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[ "pupa: 28 - - 30mm. very similar to that of polyptychus dentatus (bell & scott, 1937) .\npolyptychus baxteri rothschild & jordan, 1907; novit. zool. 15: 259\nwingspan: 74 - - 112mm. very similar to polyptychus chinensis chinensis and polyptychus dentatus but distinguishable by the convex section to the submarginal line between forewing veins m2 and cu2. forewing outer margin slightly to strongly crenulated. forewing upperside ground colour varies from pale brown to purplish - grey .\npolyptychus modestum bernardi, 1970; lambillionea 69: 30 (preocc. sphinx modesta fabricius, 1793 )\n{ author1, author2... }, (n. d .). polyptychus dentatus cramer, 1777. [ online ] india biodiversity portal, species page: { name of species field } available at: urltoken [ accessed date jul 11, 2018 ] .\npupa: 47mm. very closely resembles that of polyptychus trilineatus, the only notable differences being that in p. dentatus the dorsum of segment 2 is more rugose, and these rugosities are black, and the dorsal line of the same segment is generally raised into a ridge .\nlarva: full - fed 76 - - 80mm. very similar to that of polyptychus dentatus (bell & scott, 1937). first instar larvae appear not to feed and wander around a lot looking for a suitable site to change into the second instar (eitschberger & nguyen, 2016e) .\npolyptychus trilineatus moore, 1888, proc. zool. soc. lond. 1888: 390. type locality: [ india, himachal pradesh, ] dharmsala .\nsphinx dentatus cramer, 1777, uitlandsche kapellen (papillons exot .) 2: 42, pl. 125, fig. d. type locality: [ india, ]\ncoromandel\n[ tamil nadu / andhra pradesh ] .\nwingspan: 92 - - 120mm. similar to polyptychus trilineatus trilineatus and polyptychus chinensis chinensis but distinguishable by the straight submarginal line between forewing veins m2 and cu2; outer margin strongly crenulated. forewing upperside ground colour grey - brown with darker brown transverse lines; antemedian, postmedian and submarginal lines well - developed and almost straight; median line sinuous and inconspicuous; a strongly serrate line present between postmedian and submarginal lines .\nin the male genitalia, uncus narrowing to a long, strong, acute hook, apex pointed, not emarginate as in polyptychus dentatus. gnathos a small fold. transtillae with a pair of long, posteriorly - directed, needle - like processes. juxta with two ventral processes medially fused to form a single fishtail - shaped process; dorso - lateral processes very unequal, right process long and pointed, projecting beyond middle of valve, left process short and apically rounded. valve divided apically by a longitudinal slit; dorsal lobe rather weak, apically dilated and incurved; irregularly spatulate; ventral lobe with two incurved apical teeth, set close together ventral tooth slightly longer than dorsal tooth. in the female genitalia, eighth tergite (a8) excavated, with a sharp prominent cone on the upper surface at each side directed posteriorly. sterigma differs markedly in shape from polyptychus dentatus, notably the lamella postvaginalis is much larger, distal margin slightly emarginate, medially somewhat produced and downcurved, so that it appears medially almost sinuate in posterior view, angles of lamella rounded .\nlike in marumba, the newly hatched larva eats the egg - shell and then rests without eating for about two days, whereupon it makes the first moult and only then commences feeding on leaves. this habit of eating nothing but the egg - shell also occurs in polyptychus trilineatus. in later instars the larva eats the end - half of the leaves only, and its presence may be detected by looking out for leaves cut sharply across the middle. the larvae are very subject to attack by parasites, chiefly tachinidae. the dorsal area turns brown before pupation, which takes place in a cell underground (bell & scott, 1937) .\nin the male genitalia, uncus not strongly narrowing apically, apex emarginate with pointed angles. gnathos median lobe large, deeply divided into two apically rounded lobes. valve sole - shaped; stridulatory scales absent. harpe with a short, spatulate submedial process and a long spine - like ventral process. aedeagus with a very long and slender apical process that is recurved anteriorly and somewhat moveable basally somewhat. in the female genitalia, eighth tergite (a8) trilobate, median lobe very short. sterigma markedly different from polyptychus trilineatus trilineatus; lamella antevaginalis convex, raised at ostium bursae into a thick, convex ridge and with a median lobe; lamella postvaginalis not strongly sclerotized, sunken, triangular .\nthe moths do not come to light or flowers, and bred females do not attract wild males readily (bell & scott, 1937). a species of drier areas .\novum: eggs laid singly on the underside of a leaf of the hostplant, which is usually cordia dichotoma g. forst. , but the larva will also feed on ehretia laevis roxb. , both of the family boraginaceae (bell & scott, 1937) .\nlarva: full - fed 100mm, width 15mm. a species with six instars, the first of which does not eat any plant material .\naccording to bell & scott (1937), in the first instar head round, body cylindrical, long and thin horn short, straight, bifid. head and body patio - green, horn darker green. in the second instar, head large, triangular, with a long pointed process rising from the vertex of each lobe, the two, processes closely oppressed to near the tips, which are shortly bifid. body cylindrical, long and thin; horn long, straight, tapering to a simple point; surface smooth except for the head - processes and the horn, which are tuberculate. the colour of the head pale green, the processes from their tips to the nape of the neck brown with black tubercles; the body yellowish - green with quadrate black patch on the dorsum of segment 2 and v - shaped, pale brown markings on the dorsum of 4 to 12, the apex of the v pointing frontad; horn brown with black tubercles. in the third instar, shape as in the second instar. head processes as long as the head itself, the surface with small tubercles. body with a encircling row of small tubercles around each secondary ring. there is a subdorsal line of large pointed tubercles from the front margin of segment 2 to base of horn. tubercles on head processes and horn as in second instar; colour as in the second instar, but the tubercles on head and body white. there is a broad yellow subdorsal stripe on which the subdorsal line of tubercles lies, as well as seven pale green oblique lateral stripes with v - shaped markings forming backward extensions to the oblique stripes. horn as in the second instar; legs reddish. the fourth instar is similar to the third instar, except that the head and segment 2 are pale - green, the rest of the body apple - green. head - processes darker green with reddish tubercles; the tubercles on body reddish above the spiracular line, white below it. there is sometimes a brown patch on each side of segment 12 between the base of the horn and the spiracular line, white below it. horn green with reddish tubercles; legs red; spiracles reddish. the fifth instar is similar to the fourth instar. the body now increases in diameter from segment 2 to 7, then decreases slightly to 12. the horn is held nearly horizontal .\nin the sixth and final instar, head rounded - triangular, the vertex rounded, without processes; clypeus small, triangular. surface of head somewhat shiny, covered with small, rounded tubercles. body stout for its length. horn of medium length, stout at base and tapering evenly to a blunt point, strongly down curved. segment 2 of the body as broad as the head, and the segments gradually increasing in diameter to about 7, then very gradually decreasing to 12. surface of body dull, covered sparsely with small pointed tubercles, arranged somewhat irregularly on the dorsum and around the secondary rings in lateral area. there are a few tubercles on the bases of the prolegs, and a subdorsal line of larger tubercles from front margin of segment 2 to near base of horn; some of these tubercles with two or three points, forming a serrate ridge. horn tuberculate (bell & scott, 1937) .\nin colour, head bluish - green, the tubercles white; labrum shiny, pale brown; basal segment of antenna whitish, the other segments blackish - brown with a white ring round each mandible brown with the tip darker. body yellowish - green above the subdorsal line of tubercles, bluish - green below it; the smaller tubercles on the body violet with yellow tips; the subdorsal line of larger tubercles pink or purple. there are whitish or yellowish oblique lateral stripes clearly defined on 8 to 11, faint on the anterior segments, that on 11 extending backward to base of horn. in some larvae there are purple or brownish - purple triangular patches between the upper part of each oblique stripe and the subdorsal line of tubercles, and broader rounded patches above this line, the patches not reaching dorsum. horn yellowish - green with the tubercles yellow or purplish; true legs pink with yellow tubercles; prolegs a claspers bluish - green, with yellow or purplish tubercles, the clasper with a violet - brown band at the distal edge. spiracles oval, flush, pale violet or reddish, the central slit white edged with black (bell & scott, 1937) .\nas in the case of some species of the genus clanis the larva may lie quiescent for six months or more before pupating, the moth then emerging soon after pupation has taken place. the moth rests with the wings held horizontal and not touching the abdomen, which is held strongly up - curved in the male, straight in the female (bell & scott, 1937) .\nlarval hostplants. in india on cordia dichotoma, c. sebestena and ehretia laevis (boraginaceae) (bell & scott, 1937) .\nchina: not present. so far, records from yunnan, china, are misidentifications of p. chinensis draconis .\nsri lanka, tropical india and tropical pakistan (rafi et al. , 2014) .\novum: pale green when laid, and almost spherical (2. 2mm) (eitschberger & nguyen, 2016e) .\nlarval hostplants. ehretia (boraginaceae) (inoue, kennett & kitching, [ 1996 ] 1997). on ehretia laevis in india (bell & scott, 1937), and ehretia acuminata in thailand (eitschberger & ihle, 2014) .\nchina: yunnan (menglun county); xizang / tibet (motuo, near indian border); hainan (wanling) .\nnorthern pakistan (margalla hills, pir sohawa, 1000m, 73°08' e, 33°49' n, 4. viii. 1998, leg. z. varga & g. ronkay) (rafi et al. , 2014), northern india (subhasish arandhara, 2016), nepal, bhutan, burma / myanmar, southern china (xizang / tibet, hainan), thailand and vietnam .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nidentification marks: palpi slight, legs with short spurs. head, thorax and abdomen are gray coloured; wings with the outer margins crenulated; fore wing with a diffused medial band; oblique antemedial, postmedial, and submarginal lines, the last curved in some specimens; between the postmedial and submarginal lines is an indistinct waved line; apical area clouded. hind wing with a waved postmedial line. cilia chequered brown & white. underside: forewing with submarginal, hind wing with medial and submarginal lines. in the form trilineatus the postmedial line of the fore wing is also obsolete, and on the underside only the submarginal line on each wing is present. (w. s. 92 mm) .\ngurule, s. a. (2013); taxonomic study of moths (lepidoptera: heterocera) from north maharashtra (india). phd thesis, university of pune, india\nshubhalaxmi, v, r c kendrick, alka vaidya, neelima kalagi, and alaka bhagwat. 2011. inventory of moth fauna (lepidoptera: heterocera) of the northern western ghats, maharashtra, india. journal of the bombay … 108, no. 3: 183 - 205. urltoken\nenumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives. covers ranges, e. g. , a global range, or a narrower one; may be biogeographical, political or other (e. g. , managed areas like conservencies); endemism; native or exotic. does not include altitudinal distribution, which is covered under habitat .\nindia; sri lanka; nepal; burma; thailand; vietnam; malaysia; sumatra; java; philippines .\na preliminary checklist of moth species collected in north maharashtra is presented based on studie ...\nvolume: 1 subject: moths - - india; insects - - india; sphingidae publisher: london: tayl ...\ninventory of moth fauna (lepidoptera: heterocera) of the northern western ghats, maharashtra, india .\nnotes on hawk moths (lepidoptera — sphingidae) in the karwar - dharwar transect, peninsular india: a ...\na list of hawkmoth species (lepidoptera: sphingidae) of india, nepal, bhutan and sri lanka, incl ...\n| | best supported on google chrome, firefox 3. 0 +, internet explorer 8. 0 +, safari 4. 0 +, opera 10 +. powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform. technology partner strand life sciences\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\npanacra andosa walker, 1856; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 8: 159; tl: sierra leone\nambulux trisecta aurivillius, 1901; ent. tidskr. 22: 119; tl: congo\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nwalker, 1856 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 8: 1 - 271 (1856 )\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome." ]

{ "text": [ "polyptychus dentatus is a moth of the family sphingidae .", "it is known from sri lanka , tropical india and tropical pakistan .", "the wingspan is 92 – 120 mm .", "the forewing upperside ground colour is grey-brown with darker brown transverse lines .", "the antemedian , postmedian and submarginal lines are well-developed and almost straight .", "the median line is sinuous and inconspicuous .", "there is a strongly serrate line present between the postmedian and submarginal lines .", "in india , larvae have been recorded on cordia dichotoma , cordia sebestena and ehretia laevis .", "there are six larval instars , the first of which does not eat any plant material , instead the newly hatched larva eats the egg-shell and then rests without eating for about two days , after which it makes the first moult and only then commences feeding on leaves .", "mature larvae are about 100 mm long . " ], "topic": [ 2, 27, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 8, 28, 9 ] }

[ "polyptychus dentatus is a moth of the family sphingidae. it is known from sri lanka, tropical india and tropical pakistan. the wingspan is 92 – 120 mm. the forewing upperside ground colour is grey-brown with darker brown transverse lines. the antemedian, postmedian and submarginal lines are well-developed and almost straight. the median line is sinuous and inconspicuous. there is a strongly serrate line present between the postmedian and submarginal lines. in india, larvae have been recorded on cordia dichotoma, cordia sebestena and ehretia laevis. there are six larval instars, the first of which does not eat any plant material, instead the newly hatched larva eats the egg-shell and then rests without eating for about two days, after which it makes the first moult and only then commences feeding on leaves. mature larvae are about 100 mm long." ]

