, g. ; fauchald, k. (ed .) (2018). world polychaeta database .\nbouchet, p. ; fontaine, b. (2009). list of new marine species described between 2002 - 2006. census of marine life. [ details ]\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: deabd4da - 7097 - 4e54 - 98b2 - 848c32e51ebd\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: f2efdff9 - 6576 - 49ff - 8302 - ccd2ed5eeb7f\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: f4a9d5c5 - 1394 - 4999 - 971c - e3a322a720db\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: f21da426 - 7e3d - 4a8a - 80fc - c5d4b61a6346\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 644285\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthe authors especially thank t. abiven and a. guigny for helping us during the field work. financial support, including an msc grant to c. grant, was provided by national agencies (agence de l’eau seine normandie, direction régionale de l’environnement basse - normandie, fonds d’aménagement et de développement du territoire, ministère de l’agriculture et de la pêche, syndicat mixte ‘espaces littoraux de la manche’ ,) by the european commission (fonds européens de la pêche) and by the réseau aquaculture québec .\naguado mt, san martín g (2009) phylogeny of syllidae (annelida, phyllodocida) based on morphological data. zool scr 38 (4): 379–402\nwebster and benedict, 1884 (polychaeta: syllidae) from the canary islands, with description of a new species. bull mar sci 67 (1): 603–615\neunsa (ediciones de la universidad de navarra, s. a .), serie biológica. pamplona\nclaparède e (1863) beobachtungen über anatomie und entwicklungsgeschichte wirbelloser thiere an der küste von normandie angestellt. wilhem engelmann, leipzig\nday jh (1954) the polychaeta from tristan da cunha. results of the norwegian scientific expedition to tristan da cunha 1937–1938 29: 1–35\nde saint - joseph baron (1887) les annélides polychètes des côtes de dinard. première partie. ann sci nat 1: 127–270, ser 7\nding z, westheide w (2008) interstitial exogoninae from the chinese coast (polychaeta, syllidae). senckenberg biol 88 (2): 125–159\n) qui porte à la fois des œufs et des spermatozoïdes. ann sci nat 15: 298–301\neliason a (1920) polychaeta. biologisch - faunistiche untersuchungen aus dem oeresund. acta u lund, ser 16: 1–103, new series, section 2\nfauvel p (1923) faune de france 5. polychètes errantes. le chevalier (eds), paris\ngidholm l (1962) sur quelques polychètes syllidiens des sables de la région de roscoff avec la description de deus nouvelles espèces. cah biol mar 3: 249–260\ngrant c (2010) rôle des installations mytilicoles dans la structuration spatiale des communautés benthiques: cas des assemblages de sédiments grossiers de l’est de l’archipel des îles chausey (france). msc dissertation, université du québec à rimouski\nhartmann - schröder g (1956) polychaeten - studien. i. zool anz 157: 87–91\nhartmann - schröder g (1960) polychaeten aus dem roten meer. kiel meeresforsch 16: 89–98\nhartmann - schröder g (1974) zur kenntnis des eulitorals der africanischen westküste zwischen angola und kap der gunten hoffnung und der africanischen ostküste von südafrika und mozambique unter besonderer berücksichtigung der polychaeten und ostracoden. teil 2. die polychaeten des untercungsgebietes. mitt hamb zool mus inst 69: 95–228\nhartmann - schröder g (1977) polychaeten aus dem sublitoral und bathyal vor der portugiesischen und marokkanischen küste auswertung der fahrt 8 (1967) von f. s. “meteor”. “meteor” forsch ergeb 26: 65–99\nhartmann - schröder g, rosenfeldt p (1992) die polychaeten der “polarstern” - reise ant v / 21in die antarktis 1986. teil 1: euphrosinidae bis iphtimidae .). mitt hamb zool mus inst 89: 85–124\nlangerhans p (1879) die würmfauna von madeira. z wiss zool 33: 267–316\nmalaquin a (1893) recherches sur les syllidiens. mém soc sci agricult arts lille 4ème série 18: 1–477\n( verrill, 2868) in são paulo state, brazil. j nat hist 35: 1773–1794\nnygren a (2004) revision of autolytinae (syllidae: polychaeta). zootaxa 680: 1–314\nörsted ae (1845) ueber die entwicklung der jungen bei einer annelide und über änveren untersuchiede zwischen beiden geschlechtern. arch naturgesch 11 (1): 20–23\nperkins th (1981) syllidae (polychaeta), principally from florida, with descriptions of a new genus and twenty - one new species. proc biol soc wash 93 (4): 1080–1172\npierantoni u (1903) la gestazione esterna (contributo alla biologia e alla embriologia dei sillidi). arch zool ital 1: 231–252\nravara a, san martín g, moreira mh (2004) f. syllidae (annelida, polychaeta) from the continental shelf off aveiro (nw portugal) with the description of a new species ,\nretière c (1979) contribution à la connaissance des peuplements benthiques du golfe normano - breton. phd dissertation, université de rennes\nsan martín g (2003) annelida polychaeta ii. syllidae. en: fauna ibérica, vol. 21. ramos, m. a. et al. (eds). museo nacional de ciencias naturales, csic, madrid\nsan martín g (2005) exogoninae (polychaeta: syllidae) from australia, with the description of a new genus and twenty - two new species. rec aust mus 57: 39–152\nsavigny in lamarck, 1818 (syllidae: polychaeta) from the iberian coasts. cah biol mar 41: 425–433\nsan martín g, acero mi, contonente m, gómez jj (1982) una collección de anélidos poliquetos de las costas mediterráneas andaluzas. actas del ii simposio ibérico del bentos marino 3: 183–191\nmalmgren, 1867, with a cladistic analysis, and the description of six new genera and two new species. j mar biol assoc uk 89: 1–44\nsouthern r (1914) archiannelida and polychaeta. proc r irish acad 31 (2): 1–160\nwebster he, benedict je (1884) the annelida chaetopoda from provincetown and wellfleet, massachusetts. reports of the united states commissioner of fish and fisheries 1881: 699–747\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about erina yamane? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for erina yamane? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhave a fact about erinaceus romanicus? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for erinaceus romanicus? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nsan martín, g. (2003). annelida, polychaeta ii: syllidae. in: ramos ma et al. (eds) fauna iberica, vol 21, museo nacional de ciencias naturales. csic, madrid. p 1 - 554. page (s): 227 - 228 [ details ]\netymology not explicitly stated, but the name of the genus is presumably composed by the specific epithet of its type species, ...\netymology not explicitly stated, but the name of the genus is presumably composed by the specific epithet of its type species, sphaerosyllis erinaceus claparède, 1863, together with syllis lamarck 1818, the type genus of the family. [ details ]\nmusco, luigi; giangrande, adriana. (2005). mediterranean syllidae (annelida: polychaeta) revisited: biogeography, diversity and species fidelity to environmental features. marine ecology progress series. 304: 143 - 153 + 4 pp. supplementary appendix. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nsan martín, g. (2005). exogoninae (polychaeta: syllidae) from australia with the description of a new genus and twenty - two new species. records of the australian museum. 57 (1): 39 - 152. , available online at urltoken page (s): 73 [ details ]\ndiagnosis original diagnosis by san martín (2003: 227 - 228) :\ncuerpo pequeño a diminuto, típicamente corto y con pocos segmentos. prostomio con tres antenas, cuatro ojos y dos manchas oculares anteriores. peristomio ancho, generalmente cubre la parte posterior del prostomio, y a veces forma dos expansiones laterales. un par de cirros tentaculares. cirros dorsales en el segundo setígero de ordinario ausentes aunque existen en algunas especies. antenas, cirros tentaculares y dorsales de fusiformes a piriformes, con base bulbosa y extremo más o menos alargado. un par de cirros anales similares a los dorsales, pero algo más alargados. sedas compuestas heterogonfas, con artejos alargados o cortos, bidentados, unidentados, o de ambos tipos. sedas simples dorsales y ventrales en algunos parápodos. faringe habitualmente sin papilas en la embocadura; diente faríngeo pequeño, situado cerca del margen anterior o algo retrasado. proventrículo en forma de barril, largo y ancho, con numerosas filas musculares estrechas. papilas cortas y dispersas, a veces difíciles de ver. incubación de los huevos dorsal .\n[ details ]\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nsan martín, g. (2005). exogoninae (polychaeta: syllidae) from australia with the description of a new genus and twenty - two new species. < em > records of the australian museum. < / em > 57 (1): 39 - 152 .\nbouchet, p. ; fontaine, b. (2009) list of new marine species described between 2002 - 2006. census of marine life .\nbouchet, p. ; fontaine, b. (2009). list of new marine species described between 2002 - 2006. census of marine life .\nthe crinoid worm, myzostoma fuscomaculatum, is a species of marine worm in the family myzostomida .\nthe chaetopteridae are a family of marine filter feeding polychaete worms that live in vertical or u - shaped tubes in tunnels buried in the sedimentary or hard substrate of marine environments .\npomatoceros triqueter is a species of tube - building annelid worm in the class polychaeta .\nstephenoscolex is a genus of polychaete worm known from the middle cambrian burgess shale .\nsalvatoria koorineclavata is a species belonging to the phylum annelida, a group known as the segmented worms .\nsphaerosyllis bardukaciculata is a species belonging to the phylum annelida, a group known as the segmented worms .\nprosphaerosyllis battiri is a species belonging to the phylum annelida, a group known as the segmented worms .\nabarenicola pacifica or the pacific lugworm is a large species of polychaete worm found on the west coast of north america and also in japan .\nthe capitella capitata is a polychaete worm that grows up to 10 cm in length .\nnereis vexillosa belongs to the phylum annelida, a group known as the segmented worms .\nsalvatoria pilkena is a species belonging to the phylum annelida, a group known as the segmented worms .\nchaetopterus variopedatus is a species of parchment worm, a marine polychaete in the family chaetopteridae .\nsphaerosyllis goorabantennata is a species belonging to the phylum annelida, a group known as the segmented worms .\nparapionosyllis winnunga is a species belonging to the phylum annelida, a group known as the segmented worms .\npsamathini are a tribe of phyllodocid\nbristle worms\n( class polychaeta) in the family hesionidae .\nsphaerosyllis voluntariorum is a species belonging to the phylum annelida, a group known as the segmented worms .\nchloeia flava, also known as the golden fireworm, is a segmented bristleworm belonging to the family amphinomidae .\nthelepus cincinnatus is a polychaetous annelid in the family terebellidae (spaghetti worms), which can be found inhabiting a tube of secrete on rocks and shells .\nthe sandcastle worm (phragmatopoma californica), also called the honeycomb worm or honeycomb tube worm, is a reef - forming marine polychaete worm belonging to the family sabellarididae .\nodontosyllis phosphorea, commonly known as a fireworm, is a polychaete worm that inhabits the pacific coast of north and central america .\nhesionidae are a family of phyllodocid\nbristle worms\n( class polychaeta) .\nthe pigbutt worm or flying buttocks (chaetopterus pugaporcinus) is a species of worm found by scientists at the monterey bay aquarium research institute .\nsphaerosyllis levantina is a species belonging to the phylum annelida, a group known as the segmented worms .\nparafabricia mazzellae is a species of annelid worm in the class polychaeta, which particularly lives in slightly acidified coastal systems in the mediterranean sea .\nbrifacia aragonensis is a species of annelid worm in the class polychaeta, which particularly lives in slightly acidified coastal systems in the mediterranean sea .\nophelina acuminata is a species of marine annelids, found in the sublittoral mud and sand bottom .\nalitta is a genus of marine annelids in nereididae family (commonly known as sandworms or ragworms) .\npomatoceros lamarckii is a tube - building annelid worm which is widespread in intertidal and sub - littoral zones around the united kingdom and northern europe .\n( further information: polychaete) australonuphis, commonly called australian beach worms, are a genus of annelid commonly used as bait by anglers .\nspintheridae is a family of marine polychaete worms with a single genus, spinther, containing these species: * spinther alaskensis hartman, 1948 * spinther arcticus (m. sars, 1851) * spinther citrinus (stimpson, 1854) * spinther japonicus imajima and hartman, 1964 * spinther miniaceus * spinther oniscoides johnston, 1845 * spinther wireni hartman, 1948\nhediste diversicolor, commonly known as a ragworm, is a polychaete worm in the family nereidae .\nhesioninae are a subfamily of phyllodocid\nbristle worms\n( class polychaeta) .\nscalibregma inflatum (rathke, 1843) also known as t headed worm, is a burrowing marine polychaete .\ntomopteris (neo - latin from greek meaning\na cut\n+\nwing\nbut taken to mean\nfin\n) is a genus of marine planktonic polychaete .\nmesonerilla prospera is a species of invertebrate in the nerillidae family endemic to bermuda .\nthe saccocirridae are small interstitial polychaetes common in coarse sand on reflective, surf beaches, usually within the zone of retention .\nhaplosyllis spongicola, the sponge worm, is a species of polychaete worm in the family syllidae." ]

{ "text": [ "erinaceusyllis cirripapillata is a species belonging to the phylum annelida , a group known as the segmented worms .", "e. cirripapillata is characterized by its papillae on its dorsal cirri , one of them being distinctively mushroom-shaped .", "no species of this genus or sphaerosyllisis is known to possess this particular kind of papillae .", "the name of the species refers to these same papillae . " ], "topic": [ 16, 23, 10, 25 ] }

[ "erinaceusyllis cirripapillata is a species belonging to the phylum annelida, a group known as the segmented worms. e. cirripapillata is characterized by its papillae on its dorsal cirri, one of them being distinctively mushroom-shaped. no species of this genus or sphaerosyllisis is known to possess this particular kind of papillae. the name of the species refers to these same papillae." ]

[ "cleobora mellyi. atlas of living australia. urltoken, (accessed 2016 november) .\nbain j. 2013. cleobora mellyi. urltoken, (accessed 2016 november) .\nadult southern ladybird, cleobora mellyi (coleoptera: coccinellidae). © plant & food research\nlarva of southern ladybird, cleobora mellyi (coleoptera: coccinellidae). © plant & food research\nprepupa of southern ladybird, cleobora mellyi (coleoptera: coccinellidae). © plant & food research\neggs of southern ladybird, cleobora mellyi (coleoptera: coccinellidae) on tasmanian blackwood, acacia melanoxylon, (leguminosae). © scion\nlarva of southern ladybird, cleobora mellyi (coleoptera: coccinellidae) on tasmanian blackwood, acacia melanoxylon, (leguminosae). © scion\npupa of southern ladybird, cleobora mellyi (coleoptera: coccinellidae): note the short pointed abdominal ‘wings’. © plant & food research\npupa of southern ladybird, cleobora mellyi (coleoptera: coccinellidae) on tasmanian blackwood, acacia melanoxylon, (leguminosae). © scion\nlarva of southern ladybird, cleobora mellyi (coleoptera: coccinellidae) feeding on tomato potato psyllid, bactericera cockerelli (hemiptera: triozidae). © plant & food research\nmartin na. 2016. southern ladybird - cleobora mellyi. interesting insects and other invertebrates. new zealand arthropod factsheet series number 57. urltoken date accessed. issn 1179 - 643x .\nlarva of southern ladybird, cleobora mellyi (coleoptera: coccinellidae) on a capsicum plant infested with tomato potato psyllid, bactericera cockerelli (hemiptera: triozidae). © plant & food research\nsatchell d. 2010. cleobora mellyi, the southern ladybird in new zealand: control of eucalypt and blackwood pests with the southern ladybird - a possibility? farm forestry new zealand. urltoken, (accessed 2016 november) .\ntable: prey of southern ladybird, cleobora mellyi (coleoptera: coccinellidae), from plant - synz database (23 november 2016). the reliability score shows the quality of evidence for the host association (0 - 10, 10 = high quality) .\n. this resulted in a ministry of agriculture forestry sustainable farming fund funded project involving the acacia melanoxylon interest group organisation (amigo), the eucalyptus action group (eag) and scion. the project involved collecting cleobora from the field in the marlborough sounds and mass rearing them for release. this was done at about 18 locations, mainly in the north island but also in southland .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhowever, you can sill use the genus and tribe links to get fully developed information on the genus and tribe for this species .\ncrotch, g. r. (1874). a revision of the coleopterous family coccinellidae. london: e. w. janson xv + 311 pp .\nmulsant, m. e. 1850. species des coléoptères trimères sécuripalpes. annales des sciencies physiques et naturelles, d' agriculture et d' industrie, publiées par la société nationale d' agriculture, etc. , de lyon, deuxième série, 2: xv + 1 - 1104 pp (part 1 pp. 1 - 450; part 2 pp. 451 - 1104) .\npope, r. d. 1989. a revision of the australian coccinellidae (coleoptera). part 1. subfamily coccinellinae. invertebrate taxonom, 2 [ 1988 ]: 633 - 735 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 77506236 - 1e64 - 4a0d - 9bf7 - 1d4f970d66ac\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: bf701eac - af28 - 44cb - ba0b - 46040eab5666\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 08af932e - 5e1f - 4828 - 95ac - ea7dfbc49f6d\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 298620\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nconservation status: this strikingly coloured ladybird is being actively spread around new zealand for control of leaf feeding beetles and psyllids on eucalyptus and acacia species .\nannual cycle adults overwinter, hiding under bark and similar places. in spring, they lay eggs on plants with abundant prey for the larvae. there are probably several generations per year .\nwalking and flying both adult and larval stages of this citrus whitefly ladybird have three pairs of legs that can be used for walking. adults have wings and can fly. in warm weather, they fly readily if disturbed .\nfeeding the adult and larval ladybirds eat psyllids (hemiptera: psyllidae) and the eggs and larvae of tortoise beetles (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) that live on acacia and eucalyptus trees. the jaws are the primarily structures used for holding and chewing the prey. legs do not appear to be used for holding food .\nadult southern ladybirds have a distinctive appearance with black markings on background colour that varies from yellow to orange - red. the black zig - zag markings on the elytra (wing covers) are variable, but there are usually 3 - 4 lines of markings. the adult fungus - eating ladybird, illeis galbula is also coloured yellow with black bands, but there are fewer black bands .\nlarval southern ladybirds are also distinctive. the large larvae are dark and slender, with distinctive pattern of yellow tubercles on the abdomen. there is a pair of lateral yellow tubercles on the first abdominal segment and a pair of yellow tubercles on the mid line of abdominal segment 4. there also lateral yellow tubercles on segments 4 - 8. several other ladybirds have dark larvae with some yellow tubercles. the larvae of two - spotted ladybird, adalia bipunctata have similar lateral yellow tubercles on abdominal segment 1 and it has a yellow area between the central tubercles on abdominal segment 4. however, the head is dark coloured .\nthe black and yellow pupa is also distinctively coloured and has short abdominal ‘wings’ .\ntop side of adult fungus - eating ladybird, illeis galbula (coleoptera: coccinellidae). image: tim holmes © plant & food research\nlarva of two - spotted ladybird, adalia bipunctata (coleoptera: coccinellidae). image: tim holmes © plant & food research\na fully grown larva of eleven - spotted ladybird, coccinella undecimpunctata (coleoptera: coccinellidae). image: tim holmes © plant & food research\nno natural enemies of the southern ladybird are known in new zealand. they are probably preyed upon by birds, spiders and predatory insects .\nin new zealand the southern ladybird is known to feed on tortoise beetle eggs and larvae, psyllids and aphids. outdoors it is associated with prey on trees. the ladybird also feeds on its own larvae .\nthe ladybird was redistributed in 2006 and 2007, because it was found to feed on the blackwood tortoise beetle, dicranosterna semipunctata, which was first discovered in auckland in 1996 .\nthe southern ladybird has also been found to feed on the tomato potato psyllid, bactericera cockerelli, (hemiptera: triozidae) and aphids in captivity. tomato potato psyllid is a pest of several vegetable crops belonging to the family, solanaceae, including potatoes. however, it only feeds on tomato potato psyllid when kept in an enclosure with psyllid infested plants. the ladybird normally lives in trees not on low growing plants .\ndiverse habits of ‘ladybirds’ not all ladybirds eat insects; some feed on mites. other species eat plant leaves and are pests especially in some tropical countries, whereas other ladybirds feed on fungi. one of these, illeis galbula (mulsant, 1850) from australia, feeds on powdery mildew fungi. in new zealand it is common on pumpkins and other cucurbits, plants that are commonly infected by powdery mildews. a plant feeding ladybird, hadda beetle (epilachna vigintioctopunctata (fabricius, 1775) ) recently established in auckland feeds on plants in the solanaceae (potato family) .\nthe new zealand institute for plant & food research limited (plant & food research) for permission to use photographs .\nnew zealand forest research institute ltd (scion) for permission to use photographs .\nscion is the leading provider of forest - related knowledge in new zealand formerly known as the forest research institute, scion has been a leader in research relating to forest health for over 50 years. the rotorua - based crown research institute continues to provide science that will protect all forests from damage caused by insect pests, pathogens and weeds. the information presented below arises from these research activities .\n( chrysomelidae), an australian species that was first found in new zealand in 1916 .\nestablished at only one site - maori bay in the marlborough sounds. it has subsequently been found at other sites in the sounds. for further details see\neggs but to reproduce successfully it also requires additional prey, particularly psyllids (psyllidae). prior to 1986 there were only two species of psyllids found on\nand only the former in occasional high numbers. it is generally well controlled by an encyrtid parasitoid ,\n( chrysomelidae) was found in new zealand for the first time. it was feeding on\nis established in northland and the bay of plenty as well as the marlborough sounds and further work is planned to determine its distribution throughout the country .\nthe potato - tomato psyllid in tomato and capsicum crops. initial results are promising. this psyllid was first found in new zealand on a greenhouse tomato crop in auckland in april 2006 and is now found throughout most of the country, both indoors and outdoors. for further information on this psyllid see urltoken psyllidjfactsheet. pdf\nthis information is intended for general interest only. it is not intended to be a substitute for specific specialist advice on any matter and should not be relied on for that purpose. scion will not be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, consequential or exemplary damages, loss of profits, or any other intangible losses that result from using the information provided on this site. (scion is the trading name of the new zealand forest research institute limited. )\nprotecting our eucalyptus trees wednesday, june 20, 2018 scion are undertaking community pre - consultation on a proposed biological control of the eucalyptus tortoise beetle. eucalyptus plantations are a recognisable part of new zealand’s diversified forestry industry. they provide pulp and…\nforest industry reputation damaged by mobilisation of forest harvest residues sunday, may 27, 2018 the successful prosecution of a forest management company by the marlborough district council has been endorsed by the forest owners association. merrill and ring has been fined $ 39, 000 and ordered…\nbiosecurity levy proposal tuesday, may 15, 2018 as it affects plantation forest owners. consultation document: the new zealand forest owners association (foa) and the nz farm forestry association (ffa) acting on behalf of new zealand plantation forest…\nforest industry backing judgment against forest companies monday, april 23, 2018 forest industry associations are supporting penalties imposed in the district court against bay of plenty forest owner whitikau holdings and two harvesting contractors. the companies pleaded guilty to charges laid…\nnew free online forest productivity calculator for small growers sunday, march 25, 2018 a new online calculator for radiata pine and douglas - fir productivity is now available, free of charge. the forecaster calculator was built for owners and advisors of small forests, who…\nconsultation starts on fumigant for forest industry to replace methyl bromide tuesday, february 27, 2018 a significant milestone has been reached in replacing methyl bromide as the standard fumigant for export logs and timber. the environmental protection authority has just released application details for approval…\nbillion tree planting timetable gives industry confidence wednesday, february 21, 2018 forest owners say the announcement of the timetable for the government’s billion tree ten year project will give confidence that the massive afforestation is a serious proposition. the forestry minister…\ncutting rights proposal jeopardising government’s billion tree and climate change mitigation goals saturday, february 03, 2018 the forest owners association is against the proposal the overseas investment office should approve or decline sales of forest cutting rights. the foa says it would jeopardise the government’s ambitions…\njim anderton’s legacy contribution to forest industry sunday, january 07, 2018 the forest owners association is paying tribute to jim anderton for his contribution to the forest industry. president peter clark says jim anderton had a keen eye for the significance…\ngovernment recognises forestland and farmland different cases for overseas investment wednesday, november 29, 2017 the forest owners association says the government would be jeopardising its billion - tree target if it hadn’t separated forest and farmland in its ministerial directive to the overseas investment office. the…\nfarm foresters says foresters should check all selling options for best returns monday, november 27, 2017 new zealand farm forestry association president neil cullen recommends small - scale forest owners check what offers might be available from local timber processors when they go to sell their woodlots. nzffa, …\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser. some features of this site may not work without it .\nwe have the white - lined sphinxes. we love our zebra - striped, ... read more\nin the 1960' s numbers of the white - faced heron expolded, ... read more\na tree in your backyard has died or become diseased... . read more\ncopyright © 2000 - 2018 dave' s garden, an internet brands company. all rights reserved .\nuse of this web site constitutes acceptance of the urltoken terms of use, rules, privacy policy, and cookie policy .\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nthere was no prey preference between psyllid and aphids, but an aversion to whitefly .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\nnative to tasmania and southern states, introduced to nz to control the eucalypt tortoise beetle, paropsis charybdis, with mixed results. apparently the lack of eucalyptus psyllids over there hampered the ladybirds, since they form a vital part of the ladybird' s diet." ]

{ "text": [ "cleobora mellyi , the tasmanian ladybird or southern ladybird is a ladybird species endemic to tasmania and also found in the southern states of mainland australia .", "c. mellyi was introduced to new zealand as a biological control agent , with mixed results . " ], "topic": [ 27, 4 ] }

[ "cleobora mellyi, the tasmanian ladybird or southern ladybird is a ladybird species endemic to tasmania and also found in the southern states of mainland australia. c. mellyi was introduced to new zealand as a biological control agent, with mixed results." ]

[ "no one has contributed data records for suchosaurus yet. learn how to contribute .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by urltoken import from suchosaurus to their own page .\nsuchosaurus meaning not found if you know the meaning of this word, share it .\nsuchosaurus translate not found if you know the translate of this word, share it .\nsuchosaurus sentence not found if you know the sentence of this word, share it .\nsuchosaurus antonyms not found if you know the antonyms of this word, share it .\nsuchosaurus synonyms not found if you know the synonyms of this word, share it .\na tribute to the first spinosaurid to be discovered, suchosaurus with the song\nfall children\nby afi .\nsuchosaurus was a carnivore. it lived in the cretaceous period and inhabited europe. its fossils have been found in places such as alentejo (portugal), upper normandy (france) and valencian community (spain) .\n(\ncrocodile lizard\n) is a dubious genus of spinosaurid. known only from 2 teeth ,\n. it was also originally classed as a species of crocodilian when it was first discovered due to the similarity between their skulls. two possible species have been identified ,\nthis creature was a fairly average sized european spinosaur. reaching up to anywhere between 7 and 9 metres long and 2 - 3 metres tall and weighing 1 - 2 tons. this creature would have been piscivorous in its feeding habits meaning that it primarily ate fish. this is because of its elongated snout, many conical teeth and its close relative baryonyx walkeri being a confirmed fish eater. this creature lived in early cretaceous england where it would have been one of the large carnivores due to the limited amounts of dinosaurs there .\nthis spinosaur would have definitely been in the sub - family baryonychinae because of its striking similarity to the mentioned genus. this would make it distant from spinosaurus because it might have lacked a sail or had a very small one. other members of baryonychinae would include\ncan' t find a community you love? create your own and start something epic .\nh. - e. sauvage. 1896. les crocodiliens et les dinosauriens des terrains mésozoïques du portugal [ the crocodilians and dinosaurs from the mesozoic terrains of portugal ]. bulletin de la société géologique de france, 3e série 24: 46 - 48\nm. j. benton and p. s. spencer. 1995. fossil reptiles of great britain. chapman & hall, london\nj. royo y gomez. 1927. sur le faciès wealdien d' espagne [ on the wealden facies of spain ]. compte rendu sommaire des séances de la société géologique de france 47 (3): 125 - 128\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nprev by date: re: homing pigeons? try homing crocodiles ...\nthat fucker was a savage in warpath: jurassic park. barrel rolls, russian chin kicks, that slash happy rage attack he has\nif you' re a fish in the age of dinosaurs, beware of the spinosaurids .\nthey' re nothing compared to the true lords of water, which lived in the sea: immense marine reptiles .\nmosasaurs, plesiosaurs (and their short - necked cousins the pliosaurs), and ichthyosaurs .\nrecord in your own voice, pronunciation for this word now and play it back to check how you pronounced .\nyou are not logged in. please login / register or post pronunciation as guest\n© urltoken, all rights reserved. privacy policy. cookies policy. disclaimer. feedback" ]

{ "text": [ "suchosaurus ( meaning \" crocodile lizard \" ) is as a spinosaurid theropod dinosaur from cretaceous england , originally believed to be a genus of crocodile .", "the type material consists of teeth .", "two species , s. cultridens and s. girardi have been named .", "about 1820 , gideon mantell acquired some spinosaurid teeth discovered near cuckfield in the wadhurst clay of east sussex , part of a lot with the present inventory number bmnh r36536 .", "in 1822 , he reported these , after an identification by william clift , as belonging to crocodiles .", "in 1824 , the teeth were mentioned and illustrated by georges cuvier , representing the first illustration of a spinosaurid fossil .", "in 1827 mantell described additional teeth , pointing out the similarities to the crocodylian teleosaurus and gavialis .", "one of these teeth is the present specimen bmnh r4415 , others are part of bmnh r36536 .", "in 1841 , richard owen named , based on bmnh r36536 as a syntype series , a subgenus crocodylus ( suchosaurus ) with as type species crocodylus ( suchosaurus ) cultridens .", "the subgeneric name was derived from greek σοῦχος , souchos , the name of the egyptian crocodile god sobek .", "this reflected the presumed taxonomic affinities ; at the time owen was not aware of the crocodile-like snouts of spinosaurids .", "the specific name is derived from latin culter , \" dagger \" , and dens , \" tooth \" , in reference to the elongated form of the teeth .", "in 1842 , owen again mentioned the taxon as a subgenus , subsequently he and other workers would use it as a full genus suchosaurus .", "in 1842 and 1878 owen referred some vertebrae to suchosaurus , but these likely belong to ornithischia instead .", "in 1884 , owen indicated a tooth as \" suchosaurus leavidens \" in a caption , this is usually seen as a lapsus calami because this species is not further mentioned .", "in 1897 , henri-émile sauvage named a second species : suchosaurus girardi , based on two jaw fragments ( specimen mg324 ) and a tooth , found in portugal by paul choffat .", "the specific name honours french geologist albert girard .", "the tooth was considered lost but was rediscovered and in 2013 reported as specimen mnhn/ul .", "i.f2 .176.1 , part of remains recovered after a fire in 1978 .", "during the nineteenth and most of the twentieth century , suchosaurus was usually considered to have been some obscure crocodilian , perhaps belonging to the pholidosauridae .", "single comparable teeth discovered in england were referred to the genus .", "however , when publishing a redescription of baryonyx in 1998 , angela milner realised that the teeth of that spinosaurid dinosaur were extremely similar to those of suchosaurus .", "in 2003 , she suggested both genera represented one and the same animal .", "an identity would imply the name suchosaurus has priority .", "however , the suchosaurus teeth are also indistinguishable from those of cristatusaurus and suchomimus , making it an indeterminate baryonychine .", "the s. girardi material was reclassified by eric buffetaut as cf. baryonyx walkeri in 2007 .", "of the remaining species , s. cultridens , he affirmed that the holotype teeth strongly resembled those of baryonyx walkeri .", "while there are some differences between the teeth , these may or may not represent individual variation among specimens , and he concluded that suchosaurus may be a senior synonym of baryonyx .", "suchosaurus was considered a nomen dubium by octávio mateus et al. ( 2011 ) . " ], "topic": [ 15, 24, 25, 5, 15, 19, 23, 23, 29, 25, 19, 25, 26, 25, 28, 23, 25, 5, 17, 17, 26, 26, 26, 25, 28, 4, 3, 10, 23 ] }

[ "suchosaurus (meaning \" crocodile lizard \") is as a spinosaurid theropod dinosaur from cretaceous england, originally believed to be a genus of crocodile. the type material consists of teeth. two species, s. cultridens and s. girardi have been named. about 1820, gideon mantell acquired some spinosaurid teeth discovered near cuckfield in the wadhurst clay of east sussex, part of a lot with the present inventory number bmnh r36536. in 1822, he reported these, after an identification by william clift, as belonging to crocodiles. in 1824, the teeth were mentioned and illustrated by georges cuvier, representing the first illustration of a spinosaurid fossil. in 1827 mantell described additional teeth, pointing out the similarities to the crocodylian teleosaurus and gavialis. one of these teeth is the present specimen bmnh r4415, others are part of bmnh r36536. in 1841, richard owen named, based on bmnh r36536 as a syntype series, a subgenus crocodylus (suchosaurus) with as type species crocodylus (suchosaurus) cultridens. the subgeneric name was derived from greek σοῦχος, souchos, the name of the egyptian crocodile god sobek. this reflected the presumed taxonomic affinities; at the time owen was not aware of the crocodile-like snouts of spinosaurids. the specific name is derived from latin culter, \" dagger \", and dens, \" tooth \", in reference to the elongated form of the teeth. in 1842, owen again mentioned the taxon as a subgenus, subsequently he and other workers would use it as a full genus suchosaurus. in 1842 and 1878 owen referred some vertebrae to suchosaurus, but these likely belong to ornithischia instead. in 1884, owen indicated a tooth as \" suchosaurus leavidens \" in a caption, this is usually seen as a lapsus calami because this species is not further mentioned. in 1897, henri-émile sauvage named a second species: suchosaurus girardi, based on two jaw fragments (specimen mg324) and a tooth, found in portugal by paul choffat. the specific name honours french geologist albert girard. the tooth was considered lost but was rediscovered and in 2013 reported as specimen mnhn/ul. i.f2 .176.1, part of remains recovered after a fire in 1978. during the nineteenth and most of the twentieth century, suchosaurus was usually considered to have been some obscure crocodilian, perhaps belonging to the pholidosauridae. single comparable teeth discovered in england were referred to the genus. however, when publishing a redescription of baryonyx in 1998, angela milner realised that the teeth of that spinosaurid dinosaur were extremely similar to those of suchosaurus. in 2003, she suggested both genera represented one and the same animal. an identity would imply the name suchosaurus has priority. however, the suchosaurus teeth are also indistinguishable from those of cristatusaurus and suchomimus, making it an indeterminate baryonychine. the s. girardi material was reclassified by eric buffetaut as cf. baryonyx walkeri in 2007. of the remaining species, s. cultridens, he affirmed that the holotype teeth strongly resembled those of baryonyx walkeri. while there are some differences between the teeth, these may or may not represent individual variation among specimens, and he concluded that suchosaurus may be a senior synonym of baryonyx. suchosaurus was considered a nomen dubium by octávio mateus et al. (2011)." ]

[ "the spotted catbird strongly resembles the green catbird in its colour pattern, but is more boldly marked .\nthe spotted catbird is extremely similar to the green catbird, and are considered the same species by some .\nthe spotted catbird is extremely similar to the green catbird, and are considered the same species by some .\nspotted catbird ailuroedus melanotis is split into six species. their ranges are listed below .\nspotted catbird nesting - crater lakes rainforest cottages - accommodation on the atherton tablelands, near yungaburra .\nspotted catbirds have also been split into several species, which mostly affects observations from new guinea. in australia, the former spotted catbird is now treated as two species :\nthe spotted catbird, ailuroedus melanotis is a species of bowerbird which can be found in north queensland in australia .\nspotted catbirds have now been given species status and are no longer considered to be two races of the green catbird .\nof the four species of catbird that are found in the family ptilonorhynchidae three are in the genus ailuroedus, and two of those, the spotted catbird ailuroedus melanotis and the green catbird ailuroedus crassirostris, are considered by some to be conspecific. they are both found in australia, though the spotted catbird is also found in new guinea. the third ailuroedus catbird, ailuroedus buccoides, or white - eared catbird, is found on papua new guinea and in indonesia .\nspotted catbird feeds mainly on fruit, seeds, flowers, insects, and even on other birds' eggs and young .\nlateral view of an adult spotted catbird (photo courtesy of b. hensen) [ julatten, qld, july 2013 ]\nwidespread and common throughout its large range, the spotted catbird is evaluated as least concern on iucn red list of threatened species .\nwidespread and common throughout its large range, the spotted catbird is evaluated as least concern on iucn red list of threatened species .\nblack - eared catbird from a boat along a tie - channel near the lodge, part of the 6 - way split of spotted catbird which is now a queensland endemic, this taxon here being black - eared catbird. always really hard to see, far harder than spotted catbirds. the recording is single channel only but better than nothing\ni am pretty sure this is the bird that i spotted a ...\nvanderwal, j. (2013). spotted catbird (ailuroedus melanotis) - current and future species distribution models. centre for tropical biodiversity & climate change, james cook university. [ data files ] urltoken catbird (ailuroedus melanotis) / suitability\nspotted catbird feeds mainly on fruit, seeds, flowers, insects, and even on other birds' eggs and young. the breeding season is from september to december. spotted catbirds pair monogamously, and lay one to three eggs each year. incubation lasts 19–25 days .\n@ drew: count me as jealous. someday i’ll get a catbird besides a gray…\nand from january 2011, a young catbird balancing on the rope at the beach hut .\nnear - dorsal view of a spotted catbird, showing more clearly the dark spot behind the bird' s eye (photo courtesy of b. hensen) [ julatten, qld, july 2013 ]\nphoto of a spotted catbird taken deep in the world heritage listed daintree rainforest of north queensland. the photo was taken hand held using a high speed sync flash to overcome the very dark conditions .\nbowerbirds occur across most of our reserves and partnership areas. the spotted catbird occurs at fan palm reserve (qld), the green catbird at currumbin valley (qld), the satin bowerbird at currumbin valley (qld), brogo reserve (nsw) and burrin burrin (nsw) .\nthe green catbird is a large, stout green bird, spotted white, with a dusky crown, nape and face and a white bill. the eye is red. juveniles are duller in colour .\nwhite - eared catbird ailuroedus buccoides is split into three species. their ranges are listed below .\nthis is a picture from october 2010, of a young catbird being fed by a parent .\nas for the final catbird, abyssinian catbird parophasma galinieri, well, it is a babbler that comes from a monotypic genus and is endemic to ethiopia. it has been described as “one of the finest, if not the finest singer of all the birds of africa” on this site, which goes on to describe the abyssinian catbird ‘s behavior and appearance much as one would describe a gray catbird :\nblack - eared catbird ailuroedus melanotis [ northern cape york, e. g. iron range np ]\nb. hensen reports spotting a spotted catbird, race\nmaculosus\n, at julatten, qld, in july 2013. all photographic and sighting information presented on this page has kindly been contributed by b. hensen .\nin victoria, the spotted bowerbird is listed as endangered because of feral predators and loss of habitat. in areas with vineyards and orchards, many spotted bowerbirds were shot by farmers as they were thought to have been eating the fruit .\nthis lowland form of the transfly region is sometimes considered a seperate species (black - eared catbird) .\n2008 .\ngreen catbird\n( on - line). accessed april 02, 2008 at urltoken .\nthe gray catbird dumetella carolinensis is a common bird across most of north america, excepting the far west and northern canada. it is the only species in the genus dumetella and most likely the only catbird most birders will ever see; the black catbird melanoptila glabrirostris, also of a monotypic genus, is found only in mexico, belize, and guatemala, and is the only other species of catbird in the new world. both catbird species in the americas are part of the family mimidae along with the mockingbirds, thrashers, and tremblers .\nthere are actually different species of catbirds in existence like the white - eared cat bird, green catbird, spotted catbird, tooth - billed catbird, and grey catbird. however when people use the word catbird they usually refer to the grey catbird or dumetella carolinensis. grey catbirds have a dark grey plumage with a black crown and tail. their long erect tails have chestnut undertail coverts that are distinctive. they also have slender bills, dark eyes, and black legs. catbirds are slightly smaller than robins at approximately 8½ to 9ό inches long and are a good deal slimmer. like wrens, catbirds hold their tails upright most of the time, flicking them back and forth in a nervous manner. catbirds are named so for their distinctive call which sounds like a cat’s meow .\nblack - eared, huon, black - capped, northern or arfak catbird [ incl. maculosus, joanae ]\nthe green catbird is found in temperate and sub - tropical rainforest and paperbarks, and sometimes adjacent eucalypt forest .\nblack - eared, huon, black - capped, northern or arfak catbird [ incl. maculosus, joanae ] (\ncatbird doesn’t have whiskers eh? see my photo here. urltoken perhaps not “real” whiskers but the resemblance is undeniable .\nthis dataset consists of current and future species distribution models generated using 4 representative concentration pathways (rcps) carbon emission scenarios, 18 global climate models (gcms), and 8 time steps between 2015 and 2085, for spotted catbird (ailuroedus melanotis) .\nthe green catbird is found along the east coast of australia, from south - eastern queensland to southern new south wales .\nthe spotted catbirds live in pairs, and unlike bowerbirds, they maintain their pair bonds year after year. the birds raise their young together .\nthe spotted catbird (ailuroedus melanotis) also known as black - eared catbird, is a species of bowerbird which can be found in north queensland, australia, and the island of new guinea. it is approximately 26–30 cm in length, and its coloring is emerald green, with faint black markings on the face and white streaks on the neck. the male and female are almost identical .\n2007 .\ngreen catbird\n( on - line). birds in backyards. accessed april 12, 2008 at urltoken .\n... we also did not fi nd a signifi cant relationship between hippocampal size and bower complexity; nor did we fi nd that the hp was larger in bowerbirds than in the nonbower - building spotted catbird. this is somewhat surprising given that hippocampal volume is correlated with a need to locate distributed resources in a variety of nonbowerbird species and because many bowerbird species including the spotted catbird cache food near nests or bowers [ pruett - jones and pruett - jones, 1985; frith and frith, 2001, day and westcott, pers. obs ]... .\nthe spotted catbird, a. melanotis, is extremely similar, but widely separated in its range. it tends to be much brighter green and paler below and has black markings on the head. the green catbird can also resemble the immature or female satin bowerbird, which has a distinctly blue eye, a dark bill and a more scalloped patterning on the underbody, while the upper body is a more olive - green .\nthe spotted catbird, a. melanotis, is extremely similar, but widely separated in its range. it tends to be much brighter green and paler below and has black markings on the head. the green catbird can also resemble the immature or female satin bowerbird, which has a distinctly blue eye, a dark bill and a more scalloped patterning on the underbody, while the upper body is a more olive - green .\nthe breeding season is from september to december. spotted catbirds pair monogamously, and lay one to three eggs each year. incubation lasts 19 - 25 days .\nin nsw, spotted bowerbirds are found in grassed woodlands on the western slopes and plains. they often live around homesteads, making their bowers in residents' gardens .\nthe spotted catbird (ailuroedus melanotis) is a member of the bowerbird family. the catbird is monogamous and in the first part of the video you can see two members of a family calling out to the third. as well as the cat like howling call, they also have a high pitched squeak that is evident in the video. the catbird is robust bird, and quite a character - it will scout the area and fly in and steal all the food. during the breeding season i have seen the catbird cache food in a fork of a tree, then nip off a nearby leaf and cover it over. this was filmed at crater lakes rainforest cottages, atherton tablelands, qld, australia see some images on my website at urltoken\nlarge, stout, green bird, spotted white, with a dusky crown, nape and face and a white bill. the eye is red. juveniles are duller in colour .\nthey usually lay 4 to 5 very pale to pale blue eggs, speckled, spotted or blotched with chestnut - red, purplish - red, or reddish - brown and paler purple .\nthe most interesting catbird in ptilonorhynchidae, at least to this bird - blogger, is the tooth - billed catbird, scenopooetes dentirostris, sometimes called the stagemaker bowerbird, the only bird in its genus and endemic to australia. a description of the male’s courting behavior, which explains why i find it interesting, is below :\narfak catbird ailuroedus arfakianus [ map ] [ my records ] – misool i. (w papuan islands) and w new guinea (arfak mountains of vogelkop peninsula )\n29 cm; male 196–285 g and female 196–261g (new guinea), male 145–205 g and female 140–199 g (australia). nominate race has black crown to nape spotted ...\nexperiments were also carried out at 37 nests of the gray catbird (dumetella carolinensis), whose immaculate blue - green egg is only slightly larger than a cowbird egg. catbirds are much more responsive to white ground color than to maculation (table 4), perhaps because color is more reliable in distinguishing between catbird and cowbird eggs .\nevery spring we anxiously await the arrival of orioles, hummingbirds and grey catbirds from their winter homes in central america and mexico. the orioles arrived this year on may 6 and the first hummingbird and catbird were both spotted on may 11. blue jays, cardinals, chickadees, goldfinches, nuthatches and woodpeckers are all among the frequent visitors to our feeders as well .\ntan - capped catbird ailuroedus geislerorum [ map ] [ my records ] – yapen i. and n new guinealowlands of southeastern new guinea (north side of owen stanley range )\nailuroedus melanotis [ incl. maculosus, joanae ] (black - eared, huon, black - capped, northern or arfak catbird [ incl. maculosus, joanae ]) - avibase\nwith the exception of the catbird, bowerbirds are polyandrous, meaning that several females mate with one male. once mating has occurred, male bowerbirds play no role in raising young .\nother synonyms catalan: arquer orellut czech: lemčík černouchý danish: sortøret kattefugl german: schwarzohr - laubenvogel english: black - eared catbird, black - eared, huon, black - capped, northern or arfak catbird [ incl. maculosus, joanae ], spotted catbird spanish: maullador orejudo estonian: mustpõsk - kõutslind finnish: smaragdinaukuja french: jardinier oreillard, jardinier oreillard (incl. maculosus, joanae) hungarian: feketefülű nyávogómadár indonesian: burungkucing tutul italian: uccello gatto macchiato japanese: mimiguronekodori japanese: ミミグロネコドリ latin: ailuroedus crassirostris melanotis, ailuroedus melanotis, ailuroedus melanotis [ incl. maculosus, joanae ], ptilonorhynchus melanotis lithuanian: juodaausis katpaukštis dutch: grijskopkatvogel norwegian: svartørekattefugl polish: miauczek czarnouchy portuguese: jardineiro - malhado slovak: šiatorník tmavosluchý swedish: fläckig kattfågel chinese: 斑园丁鸟 chinese (traditional): 斑紋貓鳥\nan aside: if you want to read a fascinating short article on how the gray catbird ended up in the genus dumetella check out this article (the link takes you to a pdf) .\nused high pass filter. t he sharp notes at the start are white - throated treecreeper (cormobates leucophaea minor) and brown gerygone (brown gerygone (gerygone mouki mouki) sings after the catbird .\nbecause the little - known catbird lives in dense parts of thickets, it is sometimes difficult to see. distinguishing features are its general greyish color, dirty, white forehead and chestnut belly and undertail coverts .\nplumage unique. its mimicking song resembles songs of other thrashers or the american dipper, with which it overlaps in the western portion of its range. mew calls can be confused with calls of the hermit thrush or the spotted and green - tailed towhees .\nblack - eared, huon, black - capped, northern or arfak catbird [ incl. maculosus, joanae ] ailuroedus melanotis [ incl. maculosus, joanae ] (= ailuroedus melanotis) (gray, gr, 1858 )\ngray catbirds, to put it simply, have a call note that sounds like a cat with a scratchy and short meow. this sound emanating from a tangle of brush can easily fool those not in the know. the song of the gray catbird, however, is nothing like a cat meowing: like the mockingbird and thrasher the catbird often mimics other birds and sounds but it tends not to repeat itself. the rule of thumb is that if a phrase is repeated three times in a row it is a mockingbird, it it is repeated twice a thrasher is singing, and if each phrase of the song is sang just once one is dealing with a catbird .\nthe male gray catbird uses his loud song to proclaim his territory. he uses a softer version of the song when near the nest or when a bird intrudes on his territory. the female may sing the quiet song back to the male .\nboth male and female spotted bowerbirds have a mottled brown appearance, with a bar of lilac on the back of their necks. the mottled plumage ranges from fawn - brown with dark spots on the neck, to dusky - brown or black with buff spots on the back and wings .\nwhile the breeding bird survey has recorded a significant population increase in washington since 1966, the washington gap analysis project lists the gray catbird as a species - at - risk. its preference for early - successional habitat helps this species to do well in an increasingly human - altered landscape, as road construction, utility - line placement, and development all create habitat. intensive agriculture, however, reduces shelterbelts that used to provide prime gray catbird habitat, and rapid development along coastal wintering grounds has destroyed former habitat also .\na few guest have told me about a spotted catbird who is nesting near one of the cottages. she has built her nest amongst a tangle of “wait - a - while” vines. the wait - a while (lawyer cane) has a stem covered with large thorns, palm like leaves with prickles and long tendrils covered with sharp hooks. i was careful not to go close, i didn’t want to disturb her, and who wants to mess with the wait - a - while? anyway, looking forward to seeing some little ugly / adorable babies .\ncatbirds like to live in brushy woods and swampy thickets but are also often seen in farms, towns, and gardens. they usually build their nests in bushes, vines, and low trees near creeks. catbird nests are large and are made of dry twigs, leaves, bark and roots and are lined with dark fibrous roots and pine needles. the nests are arranged in a circular manner and are usually found 3 to 15 feet above ground. the gray catbird lays 3 to 6 eggs that are glossy blue green in color .\ngreen catbirds are rather large, stout birds weighing an average of 207 grams and having a length of approximately 28 cm. they have an overall color of emerald green with white spots and a dusky crown, nape and face with a red eye and a white bill. juvenile green catbirds are a more dull green color. spotted catbirds (\nthe green catbird, another member of the bowerbird family, gets its name from its cat - like wailing call. males and females are various shades of green, flecked with black on the head and face; and white on the nape, neck and wing tips. their eyes are red .\nthe green catbird eats fruit, notably figs, flowers, and other plant material. it will also kill baby birds to feed its own young during breeding season and will eat small reptiles too. they usually feed in pairs or small groups, moiving from tree to tree in the mid to upper canopy .\ngreen catbird populations are considered relatively large and stable. they are described as\ncommon\nin most of their range and have an estimated global range size of 20, 000 to 50, 000 km ^ 2 .\nhumans are the biggest threat to these birds due to the destruction of their habitat .\nin australia there are two races of spotted catbirds, both of which are endemic. nominate race\nmelanotis\nis found on the south - eastern part of cape york peninsula, in the area of tully gorge np and girringun np. race\nmaculosus\npopulates a strip along the east coast of qld about 200 km either way from cairns, qld .\nthe gray catbird is migratory. male catbirds usually arrive a few days before the female catbirds do on their breeding grounds. the male catbirds attract the female catbirds by singing on top of bushes and wait for the female catbirds to draw near after which they form their breeding pair. the gray catbirds are monogamous .\nsmith, robert j. , margret i. hatch, david a. cimprich and frank r. moore. 2011. gray catbird (dumetella carolinensis), version 2. 0. in the birds of north america (p. g. rodewald, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, new york, usa .\nnice article on a cool suite of mostly unrelated birds. i am fortunate enough to have seen most of them (missing black, white - eared, and abyssinian). i spent a long morning watching a tooth - billed catbird in australia do its dance and prepare its bower. quite a cool bird and a nice display. got some decent photos too .\nmitochondrial dna testing has revealed that the green and spotted catbirds (25) belong to the bowerbird family although, as their current behavior suggests, they diverged from the main grouping quite early in evolution. in contrast to the other bowerbirds they are monogamous and do not build a formal bower for courtship. individuals have been observed to collect and place leaves in the manner of the tooth - billed bowerbird but these do not impact mating .\nand a third name for tooth - billed catbird or stagemaker bowerbird is a cross between ’em: tooth - billed bowerbird, as per morcombe. he separates the species from the other catbirds too by sticking three other species in between, unlike handbook of the birds of the world. which leads me to ask, maybe a little off - topic: which taxonomy is the most accepted around the world ?\nthe spotted bowerbird has been recorded at goonderoo reserve (qld), naree (nsw), carnarvon (qld) and edgbaston (qld). the western bowerbird occurs on our charles darwin reserve (wa), eurardy reserve (wa) birriliburu ipa (wa) and the great bowerbird has been seen at yourka reserve (qld) and on the traditional lands of the wunambal gaambera (wa) and olkola (qld) people, who partner with us .\nfrith, c. & frith, d. (2018). black - eared catbird (ailuroedus melanotis). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nrelative to cowbird eggs, american robin (turdus migratorius) eggs are larger, blue rather than white and immaculate rather than spotted. experiments using 10 egg models at 137 nests showed that robins respond to each of these differences (figs. 2 and 3) but do not usually reject an egg that deviates from their own by only one difference. eggs that differ in ant two of the three parameters are usually rejected. this built - in tolerance reduces the likelihood that robins will reject their own eggs if these are atypical in size or coloration .\ngray catbirds will nest on platforms when there are no natural nesting sites available. the recommended dimensions for a catbird platform are: 6” x 8” (floor), 8” (distance from floor to roof), 3’ to 10’ (mount height). it is also recommended that the platform built be open all four sides with using 2 to four corner posts to hold up the roof. be sure to mount the platform near dense vegetation to encourage the use of the platform .\nwhite - breasted nuthatches nests are floored with bark flakes and strips and lumps of earth; with a cup of finer bark shreds, grasses and rootlets, but mainly lined with fur, wool, hair and feathers. their eggs are smooth and slightly glossy usually white, sometimes tinted creamy or pink. speckled and spotted with light red, reddish - brown, brown, and purplish - red, and sometimes paler gray and purple. you can see a photo of them on my friend bet’s page here. here is a close - up of the chicks in the nest .\nthe green catbird of eastern australia gets its name from the cat - like wailing call that it gives at any time of day throughout the year. catbirds are not shy, but because they inhabit lush rainforest, they are often difficult to see among the foliage in the treetops, and their characteristic calls usually alert people to their presence. although they often occur in the canopy, catbirds forage at all levels of the forest, down to the ground, where they sometimes associate with regent and satin bowerbirds .\ngray catbirds are one of the most common species that non - birders in their range are likely to have never seen nor identified. the catbird’s rather bland coloration – slate gray with a black cap and chestnut under the tail – doesn’t attract attention, and unlike their cousins, the mockingbirds, that often sing from exposed perches, catbirds prefer to sing their jumbled songs from cover. and it is the sounds that catbirds make that give them their name and makes it at all likely that their presence will be noted .\ni found what i believe is carolina wren eggs with one blue spotted one with brown speckles – which now i’m worried is a cowbird egg? ?? should i take out the blue one? i came home yesterday to a broken pink egg in the driveway (3 yards away from the mailbox by the door), and now today another pink egg has been hollowed out! live in north texas if that confirms that these could be caroline wren eggs. i couldn’t see the bird up close because it got upset when i went to grab the mail and started yelling at me. i have signs pointing to the door slot for the mailman but apparently he can’t read ?\nastrid yrigollen 5 / 25 / 2016) we have to catbirds that come to our back yard to feed on the queen anne cherries and plums. i mostly notice them inthe grass after i have watered looking for live insects. the catbird aside from its loud screeching call to warn of danger has a lovely song. i was very suprised to hear it since i thought the only thing they did was make that loud screeching call. so catbirds are nice to have in the yard plus thet let you know when something or a stranger is in your yard that is not suppoused to be (cats, dogs or people! )\ngreen catbirds do not build bowers, although they may clear an area and lay leaves down in it. it is thought that the birds pair for life. courtship is simple, with the male chasing the female from branch to branch, making clicking and rasping sounds. when not chasing, the male preens himself, feeds, and wails. often, he holds coloured leaves or fruit in his beak while displaying. only the female green catbird builds the nest and incubates the eggs, although both sexes feed the young. they defend the nest by feigning injury, dropping to the forest floor and fluttering around to pretend they have broken wings .\nthe gray catbirds return from the gulf states and central america in the spring. the male selects an area as the territory where it will have its nest. usually this is in a dense thicket. it sings loudly from various perches in that territory to tell other males that this area is taken and that females are welcome. when other males come close there are disputes. both males will make the cat like sounds at this time. such disputes involve some chasing by the resident male. the chasing and mewing seems to settle the matter. the mewing sound is also given when a predator is spotted. whether it is threatening to the predator i do not know, but the sound will certainly alert the birds mate that there is some danger. imitates other birds\nthe mimids compose a relatively small new world family. well known for their elaborate vocalizations and mimicry abilities, they often sing repeated phrases within their extended songs. mimids are medium - sized songbirds with strong legs, long bills, and gray or brown plumage. many have streaked or spotted breasts. most forage on the ground, and use their long bills to dig in the soil. they seldom form flocks, and are found in pairs or family groups. they eat a combination of animal and vegetable matter, with more insects and other invertebrates in the diet in the spring and summer, and more nuts and berries in the fall and winter. they usually nest in dense, low shrubs, and both parents help build the nest, incubate, and care for the young .\nspotted catbirds are medium - sized bowerbirds. their head is greyish - brown, with dark - grey lores, ear coverts and thin stripes behind the eyes. the rest of the sides of the head are lighter greyish - brown. the front, from the chest to the undertail coverts, is grey - green mixed with brown, with heavy whitish - grey streaking. the nape of the neck is dark greyish - brown with light whitish - grey streaking. the rest of the back is bottle - green. the wings have white bars and white - tipped feathers; the tips of the primaries are dark - grey. the uppertail is green with white tips. the eyes have red - brown irises. the stout bill is greyish to horn - coloured; the legs and feet are grey. juveniles have duller colours .\nthe gray catbird breeds over a wide range in low thick vegetation, often bordering woodland marshes or watercourses; or in hedgerows, orchards, or shrubberies. the nest is usually low, 3 to 10 feet up in a small tree, shrub, or bush; sometimes much higher, up to 60 feet in trees or rarely on the ground in a tree cavity. similar to the mockingbird, the nest is a bulky and thick cup of coarse sticks, weed stems, grapevine, leaves and grasses; lined with fine rootlets, bark shreds, decayed leaves, and pine needles, and sometimes hair. other material, string, cotton, or rags may be incorporated. this photo of the nest and eggs was sent to me from philadelphia by betzalel .\nafter many hours of careful watching, the meaning of these sounds and motions is diagnosed. scientists write down their observations and they are published in a scientific journal for others to read and study. when there is general agreement on the meaning of the behavior, someone will write a book about it. if we wish to learn about the behavior of a particular bird, we must find such a book and look up the gray catbird as i did. donald and lillian stokes have written three books on bird behavior with each volume covering a different set of species. they have sketches that show some of the types of displays and the most probable meaning of each display. they were written over a period of years and each one has the words “bird behavior” in the title. if you have observed some unusual behavior, you may find an explanation in the book that lists that species. try your local library. in addition to their guides to bird behavior, the stokes have written a series of nature guides on each of the following subjects: insect lives, wildflowers and animal tracking. all of these are useful and available in a good library\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nchristidis, l. and boles, w. e. 2008. systematics and taxonomy of australian birds. csiro publishing, collingwood, australia .\njustification: this species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe population size of this species has not been quantified, but it is described as common and widespread. trend justification: this population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nsometimes considered conspecific with a. crassirostris (which see). race maculosus has shorter song than those of all other races, and may be a separate species. recent genetic and morphological study # r suggests that most forms treated currently as races may well merit species rank. birds in fakfak mts, kumawa mts and wandammen mts (all nw new guinea) of uncertain racial identity and tentatively included in arfakianus; limits of race jobiensis uncertain, and birds in adelbert mts could belong to astigmaticus; birds in jimi r area, also of uncertain race, tentatively included in guttaticollis. race misoliensis sometimes included in nominate, and guttaticollis in jobiensis # r. ten subspecies recognized .\nmayr & meyer de schauensee, 1939 – west papuan is (misool) .\na. b. meyer, 1874 – mountains of vogelkop (tamrau and arfak), onin peninsula (fakfak mts), bomberai peninsula (kumawa mts) and wandammen mts, in nw new guinea .\nrothschild, 1895 – foja mts, bewani mts, torricelli mts, prince alexander mts, middle idenburg r and adelbert mts, in n new guinea .\nmayr, 1936 – nassau mts and oranje mts, in w new guinea .\nstresemann, 1922 – hunstein range, sepik r and jimi r, in ne new guinea .\n– aru is, and lowland trans - fly region of s new guinea .\ne. p. ramsay, 1883 – mountains of se new guinea e from herzog mts in n and mt karimui (and possibly kratke mts) in s .\nmathews, 1941 – e cape york peninsula (pascoe r and iron range areas s to rocky r, in mcilwraith range), in n queensland (ne australia) .\n– wet tropics of ne queensland from big tableland s to seaview range and mt halifax .\ncat - like nasal meowing, wailing territorial song given by pair - members throughout year; also sneeze ...\nlowland and upland tropical rainforest and adjacent tall secondary growth and wet sclerophyll ...\nseason aug–jan in new guinea, but little known; aug–mar (peak oct–dec) in australia, duration of season c. 4 months. long ...\nresident. longest distance travelled by marked individual 2 km. possible winter dispersal to lower ...\nnot globally threatened. common and widespread throughout range. distribution in new guinea possibly more extensive; once heard throughout mid - montane forests of ok tedi area ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\ntraditionally grouped with paradisaeidae, but now considered to belong among “basal oscines”, being sister to climacteridae # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nit is approximately 26 - 30 cm in length, and its coloring is emerald green, with faint black markings on the face and white streaks on the neck .\ncopyright: wikipedia. this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license. it uses material from urltoken... additional information and photos added by avianweb .\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\nthroughout history, crows, ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death. …\nplease note: any content published on this site is commentary or opinion, and is protected under free speech. it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes, and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice. avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material. your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3. 2 / / en\nchambers wildlife rainforest lodges tropical north queensland, australia. [ site map ] [ rainforest search engine ] [ back ] [ home ] [ up ]\nsome say it' s a bowerbird, and some argue its a closely related species .\nit is found from near townsville to cape york, in new guinea and several adjacent islands, preferably at mid to higher altitudes. breeding adults generally live in permanent territories .\nsome believe the two birds to be the same species, and therefore they are sometimes grouped in this way. however, they do have several other differences .\nthe male and the female are both 26 - 30cm and look identical to each other .\nthese birds are so named for their distinctive, cat - like call (like meowing) .\nthey make a bowl - shaped nest of sticks and leaves about 2 - 10m above the ground. usually one or two plain cream coloured eggs are laid, but sometimes three .\nthe breeding season is from september to december. i ncubation is 19 - 25 days, and nestlings fledge at about 18 - 22 days .\nthey may become independent of their parents at 60 - 80 days after fledging .\nthey feed on fruit (mainly figs), buds, shoots, seeds, flowers, insects and other birds’ eggs and young. it is common for the parents to tear apart these young birds to feed to their own offspring .\ntheir calls include the distinctive “chee - ahh”, only vaguely cat - like, and other sounds, like a' mechanical sneeze', and various clicks .\nchambers wildlife rainforest lodges lake eacham, atherton tablelands tropical north queensland, australia. ph & fax: 07 4095 3754 international: 61 7 4095 3754 urltoken a great australian rainforest experience click here to send an email [ accommodation ] [ one bedroom lodge ] [ five bedroom lodge ] [ guest lounge ] [ directions ] [ bookings ] [ weather ] [ search engines ] [ birdwatching opportunities at the chambers ] [ bushwalking opportunities at the chambers ] [ rainforest environment surrounding the chambers ] [ nocturnal animals at the chambers ] [ atherton tableland natural attractions you can see during your stay at the chambers ] [ travel information for australia ] [ tour group photos ] all content, layout and design in this website are protected by copyright 1998 - 2017 john chambers .\nwestern whistler by geoffrey groom / macaulay library although male golden whistlers are bright and easily identifiable, females and juveniles are not so easy to tell apart .\nthe annual ebird taxonomy update is now underway. work is still going in the background to update existing checklists, update maps etc. , but the revised taxonomy should already appear as you enter new checklists. it is worth having a look at which australian species are being treated differently with the 2016 update .\nevery year, the ebird / clements taxonomy is updated. this year, for australian ebirders, there are several changes to be aware of .\ngrey - faced petrel has been split from great - winged petrel. both species occur in australian waters. many organised pelagic trips already routinely reported these as subspecies in the past .\nemerald doves on christmas island (natalis) are now part of the asian emerald dove. those normally found in the rest of australia (and lord howe) are pacific emerald dove .\nthe former golden whistler (pachycephala pectoralis), has been split into two species. note that the sa and victorian mallee birds (formerly treated as part of p. p. fuliginosa) are retained in golden whistler, and the split between species is essentialy at the sa / wa state border .\nthe ebird / clements taxonomy makes extensive use of subspecies groups to allow observers to explicitly record subspecies, or groups of subspecies, that are identifiable in the field. subspecies groups have been recognized for several more australian species. when recording a subspecies group, be sure to include field notes regarding the characters you used to identify the group. new subspecies groups are as follows :\nwith golden whistler, note that the eastern parts of the former “western” subspecies are retained as golden whistler (i. e. the split to western whistler only takes the wa part of the former fuliginosa range) :\nwestern grasswren (western) amytornis textilis textilis [ e. g monkey mia wa ]\nwestern grasswren (gawler ranges) amytornis textilis myall [ e. g. whyalla sa ]\naustralian ringneck: as well as the lump of mallee ringneck and western ringneck, the 2016 update also subsumes the former occidentalis and whitei into zonarius. the subspecies recognised in ebird are now :\nsome species pairs may be difficult to separate in the field, or were previously lumped, and in these cases ebird allows you to record the fact that you saw one or other of the pair but could not decide which. new slash taxa for australia include :\nlesser violetear from costa rica. this species is somewhat smaller, has more emerald green feathering, and typically lacks the blue chin and blue central breast of mexican violetear, although some (like this bird) can show hints of blue in those areas. photo brian sullivan / macaulay library .\nthe ebird taxonomy update is essentially complete. all major changes have occurred, and we have a small number of minor changes yet to make. this may affect the lists of a very small number of users as we implement these over the next few days. we do this update once each year, taking into account the past 12 months of recent taxonomic knowledge on splits, lumps, name changes, and changes in the sequence of the species lists. as of this point, all ebird data will be reflecting the new taxonomy. this includes your my ebird lists, range maps, bar charts, region and hotspot lists, and data entry. ebird mobile should also be updated to the new taxonomy. if you see unfamiliar bird names in the list, please refer to the story below to understand the change and why it happened. in addition, we list a number of new options for data entry (hybrids, spuhs, slashes, etc .), all of which are listed below .\nebirders who do not speak english as their first language will see updated names to reflect the new taxonomy. remember that the language you choose for bird names needs to be selected separately from the language of the website (read more about common name translations) .\nnote: if you use ebird mobile on iphone or android hopefully you have the newest versions of each; if not, update those in the app store and google play store, respectively. also, please make sure to submit a list from a new location near you (i. e. , not one of your stored “recent locations”). this will ensure that the checklist filter is updated to the newest version. if you do not do this, you may accidentally submit california / woodhouse’s scrub - jay from a coastal california area, instead of the post - split option, california scrub - jay .\nthis year’s update is v2016 of the ebird / clements checklist. the ebird / clements checklist is an integrated global taxonomy for the birds of the world, including all species and subspecies, as well as additional taxa useful to field birders to report in ebird. the list of species available in ebird is the ebird taxonomy (v2016) and includes all species, subspecies groups (which we call identifiable sub - specific forms or issf), hybrids, intergrades, spuhs (e. g. , scoter sp .), slashes (e. g. , short - billed / long - billed dowitcher), domestics, and forms. the clements checklist includes only the species and subspecies, along with subspecies groups which are further identified as monotypic (consisting of one subspecies) or polytypic (consisting of more than one subspecies). in this way, the ebird / clements checklist is completely integrated, but can also be divided into these two groups. read more about the ebird taxonomy .\nthe clements checklist provides two update pages (overview and 2016 updates & corrections) and also provides all three files (ebird / clements, clements, and ebird) for download .\nthe clements checklist 2016 updates & corrections provides details (including references) for all species splits and lumps, new species descriptions, revisions to subspecies groups (issfs) or subspecies, and other changes relevant to the clements checklist. we refer anyone wishing to learn more about these splits to that page .\na list of all the taxonomic changes is below. this is largely in sync with the above clements update; references are not listed in full, but are included in the clements update. since this is a long article, here is a short index :\nwhen the taxonomy is updated in ebird, many of the changes are fairly simple to implement. when a common name changes, a scientific name changes, or when the taxonomic sequence is revised, those changes roll through and start appearing in ebird output fairly quickly. keeping track of name changes is a challenge, and consulting avibase is one of the best ways to do so. just type any bird name in avibase and avibase will show you the history of that name, and—if it differs from ebird—it will show what the ebird equivalent is for that name. try it for “louisiana heron”, for example .\nwhen species are ‘lumped’ (e. g. , two taxonomic entities that used to be considered separate species, but are now one), ebird usually retains the former species as an identifiable group. in these cases, your records may shift to the lumped form and your totals may (or may not) drop by one. the actual entity that you observed and reported has not changed in any way other than being changed from species to subspecies." ]

{ "text": [ "the spotted catbird ( ailuroedus maculosus ) is a species of bowerbird ( ptilonorhynchidae ) which can be found in north queensland , the eastern moluccas and new guinea .", "although it is a member of the bowerbird family it does not build a bower .", "widespread and common throughout its large range , the spotted catbird is evaluated as least concern on iucn red list of threatened species . " ], "topic": [ 28, 26, 17 ] }

[ "the spotted catbird (ailuroedus maculosus) is a species of bowerbird (ptilonorhynchidae) which can be found in north queensland, the eastern moluccas and new guinea. although it is a member of the bowerbird family it does not build a bower. widespread and common throughout its large range, the spotted catbird is evaluated as least concern on iucn red list of threatened species." ]

[ "key words: bryozoa, cheilostomata, basyaylella, ostrovskia, tortonian, eocene, miocene, mut basin, turkey .\nostrovskia is an extinct bryozoan which existed in what is now turkey during the late tortonian. it was described by kamil zágoršek and dennis p .\nsixteen bryozoan species have been identified in the başyayla section, mut basin, southern turkey. five of these species are described here, including two new to science representing new genera: basyaylella elsae gen. et sp. nov. and ostrovskia triforamina gen. et sp. nov. the other three described species (exidmonea sp. , biflustra savartii, and margaretta sp .) show unusual features that have not been reported previously. based on bryozoan data, the başyayla sequence represents a tropical to subtropical, normal marine environment, with seafloor composed of fine sedimentary particles in a low−energy setting .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nkamil zágoršek [ kamil _ zagorsek @ urltoken ] department of paleontology, national museum, vaclavské nam. 68, cz - 115 79 prague 1, czech republic; dennis p. gordon [ d. gordon @ urltoken ] national institute of water & atmospheric research, private bag 14901, kilbirnie, wellington, new zealand .\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (for details please see urltoken), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference: k. zagorsek and d. p. gordon. 2013. late tortonian bryozoans from mut basin, central anatolian plateau, southern turkey. acta paleontologica polonica 58: 595 - 607\nparent taxon: schizoporelloidea according to k. zagorsek and d. p. gordon 2013\nif is associated with an alamy account you' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we’ll send you a link to reset your password .\nsorry, this image isn' t available for this licence. please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site (powered by art. com) choose your frame, the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we' ll send you a link to reset your password." ]

{ "text": [ "ostrovskia is an extinct genus of bryozoans which existed in what is now turkey during the late tortonian .", "it was described by kamil zágoršek and dennis p. gordon in 2012 and the type species is o. triforamina . " ], "topic": [ 26, 29 ] }

[ "ostrovskia is an extinct genus of bryozoans which existed in what is now turkey during the late tortonian. it was described by kamil zágoršek and dennis p. gordon in 2012 and the type species is o. triforamina." ]

[ "species bougainvillia paradoxa mereschowsky, 1879 accepted as bougainvillia superciliaris (l. agassiz, 1849) (synonym )\nspecies bougainvillia flavida hartlaub, 1897 accepted as bougainvillia britannica (forbes, 1841) (synonym (in part also with b. pyramidata) )\nbougainvillia ramosa f. vanbenedeni millard, 1975 (lapsus pro b. ramosus f. benedenii )\nspecies bougainvillia charcoti le danois, 1913 accepted as nemopsis bachei l. agassiz, 1849 (synonym )\nbougainvillia spp. can be recognised by having four radially placed clusters of marginal tentacles. there are many species in the genus .\n( of bougainvillia nana hartlaub, 1911) denitto f. , miglietta m. p. , boero f. (2007). life cycle of bougainvillia nana (cnidaria: hydrozoa: bougainvilliidae) from italy, including a discussion of bougainvillia muscus in the mediterranean sea. journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom. 87 (4): 853 - 857. , available online at urltoken page (s): 856 [ details ]\nmaintenance of (2012 year) miscellaneous block plantation at mvtc, gdk. 5 incline (15ha), bougainvillia plantation (10ha) and avenue plantation (900 nos .) along the road in between 2 incline under gr\npicton, b. e. & morrow, c. c. (2016). bougainvillia ramosa (van beneden, 1844). [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland. urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 10\n( of bougainvillia ramosa (van beneden, 1844) ) calder, d. r. 1988a. shallow - water hydroids of bermuda. the athecatae. royal ontario museum life sciences contributions 148: 1 - 107. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of bougainvillia maniculata haeckel, 1864) haeckel e. (1864a). beschreibung neuer craspedoter medusen aus dem golfe von nizza. jenaische zeitschrift für medizin und naturwissenschaft. 1: 326 - 342. , available online at urltoken page (s): 327 [ details ]\n( of bougainvillia fruticosa allman, 1864) schuchert, p. (2007). the european athecate hydroids and their medusae (hydrozoa, cnidaria): filifera part 2. revue suisse de zoologie. 114: 195 - 396. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of bougainvillia autumnalis hartlaub, 1897) schuchert, p. (2007). the european athecate hydroids and their medusae (hydrozoa, cnidaria): filifera part 2. revue suisse de zoologie. 114: 195 - 396. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of bougainvillia autumnalis hartlaub, 1897) hartlaub, c. 1897. die hydromedusen helgolands. wissenschaftliche meeresuntersuchungen 2: 449 - 536, pls 14 - 23. , available online at urltoken page (s): 465, pl. 15 figs 11 - 13 [ details ]\n( of bougainvillia alderi (hodge, 1863) ) vervoort, w. ; schuchert, p. & van der land, j. (2000 - 2007). as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of bougainvillia ramosa f. vanbenedeni millard, 1975) millard, n. a. h. (1975). monograph on the hydroida of southern africa. ann. s. afr. mus. 68: 1 - 513. page (s): 99 [ details ]\n( of bougainvillia ramosa nana hartlaub, 1911) hartlaub, c. , 1911. xii. craspedote medusen. i. teil. 2 lief. : familie iii margelidae. nord. plankton 6: 137 - 235. , available online at urltoken page (s): 189 [ details ]\n( of bougainvillia benedenii bonnevie, 1898) bonnevie, k. 1898a. zur systematik der hydroiden. zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche zoologie 63: 465 - 495, plates 25 - 27. , available online at urltoken page (s): 484, pl. 26 figs 34 - 35 [ details ]\n( of bougainvillia ramosa (van beneden, 1844) ) navas - pereira, d. & m. vannucci (1991). the hydromedusae and water masses of the indian ocean. bolm inst. oceanogr. , s. paulo. 39 (1): 25 - 60. [ details ]\n( of bougainvillia gibbsi mayer, 1900) schuchert, p. (2007). the european athecate hydroids and their medusae (hydrozoa, cnidaria): filifera part 2. revue suisse de zoologie. 114: 195 - 396. , available online at urltoken page (s): 199 [ details ]\n( of bougainvillia benedenii bonnevie, 1898) schuchert, p. (2007). the european athecate hydroids and their medusae (hydrozoa, cnidaria): filifera part 2. revue suisse de zoologie. 114: 195 - 396. , available online at urltoken page (s): 199 [ details ]\n( of bougainvillia alderi (hodge, 1863) ) schuchert, p. (2007). the european athecate hydroids and their medusae (hydrozoa, cnidaria): filifera part 2. revue suisse de zoologie. 114: 195 - 396. , available online at urltoken page (s): 199 [ details ]\n( of bougainvillia diplectanos busch, 1851) busch, w. (1851). beobachtungen über anatomie und entwicklung einiger wirbellosen seethiere. august hirschwald, berlin, pp. 143, pls 1 - 17. , available online at urltoken page (s): 22, pl. 2, fig. 9 [ details ]\n( of bougainvillia ramosa (van beneden, 1844) ) schuchert, p. (2007). the european athecate hydroids and their medusae (hydrozoa, cnidaria): filifera part 2. revue suisse de zoologie. 114: 195 - 396. , available online at urltoken page (s): 199 [ details ]\n( of bougainvillia alderi (hodge, 1863) ) bouillon, j. ; boero, f. (2000). synopsis of the families and genera of the hydromedusae of the world, with a list of the worldwide species. thalassia salent. 24: 47 - 296 (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of bougainvillia autumnalis var. magna babnik, 1948) babnik, p. , 1948. hidromeduze iz srednjega in junega jadrana v letih 1939 in 1940. hydromedusae from the middle and south adriatic 1939 and 1940. acta adriat. 3 9: 275 - 340. page (s): 290, fig. 2 [ details ]\n( of bougainvillia ramosa var. minima kramp & damas, 1925) kramp, p. l. & d. damas, 1925. les méduses de la norvège. introduction et partie speciale. vidensk. meddr dansk naturh. foren 80: 217 - 323. page (s): 254, figs 5 - 7 [ details ]\n( of bougainvillia gibbsi mayer, 1900) mayer, a. g. 1900a. descriptions of new and little - known medusae from the western atlantic. bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology of harvard 37: 1 - 9, plates 1 - 6. , available online at urltoken page (s): 5, pl. 4 figs 14 - 15 [ details ]\nnogueira m. , rodriguez c. s. , mianzan, h. , haddad m. a. , genzano g. (2013). description of a new hydromedusa from the southwestern atlantic ocean, bougainvillia pagesi sp. nov. cnidaria, hydrozoa, anthoathecata). marine ecology. 34: 113 - 122. , available online at urltoken page (s): table 1; note: tabular compilation of all known species [ details ]\n( of bougainvillia ramosa (van beneden, 1844) ) muller, y. (2004). faune et flore du littoral du nord, du pas - de - calais et de la belgique: inventaire. [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord, pas - de - calais and belgium: inventory ]. commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais: france. 307 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of bougainvillia ramosa (van beneden, 1844) ) van beneden, p. - j. (1844). recherches sur l' embryogénie des tubulaires, et l' histoire naturelle des différents genres de cette famille qui habitent la côte d' ostende nouveaux mémoires de l' académie royale des sciences et des belles - lettres de bruxelles. in 4° xvii: 1 - 72, plates i - vi (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of bougainvillia ramosa f. benedenii bonnevie, 1898) leloup, e. (1933). contribution à la connaissance des hydropolypes de la côte des pays - bas [ contribution to the knowladge of the hydropolyps of the dutch coast ]. bull. mus. royal d' hist. nat. belg. / med. kon. natuurhist. mus. belg. 9 (45): 1 - 30 (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of bougainvillia ramosa (van beneden, 1844) ) leloup, e. (1947). les coelentérés de la faune belge: leur bibliographie et leur distribution [ coelenterates of the belgian fauna: their bibliography and distribution ]. mémoires du musée royal d' histoire naturelle de belgique = verhandelingen van het koninklijk natuurhistorisch museum van belgië, 107. koninklijk natuurhistorisch museum van belgië: brussel, belgium. 73 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of bougainvillia fructicosa allman, 1864) leloup, e. (1934). note sur les hydropolypes de la rade de villefranche - sur - mer (france) [ note on the hydropolyps of the sea basin of villifranche - sur - mer (france) ]. bull. mus. royal d' hist. nat. belg. / med. kon. natuurhist. mus. belg. 10 (31): 1 - 18. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of bougainvillia fructicosa allman, 1864) allman, g. j. , 1864d. notes on the hydroida. i. note, supplemental and corrective, to a synopsis of the genera and species of tubularian and campanularian hydroids, published in the' annals and magazine of natural history' for may 1864, p. 350. ii. the medusa of zanclea implexa, alder. annals and magazine of natural history (3) 14: 57 - 64. , available online at urltoken page (s): 58 [ details ]\n( of bougainvillia ramosa (van beneden, 1844) ) van der land, j. ; vervoort, w. ; cairns, s. d. ; schuchert, p. (2001). hydrozoa, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 112 - 120 (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of bougainvillia ramosa muscus (allman, 1863) ) leloup, e. (1934). contributions à l' étude de la faune belge: 5. les hydropolypes épizoïques du ver polychète, aphrodite aculeata (linné) [ contributions to the study of belgian fauna: 5. epizoïc hydropolyps of the polychaete, aphrodite aculeata (linné) ]. bull. mus. royal d' hist. nat. belg. / med. kon. natuurhist. mus. belg. 10 (41): 1 - 6 (look up in imis) [ details ]\nlesson, r. p. (1830). zoophytes. in: vovage autour du monde, exécute par ordre du roi sur la corvette la coquille\npendant les années 1822 - 25. (par m. l. - j. duperrey). z zoologie. 2. paris, 1826 - 1830. (vol. 2, pt 2, 2e division, 1830). , available online at urltoken page (s): 118 [ details ]\n( of perigonimus m. sars, 1846) sars, m. (1846). fauna littoralis norvegiae oder beschreibung und abbildungen neuer oderwenig bekannter seethiere, nebst beobachtungen über die organisation, lebensweise und entwickelung derselben. 1 - 194. johann dahk. christiania. , available online at urltoken page (s): 8 [ details ]\n( of atractylis wright, 1858) wright, t. s. , 1858. observations on british zoophytes. proc. r. phys. soc. edinb. 1: 253 - 258; 263 - 267; 338 - 342; 447 - 455. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of margelis steenstrup, 1850) steenstrup, j. , 1850. sur margelis principis. [ in lütken: nogle bemaerkninger... ]. vidensk. medd. dansk. naturh. foren. kbh. : 15 - 35. , available online at urltoken page (s): 35 [ details ]\n( of hippocrene brandt, 1835) brandt, j. f. 1834 - 1835. prodromus descriptionis animalium ab h. mertensio in orbis terrarum circumnavigatione observatorum. fascic. i. , polypos, acalephas discophoras et siphonophoras, nec non echinodermata continens / auctore, johanne friderico brandt. - recueil actes des séances publiques de l' acadadémie impériale des science de st. pétersbourg 1834: 201 - 275. , available online at urltoken page (s): 229 [ details ]\nvan der land, j. ; vervoort, w. ; cairns, s. d. ; schuchert, p. (2001). hydrozoa, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 112 - 120 (look up in imis) [ details ]\nbrunel, p. ; bosse, l. ; lamarche, g. (1998). catalogue of the marine invertebrates of the estuary and gulf of st. lawrence. canadian special publication of fisheries and aquatic sciences, 126. 405 p. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ncairns, s. d. ; gershwin, l. ; brook, f. j. ; pugh, p. ; dawson, e. w. ; ocaña o. v. ; vervoort, w. ; williams, g. ; watson, j. e. ; opresko, d. m. ; schuchert, p. ; hine, p. m. ; gordon, d. p. ; campbell, h. j. ; wright, a. j. ; sánchez, j. a. ; fautin, d. g. (2009). phylum cnidaria: corals, medusae, hydroids, myxozoans. in: gordon, d. p. (ed .) (2009). new zealand inventory of biodiversity: 1. kingdom animalia: radiata, lophotrochozoa, deuterostomia. pp. 59 - 101. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nbouillon, j. ; boero, f. (2000). synopsis of the families and genera of the hydromedusae of the world, with a list of the worldwide species. thalassia salent. 24: 47 - 296 (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of perigonimus m. sars, 1846) leloup, e. (1952). coelentérés [ coelenterata ]. institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique: brussels, belgium. 283 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of atractylis wright, 1858) schuchert, p. (2007). the european athecate hydroids and their medusae (hydrozoa, cnidaria): filifera part 2. revue suisse de zoologie. 114: 195 - 396. , available online at urltoken page (s): 196 [ details ]\ndiagnosis hydroid colony stolonal or branched, more rarely hydranths sessile; perisarc terminating at base of hydranth or extending onto hydranth as pseudohydrotheca; hydranth cylindrical to spindle - shaped, tentacles in one or two closely approximated whorls, tentacle - bases never enveloped by pseudohydrotheca, tentacles alternately inclined up - and downward (amphicoronate). gonophores develop into free medusae, arising singly or in clusters from stem, branches or stolons. medusa with four perradial marginal bulbs bearing two or more identical tentacles, with or without ocelli; four perradial oral tentacles, usually branched and ending in nematocyst clusters; gonads interradial or adradial on manubrium, sometimes also along basal perradial extensions of the manubrium. [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe south american bougainvillea needs to be grown in a heated conservatory border or large 30cm pot, where the restricted root space means it will not hit the 8m mark which it will in ideal conditions. flamboyant and fun, it has a rich covering of purple - magenta papery bracts (the real flowers are tucked away inside) from summer to autumn. when pruning, cut back the side shoots leaving three to four buds. provide a high nitrogen feed when it comes into growth, followed by a high potash feed when the buds appear. keep just moist in winter .\nthe bbc is not responsible for the content of external sites. read more .\nthis page is best viewed in an up - to - date web browser with style sheets (css) enabled. while you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (css) if you are able to do so .\n( of hippocrene carolinensis mccrady, 1859) mccrady, j. 1859. gymnopthalmata of charleston harbor. proceedings of the elliott society of natural history 1: 103 - 221, pls 8 - 12. , available online at urltoken page (s): 164 [ details ]\ndistribution prince edward island (from the northern tip of miscou island, n. b. to cape breton island south of cheticamp, including the ...\ndistribution prince edward island (from the northern tip of miscou island, n. b. to cape breton island south of cheticamp, including the northumberland strait and georges bay to the canso strait causeway), and the middle north shore (from sept - iles to cape whittle, including the mingan islands) [ details ]\nkramp, p. l. 1959a. the hydromedusae of the atlantic ocean and adjacent waters. dana report 46: 1 - 283. page (s): 110 [ details ]\nvervoort, w. ; schuchert, p. & van der land, j. (2000 - 2007). as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms. (look up in imis) [ details ]\ncalder, d. r. and s. d. cairns. 2009. hydroids (cnidaria: hydrozoa) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 381–394 in felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. biodiversity. texas a & m; press, college station, texas. [ details ]\nsegura - puertas, l. , l. celis, and l. chiaverano. 2009. medusozoans (cnidaria: cubozoa, scyphozoa, and hydrozoa) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 369–379 in felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. biodiversity. texas a & m; pre [ details ]\nintegrated taxonomic information system (itis). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission (ioc) of unesco. the ocean biogeographic information system (obis), available online at urltoken [ details ]\nallman, g. j. 1863b. notes on the hydroida. i. on the structure of corymorpha nutans. ii. diagnoses of new species of tubularidae obtained, during the autumn of 1862, on the coasts of shetland and devonshire. annals and magazine of natural history (3) 11: 1 - 12. , available online at urltoken page (s): 12 [ details ]\n( of eudendrium ramosum van beneden, 1844) van beneden, p. - j. (1844). recherches sur l' embryogénie des tubulaires, et l' histoire naturelle des différents genres de cette famille qui habitent la côte d' ostende nouveaux mémoires de l' académie royale des sciences et des belles - lettres de bruxelles. in 4° xvii: 1 - 72, plates i - vi (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of perigonymus muscus allman, 1863) allman, g. j. 1863b. notes on the hydroida. i. on the structure of corymorpha nutans. ii. diagnoses of new species of tubularidae obtained, during the autumn of 1862, on the coasts of shetland and devonshire. annals and magazine of natural history (3) 11: 1 - 12. , available online at urltoken page (s): 12 [ details ]\n( of medusa ocilia dalyell, 1847) dalyell, j. g. (1847). rare and remarkable animals of scotland, represented from living subjects: with practical observations on their nature. by sir john graham dalyell, baronet. , available online at urltoken page (s): 66 [ details ]\n( of medusa octocilia dalyell, 1847) dalyell, j. g. (1847). rare and remarkable animals of scotland, represented from living subjects: with practical observations on their nature. by sir john graham dalyell, baronet. , available online at urltoken page (s): 72 [ details ]\n( of lizusa octocilia aurivillius, 1898) aurivillius, c. w. s. (1898). vergleichende thiergeographische untersuchungen über die plankton - fauna des skageraks. kongliga svenska vetenskaps - akademiens handlingar. 30 (3): 1 - 427. , available online at urltoken page (s): 114; note: (invalid name emendation for medusa octocilia dalyell, 1847) [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ncalder, d. r. 1988a. shallow - water hydroids of bermuda. the athecatae. royal ontario museum life sciences contributions 148: 1 - 107. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nschuchert, p. (2007). the european athecate hydroids and their medusae (hydrozoa, cnidaria): filifera part 2. revue suisse de zoologie. 114: 195 - 396. , available online at urltoken page (s): 199, figs 1 - 3 [ details ]\n( of eudendrium ramosum van beneden, 1844) vervoort, w. ; schuchert, p. & van der land, j. (2000 - 2007). as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of eudendrium ramosum van beneden, 1844) liu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of eudendrium ramosum van beneden, 1844) trott, t. j. (2004). cobscook bay inventory: a historical checklist of marine invertebrates spanning 162 years. northeastern naturalist. 11, 261 - 324. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of perigonimus muscus allman, 1863) hansson, h. (2004). north east atlantic taxa (neat): nematoda. internet pdf ed. aug 1998. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of podocoryna alderi hodge, 1863) calder, d. r. 1988a. shallow - water hydroids of bermuda. the athecatae. royal ontario museum life sciences contributions 148: 1 - 107. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of eudendrium ramosum van beneden, 1844) hansson, h. (2004). north east atlantic taxa (neat): nematoda. internet pdf ed. aug 1998. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of eudendrium ramosum van beneden, 1844) brunel, p. ; bosse, l. ; lamarche, g. (1998). catalogue of the marine invertebrates of the estuary and gulf of st. lawrence. canadian special publication of fisheries and aquatic sciences, 126. 405 p. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of eudendrium ramosum van beneden, 1844) meinkoth, n. a. 1981. field guide to north american seashore creatures. the audubon society. alfred a. knopf. new york. 799 p. [ details ]\nkatsanevakis, s. ; bogucarskis, k. ; gatto, f. ; vandekerkhove, j. ; deriu, i. ; cardoso a. s. (2012). building the european alien species information network (easin): a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data. bioinvasions records. 1: 235 - 245. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nchan, l. c. (1995). the ecology of marine plankton in tai tam bay, hong kong, with special reference to barnacle (arthropoda: cirripedia) larvae. phd thesis. the university of hong kong. [ details ]\nkramp, p. l. , 1959. the hydromedusae of the atlantic ocean and adjacent waters. dana report 46: 1 - 283; 2 plates, 335 text figures .\nrussell, f. s. , 1953a. the medusae of the british isles. anthomedusae, leptomedusae, limnomedusae, trachymedusae, and narcomedusae. cambridge university press, 530 pp. 319 figures, 35 plates .\nrussell, f. s. , 1953b. hydromedusae. families: pandeidae and tiarannidae. fiches d' identification du zooplancton, 51 (1953). conseil international pour l' exploration de la mer, kopenhagen .\nrussell, f. s. , 1970a. the medusae of the british isles. ii. pelagic scyphozoa; with a supplement to the first volume on hydromedusae. cambridge university press 283 pp .\nscientific synonyms and common names hippocrene superciliaris | l. agassiz, 1849 bougainvilia paradoxa | mereschowsky, 1879\nedwards, c. , 1968. water movements and the distribution of hydromedusae in british and adjacent waters. sarsia 34: 331 - 346 .\nkramp, p. l. and d. damas, 1925. les méduses de la norvège. videnskabelige meddelelser fra dansk naturhistorisk forening i københavn 80: 217 - 323 .\nof each cluster all similar. marginal bulbs v - shaped, about half as wide as\nnorth atlantic ocean including mediterranean sea; e and w south atlantic and indo - pacific oceans; circum - antarctic .\nbouillon, j. , 1999. hydromedusae. in: d. boltovskoy (ed .), south atlantic zooplankton, vol. 1. backhuys publishers, leiden, the netherlands, pp. 385 - 465 .\ndescription: an irregular bushy hydroid, forming a colony which is somewhat conical in outline. the individual polyps are athecate with two rings of tentacles angled to each other. the reproductive structures produce free - swimming medusae. colonies measure 70 - 120mm in height, polyps are about 3mm in length .\nhabitat: usually in fairly wave sheltered conditions, often in slightly reduced salinity .\nsimilar species: a rather non - descript straggly hydroid, with no good distinguishing features .\ndistribution map from nbn: interactive map: national biodiversity network mapping facility, data for uk .\nany of several woody shrubs or vines of the genus bougainvillea of central and south america, having small flowers surrounded by large usually bright red or purple bracts .\nany of several south american shrubs or vines belonging to the genus bougainvillea, of the four - o' clock family, having small flowers with showy, variously colored bracts .\n[ 1789; < new latin, after latin. a. de bougainville ]\nmuscus and phialella belgicae were previously reported only for the buenos aires coast and the northern patagonia (genzano et al .\nramosa, eucheillota duodecimalis, paracalanus aculeatus, pseudodiaptomus richardi, oithona plumifera, oithona simplex, oncaea media and farranula gracilis were registered only in february (dry season) .\n, our apartment could have come straight from a movie set i under the tuscan sun and room with a view combined .\nholidays: pizza, piazzas and peace; it' s the holiday haunt of the rich and famous. . but you don' t need a celeb budget to treat the family in tuscany\nmuscoides showed its highest densities in the central sector of the magellan strait (4700 ind 1000 [ m .\nniobe y blackfordia virginica, especies registradas como depredadoras de huevos y larvas de a .\nall content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. this information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nare common in june and july, being recorded as late as september and october .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe following experts registered themselves as having knowledge about this species or its family .\nthis website was developed with support from the european commission under the sixth framework programme through the daisie project - contract number: sspi - ct - 2003 - 511202 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 2c92c2df - 7ee2 - 474d - 919b - 3c3fe13e2c94\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 4bf2e41a - 52e8 - 46fa - 9717 - b87c4f733609\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 9b686d97 - 0f07 - 446d - 935a - 90b9ea735bf2\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: dda6ee4c - 87fd - 44a1 - ab7a - 7fc81020bd42\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 499965\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country." ]

{ "text": [ "bougainvillia is a genus of hydroids in the family bougainvilliidae in the class hydrazoa .", "members of the genus are characterised by having the marginal tentacles of their medusae arranged in four bundles .", "some species are solitary and others are colonial but all are filter feeders .", "they are found in the southern ocean , having a circumpolar distribution , but some species also occur in the northern hemisphere , possibly travelling there as polyps on the hulls of ships . " ], "topic": [ 26, 23, 12, 13 ] }

[ "bougainvillia is a genus of hydroids in the family bougainvilliidae in the class hydrazoa. members of the genus are characterised by having the marginal tentacles of their medusae arranged in four bundles. some species are solitary and others are colonial but all are filter feeders. they are found in the southern ocean, having a circumpolar distribution, but some species also occur in the northern hemisphere, possibly travelling there as polyps on the hulls of ships." ]

[ "html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhodges, r. w. , 1974. moths of america north of mexico, fascicle 6. 2, p. 40; pl. 2. 22 - 24. order\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nthe elachistidae are members of the superfamily gelechioidea. worldwide in distribution, there are more than 400 known species that are mainly found in north temperate regions. there have been about 140 species described in america north of mexico, but the true diversity of this family is likely much higher, as the elachistid fauna is virtually unexplored in large areas of the continent. these are tiny or small moths, wingspan 0. 6 - 1. 1 cm, with narrow, lancelike wings that are usually white, grey, or black with white markings. larvae feed on leaves of grasses and sedges, and pupate in loose, meshlike cocoons or as naked pupae attached to plants or other objects by a silken girdle .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nalbania, austria, belgium, britain, france, germany, greece, denmark, ireland, spain, italy, corsica, latvia, luxembourg, malta, netherlands, poland, portugal, romania, sardinia, sicily, slovakia, the soviet union - the european part of france, czech republic, switzerland, sweden and yugoslavia .\nregions of the russian federation: european central black earth, the western caucasus .\nalbania, austria, belgium, the british isles, france, germany, greece (mainland), denmark (mainland), ireland, spain (mainland), italy (mainland), the canary islands, corsica, latvia, macedonia, malta, netherlands, the channel islands, poland, portugal (mainland), romania, sardinia, northern ireland, sicily, slovakia, ukraine, finland, france (mainland), czech republic, switzerland, sweden, estonia .\n[ 10 ] de jong, y. s. d. m. (ed .) (2011) fauna europaea version 2. 4 (faunaeur. org )\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc.." ]

{ "text": [ "agonopterix antennariella is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "it was described by clarke in 1941 .", "it is found in washington , british columbia and western greenland .", "the wingspan is 17 – 24 mm .", "the forewings are red-brown , the scales lightly tipped with carmine .", "there are two small black discal spots at the basal third , followed by a few cinereous scales .", "a white spot , edged with black , is found at the end of the cell .", "the apical third of the wing is shaded with cinereous .", "the hindwings are light fuscous .", "the larvae feed on antennaria luzuloides . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 8 ] }

[ "agonopterix antennariella is a moth in the depressariidae family. it was described by clarke in 1941. it is found in washington, british columbia and western greenland. the wingspan is 17 – 24 mm. the forewings are red-brown, the scales lightly tipped with carmine. there are two small black discal spots at the basal third, followed by a few cinereous scales. a white spot, edged with black, is found at the end of the cell. the apical third of the wing is shaded with cinereous. the hindwings are light fuscous. the larvae feed on antennaria luzuloides." ]

[ "diy complete carpenter ant kit made up of taurus sc and carpenter ant baits at a reduced cost .\npredators: animals that are trying to kill and eat the ant. a carpenter ant' s main predators are birds and ant eaters .\nthe maxforce carpenter ant bait gel contains honeydew, one of the major sweet - based food sources for carpenter ants .\nbut carpenter ants don’t have to be black. florida carpenter ants are reddish brown. and the yellow carpenter ant is a dull, off orange yellow color .\nclick here to see a close - up movie and a carpenter ant eating .\nadult workers and brood (larvae and pupae) of the florida carpenter ant .\ncarpenter ant & termite killer should not be applied to plants grown for food .\nwe carry a special kit (diy complete carpenter ant kit) with taurus s, plus two ant baits: maxforce carpenter ant bait gel, a sweet - based bait, and advance 375 a ant bait to provide for the ant' s protein - based dietary needs .\ncarpenter ants are unique and different from most other ants. regardless of which carpenter ant you have, their characteristics will include :\napply carpenter ant baits after inspecting their trails. the ant baits listed below are designed to attract carpenter ants. the foraging carpenter ants pick up the bait and share it with the entire colony, killing it .\nan important method for preventing carpenter ant problems indoors is to eliminate high moisture conditions .\nfigure 2. black carpenter ant queen (j. kalisch, u of nebraska )\nthis carpenter ant queen formed a small chamber under the loose bark of a log .\nhelps to eliminate much of the bird predation that affects other carpenter ant species. when provoked, carpenter ants lunge forward with their mandibles held apart. fights have been observed between colonies of other carpenter ant species, particularly\nother control options include terro ® ant dust, perimeter ant bait plus, ant killer plus or multi - purpose insect bait .\ninformation on the carpenter ant is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nsuccessful carpenter ant management comes down to “i nterview, i dentify and i nspect. ”\ncheck out this short video focusing on carpenter ants, the threats they pose to your property and how to avoid a carpenter ant infestation .\ncarpenter ant swarmers are winged ants that leave the colonies to mate and start their own colonies. larger than the average carpenter ant, swarmers are 3 / 4 inch in size. if you spot carpenter ant swarmers, it may be indication that a colony is located nearby .\nthe carpenter ant is one of the largest ant species in the u. s. , but seeing a large ant does not necessarily mean you have carpenter ants—and seeing only small ants doesn' t mean you don' t !\nthe newest and most efficient method of controlling carpenter ants is by using baits. baits work by decreasing the population of carpenter ants in an area, thus reducing their potential for entering a structure. advance carpenter ant bait (also available in bulk ant bait containers), niban granular bait and niban - fg fine granular bait are carpenter ant baits which can be used for both interior and exterior applications. maxforce carpenter ant bait gel is the fastest for indoor ant colonies .\nthere are two main types of ant problems that are commonly encountered with an ant problem .\nthere are a number of signs, which may indicate a carpenter ant problem in your home .\npricer jl (1908) the life history of the carpenter ant. biol bull 14: 177–218\ntl; dr find a video of camponotus saundersi, the malaysian exploding carpenter ant for science .\nfind more fun ant facts for kids in addition to ant control at the official npma website .\nehrlich pest control recommends the below carpenter ant control methods depending on the specific nature of your infestation .\ninfluence of virgin queens on kin recognition in the carpenter ant camponotus floridanus (hymenoptera: formicidae) .\nw. mackay and t. delsinne, “a new species of carpenter ant (hymenoptera: formicidae :\ndust material treatments - a very effective treatment method for carpenter ants indoors; pesticidal dust materials both flush out hidden ant nests and remove the carpenter ants .\nthe field ant (formica) may be identified as a carpenter ant. both carpenter ants and field ants have one node or a one - segmented waist. the field ants have an uneven thorax, and the carpenter ants have an evenly rounded thorax. the field ant may be found throughout the us .\na carpenter ant colony can consist of thousands of workers, but typically only one queen. like other ant species, the carpenter ant queens are responsible for laying eggs. winged male swarmers exist to mate with the female swarmers. shortly after mating, male carpenter ants die, having accomplished their only task .\nthe carpenter ants are finally gone, and you are just one step away from living an ant - free life. preventing against further infestations will spare you the effort of eliminating yet another carpenter ant intrusion .\ncarpenter ants in north america usually involve 3 main species. the florida carpenter ant usually referred to as the red and black carpenter ant, the camponotus modoc (western us) and camponotus pennsylvanicus (eastern us) usually referred to as the big black carpenter ants. since the florida carpenter ant, camponotus modoc and pennsylvanicus have similar nesting patterns and feeding patterns, we will focus on control of carpenter ants in general, although all carpenter ant species may have different diets and habits depending on the geographical region in which they are located, time of year, and certain other factors .\nabdomen: the back end of the ant, it contains the ant' s heart and stomach .\ncontact us for further information and help with your carpenter ant issue. 1 - 800 - 476 - 3368\nif you notice black carpenter ants, contact a professional immediately to discuss a proper course of ant control .\ncannon, c. , r. fell. 1992. cold hardiness of the overwintering black carpenter ant .\nworker and male reproductives of the tortugas carpenter ant. notice that the worker’s head is longer than broad .\nthe advance 375 a ant bait is a protein - based food for the ant' s protein needs .\nit' s an animation, i' m looking for an actual video of the malaysian exploding carpenter ant .\ncarpenter ants that are outside use live and dead insects for nourishment as well as honeydew from scale insects and aphids. carpenter ant workers actually feed larvae as well as the queen ant. carpenter ants that are indoors feed on sweets such as honey and jelly as well as meats .\nthe florida carpenter ant is found widely distributed throughout florida north to north carolina and west to mississippi and into louisiana. the tortugas carpenter ant is limited to central and southern portions of florida and tends to be mainly a nocturnal forager. the black carpenter ant is found throughout the eastern and central united states and southeastern and south central canada .\nwhile hiring a professional exterminator, using ant baits, spraying insecticides, or applying dust treatments are quick and time - proven remedies to annihilate carpenter ant infestations, you may be wondering how to get rid of carpenter ants naturally .\ncarpenter ants are in the genus camponotus, in which up to over 900 species have been described worldwide. they get their common name, “carpenter ant, ” because some species excavate nests in wood. carpenter ants are sometimes called bulldog ants or bull ants. however, not all species in the genus camponotus are true carpenter ants because some nest in preformed cavities or in soil. two carpenter ant species that are common around structures in the south are the florida carpenter ant and the tortugas carpenter ant. these bicolored arboreal ants are among the largest ants, making them apparent as they forage or fly indoors and out (figure 1) .\ngigadb dataset - doi 10. 5524 / 100018 - genome data from the florida carpenter ant (camponotus floridanus) .\nthe km ant pro ant bait station with gourmet liquid ant bait is by far the best overall pick for outside carpenter ant control. using this system, you only need to install it outside. there is no need to do anything inside. the reason is that carpenter ants will continually forage outdoors, even if they are found inside. carpenter ants only feed on plant nectars such as honeydew and nothing else. because of this, even if they are nesting indoors, carpenter ants will trail to the outside of the buildinge to feed. using the km ant pro ant bait system, you systematically give them what they are looking for - honeydew! try using the km ant pro ant bait system and you will find that your carpenter ant problems will soon slowly diminish, and eventually be gone for good .\ncarpenter ants are exceptionally common, exceptionally destructive pests. left unchecked, a carpenter ant infestation can spread rapidly. because of this, identifying and exterminating carpenter ants as early as possible can help prevent serious structural damage, which can be quite costly to repair. see step 1 below to start stamping out a carpenter ant infestation before it grows out of control .\nof all the ant species, carpenter ants are one of the most problematic. discover more information about this nuisance pest .\ngolden carpenter ant (mangaloma reserve in ecuador) photo by andreas kay, cc by - nc - sa 2. 0\nfigure 1. workers of camponotus planatus (roger), the compact carpenter ant (proposed common name), and camponotus floridanus (fr. smith), the florida carpenter ant. photograph by rudolf h. scheffrahn, university of florida .\nthe best carpenter ant baits are designed to target ants along their trails, making baits an excellent option for destroying outdoor carpenter ant colonies and preventing an indoor infestation. when carpenter ant workers are out foraging, they pick up the bait and carry it back to their nest, poisoning the entire ant colony. with carpenter ant baits, it’s important to find ones that are designed specifically to lure in ants (so other pests don’t take the bait instead) and are resistant to the elements, otherwise the ants might not get to them at all .\ncarpenter ant management can be challenging, but with an interview from the client, proper identification, comprehensive inspection of the property, and knowledge of carpenter ant biology and behavior, the tools for management can be applied with a greater measure of success .\ncarpenter ants are the largest ants that enter homes. if you see an ant that looks big, there is a good chance that ant is a carpenter ant. these ants are usually all black or a mix of dark red and black. if you look closely between its thorax and abdomen, you should see one node. while carpenter ants are not the only invading ant that has one node, a single node on a large ant should be enough for proper identification of this pest .\nuse outdoor baits such as the km ant pro liquid ant feeder and gourmet liquid ant bait whenever possible. carpenter ants feed on aphids so giving them something that mimics the sweet honey of aphids will drive them crazy and provide long term control .\nthe first step to abolishing your carpenter ant problem is to track down the nest. this can be done in several ways :\nsystematic relationships and cospeciation of bacterial endosymbionts and their carpenter ant host species: proposal of the new taxon candidatus blochmannia gen. nov\nsystematic relationships and cospeciation of bacterial endosymbionts and their carpenter ant host species: proposal of the new taxon candidatus blochmannia gen. nov\ni live in atlanta, georgia in a suburben area and want to get a carpenter ant queen it seems like everyone has one. i did have a colony but i didnt think it was a carpenter ant. please help, is it too late ?\ncarpenter ant queens lay eggs that become workers and future queens. after at least two years, the queen produces winged swarmers to form new colonies. a carpenter ant queen can survive up to 25 years and lay thousands of fertilized eggs during her lifespan .\nmany top - grade carpenter ant traps come in ‘kits’ with baits designed to cover all of a carpenter ant’s dietary needs, thus making them more likely to be picked up by foraging workers. however, do not place ant baits anywhere near repellents – the repellents will drive pests away from your baits, making them useless .\nfor successful, long - term control of carpenter ants, apply a contact killer, such as terro ® carpenter ant killer aerosol or carpenter ant killer ready - to - use spray inside or around the home where activity has been seen. for strictly outdoor use, terro ® offers its outdoor ant killer spray, which includes a precision tube that enables a stream up to 15 feet away .\nif you are reside in a region where there are a lot of carpenter ants, you should address the outside treated with dominion and bait with advance carpenter ant granules to keep their numbers in check .\npest management professionals may also offer services such as sealing or screening holes and crevices to help prevent further carpenter ant activity in homes .\nsystematic relationships and cospeciation of bacterial endosymbionts and their carpenter ant host species: proposal of the new taxon candidatus blochmannia gen. nov .\nsystematic relationships and cospeciation of bacterial endosymbionts and their carpenter ant host species: proposal of the new taxon candidatus blochmannia gen. nov .\nif you see small piles of wood shavings mixed with insect parts or insulation it can be a sign of carpenter ant nesting locations .\nlittle information is available regarding predation of black carpenter ants. insectivorous birds found in the eastern half of the united states are likely predators, but the nocturnal foraging of black carpenter ants helps them avoid bird predation. when provoked, carpenter ants lunge forward with their mandibles held apart. they may fight with colonies of other carpenter ant species, particularly\ncobratank wrote: i live in atlanta, georgia in a suburben area and want to get a carpenter ant queen it seems like everyone has one. i did have a colony but i didnt think it was a carpenter ant. please help, is it too late ?\ncarpenter ants get their name because they build their nests in wood. this pest can cause significant damage to your house. there are many types of carpenter ants throughout the u. s. measuring in size from one - quarter inch (about the width of a pencil) for a worker carpenter ant to three - quarters of an inch (about the size of a quarter) for a queen carpenter ant .\ntommy powell, owner of professional pest control products in pensacola, fla. , a distributor of pest control goods (www. pestproducts. com), said one effective indoor carpenter ant treatment is maxforce carpenter ant bait gel, an insecticide marketed primarily to professionals .\nit has a mixture of attractants carpenter ants like ,\nhe said .\ncarpenter ants go looking for food primarily when it’s dark – consider using a flashlight in the morning or evening to spot carpenter ants at work .\nwhenever possible, exterior baiting should be combined with an interior baiting program. this will speed the eradication process and provide residual bait in order to prevent a re - infestation. however, you must use a long - lasting bait like niban - fg fine granular bait or advance carpenter ant bait which will remain effective for months rather than days or weeks. maxforce carpenter ant gel should be incorporated into your ant control program indoors, especially for large or stubborn carpenter ant infestations .\ndr. potter noted, however, that more effective and easier - to - use carpenter ant treatments have recently emerged on the market .\n1. the very first step is to make sure you can identify an ant queen from a worker ant when you see one .\nomg! i caught a new queen ant! | a monster ant battle feat. trap - jaws, weaver ants, marauder ants\nwhat kind of damage can a carpenter ant do to my house? dr. jim fredericks, chief entomologist for the national pest management association, discusses. learn more about carpenter ants and the threats they pose .\ncarpenter ants stay true to their name and prefer to establish home in some form of rotting wood, but this can vary depending on the type of colony. there are two main types of carpenter ant nests :\nin borneo, there’s a carpenter ant called camponotus saundersi. this ant is under continuous attack from weaver ants because of foraging territories. weaver ants are quite ferocious, and it might be very hard for the carpenter ants to fight the weavers off. this might be the reason for the carpenter ants to have evolved a very unique and interesting behaviour…they explode .\nto effectively eliminate carpenter ants, you have to be certain that’s what you are dealing with. these are signs that you may have carpenter ants :\nthese baits work well on carpenter ants and resist the elements, making them hardy choices for outside baiting. carpenter ants feed on sweet foods during certain cycles, and at other times feed on protein foods. the maxforce carpenter ant bait gel contains honeydew, one of the major sweet - based food sources for these ants. the advance 375 a ant bait is a protein - based food for the ant' s protein needs .\ncarpenter ants often enter homes through openings such as foundation or attic vents, cracks, plumbing holes, entrances for telephone and electric wires, etc. one thing to look for during an inspection are tree branches that may be just above or in contact with the roof. firewood piles are prime nesting sites and should be treated with an appropriately labeled pesticide such as advance carpenter ant bait, suspend sc, talstar concentrate or cynoff. advance carpenter ant bait is an ant bait that is scattered around piles of wood, around structures or in the home. (also see: carpenter ant baits, maxforce ant baits, carpenter ant inspection .) suspend sc, talstar concentrate and cynoff are excellent pesticides used for immediate kill and long term control of carpenter ants and many other insect pests. if damage to fire wood is extensive, simply dispose of the wood .\nklotz, j. , b. reid, s. klotz. 1996. trailing the elusive carpenter ant: a key to its control .\nkeep in mind termites also generate swarmers as do a range of small ants. but carpenter ant swarmers are quite large and hard to mistake .\nin australia, aboriginals regularly eat the honeypot ant and its larva. in north america, lumbermen used to eat carpenter ants to prevent scurvy .\nfigure 3. worker of camponotus planatus (roger), the compact carpenter ant. photograph by rudolf h. scheffrahn, university of florida .\nw. p. mackay, m. a. mackay, and e. e. mackay, “an unusual new carpenter ant of the genus\na two to four foot band of niban granular bait or advance carpenter ant bait should be applied around the perimeter of the structure as well as around the base of all trees, stumps, firewood piles and other locations where carpenter ants may nest. niban granular bait should also be applied along ant trails and other areas where ant activity has been noted .\nthe first step to handling a carpenter ant is to make sure what you have is a carpenter ant infestation. correctly identifying the pest you’re dealing with will help you eliminate them as swiftly as possible (the last thing you want is to spend money on baits or pesticides that won’t work). the easiest way to be sure you have a carpenter ant infestation is, of course, to hire a professional to do an inspection .\ndon' t let carpenter ants do costly damage to your home or property. if you think that you have seen signs of carpenter ants, or seen ants themselves, then contact your local western exterminator ant specialist today .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - carpenter ant (camponotus ligniperda )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - carpenter ant (camponotus ligniperda )\ntitle =\narkive species - carpenter ant (camponotus ligniperda )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ncarpenter ants are usually seen in homes in the spring. if you see carpenter ants indoors during winter that means there is a nest inside your home .\nin order to effectively eliminate carpenter ants, you have to be absolutely sure that it is carpenter ants to begin with. look for the following signs :\nas indicated by its common name, black carpenter ant, this species is black in color. it has one petiole (a node in the constriction between the thorax and abdomen). like some other ant species ,\nresearchers say ophiocordyceps camponoti - rufipedis, known as the' zombie ant fungus,' controls the behavior of carpenter ant workers - camponotus rufipes - to die with precision attached to leaves in the understory of tropical forests .\nspecific characters for the florida carpenter ant include legs and antennal scapes with numerous long, coarse brown to golden erect hairs, shorter than those on the body. for the tortugas carpenter ant, specific characters include a major worker with head longer than broad; tibia of all legs and antennal scapes without erect hairs; and thinner than the florida carpenter ant and paler with less color contrast (figures 4 and 5). the tortugas carpenter ant workers are 6 to 11 mm in length. the tortugas carpenter ant workers tend to be reddish brown with their heads darker than the thorax, and their gaster is dark brown or black. black carpenter ant workers are 6 to 13 mm in length. their head, thorax, petiole (node), and gaster are dull black with pale yellow or light pubescence. the hairs found on the gaster are coarse, dense, and erect .\ncarpenter ants do not eat wood. carpenter ants eat aphid and other sweet sugary insects. aphids are their # 1 choice of food. carpenter ants will care for, groom, raise and nurture aphids within their colony in special\naphid\nchambers. carpenter ants do this to derive\nhoneydew\nfrom the aphids. aphids secret honeydew which is the carpenter ants favorite food. carpenter ants take care of aphids to get their honeydew. its nature' s way of allowing ants and aphids to live in harmony with each other. what happens when the aphids stop secreting honeydew? they become carpenter ant bait !\nthorax: the middle part of the ant' s body. this is where the six legs of an ant are connected to the body .\ngut symbionts within ant genera. furthermore, a consideration of the ant phylogeny identified at least five independent origins of symbioses between herbivorous ants and related\nvaranid wrote: now if only i could find a queen from an ant that is big enough to observe that is not a fire ant .\nnest: an ant nest is usually dug underground with a small mound of soil piled up around it - - also known as an ant hill. however in the case of carpenter ants, nests are built in living or dead wood. an ant colony can be made up of many ant nests - - just like a human city can have many apartment buildings .\na dead carpenter ant, with fungus sprouting from its head. a parasitic fungus, a species of ophiocordyceps, has the ability to take over the mind and body of the ant before leading it to its final resting place\nduring spring, carpenter ants look for protein sources, such as tuna packed in water. (carpenter ants are not attracted to tuna packed in oil. )\nthey may also use a moisture meter to find areas prone to carpenter ants .\ncarpenter ants are polymorphic which means they can come in a variety of sizes .\nwinged carpenter ants (also known as ‘swarmers’) are sometimes mistaken for termites .\ncarpenter ants feed on living and dead insects as well as anything people consume .\nyour ant control strategy should depend on the type of infestation and the type of ant that is responsible. identifying which type of ant you have is helpful, but may be difficult without a magnifying glass. it is also helpful to use a magnifying glass to inspect ant trails and nests .\nthere are two different kinds of carpenter ants. one has a reddish - brown head but features a black midsection. the other species is known as the black carpenter ant and they have a relatively uniform dark brown and black body .\nmoisture is a big factor in carpenter ant infestations. often, a patch of wood will become susceptible to infestation after it' s been exposed to moisture. by fixing or sealing any leaks that allow water into your house, you can make it much more difficult for carpenter ants to nest. below are a few suggestions for eliminating the moisture that can contribute to carpenter ant infestations :\nsystematic relationships and cospeciation of bacterial endosymbionts and their carpenter ant host species: proposal of the new taxon candidatus blochmannia gen. nov. — arizona state university\ncarlin n. f, reeve h. k, cover s. p. kin discrimination and division of labour among matrilines in the polygynous carpenter ant ,\ncarpenter ants are a fascinating member of the ant family and are fascinating to study due to their ability to work together in colonies and communicate with nestmates .\nthe compact carpenter ant, camponotus planatus (roger), although primarily an arboreal species, is increasingly becoming recognized as a structural pest in florida. this common name is still unofficial. a smaller, more\ncompact\nand close relative of the florida carpenter ant complex (camponotus floridanus and camponotus tortuganus) and often found living in close proximity with them, the compact carpenter ant is the subject of numerous inquiries to pest control operators in the south florida area .\ndamage from black carpenter ants, a common carpenter ant in the eastern u. s. , can be done in summer. it is important to watch for signs that these critters could be residing in your property. ehrlich can help you get rid of big black ants. reach out to us if you’ve got a carpenter ant problem and a friendly specialist will take care of the issue .\ndusting food - grade de (not the pool - grade stuff) over carpenter ant nests or injecting it directly into their nests via medicine droppers or hand dusters can destroy a colony of carpenter ants. however, like other home remedies, it may take repeated applications of diatomite to completely rid yourself of carpenter ants .\ncarpenter ants are very active at night. get a flashlight and go outside. look for carpenter ants trailing from trees, lumber, and other possible nesting sites. you can also follow trails of carpenter ants from the structure back to their nest .\nthere are two types of carpenter ant nests: parent colonies and satellite colonies. the workers of satellite colonies move frequently between their nest and the parent colony .\ntitle =\nsystematic relationships and cospeciation of bacterial endosymbionts and their carpenter ant host species: proposal of the new taxon candidatus blochmannia gen. nov .\n,\n, the black carpenter ant, is native to the nearctic region. its range covers the eastern half of the united states, and it is the most common\nunlike other carpenter ant baits, niban granular bait will not degrade from exposure to heat or sunlight and studies have shown that niban will remain effective through about two inches of rainfall. re - application of niban granular bait should be made periodically during intervals of very wet weather. advance carpenter ant bait is the newest bait for carpenter ants that is getting great reviews from pest control operators around the nation .\nthe first step in carpenter ant control should always include mechanical modifications to the structure and environment. the object is to reduce the avenues available for carpenter ants to enter a home or structure, as well as removing possible food and water sources .\ncharacterized these microbes as symbiotic residents of ant guts. although most of these symbionts were confined to turtle ants, bacteria from an ant - specific clade of\nkeep in mind that eliminating sources of food can lessen an infestation of carpenter ants .\nthreshold: if you’ve seen one or two carpenter ants, you need to act .\nmy outside wooden stairs have been rapidly deteriorating. can carpenter ants be destroying them ?\nnote: be sure to also check out at our store the antscanada ultimate ant keeping handbook™ e - book, an all - inclusive everything - you - need - to - know e - book on pro ant keeping, with all the latest and updated info on the ant keeping hobby. it’s definitely a resource every ant keeper should have. it even has a section on the care of specific ant species, and a complete glossary of ant - related terms .\nparent carpenter ant colonies sometimes establish one or more satellite nests in nearby indoor or outdoor sites. satellite nests are typically composed of workers, pupae and mature larvae .\nswarmers are most likely seen in spring. when carpenter ant nests wake up from a long winter, their first order of business is usually to send swarmers out .\nthe best way to handle carpenter ants, and carpenter ant infestations, as well as other ant problems is to prevent them from occurring in the first place. there are plenty of things you can do to stop these pests from invading your home – or thinking of coming back, if you’re concerned about a re - infestation .\nuse both baits for a complete balance of the ant' s dietary needs .\nis concentrated on branches leading to herbivorous ant taxa. this analysis enabled us to determine whether the relationship between these two variables was independent of the ant phylogeny .\nto get your ant problem under control, inspection is an important first step .\ncarpenter ants can cause a lot of damage and frustration if they are left unchecked. however, controlling, treating, and preventing carpenter ant infestation can be done with the right tools and awareness. if you suspect you have an infestation of carpenter ants in your home, there’s plenty you can do to fight back. remember, too, that if you’re not sure about your infestation – or you just can’t seem to get rid of your carpenter ant nests – consulting with a professional is also an option .\nyou may discover pieces of wood gathered up that look like sawdust, and they can include dead ants and parts of insects eaten by the carpenter ants. this signifies that carpenter ants may have made a nest in that area. if a carpenter ant nest is inside your premises, you will want to get it treated as soon as possible .\ncarpenter ants outdoors are usually always best controlled with baits. advance carpenter ant bait or km ant pro ant bait station are the only products that will effectively work long term to kill carpenter ants. these baits can be used in small quantities and applied close to the source of the nest or where the worker ants can pick them up. with advance carpenter ant bait, it is best to start with small quantities (tablespoon size) and check periodically to see if the ants are picking it up. if so, then more bait can be applied. apply as much bait as the ants will consume. remember, you may be dealing with a carpenter ant nest that contains tens of thousands of ants. if so, you may need to apply a lot of bait. how much you apply depends on how large the colony is .\nremove nearby rotting or dead trees in your backyard – these often provide ideal conditions for a carpenter ant nest and a good base from which they can explore the area closer or even inside your home. carpenter ants are known to travel great distances for food .\nant chemosensory biology .\nant chemosensory biology. ed. laurence j. zwiebel. vanderbilt university, n. d. web. 25 may 2017. urltoken\ncarpenter ant control begins with proper home maintenance. if you’ve had carpenter ant problems in the past, or if you’re afraid it might become a problem, the first thing you want to do is make sure your home is free of any excessive moisture, leaks, or plumbing problems. remember, damp and moist environments will draw ants in .\nblack carpenter ants are likely prey for several bird species. ants with the parasitic fluke ,\ncarney, w. 1969. behavioral and morphological changes in carpenter ants harboring dicrocoeliid metacercariae .\nhave you noticed big black ants around your property? they could be carpenter ants, often located in logs and trees or in beams of ceilings and wood doors. how can you tell these ants apart from termites? carpenter ant antennae are bent. if you see carpenter ants inside your structure in winter, this could signify a colony is located inside .\nperimeter treatments - in addition to applying a treatment to any carpenter ant nests / barriers, a treatment is applied to the perimeter of your home with a liquid residual material .\nbecause carpenter ants don’t eat wood, you can typically find small piles of wood shavings around locations infested by carpenter ants. these shavings will look like sawdust, and is also known as\noften confused with termites, carpenter ants do not eat wood but tunnel through it to build nests. unlike other ant species, carpenter ants can be difficult to locate and require professional treatment because of the damage they cause to wood elements and foam insulation in your home .\nunsure if you have a carpenter ant infestation in your home? call ehrlich pest control at 1 - 800 - 837 - 5520 or contact us online for further information on how to get rid of carpenter ants or to arrange a free inspection service by an ehrlich specialist .\nwhat is that ant? find out here with pictures, descriptions, and control .\nan ant can lift 20 times its own body weight. if a second grader was as strong as an ant, she would be able to pick up a car !\n- harboring ant genera (i. e. , those with nonzero values on the\ncan be distinguished from other ant species by the many distinctive hairs on its abdomen .\nbernasconi g, keller l. reproductive conflicts in cooperative associations of fire ant queens (\na mature myrmica sp ant colony with workers, alates, brood, and queen .\nsigns of carpenter ants: sawdust and “swarmers” nest construction for the carpenter ant is a process where the ant removes a piece of wood with its mandibles, and deposits this grain in a common repository. unlike termites, carpenter ants are unable to digest wood, so the end - result, when lots of ants are conducting the same, repetitive task, is an accumulation of sawdust in an unexpected area, with a seemingly unknown point of origin .\nshape: segmented with oval abdomen and boxy, thin thorax. the tops of carpenter ant thoraxes typically have a smooth, even curve, rather than an uneven or bumpy one .\nsauer c, stackebrandt e, gadau j, hölldobler b, gross r. systematic relationships and cospeciation of bacterial endosymbionts and their carpenter ant host species: proposal of the new taxon\nvan zweden js, dreier s, d' ettorre p (2009) disentangling environmental and heritable nestmate recognition cues in a carpenter ant. journal of insect physiology 55: 158–163 .\ncarpenter ants are the largest pest ants in the united state. the black carpenter ant (camponotus pennsylvanicus) is common in the midwest. the typical adult, known as a “worker” ant, is black, wingless and varies from ¼ - to ½ - inch in length. the size and color of carpenter ants vary considerably between species and even between ants from the same colony, so these features cannot be relied upon for identification. instead, look first for the carpenter ant’s smoothly rounded thorax (viewed from the side) and single node (the small triangular connection between the abdomen and thorax; some ants have two nodes) .\nduring construction, the application of niban - fg fine granular bait in wall voids and other confined spaces will help prevent carpenter ant infestations. re - application of these baits on a periodic basis will significantly reduce the likelihood of carpenter ants establishing a satellite colony within a structure .\ncarpenter ants are interesting. there are many types. one kind of carpenter ant in asia will commit suicide to protect the nest by causing its head to explode, spraying the enemy with a toxic substance. this is known as autothysis. that would be something to see .\neliminate moisture problems in and around your home – carpenter ants prefer moist places to dry environments .\nbecause moist wood is easier than dry wood for carpenter ants to tunnel through, the interior locations of carpenter ants will often be near a moisture source, like a leaky sink or bath .\nproven, natural and organic treatments for getting rid of carpenter ants in the house and outside .\nspotting worker ants is probably the easiest way to establish that your problem is carpenter ant - related. finding these worker ants can also help you locate the ant nest, but even that isn’t conclusive. they might just be coming in to look for food or water .\ncarpenter ants can be rather ominous looking due to their size. among the largest ants in the united states, winged queens can be a frightening one inch long. fortunately, the black, wingless worker ants are smaller, varying in length from 3 / 8 to 1 / 2 - inch. carpenter ants also vary in color from species to species. the more common black carpenter ant is dark in color; other types of carpenter ants range from yellow to red .\nogg, b. 2013 .\ncarpenter ant management\n( on - line). university of nebraska - lincoln extension in lancaster county. accessed june 15, 2013 at urltoken .\ncarlin, n. f. , h. k. reeve and s. p. cover, 1993. kin discrimination and division of labour among matrilines in the polygynous carpenter ant ,\nperimeter treatments of building foundations, lawns or trees with a liquid insecticide will help prevent outdoor foraging ants from entering. outdoor sprays such as phantom or termidor are very effective at killing carpenter ants. outdoor liquid ant feeders such as the km ant pro ant bait station also provide excellent long term protection and only have to be refilled with new bait every 90 days .\nthough they usually nest in wood, if a carpenter ant colony is within the wall of your home, you may have a hard time finding it. if you suspect you have carpenter ants, it' s a good idea to look for them in easily - accessible places where you\nfind out how to prevent an ant infestation in your home with these six simple tips .\nfor each ant species in each location. using these values, we calculated the average δ\nhölldobler b (1976) tournaments and slavery in a desert ant. science 192: 912–914\nall of these chemicals are made in exocrine glands found throughout the ant' s body .\nthe fungus grows a stalk, called the stroma, which protrudes from the ant cadaver .\nwhat happens to ants in the winter? they hibernate [ see ant biology section ] .\nthis entry was posted in ant science and tagged camponotus, defense. bookmark the permalink .\ncarpenter ants are large, from 1 / 4–3 / 8 - inches long and are one - node ants. they are dark brown to black, but some may have red or yellow coloration. the black carpenter ant, camponotus pennsylvanicus, in the east and c. modoc in the west are the most thoroughly studied species in the united states. other species of camponotus are distributed throughout the country. the queens are slightly bigger than the workers. the workers of an established colony vary in size. the most common variety of carpenter ant is large and black, but the florida carpenter ant is smaller and ranges in color from yellow, red, brown to black .\nwhen you have an indoor carpenter ant infestation, how to treat carpenter ants becomes a little more complicated. your safest bet for these sorts of situations would be to call a professional exterminator. however, if you are willing to do some handiwork, it’s possibly to handle the extermination yourself .\nconfirming that your house is being infested by carpenter ants is crucial to successfully ridding your home of these wood - destroying pests. carpenter ants require specialized treatment solutions that differ from other types of ants .\nants follow scent trails to and from food sources. carpenter ants choose moist wood for nesting sites .\nit' s hard to say for certain, but it sure sounds like carpenter ants to me .\nkaufmann e. 2002. southeast asian ant - gardens: diversity, ecology, ecosystematic significance, and evolution of mutualistic ant - epiphyte associations. phd thesis, university frankfurt, germany .\nthe most effective way to get rid of carpenter ants is to find the nest and destroy it. common places to find carpenter ant nests include hollow doors, window sills, roof areas and wall voids. however, it can sometimes be difficult to find the nest for a number of reasons :\ncarpenter ant control can be challenging it’s difficult to eliminate this common household pest, so early detection is critical and it’s important to work with a trained professional who employs an integrated pest management approach .\ncarpenter ants can be considered wood destroying pests because of their ability to cause damage to wood. the amount of damage carpenter ants cause is usually far less in comparison to that of subterranean termites, however, if carpenter ant nests are left untreated and undisturbed, the shear numbers of ants can be enormous and the resulting damage caused by\nmining\nof wood to increase the nest can be substantial .\nthere are plenty of options to choose from, and some options will handle the problem even if you’ve incorrectly identified the pest (several pesticides, for example, will kill both termites and carpenter ants, because it is easy to confuse one for the other). what kills carpenter ants best depends on your exact situation, and most carpenter ant killers are designed with certain types of infestation in mind .\ncarpenter ants can (and will) establish a nest inside or outside of any type of structure, but wooden homes are especially at risk because carpenter ants like to bore tiny tunnels into wood. unlike termites, carpenter ants don' t eat wood - they only tunnel into the structure to create a nest .\ncarpenter ant control begins with a search for the colony or nest. before any efforts are made to eradicate carpenter ants, a program or strategy needs to be implemented. do not simply spray\nsomething\non the carpenter ants without considering the consequences. simply spraying an\nover the counter poison\non the ants without any other consideration will greatly complicate your control and sometimes make the infestation much worse .\n; emergence of the fly larva can cause decapitation of the ant host. another phorid fly ,\ngenetic relatedness in the ant camponotus herculeanus. a comparison of estimates from allozyme and dna microsatellite markers\ngyllenstrand n, gertsch p. j, pamilo p. polymorphic microsatellite dna markers in the ant\nsnyder l. e. non - random behavioural interactions among genetic subgroups in a polygynous ant .\nreplace rotted, water - damaged, and previously ant - infested wooden parts of the structure .\nlalzar, i, t. simon & r. k. vander - meer 2010. alteration of cuticular hydrocarbon composition affects heterospecific nestmate recognition in the carpenter ant camponotus fellah. chemoecology 20: 19–24 .\ncarpenter ants can enter from areas where moisture is or has been a problem, e. g. :\nwhere do they live? carpenter ants reside both outdoors and indoors in moist, decaying or hollow wood .\ncarpenter ants build their nests outdoors in various wood sources, including tree stumps, firewood or landscaping. they need a constant water source to survive. carpenter ants will enter the house through wet, damaged wood .\ncarpenter ants typically chew on wood as they create nests. this chewing can cause a range of damage .\ni live in central illinois. i need to know when carpenter or sugar ants will start nuptial flights .\n: four new species described from carpenter ants in minas gerais, brazil. plos one 6: e17024 .\nto help eliminate the evasion of carpenter ants, wood should be kept dry. rotting or damaged wood should be replaced. exterior wood should be painted and sealed. carpenter ants rarely make nests in healthy wood .\nin a forest, carpenter ants often work to eliminate dead or decaying wood and keep the woods healthier .\nmost people are familiar with the fire ant and its painful sting, but that red insect might seem tame when you consider its cousin, the malaysian ant. also known as the exploding ant, this little insect really takes its job as a soldier to the extreme. the malaysian ant is as tiny as any ordinary ant, but built to serve and protect the rest of the colony. considered a soldier ant, its insides are packed with poisonous sacks from its head all the way down its back. when a predator appears, the ant will contract its muscles to build up the poison. then, similar to a pressure cooker, it explodes, spraying the toxins on the threat. the predator can die from the poison, or if it' s large enough to survive, it will think twice before approaching another ant in the area. but the malaysian ant dies as well, giving its life and limbs for the greater good of the ant colony." ]