[ "belongs to protoclaviger according to j. parker and d. a. grimaldi 2014\nthe newly discovered 52 - million - year - old fossil protoclaviger trichodens was encased in amber discovered in india .\nthis photo shows the newly discovered 52 - million - year - old fossil protoclaviger trichodens encased in amber discovered in india .\njoseph parker, a research associate at the american museum of natural history, specializes in this type of ant beetle, called protoclaviger. he told the amnh ,\nprotoclaviger is a truly transitional fossil .\n1 he and amnh curator david grimaldi coauthored a paper describing the find in current biology, where they wrote ,\nprotoclaviger captures a transitional stage in the evolutionary development of this novel body plan, most evident in its still - distinct abdominal tergites .\n2\nthe fossil beetle has these same trichomes, too. the amnh admitted that\nits body is very similar to modern clavigeritae beetles ,\nbut then noted that protoclaviger still has tergites on its abdomen and so it must be a transitional form. 4\n“ protoclaviger is a truly transitional fossil, ” parker said. “it marks a big step along the pathway that led to the highly modified social parasites we see today, and it helps us figure out the sequence of events that led to this sophisticated morphology. ”\nalthough the body of the newly discovered specimen is very similar to modern clavigeritae beetles, with two stark, hook - like trichomes, some of its characteristics are clearly more primitive. for example, protoclaviger’ s abdominal segments are still distinct, whereas in modern beetles they are fused together into a single shieldlike segment .\nthis fossil, easily recognized as an ant - loving beetle, has everything it needed to live among ancient ants. protoclaviger is a great example of a well - designed body one would expect from animals that god created, and it also exemplifies fossils that look too similar to known living kinds to illustrate evolutionary transitions .\nthe full quote including context reads ,\nalthough its body is very similar to modern clavigeritae beetles, with two stark, hook - like trichomes, some of its characteristics are clearly more primitive. for example, protoclaviger' s abdominal segments are still distinct, whereas in modern beetles they are fused together into a single shieldlike segment .\nalthough clavigeritae beetles are species - rich, they are quite rarely encountered in nature and so, unsurprisingly, the newly discovered specimen — brought to parker’s attention by american museum of natural history curator david grimaldi, who is an expert in amber fossils — is thought to be the first fossil of this group to be discovered. named protoclaviger trichodens by parker and grimaldi, the eocene fossil is from an amber deposit in what was once a rainforest environment in modern - day india. although its body is very similar to modern clavigeritae beetles, with two stark, hook - like trichomes, some of its characteristics are clearly more primitive. for example, protoclaviger’s abdominal segments are still distinct, whereas in modern beetles they are fused together into a single shieldlike segment .\nthe eocene fossil, named protoclaviger trichodens, was encased in a piece of amber from india and is the oldest - known example of this kind of social parasitism, or “myrmecophily. ” published today in the journal current biology, the research also shows that the diversification of these stealth beetles, which infiltrate ant nests around the world, correlates with the ecological rise of modern ants .\ntergites are the segments of an insect' s body, and the several hundred modern species of protoclaviger do not have them. instead, modern varieties have smooth, solid bodies. is that all it takes to make a bona fide evolutionary transition? after all, the genetic basis for this kind of difference may be quite small, and the basic body form of this beetle looks the same as a modern variety. 3 the fossil form is so similar to today' s ant - loving beetles, classified in the family clavigeritae, that it was easy to identify .\nthe museum is open daily from 10 am to 5: 45 pm except on thanksgiving and christmas .\nmuseum scientists have uncovered the fossil of a 52 - million - year old beetle that likely was able to live alongside ants—preying on their eggs and usurping resources from the comfort of their nest .\n“although ants are an integral part of most terrestrial ecosystems today, at the time that this beetle was walking the earth, ants were just beginning to take off, and these beetles were right there inside the ant colonies, deceiving them and exploiting them, ” said lead author joseph parker, a museum research associate and postdoctoral researcher at columbia university, who is a specialist on these beetles .\ntoday, there are about 370 described species belonging to clavigeritae, a group of myrmecophilous, or “ant - loving” beetles about 1–3 millimeters in length. parker estimates that several times this number of species still await discovery .\nbut although clavigeritae beetles are species - rich, they are quite rarely encountered in nature. the newly discovered specimen—brought to parker’s attention by museum curator david grimaldi, an expert in amber fossils—is thought to be the first fossil of this group to be discovered. it is from an amber deposit in what was once a rain - forest environment in modern - day india, which was uncovered during a constantine s. niarchos expedition supported by the stavros niarchos foundation .\nremarkable adaptations enable modern clavigeritae beetles to bypass the fortresslike security of ant nests, which employ a pheromone code of recognition that ants use to identify, and then dismember and consume, intruders. through ways that scientists are still trying to understand, clavigeritae beetles pass through these defenses and integrate seamlessly into colony life .\n“adopting this lifestyle brings lots of benefits. these beetles live in a climate - controlled nest that is well protected against predators, and they have access to a great deal of food, including the ants’ eggs and brood, and, most remarkably, liquid food regurgitated directly to their mouths by the worker ants themselves, ” parker said. “but pulling off this way of life means undergoing drastic morphological changes. ”\ntheocerus, a modern myrmecophilous, or “ant - loving, ” beetle in the clavigeritae group is native to madagascar .\nclavigeritae beetles look quite different from their closest relatives, with fusions of segments within the abdomen and antennae—likely meant to provide additional protection from the ants, which often pick the beetles up and carry them around the nest—and mouthparts that are recessed inside the head in order to accept liquid food from worker ants .\nthey also have glands that cover the body with oily secretions, and thick brushes of hair on top of their abdomens, called trichomes, which act as candlewicks and conduct chemical - containing secretions from nearby glands. the makeup of these chemicals is unknown, but they are thought to encourage ants to “adopt” rather than attack the beetles .\n“if you watch one of these beetles interact inside an ant colony, you’ll see the ants running up to it and licking those brush - like structures, ” parker said .\nthis photo shows clavigeritae beetles interacting with host ants in peru. a crematogaster worker ant carries a fustiger beetle (right) while another beetle (left, with mite on abdomen) orients its body to allow a second worker ant to lick its trichomes .\nscientists have uncovered the fossil of a 52 - million - year old beetle that was probably able to live alongside ants by preying on their eggs and usurping resources within the comfort of their own nest. the fossil, encased in a piece of amber from india, is the oldest - known example of this kind of social parasitism, known as “myrmecophily. ” research published in the journal current biology also shows that the diversification of these stealth beetles, which infiltrate ant nests around the world today, correlates with the ecological rise of modern ants .\n“although ants are an integral part of most terrestrial ecosystems today, at the time that this beetle was walking the earth, ants were just beginning to take off, and these beetles were right there inside the ant colonies, deceiving them and exploiting them, ” said lead author joseph parker, a research associate at the american museum of natural history and postdoctoral researcher at columbia university, who is a specialist on these beetles. “this tells us something not just about the beetles, but also about the ants — their nests were big enough and resource - rich enough to be worthy of exploitation by these super - specialized insects. and when ants exploded ecologically and began to dominate, these beetles exploded with them. ”\ntoday, there are about 370 described species belonging to clavigeritae, a group of myrmecophilous (“ant - loving”) beetles about 1–3 millimeters in length. parker estimates that several times this number of species still await discovery. remarkable adaptations enable these beetles to bypass the fortress - like security of ant nests, which employ a pheromone code of recognition that ants use to identify, dismember, and consume intruders. through ways that scientists are still trying to understand, clavigeritae beetles pass through these defenses and integrate seamlessly into colony life .\nthis photo shows modern - day clavigeritae beetles interacting with host ants in peru. a crematogaster worker ant carries a fustiger beetle (right) while another beetle (left, with mite on abdomen) orients its body to allow a second worker ant to lick its trichomes. photo by takashi komatsu .\nclavigeritae beetles look quite different from their closest relatives, with fusions of segments within the abdomen and antennae — likely meant to provide additional protection from the ants, which often pick the beetles up and carry them around the nest — and mouthparts that are recessed inside the head in order to accept liquid food from worker ants. they also have glands that cover the body with oily secretions, and thick brushes of hair on top of their abdomens, called trichomes, which act as candlewicks and conduct chemical - containing secretions from nearby glands. the makeup of these chemicals is unknown, but they are thought to encourage ants to “adopt” rather than attack the beetles .\nenter your email address to subscribe to entomology today. you' ll receive notifications of new posts by email .\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam. learn how your comment data is processed .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference: j. parker and d. a. grimaldi. 2014. specialized myrmecophily at the ecological dawn of modern ants. current biology 24: 2428 - 2434\nparent taxon: protoclavigerini according to j. parker and d. a. grimaldi 2014\ntype specimen: amnh tad - 490, an exoskeleton. its type locality is tadkeshwar lignite mine (cambay amber), which is in a ypresian terrestrial amber in india .\naverage measurements (in mm): body length 1. 56, elytron 0. 510 x 0. 300\neurekalert! provides embargoed and breaking science news you can' t afford to miss .\neurekalert! offers a one - stop science news distribution service you can trust .\neurekalert! is a service of the american association for the advancement of science .\ndisclaimer: aaas and eurekalert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to eurekalert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the eurekalert system .\nif ancient history according to scripture is true, then what should we expect to find in animal fossils? surely excellent body designs would top the list, closely followed by a lack of\ntransitional forms .\na newly discovered specialized beetle inside indian amber provides another peek into the past and an opportunity to test these bible - based expectations .\nentomologists are still unravelling the elaborate tactics these beetles use to live inside ant colonies, where they somehow convince worker ants to feed them directly, but the amnh press release described a few of the known tactics. ant - loving beetles actually have specialized mouth parts designed to receive liquid food from worker ants. they have special glands that secrete\noily secretions\nall over their bodies. 1 tufts of hair - like projections called trichomes wick secretions outward, and ants in the colony constantly sample these secretion - soaked trichomes. two of these trichomes stand out, like backward - pointing horns, with just the right size to fit ant mouths .\nbut transitional forms are supposed to have clear transitional features, like an otherwise ant - beetle body but without its trichomes, which had not yet evolved. what' s transitional about sectioned beetle abdomens versus smooth ones? instead, both the modern and fossilized versions of this beetle share the shapes, size, and unique features befitting its life in an ant colony .\nsnyder, k. 52 - million - year - old amber preserves\nant - loving\nbeetle. american museum of natural history press release. posted october 2, 2014, accessed december 4, 2014 .\nparker, j. , and d. grimaldi. specialized myrmecophily at the ecological dawn of modern ants. current biology. 24 (20): 2428 - 2434 .\nwhile a small change to most genes does not produce a difference in body shape, a small change in certain critical genes like the hox gene can produce dramatic effects to insect bodies .\na bobbit worm is an omnivorous predatory sea worm that, while only a few fingers thick, can grow 10 feet long. it submerges its many segments beneath ...\nare ediacaran\nfossils\nactually remains of ancient living things, or did simple natural processes generate fossil look - alikes? correctly ...\nresearch into pterosaurs—ancient flying reptiles whose fossils lie intermingled with dinosaurs—now approaches an upswing of what some predict ...\ngreen blood is not something you see every day. the recent search for why several species of lizards found in new guinea have green blood assumes an ...\nby: randy j. guliuzza, p. e. , m. d .\ngeologists reassessed the abundance of fossils in earth’s uppermost rock layers this year, and they believe they found a remarkable sixth global ...\na team of astronomers recently concluded that a nearby spheroidal galaxy, designated as ngc1052 - df2, contains very little, if any, dark matter. 1, 2 since ...\nfor many decades, creation scientists have included the sixtymile formation in grand canyon as part of the sauk megasequence that marks the onset of ...\nwanna come face - to - face with this toothy tyrannosaur? visit the icr discovery center for science and earth history when it opens in 2019! the discovery ...\nmy name is chris kinman, and i am the director of the icr discovery center for science and earth history. it is exciting for me to look back on icr’s ...\nclimate change really heats up the headlines. alarmists clamor that human activity and man - made pollutants are catastrophically disrupting earth’s ...\na team of researchers from israel and the u. s. are searching for animals that can edit their own rna molecules. they encountered a standout. unlike ...\nas a federally recognized 501 (c) (3) nonprofit ministry of the usa, all gifts to icr are completely tax deductible to the fullest extent allowed by u. s. law .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nthe dominance of ants in the terrestrial biosphere has few equals among animals today, but this was not always the case. the oldest ants appear in the fossil record 100 million years ago, but given the scarcity of their fossils, it is presumed they were relatively minor components of mesozoic insect life. the ant fossil record consists of two primary types of fossils, each with inherent biases: as imprints in rock and as inclusions in fossilized resins (amber). new imaging technology allows ancient ant fossils to be examined in ways never before possible. this is particularly helpful because it can be difficult to distinguish true ants from non - ants in mesozoic fossils. fossil discoveries continue to inform our understanding of ancient ant morphological diversity, as well as provide insights into their paleobiology .\n... the remaining four fossils were found in baltic amber with an estimated age of 37 - 42 ma, placing the temporal span of these extinct species to the middle and late eocene (dlussky & rasnitsyn, 2010; lapolla et al. , 2013a). 2: nylanderia pygmaea † is described as the oldest definitive species of the genus nylanderia... .\n... all time calibration analyses were carried out in beast v2. 2. 1 (bouckaert et al. , 2014). the minimum age of the prenolepis genus - group was constrained to 37 ma (dlussky & rasnitsyn, 2010; lapolla et al. , 2013a). arguably, a lognormal distribution would be the most appropriate model for the calibration point because the crown node of the prenolepis group is most likely older than the fossils found in baltic amber (ho, 2007)... .\n... it is noteworthy that the only recent genus of aphids that has a rostrum longer than the body (stomaphis) depends entirely on ants. although the trophobiotic association of late eocene longirostred aphids with formicines and dolichoderines have also been proven (perkovsky 2010), in the late cretaceous there were simply no ants that had colonies large enough to' keep' aphids (dlussky & rasnitsyn 2007; lapolla et al 2013): even now, aphid milkers from small colonies (hundreds of specimens) never protect their symbionts (novgorodova 2015), and homopteran - tending ants are more likely to be dominant, with large colonies of 10 4 - 10 5 workers (oliver et al. 2008)... .\n... after crown - group ants are first seen in midcretaceous amber, they are known from a small number of individuals reported through the remainder of the cretaceous, never diverse and always rare. of these, four species have unknown or extinct subfamily affinities, and fewer than 10 are assigned to modern subfamilies (dlussky et al. 2004; engel and grimaldi 2005; perrichot et al. 2008aperrichot et al. , 2008bmckellar and engel 2012; lapolla et al. 2013; mckellar et al. 2013; perrichot 2015; and references therein). the early cenozoic history of ants is reviewed below in the discussion section... .\n... in these ways, ants strongly influence differential floral and invertebrate patchiness, taxon compositions and diversities across the landscape, and so are a major factor controlling overall biotic composition, diversity, and distributions (leston 1978; gilbert 1980; majer 1983). while molecular analyses indicate that many higher - level ant taxa were established in the cretaceous, only a few are confirmed by fossils (engel and grimaldi 2005; moreau et al. 2006; lapolla et al. 2013). most recent hypotheses on the diversification of ants use\ndiversification\nto mean divergence of their higher - level sub - taxa, although a few concern increase of richness at lower levels, which we mean here (e. g. , see differing meanings by leston 1973; wilson and hölldobler 2005; moreau et al. 2006; dunn et al. 2007; dlussky and wedmann 2012; lucky et al. 2013; ward 2014)... .\n... ants first appear common and diverse in the ypresian. a single ant species has been reported from the earliest ypresian fur formation of denmark (rust and andersen 1999) and 40 species in french oise amber (approximately coeval with mcabee) (aria et al. 2011; lapolla et al. 2013); 27 species in chinese fushun amber (hong 2002); 16 species from the green river formation (dlussky and rasnitsyn 2003); and a diverse collection of ants in cambay amber, but with no estimation of species number (rust et al. 2010). in the okanagan highlands, ants have been previously reported from a variety of sites (see family treatment above)... .\n... this inference may be supported by the observation that both known areas of distribution of extant rotoitidae are known to have highly suppressed ant faunas (snelling and hunt, 1975). this observation suggests that survival of rotoitidae in southern chile (los lagos; mostly chilo e) and new zealand might have resulted from a low biocenotic pressure by ants, perhaps as low as is hypothesized for the late cretaceous environments (lapolla et al. , 2013; perkovsky and wegierek, 2017b). it is worth noticing that most of the terrestrial new zealand flora and fauna has clearly arrived in new zealand much more recently than the postulated separation of new zealand from gondwana dated at 80 ma (mcdowall, 2008)... .\n... ants, as conspicuous members of most terrestrial ecosystems, have a rich fossil record comprising over 700 described species recovered from 67 deposits worldwide (lapolla et al. 2013, barden 2017). perhaps because of this large paleontological sample size, there are numerous fossil - informed examples of significant range loss within the formicidae... .\n... only two of the 45 named ant species from the cretaceous are unambiguously assignable to extant lineages (belonging to crown - group formicidae; barden, 2017); the majority of early species are distinct from modern lineages – they are composites of modern features and plesiomorphic traits. all definitive cretaceous ants possess a constricted waist segment, or petiole, and a distinct gland (the metapleural gland) visible as an opening on the metapleuron (lapolla et al. , 2013). at the same time, many early ants exhibit shortened antennal scapes and often a very demarcate metanotal sclerite not found in modern species; these features are probably plesiomorphic... .\n... such success is directly related to eusociality, thus an understanding of this behavior over time is essential to comprehend how ants came to dominate terrestrial ecosystems from the mid - cretaceous to the present (h€ olldobler andwilson, 2009; ward, 2006; barden and grimaldi, 2016). although records indicate that the oldest ants appeared in the fossil record 100 million years ago (lapolla et al. , 2013), ichnological records associated with ant activity are scarce, being reliably recorded from the lower paleogene (table 1). for older periods, nests described as having social insects as their tracemakers often lack the macromorphological and microstructural features necessary for ichnotaxonomic identification and classification... .\n... the presence of ichnofossils similar to pogonomyrmex nests from the upper cretaceous of the marília formation represents the first record of social insects in the mesozoic era for brazilian paleosols. the discovery of fossil ant nests in the cretaceous is of great importance, because ant fossils from this period are rare, even in amber (lapolla et al. , 2013), and are even rarer with evidence of social behavior. in northeastern brazil, the crato formation (aptian) is very productive in insect fossils... .\n... based on 1460 specimens (1220 ants), 118 species in 20 families were recognized. grimaldi et al. (1997) reviewed the genera of formicoidea (formicidae, the extinct armaniidae, and one taxon of uncertain placement) for the cretaceous period, and lapolla et al. (2013) reviewed the fossil formicidae across all periods. these are, respec - tively, the only recent studies of an entire fossil fauna for a given locality, for an entire superfam - ily across all localities for a given geological time period (cretaceous in this case), and for a family through its entire fossil history... .\n... while paleomyrmecology dates to the 18 th century, the field has advanced rapidly over the last several years. even as reviews effectively summarize important aspects of paleomyrmecology (lapolla & al. 2013) and synthetic analyses of fossil data yield novel conclusions relating to ant evolution (e. g. , archibald & al. 2011, guénard & al. 2015, it remains necessary to reevaluate the field after recent critical discoveries. to be sure, the distillation of 100 million years of morphological, paleoethological, and ecological information will be a perpetual objective... .\n... note also the presence of a distinct metanotal sclerite, with clear sutures on all margins - present in many workers of early ant lineages, contrasted with almost all extant species where this segment is lost or reduced to a groove. redrawn from barden & grimaldi (2014, lapolla & al. 2013), and perspectives on the subject are driven largely by fossil material available at the time. among modern taxa, there are generally four morphological synapomorphies (with some exceptions relating to secondary losses) that define ants: presence of a metapleural gland (in females), abdominal segment ii differentiated into a distinct petiole segment, geniculate (elbowed) antennae, and antennal scape elongate (corresponds with above)... .\n... 2) c o - o c c u r r e n c e s. ants are rare in early fossil deposits; material recovered to date suggests that ants were a minor part of ecosystems during the mesozoicthey comprise less than 2% of all insects in cretaceous amber (reviewed in grimaldi & agosti 2000, dlussky & rasnitsyn 2002, lapolla & al. 2013). it is therefore highly unlikely that multiple conspecific workers will be present in the same fossil specimen... .\n... furthermore, the differences in predator communities among the eight distinct mutillid mimicry rings could help explain how each distinct coloration pattern evolved, although future analyses are required to identify likely predator candidates for each ring. lapolla et al. , 2013). the proliferation of ants from the eocene onward created an abundant, readily available prey source for insectivorous predators, including squamates, to exploit... .\n... fossil record, molecular clocks, and radiation times although the contemporaneous radiation of crown dactyloids and mutillids in north america is notable, it is particularly interesting when taking into account the fossil record of ants (formicidae). the earliest formicid fossils extend back to the early late cretaceous (cenomanian), although fossils of the family are rare and do not become abundant until the early eocene (ypresian; grimaldi & engel, 2005; moreau et al. , 2006; wilson & h€ olldobler, 2005; sites, reeder & wiens, 2011; lapolla, dlussky & perrichot, 2013). during the eocene, the family became more prevalent, often representing 20% of the fossil insects in faunas and the radiation of the species rich and diverse myrmicine, formicine, and dolichoderine ants (wilson & h€ olldobler, 2005; moreau et al. , 2006; lapolla et al. , 2013)... .\n... the earliest formicid fossils extend back to the early late cretaceous (cenomanian), although fossils of the family are rare and do not become abundant until the early eocene (ypresian; grimaldi & engel, 2005; moreau et al. , 2006; wilson & h€ olldobler, 2005; sites, reeder & wiens, 2011; lapolla, dlussky & perrichot, 2013). during the eocene, the family became more prevalent, often representing 20% of the fossil insects in faunas and the radiation of the species rich and diverse myrmicine, formicine, and dolichoderine ants (wilson & h€ olldobler, 2005; moreau et al. , 2006; lapolla et al. , 2013). today, ants are among the most prolific and ecologically dominant organisms in subtropical and tropical environments, often making up enormous proportions of the animal biomass in tropical forests (h€ olldobler & wilson, 1994; wilson & h€ olldobler, 2005)... .\nrecent works on ant evolution, including molecular phylogenetic analyses and diversification hypotheses, suggest a cretaceous origin of myrmicine ants, in the range 75–100 ma. but the earliest defi…\n[ more ]\na new species of baikuris (hymenoptera: formicidae: sphecomyrminae) in mid - cretaceous amber from fra ...\na new species of the extinct ant genus baikuris dlussky, 1987 (formicidae: sphecomyrminae) is described and figured from a male preserved in a piece of w100 myr amber from charentes, in southwestern france. baikuris maximus sp. nov. , is distinguished from other species notably by its larger size, its forewing with vein 2mþcu absent and vein 3cu tubular, and the presence of a subpetiolar... [ show full abstract ]\nponeromorph ants (hymenoptera, formicidae: amblyoponinae, ectatomminae, ponerinae) of grube messel, ...\nants are a very successful group among insects, but the course of evolution of their biodiversity is still unclear. in this study, light is shed on the ant diversification during the eocene. the analysis of the ant taphocoenosis of the fossil site grube messel, germany, 47 ma, yielded three poneromorph subfamilies and 22 new species in six genera of which four genera are new (pseudectatomma... [ show full abstract ]\nthe tribe formicini (formicinae) from the late eocene baltic, bitterfeld, rovno, and scandinavian ambers is revised. ants are recorded for the first time from the bitterfeld and scandinavian ambers. two new genera (cataglyphoides gen. nov. and conoformica gen. nov .) and six new species (cataglyphoides intermedius sp. nov. , conoformica bitterfeldiana sp. nov. , formica kutscheri sp. nov. , f... . [ show full abstract ]" ]

{ "text": [ "protoclaviger is an extinct early eocene transitional fossil myrmecophile of the rove beetle subfamily pselaphinae , and a stem group of the modern supertribe clavigeritae , of which claviger is a representative .", "all modern clavigeritae are morphologically specialized obligate colony parasites of ant nests , soliciting food via trophallaxis from worker ants , and preying on the nest brood .", "the amber-embedded holotype specimen of the single species , protoclaviger trichodens , was recovered from a piece of 52 million-year-old cambay amber from gujarat , india .", "p. trichodens differs to modern clavigeritae in its possession of a segmented dorsal abdomen ; in extant species , the abdominal tergites are fused into single large segment .", "p. trichodens also possesses 8 antennal segments and mouthparts that extend outside the oral cavity , whereas modern species have between 3 and 6 antennal segments , and mouthparts that are contained within the oral cavity .", "protoclaviger is believed to represent an intermediate stage in the evolution of morphological specialization that adapted modern clavigeritae to life inside ant colonies .", "its discovery in cambay amber , which holds one of the earliest diverse assemblages of modern ant subfamilies , indicates that the ant-beetle symbiosis is evolutionarily ancient . " ], "topic": [ 26, 25, 11, 23, 23, 25, 6 ] }

[ "protoclaviger is an extinct early eocene transitional fossil myrmecophile of the rove beetle subfamily pselaphinae, and a stem group of the modern supertribe clavigeritae, of which claviger is a representative. all modern clavigeritae are morphologically specialized obligate colony parasites of ant nests, soliciting food via trophallaxis from worker ants, and preying on the nest brood. the amber-embedded holotype specimen of the single species, protoclaviger trichodens, was recovered from a piece of 52 million-year-old cambay amber from gujarat, india. p. trichodens differs to modern clavigeritae in its possession of a segmented dorsal abdomen; in extant species, the abdominal tergites are fused into single large segment. p. trichodens also possesses 8 antennal segments and mouthparts that extend outside the oral cavity, whereas modern species have between 3 and 6 antennal segments, and mouthparts that are contained within the oral cavity. protoclaviger is believed to represent an intermediate stage in the evolution of morphological specialization that adapted modern clavigeritae to life inside ant colonies. its discovery in cambay amber, which holds one of the earliest diverse assemblages of modern ant subfamilies, indicates that the ant-beetle symbiosis is evolutionarily ancient." ]

[ ") of east africa, but the black - chinned weaver male has the nape yellow rather than black .\nanchieta collected two female specimens of the black - chinned weaver, but the collection dates are unknown .\nthe black - chinned weaver is a large, dark - backed weaver with a yellow rump, black chin and throat contrasting with the yellow underparts. the female resembles the male but the top of the head is black. the male resembles' reichenow' s weaver'\nthe eggs and chicks, breeding season and other aspects of breeding biology of the black - chinned weaver are still unknown .\nthe above is based on weaver wednesday, a weekly series about weaver species .\nthe above is based on weaver wednesday 2, a weekly series about the discovery of each weaver species .\nthe above is based on weaver wednesday 3, a weekly series about range changes in south african weaver species .\nthe black - chinned weaver inhabits open savanna with bushes and trees up to 8 m tall, often near gallery forest. it occurs in pairs or small groups but keeps to the tops of low trees .\nthe black - chinned weaver was first illustrated by mackworth (1963), many decades after it was first described. the next illustration to be published was a line drawing in harrison (1965), comparing the basic plumage patterns of several weavers .\n17 cm. male has forehead and crown yellow, washed with orange - rufous, nape golden - yellow, lores, cheek, ear - coverts, chin and throat black; mantle and upper back black, lower ...\ncraig, a. & de juana, e. (2018). black - chinned weaver (ploceus nigrimentus). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 11 july 2018) .\n). the black - chinned weaver nests in small colonies, with up to ten nests in a single tree in gabon. the nests are very large for weavers, woven mostly from coarse grass, giving a slightly untidy appearance. a collected nest was lined with finer grass, and had a ceiling (a layer of grass placed against the roof inside the main structure). the nest entrance is located on the side but near the top of the nest .\nphown (photos of weaver nests) provides valuable info on breeding distribution and colony sizes of weavers. you can contribute by registering and submitting photos at virtual museum webpage .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. , fishpool, l. d. c. , boesman, p. and kirwan, g. m. 2016. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 2: passerines. lynx edicions and birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\njustification: although this species may have a restricted range, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size may be moderately small to large, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthis species occurs in the bailundu highlands of western angola, on the batéké plateau in the congo and in eastern gabon around lekoni .\nthis species inhabits wooded grassland dominated by hymenocardia acida 6 - 8 m high. it is mainly found between 500 - 700 m on the batéké plateau, but above 1, 500 m in the bailundu highlands .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nalthough this species may have a restricted range, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size may be moderately small to large, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: ploceus nigrimentus. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018 .\nse gabon, sc congo and adjacent sw drcongo (batéké plateau); angola (old records from cuanza sul and huambo; recently found breeding in lunda norte # r) .\nsong described as a distinctive short phrase ,\nwhit - pu pui trrr pui\n. harsh\nchi - chi - cheep\nand\n...\nstomach contents of museum specimens were grass seeds and insects. noted in pairs or small groups, often in canopy of low trees .\nbreeding reported as being\nsemi - colonial\n; season not recorded. nest similar to other\nnot globally threatened. locally not uncommon. global range relatively small, but no indication that this species is at any risk. recent surveys in prcongo suggest at least ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nas currently constituted this genus may be paraphyletic # r; further study needed .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nploceus nigrimentus: se gabon (lekoni) to central angola and adj. congo republic\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 389, 003 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nchoose different species from drop - down list and press' go' button. see\nanchieta moved to angola with his family, in 1865. he lived in the region of benguela, establishing a laboratory inside the ruins of a church, and exploring and collecting animals. in 1867, the portuguese government hired him as a naturalist, but probably also as a secret agent in the caconda region of angola. he lived there, researching, exploring and sending many specimens and letters to his scientific correspondents in lisbon, mainly j. v. barboza du bocage .\nunfortunately most of the museum specimens have disappeared, as well as his many letters to bocage, in a catastrophic fire in the lisbon museum in 1978. anchieta collected 25 new species of mammals, 46 birds and 46 amphibians and ophidians. he did not write any scientific papers, but left this to his correspondents in lisbon. many of the species of birds, amphibians, lizards, snakes, fishes and mammals were named after anchieta .\n, a portuguese zoologist and politician. he was curator of the lisbon museum. however, bocage did not realise that he used an invalid name. several years later, reichenow realised this when he was working on his book on african birds. reichenow provided a new name .\nreichenow 1904a, vă¶gel afrikas 3 p. 39, galanga, benguella, angola .\nthe types were in the lisbon museum, but were lost in a fire .\n). it is localised but not uncommon outside of angola. it is very scarce in angola and only ten specimens of this species are known from this country, including two in the lubango bird skin collection (see photo\nnew sightings in recent years were reported from a new area - near capaia in north - eastern angola (dark blue circle on map). the global population has been estimated as at least 10000 pairs .\ndouble - check spelling, grammar, punctuation. translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different, search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different, try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations, dictionary, verb conjugations, and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language. have a suggestion, idea, or comment? send us your feedback .\nenglish spanish online dictionary term bank, where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options." ]

{ "text": [ "the black-chinned weaver ( ploceus nigrimentus ) is a species of bird in the ploceidae family .", "it is found in the bailundu highlands of western angola , on the batéké plateau in republic of the congo , and in eastern gabon . " ], "topic": [ 27, 20 ] }

[ "the black-chinned weaver (ploceus nigrimentus) is a species of bird in the ploceidae family. it is found in the bailundu highlands of western angola, on the batéké plateau in republic of the congo, and in eastern gabon." ]