{ "text": [ "carpenter ants ( camponotus spp. ) are large ( 0.3 to 1.0 in or 0.76 to 2.54 cm ) ants indigenous to many forested parts of the world .", "they build nests inside wood consisting of galleries chewed out with their mandibles , preferably in dead , damp wood .", "they do not consume the wood , however , unlike termites .", "sometimes , carpenter ants hollow out sections of trees .", "they also commonly infest wooden buildings and structures , and are a widespread nuisance and major cause of structural damage .", "one of the most familiar species associated with human habitation in the united states is the black carpenter ant ( camponotus pennsylvanicus ) .", "the genus includes over 1,000 species . " ], "topic": [ 25, 28, 4, 18, 12, 13, 26 ] }

[ "carpenter ants (camponotus spp.) are large (0.3 to 1.0 in or 0.76 to 2.54 cm) ants indigenous to many forested parts of the world. they build nests inside wood consisting of galleries chewed out with their mandibles, preferably in dead, damp wood. they do not consume the wood, however, unlike termites. sometimes, carpenter ants hollow out sections of trees. they also commonly infest wooden buildings and structures, and are a widespread nuisance and major cause of structural damage. one of the most familiar species associated with human habitation in the united states is the black carpenter ant (camponotus pennsylvanicus). the genus includes over 1,000 species." ]

[ "have a fact about hypatima nodifera? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for hypatima nodifera? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhypatima nodifera; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nchelaria nodifera meyrick, 1930; ann. soc. ent. fr. 99 (suppl): 724; tl: tonkin\nhypatima antsianakella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 209\nhypatima issikiana; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima manjakatompo viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 211\nhypatima perinetella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 210\nhypatima venefica; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima anguinea; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37\nhypatima antiastis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima apparitrix; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima aridella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima caryodora; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima cirrhospila; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima corynetis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima ericta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima indica; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima instaurata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima isopogon; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima isoptila; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima isotricha; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima lactifera; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima melanocharis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima orthomochla; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima parichniota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima particulata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima phacelota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima pilosella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima rhicnota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima silvestris; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima syncrypta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima tephroptila; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima tonsa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima verticosa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima xerophanta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima xylotechna; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima acicula park & ponomarenko, 1999; species diversity 4: 326; tl: s. thailand, khaoyai\nhypatima stenosa park & ponomarenko, 1999; species diversity 4: 331; tl: s. thailand, khaoyai\nhypatima mangiferae satter, 1989; bull. ent. res. 79 (3): 412; tl: kenya\nhypatima disetosella park, 1995; tropical lepid. 6 (1): 75; tl: nantou co. , taiwan\nhypatima issikiana park, 1995; tropical lepid. 6 (1): 77; tl: pingtung co. , taiwan\nhypatima nigro - grisea [ = nigrogrisea ] janse, 1949; moths s. afr. 5 (1): 47\nhypatima rhomboidella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40; [ fe ]\nhypatima spathota; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima excellentella ponomarenko, 1991; ent. obozr. 70 (3): 617; tl: barabash - levada, primorskii krai\nhypatima venefica ponomarenko, 1991; ent. obozr. 70 (3): 616; tl: barbash - levada, primorskii krai\nhypatima disetosella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 47; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima pentagonia park & ponomarenko, 1999; species diversity 4: 325; tl: nw. thailand, chiang mai, doi suthep - pui np, 1380m\nhypatima arignota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38; park & ponomarenko, 1999, species diversity 4: 330\nhypatima haligramma; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39; park & ponomarenko, 1999, species diversity 4: 332\nhypatima iophana; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 29; park & ponomarenko, 1999, species diversity 4: 322\nhypatima teramotoi ueda, 2012; trans. lepid. soc. japan 62 (2): 81; tl: japan, honshu, osaka pref. , sakai city\nhypatima acris park, 1995; tropical lepid. 6 (1): 83; tl: taiwan, tainan co. , 2 - 3km s kwantzuling, ca. 350m\nhypatima excellentella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38; bae, lee & park, 2014, ent. res. 44: 19 (list )\nhypatima (chelariini); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ fe ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 182; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 166; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 189; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 192; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 249; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 167; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 198; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\nchelaria agriogramma meyrick, 1926; sarawak mus. j. 3: 153; tl: mt murud, 4500ft\nchelaria albo - grisea [ = albogrisea ] walsingham, 1881; trans. ent. soc. 1881 (2): 264, pl. 12, f. 34; tl: spring vale\nchelaria ammonura meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 430; tl: queensland, brisbane\nchelaria anguinea meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 161; tl: khasi hills, assam\nanthotypa (meyrick, 1939) (chelaria); trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 89 (4): 54\nchelaria antiastis meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 514; tl: andamans, port blair\nchelaria apparitrix meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 164; tl: java, preanger, 5000ft\nchelaria aridella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 639; tl: sarawak, borneo\nartochroma diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 20\nchelaria attenuata meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 300; tl: new south wales, sydney\nchelaria baliodes lower, 1920; trans. proc. r. soc. s. aust. 44: 66; tl: warra, s. queensland\nchelaria binummulata meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 513; tl: natal, weenen\nchelaria brachyrrhiza meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 431; tl: fiji, lautoka\nchelaria caryodora meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 164; tl: khasi hills, assam\nchelaria cirrhospila meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 302; tl: khasi hills, assam\nchelaria corynetis meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 162; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\ncryptopluta diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 21\nnothris cyrtopleura turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 165; tl: n. australia, port darwin; n. queensland, kuranda\nchelaria demonstrata meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 303; tl: new guinea, kei is .\nchelaria dermatica meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 432; tl: queensland, brisbane\ntaiwan, thailand, philippines, ceylon, andaman is. , borneo, sulawesi, queensland. see [ maps ]\ntituacea [ sic ] deviella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 43\nchelaria discissa meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 581; tl: queensland, cairns\ndisposita (meyrick, 1931) (chelaria); exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 71\nnothris dissidens meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 301; tl: waterval onder\nephippias (meyrick, 1937) (chelaria); exotic microlep. 5 (3): 95\nchelaria ericta meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 162; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\nchelaria euchorda meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 31; tl: brazil, para, parintins\ncymatomorpha euplecta meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 412; tl: brisbane, queensland; sydney, new south wales; gisborne, victoria; quorn, south australia\nlarva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nchelaria formidolosa meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 581; tl: natal, pinetown\nchelaria haligramma meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (12): 382; tl: anakapalli, s. india\nlarva on anacardium occidentale ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nchelaria harpophora meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 431; tl: queensland, brisbane\npsoricoptera hora busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 14; tl: alhajuela, panama\nchelaria improba meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 297; tl: barberton\ngelechia indica swinhoe, 1885; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1885: 884; tl: bombay, india\nchelaria instaurata meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 165; tl: java, preangor, 5000ft\nchelaria iophana meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 162; tl: ceylon\nchelaria isopogon meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 513; tl: belke, kanara, india\nchelaria isoptila meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 163; tl: kandy, ceylon\nchelaria isotricha meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 164; tl: java, preangor, 5000ft\nchelaria lactifera meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 161; tl: khasi hills, assam\nchelaria lecticata meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 282; tl: transvaal, pilgrims rest\nchelaria loxosaris meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 21; tl: natal, umkomaas\nchelaria mancipata meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 297; tl: three sisters\nchelaria melanecta meyrick, 1914; ann. s. afr. mus. 10 (8): 246; tl: transvaal, johannesburg\nchelaria melanocharis meyrick, 1934; exotic microlep. 4 (16 - 17): 511; tl: telawa, java\nchelaria meliptila meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 283; tl: new ireland, st. matthias i .\nchelaria metaphorica meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 430; tl: queensland, brisbane\nchelaria microgramma meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 301; tl: new south wales, sydney\nmycetinopa (meyrick, 1934) (chelaria); exotic microlep. 4 (15): 451\nchelaria nimbigera meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 283; tl: new ireland, new hanover i .\nchelaria orthomochla meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (7): 199; tl: java\nchelaria orthostathma meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 429; tl: queensland, brisbane\nchelaria parichniota meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 4; tl: likiang, china\nchelaria particulata meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 167; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\nchelaria phacelota meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 166; tl: peradeniya, ceylon\ngelechia pilosella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 640; tl: sarawak, borneo\nchelaria probolaea meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 298; tl: barberton\nallocota procax meyrick, 1911; trans. linn. soc. lond. (2) 14: 274\nchelaria rhicnota meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 580; tl: shevaroys, s. india\nlarva on mangifera indica ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\n=; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40; [ nhm card ]\n=; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40; [ nhm card ]\nlarva on betula spp. , alnus spp. , corylus avellana, carpinus betulus, populus spp. ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nchelaria scopulosa meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 165; tl: karwar, kanara\ncymatomorpha scotia turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 160; tl: n. queensland, kuranda\nchelaria silvestris meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 164; tl: khasi hills, assam\nallocota simulacrella meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 420; tl: sydney, new south wales\nchelaria solutrix meyrick, 1911; ann. transv. mus. 3 (1): 69; tl: woodbush village\nsorograpta (meyrick, 1931) (chelaria); exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 70\nchelaria spathota meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 165; tl: konkan, bombay\nlarva on mangifera indica, lannea grandis ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\ndeuteroptila sphenophora meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 419; tl: brisbane, queensland\nchelaria stasimodes meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 70\nsubdentata diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 17\ngelechia sublectella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 640; tl: sarawak, borneo\nchelaria syncrypta meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 580; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\nchelaria tenebrosa meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 301; tl: south australia, quorn\nchelaria tephroplintha meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 30; tl: fiji, labasa\nchelaria tephroptila meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 70; tl: mahableshwar, bombay\nlarva on quercus acutissima, quercus serrata, q. variabilis, q. glauca, q. phillyraeoides ueda, 2012, trans. lepid. soc. japan 62 (2): 85\nchelaria tessulata meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 431; tl: queensland, cairns\nsemodictis tetraptila meyrick, 1909; ann. transv. mus. 2 (1): 16, pl. 5, f. 7; tl: kranspoort, pretoria\nchelaria tonsa meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 164; tl: khasi hills, assam\nepisacta toreuta turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 162; tl: n. queensland, kuranda, near cairns\nchelaria trachyspila meyrick, 1933; exotic microlep. 4 (12): 354\nchelaria triannulata meyrick, 1911; ann. transv. mus. 3 (1): 69; tl: woodbush village\ntricosma (meyrick, 1933) (chelaria); exotic microlep. 4 (12): 355\nlarva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nchelaria verticosa meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 166; tl: n. coorg, 3500ft\nchelaria xerophanta meyrick, 1930; ann. soc. ent. fr. 99 (suppl): 724; tl: tonkin\nchelaria xylotechna meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (7): 199; tl: java\nchelaria zesticopa meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 514; tl: texas, alpine, fort davis, 5000 - 8000ft; new mexico, bent, 7000ft\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea, results of the third archbold expedition (american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939). part iv\nthe natural history of british insects; explaining them in their several states... with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope\nlepidoptera britannica, sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter... adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum clases, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, symonymis, locis. tomis i. 10th edition\nin gardiner, no. xii. tortricina and tineina. results of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905\nwalsingham, 1881 on the tortricidae, tineidae, and pterophoridae of south africa trans. ent. soc. 1881 (2): 219 - 288, pl. 10 - 13\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word nigrogrisea. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word nigrogrisea and, of course, nigrogrisea synonyms and on the right images related to the word nigrogrisea .\nthis is the place for nigrogrisea definition. you find here nigrogrisea meaning, synonyms of nigrogrisea and images for nigrogrisea copyright 2017 © urltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "hypatima nodifera is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by meyrick in 1930 .", "it is found in vietnam .", "the wingspan is about 18 mm .", "the forewings are whitish fuscous with a fuscous streak along the costa from one-third to near the apex , posteriorly with four oblique fine whitish strigulae and a streak of undefined fuscous suffusion beneath the middle from the base to the apex .", "in this , on the end of the cell , is a small blackish spot edged laterally with oblique whitish marks and between this and the apex are two fine black lines .", "the plical and second discal stigmata are linear and black and there is a small whitish mark on the costa before the apex connected with the extremity of the fourth strigula .", "the hindwings are light grey , becoming hyaline towards the base and with the veins and apex suffused dark grey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "hypatima nodifera is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it was described by meyrick in 1930. it is found in vietnam. the wingspan is about 18 mm. the forewings are whitish fuscous with a fuscous streak along the costa from one-third to near the apex, posteriorly with four oblique fine whitish strigulae and a streak of undefined fuscous suffusion beneath the middle from the base to the apex. in this, on the end of the cell, is a small blackish spot edged laterally with oblique whitish marks and between this and the apex are two fine black lines. the plical and second discal stigmata are linear and black and there is a small whitish mark on the costa before the apex connected with the extremity of the fourth strigula. the hindwings are light grey, becoming hyaline towards the base and with the veins and apex suffused dark grey." ]

[ "pagara eudora dyar, 1894; ent. news. 5 (6): 198\nneoplynes eudora; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 520, pl. 33, f. 31; [ nacl ], # 8101; [ nhm card ]; schmidt & opler, 2008, zootaxa 1677: 17\nneoplynes cytheraea; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 520, f. 373; [ nhm card ]\nneoplynes (lithosianae) hampson, 1900; cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: xix, 90, 250; ts: lithosia cytheraea druce\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndyar, h. g. , 1894. a new form of pagara. entomological news, 5: 198 .\nannotated check list of the noctuoidea (insecta, lepidoptera) of north america north of mexico. donald j. lafontaine, b. christian schmidt. 2010. zookeys 40: 1–239 .\nrevised checklist of the tiger moths of the continental united states and canada b. christian schmidt & paul a. opler. 2008. zootaxa 1677: 1–23 .\narthropods of florida and neighboring land areas: lepidoptera of florida j. b. heppner. 2003. florida department of agriculture 17 (1): 1 - 670 .\ncontributed by maury j. heiman on 29 january, 2014 - 6: 28pm\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants in idaho .\nlithosia (?) cytheraea druce, 1894; ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 13: 177; tl: near durango, mexico\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy." ]

{ "text": [ "neoplynes eudora is a moth of the family erebidae .", "it was described by dyar in 1894 .", "it is found in florida , georgia , north carolina and texas .", "the wingspan is about 24 mm .", "adults have been recorded on wing year round . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 8 ] }

[ "neoplynes eudora is a moth of the family erebidae. it was described by dyar in 1894. it is found in florida, georgia, north carolina and texas. the wingspan is about 24 mm. adults have been recorded on wing year round." ]

[ "a new species of lanternshark, etmopterus benchleyi, has been named the ninja lanternshark .\nthe newly minted ninja lanternshark is the first lanternshark to be found in the waters off of central america .\nnow, we have one more to add to the list. meet the newest type of lanternshark: the ninja lanternshark .\nthey went over a few names, including left shark lanternshark and super ninja shark, until finally settling on a name her colleagues would find more reasonable: ninja lanternshark .\nfour children, ages 8 to 14, decided upon the name “ninja lanternshark. ”\nthe ninja lanternshark was found in the pacific ocean off the coast of central america .\nthe newly discovered ninja lanternshark sounds like it was named by children. that’s because it was .\ncredit: victoria elena vasquez / journal of the ocean science foundation a new species of lanternshark, etmopterus benchleyi, has been named the ninja lanternshark .\nthe ninja lanternshark grows to a length of about half a meter. photo courtesy of vicky vásquez .\nfour children, ages 8 to 14 years old, decided upon the name\nninja lanternshark .\nthe ninja lanternshark is the name of the new species as outlined in the journal of ocean science foundation .\nmarine biologists have discovered a brand new species of lanternshark that is so stealthy, they' ve likened it a japanese ninja .\nebert says the discovery of the ninja lanternshark is just another example of how many species are still out there waiting to be described .\nthe ninja lanternshark is the common name for etmopterus benchleyi, as outlined in an article of the journal of the ocean science foundation .\nalthough the researchers have dubbed it ninja lanternshark, its official name is etmopterus benchleyi - named after the novelist peter benchley who wrote jaws .\na shark collected during a research expedition in 2010 turns out to be a ninja lanternshark, a brand new species of shark, so named because it is all black, which is how a ninja is typically dressed .\n“the suggested common name, the ninja lanternshark, refers to the uniform black coloration and reduced photophore complement used as concealment in this species, somewhat reminiscent of the typical outfit and stealthy behavior of a japanese ninja. ”\nthe ninja lanternshark (etmopterus benchleyi), adult female, 45. 8 cm long. image credit: v. e. vásquez et al .\nthe holotype specimen of the new ninja lanternshark etmopterus benchleyi, collected off the pacific coast of central america in 2010. photograph by d. ross robertson .\ncite this article: jason bittel “meet the new “ninja lanternshark”, ” hakai magazine, dec 22, 2015, accessed july 10th, 2018, urltoken .\nwe felt those unique characteristics would make this species stealthy like a ninja .\na\njaws\ninspired view of the newly identified lanternshark species etmopterus benchleyi .\nthe ninja lanternshark was found in the pacific ocean off the coast of central america. locations where the shark and others in the same genus are pictured in this map from the journal\nit' s the first lanternshark that' s ever been found in central american waters. vásquez said they were able to identify it as a lanternshark based on several characteristics .\nthe species of lanternshark is the first of its kind ever found in central american waters .\nthis newly named fish is the first lanternshark to be found in waters off central america .\nyou will never see the ninja lanternshark coming, not because it’s dark and elusive, but because you won’t be swimming below 1, 000 feet deep off the coast of central america any time soon .\nscientists have discovered a new species of shark, one with jet - black skin, bulbous eyes, and special cells that allow it to glow in the dark. they call it the ninja lanternshark .\na team of marine biologists, led by dr victoria vásquez of moss landing marine laboratories, chose the scientific name etmopterus benchleyi for the new species. it also will be known as the ninja lanternshark .\n1. ninja lanternshark: so unusual, we didn' t even know it existed until 2015. the ninja uses photophores in its skin to produce a faint glow. together with its dark skin, this helps it appear invisible to the small fish and shrimp it eats, as well as larger predators .\nthe ninja lanternshark is a moderately large species of etmopterus, no more than 20. 3 inches (51. 5 cm) long. like other lanternsharks, it has light - emitting organs called photophores .\nbecause the central american shark glows in the dark — its skin contains photophores that emit a faint glow — and its skin is a stealthy black color, the team eventually settled on ninja lanternshark. researcher vicky vásquez said the name was inspired by her eight - year - old cousins, who had suggested the name\nsuper ninja shark .\nthe ninja lanternshark (pictured) can grow up to half a metre long (19 inches) and is the first species of lanternshark to be found in the region, which stretches from nicaragua to panama. the discovery was made by a team of marine biologists, led by vicky vasquez, from the pacific shark research center in california\nthe eight specimens of the ninja lanternshark were collected, in the eastern pacific ocean from nicaragua south to panama, by d. ross robertson of the smithsonian tropical research institute on the spanish research vessel b / o miguel oliver .\nafter talking with her co - authors, she wrote in the report ,\nthe suggested common name, the ninja lanternshark, refers to the uniform black coloration and reduced photophore complement used as concealment in this species, somewhat reminiscent of the typical outfit and stealthy behavior of a japanese ninja .\n[ bioluminescent: a glow in the dark gallery ]\nthey started with' super ninja,' but i had to scale them back ,\nvásquez said, laughing .\nmeet the ninja lanternshark. it was officially declared a species just last week, and its superhero - esque new nickname — known scientifically as a\ncommon name\n— makes up for its slightly unsettling little frown mouth and iridescent eyeballs .\nsay hello to the ninja lanternshark, a species of shark that has only just been discovered. it' s really weird. it hides in the deep - where its black skin keeps it camouflaged - but it also glows in the dark .\nthey settled on “super ninja shark. ” vásquez helped them scale that back to a name she knew could stick (latin scientific names are assigned according to a formal process; common names are suggestions the world usually ends up following): “ninja lanternshark. ” the stealthy hunter glows faintly in the depths, which serves to cloak it amid the dim sunlight that filters down .\nthe body of the ninja lanternshark that the researchers examined was originally caught in 2010 in the waters of central america. however, it was sent to the academy for temporary storage where it remained\nunlooked at for five years ,\nvásquez said .\nthe ninja lanternshark was discovered by a team at the pacific shark research center, in moss landing, california. its official latin name is etmopterus benchleyi, after jaws author peter benchley. but its common name was coined by the cousins of researcher vicky vásquez. the four of them, aged 8 to 14, suggested\nsuper ninja shark\nbut she scaled it back, according to hakai magazine .\nhowever, etmopterus benchleyi is a mouthful, so vásquez enlisted her four young cousins and a group of high school students she mentors to come up with a common name. she is now urging shark enthusiasts to call the newly identified species the\nninja lanternshark .\na new and special species of shark, called the ninja lanternshark, has been newly discovered and lives off central america. its name came from four children who noticed that the shark has jet - black skin, bulging eyes and cells that make it glow in the dark .\n[ source: etmopterus benchleyi n. sp. , a new lanternshark (squaliformes: etmopteridae) from the central eastern pacific ocean ]\nthe ninja lanternshark is roughly half a metre, or 18 inches long, and it lives at a depth of about 1, 000 metres off the pacific coast of central america. its odd combination of dark and light helps it creep up on its prey, ms vásquez believes .\n“it is also the first lanternshark to ever be discovered off of the central eastern pacific ocean near central america, ” vasquez pointed out .\na tooth count of the ninja lanternshark' s lower jaw (pictured) found it contained between 30 and 36 teeth. this means the animals have more teeth than of their closely related species of lantern shark (e. granulosus) but not as high as another (e. litvinovi )\nit is also the first lanternshark to ever be discovered off of the central eastern pacific ocean near central america ,\nvasquez pointed out .\nmarine biologists have discovered a brand new species of lanternshark (pictured) that is so stealthy, they' ve likened it a japanese ninja. the skin of the shark also contains so - called photophores, that make the fish' glow' as it hunts its prey in the depths of the pacific ocean\nit' s not a big shark, at about 1. 5 feet long. as a lanternshark, it has bioluminescent features on its body .\nwhile the ninja lanternshark may seem odd, it pales against its other family members. a fully grown goblin shark (pictured) is between 10ft and 14ft (3 and 4 metres) long and these weird, but amazing creatures skulk about the ocean floor at depths of up to 3, 900ft (1, 200 metres )\nthe shark’s scientific name features a tribute to jaws author peter benchley, and was given its nickname due to its use of bioluminescence and “stealthy behavior” reminiscent of a japanese ninja .\nthe ocean can be a deep and dark place, but the so - called ninja shark can light up its surroundings with a dimly glowing head, according to a new report .\nit can grow up to 19 inches (half a metre) long and is the first species of lanternshark to be found in the region, which stretches from nicaragua to panama .\nit can grow up to half a metre long (19 inches) and is the first species of lanternshark to be found in the region, which stretches from nicaragua to panama .\nvasquez said that while her cousins had opted for the initial name of ‘super ninja shark, ’ due to the animal’s sleek shadowy appearance, the shark’s name was toned down a little to its current moniker .\nthe new report documents the first time a lanternshark has ever been found off the pacific coast of central america, vásquez told live science. [ in photos: spooky deep - sea creatures ]\nthe name was given the shark by young cousins of one of the paper' s researchers, victoria elena vasquez, according to the huffinton post. another name considered was left shark lanternshark .\n“the species is named in honor of peter benchley, author of jaws and subsequently an avid shark conservationist. his legacy, the benchley awards, recognizes outstanding achievements in ocean conservation. in line with mr. benchley’s outreach efforts, the privilege of deciding a common name for this species was bestowed upon four young shark enthusiasts, ages 8 to 14, and relatives of the first author (vev). the suggested common name, the ninja lanternshark, refers to the uniform black coloration and reduced photophore complement used as concealment in this species, somewhat reminiscent of the typical outfit and stealthy behavior of a japanese ninja. ”\nthe discovery of the new lanternshark was made off of eight specimens. the shark lives in the central pacific ocean’s “twilight zone, ” from around 800 to 1, 400 meters deep. photo courtesy of vicky vásquez\nvásquez said ninja lanternsharks live in the deep ocean. they have tiny dots that glow throughout their body, which, unlike most bioluminescent creatures, they use to camouflage themselves within the deep' s limited light and sneak up on their prey .\nv. e. vásquez et al. 2015. etmopterus benchleyi n. sp. , a new lanternshark (squaliformes: etmopteridae) from the central eastern pacific ocean. journal of the ocean science foundation 17: 43 - 55\nthis super stealth, combined with the animal’s sleek, black appearance led the kids to suggest naming it the “super ninja shark. ” vásquez says she didn’t think her colleagues would quite go for that, so she got them to scale the name back a little .\nresearcher vicky vásquez with the pacific shark research center (psrc) in california derived the shark' s non - scientific name from a conversation with her four young cousins, who liked hearing about the shark' s stealth, dark cloaking, and ability to light itself - - and surmised that it was a ninja .\nwhatever the reason for the luminescence, the ninja lanternshark is less inclined than others to show off. not only is it black, one of the characteristics that helped scientists identify it as a new species is a\nlack of flank markings\n. it glows less than other lanternsharks, which is what got it its name. (for those of you wondering, its scientific name is a nod to peter benchley, author of jaws .) any of you concerned about sharing the waters of the pacific with a shark can relax. the larger specimens, the females, were only about a 45cm long .\nin 2010, researchers observed eight lanternshark species swimming at depths ranging from 0. 5 miles to 0. 9 miles (0. 8 to 1. 4 kilometers) under the surface. but the scientists weren' t able to analyze all of their observations of the fish right away .\ndespite its ninja status, this one was found - - and other sharks are out there in the world' s oceans waiting to found and described, noted dave ebert, program director for the psrc, in the article .\nabout 20 percent of all shark species have been discovered in just the last ten years .\nthe newfound species may also remind people that sharks are a varied lot, from the 16 - foot - long (4. 9 meters) great white sharks (carcharodon carcharias) in\njaws\nto the small and glowing 1. 7 - feet - long (0. 5 m) ninja lanternsharks, the researchers said .\nvasquez, v. e. , d. a. ebert, and d. j. long. 2015. etmopterus benchleyi n. sp. , a new lanternshark (squaliformes: etmopteridae) from the central eastern pacific ocean. journal of the ocean sciences foundation, 17: 43 - 55 .\nresearchers have yet to see the new shark actually glow, but it likely gives off a blue light, like its lanternshark relatives, she said. moreover ,\nwe' re assuming our shark doesn' t glow as brightly\nas other species, because it has fewer photophores, vásquez said .\nin the new report, the researchers conducted a thorough analysis the traits of the species they observed in 2010, and concluded that the sharks indeed came from a new species of lanternshark. the new species had a uniform dark - black coloring, as opposed to the greys and browns seen on other lanternsharks, vásquez said .\nvásquez, v. e. , ebert. d. a. and d. j. long, 2015. etmopterus benchleyi n. sp. , a new lanternshark (squaliformes: etmopteridae) from the central eastern pacific ocean. j. ocean sci. foundation 17: 43 - 55. (ref. 106129 )\nlanternsharks are little - known, but relatively numerous. there are now 37 known species of lanternshark. they manage to keep a low profile because they share a small size and an affinity for deep water. they do have one flashy characteristic — they have bioluminescent patches on their sides, along the spines by their fins, and in other parts of their bodies, depending on the species. exactly why they have these patches is unknown. the patches could help them mate, they could draw prey, they could eliminate the small shark' s\nshadow\nand keep it safe from predators, and they could make it easier to coordinate big groups of sharks .\nvictoria hard at work with a mild annoyance over her shoulder. photo by david ebert .\ni was one of those kids who loved nature and dreamed of being the globe - trotting host of a nature show, but as a grown - up i make a living by teaching undergraduate students at st. mary' s college of california, and conducting research at the california academy of sciences. sharks, rays, & chimeras - both fossil and recent - as well as taxonomy & biogeography of deep sea fishes, are the focus of my research. these research projects & education programs have taken me to over 70 countries. i also coordinate expeditions to ocean habitats and tiki bars throughout the world through the red knit - capped rag - tag team of lobos marinos international marine science (& cocktails) .\nwhile i was working on a tender here in ak, we pulled one of these sharks out of the chute, didn’t know what it was and just now decided to try and look it up. it was caught along the aleutian chain .\nofficially named after peter benchley, shark - lover and the author of jaws, the shark’s scientific name is etmopterus benchleyi. but to come up with the shark’s common name, researcher vicky vásquez says she drew on a conversation she had with her 8 - year - old cousins .\nvásquez explained to the kids that this shark uses photophores in its skin to produce a faint glow in the deep, dark ocean. scientists believe the animals, which can grow to about half a meter in length, use this cloaking ability to blend in with the limited light penetrating the ocean’s depths and appear invisible from below. this helps them sneak up on small fish and shrimp while also avoiding becoming lunch for larger predators .\n“we don’t know a lot about lanternsharks. they don’t get much recognition compared to a great white, ” says vásquez, who is a graduate student at the pacific shark research center (psrc) in california. “so when it came to this shark i wanted to give it an interesting story. ”\n“taxonomy can sometimes be kind of dry, but the naming thing always gets people excited, ” says dave ebert, program director for the psrc .\n“about 20 percent of all shark species have been discovered in just the last ten years, ” he says. “my whole research is looking for ‘lost sharks’. ”\njason bittel writes the species watch column for onearth. he also contributes to national geographic news, slate, and earth touch, and serves up science for picky eaters on his website, bittel me this. he lives in pittsburgh with his wife, son, and two tiny wolves. (nb: wolves may be pomeranians. )\nthe shark, discovered in taiwan, has a complete set of male and female sexual organs .\nthe discovery, reported in a recent edition of the journal of the ocean science foundation, gives us an opportunity to update our list of the world' s best sharks, ranked by unusualness. scroll on !\n18. the goblin shark: not only is it the ugliest shark, it' s also the pinkest. at 3 metres (10 feet) long, the goblin looks terrifying. it lives near the shore, too. but don' t worry, it' s a slow swimmer and doesn' t eat humans .\n17. the sawshark: it' s got a saw for a nose! these 1. 7m (5. 6 - foot) sharks swim in schools and use their scary snouts to dig for prey in the sand .\n16. the frilled shark: it lives deep near the bottom of the ocean, avoiding the attention of the media. it gets its name from the six sets of frilly gills that sit like a collar behind its head. it has 300 teeth and grows up to 1. 8m (6 feet) .\n15. great white: the manchester united of sharks — people like it because it' s popular. but it is neither the biggest, nor the most deadly, nor the most exotic of the sharks .\n14. the speartooth river shark: this 6 - footer makes our ranking because it can live in salty and fresh water — so even swimming in a river won' t keep you safe. they bite humans, too. if you can avoid the mangrove swamps of northern australia, you' ll probably be fine .\n13. the cookiecutter shark: doesn' t look like much, given its small size. but guess how it gets its name? its teeth are set in a circular jaw, so that when it bites you it takes out a cookie - shaped chunk of flesh .\nchimpanzees are forced to perform demeaning tricks on leashes and are often subject to cruel training techniques. animals who are confined to small, barren enclosures and forced to perform unsurprisingly show symptoms of stress and depression. chimpanzees have been documented rocking back and forth, sucking their lips, salivating and swaying against enclosure perimeters in distress .\nsome marine parks use bottlenose dolphins in performances and offer visitors the opportunity to swim with dolphins. unfortunately, people are often unaware that these animals are captured in the wild and torn from their families or traded between different parks around the world .\ntigers are forced to live in an unnatural and barren environment and have to endure interactions with a constant stream of tourists. since tigers never lose their wild instincts, across the world they are reportedly drugged, mutilated and restrained in order to make them “safe” for the public. however, every year, incidents of tiger maulings are reported at this type of tourist attraction .\nsunning on the beach is great for humans – we can take a quick dip or catch a bite to eat when we get too hot or hungry. but it' s pure hell for donkeys who are confined to the beach and forced to cart children around on the hot sand. some donkey - ride operators at beach resorts in the uk even keep the animals chained together at all times .\nsome parks confine orcas to concrete tanks and force them to perform meaningless tricks for food - many die in captivity. orcas are highly intelligent and social mammals who may suffer immensely, both physically and mentally, when they' re held in captivity .\nlions are confined to fenced areas so that they can easily be cornered, with no chance of escape. most of them will have been bred in captivity and then taken from their mothers to be hand - reared by the cub - petting industry. when they get too big, they may be drugged before they are released into a\nhunting\nenclosure. because these animals are usually kept in fenced enclosures (ranging in size from just a few square yards to thousands of acres), they never stand a chance of surviving .\nevery year, tourists travel to pamplona for the running of the bulls. the bulls who are forced to slip and slide down the town' s narrow cobblestone streets are chased straight into the bullring. they are then taunted, stabbed repeatedly and finally killed by the matador in front of a jeering crowd. the majority of spaniards reject bullfighting, but tourists are keeping the cruel industry on its last legs .\ncity streets are no place for horses. the animals toil in all weather extremes, suffering from respiratory distress from breathing in exhaust fumes as well as numerous hoof, leg and back problems from walking on pavement all day long. as easily spooked prey animals, horses subjected to the loud noises and unexpected sounds of city streets are likely to be involved in accidents, even deadly ones .\nthe zoo community regards the animals it keeps as commodities, and animals are regularly bought, sold, borrowed and traded without any regard for established relationships. zoos breed animals because the presence of babies draws visitors and boosts revenue, yet often, there' s nowhere to put the offspring as they grow, and they are killed, as we recently saw with marius the giraffe in denmark. some zoos have introduced evening events with loud music and alcohol which disrupt the incarcerated animals even further .\n12. the wobbegong: this bottom - dwelling 1. 2m (4 - foot) australian carpet shark gets its name from the aboriginal, meaning\nshaggy beard .\nthe aussies eat them with chips .\n11. the megamouth shark: there are only about 60 living specimens of this incredibly rare beast. the one seen in the photo below was caught in the philippines in january. they grow up to 5. 5m (18 feet) in length. they aren' t much of a threat, though: they eat plankton and only swim at about 2mph .\n10. megalodon: ok, so this shark became extinct 2. 6 million years ago — but it was the largest shark ever, at up to 30m (98 feet) long. this is a picture of a megalodon eating two whales! the inset shows how its jaws could comfortably accommodate a human .\n9. tiger shark: this shark will eat anything, including humans. one study found the remains of goats, horses, and even cats in the stomachs of tiger sharks. it even eats garbage !\n8. the white tip: if your ship sinks, this is the shark that will eat you. it is thought to be the most deadly shark to humans, having consumed several hundred survivors of the sinkings of the uss indianapolis and the nova scotia in world war ii. it swims under the radar, however, because it is a deep - sea fish .\n7. angel shark: looks like a ray, acts like a catfish. the 1. 5m (4 - foot) angel sits on the sandy bottom of the sea waiting for smaller fish to go by, and then it ambushes them. bites divers, too, but not fatally .\n6. thresher shark: threshers look cool for a reason: they use their tails to whip individual fish, stunning them so they can be eaten. half the body length of a 6m (20 - foot) thresher is its rear fin .\n5. the horn shark: if you want a shark as a pet, then the gentle, sluggish horn shark is the way to go. it hangs out on the seabed, grazing on shellfish until its teeth turn purple. sleeps during the day and comes out at night. never strays more than 10 miles from its home .\n4. basking shark: this 12m (39 - foot) long beast is the second - largest fish of any type and can be found off the coast of scotland - or anywhere in temperate waters where there is lots of plankton that it can filter through its massive mouth and gills .\n3. the hammerhead: do not mess with a hammerhead. they can grow up to 6m (20 feet) and have 360 - degree vision. now consider their sex life :\nthe male hammerhead shark will bite the female shark quite violently until she agrees to mate .\nthey eat humans, too .\n2. whale shark: the whale shark is the biggest at 13m (42 feet) and the heaviest at 21 tonnes. it doesn' t eat humans, and younger whale sharks sometimes\nplay\nwith divers. in vietnam, whale sharks are worshipped as\nca - ong\ngods. in the philippines, the whale shark' s portrait adorns the 100 - peso bill .\nread the original article on business insider uk. © 2015. follow business insider uk on twitter .\ntap here to turn on desktop notifications to get the news sent straight to you .\nseveral shark species have cool names, like great white, hammerhead, goblin and cookiecutter .\nresearcher victoria vásquez and her colleagues discovered the previously unidentified shark after recovering its body from storage at the california academy of science .\nit had photophores (light emitting organs) ,\nshe told the huffington post ,\ntwo dorsal fins with a spine on each one, and dignathic heterodonty (upper teeth and lower teeth are different) .\nresearcher victoria vásquez' s young cousins helped her come up with the inspiration for the name .\nthe researchers gave the newly identified shark the scientific name of etmoterus benchleyi, in homage to the creator of the film\njaws ,\npeter benchley .\nbut vásquez wanted its common name to be extra special, so she enlisted for helpher younger cousins, who are between the ages of eight and 14 .\nthe common name we have suggested refers to the shark' s color, which is a uniform sleek black as well as the fact that it has fewer photophores than other species of lanternsharks ,\nvásquez told huffpost .\nshe is currently helping her colleague, professor dave ebert, identify the\nlost sharks\nthat have yet to be described .\nabout 20 percent of all shark species have been discovered in just the last 10 years ,\nebert told hakai magazine .\nmy whole research is looking for' lost sharks.'\nvásquez and her co - author' s findings were published monday in the journal of the ocean science foundation .\nfirst - person essays, features, interviews and q & as; about life today .\nchat with us in facebook messenger. find out what' s happening in the world as it unfolds .\n( cnn) it' s not often that someone discovers a new species, especially when it' s been under their nose for years .\nthe scientific name is etmopterus benchleyi, a reference to\njaws\nauthor peter benchley .\ngrad student vicky vasquez and dr. douglas j. long wrote about their findings after being asked to take a closer look at the shark (along with her professor, dr. david a. ebert of the pacific shark research center at cal state) .\nyou' ve survived the cultural phenomena that were the first and second\nsharknado\nmovies without a bite. ian ziering and tara reid returned with the syfy channel' s\nsharknado 3: oh hell no !\non wednesday, july 22. click through to see more of our favorite sharks in pop culture .\nsteven spielberg' s 1975 shark thriller\njaws\ngave birth to the summer blockbuster and a cultural love - hate relationship with swimming in the ocean. the filmmaker' s classic also proved that these beasts were ready for their close - ups .\nthese dancing sharks (especially the left one) became an internet meme after dancing with katy perry during the super bowl halftime show in february .\nmaybe we can blame our current obsession with sharks on the generation who grew up watching\njabberjaw ,\nabc' s animated series that ran from 1976 to 1978. the kids' show was reportedly inspired by\njaws ,\nbut this version was far more cuddly; jabberjaw held regular jam sessions with his human pals .\never wondered where the phrase\njumped the shark\ncame from? you can thank the\nhappy days\nwriters for that one. in 1977, the beloved show took a plot turn it couldn' t recover from when henry winkler' s fonzie literally\njumped a shark\nwhile water skiing .\ndecades before syfy became the home of shark - related comedy ,\nsaturday night live\nintroduced\nthe cleverest species of them all\nin its\nland shark\nsketch. it featured chevy chase as the trickster shark who preyed on unsuspecting humans with the lure of telegrams and flowers .\ndisney' s 1989 under - the - sea adventure\nthe little mermaid\nbegan with a tense run - in with a shark. unlike the chilling but affable characters disney has produced lately, this shark was straight out of\njaws\nwith its brutish strength and snapping teeth .\nin 1997' s\naustin powers international man of mystery ,\nall dr. evil wanted from his nefarious cohorts were\nsharks with frickin' laser beams attached to their heads .\nit was an impossible request at the time - - he had to settle for ill - tempered sea bass - - but in 2012, one marine biologist figured it out .\nout of all the sharks in\ndeep blue sea\n- - like this guy seen terrorizing ll cool j - - there' s one that particularly stands out. in the 1999 film, samuel l. jackson was in the middle of giving a stirring speech when a toothy killer popped up from behind him and practically devoured him whole .\ndisney / pixar brought steven spielberg' s bruce to life again in 2003' s\nfinding nemo .\nthis bruce was just as terrifying - - especially to a clownfish dad hunting for his son - - but at least he tried to live by the rule that\nfish are friends, not food .\nin 2004, the shark wave rolled on with dreamworks'\nshark tale ,\nfeaturing the voices of will smith, angelina jolie, renee zellweger and jack black as lenny the shark. with hans zimmer composing, the soundtrack had just as much bite .\nsyfy created a pop culture monster with 2010' s\nsharktopus ,\nwhich featured a genetically engineered creature that was half - shark, half - octopus. it was clearly the next step to take after 2009' s\nmega shark vs. giant octopus\nbattle, which featured an endlessly watchable scene of a plane being attacked by a ridiculously huge shark .\n© 2018 cable news network. turner broadcasting system, inc. all rights reserved. cnn sans ™ & © 2016 cable news network .\na new species of bioluminescent shark has been described from eight specimens collected off the pacific coast of central america at depths ranging between 2, 700 and 4, 700 feet (836 – 1, 443 m) .\n“the species is named in honor of peter benchley, author of jaws and subsequently an avid shark conservationist, ” dr vásquez and co - authors explained. “his legacy, the benchley awards, recognizes outstanding achievements in ocean conservation. ”\nthe new species is a member of etmopterus, a genus of sharks in the family etmopteridae .\n“the genus etmopterus is one of the most species - rich genera of sharks with 38 valid species to date, ” the marine biologists said .\n“these help them camouflage when they feed in shallower water: the lit - up belly blends in with sunlight streaming down from above, ” according to scientists from smithsonian institution. “in darker water, the light attracts smaller animals, which these sharks prey upon. ”\n“it is the only etmopterus species presently known from the pacific coast of central america, ” dr vásquez and co - authors said .\nthe scientists have documented their discovery in a paper published in the journal of the ocean science foundation .\njuvenile australopithecus climbed trees, 3. 32 - million - year - old foot fossil shows\n© 2011 - 2018. sci - news. com. all rights reserved. | back to top\nthe jaws of an adult female etmopterus benchleyi. it' s likely that the top teeth are used for grasping and the bottom for cutting .\ncredit: vásquez v. e. et al. journal of the ocean science foundation. 2015 .\nthe newly identified species isn' t the only glowing shark in the ocean. it joins a group of nearly 40 other species commonly called lanternsharks, which are marine predators with the ability to glow that live in oceans around the world, including the indian, atlantic and pacific oceans, said vicky vásquez, lead author of the new report and a graduate student in marine science at the pacific shark research center in california .\nthe newly identified shark also had a different number and distribution of photophores, which are the tiny cup - shaped organs that give lanternsharks the ability to glow. other lanternsharks have photophores all over their bellies, but the new shark has fewer, and most are concentrated on its head, vásquez said .\nit' s unclear why lanternsharks glow, but it' s possible that the glowing photophores on the animals' stomachs mask their shadows, allowing them to\nhide\nfrom animals swimming below them. but it could also be that their glowing lights lure prey, such as smaller fish and crustaceans, toward the sharks, or serve as a means of communication, the researchers said .\nthe researchers named the new species etmopterus benchleyi, a nod to peter benchley, the author of the book\njaws\nand co - author of its 1975 film adaptation .\njaws\nmay have inspired a public fear of sharks, but benchley worked as a shark advocate in his later years, establishing the benchley awards to recognize outstanding achievements in ocean conservation, vásquez said .\nthis map shows where researchers collected the first (holotype) and later (paratype) specimens of the newfound shark .\nwhen we think of sharks as one type, we' re not understanding the true complexity of sharks and the roles they play in the ecosystem ,\nvásquez said .\nthey' re not all apex predators .\nthe finding is\ncool and elegant\nsaid david gruber, an associate professor of biology at baruch college in new york city, who was not involved in the report .\nit redefines our conception of sharks from being these massive fearsome things to these beautiful sometimes small, glowing animals ,\ngruber said .\nit shows us how many more mysteries there to uncover in the shark domain .\nthe report was published online dec. 21 in the journal of the ocean science foundation .\nfollow laura geggel on twitter @ laurageggel. follow live science @ livescience, facebook & google +. original article on live science .\nthis mysterious deep - sea creature has never been seen alive before. until now .\nas a senior writer for live science, laura geggel covers general science, including the environment and amazing animals. she has written for the new york times, scholastic, popular science and spectrum, a site covering autism research. laura grew up in seattle and studied english literature and psychology at washington university in st. louis before completing her graduate degree in science writing at nyu. when not writing, you' ll find laura playing ultimate frisbee. follow laura on\nfour children and a shark researcher spoke in a google hangout. the rest is taxonomic history .\nshark researcher vicky vásquez spent a year pouring over minute anatomical details, making tedious measurements, and comparing her specimens to others. in the end, she was sure she’d found a species of shark never previously described .\nthe newcomer needed a name. so vásquez gathered an online brain trust of four younger cousins, aged 8 to 14, for a virtual family reunion — a meeting that would go down in taxonomic history .\n. “we used a google hangout to have the conversation about what we wanted to name the shark and why. ”\nfound off the coast of central america. vásquez identified the species among specimens already collected but not yet examined carefully. she\nauthor peter benchley, who felt bad for inadvertently giving sharks a bad rap and dedicated himself to raising awareness about the animals. “his legacy continues through the benchley awards, which is put on by the blue frontier campaign, ” vásquez said. “but i’m pretty sure the awards get less attention than\nsign up for the for the win daily email newsletter for the top stories every day .\nthanks for signing up. you' ll be waking up a little more awesome tomorrow .\nnick schwartz wrote for ftw from 2013 - 16. he believes the rock should have his own emoji .\ngiants defensive tackle a. j. francis calls out tsa for spilling his mother' s ashes\nfive years ago today, the last of ea sports’ ncaa football series was released .\nthe alabama alum has earned the right to talk trash about other sec schools .\ni found this on ftw and wanted to share: % link% for more great sports stories... * visit for the win: urltoken * follow @ forthewin: urltoken * like ftw on facebook: urltoken\nthis is an archived article and the information in the article may be outdated. please look at the time stamp on the story to see when it was last updated .\nlong beach, calif. — it’s not often that someone discovers a new species, especially when it’s been under their nose for years .\nthe scientific name is etmopterus benchleyi, a reference to “jaws” author peter benchley .\ntrademark and copyright 2018 cable news network, inc. , a time warner company. all rights reserved .\nbill, liz, m. j. and adam are seattle’s morning news team weekdays 4: 30 – 10a .\nonline public file • terms of service • privacy policy • 1813 westlake ave. n. seattle, wa 98109 • copyright © 2018, kcpq • a tribune broadcasting station • powered by urltoken vip\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\n/ / urltoken\nthe skin of the shark also contains so - called photophores, that make the fish' glow' as it hunts its prey in the depths of the pacific ocean .\nthe discovery was made by a team of marine biologists, led by vicky vasquez, a biologist at the pacific shark research center in california .\nfrom a stunning underwater image of a tadpole' s point of ...\nswim faster with trunks that make you move like a dolphin: ...\ncan you hear me now? bats in noisy roosts' shout' louder and ...\n‘we don’t know a lot about lanternsharks. they don’t get much recognition compared to a great white, ’ ms vasquez told hakai magazine .\n‘so when it came to this shark i wanted to give it an interesting story. ’\nwhile its common name reportedly comes from conversations with the researcher’s young cousins, it is officially named after the author, as a nod to his love of the fish .\nthe skin of the shark contains so - called photophores, that make the fish' glow' as it hunts its prey in the depths of the pacific ocean .\neight of the animals were caught at depths of between 2, 624 to 4, 720ft (830 and 1440 metres), in the pacific waters mainly off the coast of costa rica and panama .\naccording to the researchers, the animal’s pitch black skin contains photophores - light - emitting spots that offer up a faint glow .\nthis feature is common to many animals living at ocean depths and may help the sharks to swim stealthily through the oceanic depths and sneak up on their prey, believed to be small fish and shrimp .\nthe deep ocean has offered up some of the weirdest creatures ever seen, from vicious looking angler fish to worms which can grow to 9. 8ft (3 metres) long .\nelsewhere, the prehistoric goblin shark, often termed the' vampire shark,' dwells in the deep dark waters off the coast of australia .\ngoblin sharks are believed to be the last known species of mitsukurinidae, a family of sharks from 125 million years ago .\na fully grown goblin shark is between 10ft and 14ft (3 and 4 metres) long and these weird, but amazing creatures skulk about the ocean floor at depths of up to 3, 900ft (1, 200 metres) .\nwhile sharks may stir deep primeval fear inside many people, the animals are the ones who should be running scared .\naccording to figures from the international union for conservation of nature (iucn), almost one in four species of shark and ray - close relatives of sharks – are threatened with extinction .\nthe iucn’s shark specialist group (ssg) carried out a survey in 2014 .\n‘our analysis shows that sharks and their relatives are facing an alarmingly elevated risk of extinction, ’ said dr nick dulvy, co - chair of the ssg .\n‘in greatest peril are the largest species of rays and sharks, especially those living in shallow water that is accessible to fisheries. ’\nthe report revealed that the threat is three - fold. overfishing is the main culprit, with reported catches of sharks, rays and related species, peaking in 2003. however, the figures may be being underreported, with the real catches much higher .\nsharks are also often caught accidentally in fisherman’s nets, as bycatch. and the ssg report highlights that rays, including sawfish, may be faring worse than sharks .\nbut one of the darkest threats facing species is finning – a practice which is driven by the market for shark fin soup in some regions. in many waters the animals are caught before having their fins cut off. the animals are then dumped back into the oceans to drown, bleed to death, or to be eaten alive by other animals .\nsonja fordham, deputy chair of the ssg said: ‘significant policy strides have been made over the last two decades but effective conservation requires a dramatic acceleration in pace as well as an expansion of scope to include all shapes and sizes of these exceptional species. our analysis clearly demonstrates that the need for such action is urgent. ’\ngunman blasts car driven by woman, 51, three times as she ...\n' this is what we call a miracle': baby boy is found alive ...\n' go back to your country': mexican grandfather, 92, is ...\n' this is the brexit that is in our national interest': ...\n# where' sboris? boris johnson' s stunning resignation as ...\nbeauty queen who was gang - raped as a teen gives back her ...\n' you wouldn' t look so good with your b * * * * * * s in your ...\nnew hair, don' t care! roseanne barr smiles as she debuts ...\nbody of canadian man, 62, is found half - eaten by his ...\nmicrosoft unveils its £380 surface go' ipad killer' featuring a 10 - inch screen, 9 hours of battery life, ...\nrussia completes the fastest ever same - day delivery mission to space after arriving at the iss in a record 3 ...\nkiller whales in the pacific northwest are starving and disappearing due to human activity as experts warn ...\nstarbucks will charge all uk customers a 5p paper cup levy in a bid to reduce waste as it reveals it will ...\nopen - plan offices make people chat less because employees stare at their screens in an effort to look busy ...\n' it is made of rocket parts & named wild boar after kids' soccer team': elon musk shares footage of the ...\nchinese government start - up expands its plans to use powerful facial recognition technology to spy on ...\nbritain' s broadband speeds are so poor they are down to 35th in the world, lagging behind the likes of..." ]

{ "text": [ "etmopterus benchleyi , also known as the ninja lanternshark , is a lanternshark of the family etmopteridae found in the eastern pacific ocean from nicaragua , south to panama and costa rica .", "the depth range of collections is from 836 – 1443m along the continental slope .", "e. benchleyi is the only etmopterus species presently known from the pacific coast of central america . " ], "topic": [ 21, 18, 3 ] }

[ "etmopterus benchleyi, also known as the ninja lanternshark, is a lanternshark of the family etmopteridae found in the eastern pacific ocean from nicaragua, south to panama and costa rica. the depth range of collections is from 836 – 1443m along the continental slope. e. benchleyi is the only etmopterus species presently known from the pacific coast of central america." ]

[ "if the clade of afrotheria is genuine, then the afroinsectiphilia are the closest relatives of the pseudungulata (here regarded as part of afroinsectiphilia) and the paenungulata. in a classification governed by morphological data, both the pseudungulata and paenungulata are seen as true ungulates, thus not related to afroinsectiphilia. however, dna research is thought to provide a more fundamental classification .\n, corresponding to the molecular - based clade afroinsectiphilia minus macroscelidea, although in some case (e. g. , unordered analysis) it is a more derived branch (sister group of all other taxa). relationships with afroinsectiphilia afrotherians result from the analysis of the whole matrix and from partitioned analysis restricted to dental features, which indicates that the phylogenetic signal is mostly dental. bremer support for this node (afroinsectiphilia and\n), corresponding to the clade afroinsectiphilia (minus macroscelidea). analysis with standard “implied weighting” command provides a single tree that fixes relative position of\nthe golden moles and tenrecs are part of this clade. some also regard the elephant shrews and aardvarks as part of it, although these two order are traditionally seen as primitive ungulates. the sister group of the afroinsectiphilia is the paenungulata, which were also traditionally regarded as ungulates .\nthis page is based on the copyrighted wikipedia article afroinsectiphilia; it is used under the creative commons attribution - sharealike 3. 0 unported license (cc - by - sa). you may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the cc - by - sa\nthe relative position of teilhardimys and macroscelidea to each other (i. e. , same clade or not) changes in several trees. in the partitioned analysis restricted to skull features (text s1, part iii, cladograms 7 - 8), the macroscelidea groups with basal afrotherians, as in the molecular - based afroinsectiphilia hypothesis .\nthe afroinsectiphilia (african insectivores) is a proposed clade whose existence has been hypothesized as the result of recent dna and molecular analysis. many of its orders were once regarded as part of the order insectivora, but this order now seems polyphyletic and is, as a result, possibly obsolete. the golden moles and tenrecs are part of this clade. some also regard the elephant shrews and aardvarks as part of it, although these two order are traditionally seen as primitive ungulates. the sister group of the afroinsectiphilia are the paenungulata, which are also traditionally regarded as ungulates. this proposed classification is only based on dna and molecular research, and there is no morphological evidence for it .\nafroinsectiphilia - species dictionary - southern africa - observations - page 1: ispot nature - your place to share nature. ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature. once you' ve registered, you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\n{ { { langname } } } terms for [ [ aardvark ] ] s, [ [ elephant shrew ] ] s, [ [ golden mole ] ] s, [ [ otter shrew ] ] s, [ [ tenrec ] ] s, and other [ [ mammal ] ] s in the [ [ clade ] ] [ [ afroinsectiphilia ] ] .\nhigh quality content by wikipedia articles the afroinsectiphilia (african insectivores) is a clade that has been proposed based on the results of recent molecular studies. many of its orders were once regarded as part of the order insectivora, but insectivora is now considered to be polyphyletic and is, as a result, possibly obsolete. this proposed classification is based on molecular studies only, and there is no morphological evidence for it .\nthe sister - or stem - group position of ocepeia to the whole afrotheria cannot be indeed rejected, especially if we agree with the hypothesis of an ungulate - like ancestral afrotherian morphotype, instead of an insectivore - like ancestral afrotherian morphotype, as raised by seiffert [ 73 ], [ 75 ], [ 76 ]. however, this does not fit well with 1) the early diversity of the insectivorous - grade mammals from the paleocene of morocco [ 32 ], [ 33 ], [ 34 ], and 2) several striking paenungulate - like traits of ocepeia, such as the selenodonty (see below) that remain unknown in extant and fossil insectivoran - like afrotherians (afroinsectiphilia). moreover, the synapomorphies that support in our cladistic analysis a relationship of ocepeia to insectivoran - like afrotherians (afroinsectiphilia) are weak (see above) .\nfinally, we analyzed the position of ocepeia in the exclusive context of the afrotherian relationships (i. e. , relationships within the monophyletic clade afrotheria); in this way we excluded from the analysis putative laurasiatherian ungulates such as perissodactyla, radinskya, phenacodonta, and even hyopsodus. in all obtained trees, ocepeia keeps the same outgroup position with respect to macroscelidea and paenungulata, in the same clade with potamogale and orycteropus (afroinsectiphilia). this is especially related to the absence of hypocone and lophodonty in ocepeia .\nhowever, the relationship with an exclusive clade of basal afrotherians such as potamogale, ptolemaia and orycteropus, i. e. the clade afroinsectiphilia minus macroscelidea, remains poorly supported morphologically. the single identified exclusive synapomorphy with afroinsectiphilian implies an unlikely character transformation in ocepeia (120 - 1 > 3: rostrum very narrow to very wide). six homoplastic synapomorphies (ordered analysis) also support the node, most with low ri (40 - 60), and of which the best is the loss of p 1 1 (11 - 3 ri = 41; 72 - 1 ri = 75). within basal afrotherians, the reduced postorbital process (148 - 1) is interpreted as an unambiguous synapomorphy of ocepeia and potamogale .\nan aardvark' s weight is typically between 40 and 65 kilograms (88 and 140 lb). an aardvark' s length is usually between 1 and 1. 3 metres (3. 3 and 4. 3 ft), and can reach lengths of 2. 2 metres (7 ft 3 in) when its tail (which can be up to 70 centimetres (28 in) ) [ 2 ] is taken into account. it is the largest member of the proposed clade afroinsectiphilia. the aardvark is pale yellowish - gray in color and often stained reddish - brown by soil. the aardvark' s coat is thin, and the animal' s primary protection is its tough skin. the aardvark has been known to sleep in a recently excavated ant nest, which also serves as protection from its predators. [ citation needed ]\none remarkable point is that nearly all our analyses of the whole matrix result in the recovery of few most parsimonious trees (mpts), i. e. a single tree or a well resolved consensus tree. in other words, we obtained few mpts and all with similar topology. this means that there is some coherent signal among the various characters analyzed, i. e. , they do not conflict significantly. lower topological resolution is obtained with partitioned analysis restricted to skull features which indicates that 1) there are some conflicts among the skull features, 2) dental traits provide the stronger phylogenetic signal in our analysis. however, it should be stressed that some of the partitioned analyses restricted to skull morphology recover the clade paenungulata and a clade corresponding to afroinsectiphilia minus macroscelidea (text s1, iii, cladograms 7–8), although they do not resolve the position of ocepeia .\nthe sequence analyses (fig. 4) consistently place plesiorycteropus within afrotheria, and more specifically as being more closely related to tenrecs than any other previously postulated species (bootstrap score = 81). because it consistently forms a monophyletic grouping with tenrecs within a clade that includes the golden moles, these results not only support the order tenrecoidea (golden moles and tenrecs) but include plesiorycteropus as a new member of this order. the close relationship consistently observed between hyracoids and tubulidentates has long been considered on morphological grounds [ 38 ] and supported by early molecular systematic studies using proteins [ 39 ] – [ 40 ] but differs from more recent nucleotide data showing closer affinities between hyracoids and proboscideans [ 13 ]. with the exclusion of tubulidentata, it is the afroinsectivora (tenrecoidea + macroscelidea) that is consistently monophyletic, not afroinsectiphilia (tenrecoidea + tubulidentata). the placement of the pangolins (pholidota) as closely related to carnivora (fig. 4), as well as the grouping of the xenarthrans (fig. 4) is consistent with other molecular sequence data [ 13 ] – [ 14 ], further supporting the use of proteomics - derived collagen sequence data. interestingly, both the maximum likelihood and neighbour - net analyses recovered the xenarthrans as more basal than afrotherians. the only discrepancy between these phylogenetic methods lies in the higher - level groupings (e. g. , super - order), in which the ml methods do not recover the euarchontoglires as forming a monophyletic clade (euarchonta and laurasiatheria forming a sister group to glires), which is recovered with the neighbornet analyses .\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncitation: buckley m (2013) a molecular phylogeny of plesiorycteropus reassigns the extinct mammalian order ‘bibymalagasia’. plos one 8 (3): e59614. urltoken\ncopyright: © 2013 michael buckley. this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding: this work was supported by nerc & wellcome trust. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\nthe island of madagascar had a wide range of enigmatic quaternary fauna that are now extinct, including ‘giants’ (giant lemurs, giant fossa, elephant birds) and ‘dwarfs’ (dwarf and pygmy hippopotami). the variations in size are considered an evolutionary response to insularisation [ 1 ], but such changes do not usually obscure their ancestry because many morphological characteristics remain recognisable. however, the ‘malagasy aardvark’ (plesiorycteropus) is one of the few recently extinct madagascan mammals that remains poorly understood and its phylogenetic placement within eutherian mammals unclear [ 2 ] – [ 8 ] despite being discovered over one hundred years ago [ 9 ] .\ntowards the beginning of the 21 st century were the first phylogenies to include plesiorycteropus that sampled widely across mammals [ 6 ], [ 11 ] – [ 12 ]. even these more recent analyses, some of which used combined morphological and molecular data for extant species but only morphological data for extinct species, could not confidently reconstruct the phylogeny of plesiorycteropus [ 11 ] – [ 12 ], more often than not placing it next to orycteropus albeit with little support. although more recent molecular studies on extant species has changed our understanding of phylogenetic relationships among eutherian mammals, such as the pseudoungulates (tubulidentates and the paenungulates hyracoidea, sirenia and proboscidea) [ 13 ] – [ 15 ], the confident placement of plesiorycteropus has remained elusive .\nwith novel methods in extracting molecular sequence data from fossils, particularly the sequencing of collagen using soft - ionization mass spectrometry [ 16 ] – [ 17 ], the various hypotheses for plesiorycteropus’ phylogenetic placement can be re - investigated. given the recent revisions in systematics using molecular sequence data [ 13 ] – [ 14 ], lamberton’s ‘edentate’ hypothesis [ 2 ] could be considered to place plesiorycteropus as more closely related to any of the former ‘edentata’ group including the aardvarks, armadillos, anteaters or pangolins; patterson’s tubulidentate hypothesis [ 8 ] would specifically have plesiorycteropus and orycteropus forming a monophyletic group with orycteropus; whereas macphee’s ‘bibymalagasia’ hypothesis [ 10 ] would have plesiorycteropus placed separate from all known orders, and not most closely related to tubulidentata. to resolve the molecular phylogeny of plesiorycteropus, sequence data was obtained for bone type 1 collagen from the fossil specimen and compared with all previously hypothesized closest relatives .\nin brief, mass spectrometry is an analytical technique in which molecules are converted to gaseous ions that are subsequently separated in a mass spectrometer and detected. ‘soft - ionization’ techniques are where the evaporation and ionisation of the molecules into the gaseous phase are carried out without extensive fragmentation, and thus peptides can be analysed (sequenced) without breaking apart into constituent amino acids. the two most commonly used soft - ionization techniques are matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (maldi) and electrospray ionization (esi) [ 18 ] – [ 19 ], which are linked to various types of mass analyser (e. g. , time of flight (tof) ) and an ion detector. in a typical ‘shotgun proteomics’ experiment, mixtures of proteins extracted from a sample are collectively digested into fragments (peptides) using a protease (commonly the enzyme trypsin). the peptides are then ionized and their mass - to - charge ratio (m / z) determined (in maldi peptides are most often singly charged, whereas in esi they more commonly exist in multiple charge states) producing ‘ms spectra’. these peptides can then be further fragmented into smaller peptide fragments and these fragment ions are further analysed by the mass analyzer and recorded as ‘ms / ms spectra’ (also known as ‘ms2 spectra’ or ‘tandem ms spectra’). these ms / ms spectra are then either sequenced manually, or compared with the expected fragmentation patterns of known amino acid sequences within a given protein sequence database (e. g. , uniprot) using a specialist search engine (e. g. , mascot), the ‘ion scores’ being indicative of the relative quality of the sequence match .\n‘shotgun proteomics’ techniques are ideal for the analysis of ancient samples because typical protein isolation techniques, such as gel electrophoresis, are often rendered ineffective due to protein degradation. this is because collagen, making up approximately 90% of the total protein in bone, progressively degrades in a way that produces a vast range of collagen fragments that are unpredictable in size [ 20 ], and so smear through a polyacrylamide gel; this smearing effect is commonly noted in collagen extracted from archaeological bone [ 21 ] – [ 22 ]. their unpredictable range of biochemical properties also negates suitable isolation by many other separation techniques. sequencing by soft - ionization mass spectrometry now allows us the ability to infer evolutionary relationships from long extinct organisms much deeper into the past than previously thought possible and although the claims of protein sequence retrieval from dinosaur fossils [ 23 ] remain controversial [ 24 ] – [ 26 ], their survival in early pleistocene remains (∼1. 5 ma) from temperate climes [ 27 ] – [ 28 ] at much greater lengths of time than adna [ 29 ] is widely accepted .\nphylogenetic analysis of 25 concatenated collagen α1 (i) and α2 (i) sequences taken from the ensembl genome browser .\nmaximum likelihood analyses produce a phylogenetic signal in good agreement with previously published genomic data (e. g. [ 13 ] – [ 14 ]). branch lengths are reported as the mean number of changes per site, bootstrap support is labelled and chicken (gallus gallus) used as the outgroup .\nprotein sequencing analyses were carried out on sub - fossil specimens of plesiorycteropus as well as modern samples of postulated close relatives. the sub - fossil plesiorycteropus madagascariensis sample was drilled from femur specimen oxford university museum (oum) 14395, which was collected by paul methuen from antolambiby, madagascar and presented to the oxford university museum of natural history in 1911. a modern bone specimen aardvark (orycteropus afer) was also obtained from oum. additional modern bone specimens obtained from university museum of zoology cambridge (umzc) included sunda pangolin (manis javanica) (umzc e. 1308), tamandua (tamandua tetradactyla) (umzc e. 583), giant anteater (myrmecophaga tridactyla) (umzc e. 562), hairy armadillo (chaeotophractus villosus) (umzc e. 1062), golden mole (ambylosomus hottentotus) (nfc - 2), greater hedgehog tenrec (setifer setosus) (umzc 2011. 2. 2) and rock hyrax (procavia capensis) (umzc _ h. 4891. c). a skin cut from modern elephant shrew (petrodromus tetradactylus) (a. 533) was also obtained from manchester museum. lc - ms data for american mastodon (mammut americanum) was taken from a previous publication [ 16 ] .\nthe collagen α1 (i) and α2 (i) sequences were concatenated and aligned with orthologues from 11 lc - ms datasets as well as 26 other species [ 16 ], [ 24 ]. in sites where isobaric residues (e. g. , isoleucine (i) and leucine (l) ) were present, the most common was used throughout for purposes of phylogenetic inference (listed in text s1). phylogenetic trees were created using phyml v2. 0. 7 [ 33 ] (10, 000 bootstrap generations, invariable sites fixed, with four substitution categories) and mrbayes [ 34 ] with 1, 000, 000 bootstrap generations in four chains, first 20% of trees discarded, sampling frequency 1000, heated chain temperature 0. 2, with 4 gamma rate variation categories in geneious v5. 5. 6 with amino acid models set to dayhoff. neighbor - net analysis was also carried out using the software splitstree 4 [ 35 ] – [ 36 ] .\ndigests of proteins extracted from a range of candidate phylogenetic neighbours were analysed by maldi - tof - ms producing collagen - dominated pmfs (fig. 2 & fig. s1). prior to in depth lc - ms analyses, the plesiorycteropus pmf was compared with those of other mammalian groups in order to identify some of the dominant peptides present that differed between the taxa, particularly the highly variable ‘species biomarker’ peptides described previously [ 27 ], [ 32 ]. a greater similarity between plesiorycteropus and tenrecs, golden moles and elephant shrews, and between aardvark and hyrax could be observed in these pmfs. however, to get robust statistical support, lc - ms sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analysis was carried out. selected peptides with sufficiently high peak intensities in the maldi - tof pmfs were analysed by ms / ms for sequence analysis (e. g. , fig. 3 & fig. s2) and these preliminary sequences were compiled into a local database and searched against using the more comprehensive lc - ms data obtained for each .\nthe peptide mass fingerprints (pmfs) show that the quality of the collagen extracted from the fossil is as good as from modern specimens (from top to bottom; aardvark (orycteropus afer), plesiorycteropus sp. , rock hyrax (procavia capensis) and greater hedgehog tenrec (setifer setosus) ). peaks marked α and β represent some of the most variable homologous peptides manually sequenced (fig. 3 & fig. s2). a greater similarity between peptide m / z values can be seen between plesiorycteropus and tenrec than any other species sampled .\nthe spectra are from peptide col1a2 495–509 (peak ‘α’ in fig. 2) with precursor (mh +) ions at (from top to bottom) m / z 1453 (elephants, pangolin anteater and tamandua), 1463 (hyrax and aardvark) and 1477 (armadillos and all afrosoricids including the extinct plesiorycteropus). labeling of fragment ions (inset) follows [ 37 ], underline represents hydroxylation site, red text highlights amino acids that differ from the inset (elephant, anteater & pangolin) sequence. isobaric amino acids (i / l) were estimated based on conserved dna sequence data where possible; for sites that have more than one isobaric amino acid present, the most abundant was used (see supplementary information) .\nconfident peptide sequence matches (ion score > 40) from the lc - ms analyses were manually aligned and analysed by maximum likelihood (ml; fig. 4a) and neighbournet analysis (fig. 4b). even in cases where a high level of peptide match confidence is assumed, the tree topology with regards the species analysed in this study remained consistent where plesiorycteropus always groups with tenrecs within the order tenrecoidea (fig. 4 & fig. s3) .\ncollagen (i) sequences obtained by lc - ms in comparison to previously postulated closest relatives .\nthe results are from a) maximum likelihood (rooted to gallus; only bootstrap support > 50 is shown) and b) neighbor - net analysis in splitztree4. plesiorycteropus consistently forms a monophyletic group with the tenrecs within the order tenrecoidea, forming a sister group to the aardvark (tubulidentates), rock hyrax, and the proboscideans. silhouette denotes sequences obtained from lc - ms data; scale shows average amino acid substitutions per site .\none major limitation of protein (peptide) sequencing by soft - ionization mass spectrometry relies on the matching of peptide fragments ions observed in tandem mass spectra with those predicted from a given database. thus for fragment ion mass spectra deriving from extinct taxa that do not have closely - related representative species, levels of confidence need to be placed on inference from such data. in the case of collagen (i) analyses, the typical sequence coverage for unconstrained searches is approximately 70–80% , which reduces to ∼50% when appropriate (∼40) ion scores are used. thus with increasing confidence thresholds in peptide matching using conventional approaches (e. g. , mascot algorithms) there is an observable increase in the amount of missing sequence information .\nhowever, the results clearly show that plesiorycteropus is more closely related to tenrecoids than to tubulidentates, and that because its collagen sequence confidently places it within the order tenrecoidea, the molecular phylogeny obtained does not support the creation of the taxonomic order ‘bibymalagasia’ that was proposed in the mid 1990s [ 10 ]. although plesiorycteropus retained some morphological characteristics from its earlier common ancestor with aardvarks, characters such as its relatively small eyes and adaptations to climbing [ 2 ], [ 10 ] are consistent with other members of tenrecoidea. given that its resolved affinity is to tenrecoidea, particularly close to the tenrecs, which can occupy a diverse range of environments including terrestrial, fossorial, arboreal and aquatic ones [ 41 ], it is perhaps not surprising to find this much larger extinct form that acquired a wide range of morphological attributes that has made it so difficult to place for so long .\nthe inconclusive results from multiple investigations over the past one hundred years [ 2 ] – [ 8 ], [ 10 ] – [ 12 ] illustrate how difficult it is to place isolated taxa displaying many morphological novelties but few obvious synapomorphies. this problem can occur at any hierarchical level, but it is most prevalent in situations where higher taxa are being compared, which has obvious implications for the positioning of plesiorycteropus as well as many other extinct taxa. these results suggest that this mysterious plesiorycteropus is likely a form of ‘giant’ tenrec, a diverse family that are now only represented by much smaller taxa. the results presented here demonstrate that fossil collagen (i) can be used to resolve such questions of taxonomy and, given its longevity over millions of years, has enormous potential to build a more complete tree of life than possible with dna sequencing alone .\nmaldi - tof - ms spectra showing the pmfs of collagen digests extracted from elephant shrew (petrodromus tetradactylus), golden mole (ambylosomus hottentotus), sunda pangolin (manis javanica), anteater (myrmecophaga tridactyla) and hairy armadillo (chaeotophractus villosus) .\ntandem ms spectra of nine homologous peptides with precursor ions at m / z 2161 (sunda pangolin), 2147 (anteaters), 2129 (plesiorycteropus), 2131 (hairy armadillo), 2089 (aardvark), 2073 (rock hyrax), 2145 (golden mole), 2161 (elephant shrew) and 2115 (elephantids) split into two windows of m / z range 200–1100 (a) and 1100–2000 (b) .\nbayesian analysis of the 37 collagen sequences used in this study rooted to gallus including the lc - ms - derived sequences .\nmascot results for manis bone acid - insoluble protein digest lc - ms data .\nmascot results for orycteropus bone acid - insoluble protein digest lc - ms data .\nmascot results for tamandua bone acid - insoluble protein digest lc - ms data .\nmascot results for petrodromus skin acid - insoluble protein digest lc - ms data .\nmascot results for ambylosomus bone acid - insoluble protein digest lc - ms data .\nmascot results for chaetophractus bone acid - insoluble protein digest lc - ms data .\nmascot results for plesiorycteropus bone acid - insoluble protein digest lc - ms data .\nmascot results for setifer bone acid - insoluble protein digest lc - ms data .\nmascot results for procavia bone acid - insoluble protein digest lc - ms data .\nmascot results for myrmecaphaga bone acid - insoluble protein digest lc - ms data .\nmascot results for mammut bone acid - insoluble protein digest lc - ms data .\nthis research was made possible through permission to sample the plesiorycteropus specimens in the oxford museum of natural history archive, given by malgosia nowak - kemp, as well as samples of modern specimens from the cambridge natural history museum and the manchester museum for which i thank robert asher and henry mcghie for time in identifying numerous tissue samples for analysis. the author would like to thank the michael barber centre for mass spectrometry, the manchester life sciences proteomics core facility, julian selley for bioinformatics support and sarah howard, william sellers, terry brown, robert asher and ross macphee for reviewing early forms of the manuscript .\nconceived and designed the experiments: mb. performed the experiments: mb. analyzed the data: mb. contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools: mb. wrote the paper: mb .\nvan der geer a, lyras g, de vos j, dermitzakis m (2010) evolution of island mammals. wiley - 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(2008) comparing the survival of osteocalcin and mtdna in archaeological bone from four european sites. j. archaeol. sci. 35: 1756–1764 .\ntuross n (1989) albumin preservation in the taima - taima mastodon skeleton. applied geochemistry 4: 255–259 .\nhuq nl, tseng a, chapman ge (1990) partial amino acid sequence of osteocalcin from an extinct species of ratite bird. biochemistry international 21: 491–496 .\nbuckley m, collins mj, thomas - oates j, wilson j (2009) species identification of bone collagen using matrix - assisted laser desorption / ionization mass spectrometry. rapid comm. mass spectrom. 23: 3843–3854 .\nguindon s, gascuel o (2003) a simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood. syst. biol. 52: 696–704 .\nhuelsenbeck jp, ronquist f (2001) mrbayes: bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. bioinformatics 17: 754–755 .\nhuson dh, bryant d (2006) application of phylogenetic networks in evolutionary studies molecular biology and evolution. 23: 254–267 .\nbryant d (2004) neighbor - net: an agglomerative method for the construction of phylogenetic networks. mol biol evol 21: 255–265 .\nroepstorff p, fohlman j (1984) proposal for a common nomenclature for sequence ions in mass spectra of peptides. biomed. mass spectrom. 11: 601 .\nle gros clark we, sonntag f (1926) a monograph of orycteropus afer. iii. proc. zool. soc. london: 445–485 .\nrainey we, lowenstein jm, sarich vm, magor dm (1984) sirenian macromolecular systematic including the extinct steller’s sea cow (hydrodamalis gigas). naturwissensh 71: 586–588 .\nde jong ww, zweers a, goodman m (1981) relationship of aardvark to elephants, hyraxes and sea cows from α - crystallin sequences. nature 292: 538–540 .\npoux c, madsen o, gros j, de jong ww, vences m (2008) moecular phylogeny and divergence times of malagasy tenrecs: influence of data partitioning and taxon sampling on data analyses. bmc evol biol. 8: 102 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know. thanks for your help !\nthe placental mammalian clade afrotheria is now supported by diverse forms of genomic data, but interordinal relationships within, and morphological support for, the group remains elusive. as a means for addressing these outstanding problems, competing hypotheses of afrotherian interordinal relationships were tested through simultaneous parsimony analysis of a large data set (> 4, 590 parsimony informative characters) containing genomic data (> 17 kb of nucleotide data, chromosomal associations, and retroposons) and 400 morphological characters scored across 16 extant and 35 extinct afrotherians .\nparsimony analysis of extant taxa alone recovered the interordinal topology (afrosoricida, (( macroscelidea, tubulidentata), (hyracoidea, (proboscidea, sirenia) )) ). analysis following addition of extinct taxa instead supported afroinsectivora (afrosoricida + macroscelidea) and pseudoungulata (tubulidentata + paenungulata), as well as tethytheria (proboscidea + sirenia). this latter topology is, however, sensitive to taxon deletion and different placements of the placental root, and numerous alternative interordinal arrangements within afrotheria could not be statistically rejected. relationships among extinct stem members of each afrotherian clade were more stable, but one alleged stem macroscelidean (herodotius) never grouped with that clade and instead consistently joined pseudoungulates or paenungulates. when character transformations were optimized onto a less resolved afrotherian tree that reflects uncertainty about the group' s interordinal phylogeny, a total of 21 morphological features were identified as possible synapomorphies of crown afrotheria, 9 of which optimized unambiguously across all character treatments and optimization methods .\ninstability in afrotherian interordinal phylogeny presumably reflects rapid divergences during two pulses of cladogenesis – the first in the late cretaceous, at and just after the origin of crown afrotheria, and the second in the early cenozoic, with the origin of crown paenungulata. morphological evidence for divergences during these two pulses either never existed or has largely been\nerased\nby subsequent evolution along long ordinal branches. there may, nevertheless, be more morphological character support for crown afrotheria than is currently assumed; the features identified here as possible afrotherian synapomorphies can be further scrutinized through future phylogenetic analyses with broader taxon sampling, as well as recovery of primitive fossil afrotherians from the afro - arabian landmass, where the group is likely to have first diversified .\n], but morphological phylogenetic analyses of the placental mammal radiation continue to favor afrotherian polyphyly [ e. g. , [\n], whereas afrosoricids – which were formerly placed in the order lipotyphla alongside hedgehogs, shrews, moles, and solenodons (now eulipotyphla) – share a number of seemingly primitive morphological features with eulipotyphlans and cretaceous stem placentals. phylogenetic analyses of the longest available concatenation of afrotherian dna sequences [\nanother outstanding problem in afrotherian phylogenetics is the branching order among hyracoidea, proboscidea and sirenia within paenungulata. various types of genomic data have been collected in an effort to resolve paenungulate relationships [\n] that suggest an early preference for semi - aquatic habitus. if tethytheria is monophyletic, this adaptive pattern is best explained as having been due to common ancestry, whereas if the group is paraphyletic, semi - aquatic habitus either evolved convergently in early proboscideans and sirenians, or was an ancestral feature of paenungulata as a whole .\n] that otherwise might attract due to homoplasy rather than homology. the only recent phylogenetic analysis to have scored members of all extant afrotherian orders included only two undoubted fossil afrotherians, however, both of which were extinct paenungulates [\n], and which recovered a macroscelidean - paenungulate clade to the exclusion of perissodactyls and artiodactyls, did not sample aardvarks, tenrecs and golden moles, which lack some or all of the features that support the macroscelidean - paenungulate clade recovered in that study .\n] to create the single largest phylogenetic data set (at least 4, 590 parsimony informative characters) that has yet been brought to bear on the interrelationships of living and extinct afrotherians. included in the morphological partition are new data on recently published afrotherian fossil material from the paleogene of north africa [\n] as well as undescribed late eocene hyracoids, macroscelideans, and afrosoricids from egypt. parsimony analysis of these data reveals a new hypothesis of relationships within afrotheria, and highlights a central role for paleogene\nelephant - shrews\nin afrotherian phylogenetics .\nregardless of how morphological characters were treated [ i. e. , with selected multistate characters either unordered (= ua, unordered analysis), or ordered and scaled (= osa, ordered and scaled analysis) ], simultaneous analysis of extant taxa alone recovered paenungulata, tethytheria, a macroscelidea - tubulidentata clade, and a macroscelidea - tubulidentata - paenungulata clade to the exclusion of afrosoricida (fig .\n). aside from monophyly of paenungulata, these results are at odds with the relationships recovered by amrine - madsen et al. [\n], although among these supraordinal clades only paenungulata had high bootstrap support (fig .\n). with afrosoricida placed as the sister group of all other afrotherians, there was only one unambiguously optimized morphological synapomorphy of afrotheria in the osa (placement of the root of the zygomatic lateral to m3), none in the ua, but 24 (ua) to 30 (osa) ambiguous morphological synapomorphies of that clade. the macroscelidea - tubulidentata - paenungulata clade was supported by 69 (osa) to 71 (ua) ambiguously and 22 (ua) to 26 (osa) unambiguously optimized morphological synapomorphies .\nestimate of afrotherian interordinal phylogeny based on data from extant taxa alone. strict consensus of results from parsimony analyses of extant taxa only with all characters unordered (1 most parsimonious tree (mpt), tree length (tl) = 18428, consistency index (ci) = 0. 52, retention index (ri) = 0. 39, rescaled consistency index (rci) = 0. 26) and with some multistate characters ordered and scaled (1 mpt, tl = 18068, ci = 0. 52, ri = 0. 39, rci = 0. 26). intraordinal relationships are not shown, but in both trees are as in fig. 2. numbers above and below branches are bootstrap support values (1000 replicates) from analysis of the matrix with some multistate characters ordered and scaled (above) and with all multistate characters unordered (below) .\nphylogenetic relationships of living and extinct afrotherians. adams consensus tree summarizing results from parsimony analyses with all characters unordered (12 mpts, tl = 19478, ci = 0. 50, ri = 0. 44, rci = 0. 28) and with some morphological characters ordered and scaled (1 mpt, tl = 18689. 54, ci = 0. 50, ri = 0. 44, rci = 0. 28). branches depicted with dashes break down in the strict consensus of all 13 trees. values above and below branches are bootstrap support (1000 replicates) from analysis of the matrix with some multistate characters ordered and scaled (above) and with all multistate characters unordered (below). herodotiine taxa (alleged stem macroscelideans) are in bold face; asterisks identify\nwild card\ntaxa whose variable positions given different character treatments lead to decreased resolution in the strict consensus tree .\nparsimony analysis following addition of 35 extinct afrotherian species recovered a supraordinal branching pattern that is more consistent with amrine - madsen et al.' s [\n] tree based solely on molecular data. the macroscelidea - tubulidentata clade recovered in the analysis of extant taxa alone breaks down, and macroscelidea joined afrosoricida, forming a weakly supported afroinsectivora. the primary differences from amrine - madsen et al.' s [\n], and of hyracoidea as the sister group of tethytheria rather than of proboscidea alone. outside of paenungulata, the branching order among afrotherians was the same as in amrine - madsen et al.' s [\n] tree, but the root was placed between afroinsectivora and pseudoungulata rather than between afroinsectiphillia and paenungulata. inclusion of fossil taxa led to reduced bootstrap support for both paenungulata and tethytheria, in the former case due in part to the variable placement of the alleged stem macroscelidean\n, which in different equally parsimonious trees emerged as the sister taxon of either pseudoungulata, tubulidentata, paenungulata, or hyracoidea, but never as a sister group of crown macroscelidea. the lower support for tethytheria can be explained by the inclusion of primitive fossil proboscideans and sirenians, which reveal that a number of the apomorphies that were unambiguously optimized as tethytherian synapomorphies in the analysis of extant taxa alone are in fact more parsimoniously explained as homoplasies rather than homologies [ e. g. , [\nalthough it is interesting that the addition of fossil taxa led to an improved fit with the tree derived from maximum likelihood and bayesian analysis of the molecular data alone, closer examination reveals that this most parsimonious topology is not particularly stable. for instance, trees derived from analyses that were constrained to recover the interordinal arrangement (afrosoricida, (paenungulata, (macroscelidea - tubulidentata) )) were only two steps longer than the unconstrained tree, and could not be statistically rejected; nor could the alternative arrangement of a monophyletic afroinsectiphillia containing afroinsectivora (table\n). none of the three possible arrangements of the paenungulate orders were either well supported or rejected by statistical tests, and even afrosoricid diphyly (e. g. , with either tenrecoidea or chrysochloridae placed as the sister taxon of macroscelidea) could not be rejected (table\n' s placement as a stem sirenian in the present analysis. deletion of basal eocene taxa, such as the herodotiines\nstatistics for most parsimonious trees derived from analyses that were constrained to agree with alternative phylogenetic hypotheses. consistency index excludes uninformative characters. value for templeton test (p, calculated in paup 4. 0b10) is the probability of finding a more extreme t - value under the null hypothesis of no difference between the two trees (two - tailed test), arbitrarily calculated by comparing the first tree in each of the two alternative tree lists. results in bold are those that are present in the adams consensus of all equally parsimonious trees. os = ordered and scaled analysis; u = unordered analysis; na = not applicable .\ninterordinal relationships within afrotheria from (above) analyses constrained to agree with the alternative hypotheses exafroplacentalia (afrotheria, (boreoeutheria, xenarthra) ) and atlantogenata (boreoeutheria, (afrotheria, xenarthra) ), and (below) analyses run following deletion or addition of various extinct taxa. results followed by an asterisk are those that occur in the adams consensus of all equally parsimonious trees (the strict consensus of which was less resolved than the optimal topologies based on analyses including all taxa). os = ordered and scaled analysis; u = unordered analysis .\nthe phylogeny of the diverse paleogene paenungulate radiation has never been analyzed within the context of afrotherian monophyly. one of the novel results of this analysis is the placement of enigmatic\n], was placed as the sister group of elephantiforms to the exclusion of all other eocene taxa .\n] as the sister group of all younger hyracoids. in contrast to previous studies that positioned\n, including cranial remains, helps to place that genus as the sister taxon of crown macroscelidea with strong bootstrap support (fig .\nwas consistently placed alongside\npseudoungulates\nrather than macroscelideans (see discussion below). a placement of both herodotiines as stem macroscelideans could not be statistically rejected, however (table\n– does not alter the scheme of interordinal relationships supported by the full taxon set. regardless of how characters are treated ,\ndespite the placement of afrosoricids with macroscelideans in the analysis of living and extinct taxa, under this arrangement afrotherian monophyly is not unambiguously supported by any of the\nproto - ungulate\nfeatures that macroscelideans share with aardvarks and paenungulates. in fact the existence of any unambiguous morphological character support for afrotheria given this tree is dependent on whether delayed or accelerated optimization is used; under delayed transformation, there are four unambiguous synapomorphies of afrotheria regardless of how multistate characters are treated (presence of a naviculocalcaneal facet, scattered vomeronasal organ blood vessels [\n]). an additional four features [ presence of a small p3 protocone, presence of well - developed buccal cingula rather than stylar shelves, increase in lumbar vertebra number from 6 to 8, and testicondy (intrabdominal testes) ] emerge as unambiguous synapomorphies depending on treatment of certain multistate characters. under accelerated transformation, there are no unambiguous afrotherian synapomorphies, but there are 31 (osa) and 33 (ua) ambiguous synapomorphies of that clade .\ngiven that there can be little confidence in any of the proposed arrangements of afrosoricida, macroscelidea, or tubulidentata within afrotheria, an alternative, and perhaps more conservative, approach is to optimize characters onto an afrotherian phylogeny that is less resolved at the supraordinal level. with macroscelidea, tubulidentata, afrosoricida, and\n). of these characters, nine are congruently optimized as afrotherian synapomorphies regardless of how transformations are optimized (accelerated or delayed) or how multistate characters are treated (ordered and scaled or unordered) .\ncharacter state changes identified as unambiguous morphological synapomorphies of afrotheria when relationships among afrosoricida, macroscelidea, paenungulata, and tubulidentata are depicted as unresolved. osa _ at = ordered and scaled analysis, accelerated transformation; osa _ dt = ordered and scaled analysis, delayed transformation; ua _ at = unordered analysis, accelerated transformation; ua _ dt = unordered analysis, delayed transformation .\nthe instability of afrotherian interordinal relationships is remarkable given that all of the analyses performed here included at least 4, 590 parsimony informative molecular and morphological characters. molecular divergence estimates clearly indicate that cladogenesis among the stem lineages of tubulidentata, macroscelidea, afrosoricida, and paenungulata occurred rapidly, and probably in the latest cretaceous; according to the recent estimates provided by murphy et al. [\n], these clades had all diverged within the first 5 million years of crown afrotherian evolution. morphological evidence for these supraordinal divergences either did not accumulate along these short internal branches, or was subsequently\nerased\nby evolution along the much longer branches leading to ordinal crown clades .\nconsiderable ambiguity is introduced by missing data and different methods for optimizing character states onto slightly different afrotherian phylogenies, but it remains distinctly possible that there are a number of morphological synapomorphies of crown afrotheria, and that the ancestral crown afrotherian more closely resembled a\nproto - ungulate\nthan an\ninsectivore\n. for instance, some of the only character transformations that consistently optimized unambiguously onto the afrotherian stem on the less resolved tree (table\n. with characters unordered, the ancestral afrotherian is also reconstructed as having no parastyles and well - developed buccal cingula rather than stylar shelves, which again suggests that afrosoricids (which do have parastyles and stylar shelves) have undergone reversals to the dental character states observable in more primitive cretaceous placentals .\n) is placed in afroinsectivora with macroscelideans. herodotiine diphyly is probably an artifact of missing data, but the distribution of herodotiines on both sides of the afrotherian tree again lends some support to the idea that the paenungulate - like dental morphology of herodotiines may be primitive within afrotheria. the most likely explanation for herodotiine diphyly is that, in known parts ,\nhas somewhat paenungulate - like anterior premolars and incisors (personal observation). if some uniformity of herodotiine morphology is assumed and\nare assigned the character states of the herodotiine taxon that preserves those parts, then these taxa together join tubulidentata (osa) or pseudoungulata (ua adams consensus), but never macroscelidea, in parsimony analyses of the data set presented here. additional cranial or postcranial morphology of herodotiines should play a key role in future efforts to tease apart homology and homoplasy among early afrotherians: if herodotiines are in fact stem macroscelideans within afroinsectivora, then their detailed dental resemblances to paenungulates will either not be present in older and more primitive stem macroscelideans, or these features will emerge as plesiomorphic within afroinsectivora and afrotheria and will support a proto - ungulate origin for both clades .\nof the remaining morphological features that support afrotherian monophyly on the less resolved tree, none clearly point to either a\nproto - ungulate\nor\ninsectivore\norigin for the clade. under delayed transformation, at least one morphological feature that was previously thought to be a synapomorphy of paenungulata (loss of lunar - unciform contact) [\n] instead appears as a synapomorphy of afrotheria as a whole. other features that have already been identified as probable afrotherian synapomorphies, such as increased lumbar vertebral number [\n] also optimize unambiguously as afrotherian synapomorphies across all or most assumption sets. presence of a contact between the navicular and calcaneus, which occurs in proboscideans ,\n, and aardvarks as well as some macroscelideans, tenrecs, golden moles, and fossil hyracoids, is here identified for the first time as another possible morphological synapomorphy of crown afrotheria .\nthere are a few obvious deficiencies of the present study, some of which should be improved upon in future analyses. one obvious improvement that can be made is greater taxon sampling within placentalia (and mammalia more broadly), including a greater diversity of cretaceous mammals, as all such taxa should help to clarify ancestral character states for crown placentalia. one obvious criticism of the equally - weighted total evidence approach taken here is that\nrare genomic changes\n( rgcs) such as retroposons and chromosomal syntenies have been given equal weight to point mutations in dna sequences, the latter of which are surely much more prone to homoplasy [" ]

{ "text": [ "the afroinsectiphilia ( african insectivores ) is a clade that has been proposed based on the results of recent molecular phylogenetic studies .", "many of the taxa within it were once regarded as part of the order insectivora , but insectivora is now considered to be polyphyletic and obsolete .", "this proposed classification is based on molecular studies only , and there is no morphological evidence for it .", "the golden moles and tenrecs are part of this clade .", "some also regard the elephant shrews and aardvarks as part of it , although these two order are traditionally seen as primitive ungulates .", "the sister group of the afroinsectiphilia is the paenungulata , which were also traditionally regarded as ungulates .", "if the clade of afrotheria is genuine , then the afroinsectiphilia are the closest relatives of the pseudungulata ( here regarded as part of afroinsectiphilia ) and the paenungulata .", "in a classification governed by morphological data , both the pseudungulata and paenungulata are seen as true ungulates , thus not related to afroinsectiphilia .", "however , dna research is thought to provide a more fundamental classification .", "additionally , there might be some dental synapomorphies uniting afroinsectiphilians : p4 talonid and trigonid of similar breadth , a prominent p4 hypoconid , presence of a p4 metacone and absence of parastyles on m1 – 2 .", "additional features uniting ptolemaiidans and tubulidentates specifically include hypsodont molars that wear down to a flat surface ; a long and shallow mandible with an elongated symphyseal region ; and trigonids and talonids that are separated by lateral constrictions . " ], "topic": [ 26, 5, 6, 23, 12, 16, 6, 26, 6, 21, 21 ] }

[ "the afroinsectiphilia (african insectivores) is a clade that has been proposed based on the results of recent molecular phylogenetic studies. many of the taxa within it were once regarded as part of the order insectivora, but insectivora is now considered to be polyphyletic and obsolete. this proposed classification is based on molecular studies only, and there is no morphological evidence for it. the golden moles and tenrecs are part of this clade. some also regard the elephant shrews and aardvarks as part of it, although these two order are traditionally seen as primitive ungulates. the sister group of the afroinsectiphilia is the paenungulata, which were also traditionally regarded as ungulates. if the clade of afrotheria is genuine, then the afroinsectiphilia are the closest relatives of the pseudungulata (here regarded as part of afroinsectiphilia) and the paenungulata. in a classification governed by morphological data, both the pseudungulata and paenungulata are seen as true ungulates, thus not related to afroinsectiphilia. however, dna research is thought to provide a more fundamental classification. additionally, there might be some dental synapomorphies uniting afroinsectiphilians: p4 talonid and trigonid of similar breadth, a prominent p4 hypoconid, presence of a p4 metacone and absence of parastyles on m1 – 2. additional features uniting ptolemaiidans and tubulidentates specifically include hypsodont molars that wear down to a flat surface; a long and shallow mandible with an elongated symphyseal region; and trigonids and talonids that are separated by lateral constrictions." ]