[ "great work you did here, and very informative! i do hope more fossils of mixotoxodon turn up .\nglyptotherium floridanum, eremotherium laurillardi, paramylodon harlani, equus conversidens, platygonus sp. , odocoileus sp. , mixotoxodon larensis and cuvieronius hyodon\nglyptotherium floridanum, eremotherium laurillardi, paramylodon harlani, equus conversidens, platygonus sp. , odocoileus sp. , mixotoxodon larensis y cuvieronius hyodon\nand the original remains of mixotoxodon, from venezuela. in this case, we have almost all the mandible and teeth (from van frank, 1957) :\nmichoacán province in mexico. mixotoxodon fossils were found here for the first time about a decade ago. at the time they were the northernmost known fossils of this species .\nbut we can count with another mixotoxodon fossils too. we can begin for this premaxilla (the snout) described from northern argentina in 2012. look how slender is :\nharris county, texas. a fossil tooth of a mixotoxodon was found here just a few years ago. now this site is the northernmost known locality where toxodons once lived .\nrincón, ascanio d .\nnew remains of mixotoxodon larensis van frank 1957 (mammalia: notoungulata) from mene de inciarte tar pit, north - western venezuela .\ninterciencia 36. 12 (2011): 894 - 899 .\nthe notoungulates were thought to be restricted to tropical climates. until 2004 fossil remains were not known north of guatemala. but that year, mixotoxodon fossils were excavated from 2 sites in mexico–hihiuctilan, michoacán and la estribera, veracruz. this was a range extension of 900 miles north but still well within the tropics. during 2012 a mixotoxodon tooth (un upper 3rd left molar) was discovered along cypress creek, harris county, texas–a further range extension of 800 miles north .\nbetween the toxodontids, probably one of the most interesting (at least for me) is mixotoxodon larensis. although it lived during the pleistocene, is far to be known so well as the classic toxodon platensis or another earlier genera like nesodon or adinotherium, and is frequent find only short descriptions, that usually says that is the northern equivalent of toxodon and that was the only notoungulate that moved outside south america. if you look for images of mixotoxodon in google, probably you have this: some good reconstructions, few fossils and a lot of unrelated animals... well, you know that could be worst .\n¡un trabajo majestuoso y de magnitud profesional! las representaciones esqueléticas y la reconstrucción son excelentes es una pena que muchas criaturas como el mixotoxodon se mantengan tras el velo del misterio a pesar de la relativa abundancia de especímenes. algo que me confunde es la delgadez de la parte frontal de las mandíbulas, que me recuerdan a las de un caballo ¿realmente eran tan abultados los labios ?\nnotoungulates are united by characters of their ear region and their teeth, including the presence of a loph on their upper molars known as the “crochet”. a group of paleogene mammals from the northern hemisphere known as arctostylopids were once thought to be closely related to notoungulates, but it now appears that dental similarities evolved independently in the two groups. thus, with the exception of mixotoxodon, the notoungulate radiation was exclusively a south american phenomenon .\ni see no ecological reason why mixotoxodons couldn’t have occurred further east in north america. coastal savannah interspersed with open woodlands along waterways stretched from mexico to florida. the harris county mixotoxodon tooth was found right in the middle of where this type of environment existed. why isn’t there more evidence of mixotoxodons in north america, especially from the abundant fossil sites in florida? the fossil record is not a complete accounting of every organism that ever lived in a location, perhaps explaining the absence of this species. collared peccaries and giant short - faced bears were unknown from florida’s fossil record until just a few years ago, so maybe some day someone will find a mixotoxodon fossil elsewhere in the south. alternatively, the harris county specimen may represent a very temporary range extension of a cold sensitive species that occurred during a few decades or centuries when an upwelling of tropically warmed water resulted in a brief cycle of locally frost free winters .\n( note: i planned originally make just an image with some text, as i made regulary, but i ended make more images than i expected and all form part of the same context. so, for this time i prefer put all in a journal... the images will be uploaded in my gallery later .) between the toxodontids, probably one of the most interesting (at least for me) is mixotoxodon larensis. although it lived during the pleistocene, is far to be known so well as the classic toxodon platensis or another earlier genera like nesodon or adinotherium, and is frequent find only short descriptions, that usually says that is the northern equivalent of toxodon and that was the only notoungulate that moved outside south america. if you look for images of mixotoxodon in google, probably you have this: some good reconstructions, few fossils and a lot of unrelated animals... well, you know that could be worst. on another ha\nmix and shake until obtain a toxodontid (note: i planned originally make just an image with some text, as i made regulary, but i ended make more images than i expected and all form part of the same context. so, for this time i prefer put all in a journal... the images will be uploaded in my gallery later .) between the toxodontids, probably one of the most interesting (at least for me) is mixotoxodon larensis. although it lived during the pleistocene, is far to be known so well as the classic toxodon platensis or another earlier genera like nesodon or adinotherium, and is frequent find only short descriptions, that usually says that is the northern equivalent of toxodon and that was the only notoungulate that moved outside south america. if you look for images of mixotoxodon in google, probably you have this: some good reconstructions, few fossils and a lot of unrelated animals... well, you know that could be worst. on another ha\nlet me introduce you to cmcr - cfm 846, the only relatively complete skull known for mixotoxodon, in palatal view. it was recovered during the 1930s in costa rica, along a mandible, probably from the same individual, and is in the collections of the museo nacional de costa rica. but the problem is that this photograph is the only way to imagine how the entire skull was: for unknown reasons, the skull is lost, remaining only a pair of pieces. and sadly, apparently nobody took more photos or made an adequate description of the fossil when it was complete. therefore, we must conform with this :\nthe mixotoxodon\nempire\n( every point represents a fossil location). note that it reach the south of usa and northern argentina, and is well represented in northern south american and central america. these locations probably represents a combination of tropical prairies and forests, probably not the best place for the fossilization. also, its range was different of toxodon, that lived in the open plains of southern south america, with the northeastern brazil as the northern limit. probably both animals must had different some ecological requirements, although the evergrowing teeth and the isotopes shows that both feed on abrassive plants, like grasses. but, again, how was its physical appearance ?\nnotoungulates – literally “southern ungulates. ” – may be the most emblematic of all extinct south american mammals. notoungulates were the most abundant of the native south american ungulates, and probably more species of notoungulates have been named than all other groups of endemic ungulates combined. the group includes more than 150 extinct genera in around a dozen families. notoungulates lived throughout most of south america for nearly the entire cenozoic, but only the toxodontid mixotoxodon ever expanded its range into another continent; in the pleistocene, this animal lived in central america and the extreme southern united states. unlike litopterns, notoungulates have not yet been found in eocene deposits of antarctica. this is surprising considering the abundance of notoungulates at many south american fossil sites of this age .\nthe notoungulates are also known from the early palaeocene [ 6 ] to the beginning of the holocene, with the most recent being found in association with human remains [ 24 ]. the notoungulates [ 4 ] include the families homalodotheriidae, leontiniidae, interatheriidae, mesotheriidae, hegetotheriidae and toxodontidae. also weighing approximately 1 tonne [ 21 ], the pleistocene toxodonts (toxodon and mixotoxodon) were the size of rhinoceroses and hippopotami and possessed strongly arched upper incisors and molars and horizontally arranged lower incisors. using the specimen brought back by darwin, owen referred the toxodon to the now abandoned order pachydermata, which included the elephants, rhinoceroses and hippopotami, but added that they also had ‘affinities to the rodentia, edentata, and herbivorous cetacea’ (see [ 23 ], p. 16; [ 2 ]) .\nfont: wikipedia. pagines: 32. capitols: oxienid, paleorictid, kulbeckia kulbecke, peresos gegant, oxienoideu, mixotoxodon larensis, obdurodon, onychonycteris finneyi, amfilemurid, leptictid, toxodontid, sudamericid, nictiterid, docodont, oxyaena, megalonyx, borofagi, gliptodontid, purgatorius, adelobasileus cromptoni, thalassocnus, plesiadapis, docodon striatus, driolestid, doedicurus clavicaudatus, hienodontid, propaleoteri, hadrocodium wui, homalodoteri, mimotona, carpolestes, palaeolagus, creodont, fruitafossor windscheffeli, adinoteri, monotrematum sudamericanum, yanoconodon allini, hegetoterid, eozostrodon, cimolestes, parapropalaehoplophorus septentrionalis, tipoteri, mamifer prehistoric, plesiadapiforme, adapisoriculid, desmostil, mylodon darwini, pantodont, patriofelis, escelidoteri, myrmecoboides, orophodon hapaloides, barylambda, catonyx, hegetoteri, deltatheridium, ornithorhynchus maximus, acratocnus, carpolestes simpsoni, groeberteri, embritopode, gobiateri, ambloteri, corriebaatar marywaltersae, al. loteri, gondwanateri, kepolestes coloradensis, metaxiteri, castorocauda lutrasimilis, glyptodon, trogosus, glossoteri, steropodon, cimolodont, quettacioni, comoteri, jeholodens jenkinsi, arqueohiracid, carpolestid, miccylotyrans, teinolophos trusleri, kamptobaatar kuzcynskii, pelicopsis, melanodon, laolestes, herpetarius, megateri, obdurodon insignis, arctocyon, esteropodontid, desmostylus hesperus, megalonyx jeffersonii, geolabidid, zhangolestes jilinensis, megalocnus rodens, pholidocercus hassiacus, octomylodon, crusafontia cuencana, alymlestes kielanae, dinocerat, megazostrodon, beleutinus orlovi, zhangheoterid, toxodonti, lestodon, zalambdalestes, notioprogoni, oreodont, dryolestes, phascolestes, peraspalax, prorastomid, palaeochiropteryx, kollikodon ritchiei, henricosbornid, haramiyid, arqueopitecid, nesiotites hidalgo, eurotamandua, oxyaena forcipata, barilambdid, zalambdalestid, oxyaena lupina, archaeocyon, amphilestes broderipii, cimolestid, daule ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference: r. van frank. 1957. a fossil collection from northern venezuela. 1. toxodontidae (mammalia, notoungulata). american museum novitates 1850: 1 - 38\ntype specimen: a. m. n. h. no. 48854, a mandible (symphyseal portion of lower jaws with left i112, right 11 - p3, most p4 .) .\naverage measurements (in mm): lower i1 width 16. 0, lower i1 enamel band width 2. 50, lower i2 width 15. 0, lower i2 enamel band width 2. 00, lower i3 width 19. 4, lower i3 enamel band width 5. 92, lower m1 length 48. 0, lower m2 length 43. 8, lower m3 69. 0 x 52. 4, lower p1 10. 0 x 90. 0, lower p2 length 16. 5, lower p2 talonid width 11. 0, lower p2 trigonid 9. 00 x 11. 50, lower p3 length 26. 5, lower p3 talonid width 15. 5, lower p3 trigonid 12. 0 x 13. 0, lower p4 31. 3 x 125. 0, lower p4 talonid width 18. 3, lower p4 trigonid 12. 8 x 16. 1, symphysis length 177. 0\nparent taxon: toxodontidae according to r. l. cifelli and c. r. schaff 1998\ncan' t find a community you love? create your own and start something epic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntoxodons and the closely related mixotoxodons originally evolved on the south american continent. they are classified as notoungulates– primitive hooved animals that resembled the ancient ancestors of cattle, antelope, deer, horses, hogs, etc. artistic representations of notonungulates are reminiscent of beasts known from the eocene and oligocene. mixotoxodons weighed a little over a ton, ate plant material, and looked kind of like a rhino or hippo .\nmixotoxodons were notoungulates, a group of primitive ungulates that evolved in isolation from all other hooved animals when south america was an island continent .\nbelow is a list of currently known land mammals, weighing over 100 pounds, that lived in southeastern north america during the late pleistocene .\n“the first occurrence of a toxodont (mammalia; notoungulata) in the u. s. ”\nthis entry was posted on february 12, 2015 at 3: 04 pm and is filed under pleistocene mammals, uncategorized. you can follow any responses to this entry through the rss 2. 0 feed. you can leave a response, or trackback from your own site .\ncreate a free website or blog at wordpress. com. entries (rss) and comments (rss) .\nprivacy & cookies: this site uses cookies. by continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. to find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: cookie policy\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\na fossil collection from northern venzuela. 1, toxodontidae (mammalia, notoungulata). american museum novitates; no. 1850\njavascript is disabled for your browser. some features of this site may not work without it .\namerican museum novitates novitates (latin for\nnew acquaintances\n), published continuously and numbered consecutively since 1921, are short papers that contain descriptions of new forms and reports in zoology, paleontology, and geology. new numbers are published at irregular intervals .\ndepartment of library services american museum of natural history central park west at 79th st. , new york, ny 10024 © american museum of natural history, 2011\nrev. geol. amér. central n. 50 san pedro de montes de oca jan. / jun. 2014\nlate pleistocene mammals from the el hatillo locality on the azuero peninsula in panama, originally reported by c. l. gazin in 1957, are documented here for the first time. the following taxa are present: hoplophorinae? ,\n. i refer to such associations as eme assemblages and posit that most of these assemblages from central america are of late pleistocene age. eme assemblages represent a mixed fauna of grazers and browsers that was common across central america during one or more of the late pleistocene interstadials .\ndocumentamos aquí por primera vez los mamíferos del pleistoceno tardío de la localidad de el hatillo en la península de azuero en panamá, originalmente reportado por c. l. gazin en 1957. los siguientes taxa están presente: hoplophorinae? ,\n. me refiero a este tipo de asociación como montaje eme y postulo que la mayoría de estos montajes de centroamérica son de edad del pleistoceno tardío. los montajes eme representan una fauna mixta de pasteadores y ramoneadores que eran muy común en toda centroamérica durante uno o más de los fines interestadiales del pleistoceno .\n). this fossil, now in the collection of the smithsonian institution in washington, d. c. , was sent there by j. m. dow and has no locality data other than having originated in panama. it is the abraded proximal portion of a left humerus, but its relatively gracile morphology (note especially the small deltopectoral crest) indicates it is a megalonychid, not a mylodontid ground sloth (cf. stock, 1925) .\nsmithsonian institution paleontologist c. l. gazin (1957) published the second record of fossil mammals from panama, a diverse assemblage from pleistocene deposits on the azuero peninsula (\n), no further documentation of the fossils has been published. recently, pearson (2005) documented some other pleistocene mammals from the azuero peninsula and published radiocarbon ages associated with these fossils. miocene fossil vertebrates, including selachians, turtles, crocodylians and diverse mammals (e. g. , whitmore & stewart, 1965; gillette, 1984; macfadden, 2006; uhen et al. , 2010; cadena et al. , 2012; hastings et al. , 2013; pimiento et al. , 2013; rincon et al. , 2013) have also been published from panama .\nhere, i describe and illustrate the pleistocene fossil mammals from el hatillo reported by gazin (1957). they represent what i term the\n( eme) assemblage, the most common kind of late pleistocene mammal assemblage found at numerous localities in central america. in this article, usnm = national museum of natural history, smithsonian institution, washington, d. c. , usa. all measurements are in mm; l = length, w = width .\nboth localities were in surficial beds of clay associated with pond and creek deposits. pearson (2005) found similar deposits with fossil bone at the nearby localities of la trinidaíta and llano hato, from which he obtained radiocarbon ages of ~ 45 - 47, 000\nc yr. b. p from charcoal associated with the bones. this apparently dates the bone de - posits to the marine isotope stage 3 (mis 3) interstadial, although i question the reliability of such relatively old radiocarbon dates. nevertheless, given their occurrence in superficial clay deposits, preservation (relatively un - mineralized) and taxonomic composition, the vertebrate fossil assemblages from the azuero peninsula are certainly of late pleistocene age .\n) is a hexagonal scute with a maximum diameter of 24. 1 mm and a max - mum thickness of 7. 8 mm. it has a slightly raised central area (weak central figure) and a few small, dispersed pits (foramina) on its external surface. the internal surface is exfoliated .\nsp. ”. comparison to complete ma - terial of hoplophorines (e. g. , zurita et al. , 2009) supports possible assignment to the subfamily, but the scute is not sufficient morphology upon which to base a more precise identification .\n) has a large central figure surrounded by seven smaller figures. it has a maximum diameter of 46. 5 mm and a maximum thickness of 13. 8 mm .\nfrom north america (gillette & ray, 1981, figs. 88 - 91), mexico (lucas, 2008b, figs. 10c - f) and honduras (jackson & fernandez, 2005; lucas, 2008c ,\n) is the right dentary fragment of a glyptodont with very damaged teeth. the jaw closely resembles those of\n, especially in having a flattened inferior margin of the horizontal ramus (cf. gillette & ray1981, figs. 16 - 17). a single glyptodont vertebra (usnm 540669) and other uncatalogued scute fragments from el hatillo also likely belong to\n( gazin, 1957; anonymous 1958). two skeletons from the locality are mounted and on exhibition (fig. 4), and much more material is in the usnm collection. gazin (1957) illustrated some of these specimens catalogued as usnm 20872 (\n). additional specimens are catalogued as usnm 20867 (maxillary fragments) and 546680 (left dentary) .\n( cartelle & de iuliis, 1995). indeed, size and some key morphological features (e. g. , relatively ventral orbit and zygomatic arch, relatively shallow mandibular bulge and mandibular symphysis under m1) identify almost all of the el hatillo sloth fossils as\n). the first two molariform teeth are relatively short, but the last is long, consisting of multiple columns. the dentary is relatively short and deep (depth below the posteriormost molariform tooth is 85 mm) and lacks a mandibular bulge. approximate dental measurements are: anteriormost molariform tooth l = 26. 0, w = 18. 0; second molariform tooth l = 18, w = 26; posteriormost molariform tooth l = 45, w = 22 .\n) and 540679, a relatively short, broad proximal phalanx. these molars are morphologically complicated - - - worn crowns have relatively complex fossettes and a small pli cabillin. measurements are: usnm 540676, l = 27. 4, w = 21. 5; 540677, l = 27. 9, w = 23. 2; 540678, l = 26. 5; 540679, pha - lanx l = 75. 4, proximal w = 51. 5, distal w = 43. 5. the proximal phalanx is short and stout, very close to the range of metrics reported for e. conversidens from new mexico by harris and porter (1980, table 1). metrically and morphologically the el hatillo horse teeth fall within the range of variation of e. conversidens, to which they are assigned (e. g. , hibbard, 1955, fig. 3; reynosos - rosales & montellano - ballesteros, 1994) .\n), belongs to a peccary. it has a crown l of 10. 4 mm and a crown w of 7. 2 mm. assignment to\n) is a small, dichotomously forked antler with a steeply rising beam. total length = 167 mm, and diameter of the base = 29 mm. this antler is a good match for antlers of\n( cf. frick, 1937), but not sufficient material upon which to base a species - level identification .\n) is an incomplete cheek tooth that has a crown length of at least 50 mm and is very hypsodont (crown height exceeds 136 mm). this tooth clearly is part of an upper molar of a toxodont. it corresponds well to material from northern south america and central america referred to\n( van frank, 1957; laurito, 1993; lucas et al. , 1997; lucas, 2008c), so i assign it to that taxon .\n). it has five lophs, a maximum length of 185 mm and a maximum width of 92 m. the tooth closely resembles molars of\nfrom florida, costa rica and el salvador (lucas et al. , 1997; cisneros, 2005; lucas, 2008a). however, isolated molars of neotropical gomphotheres are not generically diagnostic of\n( e. g. , lucas & alvarado, 2010; lucas, 2013). nevertheless, the only pleistocene gomphothere from central america is\n( lucas & alvarado, 2010), so referral of the el hatillo molar to this species seems reasonable .\nthe el hatillo fossil mammals are a characteristic assemblage of late pleistocene mammal fossils from central america. thus, like most other central american late pleistocene mammal assemblages, a microfauna, especially of rodents, was not collected at el hatillo. also, like other central american late pleistocene mammal assemblages, the el hatillo mammals are almost all large edentates and ungulates, and are a nearly equal mixture of south american (glyptodonts, sloths, toxodonts) and north american (horses, peccaries, deer, proboscideans) immigrants .\ndominates the el hatillo assemblage, and also dominates many other late pleistocene assemblages in honduras, el salvador, guatemala, nicaragua, costa rica and panama (e. g. , webb & perrigo, 1984; lucas et al. , 1997, 2007, 2008; cisneros, 2005; jackson & fernandez, 2005; lucas, 2008c). indeed ,\n. furthermore, most of these assemblages appear to be of rancholabrean age in the north american land - mammal biochronology and lujanian in the south american biochronology. thus, in some of these assemblages, bison is present, providing prima facie evidence of a rancholabrean age. the minimum age of eme assemblages in central america presumably is end - pleistocene, ~ 10 kya, as this is the minimum age of extinction of the megafauna in central america (cf. barnosky & lindsey, 2010). the oldest age of the eme assemblages is less certain. in north america ,\nhas its oldest record in the blancan of florida, so it must have been among the early immigrants from south to north after the initiation of the great american biotic interchange. and, a few central american fossil mammal assemblages with\nare older than rancholabrean (e. g. , cisneros, 2005) .\nis common in central america, and mostly of rancholabrean age. i conclude that most of the eme assemblages in central america are of late pleistocene age, between 250 and 10 kya; most are likely younger than 100 kya. they thus represent a mixed fauna of grazers and browsers that was common across central america during one or more of the late pleistocene interstadials .\nanonymous, 1958: paleontological discovery in panama. - discovery, 316 - 317. [\nbarnosky, a. d. & lindsey, e. l. , 2010: timing of quaternary megafaunal extinction in south america in relation to human arrival and climate change. - quat. internat. 217: 10 - 29. [\ncadena, e. , bourque, j. r. , rincon, a. f. , bloch, j. i. , jaramillo, c. a. & macfadden, b. j. , 2012: new turtles (chelonia) from the late eocene through late miocene of the panama canal basin. - j. paleont. 86: 539 - 557. [\n: the panamerican late pleistocene megatheriid ground sloth. - j. vert. paleont. 15: 830 - 841. [\ncisneros, j. c. , 2005: new pleistocene vertebrate fauna from el salvador. - rev. brasil. paleont. 8: 239 - 255. [\nfrick, c. , 1937: horned ruminants of north america. - bull. amer. mus. nat. hist. 69: 1 - 669. [\ngazin, c. l. , 1957: exploration for the remains of giant ground sloths in panama. - smithson. rep. 1956: 341 - 354. [\ngillette, d. d. , 1984: a marine ichthyofauna from the miocene of panama, and the tertiary caribbean faunal province. - j. vert. paleont. 4: 172 - 186. [\ngillette, d. d. & ray, c. e. , 1981: glyptodonts of north america. - smithson. contrib. paleobiol. 40: 1 - 255. [\nharris, a. h. & porter, l. s. w. , 1980: late pleistocene horses of dry cave, eddy county, new mexico. - j. mammal. 61: 46 - 65. [\nhastings, a. k. , bloch, j. i. , jaramillo, c. a. , rincon, a. f. & macfadden, b. j. , 2013: systematics and biogeography of crocodylians from the miocene of panama. - j. vert. paleont. 33: 239 - 263. [\nhibbard, c. , 1955: pleistocene vertebrates from the upper becerra (becerra superior) formation, valley of tequixquiac, mexico, with notes on other pleistocene forms. - contrib. mus. paleont. univ. mich. 12: 47 - 96. [\njackson, d. r. & fernandez, e. , 2005: a small pleistocene megafauna from southern honduras. - bull. flor. mus. nat. hist. 45: 261 - 269. [\nlaurito, c. a. , 1993: análisis topológico y sistemático del toxodonte de los barrantes, provincia de alajuela, costa rica. - rev. geol. amér. central, 16: 61 - 68. [\n( mammalia, proboscidea) from the neogene of florida. - new mex. mus. nat. hist. sci. bull. 44: 31 - 38. [\nlucas, s. g. , 2008b: late cenozoic fossil mammals from the chapala rift basin, jalisco, mexico. - new mex. mus. nat. hist. sci. bull. 44: 39 - 49. [\nlucas, s. g. , 2008c: pleistocene mammals from yeroconte, honduras. - new mex. mus. nat. hist. sci. bull. 44: 403 - 407. [\nlucas, s. g. & alvarado, g. e. , 2010: fossil proboscidea from the upper cenozoic of central america: taxonomy, evolutionary and paleobiogegraphic significance. - rev. geol. amér. central, 42: 9 - 42. [\nlucas, s. g. , alvarado, g. e. & vega, e. , 1997: the pleistocene mammals of costa rica. - j. vert. paleont. 17: 413 - 427. [\nlucas, s. g. , alvarado, g. e. , garcia, r. , espinoza, e. , cisneros, j. c. & martens, u. , 2007: vertebrate paleontology. en: bundschuh, j. & alvarado, g. e. (eds): central america: geology, resources and hazards: taylor & francis, london, 443 - 451. [\nlucas, s. g. , garcia, r. , espinoza, e. , alvarado, g. e. , hurtado de mendoza, l. & vega, e. , 2008: the fossil mammals of nicaragua. - new mex. mus. nat. hist. sci. bull. 44: 417 - 430. [\nmacfadden, b. j. , 2006: north american miocene land mammals from panama. - j. vert. paleont. 26: 720 - 734. [\n( mammalia: xenarthra: mylodontidae). - zool. j. linn. soc. 155: 885 - 903. [\nmcdonald, h. g. , 1995: gravigrade xenar - thrans from the early pleistocene leisey shell pit 1a, hillsborough county, florida. - bull. flor. mus. nat. hist. 37: 345 - 373. [\npearson, g. a. , 2005: late pleistocene mega - faunal deposits of the isthmus of panama and their paleoenvironmental implications. - caribb. j. sci. 41: 1 - 13. [\npimiento, c. , gonzalez - barba, g. , hendy, a. j. w. , jaramillo, c. , macfadden, b. j. , montes, c. , suarez, s. c. & shippritt, m. , 2013: early miocene chondrichthyans from the culebra formation, panama: a window into marine vertebrate faunas before closure [ of ] the central american seaway. - j. south amer. earth. sci. 42: 159 - 170. [\nreynosos - rosales, v. h. & montellano - ballesteros, m. , 1994: revisión de los équidos de la fauna cedazo del pleistoceno de aguascalientes, méxico. - rev. mex. cien. geol. 11: 87 - 105. [\nrincon, a. f. , bloch, j. i. , macfadden, b. j. & jaramillo, c. a. , 2013: first central american record of anthracotheriidae (mammalia, bothriodontidae) from the early miocene of panama. - j. vert. paleont. 3: 421 - 433. [\nstock, c. 1925: cenozoic gravigrade eden - tates of western north america with special reference to the pleistocene megalonychinae and mylodontidae of rancho la brea. - carneg. inst. wash. pub. 331: 1 - 206. [\nuhen, m. d. , coates, a. g. , jaramillo, c. a. , montes, c. , pimiento, c. , rincon, a. , strong, n. & velez - juarbe, j. , 2010: marine mammals from the miocene of panama. - j. south amer. earth sci. 30: 167 - 175. [\nvan frank, r. , 1957: a fossil collection from northern venezuela 1. toxodontidae (mammalia, notoungulata). - amer. mus. novit. 1850: 1 - 38. [\nwebb, s. d. & perrigo, s. c. , 1984: late cenozoic vertebrates from honduras and el salvador. - j. vert. paleont. 4: 237 - 254. [\nwhitmore, f. c. , jr. & stewart, r. h. , 1965: miocene mammals and central american seaways. - science, 148: 180 - 185. [\nzurita, a. e. , carlini, a. a. & scillato - yané, g. j. , 2009: paleobiogeography, biostratigraphy and systematics of the hoplophorini (xenarthra, glyptodontoidea, hoplophorinae) from the ensenadan stage (early pleistocene to early - middle pleistocene). - quat internat. 201: 82 - 92. [\n: new mexico museum of natural history and science, 1801 mountain road n. w. , albuquerque, new mexico 87104 usa spencer. lucas @ urltoken\n. new mexico museum of natural history and science, 1801 mountain road n. w. , albuquerque, new mexico 87104 usa spencer. lucas @ urltoken\nuniversidad de costa rica. campus universitario rodrigo facio, san pedro, san josé, cr, 214 - 2060, 2511 - 0000, 2511 - 4000 pdenyer @ urltoken\nclick on a date / time to view the file as it appeared at that time .\nthis file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. if the file has been modified from its original state, some details may not fully reflect the modified file .\na preview for' esborranys de mam fers prehist rics' could not be found .\nernest l. lundelius jr. , vaughn m. bryant, rolfe mandel, kenneth j. thies & alston thoms. 2013 .\nthe first occurrence of a toxodont (mammalia, notoungulata) in the united states .\njournal of vertebrate paleontology 33 (1): 229 - 232. urltoken\nname: lundelius _ et _ al _ 2013. pdf size: 225. 7kb format: pdf\nthe university of kansas prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, ethnicity, religion, sex, national origin, age, ancestry, disability, status as a veteran, sexual orientation, marital status, parental status, gender identity, gender expression and genetic information in the university’s programs and activities. the following person has been designated to handle inquiries regarding the non - discrimination policies: director of the office of institutional opportunity and access, ioa @ urltoken, 1246 w. campus road, room 153a, lawrence, ks, 66045, (785) 864 - 6414, 711 tty .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\n© 2015 the authors. published by the royal society under the terms of the creative commons attribution license urltoken, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited .\nthe very concept of extinction was developed from early nineteenth century investigations following the discovery of unusual south american mammal fossils. charles darwin himself was one of the first to collect toxodon platensis and macrauchenia patachonica fossils, which are believed to have initiated many debates on evolution and natural selection [ 1, 2 ]. despite playing an important part in darwin' s wider studies on evolution, the evolutionary history of the ‘native’ south american megafauna has remained highly debated ever since [ 3 – 6 ] .\nrecent molecular evidence indicates that all living placental mammals belong to four major clades of eutherian mammals: euarchontoglires, laurasiatheria, afrotheria and xenarthra [ 37, 38 ]. the euarchontoglirans and laurasiatherians are considered to form a well - supported grouping called boreoeutheria, developed in laurasia [ 39 ], whereas afrotheria are mostly an african group and xenarthra are primarily confined to south america .\nhowever, although the monophyletic unity of xenarthra has been supported by most morphological and molecular studies, the relationship of this group to the other major lineages remains unclear. one hypothesis recognizes the clade atlantogenata, which comprises the predominantly gondwana xenarthra and afrotheria [ 40 – 42 ]. following this logic, the south american meridungulates have been considered by some to potentially form part of this atlantogenata clade [ 43 ]. alternative hypotheses have proposed the combination of xenarthra and boreoeutheria (exafroplacentalia [ 44 ]) or the combination of afrotheria and boreoeutheria to the exclusion of xenarthra (epitheria [ 45 ]). one of the most recent analyses of south american ungulate phylogeny considered the notoungulates to be most closely related to mammal groups that are within afrotheria based on similarities in tooth replacement, the number of thoracic vertebrate and the presence of a well - defined astragalar cotylar fossa [ 3 ]. however, others disagree with some of these proposed similarities [ 46 – 48 ] .\nin recent years, our understanding of mammal evolution has been substantially altered by the analysis of modern dna [ 49, 50 ]. however, there are numerous major classes of taxa that are beyond the accepted survival limits of adna. these are either owing to the geological age of the most recent representative fossils, or owing to their habitation and geographical location (such as warm or wet environments) and thus fossilization in climates that quickly degrade dna molecules. many of these regions are those with the greatest biodiversity, including many of the regions of the former gondwanan supercontinent (e. g. africa, madagascar, south america and australia) from which adna is rarely reported from remains more than a few hundred years old .\nproteins, another phylogenetically informative class of biomolecules, do survive in fossils for periods of time that are orders of magnitude greater than for dna [ 51 ] and have been investigated for their potential to resolve the phylogeny of extinct taxa for decades. some of the earliest molecular evidence to support the now widely accepted afrotheria clade came from protein - based evidence [ 52 ], although this was not widely accepted until much later dna sequence analyses. early studies that used proteins for phylogenetic inferences were most frequently derived from immunological analyses [ 53 – 55 ], where applications of direct sequencing methods to ancient proteins (e. g. [ 56 ]) were limited by diagenetic alterations to the proteins (e. g. amino - terminal modifications) and the requirement to isolate and purify large quantities of protein [ 57 ]. however, immunological approaches to the study of ancient proteins were considered unreliable by some owing to the regular occurrence of non - specific reactions [ 58, 59 ] .\nrecent developments in protein sequence analysis enable complex mixtures of proteins (i. e. proteomes) to be routinely analysed using techniques of ‘soft - ionization’ mass spectrometry. this technology now allows us the ability to obtain protein sequence information and infer evolutionary relationships from long - extinct organisms much deeper into the past than previously thought possible. although the claims of protein sequence retrieval from dinosaur fossils [ 60 ] have proven controversial [ 61, 62 ], their survival in remains from temperate climes from throughout the pleistocene period is widely accepted [ 63, 64 ] .\nalthough the biomineralized tissue that is bone contains thousands of different proteins [ 65 ], most of these do not survive long periods of time within a burial environment, where a general decrease in proteome complexity with increasing chronological age has been observed [ 66 ]. however, the dominant protein of bone, type 1 collagen, has been demonstrated to survive much longer than other non - collagenous proteins (ncps) [ 66, 67 ] and also, more importantly, in specimens that no longer yield adna [ 67 ]. recent analyses unambiguously reporting the survival of collagen within pliocene sub - fossil material dating from approximately 3. 5 ma [ 68 ] demonstrate its potential for a wide range of extinct taxa .\nsub - fossil specimens from different palaeontological sites in buenos aires, argentina. prior to lc - orbitrapelite - ms / ms analyses, maldi - tof - ms pmfs were acquired to evaluate the quality of the surviving proteins extracted and digested (\n). lc–ms / ms data were then searched against swissprot by mascot using error - tolerant searches to allow for further amino acid substitutions between species, which were manually investigated, and greater scoring matches from other species co - opted to improve the existing collagen sequence for each specimen (collagen was the only protein matched in all four samples). molecular phylogenies were then reconstructed following further mascot search results with varying levels of confidence using maximum - likelihood (ml) analyses, all recovering a similar placement for the south american ungulates (\n; electronic supplementary material s5: figures s2 and s3). to explore other phylogenetic methods, parsimony (electronic supplementary material s5: figure s4) and bayesian (electronic supplementary material, figure s5) analyses were also carried out on the sequences matched in both specimens for each sub - fossil taxon; both yielded relationships of the south american ungulates within laurasiatheria, monophyletic with perissodactyla .\nmaldi - tof mass spectra of collagen extracted from toxodon (a) and macrauchenia (b) .\nphylogenetic analyses of toxodon and macrauchenia collagen sequences matched by lc–ms / ms rooted to the duck - billed platypus (ornithorhynchus) showing maximum - likelihood analysis using phyml with 10 000 bootstraps (less than 50 not shown except for toxodon and macrauchenia) .\n], resulting in 1460 total characters. the resulting placement of the south american ungulates remained consistently within a clade that was monophyletic with perissodactyla, although some differences were observed elsewhere in the topology where the primates no longer grouped with the monophyletic rodents and lagomorphs, and the xenarthran was placed sister to the chiropterans (electronic supplementary material, figure s2). an alternative approach to using proteomics - derived data but to minimize the inclusion of false - positive matches is also proposed here, which only takes into account peptides that were observed in the pmf experiments. the results from this analysis recovered the same tree topology as described above for the standard analyses (i. e. consistent overall topology with [\n]) but with subtly lower bootstrap support for the association of the south american ungulates with perissodactyla .\ndecoy rates and percentage sequence coverages (of 2097 collagen residues) of peptide matches above the highest false - positive peptide score for the sequence data of the four south american native ungulate specimens analysed as well as protein scores and number of peptide matches (number of unique peptides in brackets) for selected representative taxa (cropped to exclude sequence gaps; see electronic supplementary material s4 for further peptide score information). mo, museo olavarría; mlp, museo de la plata .\nthe phylogenetic results from the available collagen sequences clearly demonstrate its potential to retrieve topologies consistent with those recently reported for molecular analyses of extant taxa [ 37 ]. according to the analyses that are most consistent with dna - based methods (ml), the afrotherians are the first placental superorder to diverge, with xenarthrans placed as sister clade to the remaining taxa, consistent with the exoafroplacentalia model of eutherian evolution. boreoeutheria is recovered with euarchonta and glires forming a clade (euarchontoglires) sister to laurasiatheria. in the latter, the chiroptera are the first order to diverge within laurasiatheria, followed by eulipotyphla (albeit both with poor support), then by carnivora and finally the perissodactyla and cetartiodactyla; the latter three forming fereuungulata. within this phylogeny both toxodon and macrauchenia, which were found to be monophyletic (meridungulata), were consistently placed as sister taxa to perissodactyla within laurasiatheria. although there was only one synapomorphy identified for this proposed grouping, there were several between the south american native ungulates and either ceratotherium or equus; however, a similar trend in low numbers of group synapomorphies is observed in other lineages such as the cetartiodactyls, which form a strongly supported clade .\nfollowing many decades of debate hitherto based purely on skeletal morphology, the molecular phylogeny retrieved from collagen sequencing consistently resolves the evolutionary history of these morphologically unusual south american native ‘ungulates’. their placement as sister group to the perissodactyls indicates that the litopterns and notoungulates, and potentially others of the ‘native’ south american mammals, derive from a lineage nested within the euungulata (perissodactyla and cetartiodactyla, with estimated divergence times of approx. 75 ma [\ngiven that the fossil record of tertiary south american ‘ungulates’ starts in the earliest palaeocene age, with the condylarths and a notoungulate from the santa lucia formation at tiupampa, bolivia [ 6 ], and condylarths and litopterns from punta peligro, in patagonia, argentina [ 13 ], it is likely that the colonization of south america by the meridungulate ancestor (s) occurred from north america during the earliest palaeocene, or even the late cretaceous when the two continents were probably only separated by a narrow water gap, but later became more widely separated [ 86 ]. the findings of litopterns (sparnotheriodontidae) and astrapotherians (trigonostylopoidea) occurring in eocene deposits of seymour island, along with marsupials, xenarthrans and gondwanatherians [ 87 ], have been interpreted as an indication that antarctica and south america would have had a land connection in the late palaeocene–early eocene, when major regressive events are recorded in northern antarctica and southernmost patagonia [ 88 ]. however, given that the group managed to cross the gap from north to south america, it is entirely plausible that they similarly crossed the gap between patagonia and antarctica .\nthe author thanks professor tom kemp for early discussions on the subject area, julian selley, stacey warwood and the university of manchester' s faculty of life sciences’ biomolecular core facility and david robertson, craig lawless and muxin gu for analytical support. the author is thankful to professor andrew chamberlain, mariano bond and alfredo carlini for proof - reading the manuscript and to the reviewers for their useful comments. alfredo carlini, eduardo pedro tonni at the museo de la plata, argentina, and marcelo sanchez and heinz furrer at the palaeontology institute and museum of zurich are also thanked for access to the fossil samples used in this study .\ndata presented in this paper are available as an electronic supplementary material in five parts and proteomics data and raw tree files accessible through dryad: doi: 10. 5061 / dryad. 9tt2t .\n) and the author is currently funded by a royal society university research fellowship .\n( eds szalay fs, novacek mi, mckenna mc, editors .), pp. 195–216 new york, ny: springer .\nnotopterna: un nuevo orden de mamíferos ungulados eógenos de américa del sur. part ii: notonychops powelli gen. et sp. nov (notonychopidae nov .) de la formación río loro (paleoceno medio), provincia de tucumán, argentina\nwoodburne m, goin f, raigemborn m, heizler m, gelfo j, oliveira e. 2014 .\nfossil mammalia part 1 of the zoology of the voyage of hms beagle by richard owen. edited and superintended by charles darwin\nthe beginning of the age of mammals in south america. part 1: introduction. systematics: marsupialia, edentata, condylarthra, litopterna and notioprogonia\n( eds luckett wp, szalay fs, editors .), pp. 21–46 new york, ny: plenum press .\nmurphy wj, pringle th, crider ta, springer ms, miller w. 2007 .\nkriegs jo, churakov g, kiefmann m, jordan u, brosius j, schmitz j. 2006 .\nspringer ms, stanhope mj, madsen o, de jong ww. 2004 .\nasara jm, schweitzer mh, freimark lm, phillips m, cantley lc. 2007 .\nrybczynski n, gosse jc, harington cr, wogelius ra, hidy aj, buckley m. 2013 .\nbuckley m, fraser s, herman j, melton n, mulville j, pálsdóttir a. 2014 .\nbuckley m, whitcher kansa s, howard s, campbell s, thomas - oates j, collins m. 2010 .\nbuckley m, collins m, thomas - oates j, wilson jc. 2009 .\ndos reis m, inoue j, hasegawa m, asher rj, donoghue pc, yang z. 2012 .\ndouzery ej, snell ea, bapteste e, delsuc f, philippe h. 2004 .\nlundelius el, jr, bryant vm, mandel r, thies kj, thoms a. 2013 .\ncharles knight reconstructions of two notoungulates from the early miocene of southern argentina: the interathere protypotherium (left) and the toxodontid nesodon (right). from scott (1932) .\nnomenclature for the molars of a typical low - crowned notoungulate such as an henricosborniid. tooth outlines from cifelli (1993) .\nthe suborder toxodontia mostly includes large (sheep - sized) to very large (hippopotamus - sized) species. it is named for the family toxodontidae, which itself is named for toxodon, a genus of mammals that survived until the pleistocene megafaunal extinction some 12, 000 years ago. this genus, family, and suborder were all named by the great english anatomist richard owen based on fossils collected by none other than charles darwin. three toxodont families survived well into the miocene: homalodotheriidae, leontiniidae, and toxodontidae. among these, only the toxodontids were widespread, abundant, and diverse during this interval. they were also the only toxodonts still living in south america during the great american biotic interchange .\nthe suborder typotheria mainly includes small (rabbit - sized) to medium (dog - sized) species, many of which have rodent or rabbit - like cranial and / or skeletal features. this group was also named for one of its most recent and largest members, typotherium, which is now known as mesotherium. ancestrally, typotheres are characterized by a “face” pattern of enamel - lined fossettes in their upper teeth (see below). as is true of toxodonts, three typothere families persisted well into the miocene: interatheriidae, mesotheriidae, and hegetotheriidae. however, all three of these were rather widespread and abundant during this interval, and the latter two survived into the pleistocene .\npartially worn upper molar of the interatheriid notopithecus. tooth outline from cifelli (1993) .\nbillet, g. 2011. phylogeny of the notoungulata (mammalia) based on cranial and dental characters. journal of systematic palaeontolog y 9: 481 - 497 .\ncifelli, r. l. 1993. the phylogeny of the native south american ungulates; pp. 195 - 216\nf. s. szalay, m. j. novacek, and m. c. mckenna (eds .) ,\nscott, w. b. 1932. mammalia of the santa cruz beds. volume vii, paleontology. part iii. nature and origin of the santa cruz fauna with additional notes on the entelonychia and astrapotheria. ; pp. 157 - 192\n. princeton university, e. schweizerbart’sche verlagshandlung (e. nägele), stuttgart .\nwant to learn more about the fossil history of south american mammals? check out my blog, the rafting monkey. my posts discuss the latest research on south american mammals and fossil mammal sites as well as interesting tidbits from the archives of paleomammalogy. you can visit periodically to see what is new or sign up to get an email alert every [ … ]\ndo you know what a notoungulate is? how about an astrapothere, a necrolestid, or a sparassodont? these are just a few of the fascinating mammals that once called south america home. unfortunately, these and many other ancient south american mammals left no living descendants and have no close living relatives. as a result, they are [ … ]" ]