[ "embed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - charadrahyla (charadrahyla taeniopus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - charadrahyla (charadrahyla taeniopus )\ntitle =\narkive species - charadrahyla (charadrahyla taeniopus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ninformation on charadrahyla taeniopus is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nantonio muñoz alonso, luis canseco - márquez 2004. charadrahyla chaneque. the iucn red list of threatened species 2004: e. t55441a11312044. urltoken\nthis species was previously included in the genus hyla, but has recently been moved to the new genus charadrahyla (faivovich et al. 2005) .\ngeorgina santos - barrera, luis canseco - márquez 2004. charadrahyla altipotens. the iucn red list of threatened species 2004: e. t55384a11288683. urltoken\nwe collected tadpoles from various locations along the sierra madre oriental in mexico and determined they are charadrahyla taeniopus. herein, we describe the tadpole of c. taeniopus .\ncharadrahyla altipotens — faivovich, haddad, garcia, frost, campbell, and wheeler, 2005, bull. am. mus. nat. hist. , 294: 100 .\nthe mexican genus charadrahyla comprises six species of large, stream - dwelling frogs that inhabit the highlands of the sierra madre oriental, sierra madre occidental, and the sierras of oaxaca and chiapas (duellman, 2001; campbell et al. 2009). one of these species, charadrahyla taeniopus gunther 1901 inhabits cloud forest between 1200 and 2100 m along the sierra madre oriental in the mexican states of hidalgo, puebla, and veracruz (duellman, 1965, 2001) .\nthe fairy tree frog, charadrahyla chaneque, is a species of frog in the hylidae family endemic to mexico. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and rivers. it is threatened by habitat loss .\nthe yellowbelly voiceless tree frog, charadrahyla altipotens, is a species of frog in the hylidae family endemic to mexico. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and rivers. it is threatened by habitat loss .\nthe tadpole of charadrahyla taeniopus is described. this tadpole is a typical stream - dweller with a long depressed body, oral disc completely surrounded by marginal papillae with numerous small submarginal papillae lateral to the mouth, and several rows of teeth on the posterior labium (6–7) .\nel renacuajo de charadrahyla taeniopus es descrito. este renacuajo es típico habitante de corrientes de agua, el cual posee un cuerpo largo y aplanado, disco oral rodeado completamente de papilas marginales y con numerosas papilas submarginales pequeñas a los lados de la boca, y varias hileras de dientes en el labio posterior (6–7) .\n3. campbell, j. a. , j. c. blancas - hernandez, & e. n. smith. 2009. a new species of stream - breeding treefrog of the genus charadrahyla (hylidae) from the sierra madre del sur of guerrero, mexico. copeia 2009: 287–295. [ links ]\naltig (1987) assigned a tadpole from hidalgo (no museum number provided) with ltrf 2 (2) / 7 to plectrohyla charadricola duellman. we think this tadpole is charadrahyla taeniopus because it has the same labial tooth row formula as the tadpoles from hidalgo described in this study and because c. taeniopus is very common in hidalgo .\nthe identity of the tadpole of charadrahyla taeniopus is still uncertain. duellman (1965) assigned a tadpole from puebla (ku 68498) with labial tooth row formula (hereafter ltrf) 2 (2) / 3 and one row of large submarginal papillae to c. taeniopus, but no conclusive evidence (i. e. , molecular or developmental) supports this hypothesis .\nduellman (2001: 921) assigned a tadpole with ltrf 2 (2) / 6 to plectrohyla arborescandens taylor 1939 but kaplan & heimes (2011) identified the correct tadpole of this species as one having ltrf 2 (2) / 3. we think that duellman' s tadpole is charadrahyla taeniopus because it has the same labial tooth row formulae and clumps of lateral submarginal papillae as the tadpoles described in this study and also because it was collected near tezuitlan puebla, a locality where c. taeniopus is abundant .\nwe found geographic variation in the maximum number of teeth rows on the posterior labium of the tadpoles of charadrahyla taeniopus. in particular, the tadpoles from puebla and veracruz have a maximum of 6 rows of teeth while those from hidalgo have a maximum of 7 rows. this observation is consistent, although not conclusive, with taylor' s (1939) hypothesis that the populations of c. taeniopus from hidalgo constitute a species (i. e. , c. bromeliana taylor 1939) different from the populations of c. taeniopus from puebla and veracruz (i. e. , c. taeniopus) .\nthe tadpole of charadrahyla taeniopus resembles those of c. altipotens duellman 1968 and c. nephila mendelson & campbell 1999 by having clumps of many small submarginal papillae lateral to the rows of teeth and by lacking rows of large, discrete submarginal papillae between teeth rows and marginal papillae (duellman, 2001); c. taeniopus differs from these species by having 6 - 7 posterior teeth rows. the tadpole of c. taeniopus differs from that of c. trux adler & dennis 1972 by having two rows of teeth on the anterior labium (duellman, 2001). the tadpoles of c. chaneque duellman 1961 and c. tecuani campbell et al. 2009 are still unknown .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nfrost, darrel r. 2014. amphibian species of the world: an online reference. new york available at: urltoken .\njustification: listed as vulnerable because its extent of occurrence is less than 20, 000km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in oaxaca and veracruz, mexico .\nthis species is known from sierra de juárez and sierra mixe, north - central oaxaca, mexico. a specimen has also been collected from los tuxtlas, veracruz, mexico, but this record is in doubt. it probably occurs more widely than records suggest. it occurs at elevations of 680 - 2, 256m asl .\nit inhabits mesic cloud forest, and is commonly found in or near streams and low vegetation, and presumably breeds in streams .\nthe high rate of disturbance of the cloud forest is the main threat to this species. tadpoles have been found in southern mexico with loss of keratinised mouthparts, suggesting that chytridiomycosis might be involved .\nthe range of this species does not include any protected areas, and urgent protection of the forests along the sierra de juárez and sierra mixe is required. the species is in need of close population monitoring, particularly if chytrid is shown to be a genuine threat .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species is known from only three localities east of the isthmus of tehuantepec in northern chiapas and eastern oaxaca, mexico. the type locality is at 1, 690m asl .\nit only inhabits high - elevation cloud forests with cascading mountain streams. it presumably breeds in streams .\nits range includes the reserva de la biósfera sierra del los tuxtlas, but expanded protection of cloud forest habitat in this region is needed. this species is protected by mexican law under the\nspecial protection\ncategory (pr) .\nlisted as endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 5, 000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in chiapas and oaxaca, mexico .\nhas a male snout - vent length that reaches a maximum of 65. 9 mm and females have a longer maximum length of 70 mm. the head width is as wide as the flattened body. the snout of\nis different between the sexes; the males have a pointed snout while the females have a truncated snout. the tympanum is distinct and is not connected to the eye. the pupil is a horizontal slit (flores hernández 2014). the fingers and toes are thin and long with rounded, equally sized discs on the tips. webbing is present for both toes and fingers. the finger webbing formula is i 2 - 2 ¼, ii 1¼ - 2, iii 2 - 1 iv and the relative length of fingers is i < ii < iv < iii. the foot webbing formula is ¾ - ½, ii ½ - 2, iii 1 - 2, iv 2 - ¾ v. the body has distinguishing features, such as tarsal folds on the limbs. the skin texture of the\ngenus in life is granular for both the dorsum and ventrum and is thick on the limbs (campbell et al. 2009). the species is unusual in that the males may lack a vocal sac, although sources are unclear on this (smith and taylor 1948). however, species in this genus have nuptial pads, which are composed of dark - colored spinules (campbell et al. 2009). some species of the genus, including\ntadpoles, the total length at stage 31 is 43. 5 mm. the body shape can be described as rounded, with a slight depression of the underside of the snout. the tail meets with the entirety of the posterior of the body and the narrow end of the tail tips upwards. both the eyes and the nostrils are located dorsally and close to one another. the spiracle is on the sinistral side while the vent is on the dextral side. the mouth of the tadpole is on the ventral side. the oral disc has upper and lower jaw sheaths that are keratinized. the sheaths are darkly colored on the edges where the small serrations lie (kaplan and heimes 2015). the mouth has two or three upper rows of teeth and three or four lower rows of teeth with lips bordered by papillae (flores hernández 2014 )\nare the only frogs that have range overlaps in the municipality of atzalan. they are differentiated by size, with\nis differentiated within its genus by a brownish black belly with yellow flecks (flores hernández 2014) .\ngenus is known for large patches of brown on the dorsal side (campbell et al. 2009). both sexes of the\nhave yellow dots with background colors of black and brown on the belly. the throat is colored white and silver while the lateral part of the body is a dark brown with yellow spots. both sexes have clear palpebrum and bronze or grayish tan irises. sexual dimorphism is demonstrated with female\nhaving reddish brown as the dorsal color with brown markings instead of blackish - brown with yellow spots (flores hernández 2014) .\nin life, tadpoles have a reddish brown background with gold spots while the tail is a reddish cream color and the fins a gray color. in preservative, the color of a tadpole body is light brown while the tail is a cream color (kaplan and heimes 2015) .\nthe females vary from the males with brown markings on their backs and the background color being a reddish brown. females also have a truncated snout, while male snouts are pointed (flores hernández 2014) .\nnaturally occurs in many parts of mexico, mostly the sierra madre oriental. the species can be found from hidalgo del parral in the northeastern part of the country to the eastern coastal city of veracruz to the southern puebla (santos - barerra and canseco - márquez 2004). the forests that these frogs inhabit occur at a range of 1100 to 2200 m. in these highlands ,\nneeds humid cloud forests (santos - barrera and canseco - márquez 2004). the humidity also contributes to riparian vegetation, which is necessary for the survival of the species (flores hernández 2014) .\nis a nocturnal and arboreal species that inhabits the cloud forests located in the hidalgo - veracruz region of mexico (santos - barerra and canseco - márquez 2004) .\nsummer rains signal the beginning of the reproductive season (guzmán 2011). during this period of time, the frogs will migrate from the highlands to the streams where they will spawn (flores hernández, 2014). residents of the atzalan specify the alseseca river as the primary location where frogs are present, with other seasonal streams and ponds being alternative breeding grounds. streams with a slow moving current are ideal for reproduction, during which the male utilizes axillary amplexus, gripping around the female under her arms while stimulating her with calluses on his hands to induce egg release (flores hernández 2014) .\nafter the eggs have been fertilized and hatched, the free - swimming larvae can experience rapid larval growth at a temperature range of 20 to 25°c. this growth can take three to twenty days, during which the tadpole will feed on algae and detritus (flores hernández 2014) .\nafter metamorphosis into the adult stage this species will adopt an insect - based diet (guzmán 2011) .\nis a declining species due to factors such as habitat destruction and pollution from pesticides (valdespino et al. 2015). as a whole, amphibians are threatened due to the loss of habitat, which is often converted into farmland for agricultural purposes (flores hernández 2014). with less forest to reside in, the species become more exposed to sun and heat with lack of water (aguilar 2000). furthermore, pesticides such as ddt are found within the habitat range of the\nin large quantities and can remain in the environment for decades. the frog absorbs the pesticide through the skin or by consuming prey that is contaminated by the pesticide, leading to bioaccumulation in the body. these chemicals negatively impact the reproductive cycle and overall health of the species, leading to a decreasing population (valdespino et al. 2015) .\nalong with environmental damage, direct capture by humans is also harming the population numbers .\nis eaten by locals and captured for trading purposes. this species does not occur in protected areas, as the montane forests are not currently set aside as a national park (santos - barerra and canseco - márquez 2004) .\nis a representative of the municipality of atzalan, veracruz. they are featured on the municipal shield of atzalan as well as several other monuments, and have been a major food source for residents from the time of the aztecs (flores hernández 2014) .\nthe capture of these frogs is associated with tradition. the atzalan people believe that the frogs rain down each year on the same date that the patrons san andrés apóstol and archangel michael were venerated, september 29th. it is true that\ndescend from highlands to reproduce in streams during the first rains of summer (flores hernández 2014) .\nthe species has a high economic value, worth 30 to 40 pesos per dozen frogs (quiroz et al. 2012). they can be cooked in soups or made into calate cakes, worth 100 to 200 pesos in some establishments. while many locals claim that captured frogs are destined for home consumption, some are only interested in selling them (flores hernandez 2014). other reasons for the capture of these frogs include medicine and the pet trade (santos - barerra and canseco - márquez 2004) .\nalthough c. taeniopus is in decline, 48% of respondents from atzalan, veracruz, do not believe that it is (flores hernández 2014) .\nthe species authority is: günther, a. c. l. g. (1901) .\n. salvin, o. , and f. d. godman eds. , biologia centrali americana. volume 7: 253–260. london, r. h. porter and dulau & co .\ngroup is found within the paraphyletic group of neotropical hylids (campbell et al. 2009). as of 2005, there were five species within the\nwas supported by a 24 or more chromosome karyotype and an extra tendon on the tendo superficialis digiti v (faivovich et al. 2005) .\nmeans “ravine” in greek and refers to the habitat in which these frogs live (faivovich et al. 2005). the latter part of the genus name ,\n, is a feminine form of hylas, which refers to a comrade of hercules in greek mythology. hylas was said to have approached a forest stream where water nymphs pulled him under, enamoured by his beauty (myers 2006) .\nis known as calates to the locals of atzalan, veracruz (flores hernández 2014) .\nwhen locals prepare calates to eat, the frogs cross their arms much like a human when they are introduced to boiling water. no other species of frog is known to do this in atzalan (flores hernández 2014) .\naguilar, s. (2000).'' el festín de las ranas.''\n( hylidae) from the sierra madre del sur of guerrero, mexico.''\nfaivovich, j. , haddad, c. f. b. , garcia, p. c. a. , frost, d. r. , campbell, j. a. , wheeler, w. c. (2005).'' systematic review of the frog family hylidae, with special reference to hylinae: phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision.''\n( günther, 1901) recurso alimentario en el municipio de atzalan, ver.'' thesis. universidad veracruzana .\n( 1768) of j. n. laurenti, the ‘father of herpetology’.''\nsantos - barrera, g. , canseco - márquez, l. (2004) .\n. the iucn red list of threatened species 2004: e. t55671a11350853. urltoken downloaded on 30 january 2017. urltoken\nsmith, h. m. and taylor, e. h. (1948).'' an annotated checklist and key to the amphibia of mexico.''\nvaldespino, c. , huerta - peña, a. i. , pérez - pacheco, a. , von osten, j. r. (2015).'' persistent organochlorine pesticides in two hylidae species from the la antigua watershed, veracruz, mexico.''\nblair peterson, rebecca kain, josh gates (bmpeterson at ucdavis. edu, rbkain at ucdavis. edu, jgates at ucdavis. edu), university of california davis\n> university of california, berkeley, ca, usa. accessed jul 10, 2018 .\n> university of california, berkeley, ca, usa. accessed 10 jul 2018 .\nthis species is known from the pacific slopes of the sierra madre del sur de oaxaca, and north to the towns of san gabriel and san sebastián, in south - western oaxaca, mexico. it might occur a little more widely than current records suggest .\nthis species occurs in pine - oak and cloud forests, and prefers rocky streams with abundant vegetation as microhabitat. it presumably breeds in streams .\nthis has always been a rare species, but it appears to have gone into serious decline, and has not been recorded since the 1960s. recent surveys to locate it have been unsuccessful, and it might now be extinct .\nthis species has disappeared in suitable habitat, probably due to chytridiomycosis. the disappearance of the fragments of cloud forest in oaxaca, the most fragile habitat in mexico, is also threatening this species. at present this area is under extreme pressure from human population growth .\nthe range of this species does not include any protected areas. while additional survey work is urgently needed to determine whether or not this species is still extant in its natural range, protection of the remaining cloud forest fragments is important to preserve the humid habitats for this species as well as other amphibians. it is listed by the mexican government in the category\nspecial protection\n( pr) .\nlisted as critically endangered because of a drastic population decline, estimated to be more than 80% over the last three generations, inferred from the apparent disappearance of most, or all, of the population, probably due to chytridiomycosis .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda; use basic search (above) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl ...\nanywhere in a record: e. g. , hylarana, hyla, hylidae, hylinae, hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n... hyla\nanywhere in a record: e. g. , hyla, hylidae, plectrohyla, ptychadena hylaea, adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla: e. g. , hyla, hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e. g. , lithobates omiltemanus, hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record: e. g. , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nhyla altipotens duellman, 1968, univ. kansas publ. mus. nat. hist. , 17: 572. holotype: ku 101001, by original designation. type locality :\n37 kilometers (by road) north of san gabriel mixtepec (kilometer post 183 on road from oaxaca to puerto escondido), oaxaca, mexico, elevation 1860 meters\n.\nyellowbelly voiceless treefrog (liner, 1994, herpetol. circ. , 23: 22; frank and ramus, 1995, compl. guide scient. common names amph. rept. world: 54) .\nyellow - bellied voiceless treefrog (liner and casas - andreu, 2008, herpetol. circ. , 38: 9) .\nfor account (as hyla altipotens) see duellman, 1970, monogr. mus. nat. hist. univ. kansas: 450 - 453. see photograph, map, description of geographic range and habitat, and conservation status in stuart, hoffmann, chanson, cox, berridge, ramani, and young, 2008, threatened amph. world: 240, who noted that the species may be extinct. barrio - amorós, garcía - vázquez, domínguez laso, and nieto - montes de oca, 2016, mesoam. herpetol. , 3: 787–790, provided new records and discussed the range, natural history, and conservation status .\nplease note: these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history. we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to vertnet .\ncopyright © 1998 - 2018, darrel frost and the american museum of natural history. all rights reserved .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n1508 brooklyn avenue, ann arbor, michigan 48104, usa. moises. kaplan @ urltoken\ntadpoles were staged following gosner (1960). terminology of tadpole morphology and measurements follow that of altig & mcdiarmid (1999). museum acronyms: ummz = university of michigan museum of zoology .\noral disc ventral (fig. 1), small (diameter of oral disc 60% of body width), elliptical, not emarginate, completely surrounded by marginal papillae; marginal papillae biserial anteriorly, uniserial laterally, biserial to triserial posteriorly; one nearly complete row of medium submarginal papillae anterior to a - 1; clumps of 9 - 12 small submarginal papillae lateral to posterior rows of teeth; ltrf 2 (2) / 6; gap in a - 2 narrow; relative lengths of tooth rows a - 1 > a - 2 > p - 1 - p - 5 > p - 6; p - 6 intermittent; relative length of labial teeth rows a - 1, a - 2, p - 1, p - 2, p - 3 > p - 4 > p - 5 > p - 6; spaces between teeth rows of posterior labium gradually diminishes from anterior to posterior; oral surface of upper jaw sheath long, wide, flat to slightly convex with wide, long, well - pigmented, lateral projections; upper and lower jaw sheaths well - keratinized, gradually more pigmented toward their serrated edges; two darkly - pigmented narrow processes extend posterodorsally from the lateral edges of the upper jaw sheath; serrated edges of upper and lower jaw sheaths slightly convex and u - shaped, respectively; upper and lower jaw sheaths bearing small, round - tipped, well - defined, discrete serrations .\nin preservative, body light brown, tail musculature cream; small, poorly defined spots on anterior part of dorsal fin. in life, a tadpole (ummz 239971–3) has body reddish brown with golden flecks, tail musculature reddish cream, and fins grayish .\ntadpoles in developmental stages later than 31 can have large blotches on tail musculature and a pigmented vent. tadpoles in various developmental stages can have the musculature of the posterior part of the tail straight, body gray in preservative, upper jaw sheath poorly or not pigmented (ummz 239906–8, 239966, 239968–9, 239971–5) and poorly keratinized (i. e. , with the medial part of the serrated edge slightly to sharply concave) (ummz 239906–8, 239972), upper jaw sheath short, serrations of upper and / or lower jaw sheaths barely distinct to absent (ummz 239908), p - 6 continuous, row of submarginal papillae between a - 1 and marginal papillae absent (ummz 239907), and p - 1 split in two short segments and positioned on both sides of lower jaw sheath (ummz 239974). tadpoles in developmental stages 26 - 41 can have ltrf 2 (2) / 5 (ummz 239907–8) or 2 (1) (2) / 6 (ummz 239973). tadpoles in stage 25 can have ltrf 2 (2) / 4–6. some tadpoles (ummz 239968, 239974–5) have ltrf 2 (2) / 7. one tadpole has two rows of submarginal papillae anterior to a - 1 (ummz 239979) .\ncomparative materials: mexico: hidalgo: between hwy 105 and carpinteros ummz 239971–77, 239839–41; 15 kms from zacualtipan on zacualtipan - molango rd. ummz 239966–70, 239835–38. puebla: 14 kms. w. huauchinango ummz 239708–10, 239854–55, 239906; campamento la trucha rio totolapa, w. huauchinango ummz 239906, 239907, 239856. veracruz: near the town of las minas (19° 40. 5' n; 97° 10. 3' w) ummz 239979–82, 239847–52, 239983–84; reserva\nlas cañadas\n, near huatusco ummz 239711–14, 238714–16 .\nwe thank oscar flores villela for collecting permits, ron nussbaum for loan of specimens, john megahan for help with the illustrations, and john mccormack for comment on the manuscript .\n1. altig, r. 1987. key to the anuran tadpoles of mexico. the southwestern naturalist 32: 75–84. [ links ]\n2. altig, r. & r. w. mcdiarmid. 1999. body plan: development and morphology. in: r. w. mcdiarmid & r. altig. (eds). tadpoles: the biology of anuran larvae: 25–51, university of chicago press, chicago. [ links ]\n4. duellman, w. e. 1965. frogs of the hyla taeniopus group. copeia, 1965: 159 - 168. [ links ]\n5. duellman, w. e. 2001. hylid frogs of middle america. society for the study of amphibians and reptiles, ithaca, ny. 1170 pp. [ links ]\n6. duellman, w. e. & l. trueb. 1986. biology of amphibians. macgraw - hill, new york, 670 pp. [ links ]\n7. gosner, k. l. 1960. a simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification, herpetologica 16: 183 - 190. [ links ]\n8. kaplan, m. & p. heimes. 2011. the tadpole of plectrohyla arborescandens, with comments on the identity of the tadpole of plectrohyla cyclada. journal of herpetology 45: 463–464. [ links ]\n9. taylor, e. h. 1939. a new bromeliad frog. copeia 1939: 97 - 100. [ links ]\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nattributes / relations provided by ♦ 1 oliveira, brunno freire; são - pedro, vinícius avelar; santos - barrera, georgina; penone, caterina; c. costa, gabriel. (2017) amphibio, a global database for amphibian ecological traits. sci. data .\necoregions provided by world wide fund for nature (wwf). wildfinder: online database of species distributions, ver. 01. 06 wwf wildfinder\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nmaintenance on this system will make it temporarily unavailable for short periods of time between 8: 00 and 10: 00 am edt this saturday, 06 june .\nthe division of amphibians and reptiles, national museum of natural history, smithsonian institution, houses and maintains the largest herpetology collection in the world with over 580, 000 specimens. our collection, comprised primarily of fluid preserved specimens, includes representatives of about 63% of the approximately 15, 000 known species of the world' s herpetofauna. our database holds approximately 13, 400 type records; over 2, 470 of these are primary (name bearing) types. for more information please see the division' s collections page .\nkey word searches on summary fields can be run from the keywords search tab. searches can be run against specific fields from the search by field tab. if you don' t know what to search for, try one of the three sample searches in the quick browse list below .\nplease note that not all of our holdings are included in our specimen database at present (99% are completely or partially listed). currently only a small number of specimens have associated images. we are constantly adding records and images to the herpetology database. if you spot an error please use the feedback tab to let us know .\nsee the help tab to learn more about searching and then exploring your returned results (sorting, exporting, etc .) .\nuse the by field search to find specimen data that match values in specific database fields. enter a value or choose one from the dropdown lists .\nsome lists are linked, so for example, choosing a country narrows the choices for province / state / territory, and district / county. dropdown choices also narrow as you type, for example, typing colu in the family field might narrow the choice to colubridae .\ncheck only records with images if you want to restrict the search to records with multimedia content .\nyou can force an exact search by surrounding your search text in double - quotes. exact means exact, the search is case - sensitive and must match the value of the entire field. an exact search will also take much longer to complete .\nyou will receive a warning when you enter invalid information in the text fields. for example, catalog numbers are composed strictly of numbers; other characters raise a warning .\nenter your keywords separated by spaces and click search. records that match your search terms will be returned .\nyou can join terms with or to match any, e. g. minnesota or wisconsin\nyou can include the terms image (s) or type (s) to find records that have images or that are type specimens .\nto search for catalog numbers, replace spaces with dashes, e. g. instead of abc 12345, use abc - 12345. do not include any other terms .\nnote that searching for common (vernacular) names may not yield the expected results. associating common names with specimen records is a work in progress .\nthe results of your searches can be displayed in grid (a sortable, customizable table) or gallery view (best for reviewing images). use the switch button to cycle between these views .\nyou can choose whether to display 5, 10, 20, 50, or 100 records at a time .\nyou can choose the columns to display from any column' s dropdown menu (mouse into a column header and click the dropdown icon). under columns, click the name to display or hide the field (you do not need to click the checkbox specifically) .\nyou can drag a column header to change its order of appearance in the grid .\nyou can also drag the edge of a column to make it wider or narrower .\nsee exporting results for information on downloading results to, for example, excel .\nopen the full collection record by clicking the expansion button () in grid view, or anywhere within the image frame in gallery view. inverse expansion buttons () indicate records with multimedia (typically, images) .\nin the record window, metadata for the multimedia content is available when you mouseover the thumbnail .\nsort results in grid view by clicking the column header (or by choosing sort from the column' s dropdown menu) .\nsort on multiple columns by consecutively sorting columns in reverse order. for example, to view results sorted by country and province / state, first sort by province / state and then sort again by country .\nexport all or selected results by clicking the export results as csv button in the bottom toolbar in grid or gallery view .\nselect individual records for export by checking the export selection box (along the left edge of the grid view grid) .\nresults are exported as comma - separated - values, one record per line, which can be saved to disk or opened directly with applications such as microsoft excel .\nquery results are limited to 5000 records. avoid very general queries that return very large numbers of records, e. g. searching for viperidae .\nyou can choose which columns to display in the grid view of your search results. move your pointer to any column header and click on the dropdown arrow. scroll to columns and then check or uncheck column names to show or hide those columns in the grid .\na general query, searching on any combination of: name (qn), family (fm), type status (ts), collection (cn), expedition name (ex), genetic sample (gs), or with images only (io), e. g. :\nto open the collections search to a specific search tab, e. g .\nit is best to use only letters, numbers, pluses (+), dashes (-), and commas in your querystrings, and to avoid other characters .\nplease use the feedback page to report problems you find with the data, or with using these search pages .\nplease help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. unsourced material may be challenged and removed .\nphyllomedusa is a genus of tree frog from central and south america. it ranges from costa rica southward to argentina. it has around 30 species .\nspecies produce a waxy secretion that reduces the evaporative water loss of their bodies. if they begin to dry out, they move their limbs over their backs, where the secretory glands are, and spread the lipid secretion over their entire skin .\nsome indigenous groups from south america use the secretions of phyllomedusa bicolor, the giant leaf frog, in shamanic hunting practices. the substance is said to intoxicate the hunters who ingest it, causing them to temporarily improve their sensorial capacities .\nin this genus of tree frogs, eggs are deposited on a leaf surface, interspersed with hydrating jelly capsules. during the mating process, the frogs fold the leaf around their batch of eggs using their limbs, with a jelly plug at the bottom of the folded leaf to prevent the eggs from falling out. at hatching, the jelly plug is liquified, and the tadpoles drop through the previously plugged hole. these nests are made above water, so the tadpoles drop into a suitable habitat, where they begin their lives as filter feeders .\nbrand gd, leite jr, silva lp, et al. (december 2002) .\ndermaseptins from phyllomedusa oreades and phyllomedusa distincta. anti - trypanosoma cruzi activity without cytotoxicity to mammalian cells\n. j. biol. chem. 277 (51): 49332–40. doi: 10. 1074 / jbc. m209289200. pmid 12379643 .\ntwo species, the waxy monkey tree frog (phyllomedusa sauvagii) and the tiger - legged monkey frog (phyllomedusa hypochondrialis) are known to be kept in captivity .\nmares, michael a. ; oklahoma museum of natural history (1999) .\nanimal adaptations\n. deserts. university of oklahoma press. pp. 24–27. isbn 9780806131467 .\nno one has contributed data records for phyllomedusa yet. learn how to contribute .\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life: april 2013 selected by c. michael hogan - see more .\nkento furui added an unknown common name in an unknown language to\nphyllomedusa\n.\nmaggie whitson set\nfile: phyllomedusa venusta01a. jpg\nas an exemplar on\nphyllomedusa venusta duellman and trueb, 1967\n.\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile: phyllomedusa venusta02. jpg\nas hidden on the\nphyllomedusa venusta\npage. reasons to hide: duplicate\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile: phyllomedusa venusta01. jpg\nas hidden on the\nphyllomedusa venusta\npage. reasons to hide: duplicate\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nreynoso rosales v h, ramos rivera p (2017). la colección herpetológica de la estación de biología tropical los tuxtlas, veracruz. version 1. 3. comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad. occurrence dataset\nla colección herpetológica de la estación de biología tropical los tuxtlas ingresará como parte de la colección nacional de anfibios y reptiles (cnar). la colección herpetológica de los tuxtlas es la más importante y completa para la región sur del estado de veracruz y sobre todo para la reserva de la biósfera los tuxtlas. la colección ha sido transferida al instituto de biología y requiere la completa computarización de su base de datos, así como la determinación a nivel específico de algunos ejemplares. la falta de personal en la cnar ha impedido a la fecha su incorporación. la completa curación de la colección es importante ya que su uso se ha incrementado a partir de múltiples estudios recientes sobre la conservación y efectos de la fragmentación en las comunidades de anfibios y reptiles de la reserva de la biósfera. su ingreso a la cnar impulsará las actividades de investigación, actualización y enriquecimiento de la colección de anfibios y reptiles mas importante del país .\nuniversidad nacional autónoma de méxico. instituto de biología. departamento de zoología. colección nacional de anfibios y reptiles\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nhylids (treefrogs) are one of the largest families of frogs. there are about 37 - 39 genera. these are arranged in four subfamilies, the first three of which are distinctive: pelodryadinae, phyllomedusinae, hemiphractinae, and hylinae .\namong the most bizarre hyline frogs are certain casque - headed genera, such as triprion and trachycephalus, in which the skull bones are elaborated into a solid helmet. certain casque - headed species use their bony heads to block the entrances to their burrows and reduce evaporative water loss .\nthe name hylidae was defined by ford and cannatella (1993) as node - based name for the most recent ancestor of hemiphractinae, phyllomedusinae, pelodryadinae, and hylinae, and all of its descendants. the single synapomorphy known is claw - shaped terminal phalanges; these are also found in some hyperoliids (see below). another commonly mentioned diagnostic feature of hylids is the presence of intercalary elements, but these are also present in centrolenids and pseudids, among the non - ranoid neobatrachians (see below). savage (1973), laurent (1979, 1986) and dubois (1983, 1984) recognized the australian hylids (pelodryadinae) as a distinct family .\nthe monophyly of hylidae is questionable if allophryne ruthveni is included. see the account under allophryne ruthveni .\nsujeevan ratnasingham, paul d. n. hebert, barcode of life data systems (bold )\nthe hylidae are a wide - ranging family of frogs commonly referred to as\ntree frogs and their allies\n. however, the hylids include a diversity of frog species, many of which do not live in trees, but are terrestrial or semiaquatic .\n, and adhesive pads on the fingers and toes. in the nonarboreal species, these features may be greatly reduced, or absent. the\nhylids mostly feed on insects and other invertebrates, but some larger species can feed on small vertebrates .\nin a range of different locations, depending on species. many use ponds, or puddles that collect in the holes of their trees, while others use\nor other water - holding plants. other species lay their eggs on the leaves of vegetation hanging over water, allowing the\na few species use fast - flowing streams, attaching the eggs firmly to the substrate. the tadpoles of these species have suckers enabling them to hold onto rocks after they hatch. another unusual adaptation is found in some south american hylids, which brood the eggs on the back of the female. the tadpoles of most hylid species have laterally placed eyes, and broad tails with narrow, filamentous tips .\nthe european tree frog, hyla arborea, is common in the middle and south of europe, and ranges into asia and north africa. the species becomes very noisy on the approach of rain and is sometimes kept in confinement as a kind of barometer .\nnorth america has many species of the hylidae family, including the gray tree frog (hyla versicolor) and the american green tree frog (h. cinerea). the spring peeper (pseudacris crucifer) is also widespread in the eastern united states and is commonly heard on summer and spring evenings .\ntree frog\nis a popular name for several of the hylidae. h. versicolor is the changeable tree frog, trachycephalus lichenatus is the lichened tree frog, and trachycephalus marmoratus is the marbled tree frog. however, the name\ntreefrog\nis not unique to this family, also being used for many species of the rhacophoridae .\nzweifel, robert g. (1998). cogger, h. g. & zweifel, r. g. , ed. encyclopedia of reptiles and amphibians. san diego: academic press. pp. 93–94. isbn 0 - 12 - 178560 - 2 .\nthis article incorporates text from the collier' s new encyclopedia (1921) .\namero - australian treefrogs (hylidae )\n. william e. duellman. grzimek' s animal life encyclopedia. ed. michael hutchins, arthur v. evans, jerome a. jackson, devra g. kleiman, james b. murphy, dennis a. thoney, et al. vol. 6: amphibians. 2nd ed. detroit: gale, 2004. p225 - 243 .\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nrobert c. jadin, eric n. smith, jonathan a. campbell; unravelling a tangle of mexican serpents: a systematic revision of highland pitvipers, zoological journal of the linnean society, volume 163, issue 3, 1 november 2011, pages 943–958, urltoken\ncounts and measurements are written as right / left side, measurements taken in mm .\nwe dissected and examined the left hemipenes from specimens deposited at mzfc and uta (mzfc 2881 and uta r - 4450). we removed by dissection at the base. we fully everted hemipenes by filling them with warm water using a blunt - tipped syringe needle. we removed water and then injected hot liquid petroleum jelly with blue wax - dye until maximum expansion was achieved. finally, we tied the organs at the base and stored them in 70% ethanol. this procedure is modified from that of myers & cadle (2003), zaher & prudente (2003), and smith & ferrari - castro (2008). hemipenial terminology follows dowling & savage (1960), keogh (1999), and savage (2002) .\nbayesian inference and maximum parsimony (mp) were implemented to reconstruct phylogenies. model likelihoods for each gene fragment were independently calculated and models were chosen using the akaike information criterion (aic) in mrmodeltestv2. 2 (nylander, 2004) and paup * v4. 0b10 (swofford, 2002). aic scores for each gene fragment were found to best fit the general time reversible + invariant sites + gamma - distribution rate variation (gtr + i + γ) model of evolution. the four gene fragments were concatenated into one nexus file (2235 total bp) and protein coding genes cyt b and nd4 were partitioned into three codon positions and ribosomal rna loci 12s and 16s were partitioned into stems and loops, resulting in a total of ten partitions (model 10× in castoe & parkinson, 2006), and implemented for phylogenetic analyses .\nbayesian markov chain monte carlo (mcmc) phylogenetic analyses were conducted using mrbayes v. 3. 0b4 (ronquist & huelsenbeck, 2003). two simultaneous runs of four mcmc analyses, consisting of one cold and three incrementally heated chains, were initiated with random trees for a total of 5. 0 × 10 6 generations (sampling every 100 generations). the first 1. 5 × 10 6 generations from each run were discarded as burn - in. we used tracer v. 1. 5 (rambaut & drummond, 2009) to detect stationarity in the markov chain within the burn - in period .\nfinally, to obtain an estimate of genetic distances we computed pairwise comparisons of the cyt b gene fragment between and within the various genera according to our classification. we calculated these distances with mega v. 4. 1 (tamura et al. , 2007) and in accord with previous studies (e. g. fenwick et al. , 2009) incorporated the kimura two - parameter model with γ–distributed rate variation." ]

{ "text": [ "charadrahyla is a genus of frogs in the family hylidae .", "this genus was erected in 2005 following a major revision of the hylidae family .", "the five species in this genus were previously placed in the hyla genus .", "they are found in tropical southern mexico . " ], "topic": [ 26, 26, 26, 20 ] }

[ "charadrahyla is a genus of frogs in the family hylidae. this genus was erected in 2005 following a major revision of the hylidae family. the five species in this genus were previously placed in the hyla genus. they are found in tropical southern mexico." ]

[ "janvier, philippe. 1997. arandaspida. version 01 january 1997 (under construction) .\nvertebrata: : :\nthelodonti a\n+ *: anatolepis + (arandaspida + heterostracomorphi) .\narandaspida, tree of life web project. descriptions of one of the most primitive groups of fishes. examples of ordovician fossils, phylogenetic relationships, physical characteristics, and references .\n†order arandaspida eyes placed frontally, head covered in 2 large bony plates separated by small plates which each surround separate gill openings. bone lacks enclosed bone cells. about 4 genera, 4 species. middle to late ordovician (about 472–444 million years ago). †order astraspida head covered with…\nthese ordovician forms, the arandaspida, astraspida and eriptychiida, were formerly grouped with the silurio - devonian heterostraci, but are rather more primitive. these early types share some unique features with heterostracans, such as the presence of large median dorsal and ventral plates, but do not possess common external branchial openings .\nthe arandaspida comprise four monospecific genera, arandaspis, porophoraspis, sacabambaspis, and andinaspis, which occur in the middle ordovician of australia, bolivia, and argentina, sacabambaspis is the best known genus. fragments of arandaspid bones are, however known from the base (arenig; 480 million years) to the top (ashgill; 440 million years) of the ordovician. they are thus the earliest known undisputed craniate remains .\nthe arandaspida, or arandaspids, are a small group of armored, fossil jawless vertebrates, which lived in the ordovician (from - 480 to - 440 million years ago). they are thus among the earliest known craniates, if one excepts the controversial euconodonta. they are regarded as belonging to the pteraspidomorphi, because of the large, median dorsal and ventral plates of their head armor. arandaspids were marine and are recorded only from australia and south america (bolivia and argentina) .\nto date, there is no phylogeny of the arandaspida and, considering the fragmentary state of the material of porophoraspis and andinaspis, the only available characteristics would be in the aspect of the dermal ornamentation. the tubercles of arandaspis are drop - shaped and scalloped, those of sacabambaspis and andinaspis oakleaf - shaped, and those of porophoraspis are perforated by large pores. which of these types of ornamentation is primitive for the group is unknown, although one may note that the earliest known arandaspid fragments are of the porophoraspis type .\nname: arandaspis ‭ (‬aranda shield‭ ‬ - ‭ ‬after the aboriginal aranda tribe who live near where the first discoveries were made‭) ‬. phonetic: ah - rand - as - pis. named by: a. ‭ ‬ritchie‭ & ‬j. ‭ ‬gilbert - tomlinson‭ ‬ - ‭ ‬1977. classification: chordata, ‭ ‬pteraspida, ‭ ‬arandaspida. species: a. ‭ ‬prionotolepis‭ (‬type‭) ‬. diet: uncertain. size: about‭ ‬15‭ ‬centimetres long. known locations: australia, ‭ new south wales - rowena formation, northern territory - stairway sandstone formation. . time period: early / mid ordovician. fossil representation: multiple specimens .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan almost complete specimen of sacabambaspis janvieri, from the ordovician (caradoc) of bolivia .\nlong, posteriorly slanting series of about twenty diamond - shaped platelets which separate the dorsal from the ventral shield of the head armor. between these platelets open minute external gill openings .\nthe head armor of arandaspids is elongated, fusiform, with a rather flat dorsal shield, and a bulging ventral shield. the eyes, surrounded by a sclerotic ring, are housed in a notch at the anterior end of the dorsal shield. the nostrils are nor clearly located, but may have been situated between the eyes. ventrally, the ventral lip of the mouth is armed with long series of small oral plates which recall those of heterostracans. in the anterior part of the dorsal shield are two, closely - set holes, which have been thought to be a paired pineal opening, but which are more likely the external openings of the endolymphatic ducts. the gill openings are probably numerous (more than 15) and minute. they opened between the diamond - shaped platelets which separate the dorsal from the ventral shield .\nthe body is covered with rod - shaped scales arranged in chevrons, and the tail is probably pad - shaped and diphycercal. the dermal bones of arandaspids consist of aspidine (acellular bone) and are ornamented with oakleaf - shaped tubercles which seem to contain no dentine. the sensory - lines were housed in narrow grooves between the tubercles .\ngagnier, p. y. (1989). the oldest vertebrate: a 470 - million - year - old jawless fish, sacabambaspis janvieri, from the ordovician of south america. national geographic research, 5, 250 - 253 .\ngagnier, p. y. (1993a). sacabambaspis janvieri, vertébré ordovicien de bolivie. 1, analyse morphologique. annales de paléontologie, 79, 19 - 69 .\ngagnier, p. y. (1993b). sacabambaspis janvieri, vertébré ordovicien de bolivie. 2. analyse phylogénétique. annales de paléontologie, 79, 119 - 166 .\nritchie, a. , and gilbert - tomlinson, j. (1977). first ordovician vertebrates from the southern hemisphere. alcheringa, 1, 351 - 368 .\nshergold, j. h. (1991). late proterozoic and early palaeozoic palaeontology and biostratigraphy of the amadeus basin. in geological and geophysical studies in the amadeus basin, central australia (ed. r. j. korsch and j. m. kennard). bulletin of the bureau of mineral resources, 236, 97 - 111 .\nthe best known arandaspid, sacabambaspis, from the ordovician of bolivia, shows the characteristic, frontally positioned eyes, like car head lamps .\nafter janvier, p. (1996). early vertebrates. oxford monographs in geology and geophysics, 33, oxford university press, oxford .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution license - version 3. 0 .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsansom, haines, andreev & nicoll, 2013; l. ord. caust. | '- - o †\ngagnier, blieck & rodrico, 1986 ord. aust. swas. , esam. | | - - †\ngagnier, blieck & rodrico, 1986; ord. esam. '- - o †\nadrian, j. m. & wilson, m. v. h. , 1994: early devonian cephalaspids (vertebrata: osteostraci: cornuata) from the southern mackenzie mountains, northwest territories, canada. –journal of vertebrate paleontology: vol. 14, # 3, pp. 301 - 319\ncarroll, r. l. , 1988: vertebrate paleontology and evolution. –w. h. freeman and company, new york, 1988, 698\ncarroll, r. l. , 1988: appendix. 594 - 648 in carroll, r. l. , 1988: vertebrate paleontology and evolution. –w. h. freeman and company, new york, 1988, 698\nerdtmann, b. - d. , weber, b. , schultze, h. - p. & egenhoff, s. , 2000: a possible agnathan plate from the lower arenig (lower ordovician) of south bolivia. –journal of vertebrate paleontology: vol. 20, # 2, pp. 394 - 399\nbockelie & fortey, r. a. , 1976: an early ordovician vertebrate. –nature: vol. 260, pp. 36 - 38 [ doi: 10. 1038 / 260036a0 ]\nelliott, d. k. , 1987: a reassessment of astraspis desiderata, the oldest north american vertebrate. –science: vol. 237, # 4811, pp. 190 - 192\nfrickhinger, k. a. , 1995: fossil atlas – fishes. –mergus – publishers for natural history and pet books, hans a. baensch, malle, germany, pp. 1 - 1088\njanvier, p. , 1997: vertebrata: animals with backbones. –inet: tree of life; urltoken\nlong, j. a. , 1995: the rise of fishes: 500 million years of evolution. –johns hopkins university press, baltimore & london, pp. 1 - 223\nmärss, t. & karatajute - talimaa, v. n. , 2009: late silurian–early devonian tessellated heterostracan oniscolepis pander, 1856 from the east baltic and north timan. –estonian journal of earth sciences: vol. 58, # 1, pp. 43 - 62 [ doi: 10. 3176 / earth. 2009. 1. 05 ]\nnelson, j. s. , 1994: fishes of the world. –john wiley & sons inc. , new york, 1994, xx - 600\nossian, c. r. & halseth, m. a. , 1976: discovery of ordovician vertebrates in the arbuckle mountains of oklahoma. –journal of paleontology: vol. 50, # 5, pp. 773 - 777\nsansom, i. j. , haines, p. w. , andreev, p. & nicoll, r. s. , 2013: a new pteraspidomorph from the nibil formation (katian, late ordovician) of the canning basin, western australia. –journal of vertebrate paleontology: vol. 33, # 4, pp. 764 - 769 [ doi: 10. 1080 / 02724634. 2013. 751920 ]\nsansom, i. j. , miller, c. g. , heward, a. , davies, n. s. , booth, g. a. , fortey, r. a. & paris, f. , 2009: ordovician fish from the arabian peninsula. –palaeontology: vol. 52, # 2, pp. 337 - 342 [ doi: 10. 1111 / j. 1475 - 4983. 2009. 00846. x ]\nsansom, i. j. & smith, m. p. , 2005: late ordovician vertebrates from the bighorn mountains of wyoming, usa. –palaeontology: vol. 48, # 1, pp. 31 - 48\nsoehn, k. l. & wilson, m. v. h. , 1990: a complete, articulated heterostracan from wenlockian (silurian) beds of the delorme group, mackenzie mountains, northwest territories, canada. –journal of vertebrate paleontology: vol. 10, # 4, pp. 405 - 419\ntarlo, l. b. h. , 1965: psammosteiformes (agnatha) a review with descriptions of new material from the lower devonian of poland ii. systematic part. –palaeontologica polonica: # 15, pp. ix - 166 (with 48 text - figures and 19 plates) [ urltoken ]\nyoung, g. c. , 1997: ordovician microvertebrate remains from the amadeus basin, central australia. –journal of vertebrate paleontology: vol. 17, # 1, pp. 1 - 25\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nsacabambaspis. sandbian (late ordovician) of south east gondwanaland. length 25 cm .\nthe pteraspidomorphi include the earliest vertebrates (other than conodonts) known from reasonably good remains. these middle or late ordovician forms include the arandaspids of the the gondwanan continents of south america and australia and the astraspids of north america and the siberian platform .\n10 - 200 cm; head very long (40 - 50% body length); paired nasal capsules, and? openings; solid anterior plates, with at least a major oblong median dorsal and ventral plates and usually a median rostral plate above mouth; rostra and cornua common; pineal opening (psammosteids ?); brain with two semicircular canals; some show internal impressions of arcualia on notochord; body tends to be ventrally flattened (numerous exceptions); mobile tail, generally fan - or pad - like; tail hypocercal; no paired appendages; no unpaired fins except caudal; sensory line system present; no cellular bone (but see [ h73 ]); possible traces of calcified cartilage in in some basal lineages; trilaminate aspidine; grebeshki ornamentation on dermal plates (lost independently several times); largely marine nearshore .\nlinks: pteraspidomorphi; pteraspidomorphi; gagnier; pteraspidomorphi; faktaside om lungefisk (norwegian); class pterapisdomorphi; life of the ordovician; paleozoic fossils uk (extraordinary images on this site !) .\nknown from fragments only. apatite with scale - like ornamentation; dentine odontodes with pulp cavity; dentine covered by another mineralized tissue of unknown homology ;\nexclusively tropical, circum - laurentian, distribution, where it is restricted to outer shelf settings\n.\nnotes: [ 1 ] it seems i am not the only one who writes haiku about early chordates: see university of alberta palaeontological society website .\nhistology of the first fish abstract of one of the articles referred to by gee); a possible late cambrian vertebrate from australia abstract of the other article referred to by gee); molecular evidence for precambrian origin of amelogenin, the major... .\nmedium - sized (12 - 14 cm) very primitive, teardrop - shaped marine fishes .\nlinks: fischmarkt bremerhaven (german); class pterapisdomorphi; new page 1 large image of arandaspid fragment); boletín de publicación mensual de spanish translation of a national geographic article on sacabambaspis); life - 5 - b - xystridura exemplary short, encyclopedia - like entry with image of sacabambaspis); gli agnati italian) .\ncharacters: head armor massive; plates grew from multiple centers tesserae) which fused at maximum growth; eyes lateral; multiple (8 - 10) gill openings; dorsal shield ribbed with strong longitudinal crests; tail covered with large, diamond - shaped scales; sensory - line system with grooves in dermal plates; globular calcified cartilage present, probably (?) forming endoskeleton; tesserae with large mushroom - shaped dentine tubercles with pulp cavity; dentine covered with enameloid cap; trilaminar bone .\nthis is a directory page. britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nthe root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life. the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree. this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups, which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .\nyou can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life, and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .\nfor more information on tol tree formatting, please see interpreting the tree or classification. to learn more about phylogenetic trees, please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .\nmost pteraspidomorphs were marine, but lived very near to the shore, in lagoons and deltas. some groups are thought to have been fresh water. they were certainly bottom - dewellers, as shown by traces of abrasion of the ventral surface of their headshield .\nlarge, median ventral and dorsal dermal plates, or\ndiscs\n, which form most of the head armor .\npteraspidomorphs have been first regarded as related to bony fishes, then to sharks, then ancestral to hagfishes, and finally as the closest jawless relatives of the gnathostomes. this last theory was based on the fact that they seem to have a paired olfactory organ and a sensory - line pattern which is quite similar to that of the gnathostomes. these characteristics are, however, likely to be general for either the vertebrates or, at any rate, for the ensemble of all\nostracoderms\n+ the gnathostomes. other\nostracoderms\n, such as the galeaspida are now known to have a paired olfactory organ. current phylogenetic analysis using a large number of characteristics (see vertebrata page) now place pteraspidomorphs as the sister - group of all other\nostracoderms\nand the gnathostomes .\nthe interrelationships of the pteraspidomorphi are still poorly corroborated. the astraspida share with the heterostraci the dorsolateral position of the gill openings (single in heterostracans). the poorly known eriptychiida seem to share with the heterostraci the same type of dentine in the tubercles .\nblieck, a. , elliott, d. and gagnier, p. y. (1991). some questions concerning the phylogenetic relationships of heterostracans, ordovician to devonian jawless vertebrates. in m. - m. chang et al. (eds .), early vertebrates and related problems of evolutionary biology. science press, beijing .\nhalstead, l. b. (1982). evolutionary trends and the phylogeny of the agnatha. in problems of phylogenetic reconstruction, the systematics association special volume, no. 21, (ed. k. a. joysey and a. e. friday), pp. 159 - 196. academic press, london .\njanvier, p. (1996a). early vertebrates. oxford monographs in geology and geophysics, 33, oxford university press, oxford .\njanvier, p. (1996b). the dawn of the vertebrates: characters versus common ascent in current vertebrate phylogenies. palaeontology, 39, 259 - 287 .\nstensiö, e. a. (1964). les cyclostomes fossiles ou ostracodermes. in: traité de paléontologie (ed. j. piveteau), vol. 4 (1), pp. 96 - 383, masson, paris\npteraspidomorphs are among the earliest known vertebrates. they were jawless and possessed a massive dermal skeleton. they are characterized by their dermal head armor having large, median, ventral and dorsal plates or\nshields\n( red) .\njanvier, philippe. 1997. pteraspidomorphi. version 01 january 1997 (under construction) .\nforms. they are an extinct clade of jawless fish, and were the most abundant and diverse vertebrates of the silurian. they are distinguished by having an exoskeleton or bony shield composed of several plates, usually a dorsal (upper or back) shield, a ventral (lower or belly) shield, branchial (gill) plates, and a number of smaller plates around the areas of the mouth (oral plates) and eyes. these plates consist of a mostly acellular form of bone, called\n, which is believed to be the ancestral condition for the dermal or skin / exoskeleton bone of all bony vertebrates. the body is covered by many scales, each of which has ornament matching the type seen on the larger dermal bones. in all of the more derived forms, there is only one, common gill opening on each side .\nthe pteraspidomorphi include the earliest known vertebrates. the oldest certain remains date to the early or middle ordovician, although the disputed and fragmentary anatolepis probably goes back to the furongian. in any case, by the middle and late ordovician, there were several different lineages evolving in isolation different parts of the world, as this map indicates .\nby the start of the silurian period these lineages had died out, possibly as another result of the mass extinction at the end of the ordovician. they were replaced by the heterostraci. this latter group underwent an evolutionary radiation, dividing into a number of lineages and reaching their peak during late silurian and early devonian times, when a variety of different types evolved and flourished, from mud - eating bottom - dwellers to free - swimming filter - feeders. all had the characteristic head shield, which could grow throughout the life of the animal .\nby the middle devonian the pteraspidomorphi went into decline, with only a single family of giant (by agnath standards) flattened bottom - dwellers, the psammosteidans, continuing almost until the end of the devonian, the last and also the largest of the armoured jawless fish. mak000112 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nand right click on the image that opens in a new window and save to your computer .\nfurther reading - ‭ ‬first ordovician vertebrates from the southern hemisphere, ‭ ‬a. ‭ ‬ritchie‭ & ‬j. ‭ ‬gilbert - tomlinson‭ ‬ - ‭ ‬1977 .\ncontent copyright www. prehistoric - wildlife. com. the information here is completely free for your own study and research purposes, but please dont copy the articles word for word and claim them as your own work. the world of prehistory is constantly changing with the advent of new discoveries, as such its best if you use this information as a jumping off point for your own research. privacy & cookies policy\nhagfishes are minor pests of commercial food fisheries of the north atlantic, but lampreys, because of their parasitic habit, have been a serious pest of food fisheries in the great lakes in north america, where they have reduced the numbers of lake trout and other species. agnathans are otherwise of little economic importance. the group is of great evolutionary interest, however, because it includes the oldest known craniate fossils and because the living agnathans have many primitive characteristics .\nthe earliest vertebrate fossils of certain relationships are fragments of dermal armour of jawless fishes (superclass agnatha, order heterostraci) from the upper ordovician period in north america, about 450 million years in age. early ordovician toothlike fragments from the former soviet…\nthe body of the hagfish is soft - skinned, scaleless, and nearly cylindrical, with a single nostril at the anterior end, overlying the mouth, and a low caudal fin around the tail. in some species the gills open to the surface through separate pores; however, in others the gills open to a common duct, which in turn opens to the surface through a single pore. the eyes are vestigial and covered by skin. all of the approximately 70 known species are restricted to cold, marine bottom waters at depths ranging from 10 metres (about 33 feet) in high latitudes to 1, 300 metres (about 4, 300 feet) in equatorial oceans. adults are 40 to 80 cm (about 15 to 30 inches) long. all species are superficially similar except in the number and position of the gill apertures .\nlampreys, which number about 43 species, are found in cool, fresh, and coastal waters of all continents except africa. all species are rather similar. the body is smooth, scaleless, and eel - shaped, with well - developed dorsal and caudal fins; the mouth is surrounded by a suctorial oral disk bearing horny teeth. the eyes are well developed, and the single nostril is on the top of the head. lampreys possess seven pairs of external gills. adults range from 15 to 100 cm (6 to 39 inches) long .\nalthough the gonad of a hagfish usually includes both ovary and testis, there is no evidence of either hermaphroditism (the reproductive organs of both sexes functioning in the same individual) or self - fertilization. a female produces a small number of tough - skinned yolk - filled eggs about 2 cm (0. 8 inch) long that hatch into miniature adults .\nburrows into soft marine sediments and rests with only the tip of the head protruding. during respiration, water enters through the nostril and passes by a nasopharyngeal duct to the pharynx and gills. when stimulated by the scent of a dead\nleaves its burrow and swims against the current. on making contact with the fish ,\ncoils around it and bites into it by protruding and retracting the comblike horny tooth plates on the floor of the mouth. along each side of\n’s body is a row of prominent glands that produce a gelatinous slime when it is disturbed .\nlampreys mate in a nestlike depression excavated by the male in the gravel bed of a stream; the numerous eggs, about 1 mm (0. 04 inch) in diameter, lodge in the gravel around the nest. the egg hatches into an\nthat burrows in silt. the larva’s mouth is overhung by a hoodlike upper lip that protrudes above the surface of the silt. a continuous stream of water passes in through the mouth and out through the seven pairs of gills. microscopic plants, the food of the ammocoete, are filtered from this respiratory current by strands of mucus produced by the endostyle, which is a gland in the floor of the pharynx .\n. the eyes complete their development; the upper lip becomes transformed into a suctorial oral disk; the endostyle changes into a thyroid gland; and the fins along the back increase in height. on completion of metamorphosis, a typical\n. it rasps into the flesh with a toothed, tonguelike structure on the floor of the mouth. saliva containing an\nthe ingestion of blood and muscle tissue. on attaining full adult size, the lamprey ceases to feed, migrates upstream to a spawning ground, mates, and dies .\nmembers of several lamprey species do not migrate to sea but feed in fresh water. petromyzon marinus dorsatus once seriously affected commercial fishing in the great lakes until measures were undertaken to control it. the brook lampreys do not feed after metamorphosis but mature sexually, reproduce, and die .\nto a burrowing habit, throughout life in the hagfish but only during the larval period in the lamprey. considerable variation in body form occurs among extinct agnathans. some\n, for example, possessed a flattened head shield and, although possessing a powerful swimming tail, appear to have been bottom dwellers. the size and shape of the mouth suggest that they were filter feeders. the laterally compressed, fishlike form of the anaspids (such as\n) that were apparently adapted to mid - water, or nektonic, life. some heterostracans, for example, had movable enamel plates inside the lower lip, probably to provide a biting or grazing mechanism. osteostracans, anaspids, hagfishes, and lampreys have one median nostril, but heterostracans appear to have had two, one at each corner of the mouth .\nin the classification below, the groups indicated by a dagger (†) are extinct and known only from fossils .\n7 pairs of gills opening through pores, laterally placed eyes, single nostril dorsal, horny teeth on an oral sucker, horny teeth on tongue. 1 or 2 dorsal fins. 10 genera, 43 species .\nfamily petromyzontidae single horny tooth plate above mouth carrying pointed or rounded teeth. 8 genera and approximately 39 species; eurasia and north america .\nfamily mordaciidae tooth plate above mouth paired, each being tricuspid. 1 genus, 3 species; eastern australia and western south america .\nfamily geotriidae single tooth plate above mouth carrying 4 teeth. 1 genus, 1 species; southern australia, new zealand, south america .\nnostril at tip of snout, eyes vestigial, tongue with 2 rows of horny teeth, mouth surrounded by barbels, slime glands along body, 1–16 pairs of gills, single fin extending around posterior end of body. pennsylvanian subperiod to present .\nsubfamily eptatretinae 5–15 pairs of gills opening separately to outside. 2 genera, about 43 species; atlantic, indian and pacific oceans .\nsubfamily myxininae 5–7 pairs of gills open inside the body into collecting ducts, which in turn open to the outside through a single pore. 4–5 genera, about 26 species; all oceans .\nhead covered with 2 large bony plates, 1 above and 1 below, separated by a variable number of smaller plates. single gill opening on each side, body covered with large scales, possibly paired nostrils. bone lacks enclosed bone cells. 6 or 7 minor\neyes placed frontally, head covered in 2 large bony plates separated by small plates which each surround separate gill openings. bone lacks enclosed bone cells. about 4 genera, 4 species. middle to late ordovician (about 472–444 million years ago) .\nhead covered with small mushroom - shaped plates, gill openings separate. 3 genera, 3 species. late ordovician to early silurian (461–428 million years ago) .\nhead covered in broad bony shield, undersurface of head covered with tiny scales, gill openings on undersurface, eyes dorsal, nostril median and placed on top of head, areas of bony shield covered with tiny tesserae. about 7 families. early silurian to late devonian (444–359 million years ago) .\nhead covered in broad semicircular head shield that is sometimes drawn out to a pointed snout, eyes dorsal, medium nostril very large, gills on the undersurface. 2 major clades (polybranchiaspidida and eugaleaspidiformes) and numerous species. early silurian to late devonian (444–359 million years ago) .\nsmall streamlined fishes, body and head covered with elongate scales, nostril between eyes, gill openings lateral and arranged in slanting line, hypocercal tail bent downward. 3 families. early silurian to late devonian (444–359 million years ago) .\na little - known group of unknown affinities. body covered in tiny scales; in some the body is flattened from top to bottom, in others from side to side. about 7 families. early silurian to late devonian (444–359 million years ago) .\nsuperclass agnatha is made up of living and extinct forms. in older classifications, extant forms—that is, the lampreys and hagfishes— were grouped together as cyclostomata (round mouth). it is now thought that the similarities between lampreys and hagfishes are primitive vertebrate features not necessarily indicative of a close relationship. lampreys share many similarities with jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) —such as the ability to regulate the ion concentration in the body, the nervous regulation of heartbeat, and well - developed lateral eyes. the extinct agnathans appear to be more advanced than either hagfishes or lampreys and possess features indicative of a relatively close relationship with gnathostomes .\n…jawless fishes of the class agnatha, and their only living representatives are the cyclostomes—the lampreys and the hagfishes. the modern agnathans retain much of the general organization of the ancestral vertebrates, and, therefore, much of their musculature is relevant to an understanding of the evolution of muscles in more - advanced vertebrates. …\n…the primitively jawless vertebrates (agnatha), and these features were presumably present in fossil ancestors that lived more than 500 million years ago. the evolution of the endocrine system in the more advanced vertebrates with jaws (gnathostomata) has involved both the appearance of new hormones and the further evolution of…\n…the alimentary tracts of both agnathans and gnathostomes, indicating that substances able to regulate digestive activity appeared very early in the evolution of the vertebrate alimentary tract. evidence suggests that the appearance of these hormones may have resulted in molecular diversification similar to examples previously discussed. the structure of the…\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. you can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclopædia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (internet urls are the best. )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you' ve submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\ndog, (canis lupus familiaris), domestic mammal of the family canidae (order carnivora). it is a subspecies…\ncorrections? updates? omissions? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article, you can go to edit mode (requires login) .\nour editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\nthe vertebrata, or vertebrates, is a very diverse group, ranging from lampreys to man. it includes all craniates, except hagfishes, and are characterized chiefly by a vertebral column, hence their name. the majority of the extant vertebrates are the jawed vertebrates, or gnathostomes, but lampreys are jawless vertebrates. however, in late silurian or early devonian times, about 420 to 400 million years ago, the situation was reverse, and the majority of the vertebrate species were jawless fishes (the\nostracoderms\n, presumably more closely related to the gnathostomes than to lampreys). the decline of the jawless vertebrates and the subsequent rise of the gnathostomes took place about 380 million years ago .\nthe vertebrata have all the characteristics of the craniata but share, in addition, a number of unique characteristics which do not occur in hagfishes (hyperotreti). these characteristics are :\nmetamerically arranged endoskeletal elements flanking the spinal cord. there are primitively two pairs of such elements in each metamere and on each side: the interdorsals and basidorsals. in the gnathostomes, there are two additional pairs ventrally to the notochord: the interventrals and basiventrals. these elements are called arcualia and can fuse to a notochordal calcification, the centrum. the ensemble of the arcualia, centrum is the vertebra, and the ensemble of the vertebrae is the vertebral column .\nthe vertebrates are characterized by a vertebral column; that is, a variable number of endoskeletal elements aligned along the notochord (green) and flanking the spinal cord (yellow). in lampreys (top), the vertebral elements are only the basidorsal (red) and the interdorsals (blue). in the gnathostomes, there are in addition ventral elements, the basiventrals (purple) and interventrals (orange), and the notochord may calcify into centra (pink). (after janvier 1996) .\nradial muscles in fins. these are small muscles associated with each of the cartilaginous radials of the unpaired and paired fins. they ensure the undulatory movements of the fin web .\nnervous regulation of heart. the heart in the embryo of the vertebrates is aneural, like the heart of adult hagfishes. in adult vertebrates, however, the heart is innervated by a branch of the vagus nerve .\ntyphlosole in the intestine. this is a spirally coiled fold of the intestinal wall. in the gnathostomes, it can be developed into a complex spiral valve .\nvertebrata (vertebrate herbivores) preys on: benthonic invertebrates suspension - feeding invertebrates invertebrates cyprinidae actinopterygii pandanus lepironia swamp forest based on studies in: arctic (marine) usa: texas (lake or pond) malaysia (swamp) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .\nb. c. patten and 40 co - authors, total ecosystem model for a cove in lake texoma. in: systems analysis and simulation in ecology, b. c. patten, ed. (academic press, new york, 1975), 3: 205 - 421, from pp. 236, 258, 268 .\nm. j. dunbar, arctic and subarctic marine ecology: immediate problems, arctic 7: 213 - 228, from p. 223 (1954) .\nt. mizuno and j. i. furtado, food chain. in: tasek bera, j. i. furtado and s. mori, eds. (junk, the hague, netherlands, 1982), pp. 357 - 359, from p. 358 .\nvertebrata (vertebrate herbivores) is prey of: erignathus barbatus delphinapterus leucas orcinus orca somniosus microcephalus based on studies in: arctic (marine) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .\ninterrelationships of the fossil and recent vertebrata. (all terminal taxa are clades, except for the thelodonti, which are possibly paraphyletic - see thelodonti page) .\n: paired fins containing musculature and concentrated in pectoral position, two dorsal fins, epicercal (i. e. upwardly tappering) tail, sclerotic ring and scleral ossification, cellular dermal bone\nas for extant vertebrates, the main question is whether lampreys are the sister - group of the gnathostomes, or that of hagfishes. in the latter case there would be no reason to distinguish the vertebrata from the craniata, as it was formerly done. although there is good evidence for the lamprey - gnathostome sister - group relationship, the theory that the cyclostomes (lampreys, hagfishes) are a clade is still supported by a number of zoologists. considering the large number of anatomical, physiological and molecular data that are available now to test these theories, one can expect a definitive clue in a near future (for discussion, see craniata) .\nthe question of the relationships of the numerous extinct vertebrate groups is, in contrast, far from being resolved. this chiefly concerns the palaeozoic taxa formerly referred to as\nostracoderms\n; that is, armored jawless craniates, which are likely to be vertebrates and are now considered as being all more closely related to the gnathostomes than to lampreys .\nin this tree, four fossil groups are positioned with a question mark. in the case of the euconodonta, anaspida and pituriaspida, this uncertainty is largely due to the scarcity of the characters available from the material (in particular as to the internal anatomy). in the case of the thelodonti, it is due to their controversial status, as they are likely to be a paraphyletic assemblage of stem heterostraci and possibly stem forms of other\nostracoderm\ngroups, yet some authors regard them as a clade (see thelodonti page) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\n1. jaws present - derived from gill arches 2. paired limbs with skeletal support system in place 3. 3 semicircular canals 4. dentine teeth\n1. 2 dorsal fins 2. fleshy, scale - covered, paired, leaf - like archipterygial fins with a bony central axis and fin rays extending 3. no teeth on marginal jaw bones, tooth plates inside mouth 4. solid braincase\n1. 1 dorsal fin (no 1st dorsal) 2. fusion of 2nd dorsal, causal, & anal - - symmetrical tail 3. more developed teeth plates and replaceable dentition 4. fusion of skull bones 5. largely cartilaginous bones\n1. small body (5 - 25 cm) 2. long mouth 3. single triangular dorsal fin 4. forked heterocercal tail\n1. uroneurals: neural arches to support tail 2. unpaired basibranchial toothplates 3. urohyal 4. mobile premaxilla\n1. bony element reduction 2. shifts in position and use of dorsal fin 3. change in placement and function of paired fins 4. caudal fin and gas bladder modifications 5. feeding apparatus modifications\n1. light ctenoid scales 2. spiny fins 3. symmetrical tails 4. fine movements via pectoral fins 5. physoclistous gas bladders 6. expandable mouth volumes 7. effective pharyngeal teeth\n1. teeth replacement 2. modified organs (claspers) for internal fertilization 3. strong dependence on electroreception 4. highly acute olfactory abilities 5. increased buoyancy (oil in liver )\n1. single opercular opening covering 4 gill openings 2. autostylic jaw suspension (non - protrusible jaws) 3. tooth plates on jaw margins 4. diphycercal tail form\n1. head shield - plate - like scales 2. symmetrical tails 3. multiple branchial openings (gill pouches) under shield 4. finless 5. bottom oriented 6. plowed bottom for food 7. pumped sediment through mouth and gill pouches 8. primarily marine\n1. narrow head shields 2. hypocercal tails 3. single branchial opening (lateral on head shield 4. lateral stabilizers (cornua) used as\ngliding\nsurface 5. suprabenthic 6. increased mobility and maneuverability 7. increased dependence on larger prey 8. invaded fw habitat\n1 .\nnipple teeth\nand\nhollow scales\n2. depressed of fusiform bodies 3. dorsal, anal and\nlateral\nfins\noscillation of short paddle - like dorsal and anal fins as a unit (ex. puffers, trunkfish )\nsimultaneous oscillations of dorsal and anal fins (ex. butterflyfish, file fish )\nlocalized oscillation or undulation of moderately broad pectoral fins (ex. sea bass, puffers )\noscillation of narrow based pectoral fins as a unit (ex. wrasses, parrotfish )\nastraspids are characterized by a dermal ornamentation of large, mushroom shaped tubercles of fine - tubuled dentine (\nastraspidine\n), covered with a thick, glassy cap of enameloid .\npteraspidomorphi, palaeos. descriptions and pictures of ordovician armored fish, which represent some of the earliest known fossil vertebrates (not including the recently found fossils from the cambrian of chengjiang, china). descriptions and images are also provided of the heterostraci, another group of ostracoderms from the silurian and devonian .\nintroduction to the placodermi, university of california, berkeley. short description of the earliest jawed fish, the placoderms .\ndevonian times, d. c. murphy. this site provides information about fossil fish and other fossils found at the devonian - age red hill site in pennsylvania. good\nfact sheets\nwith graphs of fish evolution through time are provided for the primary devonian fish lineages, including placoderms (armored, jawed fish), sharks and their kin, and lobe - finned fish .\nall files associated with this page are copyrighted © 1997 – by the kentucky geological survey, university of kentucky. an equal opportunity university. contact the webmaster for questions and comments. last modified august 1, 2012." ]

{ "text": [ "arandaspida is a taxon of very early , jawless prehistoric fish which lived during the ordovician period .", "arandaspids represent the oldest known craniates , a proposed group of chordates that contain all chordates with a cartilage-derived skull ( i.e. , lampreys , armored agnathans , and gnathostomes ) , and hagfish .", "the group represents a subclass within the class pteraspidomorphi , and contains only one order , the arandaspidiformes .", "the oldest known genus of this group is sacabambaspis found in south america . " ], "topic": [ 17, 21, 26, 26 ] }

[ "arandaspida is a taxon of very early, jawless prehistoric fish which lived during the ordovician period. arandaspids represent the oldest known craniates, a proposed group of chordates that contain all chordates with a cartilage-derived skull (i.e., lampreys, armored agnathans, and gnathostomes), and hagfish. the group represents a subclass within the class pteraspidomorphi, and contains only one order, the arandaspidiformes. the oldest known genus of this group is sacabambaspis found in south america." ]

[ "andrew brower marked\ncarolina satyr (hermeuptychia sosybius )\nas trusted on the\nhermeuptychia sosybius\npage .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by bolds images ii from hermeuptychia to their own page .\nandrew brower marked\nhermes satyr\nas trusted on the\nhermeuptychia hermes\npage .\ncosmo, l. g. , barbosa, e. p. , freitas, a. v. l. 2014. biology and morphology of the immature stages of hermeuptychia atalanta (lepidoptera: nymphalidae: satyrinae). annales de la société entomologique de france (n. s .): international journal of entomology 50: 82 - 88 .\nhermeuptychia hermes; [ nacl ], # 4574; [ bow ]: pl. 18, f. 18; [ nl4a ], # 1374\nsummary this paper describes the morphology of the immature stages (egg, larva and pupa) and larval behavior of the butterfly hermeuptychia atalanta, a common and widespread species of satyrinae in south america. eggs are white and spherical, laid singly on leaves of grasses. the first instar has a light - green body and dark - brown head; all remaining instars present body and head capsule light green. larvae have no spines, and general morphology is similar to other species of the subtribe euptychiina .\ns. texas, mexico, brazil (rio de janeiro, mato grosso do sul), surinam, bolivia, . see [ maps ]\neuptychia maimoune butler, 1870; ent. mon. mag. 6 (71): 251, pl. 1, f. 4; tl: peru\n1100x1110 (~ 155kb) underside usa: alabama, 12. 4. 2003, photo © vitaly charny\n1400x1076 (~ 175kb) underside usa: alabama, 22. 4. 2003, photo © vitaly charny\n1500x1125 (~ 143kb) upperside usa: alabama, 26. 4. 2003, photo © vitaly charny\n1500x1125 (~ 208kb) upperside usa: alabama, 12. 5. 2003, photo © vitaly charny\n1100x1467 (~ 216kb) underside male female usa: alabama, 3. 4. 2004, photo © vitaly charny\n1400x1134 (~ 255kb) underside male female usa: alabama, 10. 4. 2004, photo © vitaly charny\n1100x1183 (~ 124kb) upperside usa: alabama, 17. 9. 2004, photo © vitaly charny\n1200x1271 (~ 164kb) underside usa: alabama, 17. 9. 2004, photo © vitaly charny\n1600x1063 (~ 169kb) underside usa: alabama, 25. 6. 2005, photo © vitaly charny\n1100x816 (~ 84kb) underside usa: alabama, 9. 7. 2005, photo © vitaly charny\n1000x738 (~ 124kb) underside usa: alabama, 25. 9. 2005, photo © vitaly charny\n675x808 (~ 88kb) underside usa: alabama, 9. 7. 2005, photo © vitaly charny\n1350x1010 (~ 112kb) underside usa: alabama, 9. 7. 2005, photo © vitaly charny\nbutterflies of north america. 2. scientific names list for butterfly species of north america, north of mexico .\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nbiologia centrali - americana. rhopalocera. vol. 1. (1879 - 1886 )\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nthis page was last edited on 6 june 2018, at 21: 42 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nthis translation tool is powered by google. fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\ncosmo, leandro g. ; andrã© v. l. freitas; eduardo p. barbosa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nandré v. l. freitas, junia y. o. carreira, jessie p. santos, eduardo p. barbosa\no presente trabalho descreve os estágios imaturos e apresenta dados de biologia populacional dos satiríneos neotropicais forsterinaria quantius e forsterinaria necys (lepidoptera: nymphalidae). os ovos de f. quantius são verde esmeralda e colocados isoladamente; os de f. necys são amarelo brilhante e a oviposição não foi observada. as larvas de ambas as espécies se alimentam de bambu e passam por quatro ínstares. as pupas das duas espécies são predominantemente marrons, curtas e lisas, sem projeções ou espinhos. os adultos apresentaram dois picos de abundância (de abril a maio e de agosto a setembro), e a razão sexual foi desviada para excesso de machos nas duas espécies. em geral, os estágios imaturos de ambas as espécies são muito similares aos de forsterinaria pronophila, a única outra espécie no gênero com estágios imaturos conhecidos. dados de estágios imaturos de quaisquer outras espécies de forsterinaria seriam de extrema importância para uma melhor compreensão dos padrões morfológicos dentro do gênero .\nbarbosa, e. p. , silva, a. k. , paluch, m. , azeredo - espin, a. m. , freitas, a. v. l. 2015. uncovering the hidden diversity of the neotropical butterfly genus yphthimoides forster (nymphalidae: satyrinae): description of three new species based on morphological and molecular data. organisms diversity & evolution 15: 577 - 589 .\ndevries, p. j. 1987. the butterflies of costa rica and their natural history. papilionidae, pieridae, nymphalidae. princeton, princeton university press. 327 pp .\nfreitas, a. v. l. 2007. a new species of moneuptychia forster (lepidoptera: satyrinae, euptychiina) from the highlands of southeastern brazil. neotropical entomology 36: 919 - 925. urltoken 566x2007000600014\nfreitas, a. v. l. , peña, c. 2006. description of genus guaianaza for “euptychia” pronophila (lepidoptera: nymphalidae: satyrinae) with a description of the immature stages. zootaxa 1163: 49 - 59 .\nfreitas, a. v. l. , iserhard, c. a. , santos, j. p. , carreira, j. y. o. , ribeiro, d. b. , melo, d. h. a. , rosa, a. h. b. , marini - filho, o. j. , accacio, g. m. , uehara - prado, m. 2014. studies with butterfly bait traps: an overview. revista colombiana de entomología 40: 203 - 212 .\ngarcía - barros, e. , martín, j. 1995. the eggs of european satyrine butterflies (nymphalidae): external morphology and its use in systematics. zoological journal of the linnean society 115: 73 - 115 .\nlamas, g. 2004. nymphalidae. satyrinae. subtribe euptychiina, pp. 217 - 223. in: lamas, g. (ed .), checklist: part 4a. hesperioidea - papilionoidea. in: heppner, j. b. (ed .), atlas of neotropical lepidoptera. volume 5a gainesville, association for tropical lepidoptera; scientific publishers .\nmarín, m. a. , peña, c. , freitas, a. v. l. , wahlberg, n. , uribe, s. i. 2011. from the phylogeny of the satyrinae butterflies to the systematics of euptychiina (lepidoptera: nymphalidae): history, progress and prospects. neotropical entomology 40: 1 - 13 .\nmatos - maraví, p. f. , peña, c. , willmott, k. r. , freitas, a. v. l. , wahlberg, n. 2013. systematics and evolutionary history of butterflies in the “taygetis clade” (nymphalidae: satyrinae: euptychiina): towards a better understanding of neotropical biogeography. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 66: 54 - 68. doi: 10. 1016 / j. ympev. 2012. 09. 005 .\nmurray, d. l. 2001. immature stages and biology of taygetis hübner (lepidoptera: nymphalidae). proceedings of the entomological society of washington 103: 932 - 945 .\nnakahara, s. , hall, j. p. w. , lamas, g. , willmott, k. r. 2015. seven new species and one new subspecies of euptychia hübner, 1818 (lepidoptera: nymphalidae: satyrinae) from the tropical andes. tropical lepidoptera research 25: 63 - 79 .\npeña, c. , lamas, g. 2005. revision of the butterfly genus forsterinaria gray, 1973 (lepidoptera: nymphalidae, satyrinae). revista peruana de biología 12: 5 - 48 .\npeña, c. , nylin, s. , freitas, a. v. l. , wahlberg, n. 2010. biogeographic history of the butterfly subtribe euptychiina (lepidoptera, nymphalidae, satyrinae). zoologica scripta 39: 243 - 258. urltoken j. 1463 - 6409. 2010. 00421. x\nribeiro, d. b. , freitas, a. v. l. 2012. the effect of reduced - impact logging on fruit - feeding butterflies in central amazon, brazil. journal of insect conservation 16: 733 - 744 .\nsinger, m. c. , devries, p. j. , ehrlich, p. r. 1983. the cissia confusa species - group in costa rica and trinidad (lepidoptera: satyrinae). journal of the linnean society of london 79: 101 - 119 .\nstehr, f. w. 1987. order lepidoptera, pp. 288 - 305. in: stehr f. w. (ed), immature insects. volume 1. dubuque, kendall - hunt publishing company .\ntriplehorn, c. a. , johnson, n. f. 2005. borror and delong’s introduction to the study of the insects. belmont, thomson brooks / cole. 864 pp .\nzubeck, a. , pyrcz, t. w. , boyer, p. 2015. description of a new species of the andean butterfly genus forsterinaria gray (lepidoptera: nymphalidae) with considerations on an apparently new structure in male genitalia. neotropical entomology 43: 68 - 77 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nthis is a species complex, so it is hard to be sure that this is hermes .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you!" ]

{ "text": [ "hermeuptychia atalanta is a species of butterfly in the family nymphalidae .", "it was described by arthur gardiner butler in 1867 .", "it is found in venezuela . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "hermeuptychia atalanta is a species of butterfly in the family nymphalidae. it was described by arthur gardiner butler in 1867. it is found in venezuela." ]

[ "coleophora clypeiferella (female), rushmere st. andrew, suffolk, 7 august 2004 .\ncoleophora clypeiferella (body - marked case - bearer) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\none of a number of very similar - looking streaked coleophorids, which as adults can only reliably be identified by genitalia dissection, this species is quite local and has been recorded mainly to light in the southern half of england, as well as in the burren, co. clare .\nukmoths is built, run and maintained by ian kimber, with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries. more often than not you' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache: v317 render date: 2018 - 07 - 05 17: 51: 49 page render time: 0. 2696s total w / procache: 0. 3130s\nonly added to the british list as recently as 1954, this species occurs on wasteland and grassy areas in the south and south - east of england .\n), the larva forms a case made from fragments of seed during september and october .\nthe adult moths have an unusual sclerotised plate on the tip of the abdomen containing small spines, which it is believed is used to help break out of the pupal cocoon. they emerge in july and august and are attracted to light .\nprocache: v317 render date: 2018 - 07 - 07 21: 03: 16 page render time: 0. 2294s total w / procache: 0. 2744s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwaste ground, poor grassland and arable fields with root crops where foodplant found .\ndistinguished from all otherwise similar species, by the unusual sclerotised plate on the tip of the abdomen containing small spines, which it is believed is used to help break out of the pupal cocoon .\nrecorded in 12 (17 %) of 69 10k squares. first recorded in 1986. last recorded in 2017 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes: nationally scarce (na) and declining on waste ground, grassland and farmland in central and south - eastern england. in hampshire recorded only for the first time at southsea on 24 august 2007. not recorded from the isle of wight to date. wingspan 12 - 15. 5 mm. distinguished from the otherwise similar c. salicorniae, and all other species, by the unusual structure on the first abdominal tergite (mbgbi vol 3). larva feeds within seedheads of fat - hen, living within a movable case; case length 5 - 6 mm .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthorpeness (g c pelham - clinton & r m mere, 10 - 13. vii. 1965), santon downham (b palmer, 1987 - 9), havergate island (j clifton, 8. viii. 2003), eye (p kitchener, 14. vii. 2004, 30. vii. 2005), dunwich heath (c moore & d brougham, 29. vii. 2007 )\nconfirmed by gen. det. by jon clifton - ipswich, suffolk (12. viii. 2012) © neil sherman\n( clypeus seen) - iken cliff, suffolk (6. vii. 2016) © paul kitchener\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nfor the county, we have a total of 1 records from 1 sites. first recorded in 2010 .\n: resident in south - east england north to east anglia, it remains to be seen if this moth was a wanderer or if the species is resident .\n( heb, 2011): this moth has a distribution restricted to south - east england north to norfolk. we have a single record from spurn (vc61) in 2010 .\nblå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch. kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade. kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor, t ex arter i ett visst län, i en viss biotop, substrat, som påverkas av en hotfaktor, eller som är knutna till en sk värdart, t ex trädet alm. dessa kan även kombineras .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, knutna till alm, är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .\ndefaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer. under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade. om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer. nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .\ndenna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera. du kan t. ex. navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn. du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder, kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista. ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera”, där du kan söka på olika egenskaper. ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .\nthe mit license copyright (c) 2014 - 2016 google, inc. urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license (mit) copyright (c) 2011 - 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{ "text": [ "coleophora clypeiferella is a moth of the coleophoridae family .", "it is found from fennoscandia to france , austria , hungary and bulgaria and from great britain to latvia , lithuania and ukraine .", "it is also known from the caucasus and ural regions of russia and china .", "it occurs in steppe and cultivated areas .", "the wingspan is about 14 mm .", "adults have an unusual sclerotised plate on the tip of the abdomen containing small spines , which is probably used to help break out of the pupal cocoon .", "they are on wing in july and august .", "the larvae feed on chenopodium album , chenopodium rubrum and chenopodium murale .", "they feed on the seedheads of their host plant and form a case made from fragments of seed during september and october . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 13, 24, 9, 23, 8, 29, 11 ] }

[ "coleophora clypeiferella is a moth of the coleophoridae family. it is found from fennoscandia to france, austria, hungary and bulgaria and from great britain to latvia, lithuania and ukraine. it is also known from the caucasus and ural regions of russia and china. it occurs in steppe and cultivated areas. the wingspan is about 14 mm. adults have an unusual sclerotised plate on the tip of the abdomen containing small spines, which is probably used to help break out of the pupal cocoon. they are on wing in july and august. the larvae feed on chenopodium album, chenopodium rubrum and chenopodium murale. they feed on the seedheads of their host plant and form a case made from fragments of seed during september and october." ]

[ "tetratema' s 1 - generation coefficient of inbreeding is 0. 00% .\ntetratema cup hunters s´chase of €15, 000. 00 5 - y - o plus\n, who was extremely shy in the breeding shed, tetratema was champion two - year - old himself. indeed, many considered him even better than his sire. tetratema won all of his five starts as a\ntetratema cup hunters s´chase of €15, 000. 00 5 - y - o plus 3m. 1f .\n£100, 000 refused: offer for tetratema. poverty bay herald, volume xlvii, issue 15293, 14 august 1920\npapers past | £100, 000 refused: offer for tetratema. (poverty bay herald, 1920 - 08 - 14 )\n£100, 000 refused: offer for tetratema. , poverty bay herald, volume xlvii, issue 15293, 14 august 1920\nmarasonnien returned to racing under rules with a gutsy victory from the front in the tetratema cup hunters chase at gowran park on saturday .\nurltoken | race result gowran park, sat, 11th mar, 2017, tetratema cup hunters s´chase of €15, 000. 00 5 - y - o plus\nfrom the second small crop of the tetrarch, who was extremely shy in the breeding shed, tetratema was champion two - year - old himself... .\nwas won by arch gift, tetratema' s full older brother.' he' s just showing the young' un how to do it' was heard as he entered the unsaddling enclosure. a princely looking colt, tetratema had a charming temperament and beautiful action. he was a success at stud, being champion in 1929 .\nit has been a long time' between drinks' for the willie mullins trained, rich ricci owned marasonnien who registered his first win since april 2012 when landing the historic tetratema cup hunters chase at gowran today .\nfrankel is the first horse for more than 60 years to be a champion at two, three and four years of age, and only the fourth in 100 years (the others are tetratema, fairway and abernant) .\nhis victories included a win in the gr1 middle park stakes – europe’s top 2yo race, won previously by outstanding sires such as bayardo, tetratema, djebel, khaled, sharpen up, diesis, oasis dream and dutch art .\nthe grey colt tetratema -, who is considered1 to be easily the best two - year - old in england made mincemest of southern, light hearted, swyburn. and marriage in the middle park plate a few weeks ago. tetratema. who ib by the tetrarch. from scotch gift, and was ridden by b. carslake, started at 4 to' l on, and won very easily by six lengths. his share of the stake was £3175 .\nunfortunate last time at leopardstown when clippings heels and hitting the deck at the last behind on the fringe, viking splash made no mistake this time in the point - to - point weekly in the irish post tetratema perpetual cup hunters chase under brian hayes at gowran .\nall in all, she gave birth to four foals. the last foal she produced was allenby, by bayardo, who went on to finish a close second to tetratema in the 1920 2, 000 guineas (about half a length) and later won the 1920 newmarket stakes .\ntetratema (gb) gr. h, 1917 { 14 - a } dp = 0 - 16 - 0 - 0 - 0 (16) di = inf cd = 1. 00 - 16 starts, 13 wins, 1 places, 0 shows career earnings: £21, 778\ntetratema retired to stud at ballylinch, proving more of a dominant influence for speed than his sire. he was the leading sire in 1929, when mr. jinks won the 2, 000 guineas and royal minstrel won the eclipse stakes. tetratema also sired 1, 000 guineas winner four course, irish 2, 000 guineas winner fourth hand, champion two - year - old foray (ii), champion two - year - old filly myrobella, also tiffin, theft, gino, and in america, the filly * bazaar, champion of her sex at two at three .\nhis good sire sons included royal minstrel (in america, sire of singing wood, first fiddle, bransome, etc .), mr. jinks (sire of irish oaks winner avoca), bacteriophage (sire of teleferique, biologie), gino (in america), theft (in japan), foray ii (in america), sherab (sire of doublerab), tetratema daughters produced palestine, big game, mehrali, montagnana, vali, psychic bid, and forever yours. tetratema died in 1939 and is buried near his sire, the tetrarch, and son mr. jinks at ballylinch .\naus, and n. z. cable association. (received july 29. 8. 5 p. m .) london, july 28. bullock rode four winners out of seven at goodwood to - day. a splendid duel was witnessed between carslake and donoghue in the st. george' s stakes on the sprinters tetratema and diadem. tetratetfuu was a. length ahead coming over tltff hill. diadem reached his withers a furlong from home, but carslafc * * drew out a. bit more and won a grond' natch by threequai - ters df a length. tetratema is evidlhtly the best horse in england up to six furlongs .\nthe following is the result of the race for the middle park plate, of 3000 soys, over six furlongs, for two: year - olds: — tetratema (carslake), 1; southern, 2; light hearted, 3. five started. won by six lengths. the king' s horses won three races at the newmarket meeting .\nthe tetrarch’s stud career was not straightforward either. fertility problems meant that he would leave only 130 foals, but he was the champion sire of 1919 – the year his outstanding son tetratema headed the free handicap by a record margin – and, principally through his daughter mumtaz mahal, he made a mark on the breed that is still very much in evidence today .\nevery year the special commissioner (mr. w. allison) of the london\nsportsman,' - applies the figure system to the selection of the possible winner of the english derby. this year he has omitted from his possibilities tetratema and prince galahad, the two best two - year - olds in england last season. he give ?\ntlic following reasons for discounting their prospects :\nit may seem contrary to renson to puss over prince g & ifl.' nad and tetratema. but it is idle to attach importance to breeding and at the same time favour an unknown family. prince galahad traces to one of tlte most obscure and lnast successful native sources lin america, and tlioujrli there lias been lamplo g ooil breeding piled on that foundation, and the book points strongly to jliie chances, i cannot take him on my side. tetratema on the figures i 6 good,' hut in his case t do not believe in his training on into a. stayer, even over a mile: not hecause lie ie by the tctrar. cn. but because in the female line he comes from the whimple - breil line of lanthe, by the miser out of devonshire\nl am not prejudiced, but i shall wait until i see a classic winner from this family before believing in such a phenomenon.'\n' relative to the above, the special comnuseioner now has it in his favour that ■ tetratema - and prince galahad have (already been beaten this season\nbold minstrel was 75% thoroughbred and bred for the job. by the thoroughbred stallion bold and bad, whose sire blue larkspur is in the four generation pedigree of 37 champion jumping horses, he was out of a half - bred hunter mare by the thoroughbred royal minstrel. royal minstrel’s sire was tetratema, the undefeated champion sprinter, whose sire was the extraordinary spotted stallion the tetrarch, also unbeaten on the racecourse .\nhe retired to this glorious patch of land next to the mount juliet estate and despite not being an especially prolific sire, what he lacked in quantity he made up for in quality. his progeny included 2, 000 guineas winner tetratema and the outstanding filly mumtaz mahal. he also sired three winners of the st ledger. from that day on, a tradition of top - class winning progeny was established at ballylinch stud .\n( by whalebone. ! since the stock of malster began racing they have, according to the figures com. piled for\nthe australasian turf regu. ter ,\nwon £258, 017 in stakes. maltster first entered the winning sires' list in the 1906 - 7 season. his stock continue to win races, and for the nine months\nbf the present season lie has been represented by 38 winners of 71 races, the stake earnings being £10, 061. tetratema, which led the field home in the two thousand guineas at newmarket, is, like his sire, the tetrarch, of the grey shade in colour. it is interesting to note that only on three occasions has a colt of the grey shade led the field home in the two thousand guineas since. the i ace was instituted 111 years back, and 82 yeare have elapsed between the win of tetratema and grey momus, which carried the colours of lord george bentincfci\nthe tetrarch lies not far from his old paddock, a giant slab of granite marking his final resting place within view of the ballylinch offices. beyond his is the grave of tetratema, winner of the 2, 000 guineas, july cup and king’s stand stakes for his owner / breeder mccalmont. he became the second champion sire to stand at ballylinch and was followed to stud by his 2, 000 guineas - winning son, mr jinks, who is buried alongside him .\nthe tetrarch and tetratema’s stallion boxes at ballylinch stud in co. kilkenny are architectural gems with mosaics of their names on the floor and glazing in the roof so they could see the moon and stars at night, or perhaps see harry potter flying by! the tetrarch was plagued by infertility and only sired 130 foals in his life, but still enough to put him in the list of top four sires three times. he has left a lasting legacy with horses on the racecourse and in eventing .\nthe christckurck press london correspondent writes; ; on the opening day at goodwood the meeting ot tetratema and orpheus, with liiu: *. gown and oxendon to complete a quartet, was the most attractive event, in the result tetratema (major d. mccalmont, rider b. carslake) beat orpheus (sir h. . pualiffe - owen, rider hector gray) in the king george stakes by a length. according to robin goodfellow (in the daily mail), the beating in the case of the jockeys was more pronounced than in that of the horses. ; is a very fine rider on a free - running horse, but as a finishers we have a dozen who are his superiors. when picking tip the whip he loses control over his horses. they ewerve and run away from him, as the saying is. orpheus did this, and was prejudiced in consequence. except for this it would have been a nearer thing, and probably would have been a very near one\nnebelwurfer, a german 2000 guineas winner and that country’s champion older male in 1949, is a great - grandson of teddy and monsun comes from family 8a, his sixth dam is english bred morning breeze (cameronian - dawn - wind by sunstar). this half - sister to the july cup and national stakes winner tiffin (tetratema) and the victoria cup winner fonab (abbotts trace) established the family in germany, and her daughter of 1949 morchel (by wilding, a grandson of herold) is monsun’s fifth dam .\n. (dniisd press association. —copyright .) (mftimuait - njtt mausb cable association. , london, 16th june, at the ascot summer meeting to - day tho following was the result of the fern hill stakes, of 1000 soys. five furlongs. , for two and three - year - olds. . captain d. m' calmont' s gr c tetratema, by the tetrareh— scotch. gift, 3yrs (b. carslake) 1 galway castle, 2yrs 2 wild honey, 2yrs 3 won by six lengths .\nafter race at fairyhouse sat, 20th feb, 2016 (1st) he was injured in 2014 and got injured again at cheltenham in 2015 but he seems to be back there in a big way. he jumped well, and we' ll have to have a look at the rule book now. i think he needs to win a point - to - point to qualify for cheltenham, so he may go for an open race next weekend. otherwise he will stay at home and go for the tetratema at gowran. rodger sweeney\ngr c 1917 (the tetrarch - scotch gift, by symington). sire line buzzard. family 14 - a. bred by major dermot mccalmont, he won the national breeders' produce stakes at sandown park, the molecomb stakes at goodwood, the champagne stakes at doncaster, the imperial produce plate at kempton park and the middle park plate at newmarket as a two year old. at three he won the two thousand guineas stakes, the fern hill stakes at ascot, the king george stakes at goodwood and the kennet stakes at newmarket. at four he won the king' s stand stakes at ascot, the july cup at newmarket, the king george stakes for a second time and the snailwell stakes at newmarket. he covered at ballylinch. in the stud he got the national stakes winner queen of the nore (ch f 1927), the top two year old myrobella (gr f 1930) and the imperial produce stakes winner gino (gr c 1930) who achieved some success in the stud in america. tetratema led the sires list in 1929 and was second several times. tetratema died in july of 1939 at ballylinch .\nbred at sledmere stud in yorkshire by lady sykes, mumtaz mahal was bred at the height of her sire' s popularity as a sire. one of the greatest two - year - olds of all time, the tetrarch (1911) broke down before he could prove his ability at the classic distances, but was off to a great start at stud. his first crop produced the outstanding two - year - old stefan the great. with his first crop just three - year - olds in 1919, he topped the leading sires list, led by his champion two - year - old, tetratema, and helped by his daughter snow maiden, winner of that year' s irish oaks. the next year, the tetrarch was third on the sires' list, with classic winners tetratema (2, 000 guineas) and caligula (st. leger). in all, the tetrarch sired five classicists, including three st. leger winners (caligula, polemarch, salmon - trout), but it was through his speedy offspring tetratema and mumtaz mahal that his name lives on. when lady sykes sent her mare lady josephine (1912 by the top sprinter sundridge) to the tetrarch in 1920, she was breeding at the peak of fashionability. lady josephine was a very fast filly herself, the second rated filly of her year at two, and winner of the coventry stakes and acorn stakes. lady josephine' s first foal had been the good staying filly lady juror (1919 by son - in - law), who had won the jockey club stakes in 1921. lady juror would produce fair trial, the black abbot, the recorder, and become the granddam of the mighty tudor minstrel, but that was for the future .\ngr c 1931 (tetratema - teresina, by tracery). sire line buzzard. family 6 - d. a half brother to alibhai (ch c 1938 hyperion) he won the july stakes and the buckenham stakes at newmarket as a two year old. he also finished second for the champagne stakes at doncaster and third for the new stakes at ascot. at three he won the dee stakes at chester, the rous memorial stakes at ascot, the atlantic cup at liverpool and the great foal stakes at newmarket. he covered at the pibworth stud in berkshire for a fee of £24 .\ngr c 1925 (tetratema - harpsichord, by louvois). sire line buzzard. family 5 - e. owned by mr j h whitney, he won five races at three and four years of age: the craven stakes at newmarket, the st james' s palace stakes at ascot, the eclipse stakes at sandown park, the cork and orrery stakes at ascot and the victoria cup at hurst park. he finished second by a head for the two thousand guineas, won by flamingo (b c 1925 flamboyant). he was sent to the stud in america in 1930 but later returned to newmarket where he covered at heath lodge stud .\nthe next dam in the tail - female lineage, blaith na greine (by straight deal), is a half sister to 1940 english champion 3 - year - old filly godiva (by hyperion) and 1942 irish triple crown winner windsor slipper (by windsor lad). produced from the phalaris mare carpet slipper (whose blandford half sister dalmary won the 1934 yorkshire oaks and produced the great foundation mare rough shod ii), blaith na greine is also a half sister to her slipper (by tetratema), second dam of 1962 prix du jockey - club (french derby) winner val de loir and 1966 irish one thousand guineas and oaks stakes winner valoris .\ngr c 1926 (tetratema - false piety, by lemberg). sire line buzzard. family 22 - d. bred in ireland by dermot mccalmont he won nine races incuding the two thousand guineas stakes beating the derby and st leger winner trigo (b c 1926 blandford), the st james' s palace stakes, the new stakes at ascot, the richmounte stakes, the windsor castle stakes, the july stakes, the lavant stakes and the prendergast stakes. he covered at mr mccalmont' s ballylinch stud in county kilkenny. he got the irish oaks winner avoca (gr f 1941) and the king george v stakes (twice) winner veuve clicquot (gr f 1933) .\nretiring to his owner' s ballylinch stud at thomastown in ireland he achieved a remarkable success despite his lack of interest in mares. he got only 130 foals throughout his stud career, with 80 of these being winners, and was champion sire in 1919. he transmitted both stamina and speed (not necessarily at the same time), getting three st leger winners, caligula (gr c 1917), polemarch (ch c 1918) and salmon - trout (b c 1921), as well as the brilliantly fast\nflying filly\nmumtaz mahal (gr f 1921) and the two thousand guineas winner tetratema (gr c 1917). he was sterile for a number of years and died at ballylinch in 1935 .\n) and to bosworth, winner of the ascot gold cup. selene' s dam serenissima (by 1909 derby stakes winner minoru) is out of gondolette (by loved one), a foundation mare for lord derby' s stud who also produced 1918 one thousand guineas winner ferry (by swynford), 1924 derby stakes winner sansovino (by swynford), 1914 dewhurst stakes and 1915 champion stakes winner let fly (by white eagle), stakes winners great sport (by gallinule) and piazzetta (by chaucer' s best son, stedfast) and dolabella (by white eagle), dam of 1932 english champion 2 - year - old filly myrobella (by tetratema) and second dam of 1942 two thousand guineas winner big game .\ngr c 1924 (the tetrarch - scotch gift, by symington). sire line buzzard. family 14 - a. a full brother to tetratema, he was a brilliant two year old, winning the chesham stakes at ascot, the july stakes at newmarket, the chesterfield stakes at the same place, the richmond stakes at goodwood and also finishing 2nd for the rous memorial stakes at goodwood whilst conceding the winner 17 pounds. he subsequently split his pastern and was retired from the turf. sold to america for £14, 000 he did well there with limited opportunities, getting the winners of 268 races. he returned to england at the end of 1936 and covered at cheveley park, newmarket, where he sired the good stayer auralia (gr c 1943) who won the gold vase at ascot, the goodwood stakes and the doncaster stakes .\nthe timeform scale had been tried and trusted for half a century by then, so we didn’t feel the need to change much. we left sea - bird on top with 145, raised ribot 1lb to 143 and brought brigadier gerard down 1lb to join him on the same mark. we took 2lb off tudor minstrel, reducing him to 142, but raised nijinsky 2lb to 140. most of the alterations we made were in that kind of range. however, we did find some assessments mystifying, if not completely eccentric. the 142 awarded to windy city in 1951 seemed grotesque and although he was decidedly an exceptional two - year - old, our mark of 132 did him ample justice. (for the record, our top juvenile of the century was the tetrarch, 134 in 1913, and only tetratema and tudor minstrel ranked higher than windy city. )\nstud notes. st raairrosr. affectation, winner of the wanganui guineas can boast of a very stout pedigree, and staying should certainly he to his liking. the leading, lines in the pedigree read as follows affectation. sire: kilbroney, by the wag (son of orxne) from innismakil. by laveno (son of bend. or) from maymyo, by my lad (son of king lud)... dam: , simper, by symington (son of ayr shire) from cnalys, by sir visto (son of bqcjcajdine) from che. an dry, by goldfinch (son of ormonde). landslide, the winner of the avondale stakes, is bred as follows: — landslide. sire: keni! worth, by childwick (son of st. simon) from k. zil kourgan, by' omnium (son of upa«) from kasbah, by vigilant (son of vermouth). dim: • eieganoe. by s & aton dela - ral { son of melton) - from antelope, by apcemont (son. of morterner) from miss kate, by adventurer (son of newminstei). the - tetrarch _ is credited with the parentage of a high - class two - year - old in england this season, in the shape of tetratema, who has put up a fine record, the latest success included therein being registered in' conection with the champagne stakes at doncaster. tetratema, like his sire, is a grey in co' our, and ho is given the palm as tha best two - year - old of the season. the illustrious youngster was bred by his owner, major hector mccalmont, who, by all acounts, has sood reason to view the future optimistically for his grey colt in next year' s classic events. ;\nthe australian jockey, frank bullock, has invariably been referred to as a lucky rider, and he upheld his reputation last month, as whilo on his wav to england he broke his journey at perth, and rode a couple of important winners, including a dead - heat in the perth oop on the three - vear - old eurythmic. bullock, it is said, will ride for jarvis * stable in england. writing of the return of bullock to england calla to mind that advices from melbourne nay brownie carslake, the wellknown australian rider, is returning for a. few months, presumably with the intention of' missing the english winter. the chances are carslake is a we® bit frightened thai if he stays in england for the winter be will put\non too much avoirdupois, as he is anything but light now, it troubling him to ride under about bst 71b. it would not be at all surprising (remarks a well - known writer) if next season, respite donobue' s advantage in boing able to accept lightly - weighted mounts, carslake does not give him a _ great race for the premiership of the winning jockeys. this vear he was not very far behind, and hat easily the best percentage. carslake once told an interviewer that he considered australian jockeys compared favourably with any in england or on the continent, as tlwy are prepared to take more risks than the englishmen, and this is generally borne out ny these who are conversant with english racing. carstake, by the way. rode the famous unbeaten grey, tetratema, in all his races, and * all being well, will bo on him in his three - year - ola engagements .\nhelp us improve papers past: do our short survey and let us know how we' re doing .\nthis article displays in one automatically - generated column. view the full page to see article in its original form .\nthis article text was automatically generated and may include errors. view the full page to see article in its original form .\nfairfax media is the copyright owner for the evening post. you can reproduce in - copyright material from this newspaper for non - commercial use under a creative commons new zealand by - nc - sa licence. this newspaper is not available for commercial use without the consent of fairfax media. for advice on reproduction of out - of - copyright material from this newspaper, please refer to the copyright guide .\npapers past now contains more than just newspapers. use these links to navigate to other kinds of materials .\nthese links will always show you how deep you are in the collection. click them to get a broader view of the items you' re currently viewing .\nenter names, places, or other keywords that you' re curious about here. we' ll look for them in the fulltext of millions of articles .\nbrowsed to an interesting page? click here to search within the item you' re currently viewing, or start a new search .\nuse these buttons to limit your searches to particular dates, titles, and more .\nswitch between images of the original document and text transcriptions and outlines you can cut and paste .\nif you' d rather just browse through documents, click here to find titles and issues from particular dates and geographic regions .\nthe\nhelp\nlink will show you different tips for each page on the site, so click here often as you explore the site .\nin commenting on the fact that some prominent jumping riders were under! suspicion of funking the fences at liverpool (england), a london exchange said :\nwe wonder how many preeent - day racegoers are aware that willie woodland, when a more child of 13 yea - re of age, actually steered magpie into fourth place, for old joe' s grand nationnl. and this was his first mount in a steeplechase, too. that was a prodigious performance for so young a practioner .\nthere was a suggestion at the beginniiig of the sea - son, cays an engfeh writer, that races confined to soldiers and amateur riders would be popular, and many executives did their best to ml in with this idea, but practically every one of tie races has proved a failure, and the climax came with the amateur riders' steeplechase at birmingham, for which no! a single rider presented himself at. - scale, so the race was declared void .\nyou would never have accused the late mr .\nfairie\ncox of bursting with generosity, but, even in the lean war years, he used to retain\nsteve\nfor' £2500 a year. this was a\nmonkey\nless, too, than mr. cox paid poor mahrr for only a second claim at a time when\ndanny\nwas receiving £4000 a year as first jockey for lord rosebery, \\ vlio was ever mailer' s best friend, right up to the day of\ndanny' s\ndeath. as money went then, maher' s. £4ooo was probably worth more than donoghue' a £6000, but, good jockey as steve undoubtedly is at his weight, he will never be a maher .\nthe news of the return to jlis native america of the stallion sir martin recalls one of the most memorable races for the derby of recent years, says a; n english writer. this was the one, eleven years ago, in which miiiorn triumphed in the colours of the late king edward, and the enthusiasm was tremendous even for epsom. sir martin was favourite for this event, . but spoiled whatever elvance he possessed by slipping up in the course of the contest. throughout his racing career sir martin was a somewhat unlucky' horse. another celebrity to be unplaced in minoru' s derby was bayardo, ivhic\nh, however, had not then reached ihie best .\nin discussing the recent sale of tracery for £50, 000 ,\nvigilant ,\nin the london\nsportsman,', said the sum named wa« not a record, as there were considerations which reduced the value. the moet important of these was the rate of exchange, which lowered the value of the english eovereign by something like 30 per cent. this reduced the' buying price of £' 50, 000 by £1 - 2. 000 to £15, 000. apart from this ,\nvigilant\nsaid it was understood that trncery' a buyer was to be credited with all the stud fees earned in england this scaeon. the items mentioned wou: d cut down the actual price to less than £30, 000, whereas prince palatine was sold for £40, 000 to go to france, and botafogo changed hands in the argentine at a similar figure .\nevidently racing in england, especially the jumping events, arc not of the standard we hear so much about. personally, says an english writer, i have given up betting on jumping races and i cannot see how any stay - at - home backer can make money ovor them. prices are too short, and 1 regret to say that the game is too crooked. under jockey club rules we are getting sport on more regular lines, but the performances of some of the horses over fences and hurdles are so in - and - out that i have given up attempting td keep a handicap of them. lam not alone in my opinion, for i see that\nrapier ,\nia the\nillustrated sporting and dramatic news ,\nwrites :\na good deal has been heard of late of horses not being' out,' and it is not to be denied that there are times when suspicion amounts to certainty.' are you going to back the favourite?' someone asked the other day.' i should, if i were certain his people weren' t laying him,' was the answer; and this appeared to be a common view of that particular contest. 1 am still on the watch for an animal 1 saw down the course at hurst park, the question being, however, if hi a owner will want him to win next time he goes to the post, or whether he will think it judicious to let him have another unenterprising sprint before he is backed .\nas the late mr. a. w. cox, who made his pile as a young man out of broken hill mines, , - and afterwards as\nmr. fairie ,\nbecame one of the most successful racing men in england, was well known to many on this side of the world, the following from the\nbloodstock breelere' review, , will be read with much interest :\nit is said that mr. cox had a premonition he would die last year, and we are told that because of it ho refused in 1018 to allow nominations to gay crusader (who had just gone to the stud) to be booked for more than one', - eason ahead, so that his executors should not be embarrassed - by such commitments. it would appear to have been an excess of caution on his part. he left all his thoroughbreds to his brother, jmr. algernon r. cox, who is maintaining both the breeding and racing studs as' going concerns' notwithstanding the tempting offers he has received for gay crusader and other individuals in the teams mr.' fairie' cox could have sold either bayardo or lemberg at prices in the neighbourhood of £70, 000; his brother could to - day get as much, or more, for gay crusader, but ho far has turned a deaf ear to all inquiries .\nfairfax media is the copyright owner for the auckland star. you can reproduce in - copyright material from this newspaper for non - commercial use under a creative commons new zealand by - nc - sa licence. this newspaper is not available for commercial use without the consent of fairfax media. for advice on reproduction of out - of - copyright material from this newspaper, please refer to the copyright guide .\npapers past | the turf. (marlborough express, 1920 - 07 - 30 )\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\ngrey colt, 1911. by roi herode - vahren by bona vista byerley turk sire line. woodpecker sire line quick chart family # 2 - o .\nroi herode roi herode was bred in france in 1904 by maurice caillaut and the comte de pourtales. he was a grey son of the grey le samaritain (1895), a very good stakes winner in france (winner of the grand prix de deauville, grand st. leger de france, prix daru), and himself a son of the grey le sancy. le sancy was the dominant sire in france in his time, although his male line back through atlantic, thormanby, windhound, and pantaloon, was one of the last surviving remnants of the once mighty herod male line (pantaloon was by castrel, by buzzard, by woodpecker, by herod) .\nvahren the tetrarch' s dam, vahren, was foaled in 1897, a daughter of bona vista out of castania by hagioscope. her sire, bona vista, was bred on the popular bend or / macaroni nick. he had won the 2, 000 guineas, and had made a few seasons at stud in england before being sold to hungary the year vahren was born. so when his son cyllene (1895) came on the scene racing at two in 1897, bona vista was missed, but lived out his days as one of the best sires on the continent, and the leading sire in hungary for 1902 - 1905, and 1908. cyllene was by far his most important product, later winner of the ascot gold cup and a leading sire in england and argentina .\nhis development in every respect was abnormal. he was a very strong - shouldered horse, possessed of a tremendous long rein, with a wonderful hind leg which gave him that remarkable leverage. indeed, his development behind the saddle was phenomenal. he had that almost straight, powerful hind leg which all good horses have, prounounced second thighs, was very high and truly moulded over the loins and had a beautiful, intelligent head. he was slightly dipped in his back. [ this dip became very pronounced in his old age. ] his action was remarkable. when he galloped his back seemed to get shorter and his legs longer. that was due to extraordinary hind leverage; his hind legs seemed to project right out in front of his forelegs. when he was going fast he galloped absolutely true, but when held in check to go half speed seemed to cross or' plait' his forelegs. he did this' plaiting' when walking, and you could actually hear him doing it. from the time i had him as a yearling he was a constant source of worry to me in this way .\nher wins that year included the newmarket spring stakes (new course record for five furlongs), queen mary stakes (by ten lengths), national breeders' produce stakes, molecomb stakes (by ten lengths), and champagne stakes. in her final start of the year, in the imperial produce stakes, she barely handled the deep going and lost bravely by half a length to arcade. returning at three, mumtaz mahal lost her season debut when going down to plack in the 1, 000 guineas, then was fifth in straitlace' s coronation stakes. returned to sprinting, won the king george stakes and nunthorpe stakes .\ndaughters of the tetrarch were important producers. besides the most important one of all, mumtaz mahal, these included taj mahal (dam of 1, 000 guineas winner taj mah, also taj ud din and taj shirin), fourfold (dam of empire builder and lindos ojos), tetrabbazia (dam of st. leger winner singapore and sire cohort), tete - a - tete (dam of irish oaks winner conversation piece), firouze mahal, and tetranella. in the u. s. , the tetrarch' s best producing daughters were la dauphine (dam of champion two - year - old filly anita peabody), herodias (imported to the u. s. and dam of pilate and herodiade, from which descends cosmic bomb, prince john, and lamb chop .) almost a century later, the world still remembers the tetrarch for his brilliant speed, and the many unanswered questions left with his early retirement from racing. as a stallion, he left an extensive legacy through too few foals, but if he had only sired mumtaz mahal, it would have been enough. even today, memories of\nthe spotted wonder\nand his daughter ,\nthe flying filly\ncan still leave us in awe. - - anne peters\npapers past | turf notes. (auckland star, 1920 - 02 - 28 )\n( 31\nsir lancelot .\n) the nominations received for, the principal events at the wellington racing club' s summer meeting are quite satisfactory. with, few exceptions all the best performers in commission in the dominion are engaged. according to an auckland scribe, the withdrawal of the waikato representative mangamahoe from the auckland cup was on account of the charlemagne 11. gelding going wrong. the yearling filly by martian—lichen that fell to the ^ nod of mr. d. m' leod for 475 - guineas, when the yearlings from mr. j. f. buchanan' s kinloch stud were put for sale at christchurch last month, has been turned out on her owner' s property at waipnkurau .\nit is reported that mr. g. hume has refused an offer of 1000 guineas for a filly by all black—martian princess. the youngster is related to prince hal and all\ncerise, who ran second at woodville .\nthe woodville cup has been increased in valno to 500 soys and the autumn handicap, the principal event on the second day, to 350 soys. in his training work at riccarton macduff has been showing signs of soreness, and he will not accompany his stable - mates to the manawatu meeting .\nthe riccarton jockey, f. w ellis, has made sufficient recovery from - tha injuries he received at the canterbury jockey club' s meeting last month to leave the hospital. he intends to spend1 a holiday with his relatives in southland before he resumes race riding .\nspeechmaker, who is now trained by f. d. jones, is reported as having recently shown signs of being affected in the wind .\nmr. g. l. stead' will be represented at the auckland summer meeting by kilmoon. melee, starla - nd, golden crozier, bonetter, and the two - year - olds right and left and. wanigan. the lastnamed is a bay filly by nassau —shebeen 11, an imported mare, by veles (sire of valido). madame ristori, who narrowly missed a penalty at taumarunui yesterday, is enga - ged iv a. six furlong race at new plymouth on boxing day .\nsportsmen will join me in congratulating messrs. w. s. glenn (a steward of the wan' ganui jockey club) and a. d. m' leod (a steward of the wairarapa racing club) on being elected members of parliament .\nalthough she was allowed to drop out of the auckland cup engagement bonnie maid has shown improved form since, and she accompanied her stablemates to auckland .\nafterglow' s name appeared among the entries for the southland cup. she was not handicapped -, and was evidently withdrawn before the weights appeared. afterglow is reported to have become affected in the wind .\nat least one other derby is to be run in australia before the season closes. it is that associated with the tasmanian turf, and the final acceptors are: —liberty loan, by comedy king—cross battery; thrapple, by pistol—thorax; sea ditty, by sea prince—rondel; harvester, by piastre—the harvest; thistlette, by tliistlebrook—colmetty; and kermanuka, by kerman —arawaka. the race is to be decided on boxing day. among the winning two - year - olds in america this season is sea serpent, a colt by the new zealand bred horse seahorse (or seahorse 11. , as he is now known). the race won by sea serpent was worth £90. he was sired when seahorse was twenty years old. that stallion, who is by nelson from moonga, won the new zealand cup in 1899, was subsequently successful in england, and was latei1 bought for stud purposes in america .\nthe sydney referee 6ays that prior to' retailing to' new zealand, mr. wg. stead make a present to mr. if. falkinor, of the threa - year - old filly fluency (demosthenes —las vegas) for etud purposes. fluency will, be sent to australia in time for. the next stud season .\npapers past | turf notes. (auckland star, 1920 - 06 - 12 )\nbv owner. fernbrook handicap, of 146 sovs; second 50, third 15. 7f. 2. f. mooro' s br g marching 1 order by soldier' s chorus—order 4yw 8 13\ng. young 1 1. t. slioenan' s br h nautical syrs 8 5 car. 8 g... . 11. donovan 2! 3. t. russell' s cli f miss camouflage 3vis 8 9. . r. s. bagby 3 4 martifors s 5 w. robinson; 5 all serene 7 11 f. woo: ls; g tunic 7 oar. 72 $ a. ellis; and 7 carmine 7 car. 6 9 d. gunn also started. tunic and martifois led from miss camouflage and marching order, wilh all sereno last. at tho foot, of the hill marching order and nautical drew out, and a great race saw marching order win by a head .\nmis 3 camouflage was four lengths away third. time, lm 29 4 - 5. ;. winner bred by owner, and trained by w. mckay.' tho stipendiary steward called the comn.' it tee together to coi > siclor 11 case of bumping. after hearing tho evidence, the dividend was paid out on tho winner, but g. young. was cautioned. acceptances for to - day. the shorts, of 130 sovs; 6pecial weights; 6f—lunisfallen, charlcroi', pomposo, lady alurkliope, i j ai. «iv' a lio ^ e. waitangi han 131 cap, of 145 sovs; ©f— will oakiand 10 3; i' limum a u; mythology 3 13; o ran go bitters 8 11; irish elegance 8 9; miss camouflage 8 8; lviliiney 8 3; pax 7 7; lima 7 3. prebiuents handicap, of 200 eovs; lm—burrangong 8 12; melee 8 10; kilkeo 8 4; almoner 8 3; cove rock 7 10; all ready 7 9; linden. 7 7; claverhouse 7; sisyphus 7. elderslie steeplechase, of 200 sovs; about 3m—liaupokoiiui 11 13; palladio 10 11; stone ginger 10 11; golden rupeo 9 11; blazeaway 9 7; tokomairir© 9 7. jumpers' flat hanijicap, of 150 sovs; 1 lm—kilboyne 11 2; jack svmons 10 8; john barleycorn 10 5; king star 10 3; spyglass 9 13; calma 9 9; lady penza 9 4; darky sam 9 .\nfairfax media is the copyright owner for the press. you can reproduce in - copyright material from this newspaper for non - commercial use under a creative commons new zealand by - nc - sa licence. this newspaper is not available for commercial use without the consent of fairfax media. for advice on reproduction of out - of - copyright material from this newspaper, please refer to the copyright guide .\nthis newspaper was digitised in partnership with christchurch city libraries (1921 - 1945) .\nfirst lady (gb) b f 1865 st. albans (gb)... .. continued grand flaneur (aus) b c 1877 yattendon (aus)... .. aus ajc d vrc d mc paresseuse (aus) br f 1879 yattendon (aus) | gaillardia (aus) br f 1889 trenton (nz) | celosia (aus) b f 1912 linacre (gb) | myosotis (aus) b f 1919 the welkin (gb) | chatham (aus) b c 1928 windbag (aus) fine lady (aus) br f 1885 darebin (aus) grand lady (aus) b f 1892 grandmaster (gb) sorella (usa) ch f 1898 brutus (usa) | banorella (usa) b f 1907 bannockburn (usa) | royal ensign (usa) b f 1915 ultimus (usa) | royalite (usa) ch f 1922 lucullite (usa) | zida (usa) b f 1927 zev (usa) | lady zev (usa) br f 1945 castel fusano (fr) | zidelle (usa) br f 1952 artillery (usa) | zideano (usa) ch f 1959 spectrum (gb) | daunt' s girl (usa) ch f 1971 daunt (usa) | jones time machine (usa) ch f 1979 current concept (usa) | blue jean baby (usa) b f 1985 mr. prospector (usa) | dixieland blues (usa) ch f 1994 dixieland band (usa) | blues and royals (usa) b c 2002 honour and glory (usa) |... .. uae d grand shot (usa) b f 1900 foul shot (nz) | centre shot (usa) br f 1905 sain (gb) | broomshot (usa) bbl f 1926 whisk broom (usa) | double jay (usa) br c 1944 balladier (usa) lady mary (aus) br f 1901 lochiel (nz) maroola (aus) br f 1909 brakpan (aus) kandelka (aus) ch f 1921 burrabadeen (aus) frillka (aus) ch f 1936 frilford (gb) golden panorama (aus) ch f 1949 karnool (ire) shana marie (aus) ch f 1954 paramount (ire) teura (aus) br f 1972 mironton (gb) brigette (aus) ch f 1984 brigand (usa) alcove (aus) ch f 1990 el qahira (nz)... .. aus ajc o\nb. joel' s black ray in _ the southport t. y. c. stakes. in the cup course selling handicap, gray rede mr. - h. mfller' s gaunt bo ^, which was ^ placed third, being separated by four lengths ■from auramine (mr. d. m. gant) and fetor and a half jengths from the winner, nisus (mr. r / v /. hartley). at hurst park' xirxf finished second mi the bushey t. y. o. plate, riding frusquin star (mr. de pledge), the winner being mr; farquharson' s nakgalla .\nmr. g. d. greenwood' s private trainer, r. j. mason, returned from sydney yesterday by the riverina, with gloaming, afterglow, karo, and rossini. they are accompanied by the two - year - olds dewdrop (the welkin—. carissima) and the varco— - faraway colt. the jockeys, b, deeley and h. gray, returnee? at the same time .\nthe most vernaikablo thipg about the result of the caailßeld oup, run on saturday, is that tho. three placed horsos arc. ill trained by b. bra afield ». t flomingloji. the winner luckiiow is an. imported horse by jnlinoru, who won the derby in the king' s colours. liucknow\nis owned by messrs. robinson and clark, the well - known anglo - cotonial _ sportsmen, who wen the race tile previous year with k \\ ug ofl' a, an imported horse by radium! before going to england they laced in australia. , and won, . among other important events, the molbourna cup, with the victory, in 1902. lucknow has won all his races at caulfield. last season he scored in tha futurity stakes, and last month won the heatherlea. handicap. nightwafcch, runner - up in the caulfield cup, is owned by his breeder, mr. c. l. macdonald. _. last year. he won ths melbourne cup. in the decision of which event he should again play a. prominent part next month. the other place - getter, chrome, is owned by mr. s. d. brunton. f. bullock, who rode luckuow, , also scored on king offa twelve months ago." ]

{ "text": [ "tetratema ( 27 april 1917 – july 1939 ) was an irish-bred , british-trained thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "in a racing career which lasted from may 1919 until october 1921 he won thirteen of his sixteen races , include the all twelve of his starts over the sprint distances of five and six furlongs .", "he was unbeaten in five races in 1919 , including the molecomb stakes , champagne stakes , and middle park stakes , and was the highest-rated two-year-old in britain by a record margin .", "in the following year he had enough stamina to win the classic 2000 guineas over a mile , but failed to stay when unplaced in both the epsom derby and the eclipse stakes .", "he then returned to sprinting and won his remaining two races of 1920 and all four in 1921 .", "his successes in this phase of his career included the king 's stand stakes , july cup and two runnings of the king george stakes .", "at the end of 1921 he was retired from racing and returned to his birthplace in ireland to become a breeding stallion .", "he became a highly successful sire of winners and regularly featured among the leading sires in britain and ireland .", "most of his best runners inherited their father 's aptitudes , being particularly successful as two-year-olds and over sprint distances .", "tetratema died at the age of twenty in 1939 . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 7, 14, 14 ] }

[ "tetratema (27 april 1917 – july 1939) was an irish-bred, british-trained thoroughbred racehorse and sire. in a racing career which lasted from may 1919 until october 1921 he won thirteen of his sixteen races, include the all twelve of his starts over the sprint distances of five and six furlongs. he was unbeaten in five races in 1919, including the molecomb stakes, champagne stakes, and middle park stakes, and was the highest-rated two-year-old in britain by a record margin. in the following year he had enough stamina to win the classic 2000 guineas over a mile, but failed to stay when unplaced in both the epsom derby and the eclipse stakes. he then returned to sprinting and won his remaining two races of 1920 and all four in 1921. his successes in this phase of his career included the king's stand stakes, july cup and two runnings of the king george stakes. at the end of 1921 he was retired from racing and returned to his birthplace in ireland to become a breeding stallion. he became a highly successful sire of winners and regularly featured among the leading sires in britain and ireland. most of his best runners inherited their father's aptitudes, being particularly successful as two-year-olds and over sprint distances. tetratema died at the age of twenty in 1939." ]

[ "this is the place for haemataula definition. you find here haemataula meaning, synonyms of haemataula and images for haemataula copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word haemataula. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word haemataula and, of course, haemataula synonyms and on the right images related to the word haemataula .\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter, please feel free to enter the title and author information. the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request. please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news, content highlights, and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services. help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request. please try again and if the problem persists, please send us feedback .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nmeyrick, e. (1912b) lepidoptera heterocera (tineae). fam. gracilariadae. in: wytsman, p. (ed .): genera insectorum. fascicule 128. : 1–36, pl. 1\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence, all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook" ]

{ "text": [ "macarostola haemataula is a moth of the gracillariidae family .", "it is known from karnataka , india .", "description : thorax crimson .", "forewings crimson , markings yellow-whitish , partially black-edged .", "three triangular dorsal spots reaching half across wing . " ], "topic": [ 2, 27, 19, 1, 1 ] }

[ "macarostola haemataula is a moth of the gracillariidae family. it is known from karnataka, india. description: thorax crimson. forewings crimson, markings yellow-whitish, partially black-edged. three triangular dorsal spots reaching half across wing." ]