{ "text": [ "mixotoxodon ( \" mixture toxodon \" ) is an extinct genus of notoungulate of the family toxodontidae inhabiting south america , central america and parts of southern north america during the pleistocene , from 1,800,000 — 23,000 ~ 25,000 bce . " ], "topic": [ 26 ] }

[ "mixotoxodon (\" mixture toxodon \") is an extinct genus of notoungulate of the family toxodontidae inhabiting south america, central america and parts of southern north america during the pleistocene, from 1,800,000 — 23,000 ~ 25,000 bce." ]

[ "have a fact about bolkonski (horse)? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for bolkonski (horse)? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nsport horse breeding gb uses cookies. find out more about our use of cookies .\nother top horses d' alessio owned were le moss, second in another classic, the st leger, before proving himself a leading staying horse, and the sprinter valeriga. d' alessio was also renowned for his involvement in the political side of italian racing .\nspurred by that success, the d' alessio / cecil axis was again on winning terms the following year when bolkonski won the first colts' classic race of the season, the 2, 000 guineas. his owner became the first italian to win a classic since chevalier ginistrelli with signorinetta in 1908. bolkonski also took two other prestigious mile races, the st james' s palace stakes and the sussex stakes .\nwollow and bolkonski were ridden by gianfranco dettori, one of italy' s best riders and the father of lanfranco, who is set to become champion jockey in britain this year. lanfranco dettori was apprenticed to luca cumani in newmarket. he is the son of d' alessio' s main italian trainer, sergio cumani. luca cumani was henry cecil' s assistant at the time of bolkonski and wollow, and also gave the owner his most valuable success when tolomeo won the arlington million .\nbolkonski (ire) ch. h, 1972 { 19 - b } dp = 10 - 2 - 4 - 0 - 2 (18) di = 3. 50 cd = 1. 00 - 8 starts, 5 wins, 1 places, shows career earnings: £ 76. 222\nbolkonski and wollow made him the first owner since 1834 to win back - to - back runnings of the 2, 000 guineas, in 1975 and 1976; tolomeo was a notable english - trained winner of the valuable arlington million in america in 1983; and le moss proved himself one of the best stayers ever when winning successive runnings of the ascot gold cup .\ncarlo d' alessio, lawyer and racehorse owner; born rome 18 january 1915; died 5 september 1994 .\nin the period during the 1970s and 1980s when he had horses in training in england, carlo d' alessio could hardly do wrong. d' alessio, a leading italian lawyer, never had an extensive string, but he enjoyed success .\nd' alessio entered british racing practically on a whim. he owned the champion italian two - year - old new model and in 1974 took the gamble of sending him to be trained in newmarket by henry cecil. it paid off when the colt won the valuable challenge stakes on his home course .\nlurking in the wings by the end of this season was another top two - year - old, wollow. he had already won the champagne stakes at doncaster and dewhurst stakes at newmarket, both valuable juvenile races .\nand when wollow beat vitiges in the 1976 2, 000 guineas, d' alessio became the first owner to win two guineas on the trot since 1834. although he didn' t stay the 12 furlongs of the derby, wollow bounced back to form in three other group 1 races: the sussex stakes at goodwood over a mile, the eclipse stakes at sandown, and the benson and hedges gold cup at york; the last two races over a mile and a quarter .\nunable to compete with the huge money invested in racing by arab owners, d' alessio quit english racing in the 1980s. he continued to be successful in italy under the souderia cieffedi banner and had a notable success this year when poliuto won the premio paroli, the italian 2, 000 guineas .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmore than $ 25, 000 was raised for the permanently d ...\njustify' s next race plans will have to wait, conne ...\nelate is returning in the grade 2, $ 750, 000 delawa ...\nowner: mr. c. d' alessio breeder: woodpark stud. winnings: 8 starts: 5 - 1 -, £ 76. 222 2yo: won premio masciago, milan; premio tevere (gr2) rome; 3yo: won 2000 guineas (gr. 1), newmarket; sussex stakes (gr1), goodwood; st. james' s palace stakes (gr1); also second in craven stakes (gr3), newmarket. tf 134. sire in france. (close )\ncolor: dk ch (ire) de 306 / 06 / 46376 / 72. ? - 5 - 3, 65, 980 pds. ; 15, 810, 000 lire (close )\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nopen an account with betfair and bet at least €5 at min odds of 1 / 5 on the sportsbook. win or lose betfair match your first bet up to €50. free bet stakes not returned" ]

{ "text": [ "bolkonski ( foaled 1972 ) was an irish-bred , british-trained thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "originally trained in italy , the colt moved to england for the 1975 season where he recorded an upset victory over grundy in the classic 2000 guineas at newmarket racecourse .", "he went on to win two other major british races over one mile , the st. james 's palace stakes at ascot and the sussex stakes at goodwood .", "at the end of the season he was retired to stud where he had limited success as a sire of winners . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 14, 7 ] }

[ "bolkonski (foaled 1972) was an irish-bred, british-trained thoroughbred racehorse and sire. originally trained in italy, the colt moved to england for the 1975 season where he recorded an upset victory over grundy in the classic 2000 guineas at newmarket racecourse. he went on to win two other major british races over one mile, the st. james's palace stakes at ascot and the sussex stakes at goodwood. at the end of the season he was retired to stud where he had limited success as a sire of winners." ]

[ "the moth of this species has forewings with a variable grey pattern. the hindwings are off - white shading to grey at the wingtips. the wingspan is about 2 cms .\nvolume 4, part 2 (1879), pp. 237 - 238 .\nwe use cookies to give you the best possible experience. by using our website you agree to our use of cookies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnot sure whether i have a. blue tango, or del mar, ... read more\nthis non - native ladybug is competing with us native... read more\ni have seen this bird for the very first time everyday... read more\nblack gum (nyssa sylvatica) is a member of the cornaceae... read more\ncopyright © 2000 - 2018 dave' s garden, an internet brands company. all rights reserved .\nuse of this web site constitutes acceptance of the urltoken terms of use, rules, privacy policy, and cookie policy .\nandrew allen i' ve added a side view, if that helps at all. it was about 2cm long\nall data on natureshare is licensed under a creative commons attribution 2. 5 australia license .\nfree: natureshare is, and will always be, a free and open service .\nwarranty: natureshare services and all software are provided on an\nas is\nbasis without warranties of any kind, either express or implied, including, without limitation, fitness for a particular purpose. your use of the services is at your sole risk. we do not guarantee the accuracy or timeliness of information available from the service .\npowered by naturemapr | canberra nature map operates under creative commons attribution 3. 0 australia | privacy\nthis sighting hasn' t been described yet! be the first to describe this sighting." ]

{ "text": [ "heteromicta pachytera is a species of moth of the family pyralidae .", "it is found in australia , including queensland , new south wales , victoria , south australia and tasmania .", "the wingspan is about 20 mm .", "the forewings have a grey pattern . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1 ] }

[ "heteromicta pachytera is a species of moth of the family pyralidae. it is found in australia, including queensland, new south wales, victoria, south australia and tasmania. the wingspan is about 20 mm. the forewings have a grey pattern." ]

[ "this species has often been cited with the incorrect specific epithet gender, limosus .\ncomments: this species has often been cited with the incorrect specific epithet gender, limosus .\na mud amnicola in charles co. , maryland (9 / 21 / 2016). measured 4 mm. photo by robert aguilar, serc. (mbp list )\n( of lyogyrus limosus (say, 1817) ) liu h. - p. , marceau d. & hershler r. (2016). taxonomic identity of two amnicolid gastropods of conservation concern in lakes of the pacific northwest of the usa. journal of molluscan studies. 82 (3): 464 - 471. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of amnicola limosa [ sic ]) hershler r. & liu h. - p. (2017). annotated checklist of freshwater truncatelloidean gastropods of the western united states, with an illustrated key to the genera. u. s. department of the interior, bureau of land management, technical note. 449: 1 - 141. [ details ]\n( of amnicola ferruginea calkins, 1880) hershler r. & liu h. - p. (2017). annotated checklist of freshwater truncatelloidean gastropods of the western united states, with an illustrated key to the genera. u. s. department of the interior, bureau of land management, technical note. 449: 1 - 141. [ details ]\n( of amnicola orbiculata i. lea, 1844) hershler r. & liu h. - p. (2017). annotated checklist of freshwater truncatelloidean gastropods of the western united states, with an illustrated key to the genera. u. s. department of the interior, bureau of land management, technical note. 449: 1 - 141. [ details ]\njohnson, p. d. ; bogan, a. e. ; brown, k. m. ; burkhead, n. m. ; cordeiro, j. r. ; garner, j. t. ; hartfield, p. d. ; lepitzki, d. a. w. ; mackie, g. l. ; tarpley, t. a. ; tiemann, j. s. ; whelan, n. v. ; strong, e. e. (2013). conservation status of freshwater gastropods of canada and the united states. fisheries. 38 (6): 247 - 282. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nto biodiversity heritage library (2 publications) to museum of new zealand te papa (m. 102368; lagochilus studeri suter, 1896; holotype) (from synonym lagochilus studeri suter, 1896) to itis\nto museum of new ze... [ hosted externally; from synonym ]\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthe bookreader requires javascript to be enabled. please check that your browser supports javascript and that it is enabled in the browser settings. you can also try one of the other formats of the book .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .\na larger image from a web site created by the canadian museum of nature .\nthis image is from a page of the nature of the rideau river web site, created by the canadian museum of nature. visit the page .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon, d. d. , j. f. quinn, jr. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, f. g. hochberg, w. g. lyons, p. m. mikkelsen, r. j. neves, c. f. e. roper, g. rosenberg, b. roth, a. scheltema, f. g. thompson, m. vecchione, and j. d. williams. 1998. common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks. 2nd edition. american fisheries society special publication 26, bethesda, maryland: 526 pp .\nthis species has a wide distribution, presumed large population, occurrence in a number of protected areas, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, tolerance to habitat modification, lack of substantial immediate threats, and because it is not in decline or is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\nthis species occurs broadly across canada and the united states, from the atlantic coast to as far west as utah, and from labrador to florida with subspecies parva occurring in the atlantic and middle states, including ohio, indiana, illinois, iowa and missouri (burch, 1989) .\ntotal population size is unknown. krieger (1985) reports densities up to 284 / sq. meter in lake erie. it is abundant in lake simcoe, ontario (conway 2013) .\ngiven the large geographic distribution of this species, it is unlikely that any major threat is impacting its global population. some populations in northern wisconsin lakes have been impacted by introduced populations of the invasive rusty crayfish, orconectes rusticus (kreps et al. 2012) .\n( > 2, 500, 000 square km (greater than 1, 000, 000 square miles) ) this species occurs broadly across canada and the united states, from the atlantic coast to as far west as utah, and from labrador to florida with subspecies parva occurring in the atlantic and middle states, including ohio, indiana, illinois, iowa and missouri (burch, 1989) .\nthis species is found in permanent waters, including lakes and ponds, with aquatic vegetation (burch 1989, o' neal and soulliere 2006) .\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens, including live specimens or recently dead shells (i. e. , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining), at a given location with potentially recurring existence. weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence. evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data; unpublished, though documented (i. e. government or agency reports, web sites, etc .) observation or collection data; or museum specimen information .\nseparation barriers are largely based on permanent hydrological discontinuity between water bodies, with distances of 30 meters or greater between maximum high water marks constituting a separation barrier. additional barriers are chemical and / or physical and include any connecting water body (regardless of size) with one or more of the following on a permanent basis: no dissolved calcium content, acidity greater than ph 5, lack of dissolved oxygen, extremely high salinity such as that found in saline lakes and brine waters, or temperature greater than 45 an additional physical barrier, particularly for flowing water, is presence of upland habitat between water connections. high waterfalls and anthropogenic barriers to water flow such as dams are barriers as they limit movement in an upstream direction .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nangelo, r. t. , m. s. cringan, and j. e. fry. 2002. distributional revisions and amended occurrence records for prosobranch snails in kansas. transactions of the kansas academy of science 105 (3 - 4): 246 - 257 .\nberry, e. g. 1943. the amnicolidae of michigan: distribution, ecology, and taxonomy. miscellaneous publications of the museum of zoology, university of michigan, 57: 1 - 68 .\nburch, j. b. 1989. north american freshwater snails. malacological publications: hamburg, michigan. 365 pp .\nburch, j. b. 1989. north american freshwater snails. malacological publ. , hamburg, michigan. viii + 365 pp .\nchamberlin, r. v. , and d. t. jones. 1929. a descriptive catalog of the mollusca of utah. bull. univ. utah 19 (4): x + 203 pp .\nchamberlin, r. v. , and e. j. roscoe. 1948. check list of recent utah mollusca. bull. univ. utah, biol. ser. 39 (2): 1 - 16 .\nconway, a. 2013. benthic macroinvertebrate communities of lake simcoe (ontario, canada): investigating an 85 year time - scale. a thesis presented to the university of waterloo, ontario, canada. 91 pp .\ndawley, c. 1965. checklist of freshwater mollusks of north carolina. sterkiana, 19: 35 - 40 .\ndexter, r. w. 1961. changes in the gastropod populations in the salt fork of the big vermilion river in illinois, 1918 - 1959. sterkiana, 3: 15 - 18 .\ndillon, r. t. , jr. and t. w. stewart. 2003. the freshwater gastropods of south carolina. created 26 august 2003. last updated september 2007. available online: urltoken\ndillon, r. t. , jr. , b. t. watson, and t. w. stewart. 2006a. the freshwater gastropods of north carolina. created 26 august 2003 by rob dillon, college of charleston, charleston, south carolina. available online: urltoken last updated september 2007 .\ndillon, r. t. , jr. , w. k. reeves, and t. w. stewart. 2006b [ 2007 ]. the freshwater gastropods of georgia. created 26 august 2003. last updated september 2007. available online: urltoken\nevans, r. r. and s. j. ray. 2010. distribution and environmental influences on freshwater gastropods from lotic systems and springs in pennsylvania, usa, with conservation recommendations. american malacological bulletin 28: 135 - 150 .\ngeneral status, environment canada. 2015. manitoba mollusk species list and subnational ranks proposed by an expert .\nhenderson, j. , and l. e. daniels. 1917. hunting mollusca in utah and idaho in 1916. proc. acad. natur. sci. philadelphia 69: 48 - 81 .\njohnson, p. d. , a. e. bogan, k. m. brown, n. m. burkhead, j. r. cordeiro, j. t. garner, p. d. hartfield, d. w. q. lepitzki, g. l. mackie, e. pip, t. a. tarpley, j. s. tiemann, n. v. whelan, and e. e. strong. 2013. conservation status of freshwater gastropods of canada and the united states. fisheries 38 (6): 247 - 266 .\njokinen, e. h. 2005. pond molluscs of indiana dunes national lakeshore: then and now. american malacological bulletin 20: 1 - 9 .\njones, d. t. 1940. mollusks of the oquirrh and stansbury mountains in utah. nautilus 54: 27 - 29 .\njones, d. t. 1940. recent collections of utah mollusca, with extralimital records from certain utah cabinets. utah acad. sci. arts lett. 17: 33 - 45 .\nkreps, t. a. , baldridge, a. k. , and lodge, d. m. 2012. the impact of an invasive predator (orconectes rusticus) on freshwater snail communities: insights on habitat - specific effects from a multilake long - term study. canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 69 (7): 1164 - 1173 .\nkrieger, k. a. 1985. snail distributions in lake erie: the influence of anoxia in the southern central basin nearshore zone. the ohio journal of science 85 (5): 230 - 244 .\nmirarchi, r. e. , et al. 2004a. alabama wildlife. volume one: a checklist of vertebrates and selected invertebrates: aquatic mollusks, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. university of alabama press: tuscaloosa, alabama. 209 pp .\npearce, t. a. and r. evans. 2008. freshwater mollusca of plummers island, maryland. bulletin of the biological society of washington, 15: 20 - 30 .\npilsbry, h. a. 1899. catalogue of the amnicolidae of the western united states. nautilus 12: 121 - 127 .\npip, e. 2000. the decline of freshwater molluscs in southern manitoba. canadian field naturalist 114 (4): 555 - 560 .\npyron, m. , j. beaugly, e. martin, and m. spielman. 2008. conservation of the freshwater gastropods of indiana: historic and current distributions. american malacological bulletin, 26: 137 - 151 .\nsmith, d. c. , m. a. gates, r. a. krebs, and m. j. s. tevesz. 2002. a survey of freshwater mussels (unionidae) and other molluscs in the cuyahoga valley national park. ohio biological survey miscellaneous contribution, 8: 1 - 31 .\nstephen, b. j. and v. b. winkler. 2007. a survey of the freshwater snails of the major ecoregions of south dakota. ellipsaria, 9 (1): 14 - 15 .\nwood, d. h. 1982a. aquatic snails (gastropoda) of the savannah river plant, aiken, south carolina. sro - nerp - 10 savannah river ecology lab, athens, georgia. 46 pp .\nwoolstenhulme, j. p. 1942. new records of mollusca. bull. univ. utah. salt lake city. 14 pp .\nwu, s. - k. , r. d. oesch, and m. e. gordon. 1997. missouri aquatic snails. natural history series, no. 5. missouri department of conservation: jefferson, missouri. 97 pp .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of march 2018. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2018 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2018. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nglobal range: (200, 000 - 2, 500, 000 square km (about 80, 000 - 1, 000, 000 square miles) ) this species occurs from the atlantic coast to as far west as utah, and from labrador to florida with subspecies parva occurring in the atlantic and middle states, including ohio, indiana, illinois, iowa and missouri (burch, 1989) .\nnon - migrant: no. all populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations .\nlocally migrant: no. no populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e. g. , to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites) .\nlocally migrant: no. no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .\nnote: for many non - migratory species, occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .\ncomments: in the cuyahoga valley national park (between cleveland and akron, ohio), this species was recently found only in dickerson run in the park (smith et al. , 2002) .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (coi or cox1) from a member of the species .\nreasons: this widespread species occurs from the atlantic coast to as far west as utah, and from labrador to florida with subspecies parva occurring in the atlantic and middle states, including ohio, indiana, illinois, iowa and missouri (burch, 1989). this species has a wide distribution, presumed large population, occurrence in a number of protected areas, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, tolerance to habitat modification, lack of substantial immediate threats, and because it is not in decline or is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncurrent address: department of biological sciences, bowling green state university, bowling green, oh 43403 .\ncopyright © 1994 international association for great lakes research. published by elsevier b. v. all rights reserved .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v." ]

{ "text": [ "amnicola limosus , common name the mud amnicola , is a species of very small aquatic snail , an operculate gastropod mollusk in the family hydrobiidae . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "amnicola limosus, common name the mud amnicola, is a species of very small aquatic snail, an operculate gastropod mollusk in the family hydrobiidae." ]

[ "select an image: 1. black - faced munia > > adult carrying nesting material 2. black - faced munia > > adult carrying nesting material 3. black - faced munia > > allopreening 4. black - faced munia > > adult 5. black - faced munia 6. black - faced munia 7. black - faced munia > > adults and juveniles 8. black - faced munia > > juvenile 9. black - faced munia 10. black - faced munia > > juvenile 11. black - faced munia > > adults 12. black - faced munia > > adult 13. black - faced munia > > adult 14. black - faced munia > > immatures 15. black - faced munia > > immatures 16. black - faced munia > > adult 17. black - faced munia > > adults 18. black - faced munia > > adult\nnobody uploaded sound recordings for black - faced munia (lonchura molucca) yet .\nblack - faced munia (lonchura molucca) is a species of bird in the estrildidae family .\nblack - faced munia, indonesia. finches and more | birds and feathers. 2 | pinterest | bird, beautiful birds and birdwatching\nrobin restall lists 3 subspecies of moluccan munia in munias and mannikins. the nominate, lesser sundas black - faced (l. m. propinqua) and the ceram black - faced munia (l. m. vagans). i do not know the status of these subspecies in aviculture .\nblack - faced munia male adult breeding | birds estrilididae finches (gouldian, zebra, javan, granandier, munias, waxbills, parrotfinches ...) | pinterest\nthroughout history, crows, ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death. …\npayne, r. (2018). black - faced munia (lonchura molucca). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 11 july 2018) .\ndusky munia | birds estrilididae finches (gouldian, zebra, javan, granandier, munias, waxbills, parrotfinches ...) | pinterest | bird\nwhite - rumped munia | birds estrilididae finches (gouldian, zebra, javan, granandier, munias, waxbills, parrotfinches ...) | pinterest\n10–11 cm; 12 g. male nominate race has head to breast black, nape to back and upperwing - coverts brown, upper mantle with indistinct barring, rump white with wavy fine ...\nrestall also reports a humorous nickname for the moluccan in sulawesi is the' deaf munia' because it has no fear of man even when chased with alarms and rattles used to frighten birds from crops .\n11 cm; 10·6 - 12·3 g. nominate race has head to back and rump dark brown, back and rump with pale shaft streaks on, uppertail - coverts brownish - black, tail quills dark brown ...\nall members of this genus are similar in size and structure. they have short, stubby bills, stocky bodies and long tails. most are 4 - 4. 7 inches (10 - 12 cm) in length. the color of their plumages are generally combinations of browns, black and white. males and females generally look alike. juveniles are usually duller with a less contrasted plumage .\npayne, r. (2018). white - rumped munia (lonchura striata). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 11 july 2018) .\npayne, r. (2018). white - bellied munia (lonchura leucogastra). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 11 july 2018) .\nbreeder' s notes the first step is properly identifying a true pair. many asian munia will all roost together in the same nest. the moluccan is no exception, so seeing a pair build a nest is not a sign that they are getting ready for nesting. i initially paired together what i knew to be a male with a bird that i never witnessed sing a courtship song. i was pleased when i saw the\npair\nworking on a nest and that every night they roosted in there as well. i waited and waited for the eggs to be laid. nothing. i then dna sexed the silent bird and found out that it was a male. i picked another silent bird and paired it with the singing bird and shortly after that she started to lay .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 393, 702 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. , fishpool, l. d. c. , boesman, p. and kirwan, g. m. 2016. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 2: passerines. lynx edicions and birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\njustification: this species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is described as abundant, common or locally common (clement 1999). trend justification: the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nproposed race vagans (described from tukangbesi is) is treated as a synonym of nominate. two subspecies recognized .\n( linnaeus, 1766) – talaud is, sangihe, siau, ruang, sulawesi and associated islands and archipelagos (s to kalao, kalaotoa and tukangbesi), sula is, and moluccas from morotai and halmahera s to buru, seram, tayandu is and kai is .\n( sharpe, 1890) – kangean is (off ne java), lembongan and nusa penida (both off s bali), and lesser sundas (lombok, sumbawa, komodo, sumba, flores, paloe, besar, solor, adonara, lembata, pantar, alor, wetar and timor e to tanimbar is) .\ncall a buzzy\ntissip\nor\nt' sip\n; song a run of wheezing\npeep\n...\nseeds of grasses and herbs; possibly also some small insects. feeds both while perched on stem and while on the ground. usually singly, in ...\nbreeds at end of rainy season and beginning of dry season, jul–sept and jan, in sulawesi; nests in mar–jun on flores; juveniles ...\nnot globally threatened. generally common to fairly common; widespread throughout wallacea. very common on flores and tanahjampea; appears to be uncommon in far n of range (...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\nphillip edwards, opwall indonesia, jmittermeier, paul van giersbergen, david beadle, johannes pfleiderer, nikhil adhikary, james eaton, lars petersson .\nthis species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: lonchura molucca. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 11 / 07 / 2018 .\ndescription male s and females are similar in appearance. the male has a high energy courtship display, but the song is not very loud. as to other clues to the sexes, they are fairly unreliable in the group that i obtained, but you might look to the triangle of brown that forms at the neck where the face mask and breast bib meet. this area is said to be lighter or more golden in color in males than in females, but i could not accurately sex my birds based on this. in the end, i used dna testing to confirm that the non - singing birds were indeed hens. singing birds were identified and spared me the price of lab testing .\ndiet a basic finch maintenance diet will serve this rather small asian mannikin well. a standard finch seed mix is fine, but i fed them large white prosso alone for seed as they most often ignored the smaller seeds. in addition, they will readily eat my egg food (roy' s egg food) served on top of some gamebird crumbles. i also offer many of my mannikins paddy rice (unhulled rice) and these little guys did eat these rather large seeds if soaked or sprouted. calcium can be provided in the form of crushed egg shell and crushed oyster shell. i have a cuttlebone available to them, but like so many mannikins, they don' t really eat a lot of it off the bone. live food is not necessary for maintenance or for breeding .\nthe nest i provided was a milk carton nest (milk box nest) with the opening cut a little larger across the top of the box (moluccan box). i provided them with strands of coconut fiber and some softer materials like burlap strands and feathers. while the burlap was incorporated into the nest, it was simply woven into the structure of the nest and not used as a soft lining and the feathers were ignored for the most part. a pair that is ready to nest will usually construct this nest rather rapidly and have it complete in an afternoon. given unlimited material and a larger platform, i' m sure the moluccans would actually weave a fairly large nest compared to their size. i limited the amount so that they did not overstuff the milk carton .\nan average clutch of 4 - 6 eggs were laid soon after the completion of the nest. the male and female take turns incubating, but the female probably takes a few more shifts on the eggs than the male. they are rather steady on the nest and usually would not leave the nest when i would provided egg food in the morning. they simply poke their head and watch. this steadiness continued even after the chicks hatched at around 14 days. the extremely tiny pink chicks have a little down on them. they fledge in approximately 20 days. the fledglings are soft brown in color with only hints of flecking around the neck (see below). there is no fear in leaving the young with the parents. the parents will not become aggressive with them. however, if you are cage breeding them as individual pairs, you might want to remove them after 3 - 4 weeks when the parents start getting ready for the next clutch. the young and the parents will all return to the nest at night and the fledglings are not at all concerned with the eggs or any chicks that hatch out, so to save the second clutch, you have to remove the first. the juveniles will attain most of their adult plumage by the time they are 90 days old .\ni keep all the young with a larger group of adult birds. this allows them to form bonds and learn the appropriate calls and songs. the moluccans are quite peaceful and even when i temporarily had them a bit overcrowded (i was remodeling the bird room) they remained peaceful and did not start feather plucking as is seen in the african dwarf mannikins like the rufous - back or madagascar mannikins, or even in some of the asian mannikins like the white - spotted or chestnut breasted mannikins. they were also peaceful in a mixed group setting. getting along well with some white - spotted mannikins .\nadditional notes i banded these small birds with a b - c size band just as the flight feathers started to open on the wings .\na friend once described the color of the breast as resembling\noreo cookie ice cream\n. if you' ve ever had it, you know that it is fairly accurate .\ni did receive some moluccans that were showing signs of melanism. they later molted out of this condition (photo )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\ndouble - check spelling, grammar, punctuation. translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different, search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different, try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations, dictionary, verb conjugations, and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language. have a suggestion, idea, or comment? send us your feedback .\nthe munias, mannikins and silverbills (genus: lonchura) are finches that occur in the old world tropics. the most variety can be found in open habitats in southern asia from india and sri lanka east to the indonesia and the philippines .\nthey usually nesta in large domed grass structure, and the average clutch consists of 4 - 10 white eggs .\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however, mistakes do happen. if you would like to correct or update any of the information, please\nplease note: any content published on this site is commentary or opinion, and is protected under free speech. it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes, and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice. avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material. your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\nsmall bird locally called\nbondol taruk\n. a few of them (3 or 4 individuals) were feeding on market litters .\nall races apart from nominate sometimes considered a separate species, but differences not particularly strong and race acuticauda appears to intergrade with nominate in ne india. form swinhoei appears distinctive; further research, including vocal and genetic analyses, desirable. taiwan population sometimes separated as race phaethontoptila, but appears hardly different from swinhoei. proposed race explita, a replacement for preoccupied sumatrensis (described from tanjong kassan, in sumatra), treated as a synonym of subsquamicollis. six subspecies recognized .\n( linnaeus, 1766) – w & ne peninsular india, and sri lanka .\n( hodgson, 1836) – n india (e from uttarakhand) and s nepal e in himalayan foothills to bangladesh, arunachal pradesh, myanmar (except s), nw thailand, n laos and nw vietnam (w tonkin) .\n( e. c. s. baker, 1925) – s myanmar (tenasserim), thailand (except nw), c & s laos, vietnam and cambodia s to singapore, sumatra and bangka i .\n11–12 cm; 9·5 - 13 g. nominate race has forehead, face and throat to upper breast blackish - brown, crown to back dark brown with fine pale shaft streaks, rump white ...\nloud call or distance call of male a single\npeep !\n, female gives double or churring ...\ndry open grassland to shrubby open country, forest edge, weedy clearings, thickets, plantations, ...\n), bamboo and sedge (cyperaceae); also seeds from casuarina ...\nseason prolonged, nearly all year in india (mainly feb–sept) and thailand, and all year (mainly jan–aug) in malay peninsula; ...\nresident. apparently highly mobile, as marked individuals in malay peninsula had low recapture rate ...\nnot globally threatened. common to locally common; uncommon in some parts of range. locally common in indian subcontinent and in china; common throughout se asia, local in ...\nhas sometimes been considered conspecific with l. leucogastroides, which it closely resembles in plumage. six subspecies recognized .\n( blyth, 1846) – extreme s myanmar (s tenasserim), s thailand, peninsular malaysia, sumatra and w java .\n( tweeddale, 1877) – n philippines (calayan, camiguin norte, luzon, polillo, mindoro and catanduanes) .\nripley & rabor, 1962 – w philippines (calamian group, palawan, basilan, jolo and tawitawi) and n & e borneo (sabah, brunei, ne sarawak and nw part of e kalimantan) .\ncall of male\ntwyrt\n, of female\ntee tee tee\n; alarm a strong\ntik !\nor\ntchek !\n. song\ndi - di - ...\nlowland forest, forest edge, peatswamp - forest, fern tangles, scrub of disturbed forest, rice fields ...\nseason mar–jun in se asia, dec to late may and early jun in malay peninsula; in philippines, mar–may on luzon and mindanao and ...\nnot globally threatened. locally common in malay peninsula; fairly common to rare in philippines; rare and local in borneo; uncommon to rare in sumatra; one record from w ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nall photographs ©2011 john c. avise the photos contained in this website may not be reproduced without the express consent of the author (javise @ urltoken) .\nthe iucn red list of threatened species. version 2018 - 1. < urltoken >. downloaded on 11 july 2018 .\nhome | wild files | n. h. animals | animals a - z | watch online\nthere are about 136 birds in this family. most are 3 - 6 inches in length and have cone - shaped bills. they are found in tropical areas of africa, asia, and australia. they are seed and berry eaters and come in a wide variety of colors and patterns .\nthey build large domed - shaped nests. many species in this family, like the zebra finch, are kept as caged pets. a number of the species in this family have been introduced into the wild in north america .\nleast concern near threatened vulnerable endangered critically endangered extinct in the wild extinct status and range is taken from icun redlist. if no status is listed, there is not enough data to establish status." ]