[ "eswarah horse racing form, betting odds, breeding and other horse racing information .\neswarah held on from something exciting to give michael jarvis his first oaks victory at epsom .\neswarah house is a striking new development of one and two bedroom apartments in the heart of epsom .\neswarah emulated her dam midway lady, who was successful in 1986, by winning the fillies' contest .\n, who is based at newmarket. it is sired by the stallion street cry out of the dam eswarah .\neswarah could now run in the irish oaks on 17 july although jarvis hinted that the yorkshire equivalent was a more likely target .\nbut something exciting (7 - 1) just could not reel in the unbeaten eswarah, with pictavia (8 - 1) staying on in third .\nlast year' s oaks winner, ouija board, ended the season by taking the breeders' cup, and hills is convinced eswarah will also improve .\neswarah followed her mother midway lady, the 1986 oaks heroine, when holding off a persistent challenge from something exciting to win the vodafone oaks by one and a half lengths .\neswarah had raced only twice, and had won only at listed level, also, before she showed a blistering turn of foot and the mental fortitude to win the oaks .\nin a 43 - year career, the trainer guided carroll house to victory in the 1989 prix de l' arc de triomphe and landed the 2005 epsom oaks with eswarah .\nthoroughbred horse (gb) [ 2002 ]. eswarah (gb) is a mare born in 2002 by unfuwain out of midway lady, trained by the m a jarvis stable .\nthe king george meeting, transferred to newbury owing to ascot' s redevelopment, gets under way today with a programme which should see the eswarah colours feature prominently in the listed weatherbys valiant stakes .\nshould tarfasha be scratched, taghrooda has shown enough promise in just two runs to suggest she could easily have enough ability to follow in the hoofprints of eswarah in 2005 and salsabil 15 years earlier .\n1 eswarah (r hills) 11 - 4 jf 2 something exciting (t quinn) 7 - 1 3 pictavia (k manning) 8 - 1 12 ran. dist: ½l, 3l .\nhills had eswarah settled in the pack while magical romance set a strong early pace along with mona lisa, one of three aidan o' brien - trained runners. coming to tattenham corner, the 11 - 4 joint - favourite was poised to challenge after taking up an outside position. dream to dress briefly took it up in the straight, but hills got to work and eswarah hit the front .\neswarah, the oaks winner, stands alone as the only representative of the classic generation in tomorrow' s king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes after 12 runners were declared for the newbury prize yesterday .\nthe michael jarvis - trained eswarah emulated her dam by winning the vodafone oaks at epsom. midway lady won the race in 1986 and her daughter followed in her hoofprints with an impressive success under jockey richard hills .\neswarah really was that good and the greatest virtue of yesterday' s achievement is that something exciting, the noble runner - up, will almost certainly prove to be a filly worthy of her name later in the season .\nvirginia waters, the 1, 000 guineas winner from aidan o' brien' s yard, was sent off as joint - favourite with eswarah, but could only finish fourth as another irish - trained runner, pictavia, claimed third .\neswarah, bracelet in arabic, was one of several inconvenienced by a staccato tempo to the classic. the field rushed from the stalls, led much of the way by magical romance, then slowed down considerably, midway through the journey .\nafter three races in five weeks, eswarah will now be allowed to enjoy the fruits of her labour. royal ascot is out, though the irish oaks remains as a possibility on the agenda, with the yorkshire version also a consideration .\nmidway lady was trained by ben hanbury, who also looked after eswarah as a two - year - old until his retirement at the end of last season. she passed to michael jarvis who, along with hills, was winning his first oaks .\nyesterday proved to be a bad day for the last couple of oaks winners when eswarah, triumphant in this year' s classic, was retired after chipping a knee and ouija board suffered another setback in her preparations for an autumn campaign when she coughed .\nthe popular rider won the 2, 000 guineas on haafhd in 2004 - like ghanaati trained by his father and the oaks on the michael jarvis trained eswarah in 2005. in 1999, hills won the dubai world cup on saeed bin suroor - trained almutawakei .\neswarah showed no hint of frailty as she went into the unknown territory of the final quarter - mile, though, and held on for a victory that was, in its way, as impressive as that of her dam, midway lady, in the same race 19 years ago .\nalthough something exciting came with a burst down the outside, eswarah stuck to her task well and hung on by half a length. pictavia was flying at the finish to claim third, a further three lengths away, ahead of 1000 guineas winner virginia waters, who did not quite stay in fourth .\neswarah (gb) b. m, 2002 { 8 - k } dp = 7 - 4 - 15 - 2 - 2 (30) di = 1. 61 cd = 0. 40 - 5 starts, 3 wins, 0 places, 0 shows career earnings: $ 447, 760\nthen, in 2004, jarvis took over hamdan al maktoum' s horses, one of which was eswarah, whom jarvis sent out to win the oaks in 2005. in 2008 he trained 106 winners, passing the century mark for the first time in his career. perhaps jarvis' s most notable ...\nwithout eswarah, though, midway lady, a hot - headed, crooked - legged individual whose two - classic haul from her two three - year - old runs did her trainer, ben hanbury, huge credit, would have only an ordinary record as a matron. after being bought privately by sheikh hamdan out of training, she was given every opportunity with the best of consorts. before eswarah, a daughter of unfuwain, the best of her seven winners from 11 foals in 16 years were the green desert pair haafiz, a winner here and in the states, and itnab, who took the group three princess royal stakes two years ago .\neswarah had never seen anything like epsom in her brief career, but had won a good trial at the berkshire track in may with such authority that she was an obvious choice for many. slightly warm beforehand, she was soon settled and going well for richard hills, who decided to settle matters with three furlongs to run .\neswarah' s victory in the oaks was a rarity indeed in the annals of the thoroughbred. by following in the hoofprints of her dam, midway lady, winner of the premier filly classic in 1986, she set up only the ninth mother - daughter epsom sequence in 227 years and the first since 1912, when mirska emulated musa .\nmidway lady was barely sound, but she had a racing heart, which counts for much, and seems to have passed it on not only to fatehalkhair but to eswarah. the pretty bay, whose name is arabic for bracelet, was reported in fine fettle yesterday by her trainer, michael jarvis, who inherited her after hanbury' s retirement last year .\nalmost four decades on, the former head lad to gordon smyth found out himself what it was like to train an epsom classic winner yesterday. eswarah won the oaks for jarvis, jockey richard hills and owner sheikh hamdan al maktoum but, most of all, she won for enthusiasts who like to see a quality animal ripple up the straight over the surrey downs .\nthe michael jarvis - trained eswarah was last seen in action when fourth to punctilious in the yorkshire oaks. a subsequent x - ray examination has revealed a small chip in a knee. as a daughter of unfuwain out of another oaks winner, the 1986 victress midway lady, the logical step was to dispatch her to the broodmare ranks of her owner, hamdan al maktoum .\non hearing about the accident, michael asked him to return home to become his assistant trainer and during a ten - year stint as second in command, roger helped oversee the careers of oaks winner eswarah, five - time group one scorer rakti, top sprinter iffraaj and the globe - trotting pressing among others. the rest, as they say, is very much history .\nthe form of eswarah' s oaks victory has taken a few knocks, but she has been backed into 7 - 1 this week. azamour is 9 - 4 favourite with ladbrokes, who yesterday reported solid support for bago, now 9 - 2 from 6 - 1. the tote also trimmed the prix de l' arc de triomphe winner a point into 5 - 1 .\neswarah, the least experienced filly in the field and about the smallest, took some time to settle to these rhythms but, by the time the pack turned for home, she was ready to pounce. hills sent his partner on from over two furlongs out, a bold call for a filly who had never raced over 12 furlongs before. she did not betray his trust .\nangus gold, racing manager to eswarah' s owner, hamdan al maktoum, added :\nwe had a good discussion about the race and decided that she had every right to run. everyone knows it will be a tough test against the colts, but michael [ jarvis ] says she has definitely improved since epsom. we will find out how good she is on saturday .\neswarah is a bay mare with a white star and a white sock on her left hind leg, bred by her owner hamdan al maktoum' s shadwell estate. her sire, unfuwain was a high - class middle distance runner who won four group races before siring the winners of more than five hundred winners at stud. he was particularly successful with fillies: his daughters included lahan (1, 000 guineas stakes), petrushka (irish oaks, yorkshire oaks, prix de l' opera), lailani (irish oaks, nassau stakes, flower bowl invitational handicap), zahrat dubai (nassau stakes) and bolas (irish oaks). eswarah' s dam midway lady was a successful racemare, winning the 1000 guineas and the oaks in 1986 before producing several winners at stud .\neswarah was among the first batch of horses michael jarvis trained for sheikh hamdan. unraced at two, she won her first two races this season before romping home by a length - and - a - half from something exciting in the oaks. the pair were clear. however, on firm ground, she never reproduced that form finishing well down the field in the king george and a respectable fourth in the yorkshire oaks .\nhe has sired classic horses including the geezer who was second in the st leger to scorpion and something exciting who was second to eswarah in the oaks. norse dancer finished third in the 2000 guineas and fourth in the derby along with a host of other group 1 placings. along with coastal path he is probably the best son of halling to date and he is now at wood farm stud in the uk for £2500 .\nless than two months ago, she was not in the form book. this morning, eswarah' s name has joined one of the most exclusive honour - rolls in racing, after a bold strike for home at the top of the straight proved enough to win the oaks here yesterday. the 11 - 4 joint - favourite beat something exciting by a length and is unbeaten in three starts since her april debut at newbury .\nit was a necessity that the 11 - 4 joint favourite (the other market leader, virginia waters, was fourth) had to quicken twice, once to go clear and then again to repel. eswarah has done the pretty things in her short career before yesterday and now she proved she could win ugly too. the little filly put her head down and engaged. eventually, the yellow colours of something exciting started to subside .\ni thought i' d pick them up when i wanted, but, in the end, i was outstayed by a better filly ,\nrichard quinn, the runner - up' s jockey, said. eswarah' s battling qualities mean that david elsworth was thwarted yet again in his ambition to saddle a british classic winner. the manner of glorious defeat was a tempering factor .\nshe has run a terrific race ,\nelsworth said .\nshe went to join the winner and i thought we had her. richard did too .\nin november 1986, midway lady was offered for sawe at keenewand, and was bought for $ 3. 3m by representatives of hamdan aw maktoum' s shadweww stud. [ 3 ] she made an immediate impact as a broodmare when her first foaw, a fiwwy named umniyatee won two races and finished dird in de irish 1000 guineas. [ 9 ] midway lady produced severaw oder winners, most notabwy eswarah (sired by unfuwain), who emuwated her moder by winning de epsom oaks in 2005. [ 10 ] a more unusuaw success was de gewding fatehawkhair, who was virtuawwy usewess on de fwat, but won twenty races under nationaw hunt ruwes. [ 11 ]\nmidway lady (foawed 1983) was an american - bred, british - trained thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare who won two british cwassic races in 1986. in a racing career wasting from august 1985 untiw june 1986, de fiwwy ran six times and won her wast five races. she sustained her onwy defeat when finishing second on her racecourse debut but won her remaining dree races in 1985 incwuding de may hiww stakes at doncaster and de prix marcew boussac at longchamp. her dree - year - owd campaign consisted of onwy two races, as she won de 1000 guineas at newmarket and de oaks at epsom a monf water. after sustaining a serious weg injury, she was retired to stud where she became a successfuw producer of winners incwuding de oaks winner eswarah .\nunfuwain (usa) (bay 1985 -). 6 wins at 1m, 11 / 2m, £214, 185, newmarket princess of wales’s s. , gr. 2, jockey club s. , gr. 2, dalham chester vase, gr. 3, newbury lanes end john porter s. , gr. 3, epsom warren s. , l, 2d ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth s. , gr. 1, 4th longchamp ciga prix de l’arc de triomphe, gr. 1. sire. . brother to alwasmi (newbury lanes end john porter s. , gr. 3, 2d belmont tidal h. , gr. 2). sire of 422 rnrs, 299 wnrs, 45 sw, inc. alhaarth (newmarket dewhurst s. , gr. 1), eswarah, petrushka, lailani, bolas, vadawina, lahan, zahrat dubai, dano - mast, ruwi, fruhlingssturm, thakafaat, amiwain, alpha city, perfect hedge, ranin, gulland, etc .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe 11 - 4 joint favourite, ridden by richard hills, also enjoying his first oaks win, denied a fairytale story for the runner - up' s trainer david elsworth .\nelsworth, who trained the great horses desert orchid and persian punch, was seeking his first british classic win .\nvirginia waters, the other joint - favourite, weaved her way through the pack after the turn for home but did not get the trip, finishing fourth .\nmagical romance, who had set the earlier pace, stayed on well to come fifth .\nher dam was very good, but this filly is exceptional. she has trained beautifully ,\nsaid jarvis of the winner .\nshe' s done it well. i thought richard may have gone too soon with her, but it seems to have been the right thing to do .\nit was the 66 - year - old trainer' s second british classic victory, coming after ameerat won the 1, 000 guineas in 2001 .\njockey hills told the bbc :\ni followed them into the straight and it was then a matter of waiting before i pounced .\nthey slowed up about six furlongs out, which was good because my filly got a good breather into her for the run - in .\nsport homepage | football | cricket | rugby union | rugby league | tennis | golf | motorsport | boxing | athletics | snooker | horse racing | cycling | disability sport | olympics 2012 | sport relief | other sport ...\nsweeping through two furlongs out, she held off something exciting' s challenge in the final furlong and prevailed with pictavia coming through late for third place .\nhills told the bbc :\ni was conscious that with a filly who had only two runs, i didn' t want to be on the inside, so i gave her a chance to see some daylight to allow her to run her race like she normally does. i didn' t want her bumped all the way round. i thought it might frighten her .\neverything went well from there. i followed them into the straight and it was then a matter of waiting before i pounced. they slowed up about six furlongs out, which was good because my filly got a good breather into her for the run - in .\n© 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies. all rights reserved .\nnot since pawneese, back in 1976, has the oaks winner completed the double which michael jarvis' s filly attempts against older rivals. but her jockey, richard hills, is quietly confident that she will be equal to the task .\nwe have been very pleased with her over the last 10 days ,\nhe said yesterday .\nshe worked very well last week and i think she is going to get on extremely well on saturday. she has only run three times, is still improving and she gets a great weight allowance from the others .\ni know a filly hasn' t won it for a long time, but it can be done, especially with one that is on the upgrade .\nace, a 10 - 1 shot, will be aidan o' brien' s only runner following the withdrawal of yeats, and he is the mount of kieren fallon, with johnny murtagh set to partner gamut .\nteeba (3. 50), a daughter of hamdan al maktoum' s 1, 000 guineas winner shadayid, overcame all sorts of trouble in running to score by three lengths on her seasonal debut at salisbury last month .\nthis is a big step up in class from that maiden event, but teeba' s entry in next week' s group one sussex stakes at goodwood shows the regard in which she is held at the john dunlop stable .\nthe crooked ring (3. 20), a 22 - 1 chance with hill' s this morning, makes each - way appeal in the hardy' s handicap. on only his second run back from a lay - off, he ran creditably in the face of a stiff task when seventh behind beckermet over this course and distance last saturday .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njarvis said :\nit gave me the high point of my career to win the epsom oaks. by unfuwain she always wanted soft ground and only ever had it for her maiden. you can get away with it once but it builds up. she hasn' t been right since the yorshire oaks and she has a chip in her right knee .\nouija board, who carried all before her last year when winning the oaks and breeders' cup as well as being named cartier horse of the year, will miss her intended prix de l' arc de triomphe preparation in the september stakes at newmarket, on saturday .\nshe was having a final gallop for saturday when giving a couple of coughs while pulling up. as a precaution trainer ed dunlop had her scoped and the result showed a slight infection of her lungs .\ndunlop said :\nshe was pretty fit and didn' t really need to do a lot but she will now have to be on antibiotics. the only good thing to come out of this is that we' ve caught it now. we' ve been very patient for so long, another couple of weeks won' t make much difference .\nhe continued :\nat the moment there is no plan. there is the prix vermeille the weekend after this but all plans are on hold. she has shown us enough encouraging work to suggest the arc is still a viable target .\nlast year ouija board carried lord derby' s colours to victory in the oaks, the irish oaks and breeders' cup fillies & mares. she also finished third in the arc when not having the run of the race .\nthis season her connections have not had such good luck. she lost a shoe on her reappearance in the prince of wales' s stakes at royal ascot after which it was discovered she had sustained a small stress fracture of her near - fore cannon bone .\nif this season has shown us anything ,\ncontinued dunlop ,\nit has made us appreciate how lucky we were to win all those races last year without a hitch .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day' s racing news, plus alex hammond' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\nwinx' s staying power as one of the world' s top rac ...\nelate is returning in the grade 2, $ 750, 000 delawa ...\njarvis believes the filly could have achieved even more in her career had she raced on her preferred ground .\nshe was a filly who was always needing soft ground ,\nhe said .\ni felt she never really fulfilled the best we could have had from a lovely filly. after her first run at newbury she was really racing on ground that was against her .\nthere was further disappointment for sheikh hamdan at york yesterday when maraahel, a close third in the international stakes 15 days ago, was unable to justify even - money favouritism in the strensall stakes, finishing third to aidan o' brien' s mullins bay. maraahel' s jockey, richard hills, said :\nhe travelled well into the straight but didn' t pick up. maybe he had a harder race than we thought last time .\nmullins bay was the middle leg of a kieren fallon treble and the jockey said :\nhe' s a lovely horse and aidan loved him last year, so much so that he pressed for him to stay in training this year and it' s worked out well. he' s won a lot of money now .\nthe six - times champion jockey had been seen to great effect when getting cross the line home in the opening handicap for alan jarvis, who said :\ni' ve been using the top jockeys for 35 years but kieren is a genius .\nthe three - timer was completed on charlie cool, impressive winner of the maiden. the william haggas - trained colt quickened well to earn a 33 - 1 quote from victor chandler for the 2, 000 guineas and derby .\nhe feels like a real nice horse; a proper horse ,\nfallon said .\nhe quickened twice and you don' t usually see that. it' s quite exciting when you get one that can do that .\nwith jarvis' s praise still ringing gift horse came in for strong support for saturday' s sprint cup at haydock after it was confirmed that fallon will ride .\nthe david nicholls - trained gift horse was last seen winning the stewards' cup and fallon said :\nhe was always better than a handicapper and he proved that at goodwood but proclamation [ the favourite ] has a lot of ability .\nhe is coming back in trip and will need luck in running so he is not home and hosed by any means. my fellow deserves to be there. dandy improves his horses and has done it with some good sprinters over the years i think he can do it with this one .\nbrian ellison' s progressive three - year - old ashkal way has been installed as favourite for the cambridgeshire at newmarket on 1 october. the son of ashkalani landed a massive gamble at beverley recently and is the 9 - 1 market leader with ladbrokes from 129 entries for the £130, 000 contest over nine furlongs. heading the weights on 9st 10lb is eccentric, who landed the winter hill stakes at windsor last saturday .\nsprint cup (haydock, saturday): william hill: 6 - 4 proclamation, 4 - 1 goodricke, 5 - 1 gift horse, 10 - 1 etlaala, la cucaracha, 12 - 1 iffraaj, somnus, 16 - 1 galeota, 20 - 1 lucky spin, 33 - 1 others. ladbrokes: 6 - 4 proclamation, 9 - 2 goodricke, 5 - 1 gift horse, 10 - 1 etlaala, la cucaracha, 12 - 1 somnus, 14 - 1 iffraaj, galeota, 16 - 1 lucky spin, 25 - 1 others. coral: 7 - 4 proclamation, 5 - 1 goodricke, 6 - 1 gift horse, 9 - 1 somnus, la cucaracha, 10 - 1 etlaala, 12 - 1 galeota, 14 - 1 others .\ncambridgeshire (newmarket, 1 oct) ladbrokes: 9 - 1 ashkal way, 12 - 1 pedrillo, stronghold, 14 - 1 cesare, evaluator, musicanna, sound breeze, 16 - 1 all that and more, blue monday, momtic, 20 - 1 others .\nfollow the independent sport on instagram here, for all of the best images, videos and stories from around the sporting world .\nsomething exciting was the only filly with the class and stamina to follow the winner, and for a brief moment two furlongs out, david elsworth, her trainer, must have imagined he was about to train his first english classic winner .\never since she arrived, she was always different class to the rest of my fillies ,\njarvis said .\nthe one worry i had today was her lack of experience, because she' s never really been in a tussle before .\ni said when i won the 1, 000 guineas [ with ameerat ] that it was the best day of my career, but this is an epsom classic, and that has to be better. i looked after a derby winner [ charlottown ] when i was a stable lad, so epsom has been very good to me .\nthey went very fast early on and i wanted to give her every chance to act on the course and produce the turn of foot that she did ,\nhills said .\nthis was only her third start, and this is a family that tend to give you more and more. when i asked her to quicken she really did, but i felt that i hadn' t shaken the other one off, so i asked for more and she gave it .\nit was not a wasted afternoon for ballydoyle, though, as yeats had earlier led throughout to take the group one coronation cup for o' brien and kieren fallon .\nfallon generally leaves effusive tributes to others but he made an exception for yeats, who was favourite for the derby last year until a muscle problem forced o' brien to abandon plans for both the classic and the season .\nfallon, of course, ended up winning that derby on north light, but on this evidence yeats might have given him a race. the four - year - old was sent straight into the lead, and his advantage widened as he glided down tattenham hill .\nalkaased, the 2 - 1 favourite, set off in pursuit at the top of the straight, but from three furlongs out it was clear that yeats was not for catching .\nhe gave me a fantastic feel ,\nfallon said .\nhe' s a beautiful mover, and a lovely horse. i don' t like talking them up before they' ve finished their careers because it' s not fair, but he' s a group one winner now, a smashing individual with a great temperament .\nhe travels for fun and he can quicken, so he' s going to be a very hard horse to catch .\ncoral expect yeats to run next in the king george at newbury, and took a machete to his price, down to 4 - 1 favourite from 25 - 1 .\nfrankie dettori, unplaced on godolphin' s oaks outsider fen shui, has decided not to appeal against the six - day careless riding ban he picked up on thursday and will miss all of royal ascot at york .\n· channel 4 said last night it was\nstill in proactive discussions\nwith racing industry representatives on its threat to end coverage of the sport when the current contract expires. this is the second time a deadline has been extended in negotiations .\n{ { race. shorttrack } } r { { race. number } }\n© 2018 racing victoria limited (rv) and other parties working with it. vic and sa racing materials, including fields, form and results, is subject to copyright which is owned respectively by rv and trsa and other parties working with them .\nowner: sheikh hamdan bin rashid al makoum breeder: shadwell estate co. ltd. winnings: 5 starts: 3 - 0 - 0, $ 447, 760 won oaks stakes (gb - g1, 12ft), swettenham stud fillies' trial s. (gb - lr, 10ft). foaled april 21, 2002. retired to shadwell stud because of a bone chip in her knee on 31 august 2005. (close )\ndahlia came from the irish oaks to win this by six lengths in then - record time after a break of just a week 44 years ago, so the fortnight that enable has enjoyed seems a sabbatical in comparison. connections were only keen to commit after she had given clear indication that she was ready, and the gathered brains and instincts of her owner - breeder, teddy grimthorpe, john gosden and frankie dettori can be trusted to make the right call in that respect .\nfor gosden, enable’s endeavour makes perfect sense. “she took ireland very well. she got a little cut behind, but that has healed, ” he said. “her races have been very spread out so far. she has done well physically and this is only a two - week gap, but she has taken her races really well. there’s quite a gap to the yorkshire oaks and we feel two weeks should be enough. ”\nenable’s 5 1 / 2 - length dismissal of rain goddess (ire) (galileo { ire }) in the irish oaks confirmed the conspicuous merit of her previous heavy defeat of rhododendron (ire) (galileo { ire }) at epsom, and it could be argued placed her above the middle - distance colts around. reaction to her inclusion in this feature was dramatic, with short - priced favouritism ripped from the long - time ante - post market leader highland reel (ire) (galileo { ire }) and handed to her in an instant .\n“she skipped clear of some very nice fillies in ireland. she flew over, so she didn’t have the strain of a 15 - hour journey through holyhead on the ferry, either, ” gosden added. she’s obviously a progressive filly. she’s always been a beautiful filly since day one, but she has done nothing but improve through her races. she goes on pretty much most ground. nobody wants to see it go heavy, but some give in the ground wouldn’t bother her at all. ”\nnot only did enable bring frankie dettori back prematurely from injury, she has also drawn the italian into a wasting program reserved only for the very best big - race mounts as he descends to 8 stone 7. “she has all the weapons you need, ” the 46 - year - old stated. “three times–at chester [ in the listed cheshire oaks ], epsom and in ireland–she has shown to me and the racing world she has a good cruising speed and great turn of foot. at the back of my mind i knew she would win at the curragh, but even i was taken by the way she did it. i was probably more impressed than at epsom. her turn of foot was electric for a stayer. ”\no’brien is relying on highland reel’s natural desire to overcome adversity. “he’s tactically very quick, he’s very like his dad. he stays well, but is also very quick out the gates, very good to get a position and he would absolutely die for you, ” he explained. “it’s incredible, he’s so genuine. he’s travelled the world and has an unbelievable constitution. he is a typical example of what his dad was. so he’s very clear - winded, very sound and has a great mind. on the big day, on the big races, you see he gets his blood up when he needs to. ”\nalso in contention is highland reel’s full - brother idaho (ire), which gives the race a fascinating extra angle and he brings the form of the june 24 g2 hardwicke s. to bear. while he has to improve on the bare form of that course - and - distance contest, he at least has form on this type of surface having finished third in the 2016 g1 epsom derby and runner - up in the irish equivalent. “idaho has not won a group 1 race yet, whereas highland reel has won six of them on three continents, ” kevin buckley added. “whether we can say idaho is good as his brother, it is hard to say. it’s a hard act to follow, but he is clipping at his heels. ” o’brien added, “both horses are well, but the ground is the thing. idaho has form with ease in the ground and highland reel has a little bit, too. we would be happy with good - to - soft and hopefully it won’t get any worse than that. ”\nnot a subscriber? click here to sign up for the daily pdf or alerts .\nyour tdn download has begun. if the download does not complete, click here .\nmotivator, running for the 230 - member royal ascot racing club, created history in becoming the first syndicate - owned winner of a british classic when romping home to a brilliant five - length success in the vodafone derby .\nwinner gypsy king in saturday' s vodafone derby with mick kinane taking the mount on stablemate oratorio. a total of 14 were declared for the premier classic after godolphin took out french guineas winner shamardal as expected .\n, long time ante & post favourite for the vodafone derby, hardened his position at the head of the market when leading home a tattersalls 1 - 2 - 3 in the group 2 totesport dante stakes at york .\nfracas and grand central are both 16 - 1 chances for the vodafone derby following their first and third respectively in the group 1 derrinstown stud derby trial at leopardstown .\ntrainer john dunlop saddled both classic hopefuls kong and cassydora to victory in the derby and oaks trials at lingfield .\ngypsy king put up an amazing performance to underline his vodafone derby claims in the dee stakes at chester on friday .\ntrainer clive brittain was dreaming of winning a first vodafone derby after the rapidly - improving hattan held off almighty by half a length to win the group 3 mbna europe bank chester vase .\na record 648 yearlings were entered for the 2005 vodafone derby at the initial yearling entry stage on wednesday, 3 december, 2003. the previous record since yearling entries were restarted for the premier classic in 1993 was 634 in that first year .\nin 1779, two gentlemen conceived the idea of a race to establish which horse was the best of its generation. little did they realise when they tossed a coin to name the race that they were shaping the future of flat racing and breeding, derby day, stands apart from ordinary sporting events and represents the pinnacle of sport .\nedward smith stanley, the 12th earl of derby, organised a race for himself and his friends to race their three - year - old fillies over one and a half miles. he named it the oaks after his estate. the race became so successful that the following year a new race was added for colts and fillies .\nkieren fallon rode a masterful race on north light to take this year' s vodafone derby for sir michael stoute, the pair having been successful last year with kris kin. the champion jockey had his mount in the front two throughout the race as he took a lead from meath and fallon pushed the danehill colt into the clear as the field turned into the straight .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nroger varian is a classic - winning racehorse trainer with 14 group one victories to his name. now in his eighth season with a license, roger has made an immediate impact on his profession since taking over the reins from long - time boss and legendary mentor michael jarvis in 2011, saddling over 500 winners, including more than 60 stakes victories across the globe .\nhaving trained out of kremlin house stables on newmarket’s fordham road for the first six seasons of his career, roger secured a personal - best tally of 109 domestic winners in 2017, his first year operating out of the historic carlburg stables on the adjacent bury road, the former base of pioneering globetrotter clive britain .\nincluded in the domestic cohort were sheikh mohammed obaid’s defoe, a four - time winner who progressed through the ranks to land the g3 geoffrey freer stakes at newbury, and all - weather championships heroine realtra, who subsequently secured a brace of group three successes in ireland .\nhowever, 2017 will be best remembered for roger’s flair with his international raiders having saddled sheikh ahmed al maktoum’s nezwaah to win the g1 pretty polly stakes in ireland and ajman princess to win the g1 prix jean - romanet at deauville .\nthe latter carried the yellow and black - spotted silks of sheikh mohammed obaid, who also owned the highest - rated horse to pass through roger’s care in the form of postponed, an elegant son of dubawi whose hat - trick of group 1 victories in the sheema classic, coronation cup and juddmonte international led to him being crowned timeform champion older horse in 2016 .\nalongside belardo, who won the g1 lockinge stakes at newbury in the same season, postponed helped to secure a domestic prize - money tally of just shy of £2, 400, 000 and a global total of over £5, 000, 000 for the calendar year – roger’s personal - best tally by that indicator .\nroger has saddled one classic winner so far, securing the 2014 g1 st leger with kingston hill, who had previously finished runner - up in the g1 derby and would go on to finish a highly - creditable fourth in the g1 prix de l’arc de triomphe from the widest of draws in stall 20. the win was also a first classic success for jockey andrea atzeni, who is retained rider for sheikh mohammed obaid, first - choice jockey to varian stable and a vital member of the team .\nroger also saddled three two - year - old group one winners in 2014, landing the moyglare stud stakes with cursory glance, the criterium international with vert de grece and the dewhurst stakes with belardo, who went on to secure top juvenile honours in the european free handicap .\ncursory glance was also victorious in the g3 albany stakes at royal ascot, while talented mare ambivalent struck in the g2 middleton stakes at york having previously finished third in the g1 dubai sheema classic at meydan, a race that has become a staple of the varian stable calendar .\n2015 saw the varian stable team send out over 100 winners for the first time in a calendar year with quality again to the fore thanks to the pattern - race successes of intilaaq, steps and realtra .\nin hindsight, the early signs were always good as roger’s very first runner, laaheb, finished fourth in the g1 dubai sheema classic, while his maiden representative on home soil, eton forever, stormed to victory in the spring mile at doncaster .\nin september 2011, roger joined the select group of trainer’s to saddle a group one winner in their first season with a license when nahrain won the prix de l’opera at longchamp on prix de l’arc de triomphe afternoon .\ngroup one success has been achieved regularly since, with nahrain landing the flower bowl stakes at belmont in 2012, ambivalent the pretty polly stakes at the curragh in 2013 and kingston hill the racing post trophy at doncaster in the october of the same year. the son of mastercraftsman was partnered by andrea atzeni on town moor, who made history by becoming the first rider to win of four consecutive renewals of the prestigious juvenile prize between 2013 and 2016 .\nin terms of pedigree, roger does not hail from a racing background but he enjoyed watching the sport as a child. at the age of 13, he began to ride - out point - to - pointers for alan and lawney hill and subsequently set his heart on becoming a national hunt jockey having been well and truly captivated by the sport .\nafter school, roger worked for ian and tockie mckie before moving to the legendary josh gifford’s stable, riding seven winners as a conditional jockey .\nprior to his stint at gifford’s, roger spent ten weeks during the summer working for michael at kremlin house stables and, little did he know at the time, but this would be one of the most significant things he would ever do .\nroger then went to america to take up the offer of a three - month placement with maryland - based jumps trainer jack fisher. six weeks into his stay roger had a bad fall and smashed his wrist, putting an end to his riding dreams .\na fact you didn’t know about roger: his first full - time job was making pizza at round table pizza, agoura hills, california .\nthis website uses cookies to offer the best possible experience. by continuing to use the site you are agreeing to our usage of cookies. find out more .\ntaghrooda and tarfasha, who are widely considered the two most - likely winners, are currently in the hunt to deliver their owner, sheikh hamdan bin rashid a third victory in the group 1 event .\npaul hanagan riding taghrooda win the tweenhills pretty polly stakes at newmarket racecourse on may 04, 2014 in newmarket, england. alan crowhurst / getty images\nepsom, england / / with the mercury hitting 40°c in the uae this week, wet weather would be the last thing on anybody’s mind, but persistent rain in britain threatens to scupper sheikh hamdan bin rashid’s twin - pronged attack on next week’s english oaks .\nthe uae’s minister of finance has an iron grip on the british classic. taghrooda and tarfasha, who are widely considered the two most - likely winners, are currently in the hunt to deliver their owner a third victory in the group 1 event, staged over 2, 400 metres at this most idiosyncratic of racecourses .\ntaghrooda warmed up for next saturday’s task by undergoing a casual canter with a lead horse yesterday under paul hanagan, her likely jockey, along the cambers of the undulating horseshoe layout .\ntarfasha remained in ireland, however, at dermot weld’s kildare base, and the globe - trotting trainer was clear that if the damp conditions persist over the next week, his filly would be saved for another day .\n“we are very happy with her at the moment, but she is a very fluent - moving filly and likes top of the ground, ” weld said by teleconference. “if the ground was good to yielding, we would be very happy. if it was softer, we wouldn’t go. ”\nthe ribblesdale stakes at royal ascot next month, which weld has won twice, or the irish oaks at the curragh in july, are the two most - likely targets should tarfasha be pulled. weld stated that the final decision lay with sheikh hamdan .\nspitting rain was falling across london last night, and andrew cooper, the clerk of the course at epsom, tried his best to put a positive spin on britain’s notoriously lousy weather .\n“next week has an unsettled look to it, but there should not be heavy volumes of rain or thunderstorms, ” he said. “nothing compares to here in terms of draining. you can easily move a whole going point in a day. if you have two dry days, you can move from soft to the slow side of good .\n“eight days from the start of the investec festival, i would not rule anything out. ”\ntaghrooda is equally inexperienced and it was her natural athleticism that put to the sword five rivals in a listed race at newmarket last month .\nthose behind her subsequently have run poorly and trainer john gosden is certainly not getting carried away despite his charge appearing to prove yesterday that she could handle epsom .\n“she is a very nice filly, but quite correctly, people have questioned the form, ” gosden said. “if you win by six lengths, though, it is not your fault that others don’t go on .\n“she handled the track well. paul hanagan was very pleased with her. she did a half - speed piece. i wouldn’t call it work. it was more to just come and see the place. ”\nthe oaks will be run this year in memory of sir henry cecil, frankel’s trainer, who died last year of cancer .\nthe race, first run in 1779, is also set to feature ihtimal, the dual uae classic winner of godolphin’s saeed bin suroor, who will be ridden by a resurgent keiren fallon .\npompeo: soleimani is causing... we need to raise the cost for him\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nopen an account with betfair and bet at least €5 at min odds of 1 / 5 on the sportsbook. win or lose betfair match your first bet up to €50. free bet stakes not returned\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, states, usa, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "eswarah ( foaled 21 april 2002 ) is a british thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare best known for winning the 2005 epsom oaks .", "in a racing career which lasted from april to august 2005 the filly ran five times and won three races .", "unraced as a two-year-old , eswarah won her first three races as a three-year-old culminating with a win in the classic oaks over one and a half miles at epsom .", "in her two subsequent appearances she finished eighth in the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes and fourth in the yorkshire oaks . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 14, 14 ] }

[ "eswarah (foaled 21 april 2002) is a british thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare best known for winning the 2005 epsom oaks. in a racing career which lasted from april to august 2005 the filly ran five times and won three races. unraced as a two-year-old, eswarah won her first three races as a three-year-old culminating with a win in the classic oaks over one and a half miles at epsom. in her two subsequent appearances she finished eighth in the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes and fourth in the yorkshire oaks." ]

[ "copyright 2018 visit isle of man, isle of man government. all rights reserved\nisle of man transport (operators of the douglas bay horse tramway) travel infoline - 01624 662525 ...\nthe isle of man horse tram service is to be terminated after 140 years, douglas council has confirmed .\nsituated in a small picturesque glen, just north of douglas on the isle of man, is the ...\nthe three - foot gauge douglas bay horse tramway is being operated by isle of man railways throughout 2016 using 12 original tramcars including a double decker tram .\nisle of man transport has released dates for the 2019 season: douglas bay horse tramway - 9th april to 3rd november 2019 * * plea ...\na testimony to victorian engineering and endurance, the douglas horse trams have been in existence on the isle of man since 1876 and celebrated their 140th anniversary on 7 august 2016 .\nballavartyn equestrian centre is located in santon, isle of man. they have a wide range of facilities for both horse and rider. the centre has an indoor and outdoor arena, a competition yard and exercise track .\nthere are also special events to watch out for with clubs offering group themed halloween rides and more depending on the time of year. regardless of when you visit the isle of man, horse and pony trekking will give you a new appreciation for the manx landscape .\ndouglas bay horse tramway: address, phone number, douglas bay horse tramway reviews: 4. 5 / 5\nthe service is one of the oldest horse - drawn tram services in the world .\nthe douglas bay horse tranway is a sterp back in time with a single horse pulling a tram of upwards of 50 people along a three mile stretch of douglas bay and return. when full this is a hard andardous task for the horse especially ...\nballahimmin riding and pony trekking centre is situated amidst the beautiful little london hills at cronk - y - voddy on the isle of man with fantastic off road trails into the beautiful manx hills .\nif you go to the isle of man this is a must do. to ride along in a horse drawn tram is amazing. the journey is from one end of douglas' s promenade to the other. it only lasts for about 25 minutes max. the horses ...\nthe tower of refuge, also known as st. mary’s isle, is a small structure erected upon a ...\nservices may be subject to change or cancellation. intending passengers are advised to check the latest travel information with isle of man transport by visiting urltoken or calling the infoline on 01624 662525 before making their travel arrangements and setting out .\nthe isle of man has incredible countryside, rolling hills and beautifully rugged coastline. one of the best ways to see it is on horseback and a pony trek is a great day out for every member of the family during your holiday. clearly marked paths and roads suitable for horses give you the best routes around and great sightseeing .\nwe enjoyed a wonderful experience of taking a horse drawn tram up and down the douglas promenade. this isn’t simply a novelty ride - these trams have been in operation since the days when trams were actually powered by horses. even though the isle of ...\na number of royal visitors have been carried on the horse drawn tramway including the queen, late queen mother and princess margaret .\nexhibiting the work of local artists and venue for a range of artistic events. in ...\ndouglas bay horse tramway online is an independent news and information service reporting on the lat ...\ni only did this once but it was delightful. a tourist attraction just to see which horse is ...\nonly two and a half miles north of douglas is the groudle glen. it is of a deep, and in ...\nthis is the way to travel along the promenade in such a leisurely way. the two staff on the horse tram were very helpful and careful in the way they operate the tram and the horse knows exactly how to work the system too. as ...\nthe horses that pull the trams are known as “trammers” and have an average working life of 15 years. upon retirement the trammers spend the rest of their lives at the home of rest for old horses in douglas .\nballacorey equestrian centre is based in the north of the island in andreas. it has over 500 acres of land including a 10 acre show field. in 2007, they created several horse tracks to provide trail rides. they are in a perfect location for you to enjoy the beautiful manx countryside .\nthis victorian curiosity has entertained visitors for hundreds of years – offering a ...\nthe horse drawn trams are definitely still operating. i have just been for a short easter break on the island at the end of march and they were up and running on a daily timetable. you can pick up an information leaflet at ...\na great opportunity to see information charting the conception of the railway right up ...\nthe small groudle river runs through the mature woodland of groudle and molly quirk’s ...\nweather was fab so we jumped aboard the horse tramway. be warned step up is very high and you may need assistance. horses were changed regularly and treated well. staff were very friendly .\nlocated in the western town of onchan, lies onchan pleasure park, a popular leisure ...\nfrom the wonders of our natural world to road racing legends, begin your journey through ...\ntheresa may warns her party it must unite after a string of resignations over brexit forced a reshuffle .\ntripadvisor gives a certificate of excellence to accommodations, attractions and restaurants that consistently earn great reviews from travellers .\ntook a ride on the tramway from douglas harbour terminal to the far end of douglas bay, lovely experience .\nthe horse drawn trams are definitely still operating. i have just been for a short easter break on the island at the end of march and they were up and running on a daily timetable. you can pick up an information leaflet at the sea terminal which will show the times they run during the day. hope that helps !\nthe douglas bay horse tramway, which was built and originally operated by thomas lightfoot from sheffield, runs along douglas promenade for 1. 6 miles (2. 6 km) from the strathallan terminal to the sea terminal .\ntook a ride on the tramway from douglas harbour terminal to the far end of douglas bay, lovely ...\nlast year the service, which runs along loch promenade, finished in september and ran at a loss of £263, 000 .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site... (\nwelcome to the itinerary planner. use this tool to build your own journey or choose from an exciting range of specially selected tours .\ni only did this once but it was delightful. a tourist attraction just to see which horse is working, they are beautiful shire horses, and very well - trained to mingle with the traffic. prepare for traffic jams behind them, there is no hurry !\nthe one thing that the few people we spoke to before our trip who had been to iom said was to go on the horse drawn tram. stopping right outside our accommodation, we did so every day. we were told that there are moves afoot ...\nspecial group rates - group rates are available for groups of 20 persons or more - please contact us at heritagerailways @ urltoken for more information .\nthe decision follows a proposal by the council to amalgamate the tramway terrace stables site with the tramway hub at the strathallan site at an estimated cost of £2. 9m .\nthe trams were first introduced to take advantage of the booming tourist trade in victorian times and to this day still carry tourists, and locals, along the promenades in the summer .\nvisitors can start their journey at either end of the douglas promenades. after you have boarded the tram simply sit back, relax and enjoy the two mile journey and the stunning views out to sea .\nmany of the island' s stables are set in the countryside, giving you initial training in safe and friendly environments before you head out into the wild. ballahimmin riding and trekking centre is located at cronk - y - voddy in the little london hills and has well - schooled horses (or ponies for the smaller riders). these offer a great way to see areas of the manx countryside which you could never get to by car .\nballahimmin riding and pony trekking centre is located in the beautiful manx countryside. they have a wide selection of horses and ponies to choose from. whether you’re a beginner or an advanced rider, they can cater for all .\nsome clubs, such as pennybridge riding school, can offer a more technical environment. they offer indoor training, jumping practice and lessons for those of you who are new to riding, or for more experienced riders looking to improve their skills .\n1 - 1 / 2 miles (2400 meters) for 3 year olds at set weights, run at ellerslie racecourse, auckland, new zealand for earlier winners of new zealand' s two previous derbies, see: the cjc new zealand derby (1860 - 1972); the the great northern derby (1875 - 1972) .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nto provide you with the best experience, cookies are used on this site. find out more here .\nto build your own itinerary, click to add an item to your itinerary basket .\nlorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. suspendisse et tortor est. aenean rutrum nibh pharetra tempor tincidunt. phasellus a sem pellentesque, tempor magna et, interdum quam. maecenas ut rutrum nisi. aliquam tempus diam at rhoncus ...\ntriskelion polo club welcomes everyone. the ponies are experienced professionals and will help educate novice riders. we are equipped to provide lessons for those who have never ridden before and coach them through to becoming confident players .\nalso why not visit our horses in their stables and browse the shop. stable tours run daily - please enquire at derby castle station .\ntake an unforgettable journey along the east coast on this unique railway which dates ...\nsummerhill glen is a popular beauty spot filled with streams and footpaths to explore and ...\na popular leisure attraction for visitors and residents alike, onchan pleasure park has ...\nnoble' s park is a beautiful, well maintained park, located in upper douglas. children and ...\nthe dragon’s castle is perfect for your young explorers to have fun in a safe and ...\nvisit st thomas' church in central douglas and discover the unique art, history and ...\nfor over a century manuscripts, maps and plans, photographs, prints, film, sound and ...\na spokesman for douglas borough council said the service, which has been in existence since 1876, was\nno longer financially viable\n.\nthe council said the decision had been taken\nwith very great regret\nat a special meeting in douglas on thursday .\nthe proposal had been to finance the scheme with a 30 - year loan, which would have cost the council £4. 8m over its life .\nlast month it was decided that this scheme was\nnot financially viable\n.\ncouncil leader david christian said while recognising its\nlong and illustrious history\n, continuing the operation would place an\nunacceptable burden on the ratepayer for the foreseeable future\n.\naccording to the council the tram' s horses will be\nrelocated to good homes\nand the rolling stock will be offered to transport museums .\ncouncillor john skinner thanked the tramway staff for their hard work and long - standing commitment to the service .\nthe president' s nomination, if confirmed by congress, could shape the us legal system for a generation .\nguided stable tours are taking place this saturday (14th july) at the tramway stables on queens promenade .\nit' s a great opportunity to learn about the heavy horses and their work on the tramway, as well as seeing the work that goes on' behind the scenes' to keep the tramway running .\ntour spaces can now be booked by calling the derby castle booking office on 01624 614687 .\nkennaa riding club is affiliated with british riding clubs and is based in st johns. they have competitions for show jumping, dressage, showing and arena eventing. these are held throughout the year. they offer a yearly membership and the benefits are listed on the british riding club website .\ntrailer height please select up to 1. 83m up to 1. 85m up to 2m up to 2. 5m up to 3m up to 4. 2m up to 6m\nwe noticed that you' re using an unsupported browser. the tripadvisor website may not display properly. we support the following browsers :\nwe really enjoyed out two trips on the tram. the horses seem well looked after and you just plod along and enjoy the passing scenery. we used the all day transport ticket which was excellent .\nnote: your question will be posted publicly on the questions & answers page .\ni am sure it is about £3. 00 per person. well worth it .\nan adult single ticket is £3 and £2 for a child. a day ticket is £6 adult and £3 child. hope this helps. it is great experience !\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites. taxes, fees not included for deals content." ]

{ "text": [ "isle of man was a thoroughbred racehorse known mainly for winning the new zealand derby in 1981 .", "he went on to win the 1982 rosehill guineas . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14 ] }

[ "isle of man was a thoroughbred racehorse known mainly for winning the new zealand derby in 1981. he went on to win the 1982 rosehill guineas." ]

[ "specimen shell: bullia mauritiana each seashell we have have been carefully picked to ensure the highest seashells quality. these shells come from all over the philippines, provided by fishermen (kenya - mombassa), divers, nassariidae specimen shell: bullia mauritiana grey 1839\nsea shell information on: ts129916 - nassariidae bullia - > mauritiana. this specimen is of nassariidae. the specimen shell of groupe: bullia. shell found on the philippines. shell is of exceptional quality. more sea shell information\n( of bullia (bullia) mauritiana gray, 1839) cernohorsky w. o. (1984). systematics of the family nassariidae (mollusca: gastropoda). bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14: 1 - 356. [ details ]\n( of bullia grayi reeve, 1846) cernohorsky w. o. (1984). systematics of the family nassariidae (mollusca: gastropoda). bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14: 1 - 356. [ details ]\ncernohorsky w. o. (1984). systematics of the family nassariidae (mollusca: gastropoda). bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14: 1 - 356. [ details ]\ndautzenberg, ph. (1929). contribution à l' étude de la faune de madagascar: mollusca marina testacea. faune des colonies françaises, iii (fasc. 4). société d' editions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales: paris. 321 - 636, plates iv - vii pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of dorsanum mauritianum (gray, 1839) ) dautzenberg, ph. (1929). contribution à l' étude de la faune de madagascar: mollusca marina testacea. faune des colonies françaises, iii (fasc. 4). société d' editions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales: paris. 321 - 636, plates iv - vii pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshell gallery view « shell encyclopedia, conchology, inc. » conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information: family, species, author, date, and full locality .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (1. 402 seconds. )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\n- note: several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes. they are not for sale. - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock, except when only one specimen is offered. we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted (gamma correction) .\njavascript is disabled! not all shop functions are available. please check your browser settings .\n19% vat incl. excl. shipping costs shipping weight: 0. 010 kg delivery: max. 12 workdays (germany) stock level: 3 piece\n19% vat incl. excl. shipping costs shipping weight: 0. 010 kg delivery: max. 12 workdays (germany )\n' * price per piece, unless otherwise marked by number in brackets following product' s name, e. g. (x2) for 2 pieces or (10g) for a portion of 10 grams .\nin case you buy this article, you will get the pictured specimen only when it is depicted as * unique * in the product description. otherwise, pictures serve as representative examples and the article you will get will be very similar to the photo.'\nmerci de saisir vos informations de connexions. vous pouvez demander la création d' un compte directement en cliquant ici\nmot de passe oublié? saisissez votre adresse email ci - dessous. si vous ne retrouvez pas l' adresse email correspondant à votre compte merci de nous contacter directement\nthis shell has been added to your booking list. show my booking list continue browsing shell\nyou have to be logged to be able to book and buy shells. click here to log in or create an account .\nhow to buy? if you want to buy an item, click the\nbuy now\nbutton on this page. once you' ve pressed the\nbuy now\nitem, you will be forwarded to a fill - up form page. after filling up the form and when you submit your order, the item will be reserved for you automatically after a few hours .\nterms of payment / shipping all prices are in us dollars and the shipment cost is not include. all orders will be confirmed by e - mail with the cost of shells and postage included. the parcel will be sent via registered air mail at the cost price following receipt of payment .\ndemoulia abbreviata demoulia obtusata demoulia ventricosa dorsanum miran engoniophos guadalupensis engoniophos unicinctus hebra corticata cf. hebra horrida hebra nigra hebra oberwimmeri ilyanassa obsoleta ilyanassa trivittata nassaria acuminata nassaria acutispirata nassaria amboynensis nassaria bitubercularis nassaria coromandelica nassaria exquisita nassaria gracilis nassaria gyroscopoides nassaria magnifica magnifica nassaria magnifica kirai (f) nassaria perlata nassaria pusilla nassaria recurva nassaria species india (from) nassaria spinigera nassaria thesaura nassaria visayensis nassarius acuminatus nassarius acuticostus nassarius acutus nassarius agapetus nassarius albescens nassarius albus nassarius alfuricus nassarius angolensis nassarius anguliferus nassarius arcularia plicatus nassarius arcularia nassarius argenteus nassarius bellulus\nnassarius bicallosus nassarius bimaculosus nassarius brunneostomus nassarius bruuni nassarius caelatus nassarius caelolineatus nassarius callospira nassarius camelus nassarius candens nassarius capensis nassarius castus nassarius catallus nassarius catallus cf. nassarius celebensis nassarius cinctellus nassarius cinisculus nassarius circumcinctus nassarius clarus nassarius clathratus nassarius comptus nassarius comptus excellens (f) nassarius concinnus nassarius conoidalis nassarius consensus nassarius coppingeri nassarius coronatus nassarius crematus nassarius crenoliratus nassarius desmoulioides nassarius distortus nassarius dorsatus nassarius ecstilbus nassarius elatus nassarius elegantissimus nassarius exilis nassarius exsarcus nassarius fenwicki nassarius festiva nassarius filmerae nassarius fissilabris nassarius fossatus nassarius fraterculus\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation. by continuing to browse, you accept the use of cookies; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further. more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito. continuando a navigare accetti l' utilizzo dei cookies, se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente. altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "bullia mauritiana , common name : the mauritius bullia , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae , the nassa mud snails or dog whelks . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "bullia mauritiana, common name: the mauritius bullia, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae, the nassa mud snails or dog whelks." ]

[ "tufted duck - aythya fuligula the tufted duck is a diving duck. source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nferruginous duck - aythya nyroca the ferruginous duck is a small reddish - brown diving duck. source: birdlife international intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nwhat made you want to look up diving duck? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\nmales of this diving duck species are a deep russet brown with a white triangular patch under the tail and a white belly. the edges of the…\nhawaiian duck - anas wyvilliana the hawaiian duck is a very shy duck. source: audubon intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nonce a diving duck is underwater, the legs are sculled together. in some species the wings are opened and used as steering rather than as propelling devices. …\nlaysan duck - anas laysanensis the laysan duck is a dabbling duck. source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nthe white - eyed duck is the only diving duck in australia. it has chocolate - brown upperparts, rufous flanks. white underparts. allmost the entire underside of the wings are white. male has bright white eyes; female has brown eyes. similar to: ferruginous duck. ranges do not overlap. white - eyed duck has some white on the bill, ferruginous duck does not .\ncommon pochard - aythya ferina the common pochard is a medium - sized diving duck. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nlabrador duck - camptorhynchus labradorius the labrador duck was a sea duck. source: cornell lab of ornithology intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nbufflehead - bucephala albeola the bufflehead is the smallest diving duck in north america. source: cornell lab of ornithology intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nanserinae—tribes dendrocygnini (see whistling duck, or tree duck) and anserini (see goose; swan). a third tribe, stictonettini, has been proposed (see freckled duck) .\nmusk duck - biziura lobata the male musk duck is the largest duck found in australia. source: birds in backyards intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nwatch taj mahal and keb mo perform an acoustic version of “diving duck blues” in the player above, and watch their full interview with jeffrey brown on the july 5 broadcast of pbs newshour .\namerican black duck - anas rubripes the american black duck is a dabbling duck that feeds in shallow water. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nmottled duck - anas fulvigula the mottled duck is a large dabbling duck found in southern marshes. source: cornell lab of ornithology intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\n) aside from the anatini. the aythyini, somateriini, mergini, and (from one standpoint) the oxyurini (pochard, diving duck, and stifftail) are often considered together in popular usage .\nphysidae, lymnaeidae, planorbidae, teal, diving ducks, anas americana most ducks, swans, geese. eggs scaled to relative sizes .\nwe hope that the following list of synonyms for the word diving duck will help you to finish your crossword today. we' ve arranged the synonyms in length order so that they are easier to find .\nwandering whistling - duck - dendrocygna arcuata the wandering whistling - duck is also known as the whistling tree - duck. source: backyard birds intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\n, are a category of duck which feed by diving beneath the surface of the water. they are mainly found in the northern hemisphere. to aid in their swimming under water for food, diving ducks tend to be denser than dabbling ducks and their legs placed further back on their body. they are ungainly walking on ground and their takeoff for flying is labored .\nducks belonging to the genus aythya are diving ducks. baer’s pochard has a dark grey to black head, neck and back, with light brownish - red…\nbronze - winged duck - speculanas specularis the bronze - winged duck is found in argentina and chile. it is also known as the spectacled duck. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nblue duck - hymenolaimus malacorhynchos the blue duck is found in new zealand. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\namerican black duck - anas rubripes the american black duck is not really black. it is a dark brown. it was once known as the dusky duck. source: audubon intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nwhite - faced whistling - duck - dendrocygna viduata the white - faced whistling - duck is a highly social duck and flocks often contain hundreds of individuals. source: oakland zoo intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nthe male ferruginous duck has chestnut head, sides, and underparts; brown back; yellowish eye; white undertail. female is similar but duller and with a dark eye. similar to: white - eyed duck. ranges do not overlap. white - eyed duck has some white on the bill, ferruginous duck does not .\naustralian wood duck - chenonetta jubata the australian wood duck is found in australia. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nfreckled duck - stictonetta naevosa the freckled duck is found in australia. source: birds in backyards intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nmusk duck - biziura lobata the musk duck is found in australia. source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nlaysan duck - anas laysanensis the laysan duck is also known as the laysan teal. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nmeller' s duck - anas melleri meller' s duck is found in madagascar. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\ncommon eider - somateria mollissima the common eider is a diving duck, and it eats mussels, clams, scallops, sea urchins, starfish, and crabs. source: cornell lab of ornithology intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nalexander, w. c. 1980c. the behavioral ecology and sociobiology of nonbreeding diving ducks (aythyini). phd thesis, clemson univ. , clemson, sc. close\n1822) and mergansers (merginae) as its major definitive hosts (ecological rather than phylogenetic). while these duck hosts are not each other’s closest relative, they are united ecologically by their preferred feeding habitat and style (diving). although other duck species are also infected, prevalence is very low or there were few worms, most immature (\nphilippine duck - anas luzonica the philippine duck is found throughout the islands of the philippines. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nblack - headed duck - heteronetta atricapilla the black - headed duck is sometimes called the cuckoo duck because it laysand leaves its eggs in the nests of other birds. source: cornell lab of ornithology intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nis a genus of diving ducks. unlike other diving ducks, the netta species are reluctant to dive, and feed more like dabbling ducks. these are gregarious ducks, mainly found on fresh water. they are strong fliers; their broad, blunt - tipped wings require faster wing - beats than those of many ducks and they take off with some difficulty .\ndabbling duck, any of about 38 species of anas and about 5 species in other genera, constituting the tribe anatini, subfamily anatinae, family anatidae (order anseriformes). they feed mainly on water plants, which they obtain by tipping - up in shallows—uncommonly by diving…\nferruginous duck - aythya nyroca the ferruginous duck is found in europe, asia, and africa. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nthe lake duck is found in argentina, brazil, chile, paraguay, and uruguay .\npink - eared duck - malacorhynchus membranaceus the pink - eared duck is found in australia. source: birdlife international intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nblue duck - hymenolaimus malacorhynchos the blue duck is also known as the whio. source: new zealand birds online intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no blue - billed duck - oxyura australis the blue - billed duck is found in australia. source: birds in backyards intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\ncrested duck - lophonetta specularioides the crested duck is found on freshwater lakes and ponds. source: cornell lab of ornithology intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nplumed whistling - duck - dendrocygna eytoni the plumed whistling - duck is found in australia. source: birds in backyards intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nappearance: a stocky medium - sized diving duck with a large rounded head. male larger than female, plumage metallic black and white; female has brown head and grey back. both sexes have white wing panels, and their wings make a characteristic whistling noise as they fly .\ninformation on the labrador duck is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly. …\ninformation on the harlequin duck is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly. …\ninformation on the crested duck is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly. …\nblue duck - hymenolaimus malacorhynchos the blue duck is found in rivers or streams in mountainous regions. source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nfinsch' s duck - chenonetta finschi finsch' s duck was found in new zealand. source: new zealand birds online intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\ntorrent duck - merganetta armata the torrent duck is found in cold fast - flowing mountain streams. source: cornell lab of ornithology intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\ncanvasback - aythya valisineria the canvasback is a diving duck and eats green aquatic vegetation. one of its favorite foods is wild celery (vallisneria americana), in fact, that is where it gets its latin name! source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nthe tufted duck has a tuft on its head, yellow eyes, blue - gray bill. the male is black except for white flanks. the female is brown with darker head and back. similar to: ringed - neck duck. the tufted duck has a tuft at the back of its head, the ring - necked duck does not. ring - necked duck has a white band near the tip of the bill and a white ring near the base of the bill; the tufted duck has little / no white on or near its bill. juvenile and female ring - necked duck has dark eye, white eye - ring; tufted duck has yellow eye, no eye - ring. similar to: lesser scaup, greater scaup. the male tufted duck has a solid black back; the male scaup has barring on its back. the female tufted duck has little or no white at the base of its bill; the female scaup has substantial white at the base of its bill .\ninformation on the wandering whistling duck is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly. …\nthe african comb duck is found in south america, south asia, and sub - saharan africa .\nthe ring - necked duck has a difficult to observe cinnamon neck ring. it has a white band near the tip of its gray bill and a white ring near the base of the bill. male has shiny black upperparts, head, neck, and breast; gray sides. female is brown with gray - brown head, white eye - ring. similar to: female redhead. the redhead female has a more gently rounded head. the ring - necked duck female has white around the base of the bill. similar to: tufted duck. the tufted duck has a tuft at the back of its head, the ring - necked duck does not. tufted duck has negligible white on its bill; ring - necked duck has obvious white on the bill. juvenile and female ring - necked duck has dark eye, white eye - ring; tufted duck has yellow eye, no eye - ring .\ncomb duck - sarkidiornis melanotos the male comb duck has a dark grey growth or ‘comb’ on the top of his bill. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\ncrested duck - lophonetta specularioides the crested duck is found in argentina, bolivia, chile, the falkland islands, and peru. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\npink - headed duck - rhodonessa caryophyllacea the pink - headed duck is found in the wetlands of india, bangladesh and myanmar. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\npink - headed duck - rhodonessa caryophyllacea the pink - headed duck has not been seen in the wild since 1949. source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nruddy duck - oxyura jamaicensis the ruddy duck often dives underwater or swims away from danger instead of flying away. source: cornell lab of ornithology intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nlaysan duck - anas laysanensis the laysan duck is found in hawaii on laysan island and midway atoll. source: u. s. fish and wildlife intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\ngoldeneyes are diving ducks with large rounded heads. they are fairly common in finland, and may be hunted during the hunting season. their heads may appear somewhat triangular in shape due to the tapering profile of their crowns .\nmandarin duck - aix galericulata the mandarin duck is native to china, japan, north korea, south korea, and taiwan. source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nmuscovy duck - cairina moschata the muscovy duck is found in southern texas, mexico, central america, and south america. source: cornell lab of ornithology intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\ntorrent duck - merganetta armata the torrent duck is found in argentina, bolivia, colombia, ecuador, peru, and venezuela. source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nthe ring - necked duck is a small to medium - sized diving duck with distinctive white bill markings and a short crest that gives its head an angular profile. the species is native to north america, but sightings outside of the continent are increasingly common. migratory throughout its range, this duck nests at generally low densities in subarctic deltas, taiga, boreal forest, aspen parkland, and to a lesser extent, prairie regions. its breeding range expanded east of the great lakes beginning in the 1930s and westward into alaska and yukon territory during the 1980s .\nharlequin duck - histrionicus histrionicus the harlequin duck breeds on fast - flowing streams and winters along rocky coastlines in the crashing surf. source: cornell lab of ornithology intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nspotted whistling - duck - dendrocygna guttata the spotted whistling - duck is found in australia, indonesia, papua new guinea, and the philippines. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\ninformation on the falcated duck (anas falcata) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly. …\nharlequin duck - histrionicus histrionicus once a female harlequin duck begins to incubate the eggs, the male leaves and migrates back to the ocean. source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nmasked duck - nomonyx dominicus the masked duck is found in texas, mexico, central america, south america, and the caribbean. source: cornell lab of ornithology intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\namerican black duck - anas rubripes the american black duck breeds across canada from manitoba east to newfoundland and south to minnesota and eastern virginia. source: cornell lab of ornithology intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nblack - headed duck - heteronetta atricapilla the black - headed duck is found in argentina, bolivia, brazil, chile, paraguay, and uruguay. source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nwhite - faced whistling - duck - dendrocygna viduata the white - faced whistling - duck is found in tropical parts of central and south america, and africa. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nlarge duck with long body and long, straight bill. mostly white, with green head and orange - red bill .\npacific black duck - anas superciliosa the pacific black duck is also known as the gray duck. source: new zealand birds online intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no paradise shelduck - tadorna variegata the paradise shelduck is found in new zealand. source: new zealand birds online intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nmottled duck - anas fulvigula the mottled duck is found in florida and along the gulf coast in louisiana and texas. they are also found in mexico. source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nwandering whistling - duck - dendrocygna arcuata the wandering whistling - duck is found in australia, indonesia, papua new guinea, the philippines, and timor - leste. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nring - necked duck - aythya collaris unlike most other diving ducks, the ring - necked duck can take off from the water without running across its surface. source: cornell lab of ornithology intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no rosy - billed pochard - netta peposaca the rosy - billed pochard is found in argentina, bolivia, brazil, chile, paraguay, and uruguay. source: cornell lab of ornithology intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\ninformation the long - tailed duck (clangula hyemalis) on is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly. …\nfulvous whistling - duck - dendrocygna bicolor the male fulvous whistling - duck helps take care of the offspring and a mated pairs stay together for many years. source: cornell lab of ornithology intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nthe st bathans fauna waterfowl species (five ducks, a shelduck and an unnamed goose) have mainly been defined based on the size and form of their humeri (upper wing bones). douglas’ duck was the largest member of its genus (humerus 82 mm long, compared to 70 - 78 mm for manuherikia duck), but was smaller than johnstones’ duck (dunstanetta johnstoneorum) .\nlabrador duck - camptorhynchus labradorius the labrador duck was once found along the northeast coast of north america. it is now extinct. the last specimin was collected in 1875. source: birdlife international intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\ntufted duck - aythya fuligula the tufted duck is found in europe, asia, and africa. in the winter, it is occasionally found in canada and the united states. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nwhite - winged duck - cairina scutulata the white - winged duck is found in bangladesh, cambodia, india, indonesia, laos, myanmar, thailand, and viet nam. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nwhite - winged duck - cairina scutulata the white - winged duck population is estimated to be around 1, 000. its numbers are declining due to loss of habitat. source: birdlife international intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nwith such a bold and eye - catching head pattern, this teal is easily discernable from other dabbling duck species. comprised of distinct…\nlarge duck with long, slender bill. warm reddish head has ragged crest, white chin, and sharp border with white chest .\nruddy duck - oxyura jamaicensis the ruddy duck breeds west of the mississippi. it winters along the atlantic, pacific, and gulf coasts. it is also found in canada, mexico, the caribbean, and central america. the ruddy duck is found in new hampshire, but it does not breed there. source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nwood duck - aix sponsa the wood duck breeds from southern canada throughout the eastern half of the united states and south to cuba. in the west, the wood duck breeds from british columbia southward along pacific coast to southern california. it winters in the southern part of its breeding range and in mexico. source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nworthy, t. h. ; tennyson, a. j. d. ; hand, s. j. ; scofield, r. p. 2008. a new species of the diving duck manuherikia and evidence for geese (aves: anatidae: anserinae) in the st bathans fauna (early miocene), new zealand. journal of the royal society of new zealand 38: 97 - 114 .\nblack scoter - melanitta americana the black scoter is a medium - sized diving duck. when it is at sea, it dives for crustaceans, mollusks, small fish, and marine worms. when it is in its breeding range, it eats aquatic insects, mollusks, crustaceans, and aquatic insects and plants. source: cornell lab of ornithology intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nwhile this duck may not look too remarkable, it is distinguished by its unfortunate reputation as one of the rarest species of wildfowl. a…\nthe largest north american diving duck. it has a wedge shaped head. black bill. the male has black breast and rump; chestnut head and neck; white back sides and belly. this white has fine irregular lines lika a canvas, hence the name. female has grayish - brown upperparts; brown head, neck, and breast. similar to: redhead. the bills and head shape are very different .\nmaccoa duck - oxyura maccoa the maccoa duck is found in botswana, congo, eritrea, ethiopia, kenya, lesotho, namibia, rwanda, south africa, tanzania, uganda, and zimbabwe. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\npink - eared duck - malacorhynchus membranaceus the pink - eared duck has a large bill, zebra - striped sides, and hot pink feathers on the side of its head. . source: new zealand birds online intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nwith its rusty - cinnamon head and bluish - grey bill, the philippine duck is a rather distinctive bird. the cinnamon coloured head is boldly…\nwhite - faced whistling - duck - dendrocygna viduata white - faced whistling ducks live in a variety of wetland areas. source: woodland park zoo intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes white - headed duck - oxyura leucocephala he white - headed duck is found in eastern europe, north africa, and western and central asia. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nchinese spot - billed duck - anas zonorhyncha the chinese spot - billed duck is found in bhutan, china, hong kong, japan, north korea, south korea, mongolia, russia, and taiwan. source: birdlife international intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nmiskelly, c. m. 2013. douglas’ duck. in miskelly, c. m. (ed .) new zealand birds online. urltoken\nmendall, h. l. 1958. ring - necked duck in the northeast. orono: univ. of maine stud. no. 73. close\nthis large, dark, forest duck has white wings when open, with only small patches of white visible when the wings are closed. most of the…\nan elegant bird, the marbled duck suits its name, having a brown body speckled with cream. its dark eye - patch blends into a broad stripe…\nbrua, r. b. 1999. ruddy duck nesting success: do nest characteristics deter nest predation? condor no. 101: 867 - 870. close\ntthe white - winged wood duck has a dark brown body; white speckled head and neck. sexes are similar in appearance, but the male is larger .\nthe blue duck, as its name suggests, has dusky blue - grey plumage with chestnut markings on the chest. the eyes are yellow and the bill is…\nhawaiian duck - anas wyvilliana the hawaiian duck was once found on all the major hawaiian islands. it is now found on kaua' i and ni' ihau. it has been reintroduced on o' ahu, hawaii, and maui. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\npochard, (tribe aythyini), any of the 14 to 16 species of diving ducks of the tribe aythyini (family anatidae, order anseriformes), often called bay ducks. pochards are round - bodied, big - headed, rather silent birds of deep water; they dive well, with closed wings, to feed chiefly…\nindian spot - billed duck - anas poecilorhyncha the indian spot - billed duck is found in bangladesh, cambodia, china, hong kong, india, laos, , myanmar, nepal, pakistan, sri lanka, thailand, and viet nam. source: birdlife international intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nany of numerous ducks, common in coastal bays and river mouths, that typically dive from the water' s surface for their food (contrasted with dabbling duck) .\ngadwall - mareca strepera the gadwall is a medium - sized dabbling duck. source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nmuscovy duck - cairina moschata the muscovy ducks roost in trees at night. source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nwood duck - aix sponsa wood ducks perch and nest in trees. source: cornell lab of ornithology intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\ndouglas' duck. holotype (humerus). specimen registration number s. 042878, te papa. st bathans. image © te papa see te papa website: urltoken\n…any of three species of diving ducks (family anatidae). the greater scaup (a. ma rila), also called the big bluebill, breeds across eurasia and most of the nearctic region. the lesser scaup (a. affinis), a new world species also known as the little bluebill, breeds across the northwest quadrant of north…\nfreckled duck, (stictonetta naevosa), rare australian waterfowl, characterized by dark dots scattered over its metallic - gray plumage; in breeding season the drake’s bill turns red. the freckled duck is a surface feeder. it lacks alarm calls, courtship display, and demonstrative pair bonds. it may constitute a separate tribe, stictonettini, family anatidae …\nlarge duck with long, slender bill, typically seen on rivers. gray body and reddish head with ragged crest, white chin, and sharply defined border with white chest .\nhartlaub' s duck - pteronetta hartlaubii hartlaub' s duck is found in cameroon, central african republic, congo, c & ocirc; te d' ivoire, equatorial guinea, gabon, ghana, guinea, liberia, nigeria, sierra leone, and sudan. source: birdlife international intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nlesser whistling - duck - dendrocygna javanica the lesser whistling - duck is found in bangladesh, bhutan, brunei darussalam, cambodia, china, india, indonesia, laos, malaysia, myanmar, nepal, pakistan, singapore, sri lanka, thailand, and viet nam. source: birdlife international intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nmadagascar teal - anas bernieri the madagascar teal is a small dabbling duck only found in madagascar. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nwhite - headed steamerduck - tachyeres leucocephalus the white - headed steamer duck is found in argentina. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\neurasian wigeon - mareca penelope the eurasian wigeon is a dabbling duck that is found in open wetlands. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\npink - headed duck - rhodonessa caryophyllacea male pink - headed ducks have deep pink heads and necks. source: birdlife international intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\ncomb duck - sarkidiornis melanotos during breeding season, the males comb becomes larger than normal. source: honolulu zoo intended audience: students reading level: elementary school teacher section: yes searchable: no\nlong - tailed duck - clangula hyemalis the long - tailed duck breeds in alaska and northern canada. it winters along the pacific coast from alaska south to california and along the atlantic coast from canada south to north carolina. it may also winter along the gulf coast and the great lakes. source: cornell lab of ornithology intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nring - necked duck - aythya collaris the ring - necked duck breeds across canada south through the northern u. s. and into northern california and colorado. it winters along the pacific and atlantic coasts and and the southern u. s. south into mexico, central america, and the caribbean. source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nmallard - anas platyrhynchos mallards are abundant, but one threat to their population is hybridization with other duck species. source: national geographic intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nphilippine duck - anas luzonica there are around 4, 500 of these large, dabbling ducks in the wild. source: birdlife international intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nwest indian whistling - duck - dendrocygna arborea the west indian whistling - duck is found in antigua and barbuda, the bahamas, the cayman islands, cuba, the dominican republic, haiti, jamaica, puerto rico, saint kitts and nevis, the turks and caicos, and the virgin islands. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes white - backed duck - thalassornis leuconotus the white - backed duck is found in benin, botswana, burundi, cameroon, chad, congo, ethiopia, kenya, lesotho, madagascar, malawi, mali, mozambique, namibia, nigeria, rwanda, senegal, south africa, sudan, swaziland, tanzania, uganda, zambia, and zimbabwe source: birdlife international intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nyellow - billed duck - anas undulata the yellow - billed duck is found in angola, botswana, burundi, the democratic republic of the congo, djibouti, eritrea, ethiopia, kenya, lesotho, malawi, mozambique, namibia, rwanda, south africa, swaziland, tanzania, uganda, zambia, and zimbabwe. source: birdlife international intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\ngreen - winged teal - anas crecca the green - winged teal is the smallest dabbling duck in the americas. source: animal diversity web intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\npacific black duck - anas superciliosa the pacific black duck is found in american samoa, australia, the cook islands, fiji, french polynesia, indonesia, the marshall islands, micronesia, new caledonia, new zealand, palau, papua new guinea, samoa, the solomon islands, timor - leste, tonga, and vanuatu. source: birds in backyards intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nthis small - bodied, stiff - tailed duck is still disdained by most hunters and ranks as a pest species in europe, where it has been introduced. birders appreciate it, however, because adult males are richly colored with a striking, bright, sky - blue bill and have a highly entertaining courtship display. indeed, compared with other north american ducks, the ruddy duck is unusual in almost every aspect of its biology .\nfulvous whistling - duck - dendrocygna bicolor the fulvous whistling - duck is found from central and eastern texas and the gulf coast of louisiana, south to mexico. it is also found in southern florida, the caribbean, and central and south america. its name comes from the hoarse whistling sound it makes and from its coloring. fulvous means tawny. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nwhite - headed steamerduck - tachyeres leucocephalus the white - headed steamer duck is found on the coast in rocky areas and sheltered bays. source: birdlife international intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nhardhead - aythya australis the hardhead is found in australia. the green - winged teal is the smallest dabbling duck in the americas. source: birds in backyards intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: no\nthese are large, long - bodied ducks with thin, pointed wings. their bills are straight and narrow, unlike the wide, flat bill of a “typical” duck. females have shaggy crests on the backs of their heads .\nthis species dives for its food (in shallow water) and has a more generalized diet than do other north american diving ducks of the genus aythya. except possibly during breeding, diets of male and female are similar, consisting mostly of plant foods (seeds and below - ground plant parts). generalized feeding habits probably facilitate colonization of new areas and occupancy of habitats such as bogs that have low productivity compared to wetlands used by other north american waterfowl .\ncommon mergansers dive underwater to catch fish. after the chicks leave the nest in summer, the female stays with them as they grow up while males gather in flocks. in winter, mergansers form large flocks on inland reservoirs and rivers. they stay in these tight flocks to feed and court during the cold months. in migration and winter, they mix with other fish - eating, diving ducks such as bufflehead, goldeneyes, and other species of mergansers .\nringed teal - callonetta leucophrys the ringed teal is small duck found in the forests of argentina, bolivia, brazil, paraguay, and uruguay. source: birdlife international intended audience: general reading level: high school teacher section: no\nan older division of the family appeared in several field books in wide use in the united states and europe in the late 1960s. it assigned the anatidae into the following main subfamilies (without tribes): cygninae, swans; anserinae, true geese; dendrocygninae, whistling ducks; anatinae, dabbling ducks, including shelducks and perching ducks; nyrocinae (or aythyinae), diving ducks other than mergansers; erismaturinae (or oxyurinae), stifftails; and merginae, mergansers .\nthe male redhead has a blue bill, red head and neck, black breast, and yellow eyes. the adult female has a brown head and body, darker bluish bill with a black tip, white eye - rings. similar to: canvasback. the bills and head shape are very different. similar to: ring - necked duck female. the redhead female has a more gently rounded head. the ring - necked duck female has white around the base of the bill .\nmarbled teal - marmaronetta angustirostris the marbled teal is found in europe, northern africa, and the middle east. it is also known as the marbled duck. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nfalcated duck - anas falcata the falcated duck is found in bangladesh, china, hong kong, india, japan, north korea, south korea, laos, mongolia, myanmar, nepal, russia, taiwan, thailand, turkmenistan, and viet nam. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes falkland steamerduck - tachyeres brachypterus the falkland steamerduck is found in the falkland islands. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nthe order anseriformes contains about 150 living species of birds all species in the order are web - footed for efficient swimming and have a large wide bill with a specialized tongue that allows water to be sucked in the front of the bill. an array of plates traps food particles as the water is expelled out the sides of the bill. not all species feed this way, some graze on plants and some also catch fish. anseriformes has 3 familes, but almost all of the species belong to anatidae. family anatidae: dabbling ducks, teals, diving ducks, sea duck, shelducks, geese. family anatidae: stiff - tailed ducks, swans, whistling ducks, family anhimidae: screamers family anseranatidae: magpie goose other species resemble the waterfowl of anseriformes. order gaviiformes, family gaviidae: loons order gruiformes, family rallidae: coots, moorhens, crakes, rails order podicipediformes, family podicipedidae: grebes\nthe greater scaup has rounded head, bluish bill, yellow eyes. male has black head, neck, breast, rump; white sides; gray back with fine lines. female has dark brown head and back, lighter brown breast and sides, bright white area above the bill, similar to: lesser scaup. greater scaups tend to have more rounded heads. the greater scaup male has a clear white border where it meets the vermiculated back while the lesser scaup male has a smudged region. greater scaups tend to have larger bills than lesser scaups. lesser scaup head tends to slope forward compared to greater scaup. similar to: tufted duck. the male tufted duck has a solid black back; the male scaup has barring on its back. the female tufted duck has little or no white at the base of its bill; the female scaup has substantial white at the base of its bill .\nthe lesser scaup has rounded head, bluish bill, yellow eyes. male has black head, neck, breast, rump; white sides, belly; gray back with fine lines. female has dark brown head and back, lighter brown breast and sides, bright white area above the bill, similar to: greater scaup. greater scaups tend to have more rounded heads. the greater scaup male has a clear white border where it meets the vermiculated back while the lesser scaup male has a smudged region. greater scaups tend to have larger bills than lesser scaups. lesser scaup head tends to slope forward compared to greater scaup. similar to: tufted duck. the male tufted duck has a solid black back; the male scaup has barring on its back. the female tufted duck has little or no white at the base of its bill; the female scaup has substantial white at the base of its bill .\nwhistling duck, (genus dendrocygna), any of eight species of long - legged and long - necked ducks that utter sibilant cries and may make whirring wing sounds in flight; these distinctive ducks are separated from other members of the family anatidae (order anseriformes) as a tribe dendrocygnini. whistling ducks are…\nduck bones are the most common fossil bones in the st bathans fauna, with most of them referable to three species in the endemic genus manuherikia. the genus is named after the region in central otago, and the name is also used for the geological formation from which the fossils are derived. manuherikia is placed in the subfamily oxyurinae (stiff - tailed ducks) .\nruddy duck populations are stable or increasing throughout most of the north american breeding range. this species breeds primarily in the prairie pothole region of north america and is a common winter resident of brackish to saline coastal habitats and large inland water bodies. adults and ducklings are mostly carnivorous and feed extensively on midge larvae (diptera: chironomidae), almost to the point of being a specialist on these insects .\ndouglas’ duck was described from a single humerus and four ulnae considered likely to be from the same species, all from 19 - 16 million - year - old (early miocene) lake - bed deposits near the manuherikia river, st bathans, central otago. the holotype (nmnz s. 42878, a complete, repaired right humerus), and the four ulnae are held at museum of new zealand te papa tongarewa .\nring - necked ducks are potentially vulnerable to intensive hunting (overharvest) and prone to ingesting spent lead shot. population estimates are imprecise because the species is difficult to census and much of its current breeding range is not included in areas traditionally surveyed for waterfowl. nonetheless, the continental population is considered stable or increasing. curiously, the breeding distribution expanded and the population increased during the 1980s and early 1990s, when populations of most other north american ducks, especially prairie - nesting species, were in decline. during the 2000s, continental ring - necked duck populations have been stable, but higher than their long term average since 1955 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nis a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted over 20 times. there are related clues (shown below) .\ntaj mahal and keb mo are both living legends in the blues music scene .\nthe two musicians began a nationwide tour last month in colorado to celebrate their new album “tajmo, ” which features songs the duo has co - written together as well as things they’ve previously recorded on their own .\nspeaking to pbs newshour’s jeffrey brown before an appearance at the chautauqua auditorium in boulder, taj mahal said that in spite of being called “the blues, ” the music is all about having fun .\n“life brings a lot of strife these days. in the digital age, it’s even more intense. a lot of people don’t know how to get loose of it. so our job as musicians is to help them get loose and have a good time and feel good about themselves, ” the singer - songwriter said .\nas the musicians age — keb mo, at 65, is 10 years taj mahal’s junior — some fans have wondered about the future of blues, and who will take up the tradition .\n“taking on the blues is a big responsibility. so i understand why people would be concerned about that, ” keb mo said. “but the music and riches is about happiness … so, the blues will be fine. ”\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies on the crossword solver to help our site work, to understand how it is used and to tailor the advertisements shown on our site. some of these cookies will send your data to our advertising partners. advertising ensures that the site free to use .\nby clicking\naccept\n, you agree to us doing so. if you do not agree, you can click\nmanage\nbelow to review your options .\nsearch for clues, synonyms, words, anagrams or if you already have some letters enter the letters here using a question mark or full - stop in place of any you don' t know (e. g .\ncros... rd\nor\nhe? p\n)\nwe' ve listed any clues from our database that match your search. there will also be a list of synonyms for your answer. the synonyms have been arranged depending on the number of charachters so that they' re easy to find .\nif a particular answer is generating a lot of interest on the site today, it may be highlighted in orange .\nif your word has any anagrams, they' ll be listed too along with a definition for the word if we have one .\nif you have a moment, please use the voting buttons (green and red arrows) near the top of the page to let us know if we' re helping with this clue. we try to review as many of these votes as possible to make sure we have the right answers. if you would like to suggest a new answer (or even a completely new clue) please feel free to use the\nwebster’s new world college dictionary, 4th edition. copyright © 2010 by houghton mifflin harcourt. all rights reserved .\nthe interrogative is normal for many questions. it contains a verb phrase that is followed by a subject. there are two main types of question: those that can be answered yes or no, and those that hav ...\nimpress your friends, family and colleagues with this unusual collection of football lingo .\ncatch up on the latest words in the news this june with robert groves .\nall the latest wordy news, linguistic insights, offers and competitions every month .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn' t know had words .\non 14th january 2014. another new cd due in january is the incredible combination of james pearson and polly gibbons - the result is a perfect marriage of inventive piano stylings and arrangements with a deeply soulful and passionate voice. watch this soace for further news! robbie harvey, winner of all three of the international trombone association' s jazz comcpetitions, this is his debut album, with the support of michael rath trombones. 02 / 2012\non her bbc radio 2 show, from the new skelton skinner allstars big band album .\njust brilliant !\nis how she describes the cd - thanks clare! to hear the show, click\nbig band, the hottest new big band in the uk, has just recorded their first album. featuring the arrangements of colin skinner and vibraphonist anthony kerr, it is a tribute to the music of terry gibbs. early listening shows it to be an extremely exciting project, and a phenomenal band playing a storm. (samples coming soon) 01 / 2011 we released a cd of the arthur wilson memorial concert (10 october 2010), with all proceeds from sales going to parkinson' s uk. it' s a fantastic collection, featuring london brass, a 56 - piece trombone choir and pete beachill' s big broad band. worthy music for a very worthy cause! 01 / 2010\nfounded in 2004, we are an independent british jazz label for the contemporary scene. with a growing catalogue of critically - acclaimed albums to our credit, our mission is to produce music that represents the great diversity and musicality represented by the current uk jazz scene. all our albums are available worldwide from good cd retailers and digital download sites. thank you for visiting us. for uk distribution enquiries contact: discovery records ltd :\nurltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary, © random house, inc. 2018\ncollins english dictionary - complete & unabridged 2012 digital edition © william collins sons & co. ltd. 1979, 1986 © harpercollins publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012" ]

{ "text": [ "the diving ducks , commonly called pochards or scaups , are a category of duck which feed by diving beneath the surface of the water .", "they are part of anatidae , the diverse and very large family that includes ducks , geese , and swans .", "the diving ducks are placed in a distinct subfamily , aythyinae .", "while morphologically close to the dabbling ducks , there are nonetheless some pronounced differences such as in the structure of the trachea .", "mtdna cytochrome b and nadh dehydrogenase subunit 2 sequence data indicate that the dabbling and diving ducks are fairly distant from each other , the outward similarities being due to convergent evolution .", "alternatively , the diving ducks are placed as a tribe aythyini in a subfamily anatidae which would encompass all duck-like birds except the whistling-ducks .", "the seaducks commonly found in coastal areas , such as the long-tailed duck ( formerly known in the us as oldsquaw ) , scoters , goldeneyes , mergansers , bufflehead and eiders , are also sometimes colloquially referred to in north america as diving ducks because they also feed by diving ; their subfamily ( merginae ) is a very distinct one however .", "although the group is cosmopolitan , most members are native to the northern hemisphere , and it includes several of the most familiar northern hemisphere ducks .", "this group of ducks is so named because its members feed mainly by diving , although in fact the netta species are reluctant to dive , and feed more like dabbling ducks .", "these are gregarious ducks , mainly found on fresh water or on estuaries , though the greater scaup becomes marine during the northern winter .", "they are strong fliers ; their broad , blunt-tipped wings require faster wing-beats than those of many ducks and they take off with some difficulty .", "northern species tend to be migratory ; southern species do not migrate though the hardhead travels long distances on an irregular basis in response to rainfall .", "diving ducks do not walk as well on land as the dabbling ducks ; their legs tend to be placed further back on their bodies to help propel them when underwater . " ], "topic": [ 19, 15, 19, 19, 6, 19, 27, 26, 19, 13, 14, 13, 19 ] }

[ "the diving ducks, commonly called pochards or scaups, are a category of duck which feed by diving beneath the surface of the water. they are part of anatidae, the diverse and very large family that includes ducks, geese, and swans. the diving ducks are placed in a distinct subfamily, aythyinae. while morphologically close to the dabbling ducks, there are nonetheless some pronounced differences such as in the structure of the trachea. mtdna cytochrome b and nadh dehydrogenase subunit 2 sequence data indicate that the dabbling and diving ducks are fairly distant from each other, the outward similarities being due to convergent evolution. alternatively, the diving ducks are placed as a tribe aythyini in a subfamily anatidae which would encompass all duck-like birds except the whistling-ducks. the seaducks commonly found in coastal areas, such as the long-tailed duck (formerly known in the us as oldsquaw), scoters, goldeneyes, mergansers, bufflehead and eiders, are also sometimes colloquially referred to in north america as diving ducks because they also feed by diving; their subfamily (merginae) is a very distinct one however. although the group is cosmopolitan, most members are native to the northern hemisphere, and it includes several of the most familiar northern hemisphere ducks. this group of ducks is so named because its members feed mainly by diving, although in fact the netta species are reluctant to dive, and feed more like dabbling ducks. these are gregarious ducks, mainly found on fresh water or on estuaries, though the greater scaup becomes marine during the northern winter. they are strong fliers; their broad, blunt-tipped wings require faster wing-beats than those of many ducks and they take off with some difficulty. northern species tend to be migratory; southern species do not migrate though the hardhead travels long distances on an irregular basis in response to rainfall. diving ducks do not walk as well on land as the dabbling ducks; their legs tend to be placed further back on their bodies to help propel them when underwater." ]

[ "polz, h. 1992. zur lebensweise der thylacocephala (? crustacea) .\n.\nzur metameries von clausocaris lithographica (thylacocephala, ? crustacea )\n.\nthis new information suggests that a sistergroup relationship between thylacocephala and remipedia merits further testing .\nfrom the early cambrian maotianshan shale fauna. stigall and hendricks described the first devonian thylacocephala\npolz h: zur lebensweise der thylacocephala. archaeopteryx. 1992, 10: 1 - 12 .\n.\ndollocaris michelorumsp. nov. (thylacocephala, concavicarida) aus den solnhofener plattenkalken\n.\npinna, g. , p. arduini, c. pesarini, and g. teruzzi. 1982. thylacocephala: unanuova classe di crostacei fossili [ thylacocephala: a new class of fossil crustaceans ] .\n.\nnew genus and species from the cretaceous of lebanon links the thylacocephala to the crustacea\n.\nthe presence of eight gills has been advocated as an important character of thylacocephala (e. g. [\n.\nsome controversial aspects if the morphology and anatomy of ostenocaris cypriformis (crustacea, thylacocephala )\n.\n.\nthylacocephala (arthropod: crustacea ?) from the cretaceous of lebanon and implications for thylacocephalan systematics\n.\n.\nfirst report of a concavicarid interior (crustacea: thylacocephala) from the devonian of north america\n.\noccurrence of thylacocephala (arthropoda, crustacea) from the upper triassic of carnic prealps (n. e. italy )\n.\nstudies on permo - trias of madagascar — n. 1. thylacocephala from lower triassic of madagascar\n.\n.\nform and function in thylacocephala, conchyliocarida and concavicarida (? crustacea): a problem of interpretation\n.\nschram fr: on mazon creek thylacocephala. proc san diego soc nat hist. 1990, 3: 1 - 16 .\nschram, f. r. 2014. family level classification within thylacocephala, with comments on their evolution and possible relationships .\nlange s, schram fr: possible lattice organs in cretaceous thylacocephala. contrib zool. 2002, 71: 159 - 169 .\n( arthropoda, thylacocephala) from the fossil - lagerstätte polzberg (reingraben shales, carnian, upper triassic, lower austria) .\ntintori, a. , e. bigi, g. crugnola, and g. danini. 1986. a new jurassic thylacocephala\nthe trunk of t. brandonensis is very similar to that of other representatives of thylacocephala, although it is comprised of more segments .\nmost authors have considered thylacocephala as an ingroup of eucrustacea, yet unequivocal evidence for this assignment has been lacking. lange et al. [\nprevious hypotheses of the position of thylacocephala within eucrustacea (to stomatopoda, decapoda or thecostraca) are incompatible with the new information reported here .\n( antennula, antenna and mandibles). thylacocephala in general appear to bear at least three pairs of appendages anterior to the first raptorial one .\n( crustacea, thylacocephala). trans r soc edinburgh, earth sci. 1985, 76: 373 - 379. 10. 1017 / s0263593300010580 .\ngen. nov. sp. nov. (thylacocephala, conchyliocarida) aus den solnhofener plattenkalken. archaeopteryx. 1994, 12: 35 - 44 .\n, and steeman, f. a. 1999. thylacocephala (arthropoda: crustacea ?) from the cretaceous of lebanon and implications for thylacocephalan systematics .\nthe segmental affiliation of the three raptorial appendages in thylacocephala is uncertain. they have been interpreted as belonging to the anterior trunk segments (see summary in [\nrolfe, w. d. i. 1985. form and function in thylacocephala, conchyhocarida and concavicarida (? crustacea): a problem of interpretation .\nthus the three pairs of raptorial appendages in thylacocephala could represent maxillula, maxilla and trunk limb one (maxilliped), or maxilla and trunk limbs one and two. additional material is required to resolve this question but a positional homology (homotopy) between the raptorial appendages of thylacocephala and remipedia is at least plausible .\nthis is a new thylacocephala in my collection: mayrocaris bucculata polz, 1994. comes from zandt, a solnhofen formation location famous for its finely grained limestone .\nrolfe, w. d. ian 1992. not yet proven crustacea: the thylacocephala. acta zoologica, vol. 73, issue. 5, p. 301 .\nthylacocephala is a group of enigmatic extinct arthropods. here we provide a full description of the oldest unequivocal thylacocephalan, a new genus and species thylacares brandonensis, which is present in the silurian waukesha fauna from wisconsin, usa. we also present details of younger, jurassic specimens, from the solnhofen lithographic limestones, which are crucial to our interpretation of the systematic position of thylacocephala. in the past, thylacocephala has been interpreted as a crustacean ingroup and as closely related to various groups such as cirripeds, decapods or remipeds .\nn. sp. (order clausocarida nov .), thylacocephalan crustacean from the norian of the preone valley (udine, n. italy) and morphological considerations on thylacocephala .\nthe oldest well preserved material of unequivocal thylacocephalans is from the silurian waukesha biota of wisconsin, usa. it is to these paleozoic fossils that we look for evidence of the more plesiomorphic morphology of the group, and possible insights into the systematic affinities of thylacocephala. new details of jurassic species from the solnhofen lithographic limestones also provide evidence of the possible systematic affinity and ecology of thylacocephala .\nschram fr: family level classification within thylacocephala, with comments on their evolution and possible relationships. crustaceana. 2014, 87: 340 - 363. 10. 1163 / 15685403 - 00003289 .\nschram, frederick r. 2014. family level classification within thylacocephala, with comments on their evolution and possible relationships. crustaceana, vol. 87, issue. 3, p. 340 .\nthe thylacocephala typically possess a large, laterally flattened carapace that encompasses the entire body, three pairs of long raptorial (predatory) appendages and the abdomen bears a battery of small swimming limbs .\n.\nclausocaris pinnain. sp. (order clausocarida nov .), thylacocephalan crustacean from the norian of the preone valley (udine, n. italy) and morphological considerations on thylacocephala\n.\nthe earliest thylacocephalan fossil is thought to date from the lower cambrian, while the class has a definite presence in lower silurian marine communities. as a group, the thylacocephala survived to the upper cretaceous .\nthe morphology of the appendages of thylacocephala appears to be highly derived, which makes comparison with other arthropods difficult. one new observation reported here supports a eucrustacean affinity. the proximal region of the raptorial appendages of\nthylacocephalans are an extinct group of arthropods of an uncertain systematic position. originally considered phyllocarid crustaceans, they have since been classified within their own class, the thylacocephala pinna, arduini, pesarini... more\nour results indicate that some ‘typical’ thylacocephalan characters are unique to the group; these autapomorphies contribute to the difficulty of determining thylacocephalan affinities. while the new features reported here are consistent with a eucrustacean affinity, most previous hypotheses for the position of thylacocephala within eucrustacea (as stomatopoda, thecostraca or decapoda) are shown to be unlikely. a sister group relationship to remipedia appears compatible with the observed features of thylacocephala but more fossil evidence is required to test this assertion. the raptorial appendages of thylacocephala most likely projected 45 degrees abaxially instead of directly forward as previously reconstructed. the overall morphology of thylacocephalans supports a predatory mode of life .\npinna g, arduini p, pesarini c, teruzzi g: thylacocephala: una nuova classe di crostacei fossili. atti soc ital sci nat museo civ stor nat milano. 1982, 123: 469 - 482 .\nehiro, m. , o. sasaki, h. kano, j. nemoto, and h. kato. 2015. thylacocephala (arthropoda) from the lower triassic of the south kitakami belt, northeast japan .\nschram, f. r. , c. h. j. hof, and f. a. steeman. 1999. thylacocephala (arthropoda: crustacea ?) from the cretaceous of lebanon and implications for thylacocephalan systems .\nrolfe wdi: form and function in thylacocephala, conchyliocarida and concavicarida (? crustacea): a problem of interpretation. trans r soc edinburgh, earth sci. 1985, 76: 391 - 399. 10. 1017 / s0263593300010609 .\nlange, s. , c. h. j. hof, f. r. schram, and f. a. steeman. 2001. new genus and species from the cretaceous of lebanon links the thylacocephala to the crustacea .\n]). several strong endites with setose armature are developed in entomostracan eucrustaceans and in at least some appendages of malacostracan eucrustaceans. hence the presence of up to five pronounced endites with numerous setae on the raptorial appendages of thylacocephala supports a eucrustacean affinity .\nadditional material is necessary to determine whether the three raptorial appendages in thylacocephala are homologous in position with maxillula, maxilla and maxilliped and to test the possibility of a sister group relationship with remipedia. such evidence is a prerequisite for a rigorous phylogenetic analysis .\nschram fr, hof chj, steeman fa: thylacocephala (arthropoda: crustacea ?) from the cretaceous of lebanon and implications for thylacocephalan systematics. palaeontol. 1999, 42: 769 - 797. 10. 1111 / 1475 - 4983. 00097 .\nlange s, hof chj, schram fr, steeman fa: new genus and species from the cretaceous of lebanon links the thylacocephala to the crustacea. palaeontol. 2001, 44: 905 - 912. 10. 1111 / 1475 - 4983. 00207 .\nschram, f. r. , hof, c. h. j. , and steeman, f. a. thylacocephala (arthropoda: crustacea ?) from the cretaceous of lebanon and implications for thylacocephalan systematics. palaeontology 1999; 42: 769–797 .\nderivatio nominis: thylax (gr) - pouch, bag from the original derivation of thylacocephala, which referred to the large eye, then interpreted as the stomach; acares (gr) - small, referring to the size of the eye in the silurian species .\nehiro, masayuki sasaki, osamu kano, harumasa nemoto, jun and kato, hisayoshi 2015. thylacocephala (arthropoda) from the lower triassic of the south kitakami belt, northeast japan. paleontological research, vol. 19, issue. 4, p. 269 .\nji, cheng tintori, andrea jiang, dayong and motani, ryosuke 2017. new species of thylacocephala (arthropoda) from the spathian (lower triassic) of chaohu, anhui province of china. palz, vol. 91, issue. 2, p. 171 .\nlange, s. , hof, c. h. j. , schram, f. r. , steeman, f. a. 2001. new genus and species from the cretaceous of lebanon links the thylacocephala to the crustacea. palaeontology, 44, 5, 905–912 .\nrolfe, w. d. ian 1985. form and function in thylacocephala, conchyliocarida and concavicarida (? crustacea): a problem of interpretation. transactions of the royal society of edinburgh: earth sciences, vol. 76, issue. 2 - 3, p. 391 .\nof the features which could prove crustacean affinities, the arrangement of mouthparts would be the easiest to find in the thylacocephala. the literature features some mention of such a head arrangement, but none definitive. these fossils were very often assigned to the phyllocarids despite an apparent lack of abdomen and appendages .\nalessandrello a, arduini p, pinna g, teruzzi g: new observations on the thylacocephala (arthropoda, crustacea). the early evolution of metazoa and the significance of problematic taxa. edited by: simonetta am, conway morris s. 1991, cambridge university press, cambridge, 245 - 251 .\n* * however, lange & schram (2002) identified apparent sensory structures on the carapace of fossil thylacocephalans as possibly homologous to lattice organs, despite the believed free - living nature of thylacocephalans. mind you, the strange morphology of thylacocephala was so highly derived that it' s pretty much anyone' s guess just\n]. even these details, however, have not resulted in a more satisfactory systematic assignment, possibly because these relatively young species are derived representatives of the group. the evidence of these jurassic fossils has led to a consensus on the mode of life of thylacocephala, which are thought to have been mobile predators or ambush predators [\na continuing study of a collection of marine arthropods from the upper cretaceous of sahel alma in lebanon has uncovered a new genus and species of the problematic arthropod group thylacocephala. the apparent presence of two pairs of antennae constitutes the first available morphological evidence for a close relationship between this species and, by association, all thylacocephalans, and the crustacea .\nwe describe a new species of thylacocephala, ankitokazocaris chaohuensis sp. nov. , from the upper spathian (early triassic) of chaohu, anhui province, china. it is diagnosed by its unique outline of the carapace, small size, and the narrow and asymmetrical anterior notch. fine preservation reveals at least 14 posterior appendages, traces of gills and raptorial appendages, and remains of trunk segments and muscles in ankitokazocaris for the first time. this is the first report of thylacocephala from the early triassic of china, confirming the wide distribution of this group in the tethys. the new species is closer to the type species of ankitokazocaris, which is stratigraphically somewhat older, than to a recently described almost coeval species from japan .\nwir beschreiben eine neue art der thylacocephala, ankitokazocaris chaohuensis sp. nov. , aus dem ober - spathium (frühe trias) von chaohu (provinz anhui) in china. diese zeichnet sich durch einen einzigartigen carapax - umriss, einer kleinen größe sowie durch eine enge und asymmetrische vordere einkerbung aus. die ausgezeichnete erhaltung offenbart bei ankitokazocaris erstmals mindestens 14 posteriore anhänge, spuren von kiemen, zum greifen geeignete anhänge sowie reste von rumpfsegmenten und muskeln. desweiteren handelt es sich bei den vorliegenden funden um den ersten nachweis von thylacocephala aus der frühen trias chinas, der somit die weite verbreitung dieser gruppe in der tethys bestätigt. die neue art steht der typusart von ankitokazocaris nahe, die stratigraphisch ein wenig älter ist, als die kürzlich beschriebene nahezu gleichaltrige art aus japan .\nthylacocephalans are an extinct group of arthropods of an uncertain systematic position. originally considered phyllocarid crustaceans, they have since been classified within their own class, the thylacocephala pinna, arduini, pesarini and teruzzi, 1982 on the basis of the exceptionally preserved lower jurassic (sinemurian) species ostenocaris cypriformis from osteno, italy. since that time, ... [ show full abstract ]\namong marine invertebrates are rare crustaceans, some of which belong to the extinct group thylacocephala, the first such records from the mesozoic of the uk. thylacocephalans are of uncertain affinities, usually classed as crustaceans, and allied variously with barnacles, crabs, remipedes or branchiopods. other crustacean remains appear to be barnacle plates and at least one species of large decapod crustacean, coleia moorei .\ndifferences in the preservation of jurassic thylacocephalans and conchyliocarids have given rise to different interpretations of the form of these fossils, and thus their mode of life. when evidence from these two groups is combined with that derived from palaeozoic concavicarids, it becomes possible to unify the several interpretations of this one group of organisms, the thylacocephala. the group ranges from at least the silurian to the cretaceous .\n], in contrast to the trunk in thylacocephalans and remipedia, where there is only one tagma. the specialisation of the posterior head appendages and anteriormost trunk appendage as sub - chelate raptorial appendages with setose endites and a finger made up of the three or more distal elements represents a potential synapomorphy of thylacocephala and remipedia. this, together with the multisegmented trunk, suggests a sister - group relationship .\n( thylacocephala). the structure of the cephalic part has provoked the most substantial controversy since it has been interpreted as being formed by a pair of enormous compound eyes or as a sac structure that we have called the cephalic sac. particular attention has been devoted to the minute structure of the cephalic sac. structures that we have previously termed ‘microsclerites’ can be readily observed, but are by no means easy to interpret .\n, argues against a malacostracan affinity, including stomatopods. the trunk of up to 22 undifferentiated segments strongly differs from that of malacostraca, which is consistently differentiated into a thorax of eight segments and a pleon of six (sometimes five in eumalacostraca) or seven (phyllocarida). the arrangement of tagmata in thylacocephala also rules out a decapod affinity, a suggestion prompted by the similarity of the gills in certain thylacocephalan species to those in decapods [\nbefore they sank to the bottom of their shallow marine habitat and were fossilized some 435 million years ago, these arthropods preyed on other denizens of the silurian seas – although they were not exactly inconspicuous, possessing a bivalved carapace and multiple abdominal limbs. a group of researchers including lmu biologist carolin haug recently recognized these fossils as the oldest representatives yet discovered of an enigmatic and now extinct class of arthropods known as thylacocephala, and assigned them to the new species thylacares brandonensis. “where exactly the thylacocephalans belong among the arthropods is still a matter of intense debate, ” haug says, but the new specimens shed light on the phylogenetic affinities of this problematic group of animals .\nthe authors of the new study therefore conclude that, like more recent representatives of the group, t. brandonensis also earned its living as a predator, but was less highly specialized than the later forms. consequently, the morphological specializations seen in the latter probably emerged in the course of the further evolution of the class. “it is quite possible that the extreme degree of specialization seen in specimens from the jurassic proved to be an evolutionary dead end, ” haug suggests, “for at the close of the cretaceous, at a time when many other groups of animals disappeared from the fossil record, thylacocephala also became extinct. ” however, we now know that these predators had previously enjoyed a successful career that lasted for more than 350 million years. (bmc evolutionary biology 2014) göd\n] was based on the shape of the shield of some cretaceous species, which in lateral aspect resembles that of certain stomatopod larvae. the appendage morphology, however, is incompatible with stomatopods. although the raptorial appendages of stomatopods are described as sub - chelate they differ strongly from those of thylacocephalans in overall structure. most important of these differences is the double flexure that results in a z - shape in stomatopods, whereas the raptorial appendages of thylacocephalans are only “folded” once, and do not close fully. the distal movable finger in stomatopods is formed by a single element, while it comprises four or five in thylacocephalans. there are five pairs of sub - chelate appendages in stomatopods, the second of the series being the largest (at least in extant forms), while in thylacocephala the last of three pairs is the largest .\na new biota including lightly sclerotized and soft - bodied organisms occurs in finely laminated argillaceous dolomites of late llandoverian age in waukesha county, wisconsin. this discovery fills a gap between well known cambrian and devonian konservat lagerstatten. the biota is dominated by arthropods. a dalmanitid is the most numerous of 13 genera of trilobites; the crustaceans include phyllocarids and ostracods; the chelicerates are represented by the earliest well preserved xiphosure and the fauna includes a possible marine uniramian. the earliest representative of the enigmatic class thylacocephala, and at least three arthropods of uncertain affinity are also present. there are at least four worm taxa including a possible leech and a papillate annelid. the locality has also yielded a conodont animal, panderodus. graptolites and conulariids are common, but echinoderms, brachiopods, bryozoans, corals and molluscs are extremely rare or absent. the unusual composition and exceptional preservation of this assemblage indicates that the biota lived and died in environments rarely represented in the silurian fossil record .\nthylacocephala are among the most problematic of arthropod fossils. various authors have allied them with all manner of crustacean groups, including branchiopods, cirripedes, remipedes, and malacostracans. they have a very apomorphic body plan often marked by hypertrophy of the compound eyes, three pairs of large raptorial subchelate limbs, eight sets of well - developed phyllobranch gills, and from 8 to at least 16 posterior trunk somites bearing paddle - like limbs. they have been thought of as a distinct class composed of two orders, concavicarida and conchyliocarida, but membership within the orders varies according to authors, and no familial divisions have been proposed within the orders until now. this lack of taxonomic structure inhibits organization of available information concerning the paleoecology, paleogeography, and phylogenetic relationships of thylacocephalans. a working hypothesis for the higher taxonomy within the class is proposed here. this entails a redefinition of the two orders, and recognition of seven families, five of them new: austriocarididae glaessner, 1931, clausocarididae arduini, 1992 (new status), concavicarididae n. fam. , dollocarididae, n. fam. , microcarididae n. fam. , ostenocarididae n. fam. and protozoeidae n. fam .\ngiovanni pinna (born in turin, italy, 1939) is a professor in paleontology and a museologist. for over thirty years (1964 - 1996) he has been a member of the staff of the natural history museum in milan – the largest of its kind in italy. he started his career there as curator in paleontology and in 1981 was appointed director of the museum, a post he held until 1996. his scientific activity has been mainly focused on ammonites, triassic reptiles, and fossil crustacea, subjects to which he has dedicated several publications. one of his most important achievements has been the discovery of the lower jurassic fossil - lagerstätte at osteno on the lake of lugano; this is one of the few geological sites where the soft parts of fossil organisms are preserved; other successes have been the description of the new class of crustacea, thylacocephala, and the description of some new genera of fossil reptiles. he is also interested in the problem of mass extinction and in several papers has proposed an alternative to the catastrophic hypotheses; he is, in fact, totally opposed to the theory that the extinction of the dinosaurs and many other taxa could have been caused by the fall of a meteorite towards the end of the mesozoic era .\nthylacocephala; middle jurassic la voulte lagerstätte. (a, b) mnhn. f. r50939, right lateral view. (c, h) mhnl - 20293244, frontal view showing the pair of bulbous eyes and details of anterior part of digestive system in lateral view. (d) mnhn. f. r06202, details of prehensile appendages. (e – g, k, l) ujf - id - 1799, xtm reconstructions of internal anatomy (respiratory and digestive system), general view and details of digestive system in lateral and anterior views, and crustacean exoskletal fragments inside the stomach. (i, j) fsl 710067, xtm reconstructions of the anterior part of digestive system in lateral and dorsal views. white arrows indicate front part. ab, abdomen; ca, carapace; cl, claw; co, carapace outline; da, dactylus; gi, gills; he, hepatopancreas; in, intestine; le, left eye; lvp, latero - ventral pouch; m, mouth; oe? , possible oesophagus; pa1 - 3, 1st to 3rd pair of prehensile appendages; re, right eye; st, stomach; tr, trunk; ts, trunk sclerite (fragment); va, valve. scale bars, 10 mm .\nthylacocephala; middle jurassic, showing three adjacent ommatidia. the most distal disk - like feature is interpreted as the corneal lens. the underlying crystalline cone is assumed to form an image at its proximal tip in direct contact with the rhabdom. the 4 or 5 retinula cells form a long tapering cylindrical feature that extends into nerve fibres. in transverse sections, the retinula cell clusters appear as a rosette - like structure with the central axis probably representing the rhabdom. cellular details of the inter - ommatidial region are not preserved except possible pigmented areas along the crystalline cone (supplementary fig. 3). (a) simplified ommatidium. (b – g) simplified longitudinal (b) and transverse sections through ommatidia with 4 and 5 retinula cells and two types of cellular preservation (cells empty with mineralized cellular walls or cells mineralized as a whole). ax, axonal structure; cd, central depression; ce, cell; cw, cell wall; d, rhabdom diameter; δ φ, inter - ommatidial angle; ex, external medium; f, focal length; fs, faceted surface; lr, longitudinal ridge; ri, rim; ro (4), rosette - like structure with 4 cells; ro (5), rosette - like structure with 5 cells. scale bar, 50 μm .\nthylacocephala; middle jurassic la voulte lagerstätte. (a – d) transverse sections through adjacent ommatidia showing juxtaposed crystalline cones, general view, details and interspace between crystalline cones. (e) longitudinal section through ommatidia showing two retinula cells. (f, g) transverse section through a rosette - like cluster of 4, possibly 5 retinula cells, general view and details. (h – j) details of rosette - like clusters with 4 retinula cells. (k – n) transverse section through the retinula cells of numerous ommatidia, general view, simplified drawing (cells in blue) and details. (o – q) details of rosette - like structures. (r) rosette - like structure and elongated three - dimensional structure of a retinula cell. fsl 710064 in a – j, mnhn. f. r06206 in k – r. all sem images. c, l, n, q are back - scattered images. cc, crystalline cone; cl, corneal lens; es, eye external surface; rc, retinula cell; rh? , possible rhabdom; ro, rosette - like structure (section through cluster of retinula cells). scale bars, 100 μm in a, k, l; 50 μm in b – d, m, n, r, 20 μm in e, f, o – q, 5 μm in g – j .\nthylacocephala; middle jurassic la voulte lagerstätte. (a) fsl 710064, lateral view of a complete specimen preserved in a nodule showing large frontal eye. (b, c) fragment of eye with faceted hexagonal pattern, general view and details. (d, e) eye surface with corneal lenses, general view and details. (f) section through eye showing three ommatidia separated by mineralized inter - ommatidial material. (g, h) nine ommatidial cavities, general view and details of ommatia 5–7. (i, j) disk - like corneal lens. (k, l) section through eye showing ommatidial structure (ommatidia 4–9 as in g). fsl 710064 in a – e, g – l; mnhn. f. a29278 in f. all sem images except a. d and e are back - scattered images. ca, carapace; cc, crystalline cone; cl, corneal lens; cr, corneal rim; cv, cavity of crystalline cone; dm, dorsal margin; e, eye; io, inter - ommatidial material; om, ommatidium; on, carapace optic notch; pa, prehensile appendage rc, retinula cells (sensory cells); vm, ventral margin; 1–9, ommatidia 1–9. scale bars, 10 mm in a, 500 μm in b, 100 μm in d, g, 50 μm in e, k, l, 20 μm in c, f, h – j .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na new exceptionally preserved biota from the lower silurian of wisconsin, u. s. a .\nphilosophical transactions of the royal society of london. series b, biological sciences, volume 311, issue 1148, pp. 75 - 85\nthe waukesha thylacocephalan, thylacares brandonensis n. gen. n. sp. , bears compound eyes and raptorial appendages that are relatively small compared to those of other representatives of the group. as in other thylacocephalans the large bivalved shield encloses much of the entire body. the shield lacks a marked optical notch. the eyes, which project just beyond the shield margin, appear to be stalked. head appendages, which may represent antennulae, antennae and mandibles, appear to be present. the trunk is comprised of up to 22 segments. new details observed on thylacocephalans from the jurassic solnhofen lithographic limestones include antennulae and antennae of mayrocaris bucculata, and endites on the raptorial appendages and an elongate last trunk appendage in clausocaris lithographica. preserved features of the internal morphology in c. lithographica include the muscles of the raptorial appendage and trunk .\n], however, is not easy to reconcile with that of thylacocephalans. thylacocephalans are characterised by a large bivalved shield often termed ‘carapace’ that encloses almost the entire body. many representatives are known only from their valves. where other aspects of the ‘soft part’ morphology are preserved thylacocephalans typically show a pair of large anterior compound eyes and three pairs of large sub - chelate raptorial appendages. it is not clear to which body segments these raptorial appendages belong. posterior of them the trunk consists of a series of homonomous segments that bear relatively simple appendages .\n]. a century later species from the jurassic of osteno, italy, were interpreted as relatives of thecostracan crustaceans, i. e. barnacles and their parasitic relatives [\n]. thus, while there is some agreement that thylacocephalans are representatives of eucrustacea, their placement within this higher taxon is uncertain .\nthe best preserved specimens are from jurassic lagerstätten. details of the internal morphology are known from the famous la voulte lagerstätte in south - eastern france [\nuwgm 1748–1750, 1767–1769 (all with part and counterpart) are held by the geology museum, department of geology and geophysics, university of wisconsin, madison, u. s. a. . these six specimens are from the brandon bridge formation (late telychian) at waukesha, near milwaukee, wisconsin (see [\n] for details of the setting). the enclosing lithology is finely laminated organic - rich argillaceous mudstone and dolomudstone that occurs in the lowest 2 m of the brandon bridge strata. fine scale lamination with limited bioturbation suggests deposition in an anoxic, possibly brackish, environment. arthropods, dominantly represented by exuviae, are the major component of the fauna and include trilobites, phyllocarids and ostracods, and a number of undescribed arthropods and worm - like animals of uncertain affinity [\n]. shelly fossils are rare and usually decalcified. the exceptionally preserved assemblage clearly represents an unusual environmental setting related to restricted circulation associated with initial flooding at the beginning of a sequence [\nthe jurassic specimens investigated here come from the lithographic limestones of the solnhofen area, southern germany. specimens are held in the collection of the staatliches museum für naturkunde stuttgart (smns 67901, collected by michael fecke, langenberg; smns 70193 / 1–70193 / 5, collected by roger frattigiani, laichingen). two species are represented, clausocaris lithographica (smns 67901, smns 70193 / 1–70193 / 4) and mayrocaris bucculata (smns 70193 / 5). as is often the case with fossils from the solnhofen area, for most of the specimens the locality is unknown: smns 67901 and smns 70193 / 3 are exceptions - both come from eichstätt. high resolution images will be reposited in the staatliches museum für naturkunde stuttgart .\n]. limited circulation led to salinity - stratified water and benthic anoxia. the diverse fauna includes species of\n, pterosaurs, fishes, shrimps and other arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms and rarer insects and plants .\nthe silurian specimens were photographed with a canon rebel t3i and a mpe - 65 mm macrolens. cross - polarised light was provided by canon macro twin flash mt 24. several image details were stitched to generate a complete image of the specimens with adobe photoshop cs3. resulting images were color - inverted and their histograms optimised. prominent structures were traced by hand and color marked. documentation of the jurassic specimens followed the principles of fluorescence composite imaging and macro - fluorescence imaging (see [\nlsid: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 29d50895 - 5a01 - 4d9e - b937 - 5e49907bbeae\nlsid: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 3a2a61ce - 8133 - 4d43 - b8a4 - 1fde918e1457\nderivatio nominis: after the brandon bridge formation, the source of the specimens .\nparatypes: uwgm 1749, 1750, 1767–1769, all with parts and counterparts .\ndiagnosis: thylacocephalan with a large bivalved shield enveloping the entire body, only eyes and distal extremities of raptorial appendages projecting beyond it. shield in lateral view with straight dorsal margin; anterior, ventral and posterior margin of shield continuous, rounded. optical notch very weak. eyes relatively small, stalked. raptorial appendages robust and stout. trunk with up to 22 segments .\na). the raptorial appendages appear to be borne by the head although the insertion of the third pair is close to the boundary with the trunk .\nclose up of raptorial appendages 2 and 3 (from counterpart, flipped) .\nclose up of trunk region; small structures are fibers of calcium phosphate, probably representing the remains of muscles .\nclose up of trunk region, probably indicating segmental muscles. abbreviations: ? = possible appendages anterior to the raptorial appendages; an = anus; ce = compound eye; e = element; gu = gut; lm = longitudinal muscle; md? = possible mandible; ra = raptorial appendage; se = spines of element; so = shield outline; te = telson; ts = trunk segment .\nclose up of eyes. abbreviations: an = anus; ce = compound eye; pa = paddle - shaped appendages; ra = raptorial appendages; te = telson .\ncolor - marked version of d, indicating individual elements of the appendages. abbreviations: ce = compound eye; e = element; ra = raptorial appendage; sa = stalk; so = shield outline; ts = trunk segments .\n. overview of counterpart. abbreviations: ce = compound eye; lm = longitudinal muscle; gu = gut .\nclose up of possible antennula. abbreviations: ce = compound eye; e = element; fl? = possible flagellum; sa = stalk; so = shield outline; ts = trunk segments .\nthe attachment of the shield to the body is not clearly evident: it appears to be restricted to the anterior region of the body, i. e. the head (figures\na - d). the insertion of these stalks is unknown due to preservation. posterior of the eyes there appear to be elongate structures lying superimposed on the body, which may represent appendages (figures\ne). based on their anterior position, these may represent remains of the antennulae (first antennae) and / or (second) antennae, but that is unclear due to preservation. other areas of relief in the head region might also represent appendages; the preservation is inadequate and the number of specimens too few to be sure .\na). based on their position and apparently stronger sclerotisation these may represent the mandibles. although this specimens affords a lateral view, the left and right eyes are offset suggesting that both left and right mandible appendages might both be evident, particularly if they are strongly sclerotised and likely to preserved in relief (see examples in [\n]. alternatively, these structures might also represent bundles of phosphatised muscles. further ventral to the presumed mandibles (or muscle bundles) lies the first of three pairs of raptorial appendages. the proximal part of these appendages is obscured .\nc) and is probably oval - shaped in cross section. two elements can be differentiated. the proximal element is shorter than wide and bears spines along its inner margin. the exact nature of the proximal region is unclear, as the spines are broken off. a cluster of three spines originating together is apparent distally on the proximal element. the distal element is small, providing an attachment for at least four stronger spines. they are arranged along the median edge; the proximal spines point medially, the more distal ones progressively more distally .\nd, e); the appendage is presumably oval - shaped in cross section. the most proximal preserved element is short, about as long as wide, and lacks armature. the second element is the most elongate of the five, about 1. 6 times as long as wide. the distal margin of the element is oriented oblique to the appendage axis (the outer edge of the element is about 1. 6 times as long as the inner edge). the third element is only slightly shorter than the second, spinose, and angled about 45° inward. due to the oblique joint between elements two and three, and the attitude of element three, this joint allows the appendage to function like a sub - chela. three spines arise from the inner margin of element three, and are about three times as long as their diameter at the base. the third spine arises from the distal - median edge of the element. the two more proximal spines are about half as long as the width of the element; the third one is about twice as long but only slightly wider at its base. all three spines curve slightly inward. the position of the fourth element is evidenced only by a set of three spines, resembling those of the third element, but about 20% smaller. the fifth element is likewise only revealed by a triplet of spines, which are smaller than those of the fourth element .\nd, e). four elements are known. the most proximal one is the longest and appears to correspond to the second element (or the first two elements) of the second raptorial appendage. this first element is about 2. 5 times as long as wide. the distal margin is oblique; the outer edge of the element is about 1. 2 times longer than the inner edge. the second element is about 70% the length of the first, spinose and angled about 45° inward. due to the oblique joint between elements one and two, and the attitude of element two, this joint forms a functional sub - chela like that of the second raptorial appendage. a single spine arises disto - medially from element two. the spine is about as long as the width of the element, and curves slightly inward. the more distal elements are evidenced only by their spines. element three corresponds to element four in the second raptorial appendage and strongly resembles it, differing only in its slightly larger dimensions. element four bears three spines of which the second is the largest; it is about 1. 5 times longer than the spine on element two. proximally there is a smaller spine which is only about half the length of the second spine. distally, part of an even smaller spine is preserved, presumably indicating the extremity of the appendage .\nc). the number of divisions may vary. there appear to be twenty - two in uwgm 1769 but uwgm 1767 (figure\na - c) preserves evidence of ~ 20 (based on a combination of boundaries and limbs), a lower number that may reflect the smaller size of this specimen or be a result of preservation. a narrow bundle of muscles is preserved running the length of the trunk along its dorsal margin in uwgm 1767 (figure\nb). it is not clear whether one or both longitudinal muscles (overlapping) are preserved. remnants of this longitudinal muscle may also be represented in uwgm 1748 (figure\na) running along the dorsal margin of the anterior part of the trunk; there is no evidence of a ventral longitudinal muscle. a pair of simple paddle - shaped appendages arises ventrally from each segment (figure\na). the position of the ventral margin of the trunk is unclear but is constrained by the trace of the gut or musculature surrounding it (which must lie within the trunk !). the position of the gut is evident in uwgm 1748 (figure\nb). the height (dorsal - ventral dimension) of the segment is at least 4 times the length of the appendages, which decrease in length toward the posterior. the appendages are 1. 5 to 2 times as long as their preserved width. posterior to the last segment a stout structure appears to bear the anus and is thus interpreted as the telson (figures\nd) consisting of a bundle of shorter muscles followed by a bundle of longer ones. this pattern allows the arrangement and number of trunk segments to be determined. displacement of the muscle bundles (figure\nd, furthest left bundles) does not disturb this pattern. eleven segments are evident posterior of the last raptorial appendages. each one bears a pair of paddle - shaped appendages equipped with setae along the lateral edge (figure\nb, f - g). the most posterior appendages are similar in structure to the preceding ones, but slightly longer (figure\nd). dorsally at the anterior of the trunk a pair of leaf - like structures is apparent. these may represent gills .\njurassic thylacocephalans. a - g. clausocaris lithographica. a - e. smns 67901. a. overview; b and e mark areas of close - ups. b. close up of raptorial appendages, setae color - marked. c. same as b without color - markings. d. endites on raptorial appendage 2. e. fan - like muscle attachment areas on raptorial appendages 3. f - g. smns 70193 / 1. f. endites on raptorial appendage 3. g. close up of f, showing opposing endites of left and right appendage. h - j. mayrocaris bucculata, smns 70193 / 5. h. detail of eye with supposed antennula and antenna (color - marked). i. same as h, without color - marking. j. overview; arrow pointing to close - up in h (and i). abbreviations: a = antennula; a2 = antenna; ce = compound eye; ed = endites; gs = presumed gill structure; m = muscles; ma = muscle attachment areas; ra = raptorial appendage; tr = trunk .\nsmns 70193 / 3; note that one raptorial appendage 3 is flipped and points backwards .\nclose up of postero - dorsal rim of shield; the numerous serrations are marked by arrows. abbreviations: ce = compound eye; m = muscles; ra = raptorial appendage; sh = shield; so = shield outline; sr = serrations; tr = trunk .\nsmns 67901. close up of trunk region; note the distinct arrangement of muscles: in each segment a short muscle is followed by a long muscle which appears to extend into the appendages .\nsame as in f, without color - markings. abbreviations: ce = compound eye; lm = long muscles; ma = muscle attachment areas; pa = paddle - shaped appendages; ra = raptorial appendage; sh = shield; sm = short muscles; so = shield outline; sr = serrations; st = setae; tr = trunk .\nh - j). the more anterior appendage lies slightly dorsal of the other, due to the strongly convex shape of the body in the anteriormost region. a more proximal and a distal part can be differentiated. the proximal part of the appendage consists of at least three similar elements, apparently tube - shaped and longer than wide. the distal part of the appendage appears flagellate and is comprised of at least nine elements. these also appear tube - shaped, but are significantly smaller than those of the proximal part; each element of the distal part is slightly longer than wide, the elements decreasing in width distally. it remains unclear whether additional distal elements might have been present but are not preserved. it is also uncertain whether the most proximal preserved element is the originally most proximal one, although this seems plausible. this appendage, with its anterior position, is interpreted as the antennula. the second appendage comprises five elements. these elements appear more robust than those of the first appendage, and vary in length. the two most proximal ones are about twice as long as wide. the third element is only one third of the length of the preceding one. the fourth one is longer again, about twice as long as element 3. element 5 appears to be similar in length to element 3, but may be incomplete. it remains unclear whether further distal elements were present but are not preserved. this appendage is interpreted as the antenna .\nfurther posterior under the shield dorso - ventral bands are apparent. such structures have been interpreted as gills [\n]. yet, here these structures seem more likely to represent the more anterior trunk segments .\nd), are unusual. even more so are the tightly arranged muscles in the trunk, which also preserve a distinct pattern (figure\n], who interpreted them as parts of the trunk appendages. the distinction between trunk and appendages is evidenced by the setae on the latter (figure\nc, f, g). the appendages are represented mainly by muscle and setae indicating that their cuticle was rather weakly sclerotised and lost through decay. muscles are also preserved in each trunk segment of\n]. this observation emphasizes that the shield morphology of bivalved arthropods is not a reliable guide to their affinity (e. g. [\n]. yet the eyes of many other thylacocephalans are unknown and may also have been small and stalked .\na) that resemble those of other thylacocephalans in general structure and size, i. e. the first one is the smallest, the third the largest. yet they are significantly shorter than those described in most other species (compare figure\nthe differences between this silurian form and other thylacocephalans can be interpreted as plesiomorphic. a marked optical notch in some later thylacocephalans may be a derived feature, yet shield structures are highly likely to be convergent, and the plesiomorphic condition is difficult to infer. from a functional point of view the evolution of a notch is likely coupled to the reduction of the eye stalks and enlargement of the eyes in some forms. the long raptorial appendages of some later thylacocephalans, which contrast with the short limbs in the silurian form, also appear to be a derived character, as other younger forms retain relatively short raptorial appendages [\nwe have observed no features in t. brandonensis that resemble gills. t. brandonensis may represent a sister species to all other thylacocephalans, in which case the absence of gills might be plesiomorphic; alternatively gills may have been lost through decay .\n], but they are not evident in the specimens we investigated. thus, while some thylacocephalans appear to have eight sets of (supposed) gills, it is not clear whether this is a diagnostic character of the group .\nfrom the upper cretaceous of lebanon supports the assignment of thylacocephalans to crustaceans. there is also evidence of two pairs of antennae in\n. although the second appendage is called an ‘antenna’ in eucrustacea, it is antenniform only in eumalacostraca. in other eucrustaceans it is used mainly for locomotion, and sometimes resembles the mandible but never the antennula (see discussion in [\n]). thus the morphology of the second antenna varies in different eucrustaceans and this character must be used with caution in determining affinity .\nbears up to five enditic projections with rows of setae. median enditic armature is widespread among euarthropoda. slight elevations in early chelicerates bear just a single strong spine accompanied by two smaller spines. similar arrangements are found in early crustaceans. in labrophoran crustaceans the endites are more strongly pronounced and bear more complex armature (see e. g. [\n]); the trunk of cirripedes includes only six segments. like cirripedes, thylacocephalans possess pits on their shield [\n], which may represent a dorsal organ. while the special arrangement of these pits in the so - called lattice organ has been argued to be an autapomorphy of euthecostraca (which also includes cirripedes: [\nc): the posterior two head appendages (maxillula and maxilla) and the first trunk appendage (maxilliped) .\n]), but their position in the specimens described here makes this unlikely. the raptorial appendages are broad proximally and apparently too robust to attach to the short trunk segments, except perhaps the most anterior ones. both their position and size indicates that at least some of the raptorial appendages belong to the posterior divisions of the head .\nmorphological similarities between the raptorial appendages in the two groups strengthen this assumption. the proximal part of the appendages (probably a basipod) bears setose endites in both. more importantly, three or more distal elements form the functional finger of the subchela in thylacocephalans as well as in remipedes (figure" ]

{ "text": [ "the thylacocephala ( from the greek θύλακος or thylakos , meaning \" pouch \" , and κεφαλή or cephalon meaning \" head \" ) are a unique group of extinct arthropods , with possible crustacean affinities .", "as a class they have a short research history , having been erected in the early 1980s .", "they typically possess a large , laterally flattened carapace that encompasses the entire body .", "the compound eyes tend to be large and bulbous , and occupy a frontal notch on the carapace .", "they possess three pairs of large raptorial limbs , and the abdomen bears a battery of small swimming limbs .", "the earliest thylacocephalan fossil is thought to date from the lower cambrian , while the class has a definite presence in lower silurian marine communities .", "as a group , the thylacocephala survived to the upper cretaceous .", "beyond this , there remains much uncertainty concerning fundamental aspects of the thylacocephalan anatomy , mode of life , and relationship to the crustacea , with whom they have always been cautiously aligned . " ], "topic": [ 16, 6, 23, 23, 23, 15, 26, 19 ] }

[ "the thylacocephala (from the greek θύλακος or thylakos, meaning \" pouch \", and κεφαλή or cephalon meaning \" head \") are a unique group of extinct arthropods, with possible crustacean affinities. as a class they have a short research history, having been erected in the early 1980s. they typically possess a large, laterally flattened carapace that encompasses the entire body. the compound eyes tend to be large and bulbous, and occupy a frontal notch on the carapace. they possess three pairs of large raptorial limbs, and the abdomen bears a battery of small swimming limbs. the earliest thylacocephalan fossil is thought to date from the lower cambrian, while the class has a definite presence in lower silurian marine communities. as a group, the thylacocephala survived to the upper cretaceous. beyond this, there remains much uncertainty concerning fundamental aspects of the thylacocephalan anatomy, mode of life, and relationship to the crustacea, with whom they have always been cautiously aligned." ]

[ "horse racing forum - paceadvantage. com - horse racing message board > thoroughbred horse racing discussion > handicapping software > master magician\nmaster magician [ archive ] - horse racing forum - paceadvantage. com - horse racing message board\nillustration elements set: magician and wooden horse. stock illustration - illustration of illustration, birthday: 65067428\nillustration elements set: magician and wooden horse. realistic fantastic cartoon style artwork / story / scene / wallpaper / background / card design .\nall the latest horse racing form, betting odds, news, breeding, jockey and trainer information for master magician. master magician is a gelding born in 2013 august 8 by universal ruler out of about to blow\nclive cohen’s sunset photo of a horse warming up and ann macneill’s shot of a horse watching racing action are the finalists in the outstanding photography category .\nillustration for children: and old kind magician is flying by riding on a wooden horse chair. realistic fantastic cartoon style story / scene / wal… | pinteres…\nstunned onlookers watched from westminster bridge as the magician recorded the stunt for his tv show dynamo: magician impossible. a spokesman insisted the photographs were not faked .\nmagician x palomino = 50% chance palomino, 50% chance cremello foal .\nillustration for children: and old kind magician is flying by riding on a wooden horse chair. realistic fantastic cartoon style story / scene / wallpaper / background / card design .\nmagician at shovern stud. (pause or stop the video before leaving the page) .\nthe prince did as the horse bade him. scarcely had he got into the saddle than the horse was off and away, galloping at such a pace that, in a short time, the forest and all the country belonging to the magician lay far behind them .\nbee a magician who was perfect in her 2013 season, was the unanimous choice in the three - year - old trotting filly division and was also voted canada’s horse of the year .\nas the prince rode, the quick ears of his horse heard the sound of pursuing feet .\ntrainer\nnifty\nnorman says the 2015 version of bee a magician is more mature and stronger .\nking emp - rar, of the village terra. powerful magician, made himself god .\nthis entry was posted in bloodstock and tagged ashford stud, coolmore, declaration of war, giant' s causeway, horse racing, magician, thoroughbred, verrazano by paulick report staff. bookmark the permalink .\nmagician hacked up in the dee stakes at chester, winning by four lengths. that the second, contributer, was beaten in a two - horse race at goodwood yesterday is an irrelevance for two reasons – magician had plenty in hand at chester and also he seemed so beautifully balanced on a notoriously tricky circuit .\nmagician has been dna tested and the results are below... ...... .\nillustration elements set: magician and wooden horse. realistic fantastic cartoon style artwork / story / scene / wallpaper / background / card design .\nstock photo and royalty - free images on urltoken - pic 98060864\n“he’s a gorgeous, big horse and we’re delighted to be getting him, ” said coolmore’s albert sherwood .\nvirtual magician marco tempest creates internet commercials to promote mobile phone, hd tv and washing machine lines for lg .\nmagician ?\nexplained sister isabella, her face contorted with fury .\nthat' s heres -\nour contributors will be continually updating posts to offer commentary, insight, advice, and expert opinions on horse racing and wagering. the goal is to help you win more and become a better all around horse player .\nbee a magician became the first three - year - old filly trotter to receive the horse of the year award since continentalvictory in 1996. she got 94 votes, followed by foiled again with 19 and captaintreacherous with 16 .\nhe moves like him - he' s a quality horse and we' re delighted to have him .\nbee a magician landed post 10 in the prep carded as race six on the meadowlands 13 - race saturday showcase .\nred factor test result: ee - homozygous red. the foundation colour of the horse is chestnut, however, if the cream dilution test result is taken into consideration, this horse can be considered a true' cremello' .\nthoroughbred horse green monkey that sold for $ 16million but won $ 10k at races is euthanized after prolonged ...\nthe current race record for master magician is 6 wins from 22 starts with prizemoney of $ 235, 385. 00 .\nthe international magicians society named marco tempest, new york’s favorite virtual magician, for its prestigious merlin award 2010 in the category of best contemporary magician. ims founder tony hassini presented the award to tempest in a special ceremony held on times square .\n‘then throw the looking - glass on the ground, ’ said the horse. so the prince threw it; and when the magician came up, the roan horse stepped on the mirror, and crash! his foot went through the glass, and he stumbled and fell, cutting his feet so badly that there was nothing for the old man to do but to go slowly back with him to the stables, and put new shoes on his feet. then they started once more in pursuit of the prince, for the magician set great value on the horse, and was determined not to lose it .\none day the prince was sitting disconsolate in the stables when, to his surprise, the black horse spoke to him .\nknight and horse with background. cartoon and vector illustration royalty free cliparts, vectors, and stock illustration. image 5600088 .\ntwinspires' horse racing author, handicapper, and podcast host, derek simon of denver, colo. offers his insightful, humorous and sometimes controversial take on the horse racing industry. he even publishes the roi on the picks he gives out .\nthe cartier horse of the year is the main accolade among nine awards across various divisions that will be presented next week .\nillustration for children: and old kind magician is flying by riding on a wooden horse chair. realistic fantastic cartoon style story / scene / wallpaper / background / card design .\nstock photo and royalty - free images on urltoken - pic 97263789\n‘i don’t want a blockhead like you to fight for me, ’ answered the king. ‘besides, i haven’t got a horse fit for you. but see, there is a carter on the road carting hay; you may take his horse. ’\ntrainer aidan o' brien won the irish 2, 000 guineas for the ninth time as magician triumphed under his jockey son joseph .\nthe aidans is aidanobrienfansites end of season horse awards. each champion will be voted for by our site visitors twitter followers & facebook friends\nin the meantime the magician returned to his palace, which he found in smouldering ruins. in vain he called for his servant. at last he went to look for him in the stables, and when he discovered that the black horse had disappeared too, he at once suspected that they had gone together; so he mounted a roan horse that was in the next stall, and set out in pursuit .\na race which had never been won by a three - year - old filly. her rivals included the 2011 japanese horse of the year\nhe could become the first horse to win group ones in america, australia and europe, and that would help him in his career after racing ,\ncoolmore racing manager james bester told the age .\nit would be unique, no horse has done that before .\nthe illustration\nillustration elements set: magician and wooden horse. realistic fantastic cartoon style artwork / story / scene / wallpaper / background / card design .\nby nextmars is available on fotolia under a royalty - free license from 1 credit (credit from $ 0. 74) .\nthe virtual magician is a fast - paced, cg - enhanced, “sci - fi meets reality” tv program bringing magic into the 21st century. marco tempest is the virtual magician. he’s an award - winning illusionist with a flair for presenting magic in a unique, technology - enhanced setting .\nafter they had galloped for some time, the horse said again: ‘look behind, and see if he is still at some distance. ’\nin a horse race hill royal came in ahead of trigger. hill royal finished after black beauty. copenhagen beat black beauty but finished after bucephalus\n‘then you must throw down the whip, ’ answered the horse. ’ and in the twinkling of an eye the whip was changed into a broad river. when the old man got up to it he urged the roan horse into the water, but as the water mounted higher and higher, the magic flame which gave the magician all his power grew smaller and smaller, till, with a fizz, it went out, and the old man and the roan horse sank in the river and disappeared. when the prince looked round they were no longer to be seen .\nbee a magician joined muscle hill and syrinx hanover as the only trotters to go unbeaten at age three and receive divisional honours dating back to 1975 .\nbee a magician, father patrick and maven were unanimous picks for divisional titles. captaintreacherous, foiled again, market share, and anndrovette were repeat winners .\nin the meanwhile the prince had gone a great distance; but the quick ears of the black horse detected the sound of following feet from afar .\n‘we must make haste, ’ said the horse. and shortly after he said: ‘look back again; he can’t be far off now. ’\nbut once more they heard the sound of pursuing feet. ‘look back, ’ said the black horse, ‘and see if he is following. ’\nmagician is a rare commodity a son of galileo winner of a classic over 1 mile and beating the older generation in g1 company over 1 mile 4 furlongs .\n‘now, ’ said the horse, ‘you may dismount; there is nothing more to fear, for the magician is dead. beside that brook you will find a willow wand. gather it, and strike the earth with it, and it will open and you will see a door at your feet. ’\nsolidifying a campaign that could land her horse of the year honours in the united states, bee a magician continued her flawless 2013 season and made amends for her breeders’ crown disappointment last year by easily winning saturday’s crown division for three - year - old filly pacers at pocono downs in wilkes - barre, pa .\naidan o' brien' s dual derby hero australia is one of four horses nominated for this year' s prestigious cartier horse of the year award .\nmagician showed his magic in the first irish classic of the season when decisively winning the 2, 000 guineas by three and a half lengths at 10 / 3 .\nthe magician, whose previous stunts include walking across the river thames, told how he did a £1 accumulator bet just before the quarter - finals on june 21 .\nthe illustration\nillustration for children: and old kind magician is flying by riding on a wooden horse chair. realistic fantastic cartoon style story / scene / wallpaper / background / card design .\nby nextmars is available on fotolia under a royalty - free license from 1 credit (credit from $ 0. 74) .\ncream dilution test: crcr - homozygous (double dilute) the horse carries two copies of the cream dilution gene, therefore can be considered a double dilute. magician will pass the dominant cream gene to all foals, regardless of the mare he is bred to. therefore, 100% of progeny will be cream carriers .\nthe prince turned in his saddle, and exclaimed: ‘he is close behind us, in a minute the flame from his horse’s nostrils will reach us. ’\n‘let us hurry on, ’ said the horse. and a little later he said: ‘look back now, and see if he is in sight. ’\n“i think expectations were too high, ” said richard “nifty” norman in regard to bee a magician’s four - year - old campaign in 2014. the then defending horse of the year, undefeated as a three - year - old, could never sustain such a high winning percentage, but that didn’t mean she had a bad year .\nso the prince consented, and set about his work. but when his food was given to him he only ate half of it; the rest he carried to the vaulted hall beside the brook, and gave to the black horse. and this he did every day, and the horse thanked him for his faithful friendship .\nballydoyle completed a short - priced double at the curragh when magician in the group 3 high chaparral european breeders fund mooresbridge stakes added to their gains earlier with the great war .\nin addition, bee a magician was named trotter of the year by a 120 - vote margin over both market share and royalty for life, who received three votes apiece .\nmagician, who struck in the irish 2, 000 guineas and breeders' cup turf last year, will stand for a first - season fee of $ 12, 500 .\nagouti test result: aa - homozygous positive. the horse is a carrier of the dominant agouti / bay modifier gene, and will pass the trait to all offspring .\nmagician is homozygous double dilute cream cr cr. he also has the added bonus of being a carrier of the dominant agouti / bay modifier gene so will not produce smokey blacks !\nso the prince did what the horse told him; he saddled and bridled the horse, he put the ointment on his hair till it shone like gold, and he made such a big fire in the stove that the flames sprang up and set fire to the roof, and in a few minutes the palace was burning like a huge bonfire .\nfoiled again, the richest horse ever, and wiggle it jiggleit, the richest pacer over two seasons, have very different bios entering their five - year - old seasons .\nfoiled again, who last season at age nine became the oldest horse to ever win a breeders crown and the richest north american harness racing horse in history, was named the sport’s best older male pacer for the third consecutive year. he joined rambling willie (1975 - 77) as the only horses to win the division’s top honour three straight seasons .\nup for a challenge? you’ll need to be quick. watch magician marco tempest dazzle with his nokia lumia 800 with windows phone apps as he goes head to head with an iphone .\nmagician, who captured the group 1 irish 2, 000 guineas and g1 breeders' cup turf last year, will stand for a first - season fee of $ 12, 500 .\nmagician pictured at ashford stud ready for his 2015 stud duties. this week is open house at ashford and the son of galileo will be the headline act amongst the newcomers for 2015 .\nwhich two activities should you choose? magician and ball games. you only need to look at the second and third columns to make sure that everyone gets their first or second choice .\nthe awards are named in honour of the late joe o’brien, an outstanding horseman and member of the canadian horse racing hall of fame. o’brien was born in alberton, pei .\nhi matt & bob, i purchased the master magician and have been working my regular job like a dog trying to make the money to pay for the software! however, i have found the magician well worth the money. it has enhanced my handicapping tremendously. in fact, i have been looking at scores like $ 300 trifectas. naturally these don' t come along very often. i have noticed that when i use the magician in combination with my last race ability times in maiden races, it' s dynamite. as you know, i am a novice. i find the tapes extremely helpful because it' s like having pizzolla along with you for the ride. i am learning a lot from the horse' s mouth! regards, sparky\nso as he was determined not to be left behind, he went into the garden, mounted the sorry nag, and set out. but scarcely had he ridden a few yards before the horse stumbled and fell. so he dismounted and went down to the brook, to where the black horse lived in the vaulted hall. and the horse said to him: ‘saddle and bridle me, and then go into the next room and you will find a suit of armour and a sword. put them on, and we will ride forth together to battle. ’\nevaluation: the chestnut foundation remains unaffected by the presence of agouti, however, it does guarantee that magician cannot produce a smokey black foal. all offspring will receive his cream dilution gene .\nthe sisters looked at the picture, which indeed showed a very evil looking horse. trying not to laugh, they silently noted that it did have lots of spiky bits painted on it .\nbee a magician, canada' s horse of the year in 2013, added another o' brien trophy to her war chest, this time in the older trotting mare division. the kadabra mare had an incredible season winning 10 races, $ 1. 1 million - plus in purse earnings. her season was highlighted by a spectacular victory in the prestigious maple leaf trot at mohawk racetrack .\nthe female trotter was named 2013 horse of the year by the u. s. harness writers association at the dan patch awards banquet on sunday night at dover downs. bee a magician, who was unbeaten in 17 races last season at age three and earned a divisional record $ 1. 54 million (u. s .), bested pacers foiled again and captaintreacherous for the honour .\nfollowing a career - best season, veteran horseman dr. ian moore, a native of prince edward island, was honored with the o' brien award of horsemanship. moore had 62 wins and earnings exceeding $ 2. 1 million in 2015. in addition, his stable star, state treasurer took older pacing horse honors and was also voted canada' s horse of the year .\nand the prince threw it, and in an instant the brush was changed into such a thick wood that even a bird could not have got through it, and when the old man got up to it the roan horse came suddenly to a stand - still, not able to advance a step into the thick tangle. so there was nothing for the magician to do but to retrace his steps, to fetch an axe, with which he cut himself a way through the wood. but it took him some time, during which the prince and the black horse got on well ahead .\nthe cutler is the first of many stakes events for the aged trotting ranks and by summer time more of the top talent will be in action. norman isn’t sure yet whether this year’s aged company will be as strong as last year’s but he’s confident that bee a magician will be a stronger horse. she’s already undefeated as a five - year - old but that streak may not last very long .\njoseph o’brien extended his advantage to five over pat smullen at the head of the flat jockey’s championship when partnering his 82nd winner of the campaign aboard 4 / 5 favourite magician in the mongey communications ebf maiden .\n‘mount me at once, ’ answered the horse, ‘and i will gallop as fast as i can. ’ and he set off so fast that the earth seemed to fly from under his hoofs .\nmeanwhile, irish guineas winner magician is entered in the derby at epsom on 1 june and the st james' s palace stakes at royal ascot, but it is unclear which route o' brien will take .\nthe prince was satisfied, and he entered the old man’s service, and promised to see that there was always wood on the stove, so that the fire should never die out. now, though he did not know it, his new master was a magician, and the flame of the stove was a magic fire, and if it had gone out the magician would have lost a great part of his power .\n“it is a prep race, “said norman, pretty much defining that bee a magician is not likely to get overworked from the outside, though she may not have to be considering the company she will meet .\nolder trotting horse honours went to resolve, a winner of four races and $ 780, 000 in purses with one of his most impressive victories coming in the tvg free for all trot at the meadowlands .\n. after the race, yasunari iwata admitted that st nicholas abbey had been the better horse on the night, but pointed out that the filly had been forced to race wide for much of the race .\nmagician (ire) ($ 27. 00) upsets the breeders' cup turf at santa anita on november 2, 2013. favored the fugue (gb) finishes second, indy point (arg) third .\na paddy power spokesman told mailonline:' i can confirm that the magician' dynamo' placed a winning £1 accumulator bet on euro 2012 in a paddy power betting office in london on thursday, 21 june last.'\nthe magician' s tricks also include him transporting a mobile phone into a glass beer bottle, turning snow into diamonds in the austrian mountains and bringing a flutter of butterflies to life in hollywood' s famous chateau marmont .\n“i got a run on her into the straight but i could feel her coming to me on the run to the last. fortunately for me she fell, although i don' t like seeing any horse fall .\na film producer, a youtube entertainer and a techno magician will be among reputed speakers at the three - day kl converge! 2015. according to a statement by the malaysian communication and multimedia commission (mcmc) yesterday, the matrix trilogy producer andrew mason, youtube entertainer brian brushwood and techno magician marco tempest will share the secret of their success. tempest is known for his multimedia magic and use of interactive technology, as well as computer graphics and presentations .\nbrilliant miler kingman (208) currently heads the standings for cartier horse of year and cartier three - year - old colt, but his shock retirement with a throat infection has brought doubt to the outcome of both categories .\nbucklands farm and stud director roisin close said :\ni am thrilled to be able to stand a horse with such raw speed. coach house has the pedigree of a champion sprinter and had the ability to match .\nwe’ll say goodbye to another year of harness racing this week but the memories of 2013 should last for quite some time. though technically the horse of the year for 2013 has yet to be announced, it seems a safe bet that the undefeated filly bee a magician will take home the honors. it is surprising to me how many detractors there were for her selection prior to her earning the title essentially with the defeat of others, rather than her perfection .\ngentildonna won the japanese horse of the year award again in january 2015 by 231 votes to 51 from just a way. she added a second best older filly or mare title, being the unanimous choice of the 285 electors .\nmit media lab’s director’s fellow marco tempest was always an enthusiastic magician and manipulator with irrepressible interest in computer generated imagery. combined with a powerful network of artists, creative and technologists he’s steadily in search of the next mind - blowing performance .\nwith her regular driver brian sears again at the helm, bee a magician seized command a quarter - mile into the contest. from there she had no challengers to her outside but a fresh frau blucher riding behind her in the pocket .\nbee a magician’s five - year - old season may be a little different from a strategic standpoint. “i don’t want to travel with her so much, ” said norman hoping to keep the mare close to home as often as possible .\nshortly afterwards the king of a neighbouring country declared war, and once more the king and his sons - in - law and his subjects had to prepare themselves for battle, and once more the prince begged to ride with them, but the king said he had no horse to spare for him. ‘but, ’ he added, ‘you may take the horse of the woodman who brings the wood from the forest, it is good enough for you. ’\ni just wanted this horse to finish out his year strong ,\nsaid zeron .\nhe' s had a phenomenal year. he' s made my entire year let alone career and casie' s done a great job with him and the caretaker linda coleman. he' s just been a phenomenal horse to drive every single week he hits the track and to finish as strong as he did, i' m really proud of him .\nso the prince took the carter’s horse, but the poor beast was old and tired, and after it had gone a few yards it stumbled and fell. so the prince returned sadly to the garden and watched the king ride forth at the head of the army accompanied by his two sons - in - law. when they were out of sight the prince betook himself to the vaulted chamber by the brook - side, and having taken counsel of the faithful black horse, he put on the glittering suit of armour, and was borne on the back of the horse through the air, to where the battle was being fought. and once more he routed the king’s enemies, hacking to right and left with his sword. and again they all cried: ‘a god has come to our rescue! ’ but when they tried to detain him the black horse rose in the air and bore him out of their sight .\nthe 1: 54 4 / 5 mile over the half - mile oval at yonkers was a strong first outing for the mare and norman believes 2015 could be even better for bee a magician than last year. “she’s definitely more mature. she’s eating better and feels much stronger, ” said norman. then again, bee a magician is going to have to be considering that much of her competition this year will be against the boys rather than a large dosage of mare competition .\na writer and editor who has been following horse racing for fifteen years. peter has written books for the daily racing form press; crown; and simon and schuster; among other publishers, and regular features in the horseplayer magazine .\nwell done to the connections of bee a magician. looking forward to 2014, to this great now four year old, breaking her world record. looks possible, but it will be a shocker to see a trotting mare go 1: 50 .\ni almost bought the original software but didn' t and after reading the sales pitch i am probably happy i didn' t. i was surprised at how much they wanted for the program if you already owned the handicapping magician. the whole sales pitch, from what i gather, is how michael missed a big one because the original software missed it. how the handicapping magician was harder to use because you had to open up each horse separately and do each race separately, etc... . now with the new one you don' t have to. as kitts said, sounds like the way the software should have been to begin with. i still would be interested in knowing how the new software looks, but it seems too pricy. the tape that comes with it sounds interesting (becoming a master magician at the races). i am always interested in the psychological aspects of the game. too bad it doesn' t appear to be available on its own. ad\nalthough foiled again received more support for horse of the year, captaintreacherous got the nod for pacer of the year, 68 - 57. captaintreacherous, who won 13 of 16 races and $ 2. 05 million last season as a three - year - old, became the first horse to win back - to - back pacer of the year honours since jennas beach boy in 1995 - 96. he joined niatross as the only horses to accomplish the feat at ages two and three .\ntop ranked two - year - old trotting filly bee a magician completed her ontario sires stakes season with a stakes and track record victory in the first $ 300, 000 super final of the night sending driver rick zeron over a special career earnings milestone .\nballydoyle appear to have strength in depth in the three - year - old division yet again this season and magician, an easy winner at chester in early may, can underline that fact by winning satudray’s tattersalls irish 2, 000 guineas at the curragh .\nas the fillies entered the backstretch, zorgwijk nova (jody jamieson) advanced first over from fourth with bee a magician following her cover and angling three - wide while she worked her way to the top past the: 58 - second half - mile mark .\nclosing out the year, i would say its important not to pass judgment on anything after first blush. opening night at the new meadowlands produced the worst weather the track has seen in a long time and with it a list of those who wondered aloud if closers could win at the “new” track. it was the same vibration you get from those who only look at the last start a horse makes and then only discover the lines from three starts back after the horse has won at a price .\ntrained by richard “nifty” norman and driven by brian sears for owners mel hartman, herb liverman, and david mcduffee, bee a magician’s wins included the breeders crown for three - year - old filly trotters, hambletonian oaks, elegantimage stakes, and delvin miller memorial .\nbee a magician romped to a wide - open 1: 53. 4 victory as the heavy 1 - 9 favourite with charmed life (paul macdonell) and motown muscle (mario baillargeon) rounding out the top three finishers. she paid $ 2. 10 to win .\nthe horse has been off for awhile and actually i was really happy to sit behind [ the favourite murmur hanover ], ” said maxwell in the winner' s circle. “i thought we might have a chance to beat him down the lane if we got to sit behind him, but then we had to go to the front and it wasn’t really his race for now. but things worked out and we got lucky. the horse did a great job and randy did a nice job driving him and we’re thankful. ”\nso the prince took the woodman’s horse, but it was so old and useless that it could not carry him beyond the castle gates. so he betook himself once more to the vaulted hall, where the black horse had prepared a still more magnificent suit of armour for him than the one he had worn on the previous occasions, and when he had put it on, and mounted on the back of the horse, he bore him straight to the battle - field, and once more he scattered the king’s enemies, fighting single - handed in their ranks, and they fled in all directions. but it happened that one of the enemy struck with his sword and wounded the prince in the leg. and the king took his own pocket - handkerchief, with his name and crown embroidered on it, and bound it round the wounded leg. and the king would fain have compelled him to mount in a litter and be carried straight to the palace, and two of his knights were to lead the black charger to the royal stables. but the prince put his hand on the mane of his faithful horse, and managed to pull himself up into the saddle, and the horse mounted into the air with him. then they all shouted and cried: ‘the warrior who has fought for us is a god! he must be a god. ’\nwe bought her privately at the end of february and she had shown ability, but i bought her thinking she might be a nice sires stakes horse, and more importantly just a nice racehorse, and she' s far exceeded it ,\nadded o' sullivan .\nbob, is there any advantage using the master magician over just using the master handicapper? it takes me a lot of time to check the pressure calls in races now. not having a laptop anymore makes going to the track difficult because of the late scratch reporting times. thanks .\nin bee a magician i see a filly with enormous talent and exceptional manners. i also see a horse that hasn’t been fully extended. does this mean she rises and defeats more aged performers in 2014? for her, the good news is that the open class, at least as we close 2013, doesn’t appear all that imposing. whether she’ll have the capacity to handle more veteran competition as a four - year - old remains to be seen. the feeling here is that she’ll compete on a high level no matter the depth or caliber of her rivals .\ntrained by ron burke and driven primarily by gingras for owners burke racing, weaver bruscemi llc, and jjk stables, foiled again won 11 of 29 races in 2013 and earned $ 1. 40 million. he is the oldest horse to ever have a million - dollar season .\nhorse of the year trotter of the year three - year - old filly trotter bee a magician kadabra – beehive – balanced image breeder: white birch farm. owners: mel hartman, herb liverman, david mcduffee. trainer: richard “nifty” norman. drivers: rick zeron, brian sears. races: 17 - 17 - 0 - 0. purses: $ 1. 54 million. mark: 1: 51 at meadowlands (world record). top wins: $ 500, 000 hambletonian oaks; $ 500, 000 breeders crown; $ 356, 981 elegantimage .\nmarco’s unique talents and imagination have garnered enthusiastic praise for both live and televised appearances around the globe. his high - definition television series, “the virtual magician” currently airs in over 45 markets worldwide an adventurer, scientist, showman, dreamer and hero, there’s no one quite like marco tempest !\nour first next lister is marco tempest, a magician who’s so unique he wouldn’t even use that word to describe himself. instead, he refers to himself as a “cyber - illusionist. ” tempest combines videos, computer graphics and other modern technologies with the ideas of old - world magic .\nmagician has an outstanding exterior, he is very correct in his conformation and has the most exquisite head. his movement is both straight and correct in all his paces, he has a good length of rein and a very active hind leg. he bascules over a fence and shows much scope .\nbee a magician is the one horse i look forward to seeing against males or females, young and older in 2014, if for only one very selfish reason. you see, over the course of the last 40 or so years i’ve always liked to watch horses from the beginning and make an assessment whether the horse had a bright future. earlier this year after seeing shake it cerry just once in a two - year - old baby race at the meadowlands, i thought she had the look of a champion. i had yet to ask driver ron pierce or trainer jimmy takter about her when i mentioned her name in a column. while at the risk of sounding self - serving, i should also note that i picked three other horses from the qualifiers that morning and can only hope they turn out to be better three - year - olds than they were freshman .\nmarco tempest, cyber illusionist, adventurer, scientist, dreamer, the virtual magician, wows the audience with his show of magic and inspiration. he says, “believe in your magic. if you do not believe in your own magic, how do you expect other people to believe in you? ”\nwhen cristoforo colombo dropped out of the equation for this event, magician was a logical choice to be favourite in a classic that features four colts trained by aidan o’brien and the novel prospect that it should take place on quick ground. officials were watering the straight yesterday to maintain good to firm going .\nwe can all agree that at least one horse has benefitted greatly from changing the finish line at the meadowlands. foiled again’s surprising season ended on a high note as he won his last two starts over the new course in dramatic style, annexing a new chapter to an already imposing résumé .\nmagician offers breeders the chance to use a double dilute stallion who is guaranteed to produce palomino and buckskin (dun) from solid mares. because he has the added benefit of being tested agouti he will not produce any smokey blacks (many cremello' s are not agouti and therefore produce smokey blacks) .\nmagician (ire) b. c, 2010 { 9 - b } dp = 3 - 1 - 16 - 12 - 0 (32) di = 0. 60 cd = - 0. 16 - 14 starts, 5 wins, 4 places, 0 shows career earnings: £1, 579, 292\nequal parts poet and scientist, swiss - american magician marco tempest is always exploring new frontiers. in his intelligent and astounding performances, he blends cutting - edge technology with the showmanship of harry houdini. his sophisticated combination of video, music and stage presence has earned him a place in the pantheon of great illusionists .\neight times the winner of the horse of the year trophy has finished his / her award - winning season with 12 wins. it is the most common number of victories for the 70 who have been so honored. always b miki’s 12 - for - 18 season is the latest. the others were :\nwe are currently working very hard on the aidanobrienfansite yearbook. the yearbook will contain our thoughts on the 2015 season also a look back over 2014. the front cover will be dedicated to our horse of the year that vote closes on november 17th so please vote now if you already haven’t. > > here\nbee a magician lowered fellow norman trainee poof shes gone' s 1: 55. 3 oss record, which was set in 2009, and crys dream' s 1: 54. 3 track record, set in 2010. she just missed win missy b' s canadian record by one - fifth of a second .\noriginally posted by sparky hi matt & bob, i purchased the master magician and have been working my regular job like a dog trying to make the money to pay for the software! however, i have found the magician well worth the money. it has enhanced my handicapping tremendously. in fact, i have been looking at scores like $ 300 trifectas. naturally these don' t come along very often. i have noticed that when i use the magician in combination with my last race ability times in maiden races, it' s dynamite. as you know, i am a novice. i find the tapes extremely helpful because it' s like having pizzolla along with you for the ride. i am learning a lot from the horse' s mouth! regards, sparky hi sparky... haven' t heard from you for awhile! i' m glad you' re finding tmm helpful and envious of your trifecta scores! i will bet into the win and exacta pools but i' ve never had much luck with tris... one of the better players in reno is fond of saying\nliving filth can get up for 3rd\nand i' m always amazed at just how accurate that statement can be. have a great week, bob\nhis impressive pedigree and race performance are there to see, but go and see the horse, he' s absolutely correct, with great movement and a fantastic temperament ,\nsaid trickledown stud' s paul thorman .\ni can' t wait for the chance to sell his foals and yearlings .\nbee a magician quickly made the front and began to open up on the field as she raced by three - quarters in 1: 26. she was home - free entering the stretch, but continued to pour it on down the lane for the record - setting score. the final margin of victory was nine and a half lengths .\nthis stallion has tremendous presence, and showed some real quality work, well above the required level. he was a pleasure to train, and has a lovely attitiude to his work; we are looking forward to the next stage in his education .\nthank you natalie for doing such a good job on magician' s training !\n‘lead me into that hall, ’ said the horse, ‘i will stay there; but you must go through the fields till you reach a garden, in the midst of which is a king’s palace. when you get there you must ask to be taken into the king’s service. good - bye, and don’t forget me. ’\ngroup, i just received my copy of handicapping magic. it is definately different than any handicapping book i ever read. could users of hm, h magician etc. comment on their experiences regarding: 1) is the method more reliable in sprints? i would think so because it is a method based on pace. (2c) 2) do you find that it is effective in turf sprints? 3) are their any types of races that the method seems to excel in? 4) what advice do you give new users of the method? 5) quoting from the chapter on fulcrum pace > do you agree that\nafter setting a conservative fulcrum pace, that no other horse in the race can compete sucessfully against that pace, the fulcrum horse is one of the safest and most consistent win bets in all of racing. being new to this method, i would appreciate any insight into these matters. i understand these are based on personal experiences and are subjective. thank you in advance for your consideration. zafonic\nand the prince did as he was told; and when he had mounted the horse his armour glittered in the sun, and he looked so brave and handsome, that no one would have recognised him as the gardener who swept away the dead leaves from the paths. the horse bore him away at a great pace, and when they reached the battle - field they saw that the king was losing the day, so many of his warriors had been slain. but when the warrior on his black charger and in glittering armour appeared on the scene, hewing right and left with his sword, the enemy were dismayed and fled in all directions, leaving the king master of the field. then the king and his two sons - in - law, when they saw their deliverer, shouted, and all that was left of the army joined in the cry: ‘a god has come to our rescue! ’ and they would have surrounded him, but his black horse rose in the air and bore him out of their sight .\nthe $ 6 million horse, foiled again was voted canada’s older pacing horse of the year. foiled again didn’t show any signs of slowing down in his nine - year - old season as he won 11 of his 29 starts, including three levy divisions, the ben franklin elimination and final as well as the breeders crown elimination and final, for his third straight million - dollar campaign. he entered the year with the all time earnings record for pacers within reach and he managed to obliterate that mark by adding $ 1. 4 million to his bank account while visiting 11 different racetracks along the way. he closed the season sweeping the elimination and final of the tvg free for all pace at the meadowlands .\nwiji comes off a horse of the year season and a hoy runnerup season and is 38 - for - 51 lifetime with over $ 3. 9 million earned. that’s 10 times what foiled again had at a similar stage. of course, foiled again then embarked on the most remarkable seasons, combined, in harness racing history from ages five through 12 .\nthen he hurried back to the stables, and the horse said to him: ‘there is one thing more you must do. in the cupboard you will find a looking - glass, a brush and a riding - whip. bring them with you, mount on my back, and ride as hard as you can, for now the house is burning merrily. ’\non saturday, february 13, standardbred canada announced harness racing' s national champions at the 2015 o' brien awards, which honor canada' s best in harness racing over the past season. this was the 27th edition of the o' brien awards, named in honor of the late joe o' brien, an outstanding horseman and member of the canadian horse racing hall of fame .\nfor the second consecutive year, mister herbie captured the title as canada’s older trotting horse of the year. although mister herbie only won one race in 2013, he was a strong contender in many of the major stakes and scored six runner up finishes in stakes competition including the maple leaf trot, allerage, j cashman and breeders crown, finishing the season with $ 492, 067 in purses .\n“best speaker yet at gulltaggen 2012 is marco tempest: techno - illusionist. his presentation material was at another level than normal business power points. maybe because he is an awesome magician and an entertainer in world class. normally magic is based on secrets, but marco’s magic is based on open source magic and he is spreading the magic of the crowd instead of keeping it secret. ” (source: detective marketing )\nmarco tempest wins the world magic award 2009 for best contemporary magic. we are honored to announce that marco has been awarded best contemporary magician of 2009 the world magic awards. joining a dozen or so of the world’s top magic acts, marco performed both his “aura, ” and “magic touch, ” two of his most popular pieces, for the gathered crowd of a - list celebrities at the barker hangar in santa monica." ]

{ "text": [ "magician ( foaled 24 april 2010 ) is an irish thoroughbred racehorse .", "after showing unremarkable form as a two-year-old in 2012 , he established himself as a top-class performer in may 2013 with wins in the dee stakes and the irish 2000 guineas .", "after a long break , he returned in november to win the breeders ' cup turf and a month later was voted cartier champion three-year-old colt . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 14 ] }

[ "magician (foaled 24 april 2010) is an irish thoroughbred racehorse. after showing unremarkable form as a two-year-old in 2012, he established himself as a top-class performer in may 2013 with wins in the dee stakes and the irish 2000 guineas. after a long break, he returned in november to win the breeders' cup turf and a month later was voted cartier champion three-year-old colt." ]

[ "a vampire crab of the species geosesarma hagen, which has an orange body .\ngeosesarma hagen sind allesfresser. als futter eignen sich handelsübliche futtersorten, gemüse, sowie frostfutter. gruppenhaltung empfohlen .\ngeosesarma hagen stammen aus südost - asien und zählen aufgrund ihrer attraktiven färbung zu den beliebten pfleglingen im aqua - terrarium .\ntwo of my geosesarma red devil crabs mating. check out urltoken for more. do you keep geosesarma? join the facebook group urltoken\n[ crustacea • 2015 ] geosesarma dennerle & g. hagen • new species of “vampire crabs” (geosesarma de man, 1892) from central java, indonesia, and the identity of sesarma (geosesarma) nodulifera de man, 1892 (crustacea, brachyura, thoracotremata, sesarmidae )\nthe two new species have been named geosesarma dennerle and geosesarma hagen. there are now 53 species of geosesarma genus known to science, said ng, who himself has named 20 of the species. he said he currently has another half a dozen or so newly collected geosesarma species from southeast asia in his lab, and these species still need to be named and described .\nspecies new to science: [ crustacea • 2015 ] geosesarma dennerle & g. hagen • new species of “vampire crabs” (geosesarma de man, 1892) from central java, indonesia, and the identity of sesarma (geosesarma) nodulifera de man, 1892 (crustacea, brachyura, thoracotremata, sesarmidae )\nfig. 6. colours in life. a–c, geosesarma dennerle, new species, cilacap, java; d–f, g. hagen, new species, cilacap, java .\nthis is how i convince a chicken / turkey to sit on eggs that is not hers and in a strange location .\nhow well do otocinclus catfish eat algae? a little experiment from the den... .\nthe paludarium for animals and plants (moss, ferns, centella asiatica, shrimp, crab, ... )\n, andry marvin, heri suharyono, crissred mosses & bucephalandra, ciclopolis cancun, rare species fund, tabi tabi japon, festival de los océanos del caribe mexicano, smithsonian magazine, smithsonian channel, piranhas y algo más, reserva toh, mochitravel, producciones javier arriaga, aqua lush, lumini aqua aquarium leds, i fucking love science, paleontology, fósil - evolución e historia natura, zone discus, biopod, anita fish by aquatika, palaeos, club de acuariofilos potosinos, iluminados, acuario laguna marina, the traveler gdl, royal shrimp, justicia para manuel alfonso yañez gamboa, aqua design center, manuel krauß, novedades de quintana roo, crustanews, movimiento acuarista cancún. , cancun al minuto, aquaplantas - mexico, zoogreen, la jornada, revista proceso, aristegui noticias, rareaquatic plantshop, aquatank - rare aquarium plants, tropica aquarium plants, the aviation consulting group, animalistas cancún, shrimp land mx. , aquascaping méxico, plantas acuáticas lumac, green garden - aquarium plants, ichiban ebi, bucephalandra mexico, sirius black - shop, natural sustrate, naturalista mx, bio aquatic, edenaquadesign\nmögliche versandmethoden: dhl - express - paket bis 5 kg innerh. deutschland (frei ab 200, 00 euro warenwert), versand europa, standard - paket bis 5 kg, sammelbestellung (bestehende bestellung ergänzen & versandkosten sparen), standard - paket innerh. deutschland, bis 10 kg, lebendtierversand per kurier, bis max. 5 kg, versand schweiz, standard - paket bis 5 kg\ndiese krabben sind keine reinen wasserbewohner. es sollte daher ein landteil angeboten werden, in dem sich die tiere auch eingraben (z. b. humus) können und versteckmöglichkeiten finden (z. b. natürliche höhlen durch hölzer, etc .) .\ndatabase contains: 10. 643 species (763 with photo), 1. 682 genera, 124 families\nnew & recent described flora & fauna species from all over the world esp. asia, oriental, indomalayan & malesiana region\na, b, specimens from type series; c, male (13. 1 × 11. 7 mm) (zrc 2014. 0271). a, b: 7°25’59”s, 108°55’50”e, cilacap, java; f, 7°27’50”s, 108°50’16”e, cilacap, java; c–e, from aquarium trade, from cilacap, java\n( photographs: chris lukhaup [ a, b, f ]; tan heok hui [ c ]; oliver mengedoht (specimens not preserved) [ d, e ]) .\n, are described from central java, indonesia. these species have been in the aquarium trade for many years and go by the popular name of “vampire crabs”. the two species, here named\n, new species; e, adult on bank of stream; f, an adult male of on moss covered stream bank .\npeter k. l. ng, christoph d. schubart and christian lukhaup. 2015. new species of “vampire crabs” (\nป้ายกำกับ: 2015, asia, brachyura, crustacea, indonesia, invertebrate, journal: raffles. bull. zool. , patronym, sesarmidae, southeast asia, taxonomy\nwuodendron b. xue, y. h. tan & chaowasku wuodendron praecox (hook. f. & thomson) b. xue, y. h. tan & x. l. hou in xue, tan ...\n[ botany • 2017 ] begonia fulgurata | ดาดดารารัศมี • a new species (sect. diploclinium, begoniaceae) from chiang mai, northern thailand\nbegonia fulgurata c. - i peng, c. w. lin & phutthai ดาดดารารัศมี | | doi: 10. 3767 / blumea. 2017. 62. 03. 01 urltoken be ...\nchamaelirium viridiflorum l. wang, z. c. liu & w. b. liao in liu, feng, wang & liao, 2018. doi: 10. 11646 / phytotaxa. 357... .\ngreat - billed seed - finch sporophila maximiliani (cabanis, 1851) in ubaid, silveira, medolago, et. al. , 2018. doi: 10. 11646 / ...\naristolochia tongbiguanensis j. y. shen, q. b. gong & s. landrein in gong, landrein, xi, et al. , 2018. doi: 10. 6165 / tai... .\nendocerids with their filtering apparatus in mironenko, 2018. doi: 10. 1080 / 08912963. 2018. 1491565 reconstruction by andre ...\nbagualosaurus agudoensis pretto, langer & schultz, 2018 doi: 10. 1093 / zoolinnean / zly028 illustration: jorge blanco c ...\nthe hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurs based on current topologies. the main source is from wang et al. (2016 ...\n[ paleontology • 2018 ] zhiwenia coronata • a soft‐bodied euarthropod from the early cambrian xiaoshiba lagerstätte of china supports a new clade, protosutura nov. , of basal artiopodans with dorsal ecdysial sutures\nzhiwenia coronata du, ortega‐hernández, yang & zhang, 2018 doi: 10. 1111 / cla. 12344 urltoken invertebratepal ...\nhemidactylus siva srinivasulu, srinivasulu & kumar, 2018 doi: 10. 11646 / zootaxa. 4444. 1. 2 abstract a new species ...\n[ botany • 2015 ] how to catch more prey with less e ...\n[ mammalogy • 2014 ] taxonomy of rock - wallabies, pet ...\npartial solar elipse to be visible from parts of australia, new zealand and antarctica on firday 13 july 2018 .\non this day (july 10th)... ...... ... ...\nthe benefits and costs of academic travel. or\nthere and back again; again and again\ncanon renueva su gama de 70 - 200 mm f: 2. 8 y f: 4\nplants go extinct, but sometimes species are rediscovered. this one after 151 years .\ni' m killing antediluvian salad but even in death there is rebirth ...\nnecps carnivorous plant show: sept. 9 - 10 at tower hill botanical garden\nthis is a particularly beautiful species of centrolenid - the granular glass frog, cochranella granulosa .\ncredit: oliver mengedoht from ng et al. , 2015, raffles bulletin of zoology\nthe mystery of the origin of two strange - looking species of\nvampire crabs\nis finally solved. the crabs come from the island of java in indonesia, according to the scientists who officially describe the species in a new report .\nvampire crabs owe their name to their spooky appearance, as they have bright - yellow eyes contrasting sharply with purple or orange abdomens .\npeople in the aquarium trade have known of the two crab species described in the report for at least a decade, said peter ng, a biology professor at the national university of singapore and an author of the report. ng said he saw the crabs for the first time in aquaria in singapore, where the crustaceans were being sold as pets .\ncredit: tan heok hui from ng et al. , 2015, raffles bulletin of zoology\nthe problem for scientists was that it was not clear where the crabs originally came from, which made it difficult for researchers to actually name and describe the traits of the species in the wild. [ the 7 weirdest glow - in - the - dark creatures ]\nfor a species to be formally and properly described and named, its provenance should be known ,\nng told live science .\nof course, it is perfectly legal to name a species without knowing where it comes from, but that would be bad science and irresponsible .\ncrab dealers have pointed to a number of possible places of origin for the crabs, from java to krakatoa, borneo, sulawesi and even new guinea. but all of those sites were suspicious, ng said .\nwith a good deal of detective work, study coauthor christian lukhaup, a german carcinologist (crab expert), traced the crabs' origins from dealers in germany all the way back to java, ng said. lukhaup persuaded businessmen and traders to connect him to the people in java who were actually collecting the crab. these collectors then passed specimens of the animals on to the researchers .\nso there are more to come as we explore and discover them ,\nhe said .\nbut the two newly described species may already be under threat from potential over - collecting for the aquarium trade, the researchers said .\nany species that is over - exploited — be it for food, or as a pet — stands [ to be ] threatened ,\nng said .\nmore so for a small freshwater crab like this, which has a relatively restricted range .\nthe researchers said they are also worried about\nthe potential loss of [ the crabs' ] pristine habitat ,\nng said. if this habitat becomes polluted or changed by human activity, the crabs' populations may collapse, he said .\nthe nightmare for biodiversity researchers is that we are always working against the clock — too many species to discover and too little time ,\nng added .\nthe study was published online jan. 16 in the journal raffles bulletin of zoology .\nfollow agata blaszczak - boxe on twitter. follow live science @ livescience, facebook & google +. originally published on live science .\nagata blaszczak - boxe is a contributing writer for live science. she covers health, psychology and paleontology, as well as other science topics. agata has a master of arts degree from the city university of new york graduate school of journalism. when she is not writing, she can be found reading food blogs, lifting weights or playing with her two attention - hungry cats. follow agata on twitter .\nauthors get paid when people like you upvote their post. if you enjoyed what you read here, create your account today and start earning free steem! sign up. get steem!" ]

{ "text": [ "geosesarma hagen is a species of small land-living crabs which is found on java , indonesia .", "the crabs are dark brown with the chelae and parts of the carapace being bright orange on the adults .", "it is popular in the aquarium trade , where it is sometimes called \" geosesarma red devil \" or \" geosesarma sp ' rot ' \" ( \" rot \" means red in german ) .", "all species of geosesarma crabs are often called \" vampire crabs \" in the aquarium trade .", "the species is named after the rolf c. hagen group of companies , who supported work by christian lukhaup and christoph d. schubart , two of the authors of the describing article . " ], "topic": [ 29, 23, 8, 18, 25 ] }

[ "geosesarma hagen is a species of small land-living crabs which is found on java, indonesia. the crabs are dark brown with the chelae and parts of the carapace being bright orange on the adults. it is popular in the aquarium trade, where it is sometimes called \" geosesarma red devil \" or \" geosesarma sp' rot' \" (\" rot \" means red in german). all species of geosesarma crabs are often called \" vampire crabs \" in the aquarium trade. the species is named after the rolf c. hagen group of companies, who supported work by christian lukhaup and christoph d. schubart, two of the authors of the describing article." ]

[ "menezes mr, naik s, martins m. genetic divergence in the indian mackerel\nbhimachar bs, george pc. observations on the food and feeding habits of the indian mackerel\nrao kvn, rao kp. difference in the food of young and adult indian mackerel ,\nen - indian mackerel, fr - maquereau des indes, sp - caballa de la india .\neffect of freezing time on the quality of indian mackerel (rastrelliger kanagurta) during frozen storage .\ndifferences in the food of the young and the adult indian mackerel, rastrelliger kanagurta (cuv. )\njayasankar p, thomas pc, paulton mp, mathew j. morphometric and genetic analysis of indian mackerel (\ndifferences in the food of the young and the adult indian mackerel, rastrelliger kanagurta (cuv .) | nature\npillai nk. copepods parasitic on south indian fishes. pt. 1 caligidae .\ntripathi yr. parasitic copepods from indian fishes iii. families anthostomatidae and dichelesthidae .\neffect of freezing time on the quality of indian mackerel (rastrelliger kanagurta) during frozen storage. - pubmed - ncbi\ndistribution and abundance over the mascarene plateau and basin, south - western indian ocean .\nin: cmfri bulletin no. 24, the indian mackerel. cmfri, mandapam camp, pp. 17 - 40 .\ngenetic structure of indian scad mackerel decapterus russelli: pleistocene vicariance and secondary contact in the central indo - west pacific seas .\nand their relationships with the sea conditions in the high sea of the northwestern indian ocean .\nfigure 1. annual dollar value of the commercial catch of king mackerel to the 5 - county area of the indian river lagoon .\ngenetic analysis of stocks of indian mackerel in the bay of bengal, 2012 - 2013. (loa / rap / 2012 / 35 fao )\ngenetic structure of indian scad mackerel decapterus russelli: pleistocene vicariance and secondary contact in the central indo - west pacific seas. - pubmed - ncbi\ntripathi yr. studies on the parasites of indian fishes. iv. trematoda, monogenea, microcotylidae .\nsri lanka: ailai (tamil), indian mackerel, karung kuluttan, kumbala (tamil), kumbalava, maha kara bolla (sinhalese) .\nin collaboration with boblme, seafdec / mfrdmd had started their first activities in collecting samples under study entitled “genetics stocks of indian mackerel in the bay of bengal”. recently, 200 fin clip tissue samples of indian mackerel were collected from kudat, sabah and kuantan, pahang by related researchers and staff .\ntable 1: a schedule for producing the defined outputs for genetic analysis of stocks of indian mackerel in the bay of bengal under seafdec / mfrdmd responsibilities .\nunnithan rv. on six species of monogenetic trematodes parasitic on the gills of marine fishes from the indian seas .\nthe indian mackerel (rastrelliger kanagurta) is a species of mackerel belonging to the family scombridae of order perciformes. it is an important food fish and is commonly used in south and south - east asian cuisine. it is commonly found in warm shallow waters along the coasts of the indian and west pacific oceans, and their surrounding seas. the population structure of the indian mackerel is largely unknown in the entire boblme region. information on spawning areas and seasons is also lacking .\nthe implementation of the activities as outlined in this inception report will generate new information and knowledge on the indian mackerel stock which will facilitate better management of the fisheries .\nseafdec / mfrdmd also were assigned to do genetic analysis of indian mackerel sampled from bangladesh, maldives and myanmar. currently, these samples are still under sample collection activities in the respective countries .\nfeeding patterns of school mackerel (scomberomorus queenslandicus) and spotted mackerel (s. munroi) in queensland east - coast waters\nthis inception report relates to seafdec / mfrdmd’s programme of work in support of the above activities concerning indian mackerel (genetic analysis) for which the seafdec / mfrdmd has signed loa / rap / 2012 / 35 on 2 september 2012 .\nbhimachar, b. s. & george, p. c. proceedings of the indian academy of sciences - section b (1952) 36: 105. urltoken\nfeeding partitioning among tuna taken in surface and mid - water layers: the case of yellowfin (thunnus albacares) and bigeye (t. obesus) in the western tropical indian ocean\npounds; a 22 - inch mackerel will likely weigh 4 pounds. an unusually large mackerel is taken occasionally; in 1925, for example, the schooner\nchen, x. j. , b. feng and l. x. xu (2008): a comparative study on habitat suitability index of bigeye tuna in the indian ocean .\nhilsa and indian mackerel: stock assessments are updated and synthesized into regional (sub - regional) assessments. short courses and workshops on stock assessment implemented. targeted research for the improvement of data and knowledge on key resources designed and implemented (e. g. life history parameters, stock structure, genetics, morphometrics, interaction of different fisheries sub - sectors, critical habitats for life - history stages) through country institutions. working group meetings held for hilsa (3) and indian mackerel (2). ecosystem - fisheries model produced .\npillai nk (1967) copepods parasitic on south indian fishes. a review. in: proceedings of the symposium on crustacea. symposium series, vol 2. mar biol assoc india, india, 1556–1680\npimoljinda, j. 0 study on the length - weight relationship of chub - mackerel (rastrelliger neglectus) on the indian coast of thailand, 1967 - 1977. annual report 1978. phuket marine fisheries station, phuket, thailand. 11 p. (in thai). (ref. 1458 )\nindian mackerel is a very important species in many parts of its range. catches are usually recorded as rastrelliger spp. or combined with r. brachysoma. in the last 25 years, the world catch for r. kanagurta alone fluctuated between about 96, 000 t in 1975 and a peak of 351, 193 t in 1994; since 1984, catches reported to fao as rastrelliger spp. have exceeded 300, 000 t. in the western indian ocean area most of the catches (about 185 000 t in 1995) are identified as r. kanagurta while in in the eastern indian ocean 224 000 t are reported as rastrelliger spp. and 43 000 t as r. kanagurta. instead, in the western central pacific, which ranks as the area of major catches for rastrelliger species, 252 000 t are not identified at the species level, 104 000 t are identified as r. kanagurta and 26 000 t as r. brachysoma. indian mackerel is caught with purse seines, encircling gillnets, high - opening bottom trawl, lift nets, and bamboo stake traps. (\nindian mackerel fishing\n) marketed fresh, frozen, canned, dried salted, and smoked. the total catch reported for this species to fao for 1999 was 302 387 t. the countries with the largest catches were india (146 367 t) and pilippines (53 606 t) .\nbasic indian fried fish is very simple to make and totally delicious. there are variations from region to region, but one i personally enjoy is this simple bangda (mackerel) fry. it employs just five ingredients and gives great results each time. even if you don' t have to haggle with the fishmonger .\ntable 1. total dollar value of irl king mackerel, scomberomrus cavalla between 1987 - 2001 .\nthe information below reflects angler survey information taken from the 5 - county area that encompasses the indian river lagoon. as shown, the bulk of the recreational harvest (62. 8 %) is taken off the coast in waters 3 to 200 miles offshore. catches in coastal waters less than 3 miles offshore account for 36. 5% of the total recreational catch, while inland waters other than the indian river lagoon account for only 0. 7% of the catch. within the indian river lagoon, recreational anglers took only 2, 149 fish of the more than 2. 4 million harvested between 1997 - 2004, approximately 0. 09% of the total .\nfigure 2. total king mackerel dollar value and percentage by county for the years 1987 - 2001 .\nthis type of mackerel is also very important in the cuisine of other regions of southeast asia, such as cambodia, the philippines (where it is the most commercially important variety of mackerel) and malaysia .\nvenkataraman, r. and chari, s. t. “seasonal variation in the chemical composition of mackerel ,\nindia: ayala, ayila (malayalam), ailai, augalai (tamil), bangada (canarese), indian mackerel, kaula gedar (marathi), kanagurta (telugu), kanangeluthi (tamil), kannangadatha (telugu), kumla (tamil), karan - kita (oriya), oibia gedar (sindhi), bangadi (hindi) .\nthe major output is improved understanding of the population structure of indian mackerel in boblme area (bangladesh, maldives and myanmar) and in the south china sea outside the boblme basin but part of the distribution range of the species. the number of fish specimens tested and the results with regard to relatedness in stocks at different locations during different times will be indicators of performance .\nthe problem of the food of fishes with its varied bearings on their shoaling habits and migrations has engaged the attention of fishery biologists since the beginning of the present century. the mackerel is an important food fish in both hemispheres. several contributions 1–5 have been made to our knowledge of the food of the indian mackerel, rastrelliger kanagurta, which contributes to one of the largest fisheries of india. all these observations, except those of chacko 3, which are from the gulf of manaar, are confined to the west coast of india. according to these workers, mackerel is a noted plankton feeder, securing its food by filtration. chidambaram 2, while observing the adult mackerel as plankton feeder, suggested the carnivorous habits of the young mackerel. later, in a detailed account on the food of this fish, bhimachar and george 4 observe that “the food of the young mackerel does not radically differ from that of the adult”. pradhan 5 has arrived at a similar conclusion regarding the food of mackerel; but one will not fail to note from his observations that young mackerel less than 89 mm. in total length are not represented in his material .\nfigure 4. summary of the king mackerel recreational harvest and percentage of total by area from 1997 - 2004 .\ninches in their eighth years. thus the american mackerel, like the european, grows very slowly after its third\nand var (γ) the estimated mean density and corresponding variance of mackerel tuna. in the absence of size - specific density estimates for mackerel tuna in eastern australia, we used a value of 1. 81 fish km\nthe purpose of this activity is to acsess genetic structure of indian mackerel in the bay of bengal region by using microsatellite marker. kudat and kuantan were selected to represent the out - group populations; south china sea area in this research study. the number of fish specimens tested and the results with regard to relatedness in stocks at different locations during different times will be indicators of performance .\ntable 2. by - county annual and cumulative percentages of the king mackerel harvest for the years 1987 - 2001 .\ncressey rf, cressey hb. parasitic copepods of mackerel and tuna - like fishes (scombridae) of the world .\na. prepare standard operating procedures (sops) for tissue collections and preservations. b. carry out a sampling programme for genetic test of specimens of indian mackerel in the south china sea (scs) and undertake the genetic testing and report on the results. c. undertake genetic testing of samples from bangladesh, maldives and myanmar, collected by the national agencies concerned, and report on the results .\ngut the mackerel, keep it whole and make 2 or 3 diagonal slits along it' s length on both sides .\nthe mouth mackerel often swims with its mouth open and gill rakers visible. the gill rakers strain plankton from the water .\nhiyama, y. , m. yoda and s. ohshimo (2002): stock size fluctuations in chub mackerel (\ntable 3. by - county cumulative dollar value and percentage of total for the king mackerel harvest from 1987 - 2001 .\nnilsson' s studies [ 21 ] point to a slightly slower rate of growth for the north european mackerel. but american mackerel have been found to vary so widely in this respect that the reported difference may have been only an accident of observation .\nkiparissis, s. , g. tserpes and n. tsimenidis (2000): aspects on the demography of chub mackerel (\nnaughton, s. p. and c. h. saloman. 1981. stomach contents of juveniles of king mackerel (scombromorus cavalla) and spanish mackerel (s. maculatus). northeast gulf sci. 5 (1): 71 - 74 .\nthe sizes of the mackerel fry taken during the mackerel survey carried out by the u. s. bureau of fisheries in 1932, [ 15 ] added to other available evidence show that our mackerel grow to a length of about 2 inches during the first 1 to 2 months after they are hatched, a rate about the same as in british and norwegian waters. [ 16 ]\nin the genus lecithocladium as many as 32 species were recorded from marine fish of indian region. most of these are not well defined and many of them may not be valid species. gibson and bray (1986) in an attempt to clear the confusion reduced the number of species recorded from indo - malayan region from 40 to 6. further, it is also felt that some of the hemiurid genera erected from indian region such as clefticolletta sahai and srivastava, 1978; bengalotrema malhotra, nanda, mukherjee, ghosh, sukul and capoor, 1989 may be synonymous to lecithocladium (see gibson 2002) .\nli, g. , x. j. chen and b. feng (2008): age and growth of chub mackerel (\nindian river and st. lucie counties account for the bulk of the commercial harvest, with 38% and 29% of the catch respectively (figure 2). from 1987 - 2001, the annual dollar value to indian river county ranged from $ 230, 000 to $ 870, 000, averaging $ 491, 000. in st. lucie county, the annual dollar amount ranged from $ 330, 000 to $ 1. 3 million, averaging $ 929, 000. this average however, is slightly skewed by the last 3 years of data, from 1999 - 2001, when the commercial catch jumped to approximately 1 million dollars per year, up from the previous 3 years when the average annual total was $ 540, 000. over the same time period, 1999 - 2001, the catch in indian river county dropped in each of the 3 years, while the catch in martin county rose in 2 of the 3 years .\nno one knows how greatly the movements of the mackerel, from day to day, result from involuntary drifting with the circulatory movements of the water, which are different at different depths, and how greatly they depend on the directive swimming of the mackerel themselves. our only\nfigure 3. survey data for the king mackerel recreational fishery showing the number of fishes harvested in east florida waters from 1997 - 2004 .\nmap of the central eastern shelf transition bioregion in eastern australia where mackerel tuna were collected for dietary analysis between january 2003 and may 2005 .\nplot of relationship between mackerel tuna fl and the length (mm) of prey consumed in eastern australia between january 2003 and may 2005 .\njohn, c. c. and menon, m. a. s. “food and feeding habits of oil sardine and mackerel, ”\nborn half anglo - indian and half manglorean catholic in multi - cultural mumbai - india, denise has been surrounded by a wonderful assortment of all things delicious from a very early age. her penchant for food has led her on many amazing journeys across india where she charms strangers into sharing unique recipes and discovers a little more about her country with each bite. she is fueled by an intense love for food and a determination to keep the food traditions of her ancestors alive. a motley bunch of anglo - indians whose cuisine is a unique combination of indian spices and western flavours; and mangloreans who are famed for their delicious coastal fare. she shares her favourite recipes and love for all things deliciously indian in her column beyond curry. simple recipes that capture the real taste of india. the food served every day in homes across india. and some unique family favorites you won’t find in a restaurant. most of the recipes have stories around them—like all good food does .\nis the most important commercial species of mackerel in the philippines (collette and nauen 1983). reported worldwide landings show gradual increase for all three\nthe mouth mackerel is blue - green above and silver on the sides. it occurs in tropical marine waters of the indo - west pacific .\nit has been a commonplace from the earliest days of the mackerel fishery that the fish are fat when last seen in the autumn, but that most of them are thin when they reappear in spring, obviously suggesting that they feed little during the winter. this is corroborated by the fact that the mackerel taken on bottom by british and french trawlers between december and march usually are empty, and that a few mackerel taken by the\nthe king mackerel, scoberomorus cavalla. illustration by diana rome peebles 1998. courtesy of florida fish and wildlife conservation commission, division of marine fisheries .\nmonthly mean (±s. e .) stomach fullness index and gsi for female mackerel tuna, showing the relationship between feeding intensity and reproductive activity .\nphilippines: alumahan (tagalog), bunatan (llokano), burau (bikol), buyaw (visayan - banton), chub mackerel, hasa - hasa, kabalyas (panga - sinan), lumahan (tagalog), mataan (llokano), striped mackerel, salimburaw (kuyano and tagbanwa) .\nirl distribution: king mackerel are not typically common inside the irl or other inland waterways, except near inlets. however, large groups of king mackerel aggregate in the nearshore and offshore waters off east central florida from cape canaveral, sebastian, fort pierce, and jupiter inlets (godcharles and murphy 1986) .\nrecreational fishery: the king mackerel is prized as an excellent recreational species (nmfs 2005; godcharles and murphy 1986). anglers are able to harvest king mackerel year round (collette and nauen 1983), but the bulk of the recreational catch is taken in winter or early spring. total landings in florida for king mackerel in 2001 were 7. 4 million pounds, with the recreational catch accounting for 57% of this total (fwri unpbl .) .\nthis size is reached earlier or later in the season, depending on the date when any particular lot of fry was hatched. thus mackerel fry of 1\nthe study of the food and feeding of the mackerel, rastrelliger canagurta was based on the periodical examination of stomach contents of the mackerel and the plankton of the coastal waters near calicut during the years 1949 and 1950. the relative importance of various food elements have been determined by the number and the points methods .\n—, krishnamurthy, c. g. , venkataraman, r. and chari, s. t. “studies of mackerel—fat variations and certain biological aspects, ”\nmackerel also eat all kinds of small fish, to a greater or less extent according to circumstances. in the gulf of maine they devour large numbers of small herring, launce, and even smaller mackerel. they likewise feed on pelagic fish eggs when available, oftenest on those of their own species. and they bite greedily on almost any bait, especially if it moves, such as a bit of mackerel belly skin, a piece of clam, a piece of sea worm (\ncui, k. and x. j. chen (2007): study of the relationships between sst and mackerel abundances in the yellow and east china seas .\nyoshiaki, h. , y. mari, o. seiji and j. oshita (2005): stock assessment of tsushima current chub mackerel stock in 2004 .\nmost of these winter records have been based on odd fish only, i. e. , not enough to suggest the presence of any great concentration of mackerel .\n[ 94 ] hunt (copeia, no. 117, pp. 53 - 59, april, 1923) describes the variations in these stripes among young mackerel .\nthe indian mackerel rastrelliger kanagurta (cuvier) forms an important fishery along east and west coasts of india appearing in line and trawler catches almost throughout the year. especially during the months february to may, it dominates the fish landings along these coasts. vast information is available on the biology of this fish including food and feeding habits (bhimachar and george 1952; rao and rao 1957; kuthalingam 1959; venkataraman 1961; luther 1973; sivadas and bhaskaran 2009), reproductive biology (pradhan 1956) and population biology jayasankar et al. 2004) .\nmackerel are proverbially unpredictable in their appearances and disappearances at any particular place, hence the common saying that\nmackerel are where and when you find them .\nthis is partly because the schools are constantly on the move, but partly because it is only while they are schooling at the surface or near it that they are seen .\nmany anglers, also, troll or bait - fish for mackerel all along the coast from cape cod to penobscot bay; as far as mount desert if mackerel are on the coast that far east. in good years it is not unusual for 3 or 4 anglers fishing from a party boat to bring in one or two hundred fish. and in summers when young tinkers are plentiful inshore many of them are caught from the wharves in various harbors. if one chooses to troll, an ordinary pickerel spinner, no. 3, serves well, especially if tipped with a small piece of pork rind or with mackerel skin; a small metal jig similarly adorned, or any small bright spoon. mackerel will also take a bright artificial fly, and bite greedily on a white piece of clam, a piece of mackerel belly, or on a sea worm (\nalong the continental edge off chesapeake bay in february 1931 were very emaciated. but mackerel taken in winter sometimes have food in their stomachs; some of them even are fat .\nthe metazoan parasite fauna of the indian mackerel rastrelliger kanagurta of visakhapatnam coast, bay of bengal comprised 15 species including three species of monogenea, seven species of digenea and five species of crustacea. digeneans were the dominant members in the parasite spectrum while infections with ectoparasitic monogeneans and crustaceans were rare. the digeneans opechona bacillaris and lecithocladium angustiovum which occurred with high prevalence and mean intensity are the typical parasites of the mackerel. the parasitic fauna in general is found to be a reflection of the planktonivorous diet of the host. except for two species of digeneans, lecithocladium angustiovum and aponurus laguncula, all the remaining species of metazoans showed narrow specificity to r. kanagurta, indicating a high degree of host specialization. the parasitological data may prove useful for differentiating stocks of r. kanagurta .\ntropical tuna of similar size to mackerel tuna that frequent oceanic habitats beyond continental shelves have been shown to primarily consume epipelagic fish, crustaceans, and cephalopods. for example, graham et al. (2007) found juvenile yellowfin tuna (< 50 cm fl) around the hawaiian islands to feed nearly exclusively in the upper mixed layer, consuming larval stomatopods, decapod crustaceans, and teleosts. in the western tropical indian ocean (potier et al. , 2004) and the western pacific ocean (bertrand et al. , 2002), yellowfin tuna mainly consumed epipelagic fish, crustaceans, and cephalopods .\nfisheries importance: commercial fishery: florida accounts for 40 - 50% of the national commercial harvest of king mackerel annually. the bulk of the commercial catch in east central florida is taken between cape canaveral and palm beach, florida. on the west coast of florida, the catch is centered from naples to key west (beaumariage 1973). the statewide commercial catch of king mackerel, scomberomorus cavalla, between the years 1987 - 2001 was 45. 2 million pounds, with a dollar value of over $ 57. 3 million. within the 5 county area encompassing the irl (volusia, brevard, indian river, st. lucie and martin counties) the commercial catch of scomberomorus cavalla accounts for approximately 44% of the statewide total, with a harvest of 19. 0 million pounds, and a value in excess of $ 25. 2 million. this ranks the king mackerel fifth in commercial value within the irl, and seventh in pounds harvested .\nwollam, m. b. 1970. description and distribution of larvae and early juveniles of king mackerel, scomberomorus cavalla (cuvier), and spanish mackerel, s. maculatus (mitchill); (pisces: scombridae); in the western north atlantic. fla. dept. nat. res. lab. tech. serv. 61. 35 pp .\nthe winter home of the american mackerel appears to correspond rather closely to that of the mackerel of british seas, some of which winter on the deep northern slope of the north sea, some in the deeper parts of the english channel, and many on the outer edge of the continental shelf southwest of ireland, mostly deeper than 60 fathoms. [ 38 ]\n[ 27 ] coles, copeia, no. 151, february 1926, pp. 105 - 106 records a three - quarter pound mackerel taken at cape lookout in february 1925 .\npartial dependence plots showing the predicted proportion of important prey taxa (in terms of biomass) in the diet of mackerel tuna with respect to predator size based on 1000 bootstrap samples .\nkurogane, k. 0 review of the mackerel resources of the western gulf of thailand. proc. ipfc 15 (3): 253 - 264. (ref. 1460 )\nan epipelagic, neriticspecies occurring in areas where surface water temperatures are at least 17° c. schooling is by size. the spawning season around india seems to extend from march through september. spawning is in several batches. juveniles feed on phytoplankton (i. e. diatoms) and small zooplankton such as cladocerans, ostracods, larval polychaetes, etc. with growth they gradually chance their dietary habits, a process that is reflected in the relative shortening of their intestine. hence, adult indian mackerel prey primarily on macroplankton such as larval shrimps and fish. longevity is believed to be at least 4 years .\nthe highest temperature in which mackerel are commonly seen is about 68° f. (20° c .). at the opposite extreme they are sometimes found in abundance in water of 46° - 47° (8° c .); and commercial catches are sometimes made in water as cold as 44° - 45° (7° c .), but odd mackerel only have been taken in temperatures lower than that [ 2 ] in american waters. large catches of mackerel are made, however, by trawlers in the north sea in winter in water as cold as 43° - 45° (6° - 7° c .). but as sette has emphasized, the european mackerel differs racially from the american, and may differ in its temperature relations as well .\npowell, d. 1975. age, growth and reproduction in florida stocks of spanish mackerel, scomberomus, maculatus. fla. mar. res. publ. 5. 21 pp .\ntable 5. by - county annual and cumulative percentages of the king mackerel harvest for the years 1997 - 2001. data provided by national marine fisheries service, fisheries statistics division, noaa .\njones s, silas eg (1962) mackerel from the andaman sea. in: proceedings of the symposium on scombroid fishes, vol 1. mar biol assoc india, india, pp 253–282\nthe mackerel falls easy prey to all the larger predaceous sea animals. whales, porpoises, mackerel sharks, threshers, dogfish, tuna, bonito, bluefish, and striped bass take heavy toll in particular. cod often eat small mackerel; squid destroy great numbers of young fish less than 4 or 5 inches long, and sea birds of various kinds follow and prey upon the schools when these are at the surface. a considerable list of parasitic worms, both round and trematode, are known to infest the digestive tract of mackerel. but they seem more immune to danger from sudden unfavorable changes in their environment than the herring are, for they are never known to be killed by cold, and they seldom strand, except when small ones are driven ashore by larger fish .\nyatsuia, a. , t. mitana, c. watnabe, h. nishida, a. kawabata and h. matuuda (2002): current stock status and management of chub mackerel ,\nbeaumariage, d. s. 1973. age, growth, and reproduction of king mackerel, scomberomorus cavalla, in florida: fla. mar. res. publ. 1. 45 pp .\ngodcharles, m. f. and m. d. murphy. 1986. species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (south florida) king mackerel and spanish mackerel. u. s. fish and wildlife service biological reports. 82 (11. 58). u. s army corps of engineers, tr el - 82 - 4. 18 pp .\ntable 4. summary data for the king mackerel, scomberomorus cavalla, recreational fishery in eastern florida waters from 1997 - 2004. data provided by national marine fisheries service, fisheries statistics division, noaa .\na few mackerel (mostly small) from the southern contingent remain all summer in the coastwise belt from long island to nantucket. apart from these, however, the whole body of american mackerel have deserted the southern grounds altogether by the early summer, to spend the later summer either in the region of our gulf, off nova scotia, or in the gulf of st. lawrence. [ 49 ]\nfigure 176. —average distribution of mackerel in the gulf of maine, july through september, based on relative frequencies of catches recorded for each 10 - mile rectangle, 1926 through 1935. after sette .\nthe mackerel is a delicious fish, but it does not keep so well as some other fishes that have less oil in their tissues. when mackerel are rather plentiful they are one of the four most valuable fishes of our gulf commercially, surpassed in dollar value only by the haddock, cod, and rosefish, as appears from the following table of landings in new england for the years 1943 - 1947 .\nthe feeding intensity of mackerel tuna varied considerably over time, and unexpectedly declined during the warmer months (october–april), a period when the standard metabolic rate for the species would be expected to increase with increasing water temperature (brill, 1987), and hence demand greater prey consumption. this variation in feeding intensity may be explained in part by the clear relationship with reproductive activity, because feeding intensity was lowest during the period of greatest reproductive activity. the same pattern has been observed for other scombrids, including spotted mackerel (scomberomorus munroi) and school mackerel (scomberomorus queenslandicus; begg and hopper, 1997), spanish mackerel (scomberomorus maculates; sturm, 1978), and longtail tuna (griffiths et al. , 2007a). it may therefore be a strategy to maximize energy investment towards gonad development for spawning .\nsalinity: all life history stages of king mackerel typically inhabit waters where salinity fluctuates between 32 - 36 parts per thousand (ppt). (godcharles and murphy 1986). dwinell and futch (1973) reported that king mackerel larvae in the gulf of mexico require surface salinities of 27 - 36 ppt for optimum survival and growth; while those in the south atlantic require a surface salinity of 30‰ 37 ppt .\nestimate for mackerel of the english channel, based on studies of scales and otoliths. they grow to about 12 to 13 inches by that autumn, or to 14 inches in years of especially rapid growth ,\nheat oil in a pan till shimmering. slide in the marinated mackerel and fry on a medium flame for about 4 minutes on each side till golden brown, taking care not to break the skin while flipping .\nakkasit jongjareonrak et al. antioxidant activity of fermented fish viscera (tai - pla) from short - bodied mackerel, faculty of agro - industry, prince of songkla university, hat yai, songkhla, 90112 thailand\n. it is easily distinguished from these by its unique lateral line, which curves sharply downward towards the abdomen at the second dorsal fin. king mackerels also grow significantly larger than either the cero or spanish mackerel .\nskow, l. c. and m. e. chittenden jr. 1981. difference in hemoglobin phenotypes among spanish mackerel, scomberomorus maculatus. northeast gulf sci. 5 (1): 67 - 70 .\ntable 6. summary of the king mackerel recreational harvest and percentage of total fish captured in each area from 1997 - 2004. data provided by national marine fisheries service, fisheries statistics division, noaa. vii. references\n[ 7 ] sette (fish. bull. u. s. fish and wildlife service, vol. 51, bull. 49, 1950, pp. 259, 262) reports some fat mackerel in winter .\nwater temperature and fish size may play an important role in influencing the prey consumption rate and daily ration of mackerel tuna. a decrease in water temperature can result in decreased gastric evacuation rate (temming et al. , 2002) and metabolic rate (korsmeyer and dewar, 2001) in scombrids. brill (1987) showed that the standard metabolic rate of mackerel tuna decreased with increasing body weight. moreover, dickson et al. (2000) determined that heat production and retention in red muscle tissue of black skipjack tuna (euthynnus lineatus) increased with size. therefore, mackerel tuna in our subtropical study region may have a lower gastric evacuation rate and standard metabolic rate than in tropical regions. this effect, coupled with a decline in metabolic rate with increasing size, suggests that larger mackerel tuna may be required to consume proportionally smaller daily meals to maintain their standard metabolic rate .\nwe have found no positive record of mackerel taken in late summer anywhere south of delaware bay, although they are plentiful off this part of the coast in spring. bell and nichols, it is true, speak of\nmackerel\nas found in tiger shark stomachs off north carolina (copeia, no. 92, 1921, pp. 18 - 19), but dr. nichols writes us that these were\njust scombrolds and probably not\nprey size frequency histogram showing the length of prey (in 5 - mm increments) consumed by mackerel tuna caught in eastern australia between january 2003 and may 2005. prey types consisting of four distinct prey size modes are shown .\nmost american students have looked on the vernal warming of the surface water to about 45° f. as the stimulus causing the mackerel to quit their winter quarters. european studies, however, have shown that the date of their reappearance in spring is not closely associated with any particular temperature. and if the mackerel winter on bottom along the edge of the continent, vernal changes in the temperature of the surface water nearer to land would be wholly outside their ken .\ninches at the end of that month. similarly, captain atwood found fry of 2 inches and shorter in july in the massachusetts bay region, i. e. , about a month after the local mackerel schools had spawned out .\nmajor genetic breaks between the indian and pacific oceans have been reported for marine fishes and invertebrates. the genetic structure and history of the indian scad mackerel, decapterus russelli, in the indo - malay archipelago were investigated using the cytochrome b gene sequence as mitochondrial marker and two length - polymorphic introns as nuclear markers. the existence of two major mitochondrial lineages separated by 2. 2% average nucleotide divergence, and their heterogeneous geographical distributions, were confirmed. this indicated past geographic isolation, possibly caused by a pleistocene drop in sea level. the presence, in sympatry, of the two mitochondrial lineages was thought to result from secondary contact. a recent population bottleneck and subsequent rapid population expansion were indicated by low genetic diversities and strongly negative tajima' s d - values. this evidence supports the hypothesis that the habitat available to d. russelli in the pleistocene was restricted. taking into account both mitochondrial and nuclear - dna data, three geographically distinct populations were identified: one sampled in the makassar strait and sulawesi sea, one in the arafura sea and the third from the entire western region of the indo - malay archipelago. considering the high hydrological connectivity of this region of the indo - pacific and the species pelagic life - history, the population structure may be maintained by homing behaviour and, perhaps, the association of spawning with retention zones .\nthe nova scotian side of the bay of fundy has been a profitable mackerel ground, occasionally, but only for short periods and at long intervals. thus good catches were made there for some years previous to 1876, but this fishery was abandoned a few years later for want of mackerel. there were enough fish there again in the early 1900' s to yield about 7 million pounds in the 6 - year period 1901 to 1906. [ 58 ] but we have not heard of any large catches made anywhere in the bay of fundy since that time, so events of the sort must be out of the ordinary. and very few mackerel are ever reported along the new brunswick side of the bay .\ndevries, d. a. and c. b grimes. 1997. spatial and temporal variation in age and growth of king mackerel from the southeastern u. s. and mexico. fish. bull. 95: 694 - 708 .\nfork length range, mean (±1 s. d .) body weight, daily consumption, and daily ration for small (< 402 mm), medium (402–580 mm), and large (> 580 mm) mackerel tuna .\nboonraksa, v. 0 growth, mortality and maximum sustainable yield of the indo - pacific mackerel (rastrelliger brachysoma) off the southwest coast of thailand. fao fish. rep. 389: 356 - 371. (ref. 1388 )\np. orientalis has been recorded from r. kanagurta from aden (indian ocean) by parukhin (1976). records from the related hosts include those from sulawes (n - w pacific ocean) by yamaguti (1953) and north - west australia by korotaeva (1974) and bay of bengal by zhukov (1960). taking into consideration the preference to scombrid hosts and also the morphological features, bray and gibson considered lepocreadium puriensis gupta and gupta, 1987 from r. brachysoma from puri coast, bay of bengal as a synonym of p. orientalis .\nassociated species: larvae and juveniles of king mackerel are consumed as prey by species such as the little tunny (euthynnus alletteratus) and dolphin (c oryphaena hippurus). larger king mackerel are sought after by the little tunny, bottlenosed dolphins (tursiops trucatus) (cato and prochaska 1976), and various shark species, including the tiger shark (galeoverdo cuverie), bull shark (carcharhinus leucas), and dusky shark, (c. obscurus). (bigelow and schroeder 1948) .\nnauen, j. c. and g. v. lauder. 2001. locomotion in scombrid fishes: visualization of flow around the caudal peduncle and finlets of the chub mackerel scomber japonicus. journal of experimental biology. 204: 2251 - 2263 .\n[ 16 ] see ehrenbaum (rapp. et proces verb. , conseil perm. internat. explor. mer. vol. 30, 1923, pp. 21, 25) for a discussion of the early growth rate of the european mackerel .\nfor small and large tuna, respectively. conversely, daily ration decreased with increasing tuna size from 4. 10 to 1. 95% body weight per day for medium and large tuna, respectively. mackerel tuna consumed an estimated 25 036 t year\nklima, e. f. 1959. aspects of the biology and fishery for spanish mackerel, scomberomorus maculatus (mitchell), of southern florida. fla. board conserv. mar. res. lab. tech. ser. 27. 39 pp .\nmackerel tuna (or kawakawa; euthynnus affinis) are medium - sized schooling pelagic fish distributed throughout the indo - west pacific between latitudes 35°n and 25°s, longitudes 40°e and 137°w, in water temperatures of 18–29°c (froese and pauly, 2007). they are one of four species representing the genus euthynnus, and grow to a maximum weight of 14 kg and a total length of 100 cm fork length (fl; froese and pauly, 2007), though they are more commonly caught at less than half this size in most parts of their distribution. the species supports significant commercial and artisanal fisheries in many countries bordering the central, southwestern, and western pacific ocean and the eastern and western indian ocean. since 1980, 32 countries have been reported to have taken a combined catch of > 150 000 t year −1 (fao, 2003) .\nsun, c. h. , f. s. chiang and e. t. soac (2006): the effects of el niño on the mackerel purse - seine fishery harvests in taiwan: an analysis integrating the barometric readings and sea surface temperature .\nif the view now held is correct as to their migratory routes, some of the mackerel that summer in our gulf may come from as far as the offing of north carolina; others from as nearby as the offing of new york or of southern new england. the vernal journey of the gulf of st. lawrence mackerel may be anywhere between, say 300 to 350 miles, and 700 miles, depending on whether they have wintered off outer nova scotia or as far west as the western slope of georges bank .\nmackerel also spawn to some extent thence northward, as far as casco bay, but we believe very few do so farther east than that along the coast of maine. neither is it likely that mackerel breed successfully in the northern side of the bay of fundy for neither eggs nor larvae have been taken there though some production may take place on the nova scotian side for huntsman reports eggs at the mouth of the annapolis river. and while a moderate amount of spawning takes place along the outer coast of nova scotia ,\nin a bowl, combine the lemon juice, lemongrass, garlic, ginger, jalapeno, onion, cilantro and coconut milk. mix well and season with salt and pepper. this mix can be made ahead of time and brought in a resealable plastic bag. season the mackerel with salt and pepper. place the mackerel into the marinade and marinate for 15 minutes. remove the fish from the marinade and place on the grill, skin side up. grill for 4 minutes per side, basting often with the marinade .\nsea miles per hour (19 ft. a second), or nearly twice as fast. we find no definite observations on the normal speed of the larger fish, and no one knows how rapidly a mackerel may swim for a short distance, if it is disturbed. mackerel seen during the warmer months of the year are always swimming, but this rule may not apply in winter, when the water holds more dissolved oxygen because it is colder, and when it is probable that their demand upon it is lower .\nnamely, copepod larvae and eggs, the smaller adult copepods, various other minute pelagic crustacea, and small fish larvae. but the young fish depend more and more upon larger prey as they grow. our gulf of maine mackerel have repeatedly been seen packed full of\n[ 47 ] this conclusion, seemingly conclusive, is based on analysis of the size (i. e. age) composition of the mackerel population at various times and places, with some evidence from tagging experiments. the data are too extensive for discussion here .\ncontribution of prey (in terms of% ww) to the diet of small (< 402 mm), medium (402–580 mm), and large (> 580 mm) mackerel tuna caught over four seasons in eastern australia between january 2003 and may 2005 .\ncontribution of prey (in terms of% fo) to the diet of small (< 402 mm), medium (402–580 mm), and large (> 580 mm) mackerel tuna caught over four seasons in eastern australia between january 2003 and may 2005 .\nlive lining of herring, pogies or mackerel can be a very productive means of taking large bass. a fairly stiff boat rod with a conventional reel is the preferred rig. bait fish are hooked through the back or snout using either a single or treble hook .\n[ 61 ] see sette (fish. bull. u. s. fish and wildlife service, vol. 51, bull. 49, 1950, p. 302) for a further discussion of the influence of feeding conditions on the movements of the american mackerel .\n[ 63 ] in 1922, for example (gloucester times of april 26, 1923), mackerel netters fishing near cape ann did well right through november, with a catch of about 1, 200, 000 pounds (6, 000 barrels) for the month .\nwas only about one - quarter as great as it had been in 1917. although 1920 saw some slight recovery, 1921 (with a local catch of only about 1 million pounds) proved the worst mackerel season for our gulf since 1910. the stock then built up enough (following the familiar seesaw pattern) for the gulf to yield about 25 million pounds of mackerel in 1925. since that time down to 1946, the gulf of maine catch has ranged between a low of about 20 million pounds (1937) and a high of about 59 million (1932). thus the catch of mackerel in our gulf may be 50 to 100 times as great in a good year as in a poor. the average gulf of maine catch for the period 1933 - 1946 was about 37 million pounds, yearly .\nberrien p. and d. finan. 197a7. biological and fisheries data on king mackerel, scomberomorus cavalla (cuvier). u. s. national marine fisheries service, sandy hook laboratory, highlands, nj. tech. ser. rep. 8. 40 pp .\nberrien p. and d. finan. 1977b. biological and fisheries data on spanish mackerel, scomberomorus maculatus (mitchill). u. s. national marine fisheries service, sandy hook laboratory, highlands, nj. tech. ser. rep. 9. 40 pp .\nthe view has grown that when this happens the mackerel have deserted the gulf for the time being. but it was common knowledge in the days before the introduction of the purse seine, when it was the regular practice to lure the fish to the surface by throwing out ground bait, that large mackerel summer as regularly in the gulf as small, and that good hook - and - line catches of large fish could be made in one or another part of the gulf through the season from june to october, even when none showed at the surface .\nwilliams, r. o. and r. g. taylor. 1980. the effect of water temperature and winter air temperature on springtime migrations of king mackerel in the vicinity of tampa bay, florida. fla. sci. 43 (suppl): 26. (abstr)." ]

{ "text": [ "the indian mackerel ( rastrelliger kanagurta ) is a species of mackerel in the scombrid family ( family scombridae ) of order perciformes .", "it is commonly found in the indian and west pacific oceans , and their surrounding seas .", "it is an important food fish and is commonly used in south and south-east asian cuisine .", "it is known by various names , such as ' kembung ' in indonesia , bangda ( बांगडा ) in marathi , aiyla ( അയല , ഐല ) in malayalam , aiyla meen ( அயிலா மீன் ) in tamil ( ( கானாங்கெளுத்தி ) kanangeluthi elithi and ' bangude ' ( ಬಂಗುಡೆ ) in tulu , konkani and kannada . " ], "topic": [ 2, 18, 15, 25 ] }

[ "the indian mackerel (rastrelliger kanagurta) is a species of mackerel in the scombrid family (family scombridae) of order perciformes. it is commonly found in the indian and west pacific oceans, and their surrounding seas. it is an important food fish and is commonly used in south and south-east asian cuisine. it is known by various names, such as' kembung' in indonesia, bangda (बांगडा) in marathi, aiyla (അയല, ഐല) in malayalam, aiyla meen (அயிலா மீன்) in tamil (( கானாங்கெளுத்தி) kanangeluthi elithi and' bangude' (ಬಂಗುಡೆ) in tulu, konkani and kannada." ]

[ "this is the place for bacillum definition. you find here bacillum meaning, synonyms of bacillum and images for bacillum copyright 2017 © urltoken\nthis is the place for iulota definition. you find here iulota meaning, synonyms of iulota and images for iulota copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhave a fact about iulota bacillum? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for iulota bacillum? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word bacillum. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word bacillum and, of course, bacillum synonyms and on the right images related to the word bacillum .\naristotelia bacillum turner, 1927; pap. proc. r. soc. tasm. 1926: 137\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word iulota. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word iulota and, of course, iulota synonyms and on the right images related to the word iulota .\niulota meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 257 [ key ], 283; ts: iulota ithyxyla meyrick\niulota ochropolia turner, 1939; pap. proc. r. soc. tasmania 1938: 82; tl: tasmania, strahan\niulota ischnora turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 112; tl: queensland, brisbane\niulota phauloptila turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 112; tl: new south wales, mt kosciusko, 5000ft\niulota triglossa meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 284; tl: deloraine, tasmania\niulota ithyxyla meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 283; tl: albany, west australia\niulota epispila; meyrick, 1904, proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 284; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]\naristotelia (?) epispila lower, 1897; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 21: 58; tl: parkside, s. australia\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nturner, 1939 a second revision of the lepidoptera of tasmania pap. proc. r. soc. tasmania 1938: 57 - 115\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nturner, a. j. 1927 ,\nnew and little known tasmanian lepidoptera. part ii\n, papers and proceedings of the royal society of tasmania, vol. 1926, pp. 119 - 164\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 7f6a23da - fed1 - 4184 - b5a4 - 9943934f8926\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: e41fb002 - c671 - 4cf2 - a374 - cf0bd0ebd65a\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 54fa3cf5 - a3ed - 4726 - ba9d - 9fc18eee801b\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 301358\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors (here). text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 license; additional terms may apply. images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\n-\nwalking cane\n,\nrod\n,\nclub\n, or\nmace\n. the word is\nurltoken | linked at least 43 domains | ip: 77. 55. 249. 18\nurltoken is a website with. pl extension, registered unknown ago, using web hosting in poland with 77. 55. 249. 18 ip address, the response time from the server is 349 ms. the website ranking 146, 488 (world rank) and local ranking 2, 760 (poland) .\ndomain: urltoken / ip server: 77. 55. 249. 18 / poland\ndomain: urltoken / ip server: 216. 58. 194. 206 / united states\ndomain: urltoken / ip server: 52. 72. 26. 162 / united states\noriflame katalog nr 9 ważny od 13. 06 do 03. 07. 2017 - issuu\ndomain: urltoken / ip server: 52. 1. 22. 171 / united states\ndomain: urltoken / ip server: 54. 86. 136. 139 / united states\ndomain: urltoken / ip server: 104. 27. 147. 27 / united states\ndomain: urltoken / ip server: 77. 55. 249. 18 / poland\ndomain: urltoken / ip server: 54. 174. 118. 33 / united states\ndomain: urltoken / ip server: 163. 172. 32. 173 / united kingdom\n© 2016 infolinks. top. all rights reserved. email: [ email protected ]" ]

{ "text": [ "iulota bacillum is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by turner in 1927 .", "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from tasmania .", "the wingspan is 14-16 mm .", "the forewings are whitish more or less tinged with pink and irrorated with fuscous and sometimes with a broad whitish costal streak throughout , and a fuscous median streak , well-defined on the costal edge , suffused towards the dorsum .", "in other examples the costal streak may be more or less obliterated by fuscous irroration , and the median streak scarcely developed .", "the stigmata are fuscous , not always distinct , the first at one-fourth above the middle , the second on the fold beyond the first and the third in the middle of the disc towards the costa .", "there is sometimes a fourth beneath and slightly beyond the first .", "the hindwings are pale-grey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "iulota bacillum is a moth of the gelechiidae family. it was described by turner in 1927. it is found in australia, where it has been recorded from tasmania. the wingspan is 14-16 mm. the forewings are whitish more or less tinged with pink and irrorated with fuscous and sometimes with a broad whitish costal streak throughout, and a fuscous median streak, well-defined on the costal edge, suffused towards the dorsum. in other examples the costal streak may be more or less obliterated by fuscous irroration, and the median streak scarcely developed. the stigmata are fuscous, not always distinct, the first at one-fourth above the middle, the second on the fold beyond the first and the third in the middle of the disc towards the costa. there is sometimes a fourth beneath and slightly beyond the first. the hindwings are pale-grey." ]

[ "forma argobuccinum pustulosum f. proditor (frauenfeld, 1865) accepted as argobuccinum proditor (frauenfeld, 1865 )\nworms - world register of marine species - argobuccinum pustulosum f. proditor (frauenfeld, 1865 )\n( of buccinum pustulosum lightfoot, 1786) beu, a. (2010). catalogue of tonnoidea. pers. comm. [ details ]\n( of tritonium argobuccinum röding, 1798) beu, a. (2010). catalogue of tonnoidea. pers. comm. [ details ]\n( of argobuccinum ranelliforme (king, 1832) ) beu, a. (2010). catalogue of tonnoidea. pers. comm. [ details ]\n( of argobuccinum tumidum (dunker, 1862) ) beu, a. (2010). catalogue of tonnoidea. pers. comm. [ details ]\nspecies argobuccinum murrayi e. a. smith, 1891 accepted as fusitriton murrayi (e. a. smith, 1891) accepted as fusitriton magellanicus (röding, 1798 )\n» species argobuccinum (fusitriton) murrayi e. a. smith, 1891 accepted as fusitriton murrayi (e. a. smith, 1891) accepted as fusitriton magellanicus (röding, 1798 )\n( of argobuccinum tumidum (dunker, 1862) ) beu, a. (2010). marine mollusca of isotope stages of the last 2 million years in new zealand. part 3. gastropoda (vetigastropoda - littorinimorpha). journal of the royal society of new zealand. 40 (3 - 4): 59 - 180. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ranella ampullacea valenciennes, 1858) valenciennes a. (1858) note sur une suite intéressante de coquilles rapportées des mers du japon, et de la manche de tartarie, par m. le dr barthe. compte rendu des séances de l' académie des sciences [ paris ] 46: 759 - 762. [ after 19 april 1858 ], available online at urltoken page (s): 761 [ details ]\nbranch, g. m. et al. (2002). two oceans. 5th impression. david philip, cate town & johannesburg. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nsteyn, d. g. & lussi, m. (1998) marine shells of south africa. an illustrated collector’s guide to beached shells. ekogilde publishers, hartebeespoort, south africa, ii + 264 pp. page (s): 76 [ details ]\nbeu, a. (2010). marine mollusca of isotope stages of the last 2 million years in new zealand. part 3. gastropoda (vetigastropoda - littorinimorpha). journal of the royal society of new zealand. 40 (3 - 4): 59 - 180. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of bursa (apollon) proditor frauenfeld, 1865) beu, a. (2010). catalogue of tonnoidea. pers. comm. [ details ]\n( of bursa (apollon) proditor frauenfeld, 1865) beu, a. (2010). marine mollusca of isotope stages of the last 2 million years in new zealand. part 3. gastropoda (vetigastropoda - littorinimorpha). journal of the royal society of new zealand. 40 (3 - 4): 59 - 180. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of bursa tumida dunker, 1862) beu, a. (2010). catalogue of tonnoidea. pers. comm. [ details ]\n( of cassidea tuberculata fischer von waldheim, 1807) beu, a. (2010). catalogue of tonnoidea. pers. comm. [ details ]\n( of murex argus gmelin, 1791) beu, a. (2010). catalogue of tonnoidea. pers. comm. [ details ]\n( of ranella ampullacea valenciennes, 1858) beu, a. (2010). marine mollusca of isotope stages of the last 2 million years in new zealand. part 3. gastropoda (vetigastropoda - littorinimorpha). journal of the royal society of new zealand. 40 (3 - 4): 59 - 180. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ranella kingii d' orbigny, 1841) beu, a. (2010). catalogue of tonnoidea. pers. comm. [ details ]\n( of ranella kingii d' orbigny, 1841) beu, a. (2010). marine mollusca of isotope stages of the last 2 million years in new zealand. part 3. gastropoda (vetigastropoda - littorinimorpha). journal of the royal society of new zealand. 40 (3 - 4): 59 - 180. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ranella polyzonalis lamarck, 1816) beu, a. (2010). catalogue of tonnoidea. pers. comm. [ details ]\n( of ranella vexillum g. b. sowerby ii, 1835) beu, a. (2010). catalogue of tonnoidea. pers. comm. [ details ]\n( of ranella vexillum g. b. sowerby ii, 1835) beu, a. (2010). marine mollusca of isotope stages of the last 2 million years in new zealand. part 3. gastropoda (vetigastropoda - littorinimorpha). journal of the royal society of new zealand. 40 (3 - 4): 59 - 180. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of triton ranelliforme king, 1832) beu, a. (2010). catalogue of tonnoidea. pers. comm. [ details ]\n( of triton ranelliforme king, 1832) beu, a. (2010). marine mollusca of isotope stages of the last 2 million years in new zealand. part 3. gastropoda (vetigastropoda - littorinimorpha). journal of the royal society of new zealand. 40 (3 - 4): 59 - 180. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nbeu, a. (2010). catalogue of tonnoidea. pers. comm. [ details ]\n( of gondwanula finlay, 1926) finlay h. j. (1926). a further commentary on new zealand molluscan systematics. transactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute. 57: 320 - 485, pls 18 - 23. , available online at urltoken page (s): 399 [ details ]\nvaught, k. c. ; tucker abbott, r. ; boss, k. j. (1989). a classification of the living mollusca. american malacologists: melbourne. isbn 0 - 915826 - 22 - 4. xii, 195 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of mediargo terry, 1968) beu, a. (2010). catalogue of tonnoidea. pers. comm. [ details ]\nspencer, h. g. , marshall, b. a. & willan, r. c. (2009). checklist of new zealand living mollusca. pp 196 - 219. in: gordon, d. p. (ed .) new zealand inventory of biodiversity. volume one. kingdom animalia: radiata, lophotrochozoa, deuterostomia. canterbury university press, christchurch. [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nfigures a - b: 66 mm, freycinet peninsula, tas (e), coll. s. grove. figures c - d: 26 mm, south bruny island, tas (s), coll. s. grove. figures e - f: 10 mm, maria island, tas (e), coll. s. grove .\ntypical shell - length 80 mm. periostracum often persists. lives subtidally and offshore amongst rocks and seaweed, especially in exposed environments. native. occurs in southeastern australia (nsw, tas, vic and sa); also new zealand, south africa and southern south america. in tasmanian waters, this is a widespread species, but commoner as a beached shell in the s .\nthe web - pages on this web - site are generated from an underlying database. these can be cited as\nrespectively. whilst great care is taken to accurately identify specimens featured on this web - site and to allocate all records to the most appropriate taxonomic names available, no guarantee is offered that all identifications are accurate, nor that the taxa to which they have been allocated are currently valid. commentaries on habitat, distribution and biology are also subject to change as new information comes to light. if you have any enquiries, or any comments that will help improve the content or appearance of these pages, then please follow the links from' contact' on the left - hand panel .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\n( solander, d. c. in [ lightfoot, j. ], 1786 )\nmurex argus gmelin, j. f. , 1791: namibia - se rep. south africa\nranella polyzonalis lamarck, j. b. p. a. de, 1816\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 0db7eded - 7c51 - 44e6 - a73c - cdf4085e8b72\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 4f1c9d0f - 2b99 - 4a3d - b88e - 55836e637e00\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 540016\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\ndunker, w. b. r. h. 1862 ,\nspecies nonnullae bursarum vel ranellarum collectionis cumingianae\n, proceedings of the zoological society of london, vol. 30, pp. 238 - 240\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 8683745e - aac8 - 4f32 - bc56 - 81e98794d2d0\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 20c0d706 - a60f - 4326 - 9fbc - c07aa86cf84e\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 537372\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nmerci de saisir vos informations de connexions. vous pouvez demander la création d' un compte directement en cliquant ici\nmot de passe oublié? saisissez votre adresse email ci - dessous. si vous ne retrouvez pas l' adresse email correspondant à votre compte merci de nous contacter directement\nthis shell has been added to your booking list. show my booking list continue browsing shell\nyou have to be logged to be able to book and buy shells. click here to log in or create an account .\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation. by continuing to browse, you accept the use of cookies; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further. more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito. continuando a navigare accetti l' utilizzo dei cookies, se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente. altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "argobuccinum pustulosum , common name the pustular triton , is a species of predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ranellidae , the triton snails , triton shells or tritons . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "argobuccinum pustulosum, common name the pustular triton, is a species of predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ranellidae, the triton snails, triton shells or tritons." ]

[ "gelechia luteogeminatus clarke, 1935; can. ent. 67: 251; tl: wawawai, whithman co. , washington\nchionodes luteogeminatus; [ nacl ], # 2091; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 100, 331, pl. 4, f. 11 - 12; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes borzella bidzilya, 2000; beitr. ent. 50 (2): 391\nchionodes soella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 21\nchionodes aprilella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 24\nchionodes flavipalpella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 33\nchionodes flavipalpella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes caucasiella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 34\nchionodes caucasiella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes frigidella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 50\nchionodes frigidella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes tantella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 64\nchionodes tantella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes attonita; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes ermolaevi bidzilya, 2012; shilap revta lepid. 40 (160): 422; tl: sakhalin\nchionodes grandis clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 253; tl: silverton, colorado\nchionodes tundra bidzilya, 2012; shilap revta lepid. 40 (160): 421; tl: jamalo - nenetskiy ar\nchionodes pereyra clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 253; tl: vero beach, florida\nchionodes stefaniae; landry & roque - albelo, 2010, revue suisse zool. 117 (4): 699 (list )\nchionodes salicella sattler, 1967; can. ent. 99: 82; tl: skeena crossing, cassiar dist. , british colombia\nchionodes acerella sattler, 1967; can. ent. 99: 78; tl: izman creek, kamloops distr. , british columbia\nchionodes tessa clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 246; tl: petaluma, sonoma co. , california\nchionodes canofusella clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 248; tl: encantada, brooks co. , texas\nchionodes bicolor clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 250; tl: petaluma, sonoma co. , california\nchionodes meridiochilensis king & montesinos, 2012; acta zool. cracov. 55 (1): 47; tl: chile, region de biobio\nchionodes stefaniae schmitz & landry, 2007; rev. suisse zool. 114: 177; tl: galapagos, isabela, volcan darwin, 630m\nchionodes iridescens clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 244; tl: american lake, pierce co. , washington\nchionodes pleroma; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331\nchionodes scotodes; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331\nchionodes whitmanella clarke, 1942; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 92 (3149): 271; tl: pullmann, washington\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland. fascicle 7. 6. gelechioidea, gelechiidae (part), gelechiinae (part - chionodes )\nthe lepidoptera of white sands national monument, otero county, new mexico, usa 10. a remarkable new white species of chionodes hübner (gelechiidae )\nchionodes sabinianae powell, 1959; ent. news 70 (5): 127; tl: russelman park, mt diablo, contra costa co. , california\nchionodes soella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 139, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes aprilella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 141, 31; [ fe ]\n= chionodes psilopterus; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 201; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes cusor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 204, 333, pl. 4, f. 75; tl: alamosa, colorado\nchionodes offectus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 219, 333, pl. 3, f. 57; tl: boulder, colorado\nchionodes fimus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 204, 333, pl. 4, f. 76; tl: schrader lake, alaska\nchionodes tragicella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 139, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes luctuella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 140, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes molitor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 210, 333, pl. 3, f. 36; tl: putnam co. , illinois\nchionodes boreas hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 211, 333, pl. 3, f. 43 - 44; tl: nordegg, alberta\nchionodes holosericella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 143, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes histon hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 221, 333, pl. 3, f. 61; tl: penticon creek, british columbia\nchionodes perpetuella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 146, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes apolectella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 147, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes hayreddini; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 149, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes hinnella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 149, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes bastuliella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 150, 32; [ fe ]\nchionodes nebulosella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 152, 32; [ fe ]\nchionodes sagayica; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 63; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes nitor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 84, 331, pl. 1, f. 59; tl: berkeley, alameda co, california\nchionodes oecus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 89, 331, pl. 1, f. 63 - 64; tl: palm springs, california\nchionodes lacticoma; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes icriodes; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes litigiosa; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes pentadora; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes dryobathra; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 106 (note), 332; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes argosema; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 165 (note), 332; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes consona; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 165 (note), 332; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes eburata; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 165 (note), 332; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes salva; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 172 (note), 332; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes sepultor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 220, 333, pl. 3, f. 60; tl: 6 mi nw newcastle, wyoming\nchionodes percultor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 58, 331, pl. 4, f. 1; tl: washington mtns, near nogales, arizona\nchionodes plutor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 91, 331, pl. 1, f. 69; tl: sanderson, terrell co. , texas\nchionodes nepos hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 92, 331, pl. 1, f. 71; tl: indio, riverside co. , california\nchionodes thyotes hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 96, 331, pl. 2, f. 1; tl: southmost, cameron co. , texas\nchionodes soter hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 128, 332, pl. 2, f. 39 - 41; tl: putnam co. , illinois\nchionodes ceryx hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 172, 332, pl. 3, f. 13 - 14; tl: n key largo, florida\nchionodes rabula hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 59, 331, pl. 1, f. 16; tl: parker island, highlands co. , florida\nchionodes cacula hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 61, 331, pl. 5, f. 1; tl: archbold biologial station, lake placid, florida\nchionodes emptor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 62, 331, pl. 1, f. 17; tl: archbold biologial station, lake placid, florida\nchionodes drapeta hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 63, 331, pl. 1, f. 18; tl: key largo, monroe co. , florida\nchionodes paean hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 93, 331, pl. 1, f. 72; tl: jacumba, san diego co. , california\nchionodes cibus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 98, 331, pl. 2, f. 6; tl: laguna atascosa, cameron co. , texas\nchionodes occlusus; [ nacl ], # 2101; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes suasor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 57, 331, pl. 1, f. 14; tl: huntsville state park, walker co. , texas\nchionodes esor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 62, 331, pl. 1, f. 19; tl: big pine key, monroe co. , florida\nchionodes tarmes hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 66, 331, pl. 4, f. 5; tl: t2n r14w s31, allegan co. , michigan\nchionodes macor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 88, 331, pl. 1, f. 62; tl: saratoga springs, san bernardino co. , california\nchionodes irreptor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 143, 332, pl. 2, f. 53; tl: garner state park, uvalde co. , texas\nchionodes restio hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 148, 332, pl. 2, f. 58 - 59; tl: sonoma, sonoma co. , california\nchionodes ludio hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 152, 332, pl. 2, f. 64; tl: new lisbon, burlington co. , new jersey\nchionodes obelus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 186, 332, pl. 3, f. 16; tl: hayfork ranger station, trinity co. , california\nchionodes kubai hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 188, 332, pl. 4, f. 43; tl: pne hill, el dorado co. , california\nchionodes rectifex hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 199, 333, pl. 3, f. 23 - 24; tl: pensacola, escambia co. , florida\nchionodes aleo hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 202, 333, pl. 4, f. 71; tl: cedar pass campground, modoc co. , california\nchionodes rupex hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 203, 333, pl. 4, f. 74; tl: green river lake, wind river range, wyoming\nchionodes fictor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 219, 333, pl. 3, f. 58; tl: atigun pass & below, brooks range, alaska\nchionodes praecia hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 222, 333, pl. 3, f. 63 - 64; tl: vineyard, utah co. , utah\nchionodes pulvis hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 69, 331, pl. 1, f. 30; tl: san bruno mtns, san mateo co. , california\nchionodes bios hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 191, 332, pl. 4, f. 47; tl: 4 mi n prescott, yavapai co. , arizona\nchionodes tannuolella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 32; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes lictor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 222, 333, pl. 3, f. 62; tl: mt. shasta city, shasta co. , california\nchionodes procus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 92, 331, pl. 1, f. 70; tl: gran quivira national monument, socorro co. , new mexico\nchionodes lector hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 121, 332, pl. 2, f. 25 - 26; tl: woodwardia canyon e, riverside co. , california\nchionodes sevir hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 137, 332, pl. 4, f. 24; tl: highlands, 3865', macon co. , north carolina\nchionodes baro hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 144, 332, pl. 2, f. 54; tl: highlands, 3865', macon co. , north carolina\nchionodes popa hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 167, 332, pl. 3, f. 6 - 7; tl: mint canyon, los angeles co. , california\nchionodes donatella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 169, 332, pl. 3, f. 9; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes petro hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 169, 332, pl. 3, f. 10; tl: 2 mi ne lakeside, san diego co. , california\nchionodes dolo hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 198, 333, pl. 3, f. 22; tl: dempster highway, km 155, 1050m, yukon, canada\nchionodes praeco hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 209, 333, pl. 3, f. 34 - 35; tl: ocqueoc lake, presque isle co. , michigan\nchionodes manabiensis schmitz & landry, 2007; rev. suisse zool. 114: 180; tl: ecuador, manabi, parque nacional machalilla, los frailes, s 01°29. 340', w 80°46. 868 40m\nchionodes hapsus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 55, 331, pl. 1, f. 12; tl: devil' s den state park, washington co. , arkansas\nchionodes volo hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 75, 331, pl. 1, f. 38; tl: fort davis, 5000', jeff davis co. , texas\nchionodes landryi hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 95, 331, pl. 1, f. 76; tl: lost river valley, 10 km s onefour, alberta, cadana\nchionodes factor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 196, 333, pl. 4, f. 60; tl: big bear lake, 6800, san bernardino co. , california\nchionodes trico hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 211, 333, pl. 3, f. 45 - 46; tl: hardy work center, lawrence co. , south dakoa\nchionodes impes hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 227, 333, pl. 3, f. 70, pl. 5, f. 4; tl: kamiak butte, washington\nchionodes sannio hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 70, 331, pl. 1, f. 31; tl: 2. 5 mi west fort simcoe, yakima co. , washington\nchionodes stator hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 71, 331, pl. 1, f. 32; tl: 2. 5 mi west fort simcoe, yakima co. , washington\nchionodes meddix hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 73, 331, pl. 1, f. 35; tl: clear creek camp, se camp verde, yavapai co. , arizona\nchionodes pavor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 80, 331, pl. 1, f. 49; tl: camp baldy, san bernardino mtns, san bernardino co. , california\nchionodes pacator hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 82, 331, pl. 1, f. 53; tl: mt lowe, san gabriel mtns, los angeles co. , california\nchionodes regens hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 85, 331, pl. 1, f. 61; tl: hackberry lake, valenine national wildlife refuge, cherry co. , nebraska\nchionodes morus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 103, 331, pl. 4, f. 22; tl: ciervo hills, 18 mi sw medota, fresno co. , califoria\nchionodes cautor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 142, 332, pl. 2, f. 52; tl: green gulch, big bend national park, brewster co. , texas\nchionodes mikkolai hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 208, 333, pl. 3, f. 33; tl: carmacks, 62°05' n, 136°20' w, yukon, canada\nchionodes franclemonti hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 65, 331, pl. 4, f. 2 - 4; tl: wrangle brook road, lakehurst, ocean co. , new jersey\nchionodes sanator hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 85, 331, pl. 1, f. 60; tl: sw res sta, 5400, chiricahua mts, cochise co. , arizona\nchionodes repertor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 89, 331, pl. 1, f. 65; tl: 7 mi e jacob lake, coconino co. , 6800', arizona\nchionodes adamas hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 150, 332, pl. 2, f. 61 - 63; tl: devil' s den state park, washington co. , arkansas\nchionodes elainae hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 192, 332, pl. 4, f. 50; tl: onion saddle, 7600', chiricahua mtns, cochise co. , arizona\nchionodes hospes hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 196, 333, pl. 4, f. 61 - 62; tl: 9 mi sw atascadero, san luis obispo co. , california\nchionodes sponsus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 207, 333, pl. 4, f. 81; tl: sierra diable wildlife management area, 6400', culberson co. , texas\nchionodes theurgis hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 213, 333, pl. 3, f. 47; tl: 4 mi sw buean vista, 8700', chaffee co. , colorado\nchionodes imber hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 71, 331, pl. 1, f. 33 - 34; tl: hackberry lake, valentine nationa wildlife reserve, cherry co. , nebraska\nchionodes naevus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 77, 331, pl. 1, f. 41; tl: cave creek canyon, 5400', chiricahua mtns, cochise co. , arizona\nchionodes davisi hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 78, 331, pl. 1, f. 42; tl: southwest research station, 5400', chiricahua mtns, cochise co. , arizona\nchionodes delitor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 83, 331, pl. 1, f. 58; tl: k bar ranch, chisos mtns, 3400', brewster co. , texas\nchionodes bardus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 99, 331, pl. 4, f. 10; tl: santa barbara island, channel island national park, santa barbara co. , california\nchionodes metoecus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 125, 332, pl. 2, f. 32 - 34; tl: snake creek, 3 mi nw midway, wasatch co. , utah\nchionodes optio hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 154, 332, pl. 4, f. 32; tl: mt locke, davis mtns, 6700', jeff davis co. , texas\nchionodes agriodes; [ nacl ], # 2059; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 202, 333; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes bustosorum metzler, 2016; zootaxa 4109 (3): 373; tl: new mexico, otero co. , white sands nat. mon. , 106°1. 38' w; 32°46. 60' n 4, 000'\nchionodes powelli hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 52, 331, pl. 1, f. 2; tl: snake lake, 4 mi nw quincy, 4000', plumas co. , california\nchionodes abavus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 64, 331, pl. 1, f. 20; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mts, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes obex hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 75, 331, pl. 1, f. 39; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes munifex hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 76, 331, pl. 1, f. 40; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes sabinianae; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 79, 331, pl. 1, f. 48; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes rector hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 83, 331, pl. 1, f. 56 - 57; tl: 5 mi n buena vista, 8200', chaffee co. , colorado\nchionodes fremor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 128, 332, pl. 2, f. 38; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes lusor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 130, 332, pl. 2, f. 42; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes erro hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 134, 332, pl. 4, f. 23; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes altor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 141, 332, pl. 4, f. 30; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes pinax hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 149, 332, pl. 2, f. 60; tl: hart prairie, 10 mi nnw flagstaff, 8500', coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes messor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 153, 332, pl. 2, f. 65; tl: 1 mi ne san marcos pass, 1500', santa barbara co. , california\nchionodes magirus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 157, 332, pl. 4, f. 34; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes gestor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 159, 332, pl. 2, f. 74; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes bibo hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 162, 332, pl. 3, f. 3; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 5600', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes luror hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 193, 332, pl. 4, f. 51; tl: west fork, 6500', 16 mi sw flagstaff, coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes gratus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 203, 333, pl. 3, f. 28; tl: big timber canyon, 6500', half moon park, crazy mts. , montana\nchionodes senica hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 206, 333, pl. 4, f. 79; tl: hart prairie, 8500', 10 mi nnw flagstaff, coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes dator hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 206, 333, pl. 4, f. 80; tl: louis lake, 28 mi sw lander, 8600', fremont co. , wyoming\nchionodes ustor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 207, 333, pl. 3, f. 32; tl: bridger forest camp, 7500', wind river mtns, sublette co. , wyoming\nchionodes rogator hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 208, 333, pl. 4, f. 82 - 83; tl: mosca creek, great sand dunes national monument, alamosa co. , colorado\nchionodes veles hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 212, 333, pl. 4, f. 84; tl: castles, 8 mi e buena vista, 8800', chaffee co. , colorado\nchionodes gerdius hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 214, 333, pl. 4, f. 87; tl: oso flaco lake, 5 mi s oceano, san luis obispo co. , california\nchionodes latro hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 224, 333, pl. 3, f. 68 - 69; tl: lake delancy, ocala national forest read 75, mario co. , florida\nchionodes rhombus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 105, 331, pl. 2, f. 9; tl: fort valley, 7. 5 mi nw flagstaff, 7350ä, coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes tributor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 214, 333, pl. 3, f. 48; tl: ozena camp, cuyama river, 1 mi e hiway 33, ventura co. , california\nchionodes ensis hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 216, 333, pl. 3, f. 50 - 51; tl: head of ephraim canyon, 10000 - 10300', sanpete co. , utah\nchionodes nubilella; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 35; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 145, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes donahueorum hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 68, 331, pl. 1, f. 28 - 29; tl: mt washington district, 840', los angeles, los angeles co. , california\nchionodes parens hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 136, 332, pl. 2, f. 50 - 51; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes adam hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 140, 332, pl. 4, f. 28 - 29; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes nubis hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 156, 332, pl. 2, f. 67 - 68; tl: hart prairie, 10 mi nnw flagstaff, 8500', coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes innox hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 158, 332, pl. 2, f. 69 - 73; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 5600', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes canofusella; [ nacl ], # 2066; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 189, 332, pl. 3, f. 17; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes psilopterus; [ nacl ], # 2111; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 201, 333, pl. 3, f. 26; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes metallicus; [ nacl ], # 2094; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 220, 333, pl. 3, f. 59; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes canor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 221, 333, pl. 3, f. 25; tl: fort valley, 7. 5 mi nw flagstaff, 7350', coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes abitus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 56, 331, pl. 1, f. 13; tl: cold creek, 5 mi s buck creek ranger station, 6300', modoc co. , california\nchionodes lactans hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 74, 331, pl. 1, f. 36 - 37; tl: sierra diablo, 20 mi nnw van horn, 6000', culberson co. , texas\nchionodes fructuarius; [ nacl ], # 2078; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 97, 331, pl. 2, f. 4 - 5; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes helicostictus; [ nacl ], # 2083; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 102, 331, pl. 4, f. 16 - 18; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes pallor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 197, 333, pl. 3, f. 20 - 21; tl: fort valley, 7350', 7. 5 mi nw flagstaff, coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes nigrobarbatus; [ nacl ], # 2097; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 223, 333, pl. 3, f. 65 - 66; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes praetor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 224, 333, pl. 3, f. 67, pl. 4, f. 90; tl: head ephraim canyon, 10300', sanpete co. , utah\nchionodes permactus; [ nacl ], # 2106; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 228, 333, pl. 5, f. 5 - 8; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes violacea; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 25; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 142, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes distinctella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 42; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 148, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes clarkei hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 228, 333, pl. 3, f. 71, pl. 5, f. 9; tl: steens mt. , fish lake, 7100, harney co. , oregon\nchionodes electella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 52; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 150, 32; [ fe ]\nchionodes fumatella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 59; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 153, 32; [ fe ]\nchionodes ignorantella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 65; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 154, 32; [ fe ]\nchionodes argentipunctella; [ nacl ], # 2061; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 55, 331, pl. 1, f. 11; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes gilvomaculella; [ nacl ], # 2080; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 59, 331, pl. 1, f. 15; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes periculella; [ nacl ], # 2105; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 80, 331, pl. 1, f. 49; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes xanthophilella; [ nacl ], # 2125; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 90, 331, pl. 1, f. 66; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes sistrella; [ nacl ], # 2116; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 93, 331, pl. 1, f. 73; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes hodgesorum metzler, 2014; j. lep. soc. 68 (2): 81; tl: new mexico, otero co. , white sands nat. monument, edge of dunes habitat, 106°11. 32' w, 32°45. 72' n, 4000'\nchionodes paralogella; [ nacl ], # 2103; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 100, 331, pl. 4, f. 13; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes salicella; [ nacl ], # 2114; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 120, 331, pl. 2, f. 22; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes acerella; [ nacl ], # 2057; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 124, 332, pl. 2, f. 31; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes terminimaculella; [ nacl ], # 2117; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 132, 332, pl. 2, f. 46; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes pastor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 155, 332, pl. 2, f. 66, pl. 4, f. 33; tl: great basin exp staion nr ephraim, 8850', sanpete co. , utah\nchionodes fondella; [ nacl ], # 2076; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 160, 332, pl. 3, f. 1; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes pseudofondella; [ nacl ], # 2110; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 161, 332, pl. 3, f. 2; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes mariona; [ nacl ], # 2092; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 168, 332, pl. 3, f. 8; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes halycopa; [ nacl ], # 2082; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 171, 332, pl. 2, f. 12; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes hibiscella; [ nacl ], # 2084; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 190, 332, pl. 4, f. 46; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes aristella; [ nacl ], # 2062; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 195, 333, pl. 4, f. 56; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes mongolica; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 142, 31; park & ponomarenko, 2006, shilap revta. lepid. 34 (135): 280; [ fe ]\nchionodes hostis hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 122, 332, pl. 2, f. 23 - 24; tl: major' s flat near ephraim canyon, oak / pinyon junipre zone, 7100', sanpete co. , utah\nchionodes fuscomaculella; [ nacl ], # 2079; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 53, 331, pl. 1, f. 3 - 6; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes bicostomaculella; [ nacl ], # 2064; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 54, 331, pl. 1, f. 7 - 9; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes lophosella; [ nacl ], # 2089; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 67, 331, pl. 1, f. 21 - 23; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes nanodella; [ nacl ], # 2095; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 68, 331, pl. 1, f. 24 - 27; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes abella; [ nacl ], # 2055; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 79, 331, pl. 1, f. 43 - 47; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes kincaidella; [ nacl ], # 2086; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 87, 331, pl. 4, f. 6 - 9; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes pinguicula; [ nacl ], # 2109; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 90, 331, pl. 1, f. 67 - 68; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes dentella; [ nacl ], # 2071; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 95, 331, pl. 1, f. 74 - 75; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes abdominella; [ nacl ], # 2054; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 97, 331, pl. 2, f. 2 - 3; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes dammersi; [ nacl ], # 2070; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 101, 331, pl. 4, f. 14 - 15; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes notandella; [ nacl ], # 2098; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 102, 331, pl. 4, f. 19 - 21; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes ochreostrigella; [ nacl ], # 2102; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 104, 331, pl. 2, f. 7 - 8; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes thoraceochrella; [ nacl ], # 2119; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 117, 331, pl. 2, f. 13 - 17; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes chrysopyla; [ nacl ], # 2068; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 119, 331, pl. 2, f. 18 - 21; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes obscurusella; [ nacl ], # 2099; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 123, 332, pl. 2, f. 27 - 30; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes occidentella; [ nacl ], # 2100; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 127, 332, pl. 2, f. 35 - 37; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes trichostola; [ nacl ], # 2120; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 135, 332, pl. 2, f. 47 - 49; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes acrina; [ nacl ], # 2058; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 139, 332, pl. 4, f. 25 - 27; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes secutor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 146, 332, pl. 2, f. 55, pl. 4, f. 31; tl: davis mnts, 5 mi se livermore, 6000', jeff davis co. , texas\nchionodes trophella; [ nacl ], # 2121; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 147, 332, pl. 2, f. 56 - 57; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes discoocellella; [ nacl ], # 2072; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 170, 332, pl. 3, f. 11 - 12; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes ceanothiella; [ nacl ], # 2067; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 187, 332, pl. 4, f. 41 - 42; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes aruns hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 189, 332, pl. 3, f. 18, pl. 4, f. 44; tl: sierra diablo, 20 mi nnw van horn, 6000', culberson co. , texas\nchionodes retiniella; [ nacl ], # 2112; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 192, 332, pl. 4, f. 48 - 49; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes arenella; [ nacl ], # 2060; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 193, 332, pl. 4, f. 52 - 53; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes figurella; [ nacl ], # 2073; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 194, 333, pl. 4, f. 54 - 55; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes braunella; [ nacl ], # 2065; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 225, 333, pl. 4, f. 91 - 93; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes flavicorporella; [ nacl ], # 2074; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 229, pl. 3, f. 72 - 73, 333; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes sattleri hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 218, 333, pl. 3, f. 54 - 56, pl. 4, f. 89; tl: bog e of big indian lake, halifax watershed, halifax co. , nova scotia\nchionodes (gelechiini); [ me3 ], 137, 31; [ sangmi lee ]; landry & roque - albelo, 2010, revue suisse zool. 117 (4): 704, 699 (list); lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15; [ fe ]\nchionodes johnstoni; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 76; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 81, 331, pl. 1, f. 51 - 52; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes formosella; [ nacl ], # 2077 (rev. stat .); [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 50, 331, pl. 1, f. 1; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes praeclarella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 200, 333, pl. 4, f. 64 - 67; [ me3 ], 144, 31; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18; [ fe ]\nchionodes mediofuscella; [ nacl ], # 2093; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 131, 332, pl. 2, f. 43 - 45; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes iridescens; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 75; [ nacl ], # 2085; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 54, 331, pl. 1, f. 10; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes pereyra; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 109; [ nacl ], # 2104; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 163, 332, pl. 3, f. 4; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes grandis; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 64; [ nacl ], # 2081; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 195, 333, pl. 3, f. 19; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes tessa; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 137; [ nacl ], # 2118; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 82, 331, pl. 1, f. 54 - 55; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes petalumensis; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 111; [ nacl ], # 2107; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 164, 332, pl. 4, f. 36 - 38; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes bicolor; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 24; [ nacl ], # 2063; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 205, 333, pl. 3, f. 29 - 30; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes whitmanella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 147; [ nacl ], # 2124; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 205, 333, pl. 3, f. 31, pl. 4, f. 77 - 78; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes viduella; [ nacl ], # 2123; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 54; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 215, 333, pl. 3, f. 49; [ me3 ], 32; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19; [ fe ]\nchionodes continuella; [ nacl ], # 2069; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 37; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 216, 333, pl. 3, f. 52 - 53, pl. 4, f. 88; [ me3 ], 145, 31; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16; [ fe ]\n=; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 15; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nformosella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32, 331\nformosella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 50, 331\nnova scotia, sw. manitoba, north carolina, missouri. see [ maps ]\n= gelechia vernella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 884\n=; [ nacl ], # 2077; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 50, 331; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nlarva on quercus imrbricaria? q. rubra, q. velutina, q. alba, ostrya virginiana hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 52\ncalifornia, oregon, washington, texas, oklahoma, arkansas, louisiana, mississippi, florida. see [ maps ]\nlarva on quercus lobata, q. kelloggii, q. garryana hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 52\nnova scotia, quebec - florida, sw. wisconsin, e. texas, e. oklahoma. see [ maps ]\n=; [ nacl ], # 2079; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 53, 331; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nlarva on quercus macrocarpa, q. rubra, fagus grandifolia, carya hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 53\n=; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 879; [ nacl ], # 2064; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 54, 331; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nlarva on quercu hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 54\ns. yukon - washington, northwest territories - nova scotia. see [ maps ]\nlarva on arctostaphylos uva - ursi clarke, 1947, j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 244\nvermont, se. ontario, new jersey, illinois, connecticut. see [ maps ]\ngelechia argentipunctella ely, 1910; proc. ent. soc. wash. 12 (2): 70; tl: east river, connecticut" ]

{ "text": [ "chionodes luteogeminatus is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from iowa , washington , oregon and california .", "the wingspan is about 22 mm .", "the larvae feed on eriogonum niveum . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 8 ] }

[ "chionodes luteogeminatus is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from iowa, washington, oregon and california. the wingspan is about 22 mm. the larvae feed on eriogonum niveum." ]

[ "systematic position of the socorro mockingbird mimodes graysoni | a. townsend peterson - urltoken\n, which first arrived on socorro in the 1970s, occupied mainly open areas produced by sheep grazing, which suggests that the socorro mockingbird is not being competitively displaced. our observations indicate that habitat degradation by sheep is the most probable cause of the socorro mockingbird' s decline .\nthe only mockingbird commonly found in north america is the northern mockingbird (mimus polyglottos). the greek word polyglottos means multiple languages .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - socorro mockingbird (mimus graysoni )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - socorro mockingbird (mimus graysoni )\ntitle =\narkive species - socorro mockingbird (mimus graysoni )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ncastellanos, a. ; rodríguez - estrella, r. 1993. current status of the socorro mockingbird. wilson bulletin 105: 167 - 171 .\na preliminary survey for avian pathogens in columbiform birds on socorro island, mexico .\ndiversity and phylogenetic relationships of hemosporidian parasites in birds of socorro island, méxico, and their role in the re - introduction of the socorro dove (zena ...\nnorthern mockingbird .\nhandbook of texas. retrieved on march 13, 2010 .\neradicate cats and sheep from socorro (martínez - gómez and curry 1996, b. tershy\ninformation on the socorro thrasher is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\n) acuerdo que declara no colonizables los terrenos de la isla socorro del archipielago de revillagigedo .\nhorwich, robert h. (1969) .\nbehavioral ontogeny of the mockingbird\n.\nmartínez - gómez, j. e. ; curry, r. l. 1995. first description of the nest and eggs of the socorro mockingbird. wilson bulletin 107: 551 - 555 .\nthe northern mockingbird is an omnivore. it eats both insects and fruits. it is often found in open areas and forest edges but forages in grassy land. the northern mockingbird breeds in southeastern canada, the united states, northern mexico, the bahamas, the cayman islands and the greater antilles. it is replaced further south by its closest living relative, the tropical mockingbird. the socorro mockingbird, an endangered species, is also closely related, contrary to previous opinion. the northern mockingbird is listed as of least concern according to the international union for conservation of nature (iucn) .\nmartínez - gómez, j. e. ; curry, r. l. 1996. the conservation of the socorro mockingbird mimodes graysoni in 1993 - 1994. bird conservation international 6: 271 - 283 .\nmartínez - gómez, j. e. , flores - palacios, a. and curry, r. l. 2001. habitat requirements of the socorro mockingbird mimodes graysoni. ibis 143: 456 - 467 .\nmartínez - gómez, j. e. ; flores - palacios, a. ; curry, r. l. 2001. habitat requirements of the socorro mockingbird mimodes graysoni. ibis 143: 456 - 467 .\nmartínez - gómez, juan e. flores - palacios, alejandro and curry, robert l. 2001. habitat requirements of the socorro mockingbird mimodes graysoni. ibis, vol. 143, issue. 4, p. 456 .\nbarber, b. r. , j. e. martinez - gomez, and a. t. peterson (2004), systematic position of the socorro mockingbird mimodes graysoni, j. avian biol. 35, 195 - 198 .\nthis species is categorized as the northern mockingbird as the closest living relative to m. gilvus. [ 7 ] [ 8 ]\nlogan, c. a. (1997) .\nmate - reassessment in an already - mated female northern mockingbird\n.\nmartinez - gomez, j. e. undated. the locust outbreak on socorro island: a devastating example of a disrupted avian trophic cascade .\nthomas jefferson, the third president of the united states, had a pet mockingbird named\ndick\n. [ 51 ] [ 52 ]\nthe socorro mockingbird is a relatively large, mostly plain brown bird with two narrow, white wing bars and a darker tail. the all - brown head is relieved by the dusky lores and short, pale supercilium, whilst the whitish underparts are streaked brown on the flanks. endemic to the island of socorro, part of the revillagigedo islands, off western mexico, this mockingbird was formerly placed in the genus mimoides, and is currently regarded as critically endangered by birdlife international. the introduction of sheep to the island led to a dramatic loss in suitable habitat, until in 1978, it was considered to be on the verge of extinction. numbers have increased since, as a result of ongoing work to control the sheep problem, and subsequent habitat regrowth should permit the species’ continued recovery, but nonetheless the socorro mockingbird is currently considered to number fewer than 500 individuals .\nstracey, christine m. ; wynn, brady; robinson, scott k. (2014) .\nlight pollution allows the northern mockingbird (\nthe northern mockingbird' s lifespan is observed to be up to 8 years, but captive birds can live up to 20 years. [ 16 ]\nbarber, brian r. ; martínez - gómez, juan e. & peterson, a. townsend (2004 )\nsystematic position of the socorro mockingbird mimodes graysoni .\nj. avian biol. 35: 195–198. doi: 10. 1111 / j. 0908 - 8857. 2004. 03233. x\n24–26·5 cm; average 75·5g. large, brownish mockingbird with short, straightish bill, lacking prominent wing and tail markings. plumage is uniformly ...\nthe northern mockingbird (mimus polyglottos) is the only mockingbird commonly found in north america. this bird is mainly a permanent resident, but northern birds may move south during harsh weather. this species has rarely been observed in europe. this species was first described by linnaeus in his systema naturæ in 1758 as turdus polyglottos. the northern mockingbird is known for its mimicking ability, as reflected by the meaning of its scientific name,' many - tongued mimic.' the northern mockingbird has gray to brown upper feathers and a paler belly. its tail and wings have white patches which are visible in flight. [ 2 ]\nthe northern mockingbird pairs hatch about 2 to 4 broods a year. [ 11 ] in one breeding season, the northern mockingbird lays an average of 4 eggs. they hatch after about 11 to 14 days of incubation. after about 10 to 15 days of life, the offspring become independent. [ 11 ]\nthe northern mockingbird is the state bird of arkansas, florida, mississippi, tennessee and texas, [ 56 ] and formerly the state bird of south carolina .\nthe song of the northern mockingbird inspired many classic american folk songs of the mid - 19th century, such as\nlisten to the mocking bird\n. [ 50 ]\n. potential developments on socorro including enlargements to the airstrip and the possibility of a new federal prison could destroy breeding habitat and increase the risk of accidental introduction of other invasive species .\ncritically endangered. restricted - range species: present in socorro island eba. formerly abundant, up until at least 1958; now greatly reduced. by 1978 numbers had declined ...\nhush, little baby\nis a traditional lullaby, thought to have been written in the southern united states, its key first lines ,\nhush, little baby, don' t say a word, mama' s gonna buy you a mockingbird. and if that mockingbird don' t sing, mama' s gonna buy you a diamond ring .\nthere are three recognized subspecies for the northern mockingbird. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] there have been proposed races from the bahamas and haiti placed under the orpheus section. [ 10 ]\nthe long - tailed mockingbird is largely restricted to the pacific coast of south america, where it is found from western ecuador south to western peru. the species has also been reported, perhaps erroneously from northernmost chile. there is also a somewhat anomalous population in the upper marañón valley of northwest peru, although it differs little in plumage from other populations. this species forms a superspecies with another long - tailed mockingbird further south, the chilean mockingbird (mimus thenca). the long - tailed mockingbird is a largely brown bird, with a dark surround to the ear coverts, a pale supercilium, and some white markings on the wings and tail. it is generally common in suitable habitat, namely arid scrub and woodland, or hedgerows within agricultural areas .\ncarlson, jenny s. martínez - gómez, juan e. valkiūnas, gediminas loiseau, claire bell, douglas a. and sehgal, ravinder n. m. 2013. diversity and phylogenetic relationships of hemosporidian parasites in birds of socorro island, méxico, and their role in the re - introduction of the socorro dove (zenaida graysoni). journal of parasitology, vol. 99, issue. 2, p. 270 .\nthe mockingbird' s breeding range is from maritime provinces of canada westwards to british columbia, practically the entire continental united states south of the northern plains states and pacific northwest, and the majority of mexico to eastern oaxaca and veracruz. [ 9 ] the mockingbird is generally a year - round resident of its range, but the birds that live in the northern portion of its range have been noted further south during the winter season. [ 13 ] sightings of the mockingbird have also been recorded in hawaii (where it was introduced in the 1920s), [ 17 ] southeastern alaska, [ 18 ] and twice as transatlantic vagrants in britain. [ 13 ] the mockingbird is thought to be at least partly migratory in the northern portions of its range, but the migratory behavior is not well understood. [ 17 ]\nthis species is endemic to the pacific island of isla socorro (132 km²), in the archipielago revillagigedo of colima state, mexico. the species is generally distributed throughout socorro, being absent from areas of erosion that have resulted from overgrazing by sheep (arnaud et al. 1993). animals range from sea level to the top of the everman volcano at around 1, 040 m asl (arnaud et al. 1993) .\ncody, m. & sharpe, c. j. (2018). socorro mockingbird (mimus graysoni). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nthe northern mockingbird' s mimicry is likely to serve as a form of sexual selection through which competition between males and female choice influence a bird' s song repertoire size. [ 42 ] a 2013 study attempted to determine model selection in vocal mimics, and the data suggested that mimicry in the mockingbird resulted from the bird being genetically predisposed to learning vocalizations with acoustic characteristics such as an enlarged auditory template. [ 40 ]\nswarm on the island which irrupts twice yearly. its effects are thought to be more severe owing to the degradation of native vegetation by introduced grazing mammals, and the suppression of native bird populations (which typically exert top - down control of insect populations on the island) by introduced cats. locusts cut leaves, flowers and fruit from trees and thus represent a serious threat to fruit eaters such as socorro mockingbird (j. e. martínez - gómez\nm. p. leucopterus' western mockingbird' (vigors, 1839): generally found in the western portion of north america ranging from nw nebraska and western texas to the pacific coast, and south to mexico (the isthmus of tehuantepec), and socorro island. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] larger than m. p. polyglottos and has a slightly shorter tail, upperparts are more buff and paler, underparts have a stronger buff pigment. [ 9 ]\nin the nineteenth century, the range of the mockingbird expanded northward towards provinces such as nova scotia and ontario and states such as massachusetts, although the sightings were sporadic. within the first five decades of the twentieth century, regions that received an influx of mockingbirds were maine, vermont, ohio, iowa, and new york. [ 17 ] in western states such as california, the population was restricted to the lower sonoran regions but by the 1970s the mockingbirds was residential in most counties. [ 17 ] islands that saw introductions of the mockingbird include bermuda (in which it failed), barbados, st. helena, socorro island, the cayman islands and tahiti. [ 17 ] [ 19 ]\nmartínez - gómez, j. e. , b. r. barber, and a. t. peterson (2005), phylogenetic position and generic placement of the socorro wren (thryomanes sissonii), auk 122, 50 - 56 .\nowen - ashley, n. t. ; schoech, s. j. ; mumme, r. l. (2002) .\ncontext - specific response of florida scrub - jay pairs to northern mockingbird vocal mimicry\n.\n. 2016). juveniles have moved into disturbed areas in the south - east of socorro island but failed to successfully establish breeding territories. adult males have occasionally established themselves in these areas too but without adult females (j. e. martínez - gómez\nwehtje, w. ; walter, h. s. ; rodriguez e, r. ; llinas, j. ; castellanos v, a. 1993. an annotated checklist of the birds of isla socorro. western birds 24: 1 - 16 .\nis endemic to socorro island, mexico, and has declined dramatically in this century. study of its population size, distribution, and structure is currently under way to help assess its conservation status. in 1993 and 1994 215 socorro mockingbirds were ringed; a modified lincoln index yielded a population estimate of 353 ± 66 individuals in 1994. most of the birds observed occupied a small region at high elevation that covered less than 10% of the island' s area. average territory size was 1. 48 ± 0. 71 ha ,\nswedish zoologist carl linnaeus first described this species in his systema naturae in 1758 as turdus polyglottos. [ 3 ] its current genus name, mimus is latin for\nmimic\nand the specific polyglottos, is from ancient greek poluglottos ,\nharmonious\n, from polus ,\nmany\n, and glossa ,\ntongue\n, [ 4 ] representing its outstanding ability to mimic various sounds. [ 5 ] the northern mockingbird is considered to be conspecific with the tropical mockingbird (mimus gilvus). [ 6 ]\nin the fictional neighborhood of make - believe on mister rogers' neighborhood, one of king friday' s\npets\nis a wooden northern mockingbird on a stick, which he refers to by the scientific name mimus polyglottos. [ 53 ] [ 54 ]\nortega - rubio a. , alvarez, s. , galina, p. and arnaud, g. 1991. microhabitat spatial utilization by socorro island lizard urosaurus auriculatus (cope). journal of the arizona - nevada academy of sciences 24 & 25: 55 - 57 .\nthe northern mockingbird is known for its intelligence. a 2009 study showed that the bird was able to recognize individual humans, particularly noting those who had previously been intruders or threats. also birds recognize their breeding spots and return to areas in which they had greatest success in previous years. urban birds are more likely to demonstrate this behavior. finally, the mockingbird is influential in united states culture, being the state bird of five states, appearing in book titles, songs and lullabies, and making other appearances in popular culture .\n) decreto por el que se declara como área natural protegida con el carácter de reserva de la biosfera, la región conocida como archipiélago de revillagigedo, integrada por cuatro áreas: isla san benedicto, isla clarión o santa rosa, isla socorro o santo tomás e isla roca partida .\narnaud, g. , rodriguez, a. , ortegarubio, a. and alvarezcardenas, s. 1993. predation by cats on the unique endemic lizard of socorro island (urosaurus auriculatus), revillagigedo, mexico. ohio journal of science 93 (4): 101 - 104 .\nmy students and i occasionally undertake additional projects—using same methods similar to those we employ in the chickadee research—to address ecological, evolutionary, and conservation questions about other animal systems, including especially species in the mimidae (as extensions to my dissertation research on social and conservation ecology of galapagos mockingbirds). organisms we studied in the 1990s included the critically endangered socorro mockingbird (mimus graysoni) and galápagos mockingbirds (mimus macdonaldi) on isla española, galapagos. we also recorded the last well - documented sighting of the critically endangered cozumel thrasher (toxostoma guttatum) in 2014 .\nevans iii, edward l. martínez - gómez, juan e. and sehgal, ravinder n. m. 2015. phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic status of the endemic socorro warbler (setophaga pitiayumi graysoni). journal of ornithology, vol. 156, issue. 2, p. 363 .\nmartínez - gómez, juan e. matías - ferrer, noemí and escalante - pliego, patricia 2017. phylogeny and taxonomy of the socorro parakeet (psittacara holochlorus brevipes): recent speciation with minor morphological differentiation. journal of ornithology, vol. 158, issue. 4, p. 965 .\nwinter storms limit the expansion of mockingbirds in its range. the storms have played a role in the declining of the populations in ohio (where it has since recovered), michigan, minnesota and likely in quebec. dry seasons also affect the mockingbird populations in arizona. [ 17 ]\nit also features in the title and central metaphor of the novel to kill a mockingbird, by harper lee. in that novel, mockingbirds are portrayed as innocent and generous, and two of the major characters, atticus finch and miss maudie, say it is a sin to kill a mockingbird because\nthey don' t do one thing for us but make music for us to enjoy. they don' t eat up people' s gardens, don' t nest in corncribs, they don' t do one thing but sing their hearts out for us .\n[ 49 ]\ngalina - tessaro, p. , ortega - rubio, a. , alvarez - cárdenas, s. and arnaud, g. 1999. colonization of socorro island (mexico), by the tropical house gecko hemidactylus frenatus (squamata: gekkonidae). revista de biología tropical 47 (1 / 2): 237 - 238 .\ncarlson, jenny s. martínez - gómez, juan e. cornel, anthony loiseau, claire and sehgal, ravinder n. m. 2011. implications of plasmodium parasite infected mosquitoes on an insular avifauna: the case of socorro island, méxico. journal of vector ecology, vol. 36, issue. 1, p. 213 .\nrodríguez - estrella, r. , leon de la luz, j. l. , breceda, a. , castellanos, a. , cancino, j. and llinas, j. 1996. status, density and habitat relationships of the endemic terrestrial birds of socorro island, revillagigedo islands, mexico. biological conservation 76: 195 - 202 .\nrodriguez - estrella, r. ; leon de la luz, j. l. ; breceda, a. ; castellanos, a. ; cancino, j. ; llinas, j. 1996. status, density and habitat relationships of the endemic terrestrial birds of socorro island, revillagigedo islands, mexico. biological conservation 76: 195 - 202 .\nthe revillagigedo islands were declared a biosphere reserve in 1994 (rodríguez - estrella et al. 1996). there is an ongoing eradication programme in the region, and there are plans to eradicate cats and sheep from socorro (birdlife international 2007). there is a need to implement a vegetation and soil restoration plan after sheep have been removed (martínez - gómez et al. 2001). establish a research monitoring station on socorro (rodríguez - estrella et al. 1996). monitor the population, especially before and after the proposed eradication process (birdlife 2007). additional studies are needed into the impact of the introduced gecko hemidactylus frenatus (galina - tessaro et al. 1999) on populations of u. auriculatus .\nortíz - alcaraz, a. , maya - delgado, y. , cortés - calva, p. , aguirre - muñoz, a. , rojas - mayoral, e. , cordoba - matson, m. v. and ortega - rubio, a. 2016. recovery of vegetation cover and soil after the removal of sheep in socorro island, mexico. forests 7 (4) .\nin a paper published in 2009, researchers found that mockingbirds were able to recall an individual human who, earlier in the study, had approached and threatened the mockingbirds' nest. researchers had one participant stand near a mockingbird nest and touch it, while others avoided the nest. later, the mockingbirds recognized the intruder and exhibited defensive behavior, while ignoring the other individuals. [ 45 ]\nthe northern mockingbird is an omnivore. the birds' diet consists of arthropods, earthworms, berries, fruits, seeds, and seldom, lizards. [ 9 ] mockingbirds can drink from puddles, river and lake edges, or dew and rain droplets that amass onto plants. [ 13 ] adult mockingbirds also have been seen drinking sap from the cuts on recently pruned trees. [ 13 ] its diet heavily consists of animal prey during the breeding season, but takes a drastic shift to fruits during the fall and winter. [ 13 ] the drive for fruits amid winter has been noted for the geographic expansion of the mockingbird, and in particular, the fruit of rosa multiflora, a favorite of the birds, is a possible link. [ 9 ] [ 13 ] mockingbirds also eat garden fruits such as tomatoes, apples, and berries. [ 21 ] [ 22 ]\nortega, a. , castellanos, a. , arnaud, g. , maya, y. , rodríguez, r. , léon, j. l. , cancino, j. , jiménez, c. , llinas, j. , alvarez, s. , díaz, s. , servín, r. , romero, h. , rodróguez, a. and coria, r. 1992. recursos naturales de la isla socorro, revillegigedo, méxico. ciencia 43: 175 - 184 .\nthe mockingbird' s habitat varies by location, but it prefers open areas with sparse vegetation. in the eastern regions, suburban and urban areas such as parks, gardens are frequent residential areas. it has an affinity for mowed lawns with shrubs within proximity for shade and nesting. [ 13 ] [ 17 ] in western regions, desert scrub, chaparral are among its preferred habitats when foraging for food, it prefers short grass. [ 13 ] this bird does not nest in densely forested areas, [ 9 ] [ 20 ] and generally resides in the same habitats year round. [ 17 ]\nthere are four recognized calls for the mockingbird: the nest relief call, hew call, chat or chatburst, and the begging call. [ 13 ] the hew call is mainly used by both sexes for potential nest predators, conspecific chasing, and various interactions between mates. the differences between chats and chatbursts are frequency of use, as chats are year - round, and chatbursts occur in the fall. [ 13 ] another difference is that chatbursts appear to be used in territorial defense in the fall, and the chats are used by either sex when disturbed. [ 13 ] the nest relief and begging calls are only used by the males. [ 13 ]\nmockingbird nests are also often parasitized by cowbirds. the parents are found to reject parasitic eggs at an intermediate rate. [ 38 ] a recent study has shown that foreign eggs are more likely to be rejected from a nest later in the breeding season than from earlier in a breeding season. early nesting hosts may not have learned the pattern and coloration of their first clutch yet, so are less likely to reject foreign eggs. there is also a seasonal threshold in terms of the overlap between the breeding seasons of the northern mockingbirds and their parasites. if the breeding season of the parasites starts later, there is less likelihood of parasitism. hence, it pays the hosts to have relatively lower sensitivity to parasitic eggs. [ 39 ]\na laboratory observation of 38 mockingbird nestlings and fledglings (thirty - five and three, respectively) recorded the behavioral development of young mockingbirds. notable milestones included the eyes opening, soft vocalizations, begging, and preening began within the first six days of life. variation in begging and more compact movements such as perching, fear crouching, and stretching appeared by the ninth day. wing - flashing, bathing, flight, and leaving the nest happened within seventeen days (nest leaving occurred within 11 to 13 days). improvements of flight, walking and self - feeding took place within forty days. agonistic behavior increased during the juvenile stages, to the extent of one of two siblings living in the same area was likely killed by the other. [ 44 ]\nalthough many species of bird imitate the vocalizations of other birds, the northern mockingbird is the best known in north america for doing so. among the species and vocalizations imitated are carolina wren, northern cardinal, tufted titmouse, eastern towhee, house sparrow, wood thrush and eastern bluebird songs, calls of the northern flicker and great crested flycatcher, jeers and pumphandles of the blue jay, and alarm, chups, and chirrs of the american robin. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] it imitates not only birds, but also other animals such as cats, dogs, frogs, crickets and sounds from artificial items such as unoiled wheels and even car alarms. as convincing as these imitations may be to humans, they often fail to fool other birds, such as the florida scrub - jay. [ 42 ]\nboth male and female mockingbirds sing, with the latter being generally quieter and less vocal. male commencement of singing is in late january to february and continues into the summer and the establishing of territory into the fall. frequency in female singing is more sporadic, as it sings less often in the summer and fall, and only sings when the male is away from the territory. [ 13 ] the mockingbird also possesses a large song repertoire that ranges from 43 to 203 song types and the size varies by region. repertoire sizes ranged from 14 to 150 types in texas, and two studies of mockingbirds in florida rounded estimates to 134 and 200, approximately. [ 13 ] it continually expands its repertoire during its life, [ 13 ] though it pales in comparison to mimids such as the brown thrasher. [ 43 ]\nnorthern mockingbirds adjust the sex ratio of their offspring according to the food availability and population density. male offspring usually require more parental investment. there is therefore a bias for bearing the costlier sex at the beginning of a breeding season when the food is abundant. [ 32 ] local resource competition predicts that the parents have to share the resources with offspring that remain at the natal site after maturation. in passerine birds, like the northern mockingbird, females are more likely to disperse than males. [ 33 ] hence, it is adaptive to produce more dispersive sex than philopatric sex when the population density is high and the competition for local resources is intense. since northern mockingbirds are abundant in urban environments, it is possible that the pollution and contamination in cities might affect sexual hormones and therefore play a role in offspring sex ratio. [ 34 ]\nthe northern mockingbird is a medium - sized mimid that has long legs and tail. [ 11 ] males and females look alike. [ 12 ] its upper parts are colored gray, while its underparts have a white or whitish - gray color. [ 13 ] it has parallel wing bars on the half of the wings connected near the white patch giving it a distinctive appearance in flight. [ 13 ] the black central rectrices and typical white lateral rectrices are also noticeable in flight. [ 13 ] the iris is usually a light green - yellow or a yellow, but there have been instances of an orange color. [ 9 ] the bill is black with a brownish black appearance at the base. [ 9 ] the juvenile appearance is marked by its streaks on its back, distinguished spots and streaks on its chest, and a gray or grayish - green iris. [ 9 ]\nnorthern mockingbirds are famous for their song repertoires. studies have shown that males sing songs at the beginning of breeding season to attract females. [ 29 ] unmated males sing songs in more directions and sing more bouts than mated males. in addition, unmated males perform more flight displays than mated males. [ 13 ] the mockingbirds usually nest several times during one breeding season. [ 30 ] depending on the stage of breeding and the mating status, a male mockingbird will vary his song production. the unmated male keeps close track of this change. he sings in one direction when he perceives a chance to lure a female from the nest of the mated male. [ 29 ] unmated males are also more likely to use elevated perches to extend his songs to a further range. [ 29 ] though the mockingbirds are socially monogamous, mated males have been known to sing to attract additional mates. [ 25 ]\nsuitable habitat for this species is rapidly disappearing. the effects of feral sheep on socorro have been severe, causing erosion damage, shifts in abundance of plant species and impaired forest regeneration (ortega et al. 1992; arnaud et al. 1993). over 30% of the natural vegetation and soil have been destroyed through overgrazing by the sheep (ortega et al. 1992, arnaud et al. 1993). arnaud et al. (1993) reports that lizards are absent from the areas of erosion. feral cats are a significant predator of lizards, with the occurrence of lizard in scats varying from 33. 3% in february to 66. 7% in november (arnaud et al. 1993). it is anticipated that the impact of predation by cats on the lizard will increase directly as the cat population grows (arnaud et al. 1993). a species of house gecko (hemidactylus frenatus) has recently established a population on the buildings of the island navy garrison (galina - tessaro, et al. 1999). further studies are needed into the impact of this introduction on urosaurus auriculatus .\nthe northern mockingbird is a species that is found in both urban and rural habitats. there are now more northern mockingbirds living in urban habitats than non - urban environments, so they are consequently known as an urban - positive species. [ 46 ] biologists have long questioned how northern mockingbirds adapt to a novel environment in cities, and whether they fall into the typical ecological traps that are common for urban - dwelling birds. [ 46 ] a comparative study between an urban dwelling population and a rural dwelling one shows that the apparent survival is higher for individuals in the urban habitats. lower food availability and travel costs may account for the higher mortality rate in rural habitats. [ 47 ] urban birds are more likely to return to the nest where they had successfully bred the previous year and avoid those where breeding success was low. one explanation for this phenomenon is that urban environments are more predictable than non - urban ones, as the site fidelity among urban birds prevents them from ecological traps. [ 47 ] mockingbirds are also able to utilize artificial lighting in order to feed nestlings in urban areas such as residential neighborhoods into the night in contrast to those that do not nest near those areas. [ 48 ] the adaptation of mockingbirds in urban habitats has led it to become more susceptible to lead poisoning in baltimore and washington, d. c. populations. [ 17 ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. , fishpool, l. d. c. , boesman, p. and kirwan, g. m. 2016. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 2: passerines. lynx edicions and birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\n25 cm. largish, mostly plain brown passerine. brown upperparts, darker wings with two narrow, white wing - bars and darker tail. brown head with dusky lores and short, pale supercilium. whitish underparts, streaked brown on flanks. blackish bill and legs .\nintensive sheep - grazing and a persistent locust swarm are reducing and degrading habitat for this species. combined with cat predation, which effectively removes mockingbirds from areas with little or no understorey, declines in its very small population and extremely small range are considered likely. despite sheep eradication and ongoing cat eradication the species has not yet expanded its range. this combination of factors qualifies the species as critically endangered .\n. it was the most abundant and widespread landbird in 1925, and was still abundant in 1958. by 1978, it had declined dramatically and was feared on the verge of extinction. subsequent surveys have estimated the population at 50 - 200 pairs in 1988 - 1990 (castellanos and rodríguez - estrella 1993, wehtje\n, suggesting that productivity is high and the population would be capable of increasing if habitat quality improves across the island (j. e. martínez - gómez\n. 2016) and ongoing feral cat eradication efforts the species has so far failed to expand its range (j. e. martínez - gómez\nmartinez - gomez & curry 1996 calculated a total population of 353 (287 - 419) individuals based upon comprehensive ringing data. visits by the author to the same sites during 2006 & 2007 reported a similar population. the estimate is best applied to the area of the island where ringing took place. this implies that the total population of the island may be larger (j. e. martinez - gomez\nlargely owing to ongoing control of sheep on the island, the population appears to have stabilised; however productivity may be more severely impacted by the locust swarm in some years. the species has yet to expand its range following sheep eradication and ongoing feral cat eradication efforts (j. e. martínez - gómez\npatches in the north - west of the island (j. e. martínez - gómez\n. fig groves may act as regeneration nuclei for the species, supporting birds when a suitable understorey is present (j. e. martínez - gómez\n. however, they are likely to prey upon dispersing individuals that move into areas with little or no understorey (j. e. martínez - gómez\n. cat eradication efforts are now underway but this work has the potential to indirectly threaten the species via construction of tracks through dense understorey vegetation (j. e. martínez - gómez\n. there is an ongoing control programme in the region (the mexican navy has effectively reduced the sheep population to c. 300 heads) (b. tershy\n. 2016). cat eradication efforts are ongoing (j. e. martínez - gómez\n. 2016). the species is included on the' watch list' of the state of north america' s birds as a species of high conservation concern (nabci 2016) .\n. ensure that infrastructure development for the cat eradication efforts do not negatively impact the species (j. e. martínez - gómez\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nclassified as critically endangered (cr) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: mimus graysoni. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nthere are many ways to contribute—we need species information, photographs, audio, video, translations, maps, distribution data, and bird sightings. there' s a role for everyone !\n), in neotropical birds online (t. s. schulenberg, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa. retrieved from neotropical birds online :\npreviously placed in a monotypic genus mimodes, but genetic data # r # r indicate that it belongs in mimus. monotypic .\nmixed open woodland and wooded canyons at higher elevations, above 300 m (mostly above 600 m); also ...\npeak in mar–may, season possibly nov–jul. apparently monogamous. territorial, male remains on same territory for more than one ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50, 000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the u. s and canada. natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis (the integrated taxonomic information system) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u. s. fish and wildlife service' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nabbott, c. l. , and m. c. double (2003a), phylogeography of shy and white - capped albatrosses inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences: implications for population history and taxonomy, mol. ecol. 12, 2747 - 2758 .\nabbott, c. l. , and m. c. double (2003b), genetic structure, conservation genetics and evidence of speciation by range expansion in shy and white - capped albatrosses, mol. ecol. 12, 2953 - 2962 .\nadams, j. , h. r. carter, g. j. mcchesney, and d. l. whitworth (2016), occurrence, morphometrics and plumage variability among leach' s storm - petrels oceanodroma leucorhoa in the california channel islands, 1976 - 2015, marine ornithology 44, 113 - 119 .\naggerbeck, m. , j. fjeldså, l. christidis, p. - h. fabre, k. a. jønsson (2014), resolving deep lineage divergences in core corvoid passerine birds supports a proto - papuan island origin, mol. phylogenet. evol. 70, 272 - 285 .\naidala, z. , n. chong, m. g. anderson, l. ortiz - catedral, i. g. jamieson, j. v. briskie, p. cassey, b. j. gill, and m. e. hauber (2013), phylogenetic relationships of the genus mohoua, endemic hosts of new zealand' s obligate brood parasitic long - tailed cuckoo (eudynamys taitensis), j. ornithol. 154, 1127 - 1133 .\nainley, d. g. (1980), geographic variation in leach' s storm - petrel, auk 97, 837 - 853 .\naleixo, a. (2002), molecular systematics and the role of the “várzea”—“terra - firme” ecotone in the diversification of xiphorhynchus woodcreepers (aves: dendrocolaptidae), auk 119, 621 - 640 .\naleixo, a. , t. c. t burlamaqui, m. p. c. schneider, and e. c. gonçalves (2009), molecular systematics and plumage evolution in the monotypic obligate army - ant - following genus skutchia (thamnophilidae), condor 111, 382 - 387 .\naliabadian, m. , m. kaboli, r. prodon, v. nijman, and m. vences (2007), phylogeny of palaearctic wheatears (genus oenanthe) —congruence between morphometric and molecular data, mol. phylogenet. evol. 42, 665 - 675 .\naliabadian, m. , m. kaboli, m. i. förschler, v. nijman, a. chamani, a. tillier, r. prodon, e. pasquet, p. g. p. ericson, and d. zuccon (2012), convergent evolution of morphological and ecological traits in the open - habitat chat complex (aves, muscicapidae: saxicolinae), mol. phylogenet. evol. 65, 35 - 45 .\naliabadian, m. , n. alaei - kakhki, o. mirshamsi, v. nijman, and a. roulin (2016), phylogeny, biogeography, and diversification of barn owls (aves: strigiformes), biol. j. linn. soc. 119, 904 - 918 .\nallende, l. m. , i. rubio, valentin ruiz - del - valle, j. guillen, j. martinez - laso, e. lowy, p. varela, j. zamora, a. arnaiz - villena (2001), the old world sparrows (genus passer) phylogeography and their relative abundance of nuclear mtdna pseudogenes, j. mol. evol. 53, 144 - 154 .\nalström, p. , and k. mild (2003), “pipits and wagtails”, christopher helm, london .\nalström, p. , p. g. p. ericson, u. olsson, and p. sundberg (2006), phylogeny and classifcation of the avian superfamily sylvioidea, mol. phylogenet. evol. 38, 381 - 397 .\nalström, p. , u. olsson, f. lee, h. wang, w. gao, and p. sundberg (2008a), phylogeny and classification of the old world emberizini (aves, passeriformes), mol. phylogenet. evol. 47, 960 - 973 .\nalström, p. , p. c. rasmussen, u. olsson, and p. sundberg (2008b), species delimitation based on multiple criteria: the spotted bush warbler bradypterus thoracicus complex (aves: megaluridae), zool. j. linn. soc. 154, 291 - 307 .\nalström, p. , p. davidson, j. w. duckworth, j. c. eames, t. t. le, c. nguyen, u. olsson, c. robson and r. timmins (2010), description of a new species of phylloscopus warbler from vietnam and laos, ibis 152, 145 - 168 .\nalström, p. , j. fjeldså, s. fregin, and u. olsson (2011a), gross morphology betrays phylogeny: the scrub warbler scotocerca inquieta is not a cisticolid, ibis 153, 87 - 97 .\nalström, p. , s. fregin, j. a. norman, p. g. p. ericson, l. christidis, and and u. olsson (2011b), multilocus analysis of a taxonomically densely sampled dataset reveal extensive non - monophyly in the avian family locustellidae, mol. phylogenet. evol. 58, 513 - 526 .\nalström, p. , t. saitoh, d. williams, i. nishiumi, y. shigeta, k. ueda, m. irestedt, m. björklund, and u. olsson (2011c), the arctic warbler phylloscopus borealis — three anciently separated cryptic species revealed, ibis 153, 395 - 410 .\nalström, p. , s. hohna, m. gelang, p. g. p. ericson, and u. olsson (2011d), non - monophyly and intricate morphological evolution within the avian family cettiidae revealed by multilocus analysis of a taxonomically densely sampled dataset, bmc evol. biol. 11: 352 .\nalström, p. , k. n. barnes, u. olsson, f. k. barker, p. bloomer, a. a. khan, m. a. qureshi, a. guillaumet, p. - a. crochet, p. g. ryan (2013), multilocus phylogeny of the avian family alaudidae (larks) reveals complex morphological evolution, non - monophyletic genera and hidden species diversity, mol. phylogenet. evol. 69, 1043 - 1056 .\nalström, p. , d. m. hooper, y. liu, u. olsson, d. mohan, m. gelang, h. l. manh, j. zhao, f. lei, and t. d. price (2014), discovery of a relict lineage and monotypic family of passerine birds, biol. lett. 10, 20131067 .\nalström, p. , k. jønsson, j. fjeldså, a. ödeen, p. g. p. ericson, and m. irestedt (2015a), dramatic niche shifts and morphological change in two insular bird species, royal soc. open sci. 2, 140364 .\nalström, p. , c. xia, p. c / rasmussen, u. olsson, b. dai, j. zhao, p. j. leader, g. j. carey, l. dong, t. cai1, , p. i. holt, h. l. manh, g. song, y. liu, y. zhang, and f. lei (2015b), integrative taxonomy of the russet bush warbler locustella mandelli complex reveals a new species from central china, avian research 6: 9 .\nalström, p. , p. c. rasmussen, c. zhao, j. xu, s. dalvi, t. cai, y. guan, r. zhang, m. v. kalyakin, f. lei, and u. olsson (2016), integrative taxonomy of the plain - backed thrush (zoothera mollissima) complex (aves, turdidae) reveals cryptic species, including a new species, avian research 7: 1 .\nalström, p. , a. cibois, m. irestedt, d. zuccon, m. gelang, j. fjeldså, m. j. andersen, r. g. moyle, e. pasquet, and u. olsson (2018a), comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the grassbirds and allies (locustellidae) reveals extensive non - monophyly of traditional genera, and a proposal for a new classification, mol. phylogenet. evol. (forthcoming) .\nalström, p. , f. e. rheindt, r. zhang, m. zhao, j. wang, x. zhu, c. y. gwee, y. hao, j. ohlson, c. jia, d. m. prawiradilaga, p. g. p. ericson, f. lei, and u. olsson (2018b), complete species - level phylogeny of the leaf warbler (aves: phylloscopidae) radiation, mol. phylogenet. evol. (forthcoming) .\naltshuler, d. l. , r. dudley, and j. a. mcguire (2004), resolution of a paradox: hummingbird flight at high elevation does not come without a cost, proc. natl. acad. sci. 101, 17731 - 17736 .\nalvarenga, h. m. f. , and e. höfling (2003), systematic revision of the phorusrhacidae (aves: ralliformes), papéis avulsos de zoologia 43, 51 - 91 .\namaral, f. s. r. , m. j. miller, l. f. silveira, e. bermingham, and a. wajntal (2006), polyphyly of the hawk genera leucopternis and buteogallus (aves, accipitridae): multiple habitat shifts during the neotropical buteonine diversification, bmc evol. biol. 6: 10 .\namaral, f. s. r. , f. h. sheldon, a. gamauf, e. haring, m. riesing, l. f. silveira, and a. wajntal (2008), patterns and processes of diversification in a widespread and ecologically diverse avian group, the buteonine hawks (aves, accipitridae), mol. phylogenet. evol. 53, 703 - 715 .\nanciães, m. , and a. t. peterson (2009), ecological niches and their evolution among neotropical manakins (aves: pipridae), j. avian biol. 40, 591 - 604 .\nandersen, m. j. , c. h. oliveros, c. filardi, and r. g. moyle (2013), phylogeography of the variable dwarf - kingfisher ceyx lepidus (aves: alcedinidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences, auk 130, 118 - 131 .\nandersen, m. j. , a. naikatini, and r. g. moyle (2014a), a molecular phylogeny of pacific honeyeaters (aves: meliphagidae) reveals extensive paraphyly and an isolated polynesian radiation, mol. phylogenet. evol. 71, 308 - 315 .\nandersen, m. j. , á. s. nyári, i. mason, l. joseph, j. p. dumbacher, c. e. filardi, and r. g. moyle (2014b), molecular systematics of the world' s most polytypic bird: the pachycephala pectoralis / melanura (aves: pachycephalidae) species complex, zool. j. linn. soc. 170, 566 - 588 .\nandersen, m. j. , h. t. shult, a. cibois, j. - c. thibault, c. e. filardi, and r. g. moyle (2015a), rapid diversification and secondary sympatry in australo - pacific kingfishers (aves: alcedinidae: todiramphus), royal soc. open sci. 2, 140375 .\nandersen, m. j. , p. a. hosner, c. e. filardi, and r. g. moyle (2015b), phylogeny of the monarch flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly and novel relationships within a major australo - pacific radiation, mol. phylogenet. evol. 83, 118 - 136 .\narbabi, t. , j. gonzalez, and m. wink (2014a), a re - evaluation of phylogenetic relationships within reed warblers (aves: acrocephalidae) based on eight molecular loci and issr profiles, mol. phylogenet. evol. 78, 304 - - 313 .\narbabi, t. , j. gonzalez, h. - h. witt, r. klein, and m. wink (2014b), mitochondrial phylogeography of the eurasian reed warbler acrocephalus scirpaceus and the first genetic record of a. s. fuscus in central europe, ibis 156, 799 - 811 .\narbeláez - cortés, e. , a. g. navarro - sigüenza, and j. garcía - moreno (2012), phylogeny of woodcreepers of the genus lepidocolaptes (aves, furnariidae), a widespread neotropical taxon, zool. scripta 41, 363 - 373 .\narbeláez - cortés and e. , a. g. navarro - sigüenza (2013), molecular evidence of the taxonomic status of western mexican populations of phaethornis longirostris (aves: trochilidae), zootaxa 3716, 81 - 97 .\nareta, j. i. , m. pearman, and r. ábalos (2012), taxonomy and biogeography of the monte yellow - finch (sicalis mendozae): understanding the endemic avifauna of argentina' s monte desert, condor 114, 654 - 671." ]

{ "text": [ "the socorro mockingbird ( mimus graysoni ) is an endangered mockingbird endemic to socorro island in mexico 's revillagigedo islands .", "the specific epithet commemorates the american ornithologist andrew jackson grayson .", "mimus graysoni shows its close relationship to the northern and tropical mockingbirds rather subtly .", "it is a much stouter bird , resembling some thrashers in habitus .", "it also has a distinct juvenile plumage , more rufous above and with heavy pattern , especially below .", "this uncannily resembles , e.g. , the gray thrasher ( toxostoma cinereum ) from baja california , but is apparently a case of convergent evolution . " ], "topic": [ 18, 25, 6, 23, 23, 4 ] }

[ "the socorro mockingbird (mimus graysoni) is an endangered mockingbird endemic to socorro island in mexico's revillagigedo islands. the specific epithet commemorates the american ornithologist andrew jackson grayson. mimus graysoni shows its close relationship to the northern and tropical mockingbirds rather subtly. it is a much stouter bird, resembling some thrashers in habitus. it also has a distinct juvenile plumage, more rufous above and with heavy pattern, especially below. this uncannily resembles, e.g., the gray thrasher (toxostoma cinereum) from baja california, but is apparently a case of convergent evolution." ]

[ "second - choice logi universe takes the japan derby (jpn - i) .\nlogi universe wins the 76th japanese derby - sahorseracing. com - south african horseracing and betting\nveteran jockey norihiro yokoyama won his first derby when logi universe shot away to win the ...\nneo universe sired unrivaled (satsuki shō), logi universe (tokyo yūshun) and victoire pisa. victoire pisa in turn sired the oka sho winner jeweler .\nsunday' s 141st tenno sho (spring) is up for grabs after the withdrawals of champions dream journey, logi universe and oken bruce lee .\nfollowing on his outside and logi universe hugging the rails in third position. unrivaled also from a good break was settled well behind the pace around fifth from last and three wide .\nveteran jockey norihiro yokoyama won his first derby when logi universe shot away to win the 76th running of the tokyo yushun (japanese derby) today on a soft track at tokyo racecourse .\nlogi universe is by neo universe out of the cape cross mare acoustics, and was bred by northern farm. he is owned by masaaki kumeta, and trained by kiyoshi hagiwara. his win today was his first top - class race victory, and his 5th win from 6 starts .\nin winning last year’s satsuki sho, he provided neo universe with his second successive winner of this japanese equivalent to the 2000 guineas, following the success of unrivaled in 2009 - a year that also saw logi universe, another colt from neo universe’s first crop, land the japanese derby. to come up with three classic - winning sons in his first two crops represents a considerable achievement on neo universe’s behalf, even allowing for the fact that these crops totalled more than 300 foals .\nclassy three - year - olds have left their mark on past japan cups and the principal contender from the classic generation among this year' s japan cup entries is logi universe, by sunday silence' s classic - winning son neo universe from a mare by cape cross, sire of this year' s european champion sea the stars. logi universe will attempt the japan cup on a first - up preparation, having not run since winning the japan derby, over the japan cup course and distance, in late may .\none of a number of sons of sunday silence battling to establish themselves as the true heir to their sire is shadai stallion station' s neo universe (jpn). with his first - crop 3 - year - olds, neo universe is sire of unrivaled (jpn), who took the japanese classic satsuki sho (jpn - ii), and of logi universe (jpn), who lost his unbeaten record with a disappointing... read more ...\ni first pointed out the stallion’s potential in these pages in december 2008, writing: “keep an eye out too for neo universe, who provided sunday silence with his fifth victory in the japanese derby in 2003, when he also won the 2000 guineas. neo universe’s first 2 - year - olds raced in 2008, and he appears to have an excellent prospect in logi universe, an unbeaten winner of two japanese group 3 events, including the radio nikkei hai nisai stakes three days ago. ”\nhowever, logi universe bounced back in his next start in the tokyo yushun, making use of his tremendous stamina that allowed him to dig deep over the wet turf once taking the front at the stretch and drew off to a dominating 4 - length victory .\nlogi universe powered to a four - length victory in the $ 3. 5 million tokyo yushum (japanese derby) on sunday after torrential rain had turned the ground soft at tokyo racecourse. in victory, the kiyoshi hagiwara - trained son of the sunday silence stallion and 2003 japanese derby winner neo universe avenged his lone career defeat in the japanese 2000 guineas as he beat guineas winner and 11 - 10 favorite unrivaled into 12th place .\nalso crept up from the outside after traveling around fifth position most of the way, but looming from the inside and level with the leader in the last 400 was logi universe, who had saved ample energy to dig in deep and draw off to a four - length victory with terrific force .\nlogi universe (jpn) b. h, 2006 { b3 } dp = 4 - 1 - 17 - 0 - 0 (22) di = 1. 59 cd = 0. 41 - 10 starts, 5 wins, 1 places, 0 shows career earnings: ¥343, 323, 000\nhagiwara trained 2009 japanese derby winner logi universe, the only group 1 winner thus far in his career. the 58 - year - old conditioner, said to be a man of very few words, calls epicharis “a very good horse” which explains why he has a lot of backing coming from his homeland .\ntorrential rain began falling at the tokyo racecourse about 3 hours before the derby was run, and the track was subsequently downgraded twice in succession in the lead up to the main race. the favorite unrivaled was the clear pick of the japanese punters, and by derby winning sire neo universe, was expected by most handle the wet track. the second favorite logi universe is also by the same sire, and as the rain fell, his quote also shortened .\n, also a son of neo universe and the heavy favorite. unrivaled came into the race with four wins and a third from five career starts .\ni went on to make an observation which has taken on more significance since the emergence of victoire pisa: “an interesting aspect of neo universe’s pedigree is that he is by a son of halo and his dam pointed path is a granddaughter of boulevard. street cry is another hot young stallion out of a granddaughter of boulevard and he, too, has halo in his pedigree, as the broodmare sire of his sire machiavellian. it looks as though logi universe’s breeders were intent on strengthening the links between neo universe and street cry, as the youngster’s second dam is by none other than machiavellian (creating 3x5 to halo). ”\nlogi universe is owned by masaaki kumeta and trained by kiyoshi hagiwara. the colt, bred by northern farm, earned ¥188, 129, 000 (us $ 1, 974, 237) for winning the japan derby and now has career earnings of ¥314, 991, 000 (us $ 3, 305, 535) .\nantonio barows came out of the pack with a challenge after having had the run of the race one off the fence in fifth position, but there was no danger to logi universe in the final 200m. logi universe shot away for a convincing 4 length win, while take got everything out of reach the crown in the straight and the tired horse held on to grab second place by a head from the valiant antonio barows. nakayama festa made more ground than any other runner in the straight but could only finish 4th. favorite unrivaled was asked for a run down the outside in the straight, but struggled all the way to finish a disappointing 12th .\njo cappuccino opened the gap to almost 10 lengths along the backstretch and passing the 1, 000 - meter marker in: 59. 9 over the deep going, as the rest of the field stretched out into a single file. reach the crown secured second position, three to four lengths in front of logi universe in third .\nlogi universe justified his status as the three - year - old champion by claiming the 2009 tokyo yushun (japanese derby) and his overall performance during the season earned him 235 votes over his rivals with whom he split the three legs of the triple crown, placing him atop the three - year - old colt category of the jra award .\nlogi universe had been an odds - on favorite for the first leg of the japanese triple crown last time out, but had disappointed in finishing 14th in that race – the satsuki sho (japanese 2000 guineas). he bounced back in spectacular fashion today, and the crowd roared as yokoyama brought him back in front of the stand for his “winning run” .\nafter winning the 1 1 / 4 - mile yayoi sho by 2 1 / 2 lengths on good ground, logi universe was sent off as the 1. 70 - 1 favorite for the japanese 2000 guineas over the same distance but finished an unthreatening 14th on firm going. he is now 5 - for - 6 lifetine with earnings of $ 3, 265, 986 .\ncoming off a successful two - year - old campaign during which he scored three wins out of three starts including two grade race titles, the neo universe colt was considered one of the top three candidates for the season' s three - year - old classics. his win in the hochi hai yayoi sho (satsuki sho trial, 2, 000m) boosted him to first choice for the first leg of the triple crown, the satsuki sho (japanese 2000 guineas), but a considerably fast pace took too much out of the front runners and logi universe, who had been among the leading group, was collared before reaching the last turn and faded to 14th - the race was won by another neo universe - sired colt unrivaled .\ndc universe and all related characters and elements are trademarks of and © dc comics. wb games logo, wb shield: tm & © warner bros. entertainment inc. (s13 )\nhe steadily accumulated jra grade - race wins, capturing over 10 titles each in 1998 and from 2008 to 2010, including his 100th grade - race victory in 2008. in 2009, he landed his first and much awaited tokyo yushun (japanese derby, g1) title with logi universe along with two other g1 victories, the tenno sho (autumn) and the mile championship on board company .\nwhen the field started, grade 1 nhk mile hero, jo cappuccino went straight to the lead, while jockey yutaka take settled talented but immature reach the crown in second position in the early stages. yokoyama had logi universe on the rails in 3rd, behind reach the crown, while jockey yasunari iwata had the favorite unrivaled on the outside of the field, back near last after started from barrier 18 .\njo cappuccino quickly capitulated at the top of the long tokyo straight, and reach the crown forged to the front. while most jockeys made their moves, out towards the center of the track, yokoyama drove logi universe through a tiny gap between reach the crown and the inside running rail, and as he shot through the gap and past reach the crown, it was clear he was setting up a winning break .\n, winner of both the satsuki sho and the tokyo yushun during 2003, logi universe won four in a row since his debut as a 2 - year - old leading up to his first grade i challenge in the satsuki sho, in which he started as the heavy favorite but finished a disappointing 14th. many fans remained faithful to the gifted colt, and the bay was sent to post as second choice to satsuki sho winner\nneo universe 's first crop are now five - year - olds and it included two classic winners in 2009. logi universe, a son of the cape cross mare acoustics (a grand - daughter of the brilliant british - trained filly sonic lady), emulated his sire by winning the tokyo yushun (japan derby) in 2009; while unrivaled also landed a classic which their father had previously won, taking the 2009 satsuki sho, japan 's equivalent of the 2, 000 guineas. unrivaled, incidentally, comes from the same family as his father, his dam ballet queen being by sadler 's wells out of sun princess. victoire pisa then landed this same race the following year, 2010, and he is clearly the star of neo universe 's second crop, which also contains the group three winners neo vendome and big bang. neo universe 's third crop are currently three - year - olds and this batch has already thrown up all as one, a group three winner last year as a two - year - old over 1800m .\nthe 6. 70 - 1 logi universe was never worse than third in the 1 1 / 2 - mile classic. he led at the quarter pole and drew off under a hand ride from norihiro yokoyama with reach the crown second and antonio barows third, a head behind the runner - up. the pacesetting nhk mile cup winner jo cappucchino gave way to finish last of 18, distanced by the field. the time for the 12 furlongs was 2: 33. 70 .\nin addition to logi universe and victoire pisa, another with two lines of halo is the exciting young stallion shamardal, who is out of street cry’s sister helsinki. shamardal, who has halo is his fifth and fourth generations, was represented over the weekend by dunboyne express, winner of the g3 leopardstown 2000 guineas trial. others inbred to halo include the high - class australian filly more joyous (3x3) and the major japanese winners asakusa den’en (a half - brother to victoire pisa, inbred 3x4) and danon chantilly (3x3) .\ni want to know what i' m missing. is the game really just\nspreadsheets in space ,\nas many players have joked? or have players like gianturco found the key to another part of the universe that i' ve not yet seen ?\nvictoire pisa is a dark bay horse bred at the shadai farm in hokkaido. his sire neo universe, a son of the thirteen - time leading sire in japan sunday silence, was a successful japanese performer, winning the satsuki shō and the tokyo yūshun, the first two legs of the japanese triple crown in 2003. at stud he has sired the satsuki shō winner unrivaled and the tokyo yūshun winner logi universe. victoire pisa' s dam whitewater affair was a successful british racehorse who won the john porter stakes and the prix de pomone as a four - year - old in 1997. at stud in britain she bred the yasuda kinen winner asakusa denen, and was then exported to japan where her other foals included the group three winner swift current. the colt was prepared for racing by katsuhiko sumii, the trainer of delta blues and vodka .\ngaines b. r. (2013) living in an uncertain universe. in: seising r. , trillas e. , moraga c. , termini s. (eds) on fuzziness. studies in fuzziness and soft computing, vol 299. springer, berlin, heidelberg\ni decide to give eve online one more try. i undock my dinky frigate from the home screen and drift through clouds of space dust, eying the rocks in the distance and the complex tables with stargates. hundreds of thousands of people are connected by this one universe. all of it surprises me .\ndeep impact was thus the last in a long line of top - class sons of sunday silence bred from top - class european matrons. a short way ahead of him in this line had come neo universe, who likewise proved himself a classic star after sunday silence 's death. raced by the yoshida family, neo universe was japan 's top three - year - old in 2003, winning the satsuki sho and the tokyo yushun, which are regarded as japan 's equivalents of the 2, 000 guineas and derby. just as deep impact came from a top - class european family formerly developed by the queen, neo universe also hailed from a family long resident at one of the great studs of the british isles, his dam pointed path being a product of ballymacoll stud in ireland. this property, previously owned by the eccentric yet hugely successful owner and owner / breeder dorothy paget, has since 1960 been under the ownership of the sobell / weinstock families, for whom it has produced countless champions, including the derby winners troy and north light .\nwhen sunday silence died in japan a few years back, he had a plethora of sons vying to take his vaunted spot atop the leading sire lists. the one that looks most likely to emulate him, especially in classics output, is the bay 10 - year - old neo universe, who stands at shadai where his sire ruled supreme. today, …\nneo universe, a son of sunday silence at stud at shadai in japan, and birdstone, a son of grindstone at stud at gainesway, in kentucky, have a lot in common. for one, both are sons of kentucky derby winners. sunday silence won the derby (and preakness) in 1989; grindstone won the derby in 1996. second, …\nin order to become a member of the flagship eclipse detachment, a costumer must be a member of the 501st legion. they must also own an expanded universe costume which is represented by the flagship eclipse, and they must be registered on the detachment forum. if you are a 501st member who also qualifies for membership in flagship eclipse, please read the post here about gaining 501st and / or detachment access .\nhowever, each of her two daughters has exerted an influence on no less a race than the dubai world cup. boulevard’s younger daughter, the classic - placed riverman filly waterway, is the second dam of the impressive 2002 world cup winner street cry. and now her elder daughter, the nassau stakes third silken way, ranks as the second dam of neo universe, sire of the hugely welcome 2011 world cup hero, victoire pisa .\nwith sunday silence ruling the roost at shadai (and in japan generally) he was an obvious choice of mate for pointed path once she had arrived in japan. neo universe duly demonstrated the merit of this mating, proving to be a tremendous horse, leading home sunday silence - sired quinellas in 2003 in japan 's equivalents of both the 2, 000 guineas and the derby. sakura president finished second to him in the former and the subsequent japan cup and arima kinen winner zenno rob roy filled second spot in the latter. neo universe was then far from disgraced in failing to complete the triple crown when only third over 3000m in the kikuka sho (japan 's equivalent of the st leger), finishing behind that 's the plenty (a son of sunday silence 's son dance in the dark, who is best known internationally for siring the yoshida - owned 2006 melbourne cup winner delta blues) and the sunday silence colt lincoln (who, coincidentally, also has sunny gulf as his sixth dam, being a great - grandson of the wide - margin 1983 oaks winner sun princess). neo universe stayed in training as a four - year - old in 2004, during which year he won the group two sankei osaka hai over 2000m at hanshin before retiring to shadai stallion station in 2005 .\ndc universe online software © daybreak game company, llc. all other elements © dc comics. daybreak game company and the daybreak game company logo are registered trademarks of daybreak game company llc. “playstation” and the “ps” family logo are registered trademarks and “ps3” and the playstation network logo are trademarks of sony computer entertainment inc. the ratings icon is a registered trademark of the entertainment software association. all other trademarks and trade names are the property of their respective owners. all rights reserved .\nif you looked at the map before and after the band of brothers alliance was disbanded, you can see at one point the picture just snaps and all that sovereignty changes ,\ntownsend says .\nit was like a shockwave that resonated throughout the eve universe because, while it wasn' t graphically impressive — there was no big explosion, no titanic detonation — you could see the effects that were felt on the map of the game in terms of the big players .\nthere’s a battle royal on the boil between the respective farms of the yoshida brothers in japan, shadai farm and northern farm for the breeders’ championship of the nation. these two giants of the japanese domestic breeding scene have been banging it out, hammer and tongs, for years now, with northern farm leading the march for five consecutive seasons. however, it seems this year, they have their hands full with brother teruya yoshida’s shadai, who leads the list by a relatively comfortable margin at the time of writing. the last couple of weeks have witnessed something of a turnaround though, and this weekend’s satsuki sho (japanese 2000 guineas) was the best illustration of the saying “it’s never over till the fat lady sings”. while the hot favourite for the event, the hitherto unbeaten logi universe (by neo universe, by sunday silence) went off a warm favourite, he had no answer for the closing rush of his paternal half - brother unrivalled (also by neo universe) who prevailed by 1, 5 lengths from another grandson of sunday silence (by special week ,) triumph march. given his interminable dominance, it may have seemed surprising the third horse across the line selun wonder, was not descended in male line from the “emperor” of japanese stallions, but the “wonder” arises at the revelation: that his dam is by none other than, (you must have guessed it ,) sunday silence himself. the first two across the line were both bred by northern farm, and strung together more than ¥180 million in the process. as a matter of curiosity, both descended from northern dancer - line mares, in the one case ex a daughter of sadler’s wells, the other a mare by dancing brave. it’s perhaps something of a commentary on how slowly we occasionally react in this country to the obvious, that we have as yet no son of sunday silence in our stallion ranks, especially as the youngest of his remaining progeny at the races is now six years old. that’s something we intend to remedy at summerhill, so we would advise our readers to keep on reading .\nwe strive to create accurate and quality costumes based on characters from the many sources of star wars stories - comics, books, video games, figures, statues, animated shows, etc. the references are as vast as the character possibilities. while the majority of characters within our ranks fall under the previously labeled expanded universe, we have since welcomed non - movie canon characters from star wars: the clone wars and star wars: rebels, and look forward to serving as a center of knowledge and experience in these and future costumes .\never created? would be at least 500. i have multiple legendary accounts and have been creating and deleting characters since the first day. as for my favorite? i guess my signature would suggest that it' s marsboy, based on the character from superboy # 14 & 16, 1951 / adventure comics # 195, 1953. but, i play more than a dozen different ones a day. wonder boy, logi, kryptonite kid, air wave, wildfire, static, bizarroboy, karate kid, solar boy, mighty boy, jemm, star boy, negativeboy, bat lad, blackout, trickster, dev em, little barda, golden lad, silver scarab, nuklon, teen wolf, skyboy, kid devil, anarky, talon, klarion, cm3, arisia, flying fox, bombshell, bird boy, vril dox, amethyst, red daughter, timber wolf, northwind, etc. to name a few .\nhe rise and rise of japanese bloodstock over the past three decades has been the result of nothing more complicated than recruiting well - credentialled stallions and well - credentialled mares. this simple formula (well, it 's simple if one can afford it) has ensured that japanese horses are now the equal of any in the world, certainly over middle and longer distances, which are the races which remain the most prized in japan, as they do to (although admittedly sometimes to a lesser extent) in most nations. a classic example of japan 's current high standards came when the japanese horses victoire pisa and transcend filled the quinella in the dubai world cup. the background of the winner victoire pisa, a son of the sunday silence stallion neo universe, particularly epitomizes the basis of japanese dominance, writes john berry .\nthe 501 st legion is a star wars fan club dedicated to celebrating the star wars universe through costuming; specifically the costumes and characters of the stormtrooper and other imperial forces, as well as non - affiliated villains and denizens. the legion is an all - volunteer organization formed for the express purpose of bringing together costume enthusiasts under a collective identity within which to operate. the legion seeks to promote interest in star wars through the building and wearing of quality costumes, and to facilitate the use of these costumes for star wars - related events as well as contributions to the local community through costumed charity and volunteer work. the legion recognizes it holds no claim over the costumes and characters it portrays, and that their use is a privilege extended by lucasfilm ltd. (lfl). the members of the legion acknowledge and accept that while in costume, we represent the star wars brand and will do so professionally and responsibly at all times. the text shown above is an excerpt from article 1 of the 501 st legion charter. the complete legion charter is located here .\nit has been remarkable how shadai farm and stallion station has developed since the importation of northern taste. back when northern taste arrived in japan, it was not yet clear that his sire northern dancer would turn out to be quite the massive influence which he subsequently became. however, northern dancer was already proven as a great stallion, thanks to the likes of his triple crown - winning second - crop son nijinsky, and northern taste was clearly well - bred, being from a daughter of another great windfields farm sire, victoria park. (shortly afterwards, the same cross produced the 1977 derby winner the minstrel). northern taste 's successor sunday silence, of course, was not from the northern dancer sire - line, being a son of the hail to reason stallion halo, but he was not unrelated: halo 's dam cosmah and northern dancer 's dam natalma were half - sisters. this emphasis of quality has stood the stud in good stead – and now, with neo universe being just one of the many high - class sons of sunday silence on its roster, its future continues to look secure indefinitely .\nvictoire pisa is also the result of the importation of a high - class mare. his dam whitewater affair was a group two winner over 2700m when trained by sir michael stoute for her owner / breeder john greetham, and she hails from a family which has served mr greetham well. her third dam short commons bred the good colts he loves me (winner of three group three sprints in england) and wattlefield (who was placed in the middle park stakes in 1981) as well as the filly short rations, a winner in italy. short rations 'best foal was the mill reef colt marooned, a winner of an apprentices 'handicap at ascot when trained for mr greetham by stoute who made great progress after his sale and export to australia, where he won the sydney cup in 1986 before becoming a successful stallion in west australia. short rations also bred mr greetham the bustino filly much too risky, who in turn bred him the group one performers little rock, short skirt and whitewater affair. the latter, a daughter of machiavellian, was sold to shadai farm and was exported carrying a singspiel colt – who, named asakusa den 'en, won the group one yasuda kinen as a six - year - old in 2005. she has subsequently bred the group two place - getter swift current to sunday silence, and now victoire pisa to sunday silence 's son neo universe .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe are sorry, but page you are trying to access does not exist. please go to the top page, sitemap page or use the site search engine below to search within the website .\n© japan association for international racing and stud book (jairs). all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nvodka, after her history - making three - year - old season in 2007, continued with a highly successful 2008 campaign befitting jra' s highest honor. with two g1 titles against top runners of all ages and both genders, the tanino gimlet filly attracted 180 of 300 total votes for the horse of the year title, and also collected 196 votes for the older filly or mare award. vodka is the first filly / mare to claim the jra horse of the year title in eleven years, and third overall, after tomei (1971) and air groove (1997) .\nher great performance in the tenno sho autumn (g1) was no doubt the highlight of her outstanding four - year - old season. the race, which featured a lineup of quality g1 runners at their best, was run at a considerable pace that saw the four top finishers all broke the race record by at least 0. 8 second and the next five horses cross the wire within 0. 5 second of the winner. but vodka won the competition for horse of the year by a comfortable margin; daiwa scarlet (jpn), who was just 2cm behind in the tenno sho and the subsequent winner of the arima kinen, collected 79 votes, and deep sky (jpn), the season' s derby winner who finished third to vodka in the tenno sho but beat the filly to second in the following japan cup (g1), took 37 votes. vodka concluded her 2008 season with a third - place finish in the japan cup, but her connections are already getting her ready for another overseas challenge in dubai in march during her five - year - old campaign .\nsix out of 10 awards presented to horses this year were won by vote totals exceeding 200, among which deep sky was unanimously voted best three - year - old colt and kane hekili made a spectacular comeback to reclaim his first best dirt horse title since 2005 .\ntrainer yasutoshi ikee reached the top of the leader board to claim his first jra trainer' s award for races won, adding to the winning average award he earned in 2006. hideaki fujiwara took his second consecutive winning average award and katsuhiko sumii won his second title for money earned, the first coming in 2005 .\nsuperstar jockey yutaka take maintained his position as the leading jockey in races won and winning average, while yasunari iwata concluded the season with the largest total for purses. makoto nishitani reached the milestone of 100 wins over obstacles to claim his third consecutive steeplechase jockey title .\njockey kosei miura broke take' s longstanding record of 69 wins in a debut season in march 2008, and then went on to smash the old mark by more than 20 with 91 total victories .\nnote: all information, including ages and race performances, are as of december 31, 2007, unless otherwise indicated .\nvodka was among the jra award winners for a third consecutive season, this time claiming the very top honor, horse of the year, as well as best older filly or mare .\nher two g1 victories in 2008 were both of exceptionally high quality. in the yasuda kinen (g1, 1, 600m), running against international class milers such as good ba ba (usa), armada (nz), bullish luck (usa) from hong kong, and super hornet (jpn) and suzuka phoenix (jpn) from the home field, vodka landed her third grade - one title. the win, which came a little over a year since her history - making derby victory, demonstrated her full recovery of form to best the field by 3 - 1 / 2 lengths .\nher win in the tenno sho autumn (g1, 2, 000m) was contested by top classic and g1 winners and three derby champions, including vodka herself. it was an exceptionally impressive win and shall forever be remembered for the mighty filly' s power, which she willed to catch her archrival daiwa scarlet (jpn) in the final strides and cross the wire two centimeters ahead in 1: 57. 2, renewing the record by 0. 8 seconds. still a four - year - old filly, vodka has already proved herself to be the top miler and middle - distance runner among all ages and both genders .\nin her last start, the japan cup (g1, 2, 400m), although affected by the extraordinarily slow pace like many other top g1 winners, she finished third, and then concluded the 2008 season to refresh herself for next season, during which time she remains in training .\nvodka was named best two - year - old filly in 2006 after claiming her first grade - one title in the hanshin juvenile fillies (1, 600m), and she also was given the jra special award in 2007 for the historic feat of becoming the first female winner in 64 years to claim the tokyo yushun (japanese derby, 2, 400m) .\nseiun wonder won three out of four starts, including the 2008 two - year - old championship race, the asahi futurity stakes (1, 600m), to earn the jra award for best two - year - old colt of 2008 .\nbid at the hidaka selection sale for 8. 4 million yen to train at jra' s yearling training facility, and then resold to his current owner at jra' s\nbreeze up sale\nin april, seiun wonder began training under masazo ryoke and quickly reached the starting gate for his debut in june. the grass wonder colt broke his maiden in his second start with an overwhelming six - length margin and followed up with his first grade - race victory in the niigata nisai stakes (1, 600m) in september .\nhe missed one start in november due to an infection in his foot before being sent to post favorite for a grade - one attempt in the asahi hai futurity stakes. despite appearing overexcited in both the paddock and the post parade prior to his first start in three and a half months, seiun wonder took a ground - saving route from stall three. from racing well off the pace, jockey yasunari iwata steered him off the rails between the third and last corner and then split horses for the final stretch, from where the big colt of more than 500 kilos burst into gear to outrun the leaders and then held off the late chargers for a head - margin victory .\ntrainer ryoke expressed his hopes for the powerful colt' s upcoming three - year - old campaign, saying that he is more than capable of handling the extra distance required to win a classic .\nsire / dam (sire of dam): special week / biwa heidi (caerleon) owner: sunday racing co. , ltd. breeder: northern farm trainer: hiroyoshi matsuda 2008 wins / starts: 2 / 3 career wins / starts: 2 / 3 2008 earnings: ¥68, 088, 000 career earnings: ¥68, 088, 000 principal win in 2008: hanshin juvenile fillies\nbuena vista lived up to expectations and superb pedigree in 2008, claiming the hanshin juvenile fillies in dominating fashion to come just one vote short, 299, of being unanimously selected the best two - year - old filly of 2008 .\nsired by multiple grade - one winner special week, and out of biwa heidi, who won three grade - race titles including the two - year - old championship race, buena vista was sent to post favorite in her debut in october, but despite clocking the fastest last three furlongs at 33. 5 seconds, she finished third. though quickly proving her potential with a three - length victory three weeks later, she was obliged to win out a draw between\none - time - winners\nto earn her ticket to run in the juvenile fillies. sent to post favorite again in a contest that included germinal (jpn), who had come off a win against her male counterparts, and other potential fillies who had already won more than twice in their debut seasons, buena vista gave a classy performance that clearly separated her from the rest of the field. traveling well off the pace and then breezing past her rivals along an outside path at the straight, she eventually opened the gap to a 2 - 1 / 2 length victory, after which her jockey commented that the filly had hit the front a little early and was not even running seriously in the final strides .\nin the december ratings, handicappers rated her two pounds higher than vodka at the same age in 2006, raising hopes even higher for the dark bay filly' s three - year - old campaign .\nthe agnes tachyon colt proved himself to be a top - class three - year - old of the 2008 season, claiming two grade - one events including the tokyo yushun (japanese derby, 2, 400m) and finishing a close third in the tenno sho autumn (g1, 2, 000m), which was regarded as one of the toughest competitions in jra history due to a lineup of high - standard multiple g1 winners. deep sky also followed this strong effort with an impressive runner - up in the japan cup (g1, 2, 400m) .\ninstead of pushing the distance in the third leg of the triple crown, his connections decided to face him against the top older horses in the tenno sho autumn (g1, 2, 000m). racing in mid - field behind daiwa scarlet who set a considerably fast pace by covering the first 1, 000 meters in 58. 7 seconds, deep sky, although unable to outrun the exceptional two fillies that have repeatedly proven themselves equal to their g1 counterparts of the opposite gender, bested the rest of the high - class runners in a fierce rally that saw the first five finishers cross the wire within 0. 1 second behind the winner' s record 1: 57. 2 over 2, 000 meters .\nalthough victimized by the extremely slow - paced japan cup (g1, 2, 400m), he bested the late chargers to close in on the winner with a tremendous turn of speed that covered the last three furlongs in 33. 8 seconds, finishing 1 / 2 - length short of the winner to conclude his season with 5 - 2 - 2 out of ten starts .\nsire / dam (sire of dam): agnes tachyon / little harmony (commander in chief) owner: shadai race h. breeder: shiraoi farm trainer: hiroyuki nagayama 2008 wins / starts: 2 / 6 career wins / starts: 4 / 8 2008 earnings: ¥147, 436, 000 career earnings: ¥161, 436, 000 principal wins in 2008: queen elizabeth ii commemorative cup (g1), queen cup\nlittle amapola earned more than 200 votes for best three - year - old of 2008 thanks to a strong season that included her victory in the queen elizabeth ii commemorative cup (g1, 2, 200m) .\nalready recognized for her explosive turn of speed when she scored her second win out of as many starts as a two - year - old, little amapola kicked off the 2008 season with a fourth - place finish against male opponents in her first grade - race attempt, and then landed her first grade - race title in the queen cup in her next start .\nhowever, she was unable to perform well in her next three grade - one starts, affected by disadvantages while finishing fifth, seventh and sixth in the oka sho (japanese 1000 guineas), yushun himba (japanese oaks) and the shuka sho, respectively. but her true ability surfaced in her final and biggest g1 challenge against older mares of grade - one level in the queen elizabeth ii commemorative cup (g1). under french jockey christophe lemaire, the agnes tachyon filly stayed well within the pace throughout and made a head start over her rivals from mid - stretch, holding off race - favorite and 2006 oaks winner kawakami princess, who came storming from the outside, to win by 1 - 1 / 2 lengths for her first g1 title .\nscreen hero claimed the year' s best older colt or horse title with 167 votes by making a magnificent comeback from a leg injury with three wins and two seconds out of six starts, including his first g1 victory in the japan cup (g1, 2, 400m) against a field that included three derby winners and three grade - race winners from abroad .\nbred and owned by teruya yoshida of the shadai group, the grass wonder colt was winless in his two starts as a two - year - old but broke his maiden in his kick - off race of his three - year - old campaign and added another win two starts later before making his first grade - race attempt in the spring stakes (1, 800m) in which he finished fifth to flying apple (usa). winless but steadily progressing through his 2007 season, screen hero earned a ticket to the kikuka sho but was found to have fractured his left foreleg and was turned out for the remaining season as well as the first half of 2008 .\nresuming his racing in august after an 11 - month break, the grass wonder colt was conditioned by first - season trainer yuichi shikato, who took over after susumu yano' s retirement, and won his 2008 season debut, then followed up with two runner - up efforts before scoring his first grade race victory in the copa republica argentina (2, 500m) .\nqualifying for the japan cup and partnered with mirco demuro, screen hero was sent to post ninth favorite in his first g1 attempt against a quality field of g1 winners and managed to hold off a powerful charge from race - favorite deep sky to win by a 1 / 2 length .\nsire / dam (sire of dam): kurofune / what katy did (nureyev) owner: sunday racing co. , ltd. breeder: northern farm trainer: kojiro hashiguchi 2008 wins / starts: 5 / 6 career wins / starts: 9 / 16 2008 earnings: ¥242, 400, 000 career earnings: ¥309, 693, 000 principal wins in 2008: sprinters stakes (g1), kitakyushu kinen, cbc sho (g3 )\nsleepless night emerged as another outstanding four - year - old filly, along with vodka and daiwa scarlet, having captured the sprinters stakes (g1) title against a mixed field of grade - race winners .\na late developer who was unraced as a two - year - old, sleepless night was winless in her first two starts on turf and broke her maiden when tested over dirt in her third start. making use of her powerful speed inherited from her sire kurofune, who was outstanding both on turf and on dirt, she scored three more wins on dirt and continued to succeed in her four - year - old campaign with another two wins before her connections decided that it was a good time to try the powerful filly on turf again. the decision was justified as the bay filly did not disappoint in three grade - race attempts, capped off with a g1 victory in the sprinters stakes, which convinced 233 voters that she deserved to be crowned the best sprinter or miler title .\nher first target for the 2009 season is the takamatsunomiya kinen (g1) in march .\nsire / dam (sire of dam): fuji kiseki / life out there (deputy minister) owner: kaneko makoto holdings co. , ltd breeder: northern farm trainer: katsuhiko sumii wins / starts in 2008: 2 / 3 (including one nar start) career wins / starts: 10 / 17 (including three nar wins) earnings in 2008: ¥213, 570, 000 (including one nar win) career earnings: ¥691, 624, 700 (including one race overseas and four nar races) principal wins in 2008: japan cup dirt (g1), tokyo daishoten\nkane hekili made a miraculous comeback from two tendon injuries to capture two g1 victories, beating 2007 champion dirt horse vermilion on both occasions, to lay claim to his second jra award for best dirt horse .\nthe son of fuji kiseki, who won all four career starts, was hailed the\nking of dirt\nwith seven wins and a second out of eight starts, including three grade - one titles in 2005, kane hekili was seemingly on his way to another successful season after landing his fourth g1 victory in the february stakes (g1, 1, 600m, dirt). however, he was diagnosed with a bowed tendon in mid season, which ruled him out of racing for the rest of the year. then, after returning to training in september 2007 towards his fall campaign, he was hindered by another relapse of the tendon lesion, which put him out of racing for two years and four months .\nfinishing ninth in his comeback start in the musashino stakes (g3, 1, 600m, dirt) in november, he was sent to post fourth favorite for the japan cup dirt (g1, 1, 800m, dirt), which included vermilion, the uncontested winner in japan for two years and on his way to his second japan cup dirt title. but the chestnut lived up to the expectations of his stable staff and supporters, who had believed in him during his long absence under the skillful hands of christophe lemaire, and exhibited his powerful turn of foot to hold off vermilion' s late charge and become the first horse to capture two japan cup dirt titles .\nfour weeks later, he repeated the feat by winning out a fierce duel to beat vermilion again in the tokyo daishoten (2, 000m, dirt), concluding his short season with two wins out of three starts .\nking joy earned his way to becoming the season' s best steeplechase horse by winning the nakayama daishogai (4, 100m) against proven g1 champions such as maruka rascal and merci a time, as well as another grade race victory in the kyoto high jump (3, 930m), giving him two wins and a second out of three starts during 2008 .\nwinless in 18 starts in flat racing during 2004 and 2005, the son of marvelous sunday was tested over obstacles for the first time in may 2006 at kyoto and finished ninth, but he broke his maiden in his second start. the bay progressed well and was extremely consistent during 2007 after marking his first grade - race victory in the kyoto jump stakes (3, 170m). he was 1 - 2 - 1 out of six starts and was close to claiming his first g1 victory in his first attempt in the 2007 nakayama daishogai, finishing second to merci a time by a close margin .\nvowing to avenge the defeat, jockey jun takada and his mount kicked off the 2008 season with a second in the tokyo high jump (3, 300m) in june. coming into their second g1 attempt after a victory in the kyoto high jump, they were sent to post second favorite. the pair came into the stretch from a good rhythm to pass the race favorite maruka rascal, who had used up his energy after losing much ground on the way, and they beat merci a time this time by a 1 / 2 - length for their first g1 victory .\nking joy is out of marvelous sunday (jpn, by sunday silence), who had a record of 10 - 2 - 1 out of fifteen career starts and a g1 winner." ]

{ "text": [ "logi universe ( japanese ロジユニヴァース foaled march 11 2006 ) is a japanese thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "as a juvenile in 2008 he was unbeaten in three races including grade 3 successes in the sapporo nisai stakes , radio nikkei hai nisei stakes .", "in the following spring he won the yayoi sho and then rebounded from his first defeat to win the tokyo yushun by four lengths .", "at the end of the season he won the jra award for best three-year-old colt .", "his subsequent racing career was plagued by injury and he ran only four times in the next three years before being retired to stud . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 14, 14, 14 ] }

[ "logi universe (japanese ロジユニヴァース foaled march 11 2006) is a japanese thoroughbred racehorse and sire. as a juvenile in 2008 he was unbeaten in three races including grade 3 successes in the sapporo nisai stakes, radio nikkei hai nisei stakes. in the following spring he won the yayoi sho and then rebounded from his first defeat to win the tokyo yushun by four lengths. at the end of the season he won the jra award for best three-year-old colt. his subsequent racing career was plagued by injury and he ran only four times in the next three years before being retired to stud." ]

[ "epitonium delicatulum (adams h. , 1869): synonym of epitonium tenerum (h. adams, 1873 )\nepitonium is a genus of small predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. epitonium is the type genus of the family epitoniidae, the wentletraps .\nmany species that now are placed in the genus epitonium have, over the years, been classified in other genera. these have become synonyms of epitonium :\nbelongs to epitonium according to a. j. w. hendy et al. 2008\n7 epitonium sp. aff. worsfoldi robertson, 1994 cf. worsfold' s wentletrap\nfamily epitoniidae epitonium angulatum (c. b. adams, 1830) angulate wentletra | seashells | pinterest | shell\nnote: some malacologists have recently placed many of the more than 600 named species into other genera, which were previously considered to be subgenera of the genus epitonium. on the other hand, many species that belonged to subgenera of epitonium are now included in epitonium. these subgenera were based on details of the shell sculpture and not on molecular analysis .\nthe genus epitonium has been divided in the past by some authors into several subgenera, but these subgenera were based only on shell characters and did not reflect the true underlying relationships or phylogeny .\nepitonium shells are high - spired, and are all - white in most of the species within this genus. a few species are tinted with brown to varying degrees, or have a brown stripe on the shoulder of the whorl. the shells typically have blade - like vertical ribs, known as costae .\none week later i called brian to tell him he was right about the epitonium, that there were eight species identified, and that the total number of shells in the catch was 3, 952. his reply was ,\nwow, - mom just think how many jumped or fell off when i was reeling it in !\ndistribution range: 41. 6°n to 29°s; 90. 5°w to 53°w. distribution: usa: massachusetts, rhode island, connecticut, new york, new ...\npollock, l. w. (1998). a practical guide to the marine animals of northeastern north america. rutgers university press. new brunswick, new jersey & london. 367 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nrosenberg, g. 2004. malacolog version 3. 3. 2: western atlantic gastropod database. the academy of natural sciences, philadelphia, pa. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nrosenberg, g. ; moretzsohn, f. ; garcía, e. f. (2009). gastropoda (mollusca) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 579–699 in: felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. texas a & m; press, college station, texas. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\nthe evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined. using an extended and updated data set, and improved statistical methods, it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual, but that its central conclusion is robust. it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade, that its strength increases markedly with depth, but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .\nthe replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed—which are currently much disputed. the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths, and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .\ncitation: welch jj (2010) the “island rule” and deep - sea gastropods: re - examining the evidence. plos one 5 (1): e8776. urltoken\ncopyright: © 2010 john j. welch. this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding: some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\nhere, i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule, making use of the improved statistical methods, and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ], which has been both expanded, and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ]. it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al. [ 12 ] is robust, and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .\npart a shows how different tests of the ‘island rule’ can give qualitatively different results. “deep - sea” species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m, and all other species defined as “shallow - water”. the ordinary - least - squares regression (dashed line) differs significantly from the 1∶1 line of the null (dotted line), but the standardized - major - axis regression (solid line) shows no significant departure. part b shows a less ambiguous case: “deep - sea” species are those never observed above 400m, and “shallow - water” species those never observed below 200m; body sizes are within - genus means, taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .\nthe body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners. “shallow - water” species were never observed below 200m, and “deep - sea” species never observed above depths of a: 200m, b: 400m and c: 600m. separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda (black points) and all other groups (grey points). the dotted line is the 1∶1 expected under the null. genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .\nsince the pattern was first identified [ 1 ] – [ 3 ] the island rule has been explained in a large number of ways [ 1 ] – [ 11 ]. a powerful method of distinguishing between the competing explanations is to test for the presence of analogous patterns in systems that share some, but not all of the ecological characteristics of island habitats [ 4 ], [ 12 ], [ 34 ]. for example, one putative contributor to the vertebrate pattern is “immigrant selection”, that is, between - lineage differences in the probability of reaching isolated islands, as opposed to differences in survival after colonisation [ 4 ], [ 35 ], [ 36 ]. the colonization of the deep - sea benthos differs clearly and qualitatively from the colonization of islands, and so if it is assumed that the similar patterns of body size evolution reflect a similarity of underlying cause [ 12 ], this argues against immigrant selection as a key determinant of the graded trend that is observed in both cases .\nsimilarly, predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ], [ 4 ], [ 6 ], [ 11 ]; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism (by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance), and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics (such as tameness) [ 37 ], [ 38 ]. but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ], [ 14 ], and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ], [ 39 ] – [ 41 ]. the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .\nwe are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed – and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ], [ 4 ], [ 11 ], [ 12 ]. a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ], [ 12 ], [ 19 ], [ 20 ] .\nmany thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database. many thanks also to lucy weinert, nicolas bierne, gary rosenberg, shai meiri. simon joly and an anonymous reviewer, who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .\nconceived and designed the experiments: jw. performed the experiments: jw. analyzed the data: jw. wrote the paper: jw .\nfoster jb (1964) evolution of mammals on islands. nature 202: 234–235 .\nvan valen l (1973) pattern and balance in nature. evolutionary theory 1: 31–49 .\nlomolino mv (1985) body size of mammals on islands: the island rule re - examined. am nat 125: 310–316 .\nlomolino mv (2005) body size evolution in insular vertebrates: generality of the island rule. j biogeog 32: 1683–1699 .\nmacarthur rh, wilson eo (1963) an equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography. evolution 17: 373–387. (doi :\nroth vl (1992) inferences from allometry and fossils: dwarfing of elephants on islands. oxford survey of evolutionary biology 8: 259–288 .\nsmith fa (1992) evolution of body size among woodrats from baja california, mexico. funct ecol 6: 265–273. (doi :\nmarquet pa, taper ml (1998) on size and area: patterns of mammalian body size extremes across landmasses. evol ecol 12: 127–139 .\nclegg sm, owens ipf (2002) the ‘island rule’ in birds: medium body size and its ecological explanation. proc r soc b 269: 1359–1365 .\npalkovacs ep (2003) explaining adaptive shifts in body size on islands: a life history approach. oikos 103: 37–44. (doi :\nmcclain cr, boyer ag, rosenberg g (2006) the island rule and the evolution of body size in the deep sea. j biogeog 33: 1578–1584 .\nrosenberg g (1993) a database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy, biogeography and diversity, with examples from western atlantic marine gastropods. american malacological bulletin 10: 257–266 .\ndayton pk, hessler rr (1972) the role of biological disturbance in maintaining diversity in the deep sea. deep–sea research 19: 199–208 .\ngage jd, tyler pa (1991) deep–sea biology: a natural history of organisms at the deep–sea floor. cambridge, uk: cambridge university press. 524 p .\nrex ma, etter rj, morris js, crouse j, mcclain cr, et al. (2006) global bathymetric patterns of standing stock and body size in the deep–sea benthos. mar ecol prog ser 317: 1–8 .\nmeiri s (2007) size evolution in island lizards. global ecol biogeogr 16: 702–708 .\nmeiri s, dayan t, simberloff d (2005) area, isolation and body size evolution in insular carnivores. ecol lett 8: 1211–1217 .\nmeiri s, cooper n, purvis a (2008) the island rule: made to be broken? proc r soc b 275: 141–148. (doi :\nwelch jj (2009) testing the island rule: primates as a case study. proc r soc b 276: 675–682 .\nprice td, phillimore ab (2007) reduced major axis regression and the island rule. j biogeog 34: 1998–1999 .\nmartin rd, barbour ad (1989) aspects of line–fitting in bivariate allometric analyses. folia primatologica 53: 65–81 .\nwarton di, wright ij, falster ds, westoby m (2006) bivariate line–fitting methods for allometry. biological reviews 81: 259–291 .\nrosenberg g (2009) malacolog 4. 1. 1: a database of western atlantic marine mollusca. available :\nbouchet p, rocroi j–p (2005) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. malacologia 47: 1–397 .\nsmith cr, de leo fc, bernardino af, sweetman ak, martinez arbizu p (2008) abyssal food limitation, ecosystem structure and climate change. trends ecol evol 23: 518–528 .\nsokal rr, rohlf fj (1995) biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in biological research. 3rd edition. new york: w. h. freeman and co .\nr development core team (2006) r: a language and environment for statistical computing. vienna: r foundation for statistical computing. available :\nguo h, weiss re, gu x, suchard ma (2007) time squared: repeated measures on phylogenies. mol biol evol 24: 353–362 .\ngage jd, bett bj (2005) deep–sea benthic sampling. in: eleftheriou a, mcintyre a, editors. methods for the study of marine benthos: third edition. oxford: blackwell science ltd. pp. 273–325 .\n( mollusca: caenogastropoda) from the southwestern caribbean. zootaxa 49: 1–7 .\nmcclain cr, rex ma, jabbour r (2005) deconstructing bathymetric body size patterns in deep–sea gastropods. mar ecol prog ser 297: 181–187 .\nschmidt nm, jensen pm (2003) changes in mammalian body length over 175 years - adaptations to a fragmented landscape? conservation ecology 7: 6 .\nreyment ra (1983) palaeontological aspects of island biogeography: colonization and evolution of mammals on mediterranean islands. oikos 41: 299–306 .\nlomolino mv (1984) immigrant selection, predatory exclusion and the distributions of microtus pennsylvanicus and blarina brevicadua on islands. am nat 123: 468–483 .\nmcnab bk (2002) minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands. ecol lett 5: 693–704 .\nduncan rp, blackburn tm (2004) extinction and endemism in the new zealand avifauna. global ecol biogeogr 13: 509–517 .\nvale fk, rex ma (1988) repaired shell damage in deep - sea prosobranch gastropods from the western north atlantic. malacologia 28: 65–79 .\nvale fk, rex ma (1989) repaired shell damage in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope south of new england. nautilus 103: 105–108 .\nwalker se, voight jr (1994) palecological and taphonomic potential of deep - sea gastropods. palaios 9: 48–59 .\nmccollom tm (1999) geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes. deep sea research i: oceanographic research papers 47: 85–101 .\nwassersug rj, yang h, sepkoski jj jr, raup dm (1979) the evolution of body size on islands: a computer simulation. am nat 114: 287–295 .\nwilliams gc. natural selection: domains, levels and challenges. oxford: oxford university press. .\nraia p, meiri s (2006) the island rule in large mammals: paleontology meets ecology. evolution 60: 1731–1742. (doi :\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know. thanks for your help !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon, d. d. , j. f. quinn, jr. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, f. g. hochberg, w. g. lyons, et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks, 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nscala sayana dall, w. h. , 1889: virginia - texas, usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is turned off in your web browser. please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos, or try our html specimensearch option .\ntaxon name is the\nnamestring\nor\nscientific name ,\nthe\ndata\nthat is used to form identifications and the core of every taxonomy record .\ntaxon term is the data value of either a classification term (\nanimalia\n) or classification metadata (such as name authors) .\nterm type is the rank (\nkingdom\n) for classification terms, in which role it may be null, and the label for classification metadata (\nauthor text\n) .\nsource indicates the source of a classification (not a taxon name). some classifications are local; most come from globalnames .\ncommon names are vernacular term associated with taxon names, and are not necessarily english, correct, or common .\nlittle talbot island state park, duval county, florida (about 17 mm. )\nin sand by jetty rocks, south st. johns river jetty, mayport naval station beach, jacksonville, duval county, florida 12 / 29 / 2012\nreports on the results of dredgings, under the supervision of alexander agassiz, in the gulf of mexico (1877 - 78) and in the caribbean sea (1879 - 80), by the u. s. coast survey steamer' blake,' bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology 18 1 - 492, pls. 10 - 40. [ stated date: 08 jun 1889. ]\ngenre scalaire. (scalaria, lam .) spécies général et iconographie des coquilles vivantes 10 22 pp. , 7 pls. [ true date: pre 9 oct. ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by, 30. 11. 04, , php script by, 05 / 11 / 2010, last modified by kbanasihan, 06 / 28 / 2010\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsubscription or article purchase required to access item. to verify subscription, access previous purchase, or purchase article, log in to journal .\nthe common name wentletraps is derived from the dutch word wenteltrap, denoting a spiral staircase. this refers to the striking form and sculpture of the shells of the mollusks in this genus, and to a lesser extent, the whole family .\nthese snails are predators and feed by inserting their proboscis and biting out small pieces of the anemone' s tissues. some species of wentletrap feed on only one species of sea anemone, in other words they are species - specific in terms of their prey .\nyes, these all look like humphreys wentletraps. make sure that you' ve counted the ribs by holding the shell at the pointed end and looking at the wide end. humphreys have 8 - 9 ribs .\n> otherwise. if not, i sure would like to find one on the beach .\n>\nbeautiful wentletraps! i' ve found only a few of those myself. i\nonce home i photographed the\ncatch ,\nand then came the task of removing the hermit bodies from the shells. i found the\npanning for gold\nmethod to be the most successful. with water running into the bowl with the shells, most of the hermit crab bodies, being less dense than the shells, washed out and over the bowls rim .\ni identified the hermit crabs as pagurus longicarpus say, 1817, a small and plentiful crab along our coast. its well - developed soft and somewhat coiled abdomen is inserted into a dead mollusk shell it carries around as portable protection .\ni noticed large numbers of nassarius acutus (say, 1822), the sharp nassa, so i thought it would be interesting to compare the numbers of different species to come up with a count. nassarius acutus is a small 8 - 12 mm. species that has a glossy sturdy structure with strong pointed beads on the whorls. the beads occasionally have a narrow brown spiral line connecting them. dr. harry g. lee was excited to hear about the catch and offered to identify all of the shells (see the list with identification and shell counts at the end of article). at final count, i recorded an amazing 3, 952 shells with 2, 088 being nassarius acutus for 53% of the total. the 1, 864 other shells were distributed among 59 different species .\nthe question also arises as to why so many hermit crabs were on the biomass entanglement. what are the gains of coexistence - food, protection, reproduction? we do know that some hermit crabs like the company of their peers. any shell collector can tell of turning a rock and finding hundreds of hermits\nhanging out together .\nthe mass could also have been a\nlunch wagon\non which the hermits could hitch a ride and feed as it rolled along the bottom .\nsome live shells were found on the mass. these included astyris lunata, lunarca ovalis, anadara transversa and musculus lateralis. also, two fossil species were identified - carditamera arata (conrad, 1832) and gemophos lymani (m. smith, 1936). there were quite a few single shells of bivalves in the entanglement .\nbelow is a listing of shells and the number of each species obtained from the tangle of tackle, seagrass, busycon eggcase, etc. , angled by brian lloyd and lent to h. g. lee on 4 / 27 / 00 :\n4 melanella hypsela (a. e. verrill and bush, 1900) sharp eulima\n323 parvanachis obesa (c. b. adams, 1845) fat dove shell\nbeautiful wentletraps! i' ve found only a few of those myself. i treasure them! definitely look like humphrey wentletraps to me .\n: (3 / 4 inch) small, high - spired shell. very similar to angulate wentletrap in appearance, habitat and numbers, but eight to nine rounded ribs on each whorl thicker and not angulate at shoulder. also, generally more slender with a thicker lip on round aperture. smooth spaces between ribs. operculum .\n. about 24 kinds of wentletraps have been recorded in north carolina waters. a carnivore, it forages in sand for sea anemones and tears tissue with its jaws. it secretes a substance that turns purple and may anesthetize the anemones. females lays strings of sand - covered egg capsules. its young are free - swimming. the precious wentletrap (up to 2 3 / 4 iches long) from the pacific ocean is one of the prettiest shells known .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nröding, peter f. 1798. museum boltenianum, sive, catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa. fried. bolten. johan. christi. trappii, hamburgi. : (2): ,, 1 - 199 .\nbrown l. g. & neville b. d. (2015). catalog of the recent taxa of the families epitoniidae and nystiellidae (mollusca: gastropoda) with a bibliography of the descriptive and systematic literature. < em > zootaxa. < / em > 3907 (1): 1 - 188 .\ngofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca. in: costello, m. j. et al. (eds), european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. < em > patrimoines naturels. < / em > 50: 180 - 213 .\nhowson, c. m. ; picton, b. e. (1997). the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas. < em > ulster museum publication, 276. the ulster museum: belfast, uk. isbn 0 - 948150 - 06 - 8. < / em > vi, 508 (+ cd - rom) pp .\nnomenclator zoologicus. a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. digitised by ubio from vols. 1 - 9 of neave (ed .), 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume. urltoken (as at 2006) .\nsepkoski, j. j. , jr. (2002). a compendium of fossil marine animal genera. < em > bulletins of american paleontology. < / em > 363, 1 - 560 .\nspencer, h. g. , marshall, b. a. & willan, r. c. (2009). checklist of new zealand living mollusca. pp 196 - 219. < em > in: gordon, d. p. (ed .) new zealand inventory of biodiversity. volume one. kingdom animalia: radiata, lophotrochozoa, deuterostomia. < / em > canterbury university press, christchurch .\nturgeon, d. d. , j. f. quinn, jr. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, f. g. hochberg, w. g. lyons, et al. , 1998: common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks, 2nd ed. . american fisheries society special publication 26. 526 .\njo o' keefe copyright 2010. photos may be used for educational purposes only. contact me with inquiries .\ndr. harry lee, a nationally known malacologist, deserves much credit for this work. thanks to him, we know the identity of many of the shells of sunset beach, nc. information on how to find these shells in seaweed and sea drift from the eastern point of sunset beach is at: urltoken\nblack lines on ruler visible in some images depict milimeters. not all species have been photographed .\n124. seila adamsii (h. c. lea, 1845) adams’ miniature cerith\n125. melanella hypsela (a. e. verrill and bush, 1900) sharp eulima\n129. hexaplex fulvescens (g. b. sowerby ii, 1834) giant eastern murex\n150. parvanachis obesa (c. b. adams, 1845) fat dovesnail" ]

{ "text": [ "epitonium humphreysii , common name humphrey 's wentletrap , is a species of small predatory or ectoparasitic sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family epitoniidae , the wentletraps . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "epitonium humphreysii, common name humphrey's wentletrap, is a species of small predatory or ectoparasitic sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family epitoniidae, the wentletraps." ]

[ "select an image: 1. crested finchbill > > pair 2. crested finchbill > > pair 3. crested finchbill 4. crested finchbill 5. crested finchbill > > pair 6. crested finchbill 7. crested finchbill 8. crested finchbill 9. crested finchbill > > pair 10. crested finchbill 11. crested finchbill 12. crested finchbill 13. crested finchbill 14. crested finchbill 15. crested finchbill 16. crested finchbill > > adult 17. crested finchbill 18. crested finchbill > > adult 19. crested finchbill 20. crested finchbill > > adult 21. crested finchbill > > juveniles 22. crested finchbill > > nest with young 23. crested finchbill 24. crested finchbill > > juvenile 25. crested finchbill > > adult 26. crested finchbill > > adult 27. crested finchbill 28. crested finchbill 29. crested finchbill 30. crested finchbill 31. crested finchbill 32. crested finchbill 33. crested finchbill > > adult 34. crested finchbill > > adult 35. crested finchbill > > adult 36. crested finchbill 37. crested finchbill > > adult 38. crested finchbill > > adult 39. crested finchbill > > adult 40. crested finchbill > > adult 41. crested finchbill > > adult\ncrested finchbill (spizixos canifrons) is a species of bird in the pycnonotidae family .\nthe crested finchbill (spizixos canifrons) is a species of songbird in the pycnonotidae family .\nother synonyms german: finkenbülbül english: crested finchbill, crested finchbill (nominate) spanish: pico de pinzón copetón french: bulbul à gros bec, bulbul à gros bec (nominal), bulbul à gros bec (nominale), bulbul à gros bec (race nominale) italian: becco di fringuello crestato latin: sp [ izixos ]. canifrons, spizixos canifrons canifrons\nfrom\nblack - crested bulbul\nto\nblack - capped bulbul, with split of multiple species. (rasmussen & anderton 2005, fishpool & tobias 2005 )\nfishpool, l. & tobias, j. (2018). crested finchbill (spizixos canifrons). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nother synonyms catalan: bulbul becgròs czech: bulbul chocholatý danish: toppet papegøjenæbsbulbul german: finkenbülbül english: crest finch - billed bulbul, crested finchbill, crested finch - billed bulbul, finch - billed bulbul spanish: bulbul picogrueso, pico de pinzón copetón spanish (spain): bulbul picogrueso finnish: harmaaotsabulbuli french: bulbul à gros bec hungarian: pinty bülbül italian: becco di fringuello crestato, fringilbecco crestato japanese: kammurikayanobori, kanmuri kaya - nobori, kanmurikayanobori japanese: カンムリカヤノボリ japanese (kanji): 冠萱昇 latin: sp [ izixos ]. canifrons, spizixos canifrons, spizixos canifrons canifrons lithuanian: kuoduotasis kikilinis bulbiulis latvian: žubīšu bulbulis dutch: gekuifde vinkbuulbuul, kuifbuulbuul norwegian: toppfinkebylbyl polish: ziebodziób czubaty, ziębodziób czubaty pinyin: fèng - tóu què - zuǐ bēi russian: толстоклювый бюльбюль, хохлатый вьюрковый бюльбюль slovak: bylbyl krátkozobý swedish: tofsfinkbulbyl thai: นกปรอดหงอนปากหนา thai (transliteration): nók pa - ròaat ŋŏaan pàak - năa vietnamese: chào mào mỏ lớn, chim chào mào mỏ lớn chinese: 凤头雀嘴鹎, 凤头鹦嘴鹎 chinese (traditional): 鳳頭雀嘴鵯\nit builds its nest in a tree or bush; the nest is a cup placed in a fork and made from grasses, dry leaves, mosses, lichens and cobwebs. the lining is made up of ferns, rootlets and other soft material. both sexes participate in nest construction. two or three eggs form the usual clutch. in southern india, nesting activity begins from february and rises to a peak in may. the eggs hatch after an incubation period of 12 to 13 days and the chicks fledge after about 11 or 12 days. nest predators include birds of prey (black - winged kite), snakes (ptyas mucosus). adults of h. ganeesa have been known to be preyed on by the crested goshawk .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8. 2g: 8. 2\nis a recently described species (woxvold et al. 2009). it is sister to\nthe rare blue - wattled bulbul may be a hybrid (williams 2002), but more evidence needed (dickinson and dekker 2002) .\nis in prevailing usage. based on\nturdoïde de gourdin\nof homblon & jacquinot, 1844 referenced in gray, 1847. see mayr & greenway, 1960 (peters checklist, ix )\nnigeria to s sudan, w kenya. s drcongo, nw zambia and n angola\nnow considered to be a plumage variant of icterine greenbul (collinson et al. 2017 )\nrwenzori mts, itombwe and mt. kabobo (e drcongo), w uganda, w rwanda and n burundi\nmontane tiny greenbul is split from { lowland ] tiny greenbul [ fuchs et al. 2011a ]\nbased on genetic studies. but genetic divergence may support species status. manawatthana et al. 2017\nas a junior synonym. fishpool & tobias, 2005. the population from sabah is vocally and genetically distinct and likely represents an unnamed taxon. the subspecies epithet\n( type speciemen from e kalimantan) has been erroneously applied to this population. eaton et al 2016, rheindt in. litt. (see manawatthana et al. 2017) .\nkuroda, 1922 as a synonym. permanently invalid. dickinson & christidis, 2014 .\ndalupiri, calayan and fuga is. (n of luzon in n philippines )\nis a member of the afrotropical clade of bulbuls (pycnonotidae (johansson et al. 2008, zuccon & ericson 2010 )\nplaced in genus pycnonotus by some authors # r. proposed races nobilis (assam, in ne india) and laotianus (laos) considered too poorly differentiated to warrant recognition, and thus merged into, respectively, nominate and ingrami. two subspecies recognized .\nblyth, 1845 – ne india (assam, meghalaya, nagaland, manipur, mizoram, possibly also ne arunachal pradesh) and w myanmar .\nbangs & j. c. phillips, 1914 – e myanmar, s china (sw sichuan, yunnan, sw guizhou), nw thailand, n laos and nw vietnam (w tonkin) .\n19–22 cm; 44 g. medium - large, noisy, conspicuous bulbul with short, conical bill. most of head is dark grey, forehead pale grey, chin, throat, mask and rear crown ...\ndry, bubbling, trilled song described as “purr - purr - prruit - prruit - prruit”, also a loud ...\nopen and stunted evergreen and deciduous forest, montane scrub, secondary growth and grasses; fond ...\nfeeds on seeds (e. g. millet, grass), beans, peas, various types of fruit (e. g .\nmar–jul; most pairs in chin hills (nw myanmar) had nestlings by late apr. apparently breeds co - operatively, although evidence rather ...\nresident; does not usually descend to lower altitudes in harsh weather, but has been recorded down ...\nnot globally threatened. fairly common in highlands of myanmar and n thailand, but scarce in china. nominate race possibly occurs also in se bangladesh (reported from ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nthis video is no longer available because the youtube account associated with this video has been terminated .\nthis species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: spizixos canifrons. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 338, 236 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nit is found in bangladesh, china, india, laos, burma, thailand, and vietnam .\nthis article uses material from the wikipedia released under the creative commons attribution - share - alike licence 3. 0. please see license details for photos in photo by - lines .\nplease note that this non - official list is not complete nor necessarily accurate. this list is a summary of checklists from other websites, blogs, publications, photo / videos published on various websites or our own findings. we appreciate your contributions with photo proof .\nimportant note; our range maps are generated automatically based on very limited data we have about the protected sites, the data is not necessarily accurate. please help us to improve our range maps by sharing your findings / knowledge .\n© thai national parks, 2018 | t. a. t. license: 12 / 02497, license issued for gibbonwoot (managing company )\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group (polytypic) group (monotypic) species split life sp. ssp. intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records (accepted, rejected, pending). to filter / search please enter a phrase. e. g. to filter rejected records, type rejected into the search box, all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n© 2018 birdguides, warners group publications plc. all rights reserved. company registered in england no. 2572212 | vat registration no. gb 638 3492 15\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nthe black bulbul is 24–25 cm in length, with a long tail. the body plumage ranges from slate grey to shimmering black, depending on the race. the beak, legs, and feet are all red and the head has a black fluffy crest. sexes are similar in plumage, but young birds lack the crest, have whitish underparts with a grey breast band, and have a brown tint to the upperparts. they have a black streak behind the eye and on the ear coverts .\nthe taxonomy is complex with this and several other currently recognized species earlier treated as subspecies of hypsipetes madagascariensis. within asia, h. ganeesa has often been listed as a subspecies of h. leucocephalus, but is increasingly treated as a separate species restricted to the western ghats (south of somewhere near bombay) and sri lanka, the square - tailed black bulbul. the subspecies from sri lanka humii is then placed under this species .\nthis bulbul is found in broad - leaved forests, cultivation and gardens mainly in hilly areas, but himalayan populations are known to sometimes descend into the adjoining plains in winter. the western ghats birds may make movements related to rain .\nblack bulbuls feed mainly on seeds and insects, and they are often seen in small groups, either roosting or flying about in search of food. they are particularly fond of berries. they are known to feed on a wide range of berries including celtis, rosa, melia and ehretia in the himalayas. the feed on the nectar of salmalia, erythrina, rhododendron and other species. they make aerial sallies for insects. they can be quite noisy, making various loud cheeping, mewing and grating calls. the himalayan form has been reported to make a call resembling a goat kid, throwing back its neck when calling .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\nbird perching and calling on a twig on a road side in a mountainous area northern thailand .\ndaniêl jimenez, brooke clibbon, yoël jimenez, josep del hoyo, tanakorn, keith blomerley, green3birdy, kim tarsey, desmond allen .\nholger teichmann, christophe gouraud, john a thompson, paleasi, oleg chernyshov, megan, sscheema, paul van giersbergen .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource, 2011. 09. 22, website (version 22 - sep - 11 )\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource\nmaintained by alan p. peterson at urltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\navibase has been visited 263, 339, 839 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy" ]

{ "text": [ "the crested finchbill ( spizixos canifrons ) is a species of songbird in the bulbul family , pycnonotidae .", "it is found in south-eastern asia from china and india to indochina . " ], "topic": [ 27, 20 ] }

[ "the crested finchbill (spizixos canifrons) is a species of songbird in the bulbul family, pycnonotidae. it is found in south-eastern asia from china and india to indochina." ]

[ "have a fact about pseudobactricia ridleyi? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for pseudobactricia ridleyi? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nbrock. 1999. amateur entomologist 26: 27, fig. 15 > > note: extinct? > > pseudobactricia ridleyi\notte & brock. 2005. phasmida species file. catalog of stick and leaf insects of the world 286 > > pseudobactricia ridleyi\nkiew & seow - choen. 2000. gardenwise 14: 24 > > note: on orchids (in 1894) > > pseudobactricia ridleyi\nseow - choen. 2000. an illustrated guide to the stick and leaf insects of peninsular malaysia and singapore 3, pl. 1 > > pseudobactricia ridleyi\nbrock, j. a. marshall, beccaloni & harman. 2016. zootaxa 4179 (2): 191 > > note: type data > > pseudobactricia ridleyi\nyou selected bacteria ridleyi (kirby, 1904). this is a synonym for :\nbrock. 1999. stick and leaf insects of peninsular malaysia and singapore 27, fig. 10, 168 > > pseudobactricia ridleyi urn: lsid: phasmida. speciesfile. org: taxonname: 2697\nbrock (1999) placed the species in the monospecific genus of pseudobactricia of which it is the type species .\nspecies bibliography: lim, t. w. (2008). pseudobactricia ridleyi. in: iucn 2012. iucn red list of threatened species. version 2012. 2. (urltoken). downloaded on 26 may 2013 .\nhabitat loss (human - induced) as well as possibly collection for traditional medicine probably contributed to the extinction of p. ridleyi .\nkirby. 1904. ann. mag. nat. hist. (7) 13: 429 > > bactricia ridleyi urn: lsid: phasmida. speciesfile. org: taxonname: 2698\nkirby. 1904. a synonymic catalogue of orthoptera. 1. orthoptera euplexoptera, cursoria et gressoria. (forficulidae, hemimeridae, blattidae, mantidae, phasmidae) 1: 327 > > bactricia ridleyi\nseow - choen. 1999. in briffett & chew [ ed. ]. state of the natural environment in singapore 76 > > note: in checklist of phasmids from singapore > > bactricia ridleyi\nseow - choen, brock & seow - en. 1994. malaysian naturalist 48 (1): 8 > > note: [ should have been bactricia ]; in singapore > > bacteria ridleyi urn: lsid: phasmida. speciesfile. org: taxonname: 2699\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: ridley’s stick insect is known from just one specimen collected in singapore more than 100 years ago. almost all natural forest in singapore has since been cleared. extensive searches of the remaining forest have failed to reveal any more specimens of this species, genus or subfamily. exhaustive surveys have also been carried out in neighbouring countries which have failed to reveal any evidence of the species .\nthe remaining habitat in singapore has been explored but no specimens of the species have been found in more than 100 years .\n( errata version published in 2016). the iucn red list of threatened species 2008: e. t135292a98829947 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nphasmida species file (version 5. 0 / 5. 0) home search taxa key help wiki\ndisplay. you can modify these specifications at any time by clicking the\nchange items displayed\nbutton in the header .\nif you want your changes to be preserved for future sessions, you should login. to do this, click on the logo in the upper left corner .\ncopyright © 2018. except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution - sharealike 4. 0 international license .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nkirby. 1904. notes on phasmidae in the collection of the british museum (natural history), south kensington, with descriptions of new species. - no. ii. annals and magazine of natural history, london (ann. mag. nat. hist .) (7) 13: 429 - 449\nbrock, j. a. marshall, beccaloni & harman. 2016. the types of phasmida in the natural history museum, london, uk. zootaxa 4179 (2): 191\nbrock. 1995. catalogue of stick and leaf - insects (insecta: phasmida) associated with peninsular malaysia and singapore. malaysian naturalist 49 (2): 87\nbrock. 1999. stick and leaf insects of peninsular malaysia and singapore, malaysian nature society, kuala lumpur 27, fig. 10, 168\nbrock. 1999. the amazing world of stick and leaf - insects. amateur entomologist, amateur entomologists society (amateur entomologist) 26: 27, fig. 15\nkirby (1904) notes on phasmidae in the collection of the british museum (natural history), south kensington, with descriptions of new species. - no. ii: annals and magazine of natural history, london (ann. mag. nat. hist .) (7) 13: 429 - 449\nkirby. 1904. a synonymic catalogue of orthoptera. 1. orthoptera euplexoptera, cursoria et gressoria. (forficulidae, hemimeridae, blattidae, mantidae, phasmidae), the trustees of the british museum, london 1: 327\nkirby. 1904. notes on phasmidae in the collection of the british museum (natural history), south kensington, with descriptions of new species. - no. ii. annals and magazine of natural history, london (ann. mag. nat. hist .) (7) 13: 429\notte & brock. 2005. phasmida species file. catalog of stick and leaf insects of the world, the insect diversity association at the academy of natural sciences, philadelphia 286\nseow - choen, brock & seow - en. 1994. an introduction to the stick and leaf - insects of singapore. malaysian naturalist 48 (1): 8\nseow - choen. 1999. in briffett & chew [ ed. ]. the phasmida. state of the natural environment in singapore, nature society, singapore 76\nseow - choen. 1999 [ 1997 ]. stick and leaf insect (phasmida: insecta) biodiversity in the nature reserves of singapore. gardens´ bulletin, singapore 49 (2): 300\nseow - choen. 2000. an illustrated guide to the stick and leaf insects of peninsular malaysia and singapore, natural history publications, (borneo) kota kinabalu 3, pl. 1\nzompro. 2001. a generic revision of the insect order phasmatodea: the new world genera of the stick insect subfamily diapheromeridae: diapheromerinae = heteronemiidae heteronemiinae sensu bradley & galil, 1977. revue suisse de zoologie 108 (1): 243\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou must first create a username and login before you can post a comment about this entry. .\na database of\nmissing\nand recently extinct species of plants and animals .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c277b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322d8245 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 32640079 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 37cf4c17 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nbrock p. d. , büscher t. & baker e. (2018). sf phasmida: phasmida species file (version 5. 0, dec 2017). in: roskov y. , abucay l. , orrell t. , nicolson d. , bailly n. , kirk p. m. , bourgoin t. , dewalt r. e. , decock w. , de wever a. , nieukerken e. van, zarucchi j. , penev l. , eds. (2018). species 2000 & itis catalogue of life, 30th june 2018. digital resource at urltoken species 2000: naturalis, leiden, the netherlands. issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 7f2775e5 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\ncosmos uses cookies for user login, to personalise content, and to gather statistics about our articles. we also share information about your use of our site with social media, advertising and analytics partners, who may combine it with other information that you’ve provided to them directly or that they’ve collected from your use of their services. you consent to our cookies if you continue to use this website. you may also opt - out of of non - essential cookie usage below .\nhow can we trust recent claims earth is on the brink of a sixth mass extinction, when we can’t say with certainty how many species our planet has? belinda smith investigates .\nthe earth teeters on the edge of a sixth mass extinction – or so a recent study published in science advances has claimed .\ngerardo ceballos from the national autonomous university of mexico and his colleagues calculated that by land clearing, hunting, introducing pests and burning fossil fuels humans have driven the extinction rate to 100 times the rate they believe it would be otherwise. and that’s a conservative estimate, they add .\nbut measuring extinction rates is not straightforward. the study only counted vertebrates – ignoring creatures such as the insects, spiders and crustaceans that make up 80% of the world’s animal species, not to mention plants, fungi and microbes .\na domed land snail, zospeum tholussum. it was found living in complete darkness nearly 3, 000 feet below the surface in the lukina jama - trojama caves of western croatia. – jana bedek / pa / wikipedia\nno rule defines what constitutes a mass extinction. “the earth’s history is punctuated with these extinction events, and we’ve known about them since the 1800s, ” says jessica whiteside, a palaeobiologist at the university of southampton in the uk. “but ‘mass extinction’ is a loose term. it’s generally defined as a loss of more than one major group of species, across marine and terrestrial environments, tied to a trigger like climate change. ” all scientists do agree, though, that a mass extinction is an event where the extinction rate is much higher than the rate at which species die out natually .\nvertebrates, by comparison, are relatively easy to find, identify and count – plus it’s more obvious when they disappear. “we can calculate the extinction rate pretty accurately for birds and mammals”, and other vertebrates, says duke university ecologist stuart pimm. twenty years ago, pimm and his colleagues came up with the statistic extinctions per million species per year – “a bloody awful mouthful! ” he admits – as the standard when talking extinction. “but what do we know about other taxa, such as all of those bloody beetles? the answer is: we don’t. ”\nwhich is why, for his recent study, ceballos stuck to vertebrates. he took vertebrate extinction rates from the international union for conservation of nature red list of threatened species, which rates species on a scale from “least concern” to “extinct”. to be classified extinct, there must be no reasonable doubt that the last individual of a species has died .\nthe cape melville leaf - tailed gecko (saltuarius eximius). native to rainforests and rocky habitats, this gecko is a bit of a night owl. it is found on the vertical surfaces of rocks and trees as it waits for prey. surveys have not found additional populations, suggesting this may be a rare species. – conrad hoskin / pa / wikipedia\nsince 1900, the red list records 477 vertebrate species as having died out – 69 mammals, 80 birds, 24 reptiles, 146 amphibians and 158 fish .\nbut are today’s extinction rates higher than normal? delving into the fossil record allows researchers to establish the rate at which species die out naturally. again, vertebrates, with their hard bones, are our best gauges for calculating these “background” extinction rates. the hard yet brittle exoskeleton of a beetle, for instance, is easily crushed and doesn’t fossilise well .\neven using a background extinction rate of two mammal extinctions per 10, 000 species per year – twice as high as previous estimates – the number of vertebrate species verified as “extinct”, “extinct in the wild” and “possibly extinct” over the past century was 114 times higher than the background rate, ceballos calculated. instead of 477 vertebrate species dying out since 1900, only nine would have become extinct without humanity’s influence .\nbut, hamilton says, we’re still in the dark for other groups of species – beetles, snails and spiders, for instance. “we just don’t have background rates for terrestrial arthropods. they don’t fossilise well, being soft and squishy .\n“overlaying that problem is the fact it’s quite possible the processes leading to extinction of big things – like birds and mammals – could be quite different to the processes leading to extinction of the smaller things, ” he adds. “we don’t really know. ”\none day we might have a better idea of the history of the soft and squishy. mathematical modelling by french national museum of natural history taxonomist claire régnier and colleagues used the extinction rate of land snail species to extend extinction rate calculations beyond vertebrates. their results, also published in proceedings of the national academy of sciences, suggest we may already have wiped out 7% of all animal species on earth – a staggering 130, 000 species extinct .\nat the tiniest end of the spectrum, whiteside and other palaeobiologists are trying to track extinction rates of microbes, looking at microbial populations from millions of years ago by measuring chemical signatures they left in ancient rocks. “they’re all different parts of the puzzle, ” she says .\nfor now, though, even using the big bony vertebrates as our extinction yardstick, the outlook for many of our cohabitants on earth is bleak .\nceballos says we’ve not yet reached the point of no return, but the “window of opportunity is rapidly closing”. unless we turn our unsustainable, planet - plundering ways around, it’s not beyond the realms of possibility homo sapiens will be another species lost to the sixth mass extinction .\nour prodigious appetite for fish is landing marine ecosystems in trouble – and for the animals, being bigger is certainly not better .\nwhile new research suggests that a sixth mass extinction is underway and even more severe than was previously thought, other scientists say that alarmism won’t help conservation efforts .\nan analysis of past mass extinctions calculates that rising carbon dioxide levels make another one almost inevitable." ]

{ "text": [ "pseudobactricia ridleyi , also known as ridley 's stick insect , is an extinct stick insect of the family diapheromeridae .", "the species was endemic to singapore . " ], "topic": [ 12, 26 ] }

[ "pseudobactricia ridleyi, also known as ridley's stick insect, is an extinct stick insect of the family diapheromeridae. the species was endemic to singapore." ]

[ "marsh sandpiper (tringa stagnatilis fam. scolopacidae) kruger park birds & birding .\nin terms of distribution of the marsh sandpiper in the kruger national park you may not see it in all areas. marsh sandpiper: see above distribution map .\nthe marsh sandpiper is a bird about the same size as a starling. the height of the marsh sandpiper is about 26 cms and its weight is about 70 gms\nthe marsh sandpiper takes on more than a single mate (it is bigamous) .\ninformation on the marsh sandpiper is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nthe image shows a slightly blurry wood sandpiper. wood sandpiper, marsh sandpiper, common greenshank and common redshank are related to each and belong despite their differing names. unlike the others, wood sandpiper has a relatively shorter bill. other helpful points like supercilium are not visible in the picture but the beak length excludes marsh sandpiper and the other shanks .\nsteve duffield on the entirely unexpected discovery of britain' s first - ever winter record of marsh sandpiper .\nwithin australia, there are a number of threats common to most migratory shorebirds, including the marsh sandpiper .\non saturday, april 17, frank fogarty identified an aba code 5 marsh sandpiper at yolo bypass wildlife area in yolo county, california. the bird had been seen by others the day before but not identified as marsh sandpiper. this is the 3rd record for california and only the 3rd record for marsh sandpiper away from western alaska .\nthe latest sighting details and map for marsh sandpiper are only available to our birdguides ultimate or our birdguides pro subscribers .\nthe marsh sandpiper is neither endemic or near endemic to the kruger national park. it is however a common summer visitor\nthe marsh sandpiper (latin name tringa stagnatilis) is described in roberts birds of southern africa, 7th edition. this bird has a unique roberts number of 269 and you will find a full description of this bird on page 353 also a picture of the marsh sandpiper on page 368. the marsh sandpiper belongs to the family of birds classified as scolopacidae .\nb. hensen reports spotting a marsh sandpiper at the leanyer sewage treatment plant, darwin, nt, in march 2013 .\nsome details of this marsh sandpiper sighting are only available to our subscribers. please login or subscribe to view this information .\nscientific name: tringa stagnatilis common name: marsh sandpiper the marsh sandpiper is monotypic, meaning no subspecies exist. the species is similar to the greenshank, tringa nebularia, in shape and plumage, but is smaller and slimmer; it is slightly larger than the wood sandpiper, t. glareola (higgins & davies 1996) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - marsh sandpiper (tringa stagnatilis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - marsh sandpiper (tringa stagnatilis )\ntitle =\narkive species - marsh sandpiper (tringa stagnatilis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ndiet: the marsh sandpiper feeds mainly on worms, larvae and bivalves, but also takes small fish, crustaceans, molluscs and many aquatic and terrestrial insects .\nnear - dorsal view of a marsh sandpiper (photo courtesy of j. greaves) [ alfred cove, swan river, perth, wa, november 2015 ]\nlateral view of a marsh sandpiper in near - breeding plumage (photo courtesy of b. hensen) [ leanyer sewage treatment plant, darwin, nt, march 2013 ]\nnear - dorsal view of a marsh sandpiper in flight; note the white rump (photo courtesy of j. greaves) [ austin bay, near mandurah, wa, march 2017 ]\nalthough found mostly in saltwater habitats, marsh sandpipers are also occasionally found around fresh water .\nh. mouritsen reports spotting 3 marsh sandpipers near darwin, nt, in october 2015 .\nj. greaves reports spotting a marsh sandpiper at alfred cove, swan river, perth, wa, in november 2015 and at austin bay, near mandurah, wa, in march 2017 .\nthe marsh sandpiper will often follow other birds such as ducks to take advantage of the insects they stir up when they are feeding. at other times they sit quietly and are very easily overlooked .\nhi bill its a green sandpiper, seen it myself. here' s a photo oh took of it\nin august 2014 we found two marsh sandpipers in mudflats at east point, darwin, nt .\ni' m thinking a sandpiper of some description. paler head a posture don' t look like green .\ncompared to other species of small sandpipers and stints, marsh sandpipers have the most slender straight black bill .\nhi - definitely not a marsh sand - bill too short. i' m going to think about it awhile\nlays late apr to jun. probably monogamous. solitary or in loose colonies; frequently together with marsh terns (\nthe marsh sandpiper is a migratory species, breeding in eastern europe, southern siberia and northern china, then moving southwards from africa and across southern asia to australia. it is a summer migrant to australia, from about august to april .\nmarsh sandpiper: slender, medium - sized wader. brown - gray wings and upper back with black mottling. lower back white, and tail is white with black barring. head and neck white and pale gray with black streaking. white\nflight: the marsh sandpiper is able to travel long distances, and does short stopovers. in flight, the wings appear dark, and the white back patch ending into a point is conspicuous. the legs are held beyond the tail tip .\nmarsh sandpipers can be confused with the common greenshank, t. nebularia, especially in flight, when the long white back and rump with pale tail are similar. the wing beats are however faster than the greenshank. on land the marsh sandpiper is daintier and the bill a lot more slender and needle - like. the bill of the common greenshank is slightly up - turned .\nin winter the marsh sandpiper has a light grey back with slightly darker covert feathers. it' s face, foreneck, breast and underside are bright white. it' s legs are olive - green and it' s bill is slim, long and dark .\nvoice: sounds by xeno - canto the marsh sandpiper utters repeatedly “tu - ii - u” as courtship song. on the breeding grounds, the alarm call is a sharp “chip”. in flight, we can hear a soft, plaintive “kiiuw” repeated three or four times .\nrange: the marsh sandpiper spends the winter in africa and in india, in persian gulf and australia. this species breeds from eastern europe to central asia. in singapore, they can be seen in salt - marshes, sandy areas, ponds, reservoirs and streams .\nbehaviour: the marsh sandpiper often feeds in shallow water. it walks steadily and pecks from the surface. it also may glean from the vegetation, and probes, jabs or sweeps the bill into the water. when they hunt for fish, they can forage in flocks, even with other species. they also follow the other aquatic birds, and take the preys disturbed by their movements. the marsh sandpiper usually feeds alone, but on the wintering grounds or during the migrations, they often forage in flocks of up to several hundreds and with other shorebirds .\nthe marsh sandpiper in summer is a rather plain bird with a brown mottled back and wings. it' s neck and head is lightly streaked dark brown. it' s legs are usually yellow but not always. the streaks on the lower breast and flanks can be chevron shaped .\nmarsh sandpiper is extremely rare in the aba area, and known from only about 12 records, most of which come from the central and western aleutians and the pribilofs. outside of the aba area, there are at least 2 records from hawaii and one from baja california, mexico (2011). a marsh sandpiper found and photographed at the northern salton sea in fall of 2013 was california’s first, and the the first aba area record away from alaska. another bird, or perhaps the same individual, was present for several days in solano county that following spring .\nthe marsh sandpiper has a large range with breeding grounds in central asia as well as a few sites in eastern europe. it winters in sub - saharan africa, southern asia, and australia. this sandpiper breeds in grassy marshes and large bogs, and frequents a variety of freshwater and brackish wetlands during the winter. it is believed to have a population large enough to not warrant its inclusion on the iucn red list and is therefore evaluated as least concern .\nmarsh sandpipers are seen in various wetlands around moree, nsw. they were first seen there by c. hayne in january and december 2009, on a farm dam 15 km north - west of moree, nsw. marsh sandpipers were also seen throughout 2010 and 2011. during the second half of 2012 and early 2013, especially in the timeframe september - january, large numbers of marsh sandpipers were seen in various locations around moree .\nthe marsh sandpiper is common across the far north of australia though more scattered on other coastal areas and sparse inland. breeding occurs from east europe to east siberia. in the non - breeding period they also occur throughout southern africa, the indian subcontinent, southern indochina, borneo and sumatra and new guinea .\n. marsh sandpipers are a migratory species. their breeding grounds are in open grassy steppe and taiga wetlands from far - eastern europe to central asia. most marsh sandpipers spend the northern winters in africa, arabia or india, while a smaller number migrate to south - east asia or australia .\nnote the mottled appearance of the back and the chevron streaking on the neck. the marsh sandpiper in summer looks very similar to the greenshank, however it is half the size and the streaking on the neck is not as heavy. it also has much longer legs in comparison to the size of the birds body .\nthe marsh sandpiper is a distinctive, very long - legged wader, with a fine long bill and small body. when not breeding, the marsh sandpiper has a soft grey - brown upper body, with breast and neck white. a white' eyebrow' shows above the eye. when breeding, the head and neck are heavily streaked dark brown and the flanks and lower breast show bars or chevrons. the very long legs are yellowish green. juvenile marsh sandpipers have more heavily patterned upper parts than non - breeding adults. when feeding, this species is very upright with slow graceful movements breaking into quick dashes. in flight it shows a dark outer wing and slightly lighter inner wing, and a white wedge on the lower back and rump, and its long legs trail beyond the tail .\npopulation overview the marsh sandpiper has an estimated east asian - australasian flyway population of 130 000 (hansen et al. 2016). the global population is estimated at 186 000–1 242 000 (bamford et al. 2008). trends the marsh sandpiper is not globally threatened, but the breeding range in the west palearctic has shrunk (del hoyo et al. 1996). in australia, an overall increase between atlases 20 years apart was detected, but this trend showed significant regional variation (barrett et al. 2002). victoria counts peaked from 1995–1997 but in 1999–2001 returned to levels found in the 1980s and early 1990s (wilson 2001a) .\ndescription: the marsh sandpiper is an elegant shorebird with small body. the summer plumage shows great contrast between the dark upperparts and the white underparts. in breeding plumage, the upperparts are pale grey, heavily barred black. the underparts are white. the breast is finely spotted black, whereas the flanks show dark triangular markings .\nthis individual represents the second spring record for the aba area following the 2014 bird. according to howell et al, marsh sandpiper distribution is too westerly and migration is too much overland to contribute to the spring drift migration of vagrant shorebirds in the western alaskan islands. which suggests that this individual was likely one that overwintered in the new world .\nthis is a very old post. it was identified then as a green sandpiper. in your answer, you didn' t mention that species. why have you ruled it out ?\ndistribution of marsh sandpiper in southern africa, based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project (© animal demography unit, university of cape town; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little). colours range from dark blue (most common) through to yellow (least common). see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .\nhabitat: the marsh sandpiper frequents steppes and boreal inland wetlands with grassy cover. it can also be found in brackish marshes. outside the breeding season, it frequents inland fresh to brackish wetlands, and it is often seen at the margins of ricefields, swamps, salt - marshes, estuaries, lagoons and also intertidal mudflats. it usually avoids the open beaches .\nprotection / threats / status: the marsh sandpiper is threatened by the heavy use of pesticides and herbicides when it feeds in cultivated areas or in ricefields. habitat loss due to agriculture expansion is an important threat on the breeding grounds. the wintering areas are also threatened by the drainage of wetlands. however, the species is not globally threatened, due to the large range .\nmarsh sandpipers are commonly seen singly, or in small to large flocks in fresh or brackish (slightly salty) wetlands such as rivers, water meadows, sewage farms, drains, lagoons and swamps .\nvan gils, j. , wiersma, p. & kirwan, g. m. (2018). marsh sandpiper (tringa stagnatilis). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nmarsh sandpipers eat aquatic insects, larvae, molluscs and crustaceans. they feed by wading briskly in shallow water, pecking from the surface or sometimes sweeping the bill from side to side. they may wade deeper and feel for prey .\nin north america, sixty - five species of sandpipers, phalaropes and allies in eighteen genera have occurred. included among these birds are the large, long - billed godwits and curlews, the harlequin - like ruddy turnstone, and a variety of sandpiper species .\nit' s sunstroke... that' s what it is! i know what i meant to write. i would blame the title of the post, but i' ve done it several times in hides, saying shank accidentally instead of sandpiper. honest .\nmarsh sandpipers breed in marshland in eastern europe, south west siberia, mongolia and north china. they breed in scattered single pairs or loose colonies. both parents share incubation and care of the young. the nest is a shallow scrape, lined with grass, in short vegetation .\nthe marsh sandpiper does not breed in australia. within its breeding distribution the species is known to breed solitarily or in loose colonies, sometimes with other species. the nest (usually filled with dry grass) is usually located on a mound, in short vegetation, close to water. laying occurs late april–june. the species usually lay four eggs, but can lay from three to five. the age of first breeding is one year or older. in kharkov, north - east ukraine the amount of rain in spring affects numbers of breeding birds (del hoyo et al. 1996) .\nthe marsh sandpiper is a medium sized member of the tringinae family. it has a length of 22–26 cm, a wingspan of 40–45 cm and a weight of 70 g. in all plumages the species shows a contrasting outerwing, a very pale whitish tail and a bold white wedge up the back (higgins & davies 1996). they occur singly or in small to large flocks. they often associate with other waders and are often seen with greenshanks, especially in saltfields. they may feed in tight co - ordinated groups, and sometimes feed with other wading birds (higgins & davies 1996) .\nwe first spotted marsh sandpipers in a shallow pool with partially submerged sandbanks at the burren junction bore bath, (which was closed at the time) in november / december 2013, when at least two birds were found there. since then, they are found at the same location reliably, albeit in small numbers .\nsandpipers, phalaropes and allies occur in a wide variety of aquatic habitats that include mudflats, beaches, shores of ponds, lakes and rivers, and marshes although two members of the family, the long - billed curlew and upland sandpiper, are grassland birds. most members of this family breed in the extensive wetlands of the arctic tundra, utilizing other wetland habitats during migration and winter .\nthe marsh sandpiper is carnivorous; recorded eating insects, molluscs and (internationally) crustaceans. plant material has been found in stomachs but this may have been ingested incidentally (higgins & davies 1996). there is a recent record of a fish being carried to shore and eaten (wieneke & cross 1996). the species usually feed in shallow water, often wading deeper than the level of the tarsus. they walk briskly and steadily, or dash about, turning in half - circles and sometimes swim. they generally pick at the surface of water or mud and may glean from vegetation. they feed singly or in groups and have also been recorded following ducks, egrets and other waders, feeding on prey disturbed by these birds (cramp & simmonds 1983) .\nin australia marsh sandpipers are non - breeding migrants from the north. they are relatively uncommon in australia and found mostly along the major inland rivers, but also occasionally along the coast of the continent and offshore islands and tasmania. they are only very rarely found elsewhere inland and never in the major deserts of eastern wa, the south - western nt and north - western sa .\nmarsh sandpipers favour marshlands with open water and mud as well as muddy shallows on rivers. they often feed in wet paddy fallows and since they are adept at swimming, also frequent village ponds. with their high posture and needle - thin bills they are sometimes reported as one of the much rarer phalaropes when seen swimming. they feed very actively, catching aquatic animals and small fish under the water. they also snap at surface flies. they will often mix with other waders but since they are relatively quiet for a tringa sandpiper they can be overlooked. their overall plumage is very like that of the larger common greenshank and the best distinguishing feature is the very fine, straight bill. in winter, the plumage is plain grey in adults and scalloped buff in juveniles. from april it becomes browner and more variegated with fine spots and streaks .\nthe majority of sandpipers, phalaropes and allies occur in flocks outside of the breeding season. they can often be seen foraging in mixed flocks for a variety of invertebrates and crustaceans, each species searching for food in a different manner or in different habitats. for example the least sandpiper probes just below the mud at water’s edge, dowitchers probe deep into the mud further out in the water, and the greater yellowlegs chases small fry with its bill held below the surface of the water .\nmarsh sandpipers are common winter visitors and passage migrants in our area. they breed in the steppes of central asia and are one of the earliest waders to return. the first birds (adults that have failed to breed) are often seen in july. most birds, including the juveniles pass through in september and it is then, and in october, that maximum numbers (up to 200) are recorded at the favoured sites. they begin leaving in april with heavy passage in may and even june. thus they might be recorded in every month of the year. wintering numbers rarely exceed 50 and are more usually below 20 at any one site .\nshantilal varu, stanislav harvančík, mark broomhall, jeel bharat patel, tom backlund, arodris, sergey shursha, éric roualet, holger teichmann, erkki lehtovirta, alok tewari, lior kislev, lars petersson, vasanthan. p. j, moon, petemorris, marco valentini, loutjie, colintrainor, dr pranab kr bhagabati, alder, jugal tiwari, lmarce, ragoo rao, bob thompson, aurélien audevard, guy poisson, athula edirisinghe, christophe gouraud, pascal christe, alainbfosse, lindsay hansch, eduardo de juana, nick talbot, stevejones19510, lander zurikarai, drpankajmaheria, saralagamage, markus lilje, mustafa sozen, john a thompson, raymond marsh, juan gonzalez valdivieso, hapek, ricardo rodriguez, paul van giersbergen, james kashangaki, andrey moskvichev, juan josé bazán hiraldo, cristiano crolle, morten venas, les george, nikhil adhikary, frans vandewalle, stefan helming, dario salemi, ddarbela, josé frade, sharad, cedric mroczko, architectonboard, jacqueserard, margaret leggoe, frédéric pelsy, alexdersu, khamikaze, dani valverde, mattias hofstede, mayur patel, stijn cooleman .\nmarsh sandpipers are small waders. their plumage is cryptic. when seen in australia, they are usually (but not always) in eclipse plumage. during the non - breeding season they basically have a white front and a grey back. except for the sides of the chest, which are streaked grey, the entire front, from throat to undertail coverts, including the flanks, is white. the head, except for white frons, eyebrows and chin, is white with grey striation. the nape of the neck and the wings are grey, with fine white edge lining. in - flight they do not show a wing bar, but a prominent white back. during the breeding season, except for white eye - rings, the head, neck, throat, chest and flanks become streaked grey - brown. the wings develop brownish colours. the light - brown base contrasts with dark - brown patches and white edges, most prominently on the scapulars. the eyes have dark irises. the dark - grey bill is straight, very slim and longer than the size of the head. the legs and feet are olive - grey. the legs are long and in - flight the feet protrude clearly beyond the tail. juveniles roughly resemble non - breeding adults, but they have very crisp, fine white edge - lining on their wing feathers and browner coverts and tertials .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nchristidis, l. and boles, w. e. 2008. systematics and taxonomy of australian birds. csiro publishing, collingwood, australia .\nashpole, j, butchart, s. , ekstrom, j. , malpas, l .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is very large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population is estimated to number c. 260, 000 - 1, 200, 000 individuals (wetlands international 2015). the european population is estimated at 12, 100 - 30, 300 pairs, which equates to 24, 100 - 60, 600 mature individuals (birdlife international 2015). national population estimates include: c. 100 - 10, 000 breeding pairs, > c. 10, 000 individuals on migration and c. 1, 000 - 10, 000 wintering individuals in china; c. 50 - 10, 000 wintering individuals in taiwan and c. 100 - 10, 000 breeding pairs and c. 50 - 1, 000 individuals on migration in russia (brazil 2009). trend justification: the overall population trend is decreasing, although some populations have unknown trends (wetlands international 2015). the european population trend is unknown (birdlife international 2015) .\nconservation actions underway the following information refers to the species' s european range only: there are no current conservation measures for this species. conservation actions proposed the following information refers to the species' s european range only: adequate protection and expansion of its steppe habitat should be ensured. legislation regulating egg collecting should be developed and enforced. studies to develop understanding of its ecology, threats and their impact should be undertaken to inform future conservation measures .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe handbook of bird identification for europe and the western palearctic by mark beaman, steve madge - c. helm - isbn: 0713639601\nguide des limicoles de d. taylor - delachaux et niestlé - isbn: 2603014080\nin winter plumage, the upperparts are darker and duller grey. the underparts are white with fine grey streaks on the breast sides .\nin all plumages, the eyebrow is white, as the feathers at the bill base. the needle - like bill is black with grey base. the eyes are dark brown. the long legs are dull yellow to greenish - grey .\nboth sexes have similar plumage, but the female is slightly larger than the male .\nthe juvenile resemble adults in winter, but it has browner upperparts, with feathers spotted and edged pale brown .\nthis species is migratory. the birds fly long distances overland on broad front of many birds. the non - breeding birds often stay on the wintering grounds .\nreproduction: the laying occurs from late april to june. this species is probably monogamous, and nests solitary or in loose colonies with other species. the nests are about ten metres apart. it nests in grassy and muddy areas near freshwater pools, in steppe or boreal wetlands, and also sometimes in brackish areas. the nest is on a mound, close to the water in short vegetation, and lined with dry grasses .\nthe female lays 3 - 5 eggs, and both parents incubate and care the young. the chicks have creamy - buff upperparts with dark markings. underparts and face are whitish. they can breed at one year .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group (polytypic) group (monotypic) species split life sp. ssp. intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records (accepted, rejected, pending). to filter / search please enter a phrase. e. g. to filter rejected records, type rejected into the search box, all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n© 2018 birdguides, warners group publications plc. all rights reserved. company registered in england no. 2572212 | vat registration no. gb 638 3492 15\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1. 0 / / en\nurltoken\nthe call varies from a musical' tu - ee - u tu - ee - u' to a soft' tew', and metallic sharp' yip tchik'. the alarm call is rather like that of the black - winged stilt .\nthreats on the east asian - australasian flyway (the migration route to australia) include economic and social pressures such as wetland destruction and change, pollution and hunting .\nhandbook of australian, new zealand and antarctic birds, volume 3 (snipe to pigeons) .\nenvironment agency - abu dhabi is a principal sponsor of arkive. ead is working to protect and conserve the environment as well as promoting sustainable development in the emirate of abu dhabi .\nclassified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is featured in jewels of the uae, which showcases biodiversity found in the united arab emirates in association with the environment agency – abu dhabi .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\njosep del hoyo, mkennewell, nick talbot, greg baker, dario salemi, aviceda, geoffrey dabb, rigdon currie, theo mamais, jean hupperetz, éric roualet, alok tewari, joe angseesing, eldert groenewoud, juan sanabria, pieter de groot boersma, jeremiusz trzaska, daniêl jimenez .\ngeneral distribution: not known to breed in europe but is seen as a rare vagrant. breeds in central asia, russia and siberia. winters in africa, southern asia and australia .\nhabitat: inhabits freshwater wetlands and open grassland. rarely seen on saltwater habitats but will tolerate brackish pools .\nthe legs on this bird are lighter yellow and there is a hint of brown in the wing feathers, indicating this bird is in moult .\nnote the dark covert feathers and the overall pale appearance, not unlike a winter greenshank but only half the size. also note the slightly darker feathers just behind the eye, an important identification point .\ncombined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is very large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: tringa stagnatilis. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations, refer to policy statements and guidelines, the conservation advice, the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\nepbc act policy statement 3. 21 - industry guidelines for avoiding, assessing and mitigating impacts on ebbc act listed migratory shorebird species\n( great barrier reef marine park authority (gbrmpa), 2011) [ admin guideline ] .\n( bamford m. , d. watkins, w. bancroft, g. tischler & j. wahl, 2008) [ information sheet ] .\n( hansen, b. d. , r. a. fuller, d. watkins, d. i. rogers, r. s. clemens, m. newman, e. j. woehler & d. r. weller, 2016) in effect under the epbc act from 29 - may - 2017. [ information sheet ] .\nlisted as least concern (global status: iucn red list of threatened species: 2017. 1 list )\nthe distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset. this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge. some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices. see map caveat for more information .\nup to 500 were seen at kooragang island, nsw and 215 at charters towers, queensland (higgins & davies 1996) .\nreclamation is also a threat in other areas of the flyway, such as in malaysia (wei et al. 2006). in addition, water regulation and diversion infrastructure in the major tributaries have resulted in the reduction of water and sediment flows (barter 2002; barter et al. 1998) .\nmigratory shorebirds are also adversely affected by pollution, both on passage and in non - breeding areas (harding et al. 2007; melville 1997; round 2006; wei et al. 2006) .\ndisturbance from human activities, including recreation, shellfish harvesting, fishing and aquaculture is likely to increase significantly in the future (barter et al. 2005c; davidson & rothwell 1993) .\nit is predicted that the rate of decrease in the intertidal area in the yellow sea will accelerate (barter 2002). in addition, intensive oil exploration and extraction, and reduction in river flows due to upstream water diversion, are other potentially significant threats in parts of china where this species is present in internationally significant numbers (barter 2005c; barter et al. 1998) .\nglobal warming and associated changes in sea level are likely to have a long - term impact on the breeding, staging and non - breeding grounds of migratory waders (harding et al. 2007) .\nhunting is still a very serious problem for waders in china, and this species is sometimes caught (ming et al. 1998) .\nthe loss of important habitat reduces the availability of foraging and roosting sites. this affects the ability of the birds to build up the energy stores required for successful migration and breeding. some sites are important all year round for juveniles who may stay in australia throughout the breeding season until they reach maturity. a variety of activities may cause habitat loss. these include direct losses through land clearing, inundation, infilling or draining. indirect loss may occur due to changes in water quality, hydrology or structural changes near roosting sites (dewha 2009aj) .\nas most migratory shorebirds have specialized feeding techniques, they are particularly susceptible to slight changes in prey sources and foraging environments. activities that cause habitat degradation (dewha 2009aj) include, but are not restricted to :\nexposure of acid sulphate soils, hence changing the chemical balance at the site .\ndisturbance disturbance can result from residential and recreational activities including; fishing, power boating, four wheel driving, walking dogs, noise and night lighting. while some disturbances may have only a low impact it is important to consider the combined effect of disturbances with other threats. roosting and foraging birds are sensitive to discrete, unpredictable disturbances such as loud noises (i. e. construction sites) and approaching objects (i. e. boats). sustained disturbances can prevent shorebirds from using parts of the habitat (dewha 2009aj). direct mortality direct mortality is a result of human activities around the migration pathways of shorebirds and at roosting and foraging sites. examples include the construction of wind farms in migration or movement pathways, bird strike due to aircraft, hunting, chemical and oil spills (dewha 2009aj) .\ngovernments and conservation groups have undertaken a wide range of activities relating to migratory shorebird conservation (agdeh 2005c) both in australia and in cooperation with other countries associated with the east asian - australasian flyway .\naustralia the wildlife conservation plan for migratory shorebirds (agdeh 2006f) outlines national activities to support flyway shorebird conservation initiatives and provides a strategic framework to ensure these activities and future research and management actions are integrated and remain focused on the long - term survival of migratory shorebird populations and their habitats .\nsince 1996–97, the australian government has invested approximately $ 5 000 000 of natural heritage trust (nht) funding in projects contributing to migratory shorebird conservation (dewha 2007e). this funding has been distributed across a range of important projects, including the implementation of a nationally coordinated monitoring programme that will produce robust, long - term population data able to support the conservation and effective management of shorebirds and their habitat; migration studies using colour bands and leg flags; and development of a shorebird conservation toolkit to assist users to develop and implement shorebird conservation projects .\nbirds australia is currently co - ordinating the shorebirds 2020 project, which aims to monitor shorebird populations at important sites throughout australia; and birdlife international is identifying sites and regions which are important to various species of birds, including shorebirds, and the processes that are affecting them. the aim is to inform decisions on the management of shorebird habitat. it may be possible to rehabilitate some degraded wetlands or to create artificial wader feeding or roosting sites to replace those destroyed by development, such as by creating artificial sandflats and sand islands from dredge spoil and by building breakwaters (dening 2005; straw 1992a, 1999) .\nthe significant impact guidelines for 36 migratory shorebirds draft epbc act policy statement 3. 21 (dewha 2009aj) provides guidelines for determining the impacts of proposed actions on migratory shorebirds. the policy statement also provides mitigation strategies to reduce the level and extent of those impacts .\ninternational australia has played an important role in building international cooperation to conserve migratory birds. in addition to being party to international agreements on migratory species, australia is also a member of the partnership for the conservation of migratory waterbirds and the sustainable use of their habitats in the east asian - australasian flyway (flyway partnership), which was launched in bogor, indonesia on 6 november 2006. prior to this agreement, australia was party to the asia - pacific migratory waterbird conservation strategy and the action plan for the conservation of migratory shorebirds in the east asian - australasian flyway and the east asian - australasian shorebird site network .\nthe east asian - australasian flyway site network, which is part of the broader flyway partnership, promotes the identification and protection of key sites for migratory shorebirds. australia has 17 sites in the network (partnership eaaf 2008) :\nthe department' s wildlife conservation plan for migratory shorebirds (agdeh 2006f), the background paper to the wildlife conservation plan for migratory shorebirds (agdeh 2005c) and the action plan for australian birds (garnett & crowley 2000) also contain actions aimed at the conservation of migratory birds within australia .\naustralian government department of the environment and heritage (agdeh) (2005c). background paper to the wildlife conservation plan for migratory shorebirds. canberra, act: department of the environment and heritage. available from: urltoken .\naustralian government department of the environment and heritage (agdeh) (2006f). wildlife conservation plan for migratory shorebirds. canberra, act: department of the environment and heritage. available from: urltoken. in effect under the epbc act from 25 - feb - 2006. ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 15 - jan - 2016 .\nbamford m. , d. watkins, w. bancroft, g. tischler & j. wahl (2008). migratory shorebirds of the east asian - australasian flyway: population estimates and internationally important sites. canberra, act: department of the environment, water, heritage and the arts, wetlands international - oceania. available from: urltoken .\nbamford, m. j. (1988). kakadu national park: a preliminary survey of migratory waders, october / november 1987. raou report series. 41: 1 - 34. melbourne: royal australasian ornithologists union .\nbarrett, g. , a. silcocks, r. cunningham & r. poulter (2002). comparison of atlas 1 (1977 - 1981) and atlas 2 (1998 - 2001): supplementary report no. 1. melbourne: birds australia, report for natural heritage trust .\nbarter, m. a. (2002). shorebirds of the yellow sea: importance, threats and conservation status. wetlands international global series no. 8, international wader studies 12. canberra, act: wetlands international .\nbarter, m. a. (2005c). yellow sea - driven priorities for australian shorebird researchers. in: straw, p. , ed. status and conservation of shorebirds in the east asian - australasian flyway. proceedings of the australasian shorebirds conference 13 - 15 december 2003, canberra, australia. sydney, nsw: wetlands international global series 18, international wader studies 17 .\nbarter, m. a. , d. tonkinson, j. z. lu, s. y. zhu, y. kong, t. h. wang, z. w. li & x. m. meng (1998). shorebird numbers in the huang he (yellow river) delta during the 1997 northward migration. stilt. 33: 15 - 26 .\nblakers, m. , s. j. j. f. davies & p. n. reilly (1984). the atlas of australian birds. melbourne, victoria: melbourne university press .\ncramp, s. & k. e. l. simmons, eds. (1983). handbook of the birds of europe, the middle east and north africa. the birds of the western palearctic. volume 3, waders to gulls. oxford: oxford university press .\ndavidson, n. & p. rothwell (1993). disturbance to waterfowl on estuaries. wader study group bulletin. 68 .\ndel hoyo, j. , a. elliott & j. sargatal, eds. (1996). handbook of the birds of the world. volume 3, hoatzin to auks. barcelona: lynx edicions .\ndening, j. (2005). roost management in south - east queensland: building partnerships to replace lost habitat. in: straw, p. , ed. status and conservation of shorebirds in the east asian - australasian flyway. proceedings of the australasian shorebirds conference 13 - 15 december 2003. page (s) 94 - 96. sydney, nsw. wetlands international global series 18, international wader studies 17 .\ndepartment of the environment, water, heritage and the arts (dewha) (2007e). migratory waterbirds information page, departmental website. available from: urltoken .\ndepartment of the environment, water, heritage and the arts (dewha) (2009aj). draft significant impact guidelines for 36 migratory shorebirds draft epbc act policy statement 3. 21. canberra, act: commonwealth of australia. available from: urltoken .\ndraffan, r. d. w. , s. t. garnett & g. j. malone (1983). birds of the torres strait: an annotated list and biogeographic analysis. emu. 83: 207 - 234 .\ngarnett, s. t. (1989). wading bird abundance and distribution - south - eastern coast of the gulf of carpentaria. raou report series. 58: 1 - 39 .\ngarnett, s. t. & g. m. crowley (2000). the action plan for australian birds 2000. canberra, act: environment australia and birds australia. available from: urltoken .\nge, z. - m. , t - h. wang, x. zhou, k. - y. wang & w. - y. shi (2007). changes in the spatial distribution of migratory shorebirds along the shanghai shoreline, china, between 1984 and 2004. emu. 107: 19 - 27 .\nharding, s. b. , j. r. wilson & d. w. geering (2007). threats to shorebirds and conservation actions. in: geering, a. , l. agnew & s. harding, eds. shorebirds of australia. page (s) 197 - 213. melbourne, victoria: csiro publishing .\nhayman, p. , j. marchant & t. prater (1986). shorebirds. an identification guide to the waders of the world. london & sydney: croom helm .\nlane, b. a. (1987). shorebirds in australia. sydney, nsw: reed .\nmelville, d. s. (1997). threats to waders along the east asian - australasian flyway. in: straw, p. , ed. shorebird conservation in the asia - pacific region. page (s) 15 - 34. melbourne, victoria: birds australia .\nming, m. , l. jianjian, t. chengjia, s. pingyue & h. wei (1998). the contribution of shorebirds to the catches of hunters in the shanghai area, china, during 1997 - 1998. stilt. 33: 32 - 36 .\npartnership for the east asian - australasian flyway (partnership eaaf) (2008). east asian - australasian flyway site network: october 2008. available from: urltoken .\nround, p. d. (2006). shorebirds in the inner gulf of thailand. stilt. 50: 96 - 102 .\nstraw, p. (1992a). relocation of shorebirds. a feasibility study and management options. sydney, nsw: unpublished report by the royal australasian ornithologists union for the federal airports corporation .\nstraw, p. (1999). habitat remediation - a last resort? . stilt. 35: 66 .\nwatkins, d. (1993). a national plan for shorebird conservation in australia. raou report series. 90 .\nwei, d. l. z. , y. c. aik, l. k. chye, k. kumar, l. a. tiah, y. chong & c. w. mun (2006). shorebird survey of the malaysian coast november 2004 - april 2005. stilt. 49: 7 - 18 .\nwilson, j. r. (2001a). the january and february 2001 victoria wader count. stilt. 40: 55 - 64 .\ncommonwealth of australia (2000b). list of migratory species (13 / 07 / 2000). f2007b00750. canberra: federal register of legislative instruments. available from: urltoken .\ncommonwealth of australia (2000c). declaration under section 248 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - list of marine species. f2008b00465. canberra: federal register of legislative instruments. available from: urltoken .\ncommonwealth of australia (2007h). environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - listed migratory species - approval of an international agreement. f2007l02641. canberra: federal register of legislative instruments. available from: urltoken .\ndepartment of the environment, water, heritage and the arts (dewha) (2009bc). draft background paper to epbc act policy statement 3. 21. canberra, dewha. available from: urltoken .\nepbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .\ncitation: department of the environment (2018). tringa stagnatilis in species profile and threats database, department of the environment, canberra. available from: urltoken. accessed tue, 10 jul 2018 20: 31: 35 + 1000 .\nand flanks. straight, thin black bill, and yellow - green legs .\ntu - ee - u\nand other whistled calls between a pair .\ntheir nests are built on a mound in sort vegetation, filled with dry grass and close to water .\nthere is not much known about their feeding habits, but it does include small fish, molluscs, aquatic insects, plant material and crustaceans .\nthey prefer to live in open marshland with a fresh grassy cover and brackish shallow marshes .\na group of sandpipers has many collective nouns, including a\nbind\n,\ncontradiction\n,\nfling\n,\nhill\n, and\ntime - step\nof sandpipers .\nthe gulls, plovers, sheathbills of the antarctic, predatory skuas, and sandpipers are five of the nineteen families in the taxonomic order charadriiformes (pronounced kah - rah - dree - ih - for - meez) .\nsandpipers, phalaropes and allies are in the scolopacidae (pronounced skoh - loh - pay - suh - dee) family, a group of ninety - one species of wading birds in twenty - one genera occurring nearly worldwide .\nfifty - four species of sandpipers, phalaropes, and allies in ten genera have occurred in the south pacific. twenty - eight species of sandpipers, phalaropes, and allies in eleven genera have occurred in palau. all of these species are migrants." ]

{ "text": [ "the genus name tringa is the new latin name given to the green sandpiper by aldrovandus in 1599 based on ancient greek trungas , a thrush-sized , white-rumped , tail-bobbing wading bird mentioned by aristotle .", "the specific stagnatilis is from latin stagnum , \" swamp \" , and pes , \" foot \" .", "the marsh sandpiper ( tringa stagnatilis ) is a small wader .", "it is a rather small shank , and breeds in open grassy steppe and taiga wetlands from easternmost europe to central asia .", "the genus name tringa is the new latin name given to the green sandpiper by aldrovandus in 1599 based on ancient greek trungas , a thrush-sized , white-rumped , tail-bobbing wading bird mentioned by aristotle .", "the specific stagnatilis is from latin stagnum , \" swamp \" . " ], "topic": [ 12, 13, 7, 24, 12, 13 ] }

[ "the genus name tringa is the new latin name given to the green sandpiper by aldrovandus in 1599 based on ancient greek trungas, a thrush-sized, white-rumped, tail-bobbing wading bird mentioned by aristotle. the specific stagnatilis is from latin stagnum, \" swamp \", and pes, \" foot \". the marsh sandpiper (tringa stagnatilis) is a small wader. it is a rather small shank, and breeds in open grassy steppe and taiga wetlands from easternmost europe to central asia. the genus name tringa is the new latin name given to the green sandpiper by aldrovandus in 1599 based on ancient greek trungas, a thrush-sized, white-rumped, tail-bobbing wading bird mentioned by aristotle. the specific stagnatilis is from latin stagnum, \" swamp \"." ]

[ "this is the place for buettnerella definition. you find here buettnerella meaning, synonyms of buettnerella and images for buettnerella copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word buettnerella. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word buettnerella and, of course, buettnerella synonyms and on the right images related to the word buettnerella .\nhow can i put and write and define buettnerella in a sentence and how is the word buettnerella used in a sentence and examples? 用buettnerella造句, 用buettnerella造句, 用buettnerella造句, buettnerella meaning, definition, pronunciation, synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha. net .\n( of buettnerella simroth, 1910) bank, r. (2017). classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world. last update: july 16th, 2017. [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\niczn is supported by the lee kong chian natural history museum, national university of singapore (company registration no. 200604346e). iczn is an associate participant to the global biodiversity information facility (gbif) & a scientific member of the international union of biological science (iubs). correspondence to the iczn should be directed to the secretary (iczn @ urltoken / + 65 6518 8364) .\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nbank, r. (2017). classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world. last update: july 16th, 2017. [ details ]\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\nbouchet, philippe; rocroi, jean - pierre; frýda, jiri; hausdorf, bernard; ponder, winston; valdés, ángel & warén, anders (2005) .\nclassification and nomenclator of gastropod families\n. malacologia. hackenheim, germany: conchbooks. 47 (1 - 2): 1–397. isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4. issn 0076 - 2997 .\nsimroth h. (1910). in: voeltzkow reise o. - afr. , wiss. ergebn. 2 (5): 611 .\nheckert a. b. (2008) .\ncomments on the proposed conservation of buettneria case, 1922 (amphibia) 1\n. bulletin of zoological nomenclature 65: 310 - 313. htm .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors (here). text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 license; additional terms may apply. images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "buettnerella is a genus of air-breathing land snails , terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family urocyclidae .", "buettnerella is the nomen novum for buettneria simroth , 1888 . " ], "topic": [ 2, 23 ] }

[ "buettnerella is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family urocyclidae. buettnerella is the nomen novum for buettneria simroth, 1888." ]

[ "have a fact about sevenia garega? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for sevenia garega? write it here to share it with the entire community .\n14 african and two madagascan species (three according to larsen (2005) ). ackery et al. (1995) state that sevenia (as sallya) has been viewed as a subgenus of the neotropical genus eunica by authors .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\n© 2016, butterfly conservation society, ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nackery pr, smith cr, and vane - wright ri eds. 1995. carcasson' s african butterflies. canberra: csiro .\nlarsen, t. b. 2005 butterflies of west africa. stenstrup, denmark: apollo books .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v. z. brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc.." ]

{ "text": [ "sevenia garega , the montane tree nymph , is a butterfly in the family nymphalidae .", "it is found in eastern nigeria , cameroon , the central african republic , the democratic republic of the congo , uganda , ethiopia , kenya , north-western tanzania , northern zambia and mozambique .", "the habitat consists of forests and woodland .", "adults are attracted to fermenting fruit .", "the larvae feed on sapium mannicum . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 24, 8, 8 ] }

[ "sevenia garega, the montane tree nymph, is a butterfly in the family nymphalidae. it is found in eastern nigeria, cameroon, the central african republic, the democratic republic of the congo, uganda, ethiopia, kenya, north-western tanzania, northern zambia and mozambique. the habitat consists of forests and woodland. adults are attracted to fermenting fruit. the larvae feed on sapium mannicum." ]

[ "euchloe belemia belemia; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 6, pl. 5, f. 18\neuchloe belemia palaestinensis röber, 1907; in seitz, grossschmett. erde 1: 51\nendangerment factors: in places, euchloe belemia is threatened by overbuilding, tourism and overgrazing .\nhabitat: euchloe belemia inhabits arid areas, ravines, rocky slopes, fallow land, roadsides and rural settlements .\neuchloe belemia hesperidum rothschild, 1913; novit. zool. 20 (1): 111; tl: canary is .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\njuovamarmorisiipi\nto\neuchloe belemia (esper, [ 1800 ] )\n.\nc. michael hogan marked\nglobal distribution\nas visible on the\neuchloe belemia (esper, [ 1800 ] )\npage .\nc. michael hogan marked\nglobal distribution\nas trusted on the\neuchloe belemia (esper, [ 1800 ] )\npage .\nc. michael hogan marked\nglobal distribution\nas hidden on the\neuchloe belemia (esper, [ 1800 ] )\npage .\neuchloe belemia; [ ebw ]; [ bow ]: pl. 4, f. 11; [ afrl ]; [ otakar kudrna ]\neuchloe belemia palaestinensis; back, 2001, atalanta 32 (1 / 2): pl. via, f. 7 - 8 (larva )\neuchloe belemia hesperidum; back, 2001, atalanta 32 (1 / 2): 103 - 106, pl. v, f. 1 - 2\npapilio belemia esper, 1800; die schmett. , suppl. th 1 (8 - 9): 92, pl. 110, f. 2; tl: s. spain\neuchloe belemia eversi; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 6, pl. 5, f. 17; back, 2001, atalanta 32 (1 / 2): pl. via, f. 3 - 6 (larva )\neuchloe ausonia sovinskyi sheljuzhko, 1928; lep. rdsch. 2 (7): 75\neuchloe ausonides ausonides; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 170\neuchloe ausonides ogilvia; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 170\neuchloe ausonides insulanus; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 170\neuchloe creusa creusa; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 171\n= euchloe olympia; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 171\neuchloe hyantis hyantis; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 171\n= euchloe ausonides ausonides; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 170\n= euchloe ausonides coloradensis; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 170\n= euchloe creusa creusa; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 171\n= euchloe hyantis hyantis; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 171\nremarks: euchloe belemia occurs in north africa, some canary islands (fuerteventura, gran canaria, tenerife) and the south (rarely center) of the iberian peninsula in spain and southern portugal. in recent years, the populations for example of the canaries are separated as separate species. this is probably another case where a subspecies concept would be more helpful .\neuchloe ausonia melanochloros; [ bmat ]: 11, pl. 4, f. 28 - 40\neuchloe tagis; [ bow ]: pl. 4, f. 17; [ otakar kudrna ]\neuchloe tagis pechi; [ bmat ]: 12, pl. 5, f. 1 - 5\neuchloe tagis atlasica; [ bmat ]: 12, pl. 5, f. 6 - 10\neuchloe tagis reisseri; [ bmat ]: 13, pl. 5, f. 11 - 10\n? euchloe charlonia elisabethae hemming, 1932; trans. ent. soc. lond. 80: 287\neuchloe naina; [ opler ]; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 171\n? euchloe belia melisande fruhstorfer, 1908; ent. zs. 22 (12): 51; tl: palestine\neuchloe lessei bernardi, 1957; bull. soc. ent. fr. 62: 38; tl: ; iran\neuchloe crameri crameri; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 6, pl. 5, f. 20\neuchloe tagis tagis; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 6, pl. 5, f. 19\neuchloe crameri mauretanica röber, 1907; in seitz, grossschmett. erde 1: 53, pl. 22, f. d\neuchloe ausonides coloradensis; [ nacl ], # 4200a; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 170\neuchloe ausonides palaeoreios; [ nacl ], # 4200b; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 170\neuchloe ausonides insulanus guppy & shepard, 2001; butts. b. c. : 160; tl: wellington, british columbia\neuchloe hyantis andrewsi; [ nacl ], # 4203a; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 172\neuchloe tagis bellezina; back, 2001, atalanta 32 (1 / 2): pl. iii, f. 3e - f\neuchloe ausonides r. andrewsi martin, 1958; bull. south. calif. acad. sci. 35 (2): 94\neuchloe lotta; [ boc ], 146; [ opler ]; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 172\neuchloe tagis calvensis; back, 2001, atalanta 32 (1 / 2): pl. iii, f. 2, 3c - d\neuchloe penia; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 6, pl. 5, f. 22; [ otakar kudrna ]\neuchloe lucilla butler, 1886; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1886 (3): 376, pl. 35, f. 4\neuchloe belia naina kozhanchikov, 1923; jb. martjanov staatmus. minussinsk, 1 (1): 3; tl: w. sayan, lake buiba\neuchloe ausonides mayi f. & r. chermock, 1940; can. ent. 72 (4): 81; tl: riding mtns, man .\neuchloe ausonides mayi; [ nacl ], # 4200c; [ boc ], 142; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 170\neuchloe tagis atlasica rungs, 1950; bull. soc. sci. nat. maroc 28: 144; tl: col de tambrata and ifrane (morocco )\neuchloe ausonia algirica gen. aest. pseudonymus rothschild, 1917; novit. zool. 24 (1): 83; tl: c. and s. algeria\neuchloe creusa; [ ebw ]; [ nacl ], # 4201; [ opler ]; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 171\neuchloe crameri; back, 1990, atalanta 21 (3 / 4): pl. iii, f. 13 - 15 (larva); [ otakar kudrna ]\neuchloe simplonia; back, 1990, atalanta 21 (3 / 4): pl. iii, f. 7 - 9 (larva); [ otakar kudrna ]\neuchloe belia naina ♀ ab. koshantschikoffi bang - haas, 1927; horae macrolep. palaearct. 1: 40, pl. 5, f. 15; tl: sajan\neuchloe naina jakutia; dubatolov & kosterin, 1994, atalanta 25 (3 / 4): 514; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 171\neuchloe hyantis; [ nacl ], # 4203; [ boc ], 144; [ opler ]; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 171\neuchloe simplonia jakutia back, 1991; atalanta 21 (3 / 4): 193, pl. ii, f. 3 - 4; tl: yakutia, suntar mts .\neuchloe naina irina dubatolov & kosterin, 1994; atalanta 25 (3 / 4): 513; tl: se. kazakhstan, dzhungarian alatau, 40 - 50km ene of tekeli\neuchloe ausonides palaeoreios johnson, 1976; j. lep. soc. 30 (4): 253; tl: spearfish canyon, near spearfish, lawrence co. , south dakota\neuchloe ausonia; [ bru ], 156; [ ebw ]; back, 1990, atalanta 21 (3 / 4): pl. iii, f. 10 - 12 (larva); [ otakar kudrna ]\neuchloe olympia; [ nacl ], # 4202; [ ebw ]; [ bow ]: pl. 17, f. 21; [ opler ]; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 171\neuchloe guaymasensis opler, 1986; j. lep. soc. 40 (3): 188, f. 1 - 3; tl: mexico, estado de sonora, las avispas microwave relay, 2000', 40 mi n guayamas\neuchloe tagis piemonti back, 2001; atalanta 32 (1 / 2): 100, pl. iii, f. 1, 3a - b, pl. iv, f. 5 - 17; tl: andonno, piemonte, italy, 800m\neuchloe falloui; [ ebw ]; [ bow ]: pl. 4, f. 11 (text only); [ bmat ]: 13, pl. 5, f. 20 - 32; [ bafr ], 56; [ afrl ]\neuchloe guaymasensis; holland, 1995, j. lep. soc. 49 (2): 122, f. 2; [ opler ]; [ nl4a ], # 128; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 172\neuchloe tagis reisseri back & reissinger, 1989; nota lepid. 12 (2): 86 - 102, [ 93 ] (f. a - d), 94 (f. e, f), 95 (f. 1 - 12) ]; tl: xauen (morocco )\neuchloe ausonides; [ nacl ], # 4200; [ ebw ]; [ bow ]: pl. 17, f. 20; back, 1990, atalanta 21 (3 / 4): pl. iii, f. 4 - 6 (larva); [ boc ], 142; [ opler ]; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 170\nmy sightings of these have been in the algarve and near the coast in the province of malaga in s. spain. first sight implies a dappled white or possibly bath white, pontia daplidice but on settling the characteristic underside becomes apparent .\n© all pictures in these pages copyright to simon coombes. permission must be sought and obtained for any use .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na supposedly widespread species of south spain and north africa, i' ve only rarely found it even in good areas. this leads me to believe it is very local, albeit common where found .\n, in the deserts of the sahara. other similar species fly on various canary islands but the current species does not fly there .\nhot dry places, associated (by me at least !) with dry water flows (wadis, gullies etc) although also edges of cultivation .\nseen from the top, the green - striped white butterfly could easily be mistaken many other black - spotted whites, especially because it is very active are rarely alights for more than a few seconds to take nectar from flowers. seen with closed wings, however, the butterfly is distinctive. the hindwings are diagonally patterned with irregular thick green stripes, a pattern that is continued on the tips of the forewings. wingspan ranges from 3. 8 to 4. 2cm .\nthe green - striped white shown above was photographed at monte seco, in the algarve region of portugal. (picture: rob petley - jones )\nthis butterfly does not occur in britain or ireland; it is seen in the south of portugal and spain and its range extends into algeria, tunisia, egypt and many other countries of northern africa. the green - striped white is also reported from several other mediterranean countries, including turkey. further to the east, this little white butterfly has been reported from iraq .\nthe eggs are laid on the undersides of larval foodplants which, as with so many white butterflies are mainly members of the family brassicaceae. this butterfly spends the hot summer months (a diapause) in its pupal stage .\nthe shortly hairy larva is yellowish green with three longitudinal blackish stripes and two almost white stripes low down on either side of its body. .\nthree or four broods of green - striped white butterflies per year are reported, and the adults can be seen flying from november through to april or early may .\nif you found this information helpful, you would probably find the new 2017 edition of our bestselling book matching the hatch by pat o' reilly very useful. get an author - signed copy here ...\nelphinstonia klots, 1930; bull. brooklyn ent. soc. 25 (2): 87; ts: anthocharis charlonia donzel\nlarva on sisymbrium sp. , diplotaxis tennuisiliqua, biscutella didyma, sisymbrium bourgeanum [ bmat ]\npontia simplonia freyer, 1829; beitr. eur. schmett. 2: pl. 75, f. 2\nnaf, seu, asia minor, amurland, baluchistan - chitral. see [ maps ]\npapilio marchandae geyer, 1832; samml. eur. schmett. [ 1 ]: pl. 188, f. 926 - 928\nlarva on isatis tinctoria, moricandia arvensis, biscutella sp. , sinapis sp. , bunias sp. , iberis sp. [ bmat ]\nausonia graeca (verity, [ 1908 ]); rhopalocera palaearctica 1: 175, pl. 36, f. 20\nausonia transiens (verity, [ 1908 ]); rhopalocera palaearctica 1: 180, 338, pl. 37, f. 12\nw. pamirs, n. afghanistan, pakistan, india. see [ maps ]\nanthocharis daphalis moore, 1865; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1865 (2): 491, pl. 31, f. 14; tl: kunawur\ne. turkey, transcaucasia - iran, afghanistan - s. alai. see [ maps ]\n= anthocharis belia var. daphalis; grum - grshimailo, 1890, in romanoff, mém. lép. 4: 229\npulverata alaica (verity, 1911); rhopalocera palaearctica 1: 338, pl. 67, f. 33 - 36\naltai, n. mongolia - chukot peninsula, altai, sayan, transbaikalia, amur. see [ maps ]\nanthocharis ausonides lucas, 1852; revue mag. zool. (2) 4 (7): 340; tl: san francisco, california\n: canada, yukon, ogilve mts. , dempster hwy mile 45, 500 - 1300m\n= auchloe ausonides transmontana; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 170\nauchloe ausonides transmontana; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 170\naltai - chukot, ussuri, amur, transbaikalia, na? . see [ maps ]\n? ab. alexandri (turati, 1921); atti soc. ital. sci. nat. 60: 212, f. 2\norientalis emiorientalis (verity, 1911); rhopalocera palaearctica 1: 338, pl. 67, f. 37 - 38\nanthocharis pechi baker, 1885; ent. mon. mag. 21: 241; tl: lambessa\nlarva on iberis odorata, iberis sp. , iberis ciliata? , i. taurica? [ bmat ]\nanthocharis insularis staudinger, 1861; in staudinger & wocke, cat. lep. (ed. 1): 2; tl: corsica ?\ncanary islands, morocco, algeria, tunisia, tibesti, macedonia, egypt, sudan, iran, baluchistan, punjab. see [ maps ]\nanthocharis charlonia f. atlantica stauder, 1914; z. wiss. insektbiol. 10 (3): 84, (4): 125 (f. 2); tl: el kantara (algeria )\nanthocharis charlonia var. mesopotamica staudinger, [ 1892 ]; dt. ent. z. iris 4 (2): 228\nanthocharis charlonia var. transcaspica staudinger, [ 1892 ]; dt. ent. z. iris 4 (2): 228; tl :\nkrasnovodsk\n,\nachal - tekke\n,\nschahrud\ntranscaspica doveri evans, 1932; indian butterflies (edn. 2): 65\ntranscaspica pila evans, 1932; indian butterflies (edn. 2): 65\npenia (freyer, 1852); neuere beitr. schmett. 6: pl. 574, f. 4\ns. turkmenia, uzbekistan, tajikistan, n. iran. see [ maps ]\nanthocharis tomyris christoph, 1884; in romanoff, mém. lépid. 1: 99, pl. 6, f. 1a - b; tl: askhabad, turkmenia\nn. africa (desert regions), sudan, somalia, arabia. see [ maps ]\nlarva on moricandia arvensis, m. sinaica, reseda muricata, diplotaxis acris, schouwia thebaica, zilla spinosa [ bmat ]\nanthocaris [ sic ] olympia edwards, 1871; trans. amer. ent. soc. 3: 266; tl: [ kanawha co. , west virginia ]\nlarva on descurainia pinnata holland, 1995, j. lep. soc. 49 (2): 127\nanthocaris [ sic ] hyantis edwards, 1871; trans. amer. ent. soc. 3 (3 / 4): 205; tl: ukiah, mendocino, co. , california\ncolorado, arizona, utah, california, montana, oregon, colorado. see [ maps ]\n: klamath co. , oregon; modoc co. , california; lasse, colorado\nlarva on arabis furcata, a. sparsiflora, arabis bolboellii, halimolobos whitedi [ boc ]\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea; compiled by mark c. williams, 7th ed. (2008) (april 2007) ;\nthe dates of e. j. c. esper' s die schmetterlinge in abblidungen... 1776 - [ 1830 ]; archives of natural history (1981) 10 (2): 251 - 254\nbutterflies of north america. 2. scientific names list for butterfly species of north america, north of mexico .\n[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not. i don' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\n( fabiano, 1993) d' aragón, dans le n. - e. de l' espagne:'\nlepidopteren ost - sibiriens, insbesondere der amur - landes, gesammelt von den herren g. radde, r. maack und p. wulffius\nthe genera of diurnal lepidoptera, comprising their generic characters, a notice of their habitats and transformations, and a catalogue of the species of each genus; illustrated with 86 plates by w. c. hewitson\ndie schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen. theil i. die tagschmetterlinge. supplement theil 1. abschnitt 1\nneuere beiträge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur. (81 - 100 )\nconcerning the name anthocaris coloradensis hy. edwards with designation of a new subspecies (pieridae )\nlist of diurnal lepidoptera collected by capt. a. m. lang in the n. w. himalayas\nsome undescribed rhopalocera from mesopotamia and n. w. persia; and other notes\nlepidotteri di cirenaica. (raccolti dal prof. a. ghigi durante l' escurisione organizzata dal touring club italiano nel mese di aprile 1920 )\nrhopalocera palaearctica iconographie et description des papillons diurnes de la région paléarctique. papilionidae et pieridae\nwinhard, 2000 pieridae i butterflies of the world 10: 1 - 40, pl. title, 1 - 48, back\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhost plants: in fuerteventura, i found eggs particularly on stems, occasionally also leaf tops of hirschfeldia incana and rarely sisymbrium sp. , usually at half height of 10 - 20cm above the ground. according to literature the species was observed on further brassicaceae as diplotaxis .\nlife cycle: the adults fly in spring from late january to may, the caterpillars live mostly on flowers and fruits and develop very quickly. the pupae usually go into an aestivation as a development in the hot, dry summer months would be limited. they often emerge only after several years .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nwill let be visible since there is a paucity of info on this taxon. best to expose all points of view in this case .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nvan swaay, c. , wynhoff, i. , verovnik, r. , wiemers, m. , lópez munguira, m. , maes, d. , sasic, m. , verstrael, t. , warren, m. & settele, j .\nlewis, o. (butterfly rla) & cuttelod, a. (iucn red list unit )\njustification: this species is listed as least concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10, 000 adult individuals .\nrestricted to the canary island of tenerife. its elevational range is above 2, 000 m. this is a european endemic species .\nthe species occurs in the canades des teide at altitudes of 2, 000 m and higher. the larval foodplant is\nall butterflies are collected to some extent, but only for the extremely rare species it can be a problem and the trade in europe is generally at a low level compared to other continents. there is no specific trade information for this species .\nalthough a rare endemic, this species is not believed to face major threats .\nmore research on the ecological requirements is needed. as far as is known now, no specific conservation actions are needed at a european level. but since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a butterfly monitoring scheme .\nvan swaay, c. , wynhoff, i. , verovnik, r. , wiemers, m. , lópez munguira, m. , maes, d. , sasic, m. , verstrael, t. , warren, m. & settele, j. 2010 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools." ]

{ "text": [ "euchloe belemia , the green-striped white , is a butterfly in the pieridae family .", "its range is northern africa and occasionally the southern iberian peninsula , especially spain and portugal .", "the wingspan is 36 – 44 mm ( 1.4 – 1.7 in ) .", "adults are on wing from february to june .", "the larvae feed on sisymbrium species ( including sisymbrium bourgeanum ) , diplotaxis tennuisiliqua and biscutella didyma . " ], "topic": [ 12, 18, 9, 8, 8 ] }

[ "euchloe belemia, the green-striped white, is a butterfly in the pieridae family. its range is northern africa and occasionally the southern iberian peninsula, especially spain and portugal. the wingspan is 36 – 44 mm (1.4 – 1.7 in). adults are on wing from february to june. the larvae feed on sisymbrium species (including sisymbrium bourgeanum), diplotaxis tennuisiliqua and biscutella didyma." ]

[ "comparison of combined coi and 16srna sequences evolution of e. vitis, j. formosana and e. onukii .\nthe east rift valley, the so - called last untouched land in taiwan, has promoted pesticide - free organic farming in recent years, and produces excellent - quality honey - flavored black tea after leaves are sucked by tea green leafhoppers (jacobiasca formosana) .\nmitochondrial coi and 16srna evidence for a single species hypothesis of e. vitis, j. formosana and e. onukii in east asia\nmitochondrial coi and 16srna evidence for a single species hypothesis of e. vitis, j. formosana and e. onukii in east asia\nthe harvest season is limited to the summer. bitten by the tea green leafhopper (jacobiasca formosana), the leaves do not grow after the summer. the leaves can be fermented and baked into rich, yet sweet tea with a honey or ripe fruit aroma. the unique cultivation process is essential to its quality .\nother pests observed on tea during the evaluations at hammond include leafhoppers, flea beetles and inchworms (figures 4a to d). damage from these pests is transitional and insignificant. however, severe damage from leafhopper has been documented in traditional tea - producing countries, and feeding by a specific leafhopper, jacobiasca formosana, actually contributes to the unique fragrance in some oolong and black teas such as oriental beauty .\n“dongfang meiren is the chhiⁿ - sim tōa - phàⁿ (青心大冇) cultivar grown without pesticides to encourage a common pest, the tea green leafhopper (jacobiasca formosana), to feed on the leaves, stems, and buds. these insects suck the phloem juices of the tea stems, leaves, and buds, producing monoterpene diol and hotrienol which give the tea its unique flavor. the buds then turn white along the edges which gives the tea its alternate name, white tip oolong. the insect bites start the oxidation of the leaves and tips and add a sweet note to the tea. ” — wikipedia .\ncitation: fu j - y, han b - y, xiao q (2014) mitochondrial coi and 16srna evidence for a single species hypothesis of e. vitis, j. formosana and e. onukii in east asia. plos one 9 (12): e115259. urltoken\nthe insect responsible for this taste sensation goes by a variety of names, depending on who’s telling the tale. some call it “criquets” (possibly a misspelling of “crickets”) while others call it a “leaf hopper” or “aphid” (a scourge as any rosarian knows), some say the insect is a “green fly, ” and another uses the name “cicada. ” the best name is the green leafhopper (jacobiasca formosana), but whatever name it’s called, it still does its magic on the tea leaves, sucking the phloem juices of the tea stems, leaves, and buds. this produces monoterpene diol and hotrienol, starting oxidation of leaves and tips which adds a sweet note to the tea liquid .\ntea green leafhopper is one of the most dominant pests in major tea production regions of east asia. this species has been variously identified as empoasca vitis (goëthe), jacobiasca formosana (paoli) and empoasca onukii matsuda in mainland china, taiwan and japan, respectively. recent study of dna sequence data suggested that treatment of this pest as different species in these three adjacent regions is incorrect and that they were a single species; but the correct scientific name for the species has remained unclear. consistent with the prior molecular evidence, morphological study shows that the male genital characters of chinese specimens are the same as those of specimens from japan, so the correct scientific name of tea green leafhopper in china is empoasca (matsumurasca) onukii matsuda .\noriental beauty, also known as dongfang meiren or even champagne oolong, is one of the more fascinating of the oolong tea varieties to be found. produced in taiwan, this tea was accidentally developed when the farmer, having had his crop infested with leafhoppers (jacobiasca formosana) decided to harvest and process his tea as normal, rather than letting the tea go to waste. as it turns out the tea had developed a highly unique appearance and taste that became quite popular. now, rather than trying to control the green tea leafhopper, the insect is welcomed and encouraged to feed on the sap in the tea leaves. as the camellia sinensis plant tries to fight off the insects it produces chemicals which in combination with the specific terrior of the region produce this teas unique character .\nthe leafhopper is an extraordinarily large group with a wide range of host plants. over 25, 000 species of cicadellidae are described and new leafhopper species are being discovered almost every day, but few useful morphological characteristics are developed to understand the relationships between leafhopper species and ecological factors for diversification [ 4 ], [ 8 ]. until now, it has been clear that there is just one dominant species of tea green leafhopper in these three regions, respectively [ 9 ] – [ 11 ]. however, for lack of recognized morphological characters and compared research communications, the dominant species of tea green leafhoppers in mainland china, taiwan and japan are always named as different species; empoasca vitis göthe, jacobiasca formosana paoli and empoasca onukii matsuda, respectively [ 5 ], [ 9 ], [ 11 ] .\nthe e. onukii was nominated from leafhoppers in tea plantation by matsuda in 1952 [ 25 ]. the dominant species of e. vitis and j. formosana in tea plantations of china mainland and taiwan were both named according to nominated species from other host plants. e. vitis was first named in 1875, and it was recognized as the dominant tea leafhopper species of china mainland in 1988 [ 9 ], [ 26 ]; j. formosana was named in 1932, and it was identified as the dominant species in tea plantations of taiwan [ 5 ], [ 27 ]. utilizing the main, generally accepted, keys for tea green leafhopper [ 9 ], [ 25 ], we found no difference in these eleven population specimens .\nit has been proved that the genetic distance for insect species boundary was 2% [ 31 ]. all eleven populations from mainland china, taiwan and japan showed such close relationships that the genetic distances for single gene and combined sequences were both less than 1. 2% , and the mean values were less than 0. 8% , which were below the criterion of 2% for insect species differentiation. these genetic relationship results support the hypothesis that e. vitis, j. formosana and e. onukii are a single tea green leafhopper species. on the whole, the genetic distances between each two populations from mainland and taiwan were 0. 5–0. 8% , while the genetic distances among populations from either mainland or taiwan with populations from japan were 0. 7–0. 9% . it revealed that the genetic relationship between e. vitis and j. formosana was closer than either of them with e. onukii, and all of which were below species level .\nin summary, we first conducted genetic distances and phylogenetic relationships analysis of the coi and 16srna regions of mtdna for tea green leafhopper dominant species in east asia. both the results showed that within e. vitis, j. formosana and e. onukii there existed small genetic differences that were still below species level, which supported the hypothesis of a single species. however, further research is needed such as the creation of useful morphological keys, as well as cross - breeding test to understand genetic relationships of tea green leafhoppers on a large scale .\nboth the single gene and combined datasets showed high haplotype diversity (hd) greater than 0. 95, which implied a high diversity in tea green leafhoppers. in addition, at least one haplotype was shared together by leafhoppers from mainland china, taiwan and japan. for the coi, 16srna and combined sequences, the haplotypes of fj2 and ah3, qy14, ld6, fj7 and fj13, and fj13 were shared by e. vitis, j. formosana and e. onukii, respectively. the ubiquitous shared haplotypes indicated that tea green leafhoppers from three regions were not distinct clades and they might be a single species at evolution level .\nwe also analyzed the combined mtdna coi and 16srna genes simultaneously; 112 haplotypes were observed in 140 tea green leafhoppers specimens, and the haplotype diversity was high, more than 0. 99. there were only eight haplotypes that contained more than two samples, of which fj13 was the largest one and shared by nine samples of gd2, gd12, gd14, hrn6, hrn8, hrn12, tw4, tw10 and ld16 from all three regions of mainland china, taiwan and japan. the haplotype of fj2 was shared by five samples of fj10, jg5, jg15, qy12 and qy17 from two regions of mainland china and japan. three haplotypes of ah3, gd1 and ah11 were shared by two, two and seven samples from mainland china respectively. the haplotypes of jd17, jg12 and qy8 were shared by two, three and three samples from japan respectively. the other 104 haplotypes were all unique ones and the nine combined sets from e. flavescens were all unique haplotypes, too. the patterns of mitochondrial dna polymorphism and evolution among the three leafhopper species are shown in table 2. the values detected in e. vitis and e. onukii were much lower than those of j. formosana. furthermore, the tested values for tajima' s d, fu and li' s d and fu and li' s f in e. vitis and e. onukii were all obviously less than those in j. formosana .\nthe tea plant spread from mainland china to neighbouring regions such as japan and taiwan. tea green leafhoppers, important insect pests in tea plantations, which have identical morphological characteristics and biological habits, are differently named in mainland china, taiwan and japan. furthermore, nothing is known about tea green leafhoppers evolution relationship in these regions. here, we present the hypothesis that they might be a single species. in this study, we surveyed the mtdna sequences of tea leafhoppers among eleven populations in mainland china, taiwan and japan, to understand the genetic divergences, phylogenetic relationship, to prove the hypothesis that the tea green leafhopper species of e. vitis, j. formosana and e. onukii are a single species .\nall these analyses were done based on both single gene and the combined sequences. the sequence polymorphism level including nucleotide diversity (pi), haplotype diversity (hd), and the number of segregating sites (s) was calculated by dnasp 5. 0. genetic distances between gene pairs were calculated using the kimura 2 - parameter (k2 - p) model via mega 6. 0. neutrality tests of tajima' s d, fu and li' s d, fu and li' s f were performed by dnasp 5. 0 [ 23 ]. the amount of variation within a population and among populations within a region was calculated by the hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (amova) framework carried out using arlequin 3. 11, and significant difference was tested by a nonparametric permutation procedure with 1000 permutations. the patterns of mitochondrial dna polymorphism and evolution among e. vitis, j. formosana and e. onukii were also analyzed. population differentiation was also quantified with non hierarchical analysis of molecular variance by estimating fixation index (fst) of mainland china - japan, japan - taiwan, and mainland - taiwan populations .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthis tea dates from the end of the 19th century, when taiwan started exporting its oolong teas overseas. at that time, tea was mostly harvested at low altitude in the plains of northern taiwan or in the wenshan forest. most tea farmers were new immigrants from fujian with little tea growing experience. they had moved accross the formosa straight in search of a place to start a new and prosperous life. formosa tea was their' klondike gold'. they mostly sold their harvests to foreign agents (john dodd or jardine matheson) for export to the west. the better the quality, the higher the price they would get .\nduring each summer, the tea farmers would be upset to see their crops eaten by swarms of small criquets, particularly present in the warm plains. they didn' t even bother to harvest the leaves, because low quality tea was usually turned down by the foreign tea traders. one farmer in hsin chu county didn' t accept this fate. he harvested these bitten leaves nonetheless and managed to sell them for a high price to john dodd. legend has it that this tea was so good that it supposedly made its way to the queen of england who named it\noriental beauty\n( or' dong fang mei ren' in chinese. see the calligraphy on the left). in hsin chu county, meanwhile, our farmer proudly told his friends for what a high price he had been able to sell this tea. there, people named it\npong fong cha\nor braggar' s tea .\noriental beauty is sometimes called 2 other names: bai hao oolong, oolong with white hair / fur, or wu se cha, tea with 5 colors, in reference to the appearance of its dry leaves .\nbeyond the name, what is oriental beauty? it is a highly oxidized (+ / - 70 %) oolong harvested from young leaves, in summer, just after they have been bitten by the tea jassid (a small criquet). this bite starts the oxidation of the leaves and adds a sweet and sour note that is so characteristic .\nbut because it is such a popular and tasty tea, many plantations around asia and taiwan are trying to imitate oriental beauty. this year, i tasted imitations from india and china (fragrant, but very bitter mouthfeel). i also found' high mountain' farmers in the lugu area making oriental beauty with their summer gao shan oolong (but leaves are bigger and less insect bitten, which gives a less distinctive taste). to clear the confusion in search of the real oriental beauty, let' s examine the following :\n( the actual leaves look better in real. this picture was taken with the bottom of the package). the leaves are made up mostly of luanze (qingxin) oolong. this wenshan oriental beauty has a very nice and fresh fragrance (red berries, pineapple ...). but i found it was best brewed light or with short infusion times. unpleasant astringency would develop if brewed too long. (open leaves on the left show the high oxidation level). therefore, typical wenshan oriental beauty has an emphasis on fragrance. b. summer 2005, pinglin wenshan mao ho oriental beauty (monkey hair) this is particular oriental beauty is made with an older oolong varietal. it is particular feature are the many white hair that cover the dry leaves like fur. it is less fragrant and sweet compared when compared with a. it develops more forest, mushroom notes. however, it can better be brewed for longer times and has a mellow and long aftertaste .\nred tea (and oriental beauty is close to being fully oxidized) is best brewed in glazed ceramic. the mao ho oriental beauty, however, with its forest notes will be enhanced when brewed in an yixing zisha teapot .\nc. summer 2005 hsin chu county oriental beauty this top grade oriental beauty comes from where it was originally invented. that means where the tradition making this tea is longest. it is probably no accident then that this oriental beauty tastes best in my overview. it has both wonderfully complex smells (cinnamon, hints of orange, pineapple ...), but also a sweet and round aftertaste. it can brew for minutes without turning astringent, a trait only the very best teas display .\nthis summer dong ding oolong finds its inspiration in oriental beauty: the farmer hasn' t used any pesticides on purpose. he wants the criquets to get a bite of the leaves and then oxidize them more strongly than he usually does with his traditional dong ding oolong. but it' s not an imitation of oriental beauty, because the leaves are still fist rolled as is tradition in the dong ding area. that' s why he could give this tea a new name, concubine tea. and that' s why i find it interesting, because it doesn' t try to imitate oriental beauty (and imitations are almost always very inferior to the original in the tea world, as this study and my experience have shown). instead, he created a new tea with its special character: a highly oxidized, insect bitten, summer dong ding oolong that is better than a traditional summer dong ding oolong .\ndear stephane: what brewing parameter and method do you recommend for your oriental beauty oolongs? thanks .\ncompared to other oolongs, ob is more tips than big leaves, which means it is more concentrated in fragrance. it is also more oxidized, hence more fragrant again. this means we can use a little less than usual. for wenshan ob, i recommend shorter steeping times to get the most fragrance and use a glazed gaiwan or glazed teapot. for mao ho ob, i recommend a zisha teapot and medium steeping times. for hsin chu ob, i recommend glazed gaiwan (teapot), fewer leaves than above and long steeping times. i hope this helps. brewing is not like a cooking recipe. it requires the brewer to use his senses to check on the time and' feel' his tea so that he makes the final adjustments to optimize the brewing for his taste. and don' t forget to preheat the vessel !\nhello stephane, i was wondering if longer steeping times also implies that you can make fewer infusions with a tea? (as you said, a high quality oolong generaly requires less leaves and can be brewed for longer time). as i understand, one of the characteristics of oolong tea is that with a short steeping time, the leaves will unfold more and more after each brew, thus delivering different aromas. but what happens when the leaves are allready completely open? will they also continue to release their aroma? just to have an idea, how many' good' tasting brews do you make with the hsin chin ob? i felt that it startes to loose it' s fragrance after the 3rd, 4th brew (when it tends to get watery). of course it probably would be possible to allow a steeping time of 10 minutes at some point, but i like this kind of tea to be hot when it floats down my throat. like you said, brewing is not a recipe but maybe you could develop a bit on that topic. thanks for the answer and for sharing your passion with us on your blog! david\ndavid, you are right. if you brew longer, you' ll end up doing less brews than with shorter steeps. with this hsin chu oriental beauty i make at least 6 - 7 very good brews. don' t be afraid to brew it longer starting the 3rd infusion if you find your brew too weak. a closed pot won' t cool down so quickly actually. but here are several things to keep it hot: 1. if you use a teapot (i had mentioned glazed gaiwan, but actually it' s also very nice in a zisha teapot), you can put boiling water on it during the brewing, 2. pre - heat your pitcher and tea cup just before pouring the tea out. 3. or don' t use a pitcher at all .\nhi stephane: very interesting article here. :) i really like it. i also run a tea blog, and was wondering if you would consider linking to it. it would be much appreciated. urltoken relznuk @ urltoken thanks, relznuk of insani - tea\ndo you want to know why it' s also called pong fong cha? go find someone who speaking taiwanese and he will explain what pong fong means to you .\nif would be a great help if you could recommend a reputable source to get some good quality ob. the last thing i want is to end up with a low quality imitation. thanks soo much. - matthew -\nmatthew, i can recommend myself! send me an email at: stephane _ erler @ urltoken and i will send you my selection list .\nmy name is stéphane erler. i live in taiwan since 1996 and have been studying tea with teaparker. he' s a worldwide tea expert and author of over 30 tea books. the study of tea isn' t just theoretical, but it' s also rooted in daily practice. it' s a path of continuous improvement. as my brewing technique improves i get access to better teas and better accessories. these things go hand in hand .\ncopyright © 1995 - 2018 ebay inc. all rights reserved. accessibility, user agreement, privacy, cookies and adchoice\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is turned off in your web browser. please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos, or try our html specimensearch option .\ntaxon name is the\nnamestring\nor\nscientific name ,\nthe\ndata\nthat is used to form identifications and the core of every taxonomy record .\ntaxon term is the data value of either a classification term (\nanimalia\n) or classification metadata (such as name authors) .\nterm type is the rank (\nkingdom\n) for classification terms, in which role it may be null, and the label for classification metadata (\nauthor text\n) .\nsource indicates the source of a classification (not a taxon name). some classifications are local; most come from globalnames .\ncommon names are vernacular term associated with taxon names, and are not necessarily english, correct, or common .\nyour browser doesn' t support javascript or you have disabled javascript. please enable javascript, then refresh this page. javascript is required on this site .\neuropean union funding: for a one - year period (2017 - 12 - 16 to 2018 - 12 - 15), eppo has been awarded an eu grant for the further development of the eppo code system (agreement nb: sante / 2017 / gs / eppo / s12. 768842). the eu commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information from this project subsequently included in the eppo global database .\nintegrates religious, cultural, sporting, and other events that display taiwanese artistry and innovation .\nstrolling in the mountains, you will experience taiwanese tea culture on hundred - year - old trails .\nexperience tea picking and tea making in the plantations. smell the aroma, sip a cup of soothing tea, listen to birds chirping in the woods, and take in the traditional culture slowly, quietly .\ntea tours in taiwan cover the island’s tea farms from the north to the south, including pouchong tea, emei oriental beauty tea, yuchi assam black tea, alishan high mountain tea and ruisui honey black tea. enjoy the diverse and beautiful tea fields .\npouchong tea usually refers to semi - fermented tea. after the process of tea - making is finished, 150 grams of tea leaves are wrapped with two pieces of rectangular chinese writing paper into a square pack containing a seal of the name of the tea and its maker. thus, it gained the name “pouchong” which means “wrapped kind” in chinese .\nwenshan district in taipei city grows some of the best pouchong teas, since it has fertile soil and the surrounding mountains contribute to the cool and moist climate all year round .\nit is said that in the old days, the queen of england was amazed by this type of tea’s unique flavor and named it “oriental beauty”. in taiwan, it is called champagne oolong tea, pekoe tea, oolong tea or pong hong tea .\nduring the japanese occupation period, superior tea seeds were imported from india to yuchi (fish pond) township in nantou county by the japanese government. since then, yuchi has been an ideal area to cultivate black tea. during the japanese colonial era, tea produced in yuchi, was served to the japanese emperor. tea trees of the first generation are over 80 years of age, and the black tea is beautiful, colorful, and fragrant with the sweet aroma of flowers. the mellow taste lingers and makes the black tea a treasure .\npremium honey tea has a strong aroma of fruit, honey, and flowers. one sip distributes the subtle aroma in the mouth. in 2006, ruisui township in hualien county won the gold medal in a world tea competition among more than 700 varieties of tea from 15 countries .\nthe alishan area is well - known both for its scenery and tea making, and the high mountain tea grown there represents taiwan .\nhigh altitude brings a cold climate and large temperature differences between the day and night. this climate slows the growth of tea trees that and irrigation from mountain springs produce tea leaves that are thick and tender, and stems that are soft. alishan oolong tea and jinxuan tea are fragrant, rich, and lingering in terms of smell and taste. their superior quality helps them win championships regularly in national tea competitions, earning them the international reputation of being “the best teas in taiwan. ”\n1 - day oriental beauty tea tour in emei township, hsinchu county emei township in hsinchu county → fuxing tea production and marketing class, xu yaoliang tea plantation → tea picking, sunning, processing, baking; diy tea snacks → hakka delicacies lunch → peipu old streets, hakka ground tea and rice cake tasting shopping → home notes: 1. the period between june and august is the oriental beauty tea harvest season. a tea - making contest is also held during this period. 2. tea making experience is limited by season, and prior appointment is necessary. travel information: tri - mountain national scenic area administration, website: urltoken tel: (04) 2331 - 2678\nnotes: 1. the tea culture exhibition hall accepts group visits on weekdays, but by appointment only. 2. the tea making experience is limited by season, and prior appointment is necessary. travel information: sun moon lake national scenic area administration, website: urltoken tel: (049) 285 - 566\nnotes: 1. the tea party, tea making tour, diy activities and attractions are by prior appointment only. 2. warm clothing and rain gear are recommended due to the unstable weather in the mountainous area. travel information: alishan national scenic area administration, website: urltoken tel: (05) 259 - 3900 two - day black tea tour in wuhe, hualien\naddress: 9f. , no. 290, sec. 4, zhongxiao e. rd. , da - an district, taipei city 10694, taiwan (r. o. c. )\nrecommended browser: google chrome / firefox / ie10. 0 or above, 1024 x 768 resolution\nby creating an account, i agree to shutterstock' s website terms, privacy policy, and licensing terms .\n© 2003 - 2018 shutterstock, inc. all rights reserved. made in nyc .\nsmall (s) has the shortest download time and is suitable for digital use .\nlarge (l) is suitable for large prints as well as digital use. it is the original image provided by the contributor .\nyou can redownload your image for free at any time, in any size .\neditorial content, such as news and celebrity images, are not cleared for commercial use. learn more on our support center .\nsign up to browse over million images, video clips, and music tracks. plus, get free weekly content and more .\n( we only support jpg and png images under 5mb and no larger than 4000px on either side at this time. )\nmany people know organisms only by the common names, or\nvernacular\nnames. unlike scientific names, common names are almost always different for speakers of different languages. they may also vary regionally within a language. this tab shows all the common names provided to eol for this organism from a variety of providers, including eol curators. currently we can only set one preferred common name per language on a given eol page, but all the names should be searchable .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ndoes your tea bug you? it would if it’s oriental beauty oolong, one of the most exotic teas and a bit of a rarity, with only about 20 kilograms of leaves processed per hectare. but it might not be so exotic without some insects getting into the act. those little buggers chomp their way into tea fame .\na leaf hopper enjoying a fine day of leaf sucking. (photo source: yahoo! images )\noriental beauty oolong (white tip oolong, bai hao oolong, formosa oolong) is from taiwan and is said to owe its sweet flavor and fruity aroma (the reason for the nickname “champagne oolong”) to tiny bites on the leaves by insects. for those of us who have tried and fell in love with this tea, you can thank one tea farmer willing to take a risk .\nat first, tea farmers thought that insect bites had ruined the tea leaves in their gardens. however, one bold farmer harvested and processed the leaves and sold them to a tea trader named john dodd, where it is supposed to have made its way into her majesty’s teacup in the uk. it became known as oriental beauty (“dong fang mei ren” in chinese), but also picked up the name “bragger’s tea” (pong fong cha) when the farmer who had dared to harvest the leaves and got a high price for them told his fellow farmers about it. they thought he was just bragging .\nthe tea is also a more highly oxidized (65 - 85 %) oolong. in fact, the oxidation stage of the processing acts not only on the chemicals in the tea leaves but also on the tiny bits of saliva deposited by the insects when they bite the leaves, thus adding to that distinctive sweetness. the leaves do not have that fresh smell, and the liquid is smooth and sweet, not astringent or bitter .\nthis tea also gets better with aging and proper storage (away from light, heat, and humidity). you can also steep the leaves 3 or 4 times, and maybe even a 5th. use a gaiwan or glass teapot for steeping small quantities (about 8 ounces) and enjoy sipping the liquid at a leisurely pace. start with a very brief (about 30 - 45 seconds) first steep with subsequent steeps being slightly longer .\nonce you taste this tea, you won’t worry about the bug part. you will just enjoy !\n© online stores, inc. , and the english tea store blog, 2009 - 2014. unauthorized use and / or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this article’s author and / or the blog’s owner is strictly prohibited. excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to online stores, inc. , and the english tea store blog with appropriate and specific direction to the original content .\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\n© online stores, llc, and the english tea store blog, 2009 - 2017. unauthorized use and / or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this blog’s author and / or owner is strictly prohibited. excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to online stores, llc. , and the english tea store blog with appropriate and specific direction to the original content .\n[ … ] — created in 1983 by the taiwan tea research institute, this cultivar is a good one for making oriental beauty. the tea steeps up a clear liquid that has an aroma some say is like fine lychee juice but with a [ … ]\n[ … ] should become known as “formosa” oolong teas. taiwanese pouchong (low - fermented) oolong teas, oriental beauty oolong tea, dong ding oolong tea and also ti guan yin oolong teas developed their own character and name [ … ]\n[ … ] or were they? though the insects were especially voracious in a certain year some of the farmers decided to follow the age - old dictum of taking the lemons they were presented with and making them into lemonade. they went ahead and harvested the insect - damaged leaves and took them to market just as they always had. the tea was an unexpected hit and brought the farmers such high prices that other farmers were skeptical and gave it the name pengfeng cha, or bragger’s tea. [ … ]\n[ … ] you dream of amsterdam. ” but we decided to go with a tried and tested tea, and so settled on formosa oolong. this taiwanese oolong tea has a slightly sweeter taste, which some people describe as peachy, or [ … ]\nprivacy & cookies: this site uses cookies. by continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. to find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: cookie policy\ninsect body is about 75 ㎜, at present there is only female insect, no record of the male, it is temed\nthe orphaned female reproduction\n.\nit has natural protective color and good at hiding itself in the leaves. the front wings is smaller compare with rear wings, some of the species lost their flying ability. when they are under serious attack, they will give up part of the leg to escape .\nperches in the thick patch of grass, moves in daytime, good jumper .\nthe big one has long tube shape mouth to suck inside flower. their young baby lived in water and take organic waste as food. this kind of fly will not bite people .\na very small insect with a body length of about 3. 5 mm. the color is light green, few white spots in belly. the wings are almost transparent, the edge of the wings are light green and a little yellow .\naphids feed by sucking up plant juices through a food channel in their beaks. at the same time, they inject saliva into the host. small numbers of aphids are usually not harmful to plants, but higher aphid populations can cause some damage to plants .\nthis is the most common type butterfly. they live in flat area and mountain area. their baby is harmful to vegetables. they can survive in most difficult situations, and cannot be distinguished with ordinary insecticides. you can see them all year round in dunhua park .\ncommonly seen in taiwan, they live in tree branch and make irregular web to catch foods. when they face strong enemy, they play dead and fall to the ground, roll to grass or under fallen leaves. we were very careful when taking its picture .\nwidely distributes in every part of taiwan, especially common in low elevation mountain area, build net in wet places such as side drain, forest edge and footpath brush and so on .\nit is a very beautiful spider, green in color. the abdomen is white or white - green and there are two blue patterns .\nas for its circular web, part of the web isn' t existent, or is a free - sector web .\nthe thread of the frame of the web is attached to a leaf and is tent - like, in which the spider hides .\nwhen prey is caught in the web, the spider dashes in one straight line from the tent .\nas for the thread of the web, its color changes to gold as time passes. the length is 9 - 11mm .\nit is a lynx spider. it' s a non web weaving spider, waiting for its prey on vegetation .\nthe spider has the long black spikes in its legs, and its abdomen tapers to a point towards the rear .\nnamed moth flies in consideration of their appearance; although they belong to the order diptera their furry wings and feathery antennae make them look like miniature moths. they are also known as drain flies, filter flies and sewage flies, after the habitat in which they reside. there are a number of different species .\nfemales lay from 30 to 200 eggs a time. the larvae have no eyes or legs and being aquatic they obtain air through a, stalk - like breathing - tube at the posterior end of the body. they grow to a length of around 3 / 8 inch (9. 5mm) .\nit can has 8 - 9 generations in a year, young insect most prime season is form march to may, reduce quantity in summer time; the female insect roosts on the cocoon, waits the male insect to fly, namely produces starts to spawn. just by the hatching the young insect lives in groups, afterwards gradually separated, after old was ripe, namely on the bark the pupation. from its fresh wool one can know that its wool is virulent, bumped into it will cause skin blush, although the toxicity was not very strong, still we have to be careful .\nbefore matured female lay eggs, it will first fix its body, secretes the white flocculence wax nature oogonium, spawns, and if the insect hatching drills outside the pouch, they can chooses the suitable quarter on leave back or the branch. main proliferation time is at the beginning of age, and secretion honey initiation coal smoke sickness harms the young fruit, the shoot, if serious will dry .\na tussock moth larva (lymantriidae) of the genus dasychira mendosa. larvae grow to a maximum of 50 mm, and feed on a wide range of plants .\nit is considered the middle and small size tussock moth, mature insect body color changes into a totally different color system. the male moth has dark brown front wings, the front edges has a gray area. the female moth is generally bigger and the front wing color is darker. reproduced in spring and autumn .\nthey disappeared in winter time and show up rest of the year, they take aphid as main food supply. common in taiwan but not in big quantity .\nthey live in low mountain and flat area in taiwan. can be found in every warm, shinning days. .\nsize is small with colorful wings and body, mostly yellow and black. these color can protect them from being attacked by enemy. this moth is the few of its kind that come out in daytime. when they matured, they will make net and breed baby. their flying speed is slow .\nit is a small daytime animal. reproduction from march to september, they will not break tail under danger, instead they will stand up high to scare away the potential enemy. can be found in northern taiwan, and most of time they are in open space for sun shine. the body color can be different depending on the environment. this is a special sub - species in taiwan .\ndespite their name (which means\nthousand legs\n), millipedes do not have 1, 000 legs - they have from 47 to 197 pairs of legs, depending on the species. millipedes are invertebrates; they have a hard exoskeleton and many jointed legs .\nmillipedes live on land in moist microhabitats (under rocks, in rotting logs, in leaf debris, or occasionally in burrows) .\nanatomy: millipedes have a segmented body, short antennae, and many legs. most body segment have two pairs of legs that stick out from the sides of the body (each segment is really 2 segments fused together). the segments that have two pair of legs are called diplosomites. the first few segments have only one pair of legs; they are called somites. the second - to - last segment has no legs. the last segment is called the anal segment; it is where waste (in the form of pellets) leaves the body. most millipedes have from 25 to 100 segments (47 to 197 pairs of legs). the legs move in a wave - like motion .\nthe body is about 4 to 5 mm long with many black spots on the back. they live in flat area and low level mountain area, it is a very common insect in taiwan .\nmostly grows in the flat land or on the low elevation leaf, it is a meat eater and mostly eat in daytime, they can eat about 4000 to 8000 eggs of coccid, very difficult to imagine from their size .\nthe english version of above introduction is narrowed due to cultural differences and variation of names and terms of each item. for more information, please use english name provided to access detail data\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright: © 2014 fu et al. this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\ndata availability: the authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. all relevant data are within the paper and its supporting information files .\nfunding: this work was supported by the national natural science foundation of china (31470693, 31100503), the public technology application research of zhejiang province (2013c32086), the fundamental research funds of national nonprofit research institute for tea research institute, caas, (0032014014), the natural science foundation of zhejiang province, china (y3080150), the fundamental research funds of national science and technology (2013fy113200), and the key innovation team of zhejiang province (grant no. 2011r09027 - 13). the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\ntea, camellia sinensis (l .) o. kuntze, originated in china and is now grown in almost sixty countries. in east asia, mainland china, japan and taiwan are three main tea production regions. the tea plantation is a very stable ecosystem for plenty of insects to colonize. globally, 1031 arthropod species are associated with tea plants, which are always the most damaging constraint, causing on average a 5% to 55% yield loss [ 1 ], [ 2 ]. the distribution of insect pests in tea plantations is related to the regional climate, planting history, tea varieties, cultivation management, pest management model, tea production characteristic, as well as other factors .\ntea green leafhopper is one of the most important pests in east asia. it belongs to hemiptera, jassidioea, cicadellidae, which is one of the most diverse families of terrestrial organisms [ 3 ], [ 4 ]. as the most dominant pest in chinese tea plantations, tea green leafhopper has been attracting a lot of attention from both chinese governments and farmers [ 5 ]. the adult tea green leafhopper is about 3 mm long and green with transparent colourless wings. there are four nymphal instars that look like the adults with no wings. both adults and nymphs of tea leafhopper pierce and suck the sap of tender tea shoots, which results in leaf edge yellowing, leaf tine curling, vein reddening, tea shoot growing slowly or stagnating, and even leaf edge and tine hennaing and withering [ 6 ]. in most regions of mainland and taiwan, there are 9 to 15 overlapping generations of tea green leafhoppers per year, and it causes, on average 15–20% annual yield loss and deterioration of commercial tea quality [ 7 ]. in japan, tea green leafhopper occurs not so frequently as china with 5 to 8 generations a year .\nno specific permits were required for this study. the tea green leafhoppers are agricultural pests and are not endangered or protected species. all samples were collected in open tea plantations and not from any national parks or protected areas .\nsix populations were sampled from anhui (ah), zhejiang (zj), hunan (hn), fujian (fj), guangdong (gd) and hainan (hrn) in main tea production regions of mainland china. one population was collected from taiwan, and four populations were collected from shizuoka (jg), kyoto (jd), saitama (qy) and kagoshima (ld) in japan .\ntotal dna was extracted from a single insect body after it air - dried for 20 min. the specimen tissue was first ground with a flame - sealed pipette tip in a 1. 5 ml microcentrifuge tube, and then incubated at 55°c in 0. 5 ml lysis buffer containing 100 mm tris - hcl, 5 mm edta, 200 mm nacl, 0. 5% sds, and 100 µg / ml proteinase k for 5 hours. the lysis products were treated with a standard phenol - chloroform - isoamyl alcohol (25∶24∶1) method, and dna was precipitated from the supernatant with two volumes of cold ethanol, centrifuged, washed, dried and dissolved in 100 µl deionized and sterilized water, and then stored at −80°c until use .\npolymerase chain reactions were carried out on an abi veriti thermocycler in 50 µl total volumes containing 5 ng dna, 1. 5 mm mgcl\n, 0. 25 mm dntps, 0. 2 µm of each primer and 0. 5 units\n. the pcr program was denatured 4 min at 94°c, followed by 30 cycles of 94°c for 30 sec, 55°c for 30 sec, 72°c for 1 min and extension at 72°c for 10 min. the pcr products were detected by electrophoresis on a 1. 2% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide, purified with the gel dna extraction kit (axygen), introduced into pgem t - easy vector (promega) and sequenced bidirectionally by an abi 3730 automated sequencer with the universal primers m13f :\nboth sense and antisense sequences were automatically aligned and assembled by dnaman 4. 0 software, and the single consensus sequence was obtained by manual splicing. all these mtdna sequences were further confirmed by checking if they could be appropriately translated into protein using invertebrate mitochondrial codes by mega 6. 0 program [ 22 ]. the coi, 16srna and their combined sequences were aligned by clustal omega software online (urltoken), the alignments were downloaded and converted to compatible format by mega 6. 0 for analysis below." ]

{ "text": [ "jacobiasca formosana is an insect species belonging to the subfamily typhlocybinae of the family cicadellidae .", "plant hosts include gossypium ( cotton ) species and , notably , camellia sinensis ( chinese tea plants ) .", "the species is distributed throughout east , southeast , and south asia ( including in china , india , malaysia , pakistan , sri lanka , taiwan , and thailand ) . " ], "topic": [ 26, 8, 6 ] }

[ "jacobiasca formosana is an insect species belonging to the subfamily typhlocybinae of the family cicadellidae. plant hosts include gossypium (cotton) species and, notably, camellia sinensis (chinese tea plants). the species is distributed throughout east, southeast, and south asia (including in china, india, malaysia, pakistan, sri lanka, taiwan, and thailand)." ]

[ "wagner, david. 1985. biology and description of the larva of dicymolomia metalliferalis: a case - bearing glaphyriine (pyralidae). journal of the lepidopterists' society. 39 (1): 13 - 18 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nlarvae have been collected from damaged and decaying seedpods of two lupine species: silver lupine (lupinus albifrons) and broadleaf lupine (l. latifolius); larvae are presumed to feed on detritus within the decomposed seedpods (see wagner document in references sections below )\ndetailed illustrated description of larva; pdf doc and species account including photo of adult (david wagner, courtesy of yale u. )\npresence in california; list of 17 specimen records with dates and locations (u. of california at berkeley )\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell, j. a. & p. a. opler, moths of western north america, pl. 22. 10f; p. 172. book review and ordering\naromas, san benito county, california, usa june 20, 2011 size: 17mm wingspan .\ncame to black light / mv trap. (live oak / chaparral habitat) .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\na variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos. please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image. use and copyright information, as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location, are available by clicking on the\n~ 1cm long. attracted to black light at laguna beach, orange county, ca. 05 - 25 - 09. © peter j. bryant" ]

{ "text": [ "dicymolomia metalliferalis is a moth of the crambidae family .", "it is found in western north america , from southern vancouver island and washington through oregon to california and western arizona .", "the wingspan is about 16 mm .", "adults have fine black wavy lines on the hindwings .", "the larvae have been recorded feeding on decaying seed pods of lupinus species ( lupinus albifrons and lupinus latifolius ) .", "they first feed from within a chamber of sparse silk formed in the cavity of a partially intact fruit .", "later , they create purse-like cases .", "pupation takes place within this case .", "the larvae have a salmon-orange body and a yellow-brown to red-brown head .", "the species overwinters in the larval stage within the seedpod of hostplant . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 8, 11, 4, 11, 23, 3 ] }

[ "dicymolomia metalliferalis is a moth of the crambidae family. it is found in western north america, from southern vancouver island and washington through oregon to california and western arizona. the wingspan is about 16 mm. adults have fine black wavy lines on the hindwings. the larvae have been recorded feeding on decaying seed pods of lupinus species (lupinus albifrons and lupinus latifolius). they first feed from within a chamber of sparse silk formed in the cavity of a partially intact fruit. later, they create purse-like cases. pupation takes place within this case. the larvae have a salmon-orange body and a yellow-brown to red-brown head. the species overwinters in the larval stage within the seedpod of hostplant." ]

[ "speckled ground squirrel (spermophilus suslicus): current distribution, population dynamics and conservation .\nthere are no known adverse effects of the speckled ground squirrel (spermophilus suslicus) on humans .\nbush gopher, franklin ground squirrel, gray gopher, gray ground squirrel, gray souslik, gray - cheeked squirrel, grey american marmot, line - tailed squirrel, prairie squirrel, scrub gopher, spermophile de franklin, whistling ground squirrel .\nspeckled ground squirrel is a species listed in the polish red book, a relic of steppe fauna .\nebscohost | 41565127 | speckled ground squirrel (spermophilus suslicus): current distribution, population dynamics and conservation .\nspeckled ground squirrels are most commonly be found eating sprouts. in some cases they eat grains, insects, and grasses. some speckled grounds squirrel diets consist of bunch grasses (\nbreeding season speckled ground squirrels breed in march to april after they emerge from hibernation .\ndynamics of colonies of the speckled ground squirrel (spermophilus suslicus guld. , 1770) on the northern boundary of the habitat\npivanova, s. v. and shubina, yu. e. , factors affecting the abundance of the speckled ground squirrel (\nkrasnoyarsk krai captured moment of chubby speckled ground squirrel trying to get into its shelter, but struggling in the most adorable manner .\ndynamics of colonies of the speckled ground squirrel (spermophilus suslicus guld. , 1770) on the northern boundary of the habitat | springerlink\nshekarova, o. n. , krasnova, e. d. , and savinetskaya, l. e. , speckled ground squirrel\n[ dynamics of colonies of the speckled ground squirrel (spermophilus suslicus guld. , 1770) on the northern boundary of the habitat ] .\nzagorodnyuk, i. , z. glowacinski, a. gondek. 2008 .\nspermophilus suslicus (speckled ground squirrel, speckled ground squirrel, spotted souslik )\n( on - line). the iucn red list of threatened species. accessed august 21, 2012 at urltoken .\nnedosekin, v. yu. and ushakov, m. v. , on the state of the speckled ground squirrel in lipetsk oblast, in\nthe speckled ground squirrel (spermophilus suslicus) is the 177th species in my mammals of the world series. all media is educational fair use .\nthe rock squirrel looks like a typical tree squirrel, but is a ground dweller. it is the largest of the ground squirrels, weighing up to 1h pounds (. 7 kg). the rock squirrel has speckled greyish - brown fur and a long bushy tail .\nkrasnova, e. d. and shekarova, o. n. , from pests to the red data book: great jerboa and speckled ground squirrel ,\n[ dynamics of colonies of the speckled ground squirrel (spermophilus suslicus guld. , 1770) on the northern boundary of the habitat ]. - pubmed - ncbi\nsoldatov, m. s. and rumyantsev, v. yu. , the distribution and ecology of the speckled ground squirrel in the south of moscow oblast ,\ngeographic distributions of pygmy ground squirrels (xerospermophilus), lined ground squirrels (ictidomys), and franklin' s ground squirrel (poliocitellus —after hall 1981) .\na pair of box - type gopher traps baited and set in a ground squirrel runway .\nbabitskii, a. f. , chabovskii, a. v. , and savinetskaya, l. e. , cost of breeding in females of the speckled ground squirrel (\nshekarova, o. n. , savinetskaya, l. e. , and babitskii, a. f. , distribution of holes in the settlement of the speckled ground squirrel\nthe columbian ground squirrel is found in open alpine meadows, dry grasslands, and brushy areas .\nthe columbian ground squirrel can be found in open alpine meadows, dry grasslands and brushy areas .\nrapd - pcr analysis of ground squirrels from the tobol–ishim interfluve: evidence for interspecific hybridization between ground squirrel species spermophilus major and s. erythrogenys\n( speckled spermophilus suslicus, yellow s. fulvus and red - cheeked s. erythrogenys )\nshekarova, o. n. , krasnova, e. d. , shcherbakov, a. v. , and savinetskaya, l. e. , the settlement of the speckled ground squirrel (\nfranklin’s ground squirrel is classified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) .\ncalifornia ground squirrel has caused an estimated $ 30 - $ 50 million of agricultural damage in california alone .\nthe extent to which franklin’s ground squirrel is controlled by farmers and ranchers should be investigated, and programmes designed that are compatible with the needs of both farmers and ground squirrels. the effects of the poisoning of gophers on franklin’s ground squirrel should also be assessed (1) .\none is the speckled ground squirrel, which is found to the north in poland and russia and it is actually a foreigner. the other one is the european ground squirrel, which has a limited distribution almost exclusively in the eu. therefore, it appears endemic to the union and its protection is of great importance for europe .\npatterns of colony formation while occupying new patches in long - teeth ground squirrel (spermophilus fulvus licht. , 1823 )\nspeckled ground squirrels have been studied on multiple levels from individuality in alarm calls to the dynamics of colonies of speckle ground squirrels. studying these squirrels has allowed groups to learn more about conservation and population management .\nshilova, s. , v. neronov, o. shekarova, l. savinetskaya. 2010. dynamics of colonies of the speckled ground squirrel (spermophilus suslcus guld. , 1770) on the northern boundary of the habitat .\nalarm calls of the yellow ground squirrel (spermophilus fulvus) and measurements taken from alarm call notes and clusters of the yellow ground squirrel (see table 1 for description of parameters). a) enlarged view of 1st cluster from the series in b. b) part of a natural series of 3 alarm call clusters produced by an individual yellow ground squirrel .\netymology. —the name urocitellus is derived from the latin uro for tail and citellus for ground squirrel (jaeger 1955) .\nground squirrel mounted on a historic wooden base in natural standing position. head and tail are in line with the body .\nspeckled ground squirrels are a small ground dwelling diurnal rodents, with an elongated body and short tail. they can reach lengths of 190 to 220 mm, and weigh from 180 to 220 g. the unique characteristic they can be identified by is the white tipped hairs that ultimately make up a speckled arrangement on the dorsal side of the body. they are predominately dark brown with a light cream color on their undersides, and they have short powerful legs. speckled ground squirrels occur in the\nvolodin, i. , e. volodina, v. matrosova, l. savinetskaya, o. shekarova, v. voytsik. 2008. population density does not affect the alarm call characteristics in speckled ground squirrel (spermophilus suslicus) .\nshekarova, o. n. , neronov, v. v. , savinetskaya, l. e. , and krasnova, e. d. , settlements of the speckled ground squirrel in moscow oblast under conditions of anthropogenic impact, in\nthe role of social relationships in the spatial structure of the colony in the yellow ground squirrel (spermophilus fulvus licht. 1823 )\ndoes breeding of yearling females of long - teeth ground squirrel (spermophilus fulvus licht. , 1823) reduce their reproductive success ?\ndam emergence timing affects fattening and social activity in juveniles of long - teeth ground squirrel (spermophilus fulvus licht. , 1823 )\nbabitskii, a. f. , chabovskii, a. v. , and savinetskaya, l. e. , terms of terrestrial activity, fattening, and mortality of the speckled ground squirrel depending on density: sex - related distinctions, in\nsimilar species: the eastern chipmunk has 5 dark stripes, with a light or buffy band between the 2 dark stripes on each side. franklin' s ground squirrel is larger and not as slender as the thirteen - lined ground squirrel; it is brownish gray speckled with black, looking a little like an eastern gray squirrel with a less bushy tail and smaller ears; it once occurred in most of northern missouri but is declining and is not rarely seen .\nspeckled ground squirrels on the high end can reach an age of six years. juveniles are more vulnerable and less likely to make it through the first year. as juveniles, they contribute to 73% of the mortality rate, while adults only contribute to 58% of the mortality rates. there are no records of the speckled ground squirrels in captivity .\ncommunication through vocalization plays a key role in the daily survival of speckled ground squirrels. they specialize in alarm calls that aid in alerting the colony of any potential predators. the speckled ground squirrel spends a vast majority of its time searching for predators, so they have developed visual acuity over time. their alarm calls may be specialized to individuals in some cases. one good examples occurs when females develop individualized alarm calls when juvenile dispersal occurs .\nground squirrels (spermophilus species) generally use a wide range of vocalisations, including trills, squeaks and chirps (3). franklin’s ground squirrel tends to be more vocal than other ground squirrels, producing bird - like twitters as well as a very clear, musical whistle (4) (5), which gives this species its alternative name of ‘whistling ground squirrel’ (5) .\nthe u. s. fish and wildlife service classifies the mohave ground squirrel, s. mohavensis, and the san joaquin antelope squirrel, ammospermophilus nelsoni, as threatened species; therefore both are protected animals. although you are unlikely to misidentify either of these relatively small squirrels as the much larger california ground squirrel, their ranges could overlap in some areas .\netymology. —the name notocitellus is derived from the greek noto meaning the back and the latin citellus for ground squirrel (jaeger 1955) .\nmore information is available at the uc ground squirrel best management practices web site, and at the uc vertebrate pest control education web site .\nthe thirteen - lined ground squirrel prefers to live in open areas where the grass is short. its home is a burrow in the ground with several outside entrances. the main entrance is open during the day, but the squirrel plugs the opening at night with sod or grass .\nthe columbian ground squirrel has white - speckled brown, black and gray fur on its head and back. it has reddish - tan fur on its face and nose, chest, undersides and legs. it has a reddish - black tail and white around its eyes .\nspeckled ground squirrels have evolved certain anti - predator adaptions over time. their main anti - predator adaption is the acoustic communication between individuals in the colony allowing them to alert the colony of predators within close proximity. speckled ground squirrels are fossorial, allowing for them to easily escape predation by going underground. they have very good eyesight, relentlessly observing the surroundings for potential predators .\nall three of our squirels are diurnal; only harris’ antelope squirrel is active all year. the round - tailed ground squirrel hibernates in winter in most of its range and estivates during the summer drought. the rock squirrel retreats to its burrow during cold winter periods, though scientists doubt that it actually hibernates .\nother conservation measures recommended for franklin’s ground squirrel include educating the public about the species and initiating a captive breeding and reintroduction programme (1) .\nthe european ground squirrel is one of two species of ground squirrels that can be found on the continent, associate professor jordan koshev from the institute of biodiversity and ecosystem research at the bulgarian academy of sciences says .\nground squirrels are troublesome pests for homeowners and gardeners. the california ground squirrel, spermophilus beecheyi, is the most common species in gardens. this squirrel' s habitat includes nearly all regions of california except for owens valley, located in the southeastern part of the state, southward into the desert regions .\nmatrosova v. a. , volodin i. a. , volodina e. v. the short - term and long - term individuality in speckled ground squirrel alarm calls / / journal of mammalogy, 2009, v. 90, n 1, p. 158 - 166. 165. pdf\n. speckled ground squirrels are easily identifiable and distinguished by their prominent white specks across its back. juveniles or pups do not leave the den until maturity is reached, making it difficult to distinguish by color .\nmatrosova, v. , i. volodin, e. volodina. 2009. short - term and long - term individuality in speckeled ground squirrel alarm calls .\nchabovskii, a. v. , babitskii, a. f. , and savinetskaya, l. e. , terms of terrestrial activity, fattening, and mortality of male speckled ground squirrels depending on density ,\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - franklin' s ground squirrel (spermophilus franklinii )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - franklin' s ground squirrel (spermophilus franklinii )\ntitle =\narkive species - franklin' s ground squirrel (spermophilus franklinii )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nmany predators, including hawks, eagles, rattlesnakes, and coyotes, eat ground squirrels. in most cases, predators aren' t able to keep ground squirrel populations below the level at which they become pests for the home gardener. dogs might prevent squirrels from entering small areas, but they can' t control established squirrel populations .\nyu, h. 1995 .\nspermophilus citellus - european ground squirrel\n( on - line). animal diversity web. accessed august 22, 2012 at urltoken .\nso it turns out that the european ground squirrel is bulgarian in origin. clues that its roots lie in the distant history of our lands have emerged during paleontological excavations .\nthe round - tailed ground squirrel is a social animal. although it resembles a tiny prairie dog, and shares some of its habits, the two animals are not related. the round - tailed ground squirrel is light beige colored with a long, black tipped tail. it weighs only 6 or 7 ounces (170 - 200 g) .\nfranklin’s ground squirrel may be further affected by poisoning by pesticides or by poisons used to control the plains pocket gopher (geomys bursarius) (1) (12). it may also be killed on roads (4). the fragmentation and isolation of its populations could potentially hinder the dispersal of franklin’s ground squirrel and so lead to inbreeding (1) .\ngeographic distributions of the old world ground squirrels (spermophilus) and holarctic ground squirrels (urocitellus —after hall 1981; hoffmann and smith 2008; ognev 1947) .\nground squirrels cause economic damage to food crops, golf courses and home gardens .\nonly works on small populations of ground squirrels and is difficult to do successfully .\nbe aware of the signs of nontarget species inhabiting inactive ground squirrel burrows. kit foxes will use an old burrow, enlarging the opening, and often creating a keyhole - shaped entrance. active pupping dens might contain prey remains, droppings, and matted vegetation and show signs of fresh paw prints. the burrowing owl (athene cunicularia) is another potential occupant of abandoned ground squirrel burrows. don' t treat a burrow if you suspect a nontarget animal is present. fumigate only active ground squirrel burrows; county agricultural commissioners can provide additional information on how to recognize these .\nthe columbian ground squirrel is found in canada in eastern british columbia and western alberta. in the united states, it is found in eastern oregon and washington, northern idaho, and western montana .\nspeckled ground squirrels can occupy an array of habitats throughout the palearctic range. their typical habitat is the steppe areas or steppe meadows that occur throughout their north central distribution. they also tend to prefer cultivation sites, pasturelands, and open areas with low lying vegetation .\nthe columbian ground squirrel can be found in canada in eastern british columbia and western alberta. in the united states, it can be found in eastern oregon and washington, northern idaho and western montana .\ngeographie distributions of the tropical ground squirrels (notocitellus), rock squirrels (otospermophilus), and golden - mantled ground squirrels (callospermophilus) (after hall 1981) .\nspeckled ground squirrels have some influence on soil aeration and altering habitat. they are fossorial; each individual in the colony digs multiple burrows throughout a landscape, which ultimately enhances soil aeration. though they are only digging burrows they are also creating possible shelter for other species .\nmatrosova v. a. within - species variability of vocal behaviour in speckled (spermophilus suslicus) and yellow (s. fulvus) ground squirrels. ph. d. thesis abstract, moscow, 2009, 24 p. (available in russian). phd thesis. pdf\nground squirrels will gnaw on plastic sprinkler heads and irrigation lines. they also eat the eggs of ground - nesting birds and can limit attempts to attract quail to the yard .\nspermophilus torosensis ozkurt et al. , 2007 (sciuridae, rodentia) is a subjective junior synonym of spermophilus taurensis gunduz et al. , 2007, a newly described ground squirrel from the taurus mountains of southern turkey\nalthough franklin’s ground squirrel has a widespread distribution (1), it appears to be declining in some parts of its range, particularly in eastern states such as indiana, wisconsin and illinois (1) (4) (10) (11) (12). in the u. s. , the franklin’s ground squirrel population has been highly fragmented and is often restricted to linear habitats (long, thin strips of habitat) and small patches of prairie (1). however, in canada, larger areas of suitable habitat have been preserved, and the franklin’s ground squirrel population appears to be more secure (1) .\nsowls, l. k. (1948) the franklin ground squirrel, citellus franklinii (sabine), and its relationship to nesting ducks. journal of mammalogy, 29 (2); 113 - 137 .\nthe little harris’ antelope squirrel is often mistaken for a chipmunk; chipmunks, however, are higher elevation animals, while harris’ antelope squirrel is a creature of the rocky deserts. the harris’ antelope squirrel has a white stripe on its side, but not on its face, and a bushy black tail that it often carries arched over the back. the underbelly is white .\ninterspecific variation in sexual dimorphism in brain size in nearctic ground squirrels (spermophilus spp. )\ndifferences in food hoarding behaviour in two species of ground squirrels spermophilus tridecemlineatus and s. spilosoma\n: food consists of green plants, seeds, cacti, and many kinds of insects. however, spotted ground squirrels appear to be less carnivorous than thirteen - lined ground squirrels .\nthere are 23 species and 119 subspecies of ground squirrels living in the u. s .\nmurie, j. o. (1973) population characteristics and phenology of a franklin ground squirrel (spermophilus franklinii) colony in alberta, canada. american midland naturalist, 90 (2): 334 - 340 .\nthe majority of the columbian ground squirrel' s diet is made up of grasses and plant parts like stems, leaves, bulbs, fruits and seeds. occasionally it will eat birds, insects and other small animals .\nthe upperparts of franklin’s ground squirrel are brownish - grey and speckled with dark flecks, particularly on the hind quarters. the head is usually slightly darker and greyer than the rest of the body, while the sides of the body are paler and there is a yellowish tone on the rump (2) (4) (5). the thinner fur on the underparts is usually light yellowish - white to grey or buff (2) (5) (6). franklin’s ground squirrel has a greyish to black tail, which has pale flecks and becomes blacker towards the tip (2) (4) (5) .\n: not much is known about the reproductive cycle of spotted ground squirrels, but presumably it is similar to that of the thirteen - lined ground squirrel. litters of five to twelve (usually seven) young have been reported from kansas. there is probably one litter per year in kansas, though two litters per year are known for this squirrel in the southern part of its range. breeding is most active in may and june, later than thirteen - lined ground squirrels. some yearling females may not breed until early july .\nvolodin i. a. , volodina e. v. , matrosova v. a. , savinetskaya l. e. , schekarova o. n. , voytsik v. a. population density does not affect the alarm call characteristics in the speckled ground squirrel spermophilus suslicus / / lynx (praha), n. s. , 2008, v. 39, n 2, p. 333–342. 160. pdf\nthe thirteen - lined ground squirrel is a small, slender ground squirrel with 13 alternating light and dark stripes running along the back and sides from head to rump. the light stripes are yellowish to white, and the dark ones are blackish to reddish brown, broken by a series of light spots. it has large eyes and small ears set low on the head, and a slightly bushy tail about half as long as the body .\n: this is a speckled squirrel that can be distinguished from other kansas members of the family by: 1) lack of distinct stripes on back and sides, 2) light brown upperparts with regularly distributed, squarish white or buffy spots, 3) slender tail that is lighter below than above, and 4) white underparts .\nthe majority of the columbian ground squirrel' s diet is made up of grasses and plant parts like stems, leaves, bulbs, fruits, and seeds. occasionally it eats birds, insects, and other small animals .\npreviously we showed that some individual speckled ground squirrels retain after hibernation the keys to identity encoded in the structure of their alarm calls (matrosova et al. 2009). consistent with acoustic data, experiments have shown that olfactory stimuli also retain the keys to identity after hibernation in belding' s and european ground squirrels (s. citellus — mateo and johnston 2000; millesi et al. 2001) .\nspeckled ground squirrels live in large colonies, ranging from a couple individuals to 300 individuals per hectare. most colonies are compact, having a home range of 2 to 28 hectares. they occupy vast areas that contain many burrows throughout. many colonies can be located within 5 to 14 kilometers of each other .\nfranklin’s ground squirrel is active during the day (1) (2) (3), particularly when the weather is bright and sunny (4) (5). although mainly ground - dwelling, this species is also able to climb bushes and trees (2) (3) (4) (5) .\nfranklin’s ground squirrel (spermophilus franklinii) is, like other members of its genus, a mainly terrestrial rodent with a relatively short, well - furred tail, short legs, and large cheek pouches for carrying food (3) .\nlewis, t. l. and rongstad, o. j. (1992) the distribution of franklin’s ground squirrel in wisconsin and illinois. transactions of the wisconsin academy of sciences, arts and letters, 80: 57 - 62 .\n) occurs in the palearctic range, specifically eastern europe. their range extends east from a small portion in south - eastern poland towards the volga river in central russia. the distribution of speckled ground squirrels occurs in most parts of ukraine and moldova. small fragmented populations are present in east and western parts of belarus .\nthermoregulation at high ambient temperatures of six species of ground squirrels (spermophilus spp .) from different habitats\nmatrosova v. a. , savinetskaya l. e. , shekarova o. n. , pivanova s. v. , rusin m. yu. , volodin i. a. , volodina e. v. , tchabovsky a. v. within - and between - population polymorphism of the mtdna control region of the speckled ground squirrel (spermophilus suslicus) / / doklady biological sciences, 2014, v. 455, p. 143 - 148. 309. pdf\njohnson, s. a. and choromanski - norris, j. (1992) reduction in the eastern limit of the range of the franklin’s ground squirrel (spermophilus franklinii). american midland naturalist, 128 (2): 325 - 331 .\nthere are several types of traps that kill ground squirrels, including box traps, tunnel traps, and conibear traps. for box and tunnel traps, place them on the ground near squirrel burrows or runways, and bait them with walnuts, almonds, oats, barley, or melon rinds. place the bait well behind the trigger or tied to it .\nrecognized species within the 8 genera of ground squirrels previously included within the genus spermophilus (sensu lato) .\nchromosomal evolution in holarctic ground squirrels. ii. giemsa band homologies of chromosomes, and the tempo of evolution\nthe ground squirrels belong to the rodent order—small, gnawing, mammals that many predators depend on for food .\nkristofer m. helgen, f. russell cole, lauren e. helgen, don e. wilson; generic revision in the holarctic ground squirrel genus spermophilus, journal of mammalogy, volume 90, issue 2, 14 april 2009, pages 270–305, urltoken\nfranklin’s ground squirrel occurs in many protected areas throughout its range (1). recommended conservation measures for this species include further studies into its populations, genetics and habitat requirements (1) (10), as well as cooperating with railroads to reduce mowing and herbicide treatment along rights - of - way (1) (2) (10). abandoned rights - of - way inhabited by franklin’s ground squirrel should be acquired and preserved, especially where they link larger areas of habitat (1) .\nchoromanski - norris, j. , fritzell, e. k. and sargeant, a. b. (1986) seasonal activity cycle and weight changes of the franklin’s ground squirrel. american midland naturalist, 116 (1): 101 - 107 .\nmatrosova v. a. , pivanova s. v. , savinetskaya l. e. , volodin i. a. , volodina e. v. , shekarova o. n. the between - population variation of the alarm call in the speckled ground squirrel (spermophilus suslicus, rodentia, sciuridae): effects of sex, age and body mass / / zoologicheskii zhurnal, 2012, v. 91, n 4, p. 453–463. [ in russian ]. 188. pdf\n. the gestation period of european ground squirrels lasts 27 days and the litter size on average is 6 pups .\nthe control procedure you select depends heavily upon the unique life cycle and behavior of the ground squirrel. for example, baiting with treated grain is effective in summer and fall, because squirrels primarily feed on seeds during this period. fumigation is most effective in spring when moist soil helps seal gasses in the burrow system. fumigating at this time also is more effective, because squirrels die before they can reproduce. table 1 shows the yearly activities of the california ground squirrel and times when baiting, trapping, and fumigation are most effective .\nmartin, j. m. , heske, e. j. and hofmann, j. e. (2003) franklin’s ground squirrel (spermophilus franklinii) in illinois: a declining prairie mammal? american midland naturalist, 150 (1): 130 - 138 .\nhelgen, k. m. , cole, f. r. , helgen, l. e. and wilson, d. e. 2009. generic revision in the holarctic ground squirrel genus spermophilus. journal of mammalogy 90 (2): 270 - 305 .\nfranklin’s ground squirrel tends to avoid short - grass habitats, such as prairies that are grazed or mowed (1) (2). the distribution of this species appears to be limited by the availability of cover and of soil that is suitable for burrowing (1) .\nthe current work is focused on investigating the mechanisms of establishing biogeographical differences between a few populations of three ground squirrel species via estimation of interrelationships between genomic markers and intraspecific variation of far - range acoustic signals (finansial support: rfbr, grant 15 - 34 - 20589) .\nground squirrels escape to their burrows at night, during the warmest periods of summer days, and to escape predators .\nground squirrels can harbor diseases harmful to humans, particularly when squirrel populations are numerous. a major concern is bubonic plague transmitted to humans by fleas that the squirrels carry. ground squirrels are susceptible to plague, which has wiped out entire colonies. if you find unusual numbers of squirrels or other rodents dead for no apparent reason, notify public health officials. do not handle dead squirrels under these circumstances .\nmolecular genetic and palaeoecological arguments for conspecificity of little (spermophilus pygmaeus) and caucasian mountain (s. musicus) ground squirrels\ngenetic evidence of hybridization between paletailed spermophilus pallidicauda satunin, 1903 and alashanic s. alaschanicus buchner, 1888 ground squirrels in mongolia\n: predators of spotted ground squirrels include badgers, skunks, coyotes, foxes, bobcats, snakes, and large hawks .\nit might be necessary to use soil to partially fill in the burrow entrance around the outer edges of the trap to prevent the squirrel from slipping around the outside of the trap. closing all other burrows with soil might hasten success by directing the squirrel to the remaining open burrow, which contains the trap. attach the conibear trap to a stake to prevent a scavenger from carrying off both it and the squirrel. with this type of trap, leaving the trap baited but unset has little effect on trapping success .\nmatrosova v. a. , volodin i. a. , volodina e. v. the diversity of calls produced by live - trapped speckled ground squirrels spermophilus suslicus (rodentia, sciuridae) / / bulletin of moscow society of nature explorers. dept. of biology, 2006, vol. 111 (5), p. 84 - 87 (available in russian). 146. pdf\nan international scientific team reached these conclusions after studying the genes of 915 ground squirrels from 11 countries in central and eastern europe .\nfor many types of ground squirrels exclusion is impractical because they are able to burrow and climb over almost any type of structure .\nspeckled ground squirrels are ground dwelling fossorial mammals. they spend a majority of their time on their hind legs scanning the surroundings in search of predators. communication plays a vital role in survival for these squirrels; they tend to occupy sites of vast open grasslands making them vulnerable to visual predation. they not only use vocalizations for alarm calls, but also mating calls to fend off rival males and attract females. they dig burrows vertically and horizontally, the vertical burrows are temporary structures, whereas horizontal burrows are used for birthing and weaning pups .\nvera a. matrosova, ilya a. volodin, elena v. volodina, nina a. vasilieva, alexandra a. kochetkova; between - year stability of individual alarm calls in the yellow ground squirrel spermophilus fulvus, journal of mammalogy, volume 91, issue 3, 16 june 2010, pages 620–627, urltoken\ncolumbian ground squirrels live in colonies. females usually stay with the colony they were born into, males will leave their birth colony .\nmatrosova v. a. , volodin i. a. , volodina e. v. does kinship affect the alarm call structure in the yellow ground squirrel spermophilus fulvus? / / lynx (praha), n. s. , 2008, v. 39, n 2, p. 295–303. 161. pdf\n• diet: the harris’ antelope squirrel feeds less on green vegetation and more on fruits of cholla, prickly pear and barrel cacti, seeds, mesquite beans, insects, and occasionally, mice. the round - tailed ground squirrel depends on succulent green vegetation, such as new spring wildflowers, cactus flowers and fruit, mesquite leaves, grasses, and ocotillo flowers, but it eats seeds as well. it also will take advantage of carrion, including roadkill of its own species. the rock squirrel is an omnivore, feeding on seeds, mesquite beans and buds, insects, eggs, birds, carrion, and a variety of fruits, including the fruit of barrel cactus and prickly pear .\nmatrosova v. a. , rusin m. yu. , volodina e. v. , proyavka s. v. , savinetskaya l. e. , shekarova o. n. , rashevska h. v. , volodin i. a. genetic and alarm call diversity across scattered populations of speckled ground squirrels (spermophilus suslicus) / / mammalian biology, 2016, v. 81, p. 255–265. 225. pdf\nboth the male and female franklin’s ground squirrel become sexually mature in the first spring following their birth (5) (6). females may live for up to five years, but males usually only live for one to two years (2). franklin’s ground squirrel may fall prey to a number of predators, including foxes, coyotes (canis latrans), american badgers (taxidea taxus), hawks, weasels, skunks and snakes (2) (4) (5) (6) (7), but failure to store enough body fat for hibernation may also be an important cause of mortality in juveniles (6) .\nthe hibernation period of franklin’s ground squirrel lasts around seven to eight months, with males not emerging again until late march or april. the female franklin’s ground squirrels emerge from hibernation around one to two weeks after the males (2) (4) (5) (6) (9), but juveniles may not appear until as late as june or july (9). breeding begins immediately after emergence, with male franklin’s ground squirrels establishing dominance hierarchies (2), and mating occurring as soon as the females appear (2) (4) (5) (6) .\nyou can use anticoagulant baits in bait boxes or use repeated spot baiting or spot broadcasting, a method that involves spreading the poison near active ground squirrel burrows without leaving it in a pile. bait boxes are small structures that the squirrel must enter in order to eat the bait. boxes contain sufficient bait for repeated feedings. they are the preferred baiting method around homes and other areas where children, pets, and poultry are present. follow all product label requirements for applying baits in bait boxes or by spot broadcast .\nspeckled ground squirrels breed once yearly. their breeding season occurs for two weeks as the females emerge from hibernation. due to climatic conditions, they tend to have low intensity of breeding and low fertility rates. during late april and early may pups are born; these pups typically spend one month in the burrow until they disperse from the den. information for gestation period and litter size is insufficient, however they can be compared to close relatives\nground squirrels are active during the day, mainly from midmorning through late afternoon, especially on warm, sunny days. ground squirrels have two periods of dormancy during the year. during winter months most ground squirrels hibernate, but some young can be active at this time, particularly in areas where winters aren' t severe. during the hottest times of the year most adults go into a period of inactivity, called estivation, that can last a few days to a week or more. during these periods, the burrow appears open at the entrance, but the squirrel plugs it with soil near the nest .\ntraps are practical for control when squirrel numbers are low to moderate. live - catch traps aren' t recommended, because they present the problem of how to dispose of the animals. because ground squirrels carry diseases and are agricultural pests, the california fish and game code specifies it is illegal to release them elsewhere without a written permit .\nin the latter part of the 20th century, chromosomal studies became increasingly influential in estimations of taxonomic relationships among ground squirrels (e. g. , nadler 1966a, 1966b; nadler et al. 1973), but these had little impact on the definition of the genus spermophilus overall. most recently, molecular studies have been used to refine understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of ground squirrel species, subgenera, and genera (harrison et al. 2003; herron et al. 2004) .\nschneiderová i. , volodina e. v. , matrosova v. a. , volodin i. a. one plus one: binary alarm calls retain individual signature for longer periods than single - note alarms in the european ground squirrel (spermophilus citellus) / / behavioural processes, 2017, v. 138, p. 73–81. 232. pdf\nmatrosova v. a. , volodin i. a. , volodina e. v. , vasilieva n. a. , kochetkova a. a. between - year stability of individual alarm calls in the yellow ground squirrel spermophilus fulvus / / journal of mammalogy, 2010, v. 91, n 3, p. 620–627. 173. pdf\nshooting squirrels with a. 22 rifle can provide some control, but it is very time consuming. shooting is recommended only when you can do it safely and you are in a rural location where squirrel numbers are very low. there are no effective “frightening” devices or repellents that will cause ground squirrels to leave their burrows or avoid an area or crop .\nwhere it still occurs. the aim is also to help it return to places where it cannot be seen anymore. bulgaria has already made ​​successful attempts for the reintroduction of the species in some natural parks. a study will also identify how climate changes affect the ground squirrel and its distribution in europe. this way more effective measures for its protection can be taken .\nmost ground squirrel species live in regions with continental climates and are obligate hibernators during seasons with low ambient temperatures and poor foraging conditions (armitage 1981). animals that emerge from hibernation should reestablish the social relationships that they had with their mates, rivals, and kin in the previous year, and retaining their individual alarm calls is likely to help them do this .\ncolumbian ground squirrels live in colonies. females usually stay with the colony they were born into; males leave their birth colony. the columbian ground squirrel hibernates 7 - 8 months out of the year. it may begin hibernating as early as july. it has a special hibernation chamber in its burrow that is sealed off from the rest of the burrow with a plug of dirt. it puts on fat in the summer and stores seeds and bulbs in its hibernation chamber to eat when it wakes up in the spring .\nmolecular genetic and bioacoustic diagnostics of russet (spermophilus major pallas, 1778) and yellow (s. fulvus lichtenstein, 1823) ground squirrels from mixed colony\nfranklin’s ground squirrel is found from the central united states northwards into canada. it occurs from kansas, missouri and illinois, north through nebraska, iowa, indiana, wisconsin, minnesota, south dakota and north dakota in the u. s. , to alberta, saskatchewan, manitoba and ontario in canada (1) (2) (4) (5) .\nthe endangered san joaquin kit fox (vulpes macrotis mutica), several endangered species of kangaroo rats, the riparian brush rabbit (sylvilagus bachmani riparius), the riparian wood rat (neotoma fuscipes riparia), and some endangered amphibians and reptiles also are within the california ground squirrels' range, so some squirrel control techniques could impact them as well. before using pesticides for ground squirrel control, read the product label to determine if any restrictions exist on rodent control within the ranges of these and other endangered and protected animals. also, if the kit fox is found in your county, contact your county agricultural commissioner for additional information; for a range map, see the california department of pesticide regulation' s web site listed in references .\nground squirrels live in a burrow system where they sleep, rest, rear young, store food, and avoid danger. the burrow openings are about 4 inches in diameter but can vary considerably. the burrows can be 5 to 30 feet or more in length and can extend 2 to 4 feet below the soil surface. often there is more than one opening in a burrow system. ground squirrels live in colonies that can include several dozen animals in a complex of burrows. more than one squirrel can live in a burrow .\nit is easy to identify ground squirrels, since they forage aboveground near their burrows. their body measures 9 to 11 inches, while their semibushy tail adds another 5 to 9 inches in length. their fur is brownish gray and speckled with off white along the back; the sides of the head and shoulders are light gray to whitish. one subspecies that inhabits most of northern california has a dark, triangular - shaped patch on its back between the shoulders; this patch is missing from other species .\nground squirrels can reinvade a site by moving into vacant burrows. destroy old burrows by deep ripping them to a depth of at least 20 inches, using a tractor and ripping bar (s). simply filling in the burrows with soil does not prevent reinvasion, as ground squirrels easily find and reopen old burrows .\nwhen a rock squirrel encounters a snake, it stamps its feet and waves its tail from side to side while facing the snake. it also tries to push sand or dirt in the snake’s face with its front paws .\nthe female franklin’s ground squirrel gives birth to a single litter of between 5 and 11 young, usually in may or june, after a gestation period of 28 days (1) (2) (4) (5) (6). the young are born naked and blind (2) (5), and spend a month inside the burrow before emerging above ground (4) (5). weaning takes place at about 40 days old (1) (4). after remaining with the female for several more weeks, the young franklin’s ground squirrels disperse, and they develop rapidly, nearing full adult size by the autumn (4) (5) (7) .\none of the few truly hibernating mammals, the thirteen - lined ground squirrel appears above ground only 3–4 months out of the year. during hibernation in an underground chamber, the body temperature drops to just above freezing and the heart rate slows to five beats a minute. adult thirteen - lined ground squirrels mate shortly after they emerge from their long hibernation in the spring. the gestation period is about 28 days, and young (4–14 per litter) are born about the middle of may. the young come out of the nest at about 5 to 6 weeks of age, and after a week or two lead independent lives in the vicinity of their home burrow. both sexes mature the year following their birth .\nthe columbian ground squirrel hibernates seven or eight months out of the year. it may begin hibernating as early as july. it has a special hibernation chamber in its burrow that is sealed off from the rest of the burrow with a plug of dirt. it puts on fat in the summer and stores seeds and bulbs in its hibernation chamber to eat when it wakes up in the spring .\nin missouri, the thirteen - lined ground squirrel is a species of conservation concern, listed as imperiled within our borders. range and population numbers are declining. it once occurred in several counties in the plains of northern and western missouri and in some small tongues of prairie that project into the western border of the ozarks. today, it still occurs in localized populations mostly in northwest missouri .\nthe souslik is very important animal for ecosystems, ” says mr. koshev. “it is considered a key species because it creates a favorable habitat for other species through digging holes. at the same time it is food for many predators like falcons, eagles, etc. a number of species use the ground squirrel for food and their populations decline with the decline of the number of sousliks. ”\netymology. —the name poliocitellus is derived from the greek polios, meaning hoary or gray, and the latin genus name for ground squirrels, citellus (jaeger 1955) .\nan unusual effect of maturation on the alarm call fundamental frequency in two species of ground squirrels. bioacoustics, 2010, v. 20, n 1, p. 87–98 .\na primarily terrestrial species (2) (3) (5), franklin’s ground squirrel typically inhabits tall grass prairies, although it may also be found in fields, hedgerows, marsh edges, forest - field edges, and along roadsides and railroad rights - of - way (strips of land owned by railroads), if these are un - mowed (1) (2) (5) (6) .\nonly spending around ten percent of its time above ground (1) (5) (7), franklin’s ground squirrel lives the rest of its life in an underground burrow which it typically digs into a bank, hill or other steep slope, in well - drained soil (1) (2) (6). the burrow may have two or three entrances (2) and many branches, one of which has a nesting area lined with dried plant material (2) (6). other branches may be used to store food or as latrines (2) (5) .\nmeasured alarm call parameters and the parameter values (mean ± sd, minimum - maximum) for 22 yellow ground squirrels (spermophilus fulvus). n = 425 alarm call clusters .\nduring the summer months, franklin’s ground squirrel accumulates a thick layer of body fat to see it through the long winter hibernation period (2) (5). individuals usually enter hibernation around late september (1) (4) (6), although in some northern areas they may become inactive as early as july (8). males are the first to enter hibernation, while juveniles are the last, as they need extra time to build up sufficient fat reserves (2) (4) (5) (6). several franklin’s ground squirrels may hibernate together in the same burrow (2) (5) .\nare closely related and may cause some identification issues due to similarities in appearance. european ground squirrels can be identified from their light brown coloration and white region from its jugular down the ventral side .\nspeckled ground squirrels give birth to a litter in early spring, with an average of 6 pups per litter. these pups are born underground, giving them protection from the elements and predators. females tend to care for and protect the litters. over the course of the weaning period, juveniles adapt to and learn alarm calls. it is noted that selective calling to juveniles and call rate is directly correlated to the emergence of young pups out of the den, suggesting there is some parental care. they spend much of their time viewing their surroundings and sounding alarm calls when predators are near, alarming the colony to take shelter .\nmatrosova, v. , i. volodin, e. volodina, a. babitsky. 2007. pups crying bass: vocal adaptation for avoidance of age - dependent predation risk in ground squirrels? .\nfranklin’s ground squirrel has a varied diet which comprises a range of plant and animal material, including seeds, roots, shoots, leaves, buds, flowers, bulbs, vegetables and fruits, as well as insects, amphibians, fish, young birds, bird eggs and small mammals (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7). it will even eat young rabbits and other ground squirrels, and has been known to kill adult ducks and poultry (2) (4) (5) (7). animal matter usually makes up around a third of the overall diet of this species (5) (6) (7) .\nalthough ground squirrels look similar to tree squirrels and can climb trees, when frightened they always will retreat to a burrow, whereas tree squirrels will climb a tree or tall structure and never use a burrow .\nground squirrels are primarily herbivorous, and their diet changes with the season. after emerging from hibernation, they feed almost exclusively on green grasses and herbaceous plants. when annual plants begin to dry and produce seed, squirrels switch to seeds, grains, and nuts and begin to store food. ground squirrels usually forage close to their burrows. their home range typically is within a 75 - yard radius of their burrow." ]

{ "text": [ "the speckled ground squirrel or spotted souslik ( spermophilus suslicus ) is a species of rodent in the family sciuridae .", "spermophilus suslicus consists of three subspecies : s. s. boristhenicus , s. s. guttatus , and s. s. suslicus .", "it is threatened by habitat loss . " ], "topic": [ 28, 22, 17 ] }

[ "the speckled ground squirrel or spotted souslik (spermophilus suslicus) is a species of rodent in the family sciuridae. spermophilus suslicus consists of three subspecies: s. s. boristhenicus, s. s. guttatus, and s. s. suslicus. it is threatened by habitat loss." ]

[ "pacific pacific bell pacific black hawk pacific bonito pacific chub mackerel pacific coast pacific coast sustainable development program pacific coast tick pacific cod pacific conure pacific crevalle jack pacific division pacific dove pacific elaenia pacific enterprises pacific financial community pacific gas & electric company pacific gas & electric corp. pacific golden - plover pacific gull pacific halibut pacific harrier pacific herring pacific island pacific islands forum pacific ladyfish pacific life pacific loon pacific lutheran university pacific mackerel pacific northeast state of usa pacific northwest college of art pacific oaks college pacific ocean pacific parrotlet pacific pigeon pacific red snapper pacific redcedar pacific resources pacific ridley sea turtle pacific rim pacific sand lance pacific saury pacific screech - owl pacific sierra pacific standard time pacific state pacific state of usa pacific stock exchange pacific swallow\n* pacific ladyfish, elops affinis * hawaiian ladyfish, elops hawaiensis, or giant herring. * west african ladyfish, elops lacerta, or guinean ladyfish. * tenpounder, elops machnata. more\nthe pacific ladyfish, elops affinis, is a fish of the family elopidae family. it is native to coastal waters of the eastern pacific ocean, from california to peru. more\nlong beach aquarium of the pacific lecture series. nov. 2017. beach babies – white shark nurseries of the northeast pacific .\na pacific ladyfish or machete (elops affinis) caught in mexico. (image source: steeliemike. blogspot. com )\nladyfish feeding frenzy, (see above .) youtube, 0: 35, school of ladyfish aggressively feeding on the surface\nsilver glen ladyfish, (see above .) youtube, 0: 37, underwater video of ladyfish at silver glen springs, florida\n. localities are categorized as indian ocean (black shading), western / central pacific ocean (open circles), or eastern pacific ocean (gray shading) to denote the 3 major subdivisions of the indo - pacific. see\nbriggs jc. the east pacific barrier and the distribution of marine shore fishes .\n). second, hawaii may be the biogeographic crossroads between the tropical eastern pacific and western pacific. this is indicated by the distribution of shared haplotypes from hawaii to the western pacific and indian oceans (subgroup c - 2 and group b in\nlarger fish and carnivorous zooplankton may prey upon the ladyfish eggs and juveniles. adult ladyfish are susceptible to piscivorous birds, sharks, porpoises, and alligators .\nadult ladyfish prey on small bony fishes including species of mullet. photo courtesy noaa\nthe ladyfish occurs in the western north atlantic ocean from cape cod, massachusetts to the gulf of mexico and caribbean sea, and south to brazil. the ladyfish is also found in the waters surrounding bermuda. it is most commonly observed south of north carolina. the ladyfish has been observed in the western pacific ocean and the indian ocean .\nmcbride rs, horodysky az. mechanisms maintaining sympatric distributions of two ladyfish (elopidae :\nthe machete (elops affinis) is one of several species of the ladyfish family, elopidae, which occur in tropical to subtropical waters of the pacific, atlantic and indian oceans .\nocean institute. jun. 2017. beach babies – white shark nurseries of the northeast pacific .\nlong beach aquarium of the pacific. may 2013. the recovery of apex marine predator populations .\n: indian ocean (black fill), western / central pacific ocean (open circles), and eastern pacific ocean (gray fill). localities are listed for each nuclear haplotype as numbered in\neastern pacific: mandalay beach, southern california, usa to peru, including the gulf of california .\nthe pacific tenpounders have very round bodies with terminal mouths, and profound gill formations known as pseudobranchiae .\nalaska sealife center – ocean science symposium. may 2018. white shark nurseries of the northeast pacific .\nif you like the taste of eel, opt for atlantic - or pacific - caught squid instead .\ntrue to their appearance, the scientific name for ladyfish translates loosely into “serpent reptile. ”\nannual mean growth of juvenile ladyfish collected in volusia county, florida during 1993 through 1995 .\nanother species, known as machete or the pacific ladyfish, occurs in the pacific ocean. although ladyfishes may grow to about 1 m (about 3 ft), most caught in the surf are only 38 to 50 cm (15 to 20 in) long and weigh up to about 1. more\nblake c, blake bf. age determination in six species of fish from a mexican pacific coastal lagoon .\norange coast community college. oct. 2017. beach babies – white shark nurseries of the northeast pacific .\norange county surfrider foundation. oct. 2017. beach babies – white shark nurseries of the northeast pacific .\npacific fisheries management council - scientific advisory committee - june 2012. what is known about barotrauma in rockfishes ?\nlong beach aquarium of the pacific. may 2009. taking a bite out of shark myths and misconceptions .\nfishsmart pacific workshop on improving the survival of released fish focusing on barotrauma. may 2012. portland, or\nparasites a cestode parasite, rhynchobothrium bulbifer, has been found in the viscera of the adult ladyfish. trematodes of the genera bucephalus and prosorhynchus have been reported from the intestines of the ladyfish .\nnumber and size of ladyfish collected by month in volusia county, florida during 1993 through 1995 .\nadult ladyfish are aggressive carnivorous feeders and swallow their prey whole. the feed primarily on small bony fish, including menhaden, silversides, and smaller ladyfish. they also take shrimp and other crustaceans .\n. notably, haplotypes from the major geographic subdivisions of the indo - pacific are dispersed throughout the networks. combining\nsan francisco state university – biology seminar series. apr. 2018. white shark nurseries of the northeast pacific .\nladyfish patties, reportedly delicious photo by barry bevis, urltoken fishing forum. click for larger image .\nannual mean growth of juvenile ladyfish collected in the indian river lagoon, florida during 1991 through 1995 .\nindo - pacific: throughout the western central pacific. currently treated as a single species, but this status should be considered provisional. further studies may reveal a complex of closely related species, as in the case of albula .\nmost anglers encounter ladyfish while fishing for other species, like spotted seatrout, redfish, or spanish mackerel. though frequently considered a nuisance, a growing number of anglers are targeting ladyfish because of their extraordinary strength, speed, and level of activity when hooked. the ladyfish' s aerobatic jumps and high - speed runs are legendary. more and more anglers are targeting ladyfish as an exciting and plentiful gamefish .\nlessios ha, robertson dr. crossing the impassable: genetic connections in 20 reef fishes across the eastern pacific barrier .\ncrow, g. , c. g. lowe, and b. wetherbee. 1996. shark records from longline fishing programs in hawaii with comments on pacific ocean distributions. pacific science 50 (4): 382 - 392 .\nit is thought that ladyfish spawn offshore. on the gulf coast, spawning probably takes place in the spring and summer. scientists have never identified the eggs of the ladyfish or yolk - sac larvae. so, specific spawning details are not known. ladyfish larvae and juveniles are common in estuarine waters, including beaches .\nnumber and size of ladyfish collected by month in the indian river lagoon, florida during 1991 through 1995 .\nnumber of ladyfish collected by standard length (mm) in volusia county, florida during 1993 through 1995 .\nmcbride r, macdonald t, matheson r, rydene d, hood p. nursery habitats for ladyfish ,\nfor sample size at each locality. dotted lines represent the biogeographic barriers of the sunda shelf and the eastern pacific barrier .\npacific ladyfish are a coastal dwelling fish found throughout the tropical and sub - tropical regions. spawning takes place at sea and the fish larvae migrate inland entering brackish waters. their food is smaller fish and crustaceans (shrimp). more\nladyfish, elops saurus. illustration by diana rome peebles. courtesy of florida fwc, division of marine fisheries .\nplanes s, fauvelot c. isolation by distance and vicariance drive genetic structure of a coral reef fish in the pacific ocean .\ncenter for marine conservation. april 1995. workshop on the state of' shark conservation in the pacific' in san francisco .\nladyfish have very large eyes and a large mouth. photo by casey r. smartt. click for larger image .\nnumber of ladyfish collected by standard length (mm) in the indian river lagoon, florida during 1991 through 1995 .\noverall mean growth of juvenile ladyfish collected in the indian river lagoon and volusia county, florida during 1991 through 1995 .\ncraig mt, eble ja, bowen bw, robertson dr. high genetic connectivity across the indian and pacific oceans in the reef fish\nschultz jk, pyle rl, demartini e, bowen bw. genetic connectivity among color morphs and pacific archipelagos for the flame angelfish ,\nlong beach aquarium of the pacific. staff workshop. oct. 2008. the mlpa process and what it means for southern california .\nlong beach aquarium of the pacific public lecture series. jul 2006. the sting of seal beach - learning to coexist with stingrays .\njuvenile ladyfish growth rates and size - at - age 1 based on length - frequency analysis in florida waters by location .\nmcbride rs, rocha cr, ruiz - carus r, bowen bw. a new species of ladyfish, of the genus\nladyfish are found in inshore waters along the u. s. atlantic coast south of cape cod and throughout the gulf of mexico and caribbean sea, and the east coast of south america to to brazil. similar species occurs in the pacific ocean and indian ocean .\nthe primary predators of ladyfish are sharks, larger toothy fish, dolphins and porpoises, fish - eating birds, and alligators .\nthe status of the ladyfish is listed as\nleast concern\non the iucn red list. populations are described as stable .\nadult ladyfish have been collected from florida waters at salinities as low as 0. 5 ppt (zale and merrifield 1989) .\nladyfish resemble their tarpon and bonefish cousins (all of the order elopiformes) in many ways, but they are easy to distinguish from tarpon by the lack of a trailing filament on the back edge of the dorsal fin. some say that ladyfish may be confused with bonefish, but the configuration and size of the ladyfish' s mouth makes the difference obvious to even a casual observer. ladyfish and tarpon have a distinct gular plate - a bony structure visible externally between the lower jaws - while bonefish do not .\nalthough they are not obligate air - breathers like tarpon, ladyfish do appear to be relatively tolerant of hypoxia. rose et al. (1975) record ladyfish inhabiting a louisiana coastal impoundment that experienced an oxygen minimum concentration of 2. 0 mg / l .\namong the recommendations for shark alternatives are pacific halibut and atlantic mackerel. (and when shopping for scallops, avoid cookie - cutter perfect ones. )\nladyfish feed aggressively and take almost any bait or lure and can be caught by beginning anglers and children. during the summer, ladyfish are plentiful on the gulf coast, particularly on the barrier island beaches. ladyfish often feed actively in large schools and can be found by looking for surface activity beneath diving birds. the most effective lures are shiny, silvery, or white. a fast retrieve with plenty of action provides the best results. ladyfish are sometimes difficult to hook, but they will strike again and again. they frequently throw the hook during their wild jumps. the ladyfish' s mouth is very abrasive; leaders should be checked frequently for fraying .\ncorkum (1959) reported parasitic tremetodes of genera bucephalus and prosorhynchus living within the intestine of ladyfish collected from the mississippi gulf coast .\nfwri. 2006. ladyfish, elops saurus. florida fish and wildlife conservation commission, fish and wildlife research institute. 9 p .\nthe estuaries and coastal mangroves and marshes that are utilized as nursery grounds by larval and juvenile ladyfish are heavily impacted by development activities .\nbay lk, choat hj, van herwerden l, robertson dr. high genetic diversities and complex genetic structure in an indo - pacific tropical reef fish (\nladyfish, tarpon, bonefish, and eels are the only fishes that have a leptocephalus stage. leptocephalus translates as\nslender head .\nladyfish caught while wade fishing. photo by captain baz yelverton, gulf breeze guide service, pensacola, fl. click for larger image .\nthe ladyfish grows to a maximum length of 3 feet (1 m) and weight of about 15 pounds (6. 8 kilograms) .\nsize, age, and growth the ladyfish grows to a maximum length of 3 feet (1 m) and weight of about 15 pounds (6. 8 kilograms). length at which sexual maturity is attained is unknown for this species. the ladyfish lives at least 6 years .\nzale av, merrifield sg. species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (south florida) –ladyfish and tarpon .\n) to amova using arlequin based on haplotype frequencies and molecular distances among haplotypes. individuals were grouped by localities and then by 3 larger subgroups comprising localities from the indian ocean, the western and central pacific ocean, and the eastern pacific ocean. these partitions correspond to the 3 oceanic regions demarcated by the ss and the epb (\ngaither mr, toonen rj, robertson dr, planes s, bowen bw. genetic evaluation of marine biogeographic barriers: perspectives from two widespread indo - pacific snappers (\nthe current mississippi state records for ladyfish are 3 pounds, 9. 28 ounces for conventional tackle and 3 pounds, 7 ounces for fly rod .\na significant recreational ladyfish fishery exists throughout coastal florida, which exhibits many of the same sportfish attributes as tarpon but can be caught on light tackle .\npelagic research & conservation project for isla del coco & shark conservation initiatives in the eastern pacific. aug. 2014. recovery of the white shark population in us waters .\ncalifornia state university fullerton - biological science dept. seminar - mar 2013. white sharks of the northeastern pacific: a conservation success story or on the verge of endangerment ?\nhorne jb, van herwerde l, choat hj, robertson dr. high population connectivity across the indo - pacific: congruent lack of phylogeographic structure in three reef fish congeners .\nrocha la, robertson dr, rocha cr, van tassell jl, craig mt, bowen bw. recent invasion of the tropical atlantic by an indo - pacific coral reef fish .\neschmeyer, w. n. , et aw. a fiewd guide to pacific coast fishes of norf america. houghton miffin company, boston, usa. 1983. page 336 .\nlike the related tarpon and bonefish, the ladyfish spawns in the ocean and goes through a primitive leptocephalus stage as larvae. their life history is not well understood .\nlarval ladyfish develop into an elongate, flat, nearly transparent larval type known as a leptocephalus. the leptocephalus is an ancestral larval form that today is found only in ladyfish, tarpon, bonefish, and a number of eel families. all of these species are considered to be among the more ancestral of living teleost fish groups .\ndepartment of biological sciences, california state university long beach. department seminar. oct. 2010. white sharks of the eastern pacific: a conservation success story or an insidious trophic tragedy ?\nnmfs - noaa northwest fisheries science center, seattle. march 2004. conservation of north pacific rockfishes: ecological genetics and stock structure workshop. methods for studying the movement patterns of rockfishes .\nsome of the larval stages of the ladyfish (elops saurus), a relative of the machete (elops affinis). (figures 3 - 8 from gehringer 1959 )\nalthough ladyfish are not widely sought as an edible species owing to its boniness, a moderate commercial fishery does exist in florida. total florida landings of ladyfish in 2005 exceeded 725, 000 kg, with 85% of that total landed commercially (fwri 2006). 96% of the 2005 catch was taken on the florida gulf coast .\n). based on the latter network configuration, ncpa reveals dispersal from hawaii to the eastern pacific in the past 0. 3 my (directionality inferred from haplotype network rooting and historical biogeography; see\nladyfish are known to be offshore spawners (mcbride et al. 2001). field larval collections analyzed by hildenbrand (1943) suggest that offshore spawning occurs in the fall .\nuse care when handling a ladyfish. their scales are easily damaged and they bleed profusely from any injury. when handling a ladyfish, it' s advisable to keep the vent pointed away from yourself. if fishing from a boat, hold the fish over the side. when stressed, they frequently release a surprising quantity of recently digested fish and crustaceans .\nmoray eels (muraenidae) are solitary predators in reef ecosystems. they comprise about 200 species globally and approximately 150 species within the indo - pacific. many moray species span the entire indo - pacific, occupying coral reefs and rocky ledges from the intertidal zone to 200 + m deep. moray eels are poor swimmers as juveniles and adults and maintain high site fidelity to a few square meters of reef (\n). hence, hawaii may be the essential source of moray diversity in the east pacific. third, the only significant mtdna partitions on a local scale for either species are within the hawaiian islands (\nlowe, c. g. 2007. movement and activity patterns of rockfish. conservation of north pacific rockfishes: ecological genetics and stock structure workshop proceedings. noaa technical memorandum nmfs - nwfsc - 80 .\ndentition as a predatory fish, the ladyfish has small, sharp teeth. the gular plate, a ventral bony plate that is located between the two lower jaws, is narrow .\nladyfish are generally regarded as poor table fare, on account of their many small bones and the mushy texture of the flesh. however, a recent web search revealed several references to cooking ladyfish, along with interesting instructions and recipes. the most popular, and plausible, preparation involves scraping the meat from the skin of filets and frying the meat as patties, fish cakes, or balls. the preparation is similar to gar balls, popular in southern louisiana. for details, see how to clean and cook florida' s ladyfish / skipjack .\nit is an elongate, slender, and robust fish with a large, deeply forked caudal fin. the body is rough with small, thin, silvery scales. the lateral line runs straight down the length of the fish. the head of the ladyfish is small and pointed with a large terminal mouth. the caudal lobes of the ladyfish are long and slender .\nladyfish often make spectacular leaps when hooked. the nickname\npoor man' s tarpon\nis well deserved. photo by doug olander, sport fishing magazine. click for larger image .\ngovoni jj and jv merriner. 1978. the occurrence of ladyfish, elops saurus, larvae in low salinity water and another record for chesapeake bay. estuaries 1: 205 - 206 .\nwhen hooked, the ladyfish yields good sport to the light - tackle angler. this species is known for their behaviors of skipping along the water surface and jumping after being hooked. although ladyfish is marketed fresh, salted and frozen, it is considered as having little value as food due to the meat being bony and dry. there is no commercial fishery for this fish .\nladyfish tolerate a wide range of salinity and are typically found in brackish lagoons and bays and out several miles into the open ocean to depths of about 160 feet (50 m). they feed where food is most available, deep channels to grass beds to shallow sand flats. ladyfish often feed at night and they the mississippi barrier island beaches in in waist - deep water .\nrelatively large size protects adult ladyfish from most would - be predators, although some mortality occurs via predation by piscivorous birds, sharks, dolphins, and alligators (zale and merrifield 1989) .\nthompson ba and la deegan. 1982. distributi on of ladyfish (elops saurus) and bonefish (albula vulpes) leptocephali in louisiana. bulletin of marine science 32: 936 - 939 .\n). if the exponential trajectory rate was maintained over 365 days, ladyfish would attain a standard length of 457. 5 mm corresponding to an estimated growth rate of 1. 25 mm day\n). if the exponential trajectory rate was maintained over 365 days, ladyfish would attain a standard length of 107. 6 mm corresponding to an estimated growth rate of 0. 2951 mm day\nit is an elongate, slender, and robust fish with a large, deeply forked caudal fin. the body is rough with small, thin, silvery scales. the lateral line runs straight down the length of the fish. the head of the ladyfish is small and pointed with a large terminal mouth. the caudal lobes of the ladyfish are long and slender. dorsally, the ladyfish is silvery blue to greenish while ventrally and laterally they appear silver in color. the dorsal and caudal fins are dusky yellowish to silvery and the pectoral and pelvic fins are speckled and pale .\nin 1766, carl linnaeus first described the ladyfish as elops saurus. no synonyms have been used for this species. in scientific literature, as well as early popular books on american game fishes, the common name\nladyfish\nwas given to albula vulpes. to the modern angler ,\nladyfish\nmeans e. saurus while a. vulpes is now referred to as\nbonefish\n. the genus name, elops, is derived from the greek\nellops\ntranslated as a kind of serpent while the species name is derived from the greek\nsauros\nmeaning lizard .\nlowe, c. g. , k. n. holland, t. wolcott, and j. mckibben. 1998. development and utility of an acoustic tailbeat - sensing transmitter. pacific science 52: 190 .\nzale and merrifield (1989) consider ladyfish to be a thermophilic species. it has been involved in documented cold - related fish kills in the indian river lagoon (snelson and bradley 1978) and elsewhere in florida (springer and woodburn 1960). ladyfish seem to be slightly more tolerant of cold snaps than tarpon, however, and are less frequently harmed in thermal kills (storey 1937) .\nthis long, slender, silvery fish has elongated and pointed fins, including a deeply forked caudal (tail) fin. it grows to 3 feet long and 15 pounds, but although anglers sometimes enjoy catching ladyfish, it' s not considered to be very appealing to eat. ladyfish are very tolerant of brackish water, and can be found in lagoons and bays as well as several miles out to sea .\nlyons, k. *, c. g. lowe. 2015. organochlorine contaminants and maternal offloading in the lecithotrophic pacific angel shark (squatina californica) collected from southern california. marine pollution bulletin. 97: 518 - 522 .\nwetherbee, b. m. , c. g. lowe, and crow, g. 1994. the history of shark control in hawaii: recommendations for future research. pacific science 48 (2): 95 - 115 .\nthe good news, if you love fish' n' chips (which is nearly always made with cod), is that pacific cod stocks are still strong and are one of food and water watch' s best fish picks .\ndorsally, the ladyfish is silvery blue to greenish while ventrally and laterally they appear silver in color. the dorsal and caudal fins are dusky yellowish to silvery and the pectoral and pelvic fins are speckled and pale .\ncorrected and non - corrected juvenile ladyfish growth rates and size - at - age 1 (without compensating for time required for leptocephalus to metamorphosis from egg to juvenile) based on length - frequency analysis by location .\ntwo ladyfish leptocephalus larvae and a tiny shrimp. the larvae are approximately 1. 25\nlong. when alive, they are nearly transparent; the milky color is caused by the alcohol in which they are stored .\none study suggests that adyfish reach a length of 6. 5\nto 10\nduring their first year. the age and length at which sexual maturity is reached are not know. ladyfish may live six years .\nladyfish are not regulated in mississippi or any of the other states on the gulf of mexico. the fishery is mostly recreational, though some sources report a commercial catch for fish meal, bait, and human consumption .\nmcbride rs and az horodysky. 2004. mechanisms maintaining sympatric distributions of two ladyfish (elopidae: elops) morphs in the gulf of mexico and western north atlantic ocean. limnology and oceanography 49: 1173 - 1181 .\neldred b. and wg lyons. 1966. larval ladyfish, elops saurus linnaeus 1766, (elopidae) in florida and adjacent waters. florida board of conservation marine laboratory leaflet service 4 (2). 6 p .\nreproduction ladyfish spawning occurs in offshore locations throughout the year. off the coast of florida, spawning is thought to occur during the fall months. neither the eggs nor yolk - sac larvae have been described for the ladyfish. the metamorphosing larvae and juveniles have been found inshore in estuarine habitats. however, it is known that the larvae undergo dramatic changes in body form accompanied by two periods of length increase, interspaced with a period of length decrease .\nas adults, elops saurus are primarily piscivorous midwater predators, with various investigators reporting that fish accounted for between 34 and 94% of stomach contents (fwri 2006). decapod crustaceans are also important components of the diet of ladyfish .\nmcbride rs, macdonald tc, matheson re jr. , rydene da, and pb hood. 2001. nursery habitats for ladyfish, elops saurus, along salinity gradients in two florida estuaries. fishery bulletin 99: 443 - 458 .\nbattaso, r. h. and j. n. young. (1999). evidence for freshwater spawning by striped muwwet and return of pacific tenpounder in de wower coworado river. cawifornia fish & game. 85 (2): pp 75 - 76 .\nlowe, c. g. , r. n. bray, and d. r. nelson. 1994. the predatory behavior and associated electric organ discharge of the pacific electric ray, torpedo californica. marine biology 120 (1): 161 - 169 .\nwhen hooked, ladyfish become even more active and make astonishing twisting and turning leaps and the occasional somersault. runs are long and fast and the fish do not tire easily. adjectives used to describe their behavior include aerobatic, berserk, wild, explosive, and spectacular. one group of mississippi fly fishermen respectfully refer to the ladyfish as the mississippi tarbone and point out that local anglers can experience much of the thrill of catching tarpon and bonefish without having to leave mississippi waters .\neschmeyer, w. n. , e. s. herald and h. hammann, 1983. a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america. boston (ma, usa): houghton mifflin company. xii + 336 p. (ref. 2850 )\nmcbride, rs, cr rocha, r ruiz - carus, bw bowen. 2010. a new species of ladyfish, of the genus elops (elopiformes: elopidae), from the western atlantic ocean. zootaxa 2346: 29 - 41 .\n, mtdna haplotype groups d and e show evidence of range expansion on this same timescale across the ss (group e) and between australian and hawaiian regions of the western / central pacific ocean. results of the mismatch distributions and occurrence of 4 low but statistically nonzero pairwise φ\ntwo phenotypically distinct, sympatric (overlapping distributions) ladyfish stocks occur in florida waters (mcbride and horodysky 2004). the more northern stock is characterized by a high myomere count while the more southern stock exhibits a low myomere count (smith 1989) .\nstage ii and iii ladyfish larvae feed almost exclusively on zooplankton. as they grow, juveniles take in increasing amounts of larger prey items such as small fish and shrimp as they grow, simultaneously reducing their reliance on zooplankton (harrington and harrington 1961) .\neschmeyer, w. n. , herald, e. s. and hamman, h. , 1983. , a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america from the gulf of alaska to baja california. peterson field guide ser. 28. , houghton mifflin: 336pp .\nladyfish can be found in several coastal and estuarine habitats, including seagrass beds, mangrove marsh, and sand flats. settlement - stage larvae and juveniles occur along beaches and in rivers, canals, and impounded estuarine marshes (gilmore et al. 1981) .\nthe 1995 florida inshore net ban severely impacted the commercial ladyfish fishery. it may also have allowed stocks to rebound after several decades of exploitation; landing totals in 2005 were 25% higher than the average landings from the previous 5 years (fwri 2006) .\nthe machete itself can be found along the eastern pacific coast in mexico and central america, north to ventura, california, in the united states and south to peru. they can reach lengths of 3 feet (90 cm), although most individuals are around 20 inches (50 cm) .\nall have silvery, blade - like bodies — reminiscent of the machete knife — which leap clear out of the water when hooked by an angler. ladyfish provide a sporting fight with their acrobatics, but anglers also catch them to use as bait for other gamefish .\n). in a pattern typical of reef fishes, dispersal occurs by pelagic larvae. however, the morays and elopomorph fishes (which includes all true eels, tarpons, tenpounders, and ladyfish) are unique in having a slender elongate larval form called a “leptocephalus” (\nladyfish occur throughout the irl system. mcbride at al. (2001) confirm that the species is broadly distributed in both the indian river and banana river basins throughout the year, with larger individuals (> 300 lm sl) more common in the banana river basin .\n, s. d. ± 0. 14). mean ladyfish growth was best (i. e. , goodness of fit) described by a linear regression having the formula: sl = 5. 4429 (age [ days ]) + 11. 1 ;\nladyfish belong to an ancestral order of bony fish called the elopiformes. tarpon (megalops atlanticus) belong to the same order, and both species are placed in the same family, elopidae. both of these species are herring - like in appearance, but can be distinguished from the clupeids not just by size, but by the presence of a gular plate - a bony structure located at the center of the lower jaw. ladyfish can be differentiated from tarpon by a smaller body size, thinner profile, and finer body scales (hoese and moore 1977) .\n) that coalesce within 0. 6 my (95% hpd 0. 4–0. 8 my) and 0. 3 my (95% hpd 0. 2–0. 5 my), respectively. range expansion in group d includes tip haplotypes sampled from australia (subgroup d - 1) or fiji (subgroup d - 2) from an inferred ancestral range in hawaii, indicating some historical fragmentation followed by range expansion within the western pacific. group e shows a tip haplotype observed in hawaii and the indian ocean (subgroup e - 1) derived from an ancestral distribution in the pacific ocean (subgroup e - 3) .\nzale and merrifield (1989) report that ladyfish attain a maximum length of nearly 1 m (but usually less than 60 cm). although they can reach a maximum weight of nearly 7 kg, most individuals are less than 1. 5 kg (hoese and moore 1977) .\nhoyos - padilla, e. m. , y. p. papastamatiou *, j. o' sullivan, c. g. lowe. 2013. first record of predation by a cookiecutter shark (isistius spp .) on a white shark (carcharodon carcharias). pacific science. 67: 129 - 134 .\nmcbride, r. s. , c. r. rocha, r. ruiz - carus & b. w. bowen. 2010. a new species of ladyfish, of the genus elops (elopiformes: elopidae), from the western atlantic ocean. zootaxa 2346: 29 - 41 .\n) supports an inference of contiguous range expansion, estimated to have occurred within the past 0. 6 my (95% hpd 0. 3–0. 9 my). tip haplotype groups in group a show expansion from the internal and mostly hawaiian group to tip groups with haplotypes in the seychelles, south africa, and the eastern pacific. groups b and c yield inferences of restricted gene flow with isolation by distance coalescing within the past 0. 5 my (95% hpd 0. 2–0. 8 my) and 0. 4 my (95% hpd 0. 3–0. 7 my), respectively. within group b, tip subgroup b - 2 is observed only in hawaii, whereas the more interior subgroup b - 1 from which it derives includes haplotypes distributed across the indo - pacific. both subgroups of group c include haplotypes from hawaii, but they differ in having haplotypes from the indian ocean (subgroup c - 2) versus the eastern pacific ocean (subgroup c - 1) .\nthe ladyfish grows to a maximum length of about three feet and weight of about five pounds. typical fish weigh two to three pounds. the nickname\nten - pounder\nis probably related to their strength and speed; the current igfa world record fish, caught in brazil, weighed eight pounds .\nzale av and sg merrifield. 1989. life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (south florida): ladyfish and tarpon. us fish and wildlife service biological report 82 (11. 104). us army corps of engineers report tr el - 82 - 4. 17 p .\nweng, k. c. , j. o' sullivan, c. g. lowe, c. winkler, h. dewar, and b. block. 2007. movements, behavior and habitat preferences of juvenile white sharks in the eastern pacific as revealed by electronic tags. marine ecology progress series. 338: 211 - 224 .\nthis species is typically found in brackish water lagoons and bays, as well as mangroves, tolerating a wide range of salinities. occasionally this fish is found several miles offshore. the ladyfish prefers open water areas in channels with moderate currents, and shallow bars and eddies at bends in rivers. it lives to depths of 160 feet (50 m). as a thermophilic fish, the ladyfish has been reported in cold - related fish kills in florida. it can tolerate low temperatures for short periods of time. collections of this fish have been successful at temperatures ranging from 52 - 95°f (11 - 35°c) .\nelops saurus can be found in the western atlantic from southern new england (but uncommon north of cape hatteras, nc) south to bermuda, florida, and throughout the gulf of mexico to southern brazil (zale and merrifield 1989, fwri 2006). the species also occurs in the western pacific and the indian ocean (bigelow and schroeder 1953) .\nin the leptocephalus stage, ladyfish larvae have thin, transparent, and ribbon - like bodies. despite the fact that they feed only by absorbing nutrients through their skin and their digestive tracts have not developed, the leptocephalus has large fang - like teeth. lacking gills, the leptocephalus absorbs oxygen directly from the water .\naccording to cufone, tuna is bad news all around. “we are eating it to death, ” she says. atlantic and pacific bluefin, albacore, yellowfin…they are all to be avoided. canned tuna is one of the most consumed fish in the u. s. , and that’s depleting the fisheries. (here are 4 canned fish you should avoid at all costs. )\nmcbride et al. (2001) observed that numbers of new cohorts of late - metamorphic ladyfish larvae in tampa bay peaked in april. in the indian river lagoon, these authors note the presence of early - and mid - metamorphic larvae from at least december to may, and a peak concentration of late - metamorphic larvae in the spring .\ncrear, d. p. *, d. d. lawson, j. a. seminoff, t. eguchi, r. a. leroux, c. g. lowe. 2017. the effect of urbanization on the habitat use and behavior of the eastern pacific green sea turtle, chelonia midas. southern california academy of sciences bulletin. 116 (1): 17 - 32 .\nsmith, d. g. 1999. elopidae. ladyfishes, tenpounders. p. 1619 - 1620. in carpenter, k. e. & v. h. niem (eds .) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes. the living marine resources of the western central pacific. vol. 3. batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 (elopidae to linophrynidae). fao, rome .\nbonefish (albula vulpes) belong to order elopiformes as well, but they are placed into a separate family, the albulidae. bonefish lack the gular plate that the elopids possess, the inferior mouth is smaller than that of ladyfish, the snout somewhat more rounded, and the body profile not as thin (hoese and moore 1977, robbins et al. 1986) .\nlove, m. s. , mecklenburg, c. w. , mecklenburg, t. a. , thorsteinson, l. k. , 2005. , es of the west coast and alaska: a checklist of north pacific and artic ocena species from baja california to the alaska - yukon border. , u. s. department of the interior, u. s. geological survey, biological resources division, 288pp .\nladyfish are elongated, slender fish with a compact oval cross section and large deeply forked tail or caudal fin with long, slender symmetrical lobes. the small head is pointed and both the mouth and eyes are quite large. the scales are small and thin. the teeth are very small but quite sharp. the gular plate, a bony plate located between the two lower jaws, is narrow .\nalthough usually found in tropical and subtropical waters of the eastern indian ocean and western pacific, the hawaiian giant herring is an infrequent visitor to southern australia. the species is known from the andaman sea to the hawaiian islands and tuamotos, north to japan and south the new caledonia and australia. in australian waters, the hawaiian giant herring has been recorded from spencer gulf, sa, westwards, northwards and down the east coast to wilsons promontory, bass strait, vic .\nexpanded and updated to include an additional 44 species, this is a handy guide to those fishes that are likely to be observed by anybody visiting or diving on the coral reefs of the caribbean, the indian ocean, and the pacific to a depth of sixty meters. accessible to amateur marine life enthusiasts, coral reef fishes is the first comprehensive guide of its kind. it enables the reader to quickly identify 2118 species of fish and includes over 2500 color illustrations depicting the major forms of each species – male, female, immature, or geographical varieties. the text proceeds according to region, depicting each species and its varieties, and offering information on its geographic range and where on the coral reef itself the fish may be found. important identification characteristics are highlighted on every color plate. please note, this is the us edition of the now out of print collins pocket guide to the coral reef fishes of the indo - pacific and caribbean .\nmcbride et al. (2001) indicated that few individuals older than 2 - 3 years were collected in surveys conducted in tampa bay and in the indian river lagoon, and nearly all inshore fish of this age were reproductively immature. the authors agree with other published reports (e. g. , hildebrand 1963, palko1984) suggesting that ladyfish leave the estuaries at 2 - 3 years of age to mature and spawn offshore .\nthe hawaiian archipelago has a special biogeographic significance for moray eels, and this is apparent in several facets of our data. first, morays are common and abundant on these islands, one of the most isolated tropical archipelagos in the world, whereas common reef predators such as groupers (serranidae) and snappers (lutjanidae) are nearly absent. thus, the high dispersal evident in our survey has allowed the morays to colonize and to proliferate in hawaii, to the exclusion of many west / south pacific competitors (\nfriedlander, a. , j. beets, j. caselle, b. bowen, t. ogawa, c. lowe, k. kelley, b. yeeting, t. calitri, and m. lange. 2007. investigations of the biology and recreational fishery for bonefish at palmyra atoll national wildlife refuge, with comparisons to other pacific islands. in: j. ault (ed .). biology and management of the world tarpon and bonefish fisheries. crc press: new york, new york .\nestimating ladyfish growth from vc collections was also problematic because recruitment of small individuals occurred throughout the year and the estimated growth rate varied among sampling years. therefore, to compensate for the recruitment of small individuals in vc, growth evaluations were limited to catches occurring from march to august. the monthly instantaneous growth coefficient ranged from −0. 3061 in 1995 to 0. 3324 in 1994. absolute growth ranged from 0. 3833 in 1993 to 0. 5833 mm day\nonate - gonzalez, e. c. *, o. sosa - nishizaki, s. z. herzka, c. g. lowe, k. lyons *, o. santana - morales, c. sepulveda, c. guerrero - avila, e. garcia - rodriguez, j. b. o’sullivan. 2017. importance of bahia sebastian vizcaino as a nursery area for white sharks (carcharodon carcharias) in the northeastern pacific: a fishery dependent analysis. fisheries research. 188: 125 - 137 .\nlarvae do not forage, but instead absorb nutrients directly from the water. as the larvae grow, they feed primarily on zooplankton as well as insects and small fishes. this is followed by a dietary switch to small fish and crustaceans as the larvae grow into juvenile fish. adult ladyfish are strictly carnivorous, feeding on small bony fish, including members of its own species, menhaden, and silversides, as well as invertebrates including crustaceans. this fish swallows its prey whole .\nthis species uses a wide range of water sawinities when spawning. under normaw conditions, de pacific tenpounder are wocated in brackish water, but dey travew deep into oceanic, sawty waters for breeding. they pwace deir eggs far from shore in more pwanktonic regions to provide dem wif nutrients as juveniwes. [ 2 ] the warvae wook wike eews at birf, but deir forked taiws distinguish dem. their young usuawwy feed on de crustaceans in de brackish or coastaw waters. this may expwain deir instinct to move from de guwf of cawifornia into de lower coworado during fwood conditions. [ 4 ]\nthe ladyfish, elops saurus, is a medium - sized fish with an elongate body covered with small, silvery scales. the overall body color is silver, bluish dorsally with yellowish lower sides and a yellow to white ventral surface. the head is small and pointed, with a large terminal mouth whose maxillary extends well behind the eye. the symmetrical caudal lobes of the tail are long and slender, and the dorsal fin inserts just behind the insertion point of the pelvics (hoese and moore 1977, zale and merrifield 1989) .\nhas low / significant structure across the epb in 2 comparisons with hawaiian islands. we conclude that the oceanic epb can be a substantial barrier under contemporary conditions, whereas the ss seems to be important in a historical context but not a barrier under contemporary conditions. leptocephalus dispersal capabilities quickly erase genetic separations developed across the ss during glacial maxima, whereas the signature patterns of partial isolation across the epb are ongoing and detectable at low levels. although sampling error should increase the variance on estimates of genetic divergence relative to actual divergence, our finding of widespread genetic homogeneity among populations is robust to the relatively small sample sizes within populations of the indian and eastern pacific oceans (\nfor logistic assistance, expertise, and sound advice we thank randall kosaki, jeff eble, jane ball, jo - ann leong, matt iacchei, yannis papastamatiou, carl meyer, luiz rocha, matthew craig, david smith, michelle gaither, robert moffitt, joe o' malley, sheila conant, senifa annandale, toby daly - engel, zoltan szabo, kelly gleason, robert toonen, james lakey, malia rivera, elizabeth keenan, derek skillings, tim clark, the officers and crew of the r / v hi' ialakai, the stock assessment program at the noaa pacific islands fisheries science center, and matt furtado of koolau pets. thanks to kevin conway for the leptocephalus illustration in\nwild caught pacific salmon generally have less of the problems than atlantic. and wild caught salmon from alaska is even better, since those populations are the most robust. when it comes to flavor, wild salmon is where it’s at. as one of the healthiest fish you can eat, it' s higher in omega - 3 fatty acids (which can help fight seasonal allergies, among many other things) and also packs less saturated fat than farmed. it’s also a sustainable seafood: the alaskan salmon fishery—america’s main source of wild salmon—is managed to ensure the plentiful return of wild fish in the future. varieties to look out for are king, sockeye, pink, keta and coho salmon .\nthe pacific wadyfish have very round bodies wif terminaw mouds, and profound giww formations known as pseudobranchiae. they have a warger number of dorsaw fin rays dan most arizona fish, [ 5 ] wif numbers ranging from 27 to 35. anaw fin rays usuawwy range from 13 to 19, and dey have 12 to 16 pewvic rays. this species is very different from most chordates in dat it has no conus arteriosus, a tendinous band of tissue from which de puwmonary artery arises. because of dis absence, dey have a much smawwer puwmonary artery. this fish' s wateraw wines are unbranched, and wateraw wine scawes are usuawwy widin ranges of 95 to 120. aww scawes are siwvery and cycwoid, awong wif de overaww cowor of de fish; however, yewwow pigment can occur in de eyes. some aids to identification incwude de prominent auxiwiary and inguinaw processes. [ 4 ]\nfor comparison purposes, the direct method growth rate determined by captive rearing (levesque, 2014) is shown along with available ladyfish age and growth estimates from previous studies (alikunhi & rao, 1951; gehringer, 1959; mcbride et al. , 2001). the overall mean growth rate and size - at - age 1 was estimated by pooling the data for each location. the y - intercept of the exponential regression formula was corrected to 21 mm sl to better reflect natural growth (shaded cells). locations are as follows: indian river lagoon (irl), tampa bay (tb), volusia county (vc (tomoko river basin, ponce de leon inlet, and mosquito lagoon complex) ), and little manatee river (lmr). data for tb and lmr was reported by levesque (2014) .\ncommon names in the english language are ladyfish, big - eyed herring, bonefish, bonyfish, fiddler, john, long john, riverfish, silverfish, skipjack, springer, and tenpounder. other common names include albarana (portuguese), banane (french), banano (spanish), bidbid (tagalog), chiro (papiamento), elopid (swedish), elops (russian), elops zlotawy (polish), fateixa (portuguese), fateixa - torpedo (portuguese), frauenfisch (german), guinée machète (french), hopeakala (finnish), juruma (portuguese), karaiwashi (japanese), lisa francesca (spanish), macabi (spanish), malacho (spanish), matajuelo real (spanish), piojo (spanish), saumon (french), taiseiyou - kara - iwashi (japanese), tienponni (papiamento), and ubarana (portuguese) are some of the common names used to refer to this species .\nmarine; brackish; pelagic - neritic; oceanodromous (ref. 51243); depth range 0 - 10 m (ref. 96339). subtropical\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 91. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 28050); common length: 50. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 9297 )\ndorsal spines (total): 0; dorsal soft rays (total): 20 - 27; anal spines: 0; anal soft rays: 12 - 18; vertebrae: 78 - 82. body slender and elongate; mouth large and terminal; bony plate present between branches of lower jaw; branchiostegal rays very numerous (25 to 35); fins lacking spines; lower branch of first gill arch with 16 to 20 gill rakers; scales very small, 100 to 120 in the lateral line; back dark blue - green to light brown; flanks silvery with slight yellow highlights; fins slightly yellowish (ref. 55763). caudal rays: principal (10 + 8 - 9), procurrent (upper: 8, lower: 8) branchiostegal rays: 23 - 35" ]

{ "text": [ "the pacific ladyfish , also known as the pacific tenpounder and machete ( elops affinis ) is a species of fish in the genus elops , the only genus in the monotypic family elopidae .", "the pacific ladyfish can be found throughout the entire southwest usa , and other areas in the pacific ocean . " ], "topic": [ 26, 20 ] }

[ "the pacific ladyfish, also known as the pacific tenpounder and machete (elops affinis) is a species of fish in the genus elops, the only genus in the monotypic family elopidae. the pacific ladyfish can be found throughout the entire southwest usa, and other areas in the pacific ocean." ]

[ "no one has contributed data records for strongyloides procyonis yet. learn how to contribute .\nidentification and characterization of the threadworm, strongyloides procyonis, from feral raccoons (procyon lotor) in japan .\nidentification and characterization of the threadworm, strongyloides procyonis, from feral raccoons (procyon lotor) in japan. - pubmed - ncbi\nthe stomal morphology of parasitic females of strongyloides spp. by scanning electron microscopy | springerlink\nepidemiological survey and laboratory study of zoonotic helminthiasis biological characterization of strongyloides spp. biological characterization of trypanosomes of the subgenera herpetosoma and megatrypanum\nsakamoto t, kono i, yashuda n (1981) studies on strongyloidiasis of the peacock. iii. scanning electron microscopy of strongyloides pavonis sakamoto et yamashita, 1970. mem fac agri kagoshima univ 17: 185–192\nspeare r (1989) identification of species of strongyloides. in: grove di (ed) strongyloidiasis; a major roundworm infection of man. taylor and francis, london, u. k. , pp 11–83\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nsato h 1, suzuki k, osanai a, kamiya h, furuoka h .\ndepartment of parasitology, hirosaki university school of medicine, hirosaki 036 - 8562, japan. sato7dp4 @ urltoken\n) a genus of widely distributed nematodes parasitic in the intestine of humans and other mammals .\na genus of parasitic intestinal nematode. one species, s. stercoralis, causes strongyloidiasis, a potentially life - threatening infection under certain circumstances .\nthe threadworm, a genus of small nematode parasites commonly found in the small intestine of mammals (particularly ruminants). human infection is chiefly by s. stercoralis or s. fuelleborn. fatal infection in infants produces the condition known as swollen belly disease or syndrome, which causes gross abdominal distention .\na genus of nematode parasites in the family strongyloididae, the larvae of which are able to penetrate the intact skin of the host then migrate to the intestine via the bloodstream, lung, trachea and pharynx. many species are passed from the dam to the young via the milk. see also strongyloidosis .\nfound in the ceca and small intestine of fowl, turkey and wild birds .\na species found in the intestine of humans and other mammals, primarily in the tropics and subtropics, usually causing diarrhea and intestinal ulceration .\nall content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. this information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\n( nematoda, rhabditoidea), a parasite of north american sciurids. fol parasitol 42: 102–114\ncameron twm, parnell iw (1933) the internal parasites of land mammals in scotland. proc roy soc edinburgh 22: 133–154 [ cited in reference kontrimavichus (1969) ]\nkontrimavichus vl (1969) [ helminthofauna of mustelids and the way of its formation ]. akademii nauk sssr, moscow\nmorosov am (1939) [ the parasitic worms of mustelidae in gorkiy' s region ]. trydy gor' kovskii gosudarstvenni pedagogicheskii institut im gorkogo 4: 3–44 [ cited in reference kontrimavichus (1969) ]\n) introduced recently on yakushima island, japan. j vet med sci 68: 693–700\nsato h. , torii h, une y, ooi h - k. (2007) a new rhabditoid nematode species in asian sciurids, distinct from\nvon linstow, 1905 in man in papua new guinea and the description of a new subspecies. syst parasitol 18: 95–109\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "strongyloides procyonis is a parasitic roundworm infecting the small intestine of the raccoon , procyon lotor , hence its name .", "it was first described from louisiana .", "it is morphologically similar to s. stercoralis , and as such infections of s. procyonis in humans , dogs , and other animals might be mistaken for the former . " ], "topic": [ 4, 5, 4 ] }

[ "strongyloides procyonis is a parasitic roundworm infecting the small intestine of the raccoon, procyon lotor, hence its name. it was first described from louisiana. it is morphologically similar to s. stercoralis, and as such infections of s. procyonis in humans, dogs, and other animals might be mistaken for the former." ]

[ "justification: global assessment: emblemaria atlantica is widely distributed with a presumed large overall population. it has no known major threats. therefore, it is listed as least concern. gulf of mexico regional assessment: emblemaria atlantica is distributed along the northern coast of the gulf of mexico. it has no known major threats. therefore, it is listed as least concern .\nemblemaria atlantica is distributed in the western atlantic from bermuda, and georgia south into the northern and eastern gulf of mexico from galveston, texas and the flower garden banks to the florida keys (dennis and bright 1988) .\nemblemaria atlantica is reef - associated. it inhabits intertidal areas off bermuda, but occurs deeper off the usa in waters from 30 - 110m (found down to 300 m in gulf of mexico [ flnh 152937 ]) .\nemblemaria atlantica lives in rubble around reefs. it inhabits intertidal areas off bermuda, but occurs deeper off the usa in waters from 30 - 110 m (found down to 300 m in gulf of mexico [ flnh 152937 ]) .\nthere are no known major threats for this species. emblemaria atlantica is not dependent on live coral reefs, so the loss of live coral cover in the gulf is unlikely to substantially impact the population trends. chaenopsidae spp. have rarely been observed as a component of the lionfish diet thus far, so e. atlantica is not likely to be highly susceptible to lionfish predation .\n( of emblemaria markii mowbray, 1912) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nemblemaria atlantica is distributed in the western atlantic from georgia south along the u. s. , bermuda, and in the gulf of mexico from the florida keys north to the florida middle grounds, and in the flower garden banks (dennis and bright 1988, r. robertson pers. comm. 2014). its estimated aoo in the gulf of mexico is 82, 300 km 2 (calculated by clipping the distribution polygon to the 20 - 100 m bathymetric layer extracted from etopo) .\nlatin, emblema = insertion, inlaid work, raised ornament (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; reef - associated; depth range 0 - 110 m. tropical; 32°n -\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 7. 5 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 7251 )\nfound in intertidal areas in bermuda. occurs in deeper water from 30 - 110 m in usa .\nrobins, c. r. and g. c. ray, 1986. a field guide to atlantic coast fishes of north america. houghton mifflin company, boston, u. s. a. 354 p. (ref. 7251 )\n): 22. 1 - 27. 5, mean 25. 6 (based on 156 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00457 (0. 00182 - 0. 01148), b = 3. 08 (2. 86 - 3. 30), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 6 ±0. 5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months () .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (10 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer, w. n. (ed .). 2014. catalog of fishes. updated 27 august 2014. available at: urltoken. (accessed: 27 august 2014) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nwilliams, j. t. , tornabene, l. , brenner, j. , camarena - luhrs, t. & robertson, r .\njustification: this species is widely distributed in the gulf of mexico where it occurs over deeper hard bottoms with reef. it has no known major threats. therefore, it is listed as least concern .\nwilliams, j. t. , tornabene, l. , brenner, j. , camarena - luhrs, t. & robertson, r. 2015 .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmceachran, j. d. (2009). fishes (vertebrata: pisces) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 1223–1316 in: felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. biodiversity. texas a & m; press, college station, texas. [ details ]\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants in idaho .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njordan, d. s. and b. w. evermann 1898 (26 nov .) the fishes of north and middle america: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish - like vertebrates found in the waters of north america north of the isthmus of panama. part iii. bulletin of the united states national museum no. 47: i - xxiv + 2183a - 3136." ]

{ "text": [ "emblemaria atlantica , the banner blenny , is a species of chaenopsid blenny found in coral reefs in the western atlantic ocean .", "it can reach a maximum length of 7.5 centimetres ( 3.0 in ) tl . " ], "topic": [ 27, 0 ] }

[ "emblemaria atlantica, the banner blenny, is a species of chaenopsid blenny found in coral reefs in the western atlantic ocean. it can reach a maximum length of 7.5 centimetres (3.0 in) tl." ]

[ "hyperechogenicity of substantia nigra for differential diagnosis of parkinson' s disease: a meta - analysis .\nhyperechogenicity of substantia nigra for differential diagnosis of parkinson' s disease: a meta - analysis. - pubmed - ncbi\nmeta - analysis of parkinson' s disease transcriptome data using tram software: whole substantia nigra tissue and single dopamine neuron differential gene expression .\nmeta - analysis of parkinson' s disease transcriptome data using tram software: whole substantia nigra tissue and single dopamine neuron differential... - pubmed - ncbi\nhis character was expended in the game kirby super star in which he stars in his own section called\nrevenge of meta knight\n. in this sub - game, kirby had to stop meta knight' s flying gunship, the halberd, as meta knight tried to conquer dream land and restore its former glory .\nmeta knight is one of the main character from the kirby series and a support character in the silvagunner christmas comeback crisis .\nwhen they were all safe, meta knight demanded explanations from santa claus who then explained the origin of the christmas spirit and that he had to destroy the workshop to prevent the voice from exploiting it. meta knight was more confused than anything by this explanation .\nbiomass production of populus nigra l. clones grown in short rotation coppice systems in three different environments over four rotations\nthe results show that the plants are able to utilize a larger area for the formation of a higher number of shoots, especially in p. nigra .\nobjective: the objectives of this meta - analysis are: 1) to investigate the efficacy of aav2 - neurturin gene delivery for patients with parkinson’s disease; 2) to compare aav2 - neurturin delivery in putamen only versus in putamen plus substantia nigra; and 3) to compare efficacy of gene delivery before 18 months and after 18 months of the injection .\na. g. almraezy, h. ahmed, m. elnenny, a. negida. gene delivery of aav2 - neurturin for patients with parkinson’s disease: a meta - analysis [ abstract ] .\nother: characters: president haltmann • meta knight • susie tracks: green greens • gourmet race • mt. dedede • patched plains • puzzle room • here come the squeaks! other: kirby rip attack\nmethods: we searched pubmed for clinical trials (single arm and controlled trials) assessing the efficacy of aav2 - neurturin gene delivery in patients with pd. data were extracted from eligible studies and were analyzed using revman and open meta [ analyst ] statistical packages. we conducted meta - regression to investigate whether the improvement in unified parkinson’s disease rating scale (updrs iii motor score) was associated with the target of gene delivery or follow up duration .\nbenetka v, novotná k, štochlová p (2014). biomass production of populus nigra l. clones grown in short rotation coppice systems in three different environments over four rotations. iforest 7: 233 - 239 .\nbenetka v, novotná k, štochlová p (2014). biomass production of populus nigra l. clones grown in short rotation coppice systems in three different environments over four rotations. iforest 7: 233 - 239. - doi: 10. 3832 / ifor1162 - 007\nwhen they arrived to santa' s workshop in\nadvent of hell\nit was already too late. they stealthily infiltrated the base and managed to learn the code of the lock of the door containing santa claus, who decided to blow up the workshop. they were however spotted during the evasion by patrol - bots, and soon troops and stringbots were standing in the smolitzer' s way (that nozomi somehow summoned). meta knight sent them flying with a tornado, and they managed to break out of the workshop; but nathaniel welchert were waiting for them. thanks to meta knight' s advices, nozomi eventually beat nathaniel' s spider - bot and they all escaped by the air .\npublikation: mahalakshmi subramaniam et al. : mutant a - synuclein enhances firing frequencies in dopamine substantia nigra neurons by oxidative impairment of a - type potassium channels, the journal of neuroscience, october 8, 2014 • 34 (41): 13586 –13599. doi: 10. 1523 / jneurosci. 5069 - 13. 2014 .\nmeta knight first appeared in the episode\nwill of a knight\nin which he met in person with smol nozomi and informed her that santa claus was under attack by the voice inside your head' s troops and that her smolitzer (though familiar) might be their only chance to save him. despite his cold behavior, he still went out of his way just to (sneakily) get nozomi a barbecue .\nfour clones of p. nigra (designated 107, 210, 301 and 302), of the total of 29 included in a wider trial, can be found growing in all three trial localities. these clones are the offspring of individuals found in local sub - populations ([ 4 ]). the first three clones of p. nigra (107, 210, 301) have already been shown to be healthy and possessing good yield potential, and have been recommended for cultivation in the czech republic ([ 6 ]). clone 302, on the other hand, is regarded as being one of the least productive. clone “ne - 42”, an interspecific hybrid of p. maximowiczii × p. trichocarpa, was used as a control .\nthe progressive death of a certain type of nerve cells – dopaminergic neurons - in the substantia nigra causes dopamine deficiency, which is the major cause for the motor deficits in parkinson patients. although it is possible to therapeutically compensate the dopamine deficiency for a certain period of time, by e. g. administration of l - dopa or dopamine agonists, these therapies do not stop the progressive death of neurons .\nfig. 1 - time course of stool survival rate (a), diameter of the strongest shoot (b), dry matter weight of individual plants (c) and total dry matter yield per unit area (d) over the four rotations of the coppiced the best p. nigra clone 107 (triangle) and “ne - 42” (square) in sm (continuous line) and ro site (dotted line) .\nin the last two decades, researchers have identified gene mutations and toxic protein aggregates to cause neurodegeneration, with the protein a - synuclein having an essential role. until recently, it was unclear why only specific types of nerve cells, such as dopaninergic neurons in the substantia nigra, are affected by this process, while others, also expressing the mutant a - syncuclein such as dopaminergic neurons in the immediate vicinity, survive the disease process with little damage .\nthe research group led by dr. mahalakshmi subramaniam and prof. jochen roeper at the institute for neurophysiology at the goethe university, in collaboration with researchers from frankfurt' s experimental neurology group and from freiburg university, demonstrated for the first time how sensitive dopaminergic substantia nigra neurons functionally respond to toxic proteins in a genetic mouse model. a mutated a - synculein gene (a53t), which causes parkinson' s disease in humans, is expressed in the mouse model .\nfrankfurt parkinson' s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. in germany alone, almost half a million people are affected. the focus of the disease is the progressive degeneration of dopamine - producing nerve cells in a certain region of the midbrain, the substantia nigra. misfolded proteins are the cause. until recently, it was unclear why damage is confined to specific nerve cells. a team or researchers led by frankfurt neurophysiologists has now defined how this selective disease process begins using a genetic mouse model of parkinson´s disease .\nresults: four studies (n = 123 patients) were pooled in the final analysis. compared with sham surgery, neurturin gene delivery was not significantly superior before 18 months but after 18 - 24 months (updrs iii: md - 0. 39, 95% ci [ - 4. 15 to 3. 36 ] vs. md - 4. 49, 95% ci [ - 8. 63 to - 0. 35 ], respectively; figure 1). intraputamenal gene delivery was significantly better than gene delivery in putamen plus substantia nigra (updrs iii: md - 12. 76, 95% ci [ - 15. 61 to - 9. 92 ] vs. md - 6. 72, 95% ci [ - 10. 38 to - 3. 06 ]; p = 0. 01; figure 2). figure 1: forest plot shows md of change in updrs iii from baseline to endpoints (neurturin vs. sham) with subgroup analysis according to follow up time. figure 2: forest plot shows md of change in updrs iii from baseline to endpoint (putamen only vs. putamen and substantia nigra) .\nin the current issue of the journal of neuroscience, the researchers report that the sensitive dopaminergic substantia nigra neurons respond to the accumulation of toxic protein by significantly increasing the electric activity in the affected midbrain regions. in contrast, the less sensitive, neighboring dopaminergic neurons were not affected in their activity .\nthis process begins as early as one year before the first deficits appear in the dopamine system, and as such it presents an early functional biomarker that may have future potential for preclinical detection of impending parkinson' s disease in humans ,\nexplains prof. jochen roeper .\nthe potential for early preclinical detection of subjects at risk is essential for the development of neuroprotective therapies .\nleading shoot diameter before the first harvest correlated with the quality of natural conditions in p. nigra (fig. 1 b). during the fourth harvest in locality by with sufficient ground water but unfavorable soil and temperature conditions, the leading shoot diameter was significantly greater in “ne - 42” compared to the black poplar clones. also, in the site sm with less available ground water and average rainfall but with higher levels of nutrients (see tab. 1), the differences between “ne - 42” and the black poplar clones were significant. in locality ro with accessible ground water, higher temperatures and fertile soils, the leading shoot diameter in “ne - 42” was the same as the black poplar clones (tab. 4) .\nuse of this catalog is limited to research, educational, non - commercial\nfair use\n. colleagues are welcome to download, print, or use material from the catalog, for their individual research purposes, so long as the world spider catalog and the natural history museum of bern are cited as the source of the information. users may not, however, copy material from the catalog into other databases or onto other websites, or otherwise disseminate the information, without permission from the copyright holder .\ncitation: world spider catalog (2018). world spider catalog. version 19. 0. natural history museum bern, online at http: / / wsc. nmbe. ch, accessed on { date of access }. doi: 10. 24436 / 2\n2018 - 07 - 05 new taxonomic reference entry - ref sinodraconarius yui zhao & s. q. li, 2018\n2018 - 07 - 05 new species inserted - ref sinodraconarius yui zhao & s. q. li, 2018\n2018 - 07 - 05 new taxonomic reference entry - ref sinodraconarius muruoensis zhao & s. q. li, 2018\n2018 - 07 - 05 new species inserted - ref sinodraconarius muruoensis zhao & s. q. li, 2018\n2018 - 07 - 05 new taxonomic reference entry - ref sinodraconarius cawarongensis zhao & s. q. li, 2018\n2018 - 07 - 05 new species inserted - ref sinodraconarius cawarongensis zhao & s. q. li, 2018\n2018 - 07 - 05 li et al. , 2018b - - show included taxa\n2018 - 07 - 04 isaia et al. , 2018 - - show included taxa\n2018 - 07 - 03 cala - riquelme et al. , 2018 - - show included taxa\n2018 - 06 - 27 caleb et al. , 2018 - - show included taxa\n2018 - 06 - 27 hedin et al. , 2018b - - show included taxa\n2018 - 06 - 23 lissner et al. , 2018 - - show included taxa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nshafieesabet a 1, fereshtehnejad sm 2, shafieesabet a 3, delbari a 4, baradaran hr 5, postuma rb 6, lökk j 7 .\nmedical student research committee (msrc), faculty of medicine, iran university of medical sciences, tehran, iran. electronic address: azin. sh68 @ gmail. com .\ndepartment of neurology and neurosurgery, mcgill university, montreal, qc, canada; division of clinical geriatrics, department of neurobiology, care sciences, and society (nvs), karolinska institute, stockholm, sweden. electronic address: sm. fereshtehnejad @ mail. mcgill. ca .\ndepartment of rehabilitation medicine, new york university langone medical center, new york, ny, united states. electronic address: a. shafieesabet @ gmail. com .\ndivision of clinical geriatrics, department of neurobiology, care sciences, and society (nvs), karolinska institute, stockholm, sweden; iranian research center on aging, university of social welfare and rehabilitation, tehran, iran. electronic address: ahmad _ 1128 @ yahoo. com .\nendocrine research center, institute of endocrinology and metabolism, iran university of medical sciences, tehran, iran. electronic address: baradaran. hr @ iums. ac. ir .\ndepartment of neurology and neurosurgery, mcgill university, montreal, qc, canada; centre for advanced research in sleep medicine, hôpital du sacré - coeur de montréal, montreal, qc, canada. electronic address: ron. postuma @ mcgill. ca .\ndivision of clinical geriatrics, department of neurobiology, care sciences, and society (nvs), karolinska institute, stockholm, sweden; department of geriatric medicine, karolinska university hospital, stockholm, sweden. electronic address: johan. lokk @ karolinska. se .\nmariani e 1, frabetti f 2, tarozzi a 1, pelleri mc 2, pizzetti f 2, casadei r 1 .\ndepartment of experimental, diagnostic and specialty medicine, university of bologna, bologna, italy .\npmid: 27611585 pmcid: pmc5017670 doi: 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0161567\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe migratory birds fled to the south. the children – abroad (irrevocably). those who have not (yet) been summoned by the commission for withdrawal of criminal assets (cwca) are making plans for terminals no 1 and no 2 .\nwhat remain are the all too familiar old faces on the political horizon and the best student – the shatter of the judiciary reform bill – the abc of the prosecutor’s office .\nthe apparent court errors became daily routine, and the court is treated as a tool for policy making – criminal (the court should assume its responsibility for the acquittals), administrative – covering up, and not only for foreigners, the completely good - for - nothing administration and its endless blunders; corporate – because p. (i am deliberately not mentioning his name, so i won’t do him any service – since there is no bad advertisement in these circles) wins all his cases ;\nthe clumsy attempt at a judicial reform clearly shows that no institutional balancing acts can stop the dark forces – the majority of the court panel of the supreme judicial council is there to stay and now the national institute of justice was seized too. this will most probably be the fate of the next court panel of sjc as well – the good is rarely aggressive and the bad is always organized .\nthe hope for justice is pinned on the judge alone. on the personality. and what do we see in it ?\nby imposing the law, does not forget where the limit between interpretation and improvisation is and is not tempted to improvise. improvisation is forbidden ;\npersuades and imposes by means of persuasion. where there are no arguments, there is a court, but no justice ;\nare good at turning black into white and vice versa. there are a lot of examples of such precedents. both individual – such as the institutionalized court theft of the recreation facility of the union of architects st. kirik, and collective – the administrative courts which definitely acted against their consciousness in their attempt to do a favour to the executive by the interpretation of the civil matter of the sanction for financial corrections .\nbackground: there is unmet need for developing better treatment strategies for parkinson’s disease (pd). gene delivery of neurturin, a natural analogue for glial derived neurotrophic factor, showed promising results in animal models and early open label trials. however, its efficacy has not been confirmed yet .\nconclusions: current evidence is insufficient to confirm the efficacy of aav2 - neurturin gene delivery. our results suggest that the efficacy of aav2 - neurturin gene delivery in the putamen only should be evaluated by further randomized controlled trials with follow up duration beyond 18 months .\n2016; 31 (suppl 2). urltoken accessed july 10, 2018 .\nlater games usually featured him as friendlier character and a companion and role model to kirby. some even allowed to play as him in dedicated storylines, while some other still featured him as a boss (usually because of mind - control, dark copy, or variation of his character such as galacta knight). he also became a playable character in super smash bros. brawl (in which he was infamously overpowered) .\nhe has his own leitmotif used through the series, although he is also heavily associated with the halberd theme (especially since his appearance in brawl) .\nmain series: kirby' s dream land • kirby' s dream land 2 • kirby' s dream land 3 kirby' s adventure • kirby super star (kirby super star ultra) • kirby 64: the crystal shards kirby: nightmare in dream land • kirby & the amazing mirror • kirby: squeak squad kirby' s return to dream land • kirby triple deluxe • kirby planet robobot experiments: kirby: canvas curse • kirby' s epic yarn • kirby mass attack • kirby and the rainbow curse spin - offs: kirby: air ride • team kirby clash deluxe • dedede' s drum dash deluxe • kirby' s blowout blast related: super smash bros. • melee • brawl • for wii u • donkey konga albums: the sound of kirby café\ncan' t find a community you love? create your own and start something epic .\ninformation: prof. dr. med. jochen roeper, institute of neurophysiology goethe university frankfurt, phone + 49 (0) 69 6301–84091, roeper @ urltoken .\nsrc systems are a long - term culture which may last for up to 25 years ([ 12 ]). the expression of the various yield traits, which together contribute to the final yield of biomass, is dependent on the interaction of any given genotype and its environment. it is therefore important to evaluate the performance of genotypes in the different conditions in which they will be grown. the main environmental factors to consider are levels of available light, water and soil fertility .\nfast - growing trees in src systems are predominantly grown in areas of intensive agriculture. this lead to a competition between the production of food and other agricultural commodities on the one hand, and the production of biomass from fast - growing trees on the other. trees can also be grown in conditions which are marginal for conventional agricultural activities, but perhaps the real question here is whether they can still achieve satisfactory yields in such conditions .\nthe aim of this study was to appraise the individual yield parameters contributing to the total yield of biomass, and compare the biomass yields of several clones of black poplar with that of the hybrid clone “ne - 42”, when grown in three distinctly different environments for a total of four rotations. further, to determine the environments in which black poplar can be successfully established and grown .\nthe experiment was established in three sites in the czech republic, each with different soil and climatic conditions (tab. 1). the first site (smilkov - sm) represents natural conditions which can be regarded as marginal but typical for the main areas where src systems are used. the second site (bystrice - by) is located in unfavorable soil and climate conditions. after a four year delay, the third trial (rosice - ro) was established in optimal soil and climate conditions typical for a flood plain ecosystem and therefore most favorable. compared to the other two localities, trees were established here using more dense plantings .\ndensities of 2222 plants ha - 1, with a spacing of 3 × 1. 5 m, were employed in the less favorable (sm) and the unfavorable (by) localities; in the ro site (favorable conditions) the planting density was increased to 7407 plants ha - 1, with a tighter spacing of 2 × 0. 67 m. plant densities were chosen with regard to the soil and climatic characteristics of these three localities (tab. 1). rainfall during the growing season (months iv - ix) was only measured at the sm site. in the localities by and ro a crucial role was played by groundwater .\nthe experiment was established in 1998 at the sm and by sites, while the ro site was planted in 2002. a randomized block design with four replications was used, with four plants of each clone per replication in the by locality and with five plants per replication in the sm site. in the ro locality the experiment had five replications with six plants per replication. bordering rows were planted around each experimental plot. the plots were also fenced to prevent browsing by wild animals .\nthe planting material was obtained by cultivating 0. 2 m - long hardwood cuttings, 5 to 6 mm in thickness; the resulting one - year old saplings were planted out manually, with those planted at the sm site being watered in. using one - year old saplings, the planting densities at the beginning of the experiment were the same for each investigated clone at any given site. all plants were clipped to a height of 0. 4 m after planting out. the sm site was also always fertilized after harvest, with an npk (1: 1: 1) growth fertilizer at a rate of 150 kg ha - 1, and a herbicide applied in the spring following each harvest. twice each summer the weeds were cut and the soil disced between the rows. at the by and ro sites discing was omitted .\nthe first harvest at the by and sm sites was carried out in february 2001, the second harvest was in march 2005, the third in march 2008 and the fourth in march 2011. at the ro site the first harvest was carried out in february 2005, the second in february 2007, the third in march 2010 and the fourth in january 2013. plants were pruned by hand to a height of 0. 1 m above the ground for the first harvest, but in subsequent harvests they were pruned to 0. 2 m above the ground .\nat the end of each growing season before harvesting, growth was measured by taking the diameter of each main stem at a height of 0. 5 m from the ground. before the second, third and fourth harvests, all shoots thicker than 0. 01 m were counted and their diameters measured using a digital caliper. shoots were classified on the basis of their diameter as being “weak” (10 - 43 mm) or “strong” (44 - 95 mm). the shoot with the highest diameter was considered as a main stem. before the fourth harvest the combined total cross - sectional area of all measured shoots (tca) was calculated and expressed as the sum total area in mm 2 per plant. the tca per 100 m 2, which also indirectly took account of plant mortality, was expressed in m 2 .\nduring harvest the fresh weight biomass produced jointly from all the plants of a given clone in each replicate was weighed. to measure dry weights at the same time, a representative sample of the harvested material, including the main and lateral shoots, was taken from each replicate and weighed separately. the size of these samples ranged from 400 to 1200 g, depending on the thickness of the shoots. the samples were dried at 105 °c until their weights stabilized. total dry matter yields per unit area were calculated from the weight of harvested fresh biomass obtained from a given replicate multiplied by the appropriate value for the per cent dry matter and calculated for a given unit area (ha) per year. yield is a function of the number of plants actually harvested and takes the plant mortality into account. the average dry matter weights of individual plant (dmip) were expressed in kg yr - 1 .\nthe analysis of variance (anova, manova) or its non - parametric homologous tests was carried out using the statistica 8. 0 statistical software package (statsoft inc. , tulsa, ok, usa). clones, replicates, localities and rotations were used as independent variables, and parameters such as total dry matter yields per unit area, dmip, number of shoots per plant, tca, and diameters of the strongest shoots were used as dependent variables. when a statistical difference was found, a post - hoc comparison was carried out using duncan’s test or multiple comparisons of mean ranks. significant differences between individual rotations or localities were established on the basis of t - tests. spearman’s coefficient of rank correlation was calculated between tca and the parameters dmip and total biomass production. all the results are presented using a significance level of α = 0. 05 .\nsince some of the results based on the first two harvests have already been published elsewhere ([ 4 ]), the results presented here are mainly those derived from the third and fourth harvests. significantly different performances of the clones in each of the three different localities was confirmed during the fourth harvest for each of the variables considered, with the exception of the dry matter yields per unit area .\nthe number of shoots and plants per unit area fell during the course of the four rotations, and significantly differed among sites and clones (tab. 2) .\nat the locality with marginally suitable soils and climatic conditions (sm), and with less dense vegetation, mortality of clones was low (0 - 5 %), and such losses were the result of mechanical damage incurred during the year of planting. only for clone 302, which has been shown to be unsuitable for growing in src, losses were high, reaching 20% . there were no significant differences between “ne - 42” and the black poplar clones .\nin locality by mortality of clone “ne - 42” was lower (6 %), though not statistically significant. before the fourth harvest mortality in the black poplar clones ranged from 19 to 50% , although in clone 302 it was 94% . the high losses were the result of unsuitable soils and climate .\nin the locality ro (with dense vegetation), losses were observed for all clones, and by the time of the fourth harvest, mortality in the black poplar clones ranged from 40 to 90% . in “ne - 42” the mortality was 36% . an increase in mortality was always observed after harvest, and was particularly significant after the third harvest (tab. 3). at this time, the surviving plants completely shaded the ground. the dead tree stumps were also infected by cylindrocarpon, fusarium and verticillium fungi (pešková & soukup, personal communication), which in certain circumstances can act as facultative parasites, invading weakened plants .\ntab. 3 - a comparison of successive harvests in clones of black poplar and “ne - 42” in each locality (t - tests). (*): significant differences (p < 0. 05) .\nclone 302 was dropped from subsequent assessments due to the unacceptably high mortality observed in all sites .\nthe number of shoots per plant was always higher in the black poplar clones compared to “ne - 42” before harvest in each locality but only statistically significantly higher in the sm locality, before the second, third and fourth harvests. in locality by, with less suitable conditions, the average number of shoots was significantly lower than in sm. in the locality ro the number of shoots before the second harvest was low and increased very slowly in following harvests (tab. 4) .\ntab. 4 - four yield traits and differences among clones before the fourth harvest. (n): number of observations .\nthe number of shoots developed after the third harvest in locality sm was roughly double compared to the by site (tab. 5). in the interval between the third and fourth harvests the number of shoots in sm and by was reduced by a third, and in ro by half, although in locality by the temperature and soil conditions were less favorable than ro with similar soil - water availability. as a result of the higher planting density the light conditions were worse in locality ro, which probably had an influence on the production of a lower number of shoots and their higher mortality .\ntab. 5 - mortality of shoots during the forth rotation with respect to the dead plants .\nthe average shoot diameter was 30. 4 mm in ro, where the number of shoots was lower, 25. 9 mm in by and 21. 4 mm in sm, where the number of shoots was higher .\nthe proportion of stronger shoots in any given locality was always lower in black poplar (based on average values for the three clones) compared to “ne - 42” (tab. 6), although in the most favorable soils and temperatures the differences were reduced. this shoot diameter difference is also related to the yield parameters .\ntab. 6 - percentage of weak (diameter 10 - 43 mm) and strong shoots (44 - 95 mm) per clone in each locality. (∅): diameter [ mm ] .\nthe tca of all shoots was measured before the fourth harvest (tab. 4). in locality by there was a significantly higher average tca in “ne - 42” (15. 677 mm 2) than in the black poplar clone 210 (5. 466 mm 2), while in sm the average tca values in all clones were similar, ranging from 14. 063 to 15. 974 mm 2. in ro the best black poplar clone, 107, had an average tca value of 7. 042 mm 2 and “ne - 42” had an average tca of 5. 878 mm 2. just as with the leading shoot diameter, in unfavorable conditions of soil and temperature in the presence of adequate water, “ne - 42” performed better than black poplar regarding tca. using spearman’s coefficient of rank correlation the very strong positive correlation of tca and dmip (r s = 0. 871, p < 0. 001) and moderate positive correlation of tca and dry matter yield (r s = 0. 475, p = 0. 001) was confirmed .\nin the locality ro, the dmip increased almost linearly among harvests (fig. 1 c) and the increment between first and second harvest was significant in almost all clones (tab. 3). no difference in dmip was found among all clones in any harvest (tab. 7). when comparing localities sm and by after the first harvest, non - significantly higher average values for dmip were found in all clones at the locality sm with exception of “ne - 42”. during the second and subsequent harvests, significantly higher average values were found in the locality sm compared to by in all black poplar clones. by the fourth harvest, the dmip of black polar clones in sm was twofold higher than in by. however, the dmip of the best black poplar clone in each locality was only significantly lower than “ne - 42” for the second and fourth harvests at the by site .\ntab. 7 - dry matter weight of individual plants [ kg yr - 1 ] for each harvest .\ntab. 8 - total dry matter yields per unit area [ t ha - 1 yr - 1 ] in black poplar clones and in the hybrid clone “ne - 42”; expressed with respect to the percentage of surviving plants .\nthe interaction of environmental conditions on yield traits and biomass produced by black poplar compared to the hybrid clone “ne - 42” was evaluated at three localities. differing natural conditions in these sites allowed the study of a wide range of reactions of the individual genotypes. two localities represented marginal areas in the distribution of black poplar, where the planting of allochthonous species is usually not allowed (e. g. , national parks). in these situations it is anticipated that only pure clones of black poplar will be grown in src systems. the third locality represents flood plain areas which are suitable for growing black poplar because it is tolerant of long - term flooding ([ 21 ]) .\nthe hybrid “ne - 42” showed higher yield than the most productive black poplar clone in all three environments. it must be said, however, that this hybrid clone is the result of a selection process involving several thousand seedlings derived from planned crossings ([ 31 ]), while the black poplar clones were chosen from a group of 200 individuals collected from wild populations ([ 4 ]). however, several new clones of black poplar now exist which are the result of deliberate crossings, and in early trials have given higher yields than “ne - 42” ([ 7 ]), so black poplar clones with satisfactory yield potential are expected to be available soon .\ntotal yields per unit area are determined by the number of plants per unit area and the weight of individual plants. the initial numbers of plants falls over time due to mortality, although observed mortality was lower than in stands with higher initial plant densities ([ 20 ]). the effect of varying initial plant densities on subsequent mortality was observed in our experiment also .\nthe weight of individual plants is positively correlated with various component parameters such as height, thickness and the number of shoots ([ 24 ], [ 25 ], [ 4 ]). as has been shown, height is correlated with thickness of the main stem ([ 23 ]), and so only one of these parameters needs to be measured in order to estimate yields. differences in the thickness of stems between “ne - 42” and the black poplar clones was less pronounced in the more favorable growing conditions. the number of shoots increased during the four harvests in this study, although the number of shoots regenerating from the cut stumps also depends on the amount of light, which is in turn affected by plant density ([ 2 ]). competition between shoots for light during canopy closure is believed to affect stool survival ([ 12 ]). the poplar genotypes differ with regard to their light - use efficiency and so also in the extent to which their photosynthesis is optimized in dense canopies ([ 16 ]) .\neven though the weight of individual plants was great in locality sm, the amount of biomass yield per hectare was not corresponding with it. the maximum yield of biomass was probably limited here by the overall low density of plants, as reported by enquist et al. ([ 14 ]) and weiner & freckleton ([ 34 ]) .\nin comparing the yield potential of the hybrid “ne - 42” and the best black poplar clones used in these trials, it can be supposed that black poplar can be successfully grown even in marginal areas for the natural occurrence of black poplar, that is, in areas with low average temperatures and less fertile soils, but not however in areas with low temperatures and peaty soils ([ 22 ]), where the hybrid clone “ne - 42” is more successful .\nit can be concluded that in the selection of new black poplar clones it is important to consider the genotypes which produce thick, strong shoots rather than large numbers of weaker shoots, even though black poplar yields tend to be based on the production of large numbers of weaker shoots ([ 20 ]). the possibility of successfully making such a selection in black poplar is confirmed by the marked genetic diversity evident in the number and strength of its shoots ([ 7 ]) .\na clear correlation was shown between the total cross - sectional area of shoots on the one hand and the dry weight of individual plants and the dry weight of harvested biomass on the other. this relationship could prove useful when making the first selection in any breeding program designed to produce higher performing clones of black poplar .\nthis research was financially supported by project no. 2b06131 of the czech ministry of education, youth and sports and institutional support (vukoz - ip - 00027073). the authors gratefully acknowledge the help provided by malcolm russell with the english .\nal afas n, marron n, van dongen s, laureysens i, ceulemans r (2008). dynamics of biomass production in a poplar coppice culture over three rotations (11 years). forest ecology and management 255: 1883 - 1891 .\natwood cj, fox tr, loftis dl (2008). stump sprouting of oak species in three silvicultural treatments in the southern appalachians. in: proceedings of the “16th central hardwoods forest conference” (jacobs df, michler ch eds). west lafayette (indiana, usa) 8 - 9 april 2008, pp. 2 - 7 .\nbenetka v, vacková k, bartáková i, pospíšková m, rasl m (2002). introgression in black poplar (\n) and its transmission. journal of forest science 48: 115 - 120 .\nbenetka v, vrátný f, šálková i (2007). comparison of the productivity of\nl. with an interspecific hybrid in a short rotation coppice in marginal areas. biomass and bioenergy 31: 367 - 374 .\nbenetka v, cerný k, pilarová p, kozlíková k (2011a). effect of\nbenetka v, kozlíková k, štochlová p (2011b). new clones of black poplar (\nl .) for short station coppice cultures. acta pruhoniciana 97: 33 - 38. [ in czech ] .\nbenetka v, novotná k, štochlová p (2012). wild populations as a source of germplasm for black poplar (\nl .) breeding programmes. tree genetics and genomes 8: 1073 - 1084 .\nbisoffi s, gullberg u (1996). poplar breeding and selecion strategies. in: “biology of\nand its implications for management and conservation” (stettler rf, bradshaw jr hd, heilman pe, hinckley tm eds). nrc research press, national research council of canada, ottawa, on, canada, pp. 139 - 158 .\nl. and gene flow with cultivated poplars in europe. forest genetics 2: 135 - 144 .\nceulemans r, deraedt w (1999). production physiology and growth potential of poplars under short - rotation forestry culture. forest ecology and management 121: 9 - 23 .\ndickmann di, kuzovkina j (2008). poplars and willows in the world. chapter 2, working paper ipc / 9 - 2, fao, rome, italy, pp. 134 .\ndillen sy, vanbeveren s, al afas n, laureysens i, croes s, ceulemans r (2011). biomass production in a 15 - year - old poplar short - rotation coppice culture in belgium. in: “aspects of applied biology 112: biomass and energy crops iv”. association of applied biologists, wellesbourne, uk, pp. 99 - 106 .\ndi matteo g, sperandio gg, verani s (2012). field performance of poplar for bioenergy in southern europe after two coppicing rotations: effects of clone and planting density. iforest 5: 224 - 229 .\nenquist bj, west gb, brown jh (2009). extensions and evaluations of a general quantitative theory of forest structure and dynamics. proceedings of the national academy of sciences usa 106: 7046 - 7051 .\nfelix e, tilley dr, felton g, flamino e (2008). biomass production of hybrid poplar (\nspp .) grown on deep - trenched municipal biosolids. ecological engineering 33: 8 - 14 .\ngreen ds, kruger el, stanosz gr, isebands jg (2001). light - use efficiency of native and hybrid poplar genotypes at high levels of intracanopy competition. canadian journal of forest research 31: 1030 - 1037 .\nnon - coppiced poplar: a comparative study at two different field sites. biomass and bioenergy 11: 139 - 150 .\nkarp a, hanley sj, trybush so, macalpine w, pei m, shield i (2011). genetic improvement of willow for bioenergy and biofuels. journal of integrative plant biology 53: 151 - 165 .\nlangeveld h, quist - wessel f, dimitriou i, aronsson p, baum c, schulz u, bolte a, baum s, köhn j, weih m, gruss h, leinweber p, lamersdorf n, schmidt - walter p, berndes g (2012). assessing environmental impact of short station coppice (src) expansion: model definition and preliminary results. bioenergy research 5: 621 - 635 .\nlaureysens i, pellis a, willems j, ceulemans r (2005). growth and production of a short rotation coppice culture of poplar. iii. second rotation results. biomass and bioenergy 29: 10 - 21 .\nmottl j (1989). poplars and their use in energy. aktuality riog, pruhonice, czech republic, pp. 204. [ in czech ]\nmottl j, dušek j (1991). specification of growing areas of poplars for landscaping purposes. ms research institute of ornamental gardening, pruhonice, czech republic, pp. 140. [ in czech ]\nnelson nd, burk t, isebrans jg (1981). crown architecture of short - rotation, intensively cultured populus. i. effects of clone and spacing on first - order branch characteristics. canadian journal of forest research 11: 73 - 81 .\npontailler jy, ceulemans r, guittet j, mau f (1997). linear and non - linear functions of volume index to estimate woody biomass in high density young poplar stands. annals of forest science 54: 335 - 345 .\nrae am, robinson km, street nr, taylor g (2004). morphological and physiological traits influencing biomass productivity in short - rotation coppice poplar. canadian journal of forest research 34: 1488 - 1498 .\nand its hybrids. iii. structure and pattern of variation in a 3 - year field test. canadian journal of forest research 17: 415 - 425 .\ntorr. and gray). journal of forestry 55: 578 - 580 .\nsmulders mjm, beringen r, volosyanchuk r, van den broeck a, van der schoot j, arens p, vosman b (2008). natural hybridisation between\nmoench. hybrid offspring competes for niches along the rhine river in the netherlands. tree genetics and genomes 4: 663 - 675 .\nbreeding: from the classical to the genomic approach. in: “genetics and genomics of\n” (jansson s, bhalerao rp, groover at eds). plant genetics and genomics: crops and models, springer science + business media, vol. 8, pp. 309 - 342 .\ncoppice production. research note nc - 350, north central experimental station, usda forest service, st. paul, mn, usa, pp. 1 - 4 .\nstout ab, schreiner ej (1933). results of a project in hybridizing poplars. journal of heredity 24: 216 - 229 .\nvenendaal r, jørgensen u, foster ca (1997). european energy crops: a synthesis. biomass and bioenergy 13: 147 - 185 .\nverwijst t (2001). willows: an underestimated resource for environment and society. forestry chronicle 77: 281 - 285 .\nweiner j, freckleton rp (2010). constant final yield. annual review of ecology, evolution, and systematics 41: 173 - 192 .\nzianis d, muukkonen p, mäkipää r, mencuccini m (2005). biomass and stem volume equations for tree species in europe. silva fennica monographs 4: 63 .\nsilva tarouca research institute for landscape and ornamental gardening, publ. res. inst. , kvetnové námestí 391, cz - 252 43 pruhonice (czech republic )\nreceived: oct 23, 2013 accepted: dec 19, 2013 published in early view: mar 10, 2014 publishing date: aug 01, 2014 publication time: 2. 70 months\nweb metrics days since publication: 1583 overall contacts: 6080 avg. contacts per week: 26. 89\ntotal number of cites (since 2014): 11 average citations per year: 2. 200\nreview papers sweetgum: a new look adams jp, lingbeck jm, crandall pg, martin em, o’bryan ca vol. 8, pp. 719 - 727 (online: 23 june 2015 )\nresearch articles variation of wood and bark density and production in coppiced eucalyptus globulus trees in a second rotation miranda i, pereira h vol. 9, pp. 270 - 275 (online: 08 september 2015 )\nresearch articles evaluation of fast growing tree water use under different soil moisture regimes using wick lysimeters mantovani d, veste m, badorreck a, freese d vol. 6, pp. 190 - 200 (online: 08 may 2013 )\nresearch articles nitrogen removal and its determinants in hybrid populus clones for bioenergy plantations after two biennial rotations in two temperate sites in northern italy paris p, mareschi l, sabatti m, tosi l, scarascia - mugnozza g vol. 8, pp. 668 - 676 (online: 02 february 2015 )\nresearch articles spatially explicit estimation of forest age by integrating remotely sensed data and inverse yield modeling techniques frate l, carranza ml, garfì v, febbraro md, tonti d, marchetti m, ottaviano m, santopuoli g, chirici g vol. 9, pp. 63 - 71 (online: 25 july 2015 )\nresearch articles examining the evolution and convergence of wood modification and environmental impact assessment in research burnard m, posavčević m, kegel e vol. 10, pp. 879 - 885 (online: 06 november 2017 )\nshort communications effects of nitrogen, calcium and cation exchange capacity on gum yield in acacia senegal under plantation and savanna woodland conditions in northern guinea savanna, nigeria unanaonwi oe vol. 4, pp. 190 - 194 (online: 11 august 2011 )\nresearch articles physical, chemical and mechanical properties of pinus sylvestris wood at five sites in portugal fernandes c, gaspar mj, pires j, alves a, simões r, rodrigues jc, silva me, carvalho a, brito je, lousada jl vol. 10, pp. 669 - 679 (online: 11 july 2017 )\ntechnical reports biomass equations for european beech growing on dry sites chakraborty t, saha s, reif a vol. 9, pp. 751 - 757 (online: 17 june 2016 )\nresearch articles effects of thinning and pruning on stem and crown characteristics of radiata pine (pinus radiata d. don) fernández mp, basauri j, madariaga c, menéndez - miguélez m, olea r, zubizarreta - gerendiain a vol. 10, pp. 383 - 390 (online: 16 march 2017 )\ntab. 3 - a comparison of successive harvests in clones of black poplar and “ne - 42” in each locality (t - tests). (*): significant differences (p < 0. 05) .\ntab. 7 - dry matter weight of individual plants [ kg yr - 1 ] for each harvest .\ntab. 8 - total dry matter yields per unit area [ t ha - 1 yr - 1 ] in black poplar clones and in the hybrid clone “ne - 42”; expressed with respect to the percentage of surviving plants .\niforest - biogeosciences and forestry 7: 233 - 239. - doi: 10. 3832 / ifor1162 - 007\n© iforest - all the material included on this site is distributed under the license creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 international .\niforest is the journal of the italian society of silviculture and forest ecology (sisef). legal notice .\nthese pages have been optimized for a minimum screen resolution of 1440 x 900 pixels and tested with the latest versions of the following browsers: internet explorer, firefox, chrome, safari and opera on pc platforms; safari, firefox and opera on mac platforms .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nthis is a short preview of the document. your library or institution may give you access to the complete full text for this document in proquest .\nli, dun - hui; he, ya - chao; liu, jun; chen, sheng - di .\nscientific reports (nature publisher group); london vol. 6, (feb 2016): 20863." ]

{ "text": [ "meta nigra is a long-jawed orb weaver spider species found in portugal .", "it was described by franganillo in 1920 .", "according to the world spider catalog , m. nigra is a nomen dubium . " ], "topic": [ 27, 5, 23 ] }

[ "meta nigra is a long-jawed orb weaver spider species found in portugal. it was described by franganillo in 1920. according to the world spider catalog, m. nigra is a nomen dubium." ]