{ "text": [ "the black-faced munia ( lonchura molucca ) is a species of estrildid finch found in indonesia .", "other common names include tricoloured munia or chestnut munia .", "it occurs in a wide range of habitats including artificial landscapes ( e.g. parks and gardens ) , forest , grassland and savannah .", "it was first described by theswedish naturalist carl linnaeus in the twelfth edition of his systema naturae in 1766 .", "the iucn has evaluated the status of this bird as being of least concern . " ], "topic": [ 3, 27, 24, 5, 17 ] }

[ "the black-faced munia (lonchura molucca) is a species of estrildid finch found in indonesia. other common names include tricoloured munia or chestnut munia. it occurs in a wide range of habitats including artificial landscapes (e.g. parks and gardens), forest, grassland and savannah. it was first described by theswedish naturalist carl linnaeus in the twelfth edition of his systema naturae in 1766. the iucn has evaluated the status of this bird as being of least concern." ]

[ "species ancylosis undulatella - sugarbeet crown borer moth - hodges # 5918 - bugguide. net\nancylosis undulatella (clemens, 1860) was formerly in the genus hulstia, zookeys. 535: 1 - 136 .\nthis specimen may be an example of hulstia undulatella (5918), i think .\nancylosis undulatella, the sugarbeet crown borer moth or sugarbeet crown borer, is a species of snout moth in the genus ancylosis. it was described by clemens in 1860. it is found in north america, from ontario and michigan to florida, west to california, north to oregon and idaho .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell, j. a. & p. a. opler, moths of western north america, pl. 26. 11m; p. 194. book review and ordering\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nthe larvae are considered a minor pest of sugarbeets, and usually cause minor damage .\nlive larva and adult images plus common name reference and other info (u. of idaho )\npresence in michigan; pdf doc - list of michigan microlepidoptera (michigan entomological society, u. of michigan )\noriginal species description in proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia, p. 205 (unedited ocr of scanned book )\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nemerado, grand forks county, north dakota, usa august 16, 2015 size: length ~ 1. 5 cm\ncontributed by carl d. barrentine on 17 august, 2015 - 5: 35am last updated 4 march, 2016 - 4: 07pm\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\nthe wingspan is 16–18 mm. the forewings are narrow, light brown to greyish - brown with a reddish - brown to black band in the basal area. the hindwings are more than twice as broad as the forewings and greyish - brown with darker shading toward the outer margin. adults are on wing from spring to fall in two generations per year .\nthe larvae feed on the leaves, leafstems and crowns of sugarbeets. the species overwinters in the pupal stage in the soil .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges, r. w. et al. , eds. 1983. check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico. e. w. classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation, london. 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\ndistribution data for u. s. states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of march 2018. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2018 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2018. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness, completeness, or accuracy of any specific data. natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility, fitness for a particular purpose, and non - infringement. natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server. in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special, indirect, incidental, consequential damages, or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, under any theory of liability used. natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice; however, natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein. since the data in the central databases are continually being updated, it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt. the data provided is for planning, assessment, and informational purposes. site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies. if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site, the appropriate state natural heritage program (s) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area (see visit local programs) .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users." ]

{ "text": [ "ancylosis undulatella , the sugarbeet crown borer moth or sugarbeet crown borer , is a species of snout moth in the genus ancylosis .", "it was described by clemens in 1860 .", "it is found in north america , from ontario and michigan to florida , west to california , north to oregon and idaho .", "the wingspan is 16 – 18 mm .", "the forewings are narrow , light brown to greyish-brown with a reddish-brown to black band in the basal area .", "the hindwings are more than twice as broad as the forewings and greyish-brown with darker shading toward the outer margin .", "adults are on wing from spring to fall in two generations per year .", "the larvae feed on the leaves , leafstems and crowns of sugarbeets .", "the species overwinters in the pupal stage in the soil . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 8, 8, 3 ] }

[ "ancylosis undulatella, the sugarbeet crown borer moth or sugarbeet crown borer, is a species of snout moth in the genus ancylosis. it was described by clemens in 1860. it is found in north america, from ontario and michigan to florida, west to california, north to oregon and idaho. the wingspan is 16 – 18 mm. the forewings are narrow, light brown to greyish-brown with a reddish-brown to black band in the basal area. the hindwings are more than twice as broad as the forewings and greyish-brown with darker shading toward the outer margin. adults are on wing from spring to fall in two generations per year. the larvae feed on the leaves, leafstems and crowns of sugarbeets. the species overwinters in the pupal stage in the soil." ]

[ "variety partula hebe var. bella hartman, 1881 accepted as partula hebe (l. pfeiffer, 1846 )\nvariety partula hebe var. ventricosa garrett, 1884 accepted as partula hebe (l. pfeiffer, 1846 )\ninformation on partula hebe is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nworms - world register of marine species - partula hebe var. bella hartman, 1881\nworms - world register of marine species - partula hebe (l. pfeiffer, 1846 )\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - polynesian tree snail (partula hebe )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - polynesian tree snail (partula hebe )\ntitle =\narkive species - polynesian tree snail (partula hebe )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n( of partula hebe var. bella hartman, 1881) gerlach j. (2016). icons of evolution: pacific island tree - snails of the family partulidae. phelsuma press. isbn: 978 - 0 - 99322 - 033 - 3. [ details ]\n( of partula hebe var. ventricosa garrett, 1884) gerlach j. (2016). icons of evolution: pacific island tree - snails of the family partulidae. phelsuma press. isbn: 978 - 0 - 99322 - 033 - 3. [ details ]\nthese amazing images show an adult partula hebe bella snail sharing a special edition darwin £2 coin with its 3 - week - old baby at zsl london zoo. the species is one of 10 highlighted by the british and irish association of zoos and aquariums (biaza) as owing its survival to zoos .\npreparation: dry common name: land snail taxonomy: animalia mollusca gastropoda partulidae published name: partula hebe bella pease, 1881 other numbers: sort order: lb - wg10 - 001 - 343 usnm number: 43462 see more items in: mollusks land snail collection invertebrate zoology data source: nmnh - invertebrate zoology dept. edan - url: edanmdm: nmnhinvertebratezoology _ 10576102\npreparation: dry place: tahiti common name: land snail taxonomy: animalia mollusca gastropoda partulidae published name: partula hebe pfeiffer, 1846 other numbers: sort order: lb - wg10 - 001 - 327 usnm number: 149347 see more items in: mollusks land snail collection invertebrate zoology data source: nmnh - invertebrate zoology dept. edan - url: edanmdm: nmnhinvertebratezoology _ 10576086\npreparation: dry place: raiatea common name: land snail taxonomy: animalia mollusca gastropoda partulidae published name: partula hebe pfeiffer, 1846 other numbers: sort order: lb - wg10 - 001 - 333 usnm number: 16764 see more items in: mollusks land snail collection invertebrate zoology data source: nmnh - invertebrate zoology dept. edan - url: edanmdm: nmnhinvertebratezoology _ 10576092\npreparation: dry place: raiatea common name: land snail taxonomy: animalia mollusca gastropoda partulidae published name: partula hebe bella pease, 1881 other numbers: sort order: lb - wg10 - 001 - 344 usnm number: 120067 see more items in: mollusks land snail collection invertebrate zoology data source: nmnh - invertebrate zoology dept. edan - url: edanmdm: nmnhinvertebratezoology _ 10576103\npreparation: dry place: viti is. common name: land snail taxonomy: animalia mollusca gastropoda partulidae published name: partula hebe pfeiffer, 1846 other numbers: sort order: lb - wg10 - 001 - 337 usnm number: 320044 see more items in: mollusks land snail collection henderson collection invertebrate zoology data source: nmnh - invertebrate zoology dept. edan - url: edanmdm: nmnhinvertebratezoology _ 10576096\npreparation: dry place: society is. common name: land snail taxonomy: animalia mollusca gastropoda partulidae published name: partula hebe pfeiffer, 1846 other numbers: sort order: lb - wg10 - 001 - 339 usnm number: 320080 see more items in: mollusks land snail collection henderson collection invertebrate zoology data source: nmnh - invertebrate zoology dept. edan - url: edanmdm: nmnhinvertebratezoology _ 10576098\npreparation: dry place: navigator id. common name: land snail taxonomy: animalia mollusca gastropoda partulidae published name: partula hebe bella pease, 1881 other numbers: sort order: lb - wg10 - 001 - 348 usnm number: 320015 see more items in: mollusks land snail collection henderson collection invertebrate zoology data source: nmnh - invertebrate zoology dept. edan - url: edanmdm: nmnhinvertebratezoology _ 10576107\npreparation: dry place: indo - pacific, tahiti common name: land snail taxonomy: animalia mollusca gastropoda partulidae published name: partula hebe pfeiffer, 1846 other numbers: sort order: lb - wg10 - 001 - 336 usnm number: 77835 see more items in: mollusks land snail collection stearns collection invertebrate zoology data source: nmnh - invertebrate zoology dept. edan - url: edanmdm: nmnhinvertebratezoology _ 10576095\npreparation: dry place: raiatea; tahiti island. , french polynesia common name: land snail taxonomy: animalia mollusca gastropoda partulidae published name: partula hebe pfeiffer, 1846 other numbers: sort order: lb - wg10 - 001 - 332 usnm number: 408596 see more items in: mollusks land snail collection invertebrate zoology data source: nmnh - invertebrate zoology dept. edan - url: edanmdm: nmnhinvertebratezoology _ 10576091\npreparation: dry place: raiatea; society is. common name: land snail taxonomy: animalia mollusca gastropoda partulidae published name: partula hebe bella pease, 1881 other numbers: sort order: lb - wg10 - 001 - 347 usnm number: 320029 see more items in: mollusks land snail collection henderson collection invertebrate zoology data source: nmnh - invertebrate zoology dept. edan - url: edanmdm: nmnhinvertebratezoology _ 10576106\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nin the late 1980s, native partulid species began disappearing rapidly. by 1992 there were few left and no live individuals were found during surveys in 1994 and 2000 or during subsequent scientific expeditions to high altitudes. however, it is maintained in the captive breeding programme .\nthis species is maintained in the international breeding programme. it is a long - term candidate for re - establishment in the wild .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecies from the island of raiatea. there were many colour varieities but the rose - tipped white'\n' form was the most abundant. in 1991 only 9 live animals were found due to predation by\n. in 1992 its extinction in the wild was confirmed. the species still persists in captivity .\nclassified as extinct in the wild (ew) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\ndave clarke bugs zoological society of london regents park london nw1 4ry united kingdom dave. clarke @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\ngerlach j. (2016). icons of evolution: pacific island tree - snails of the family partulidae. phelsuma press. isbn: 978 - 0 - 99322 - 033 - 3. [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshell gallery view « shell encyclopedia, conchology, inc. » conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information: family, species, author, date, and full locality .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (1. 492 seconds. )\nwhat' s a baby ferret called? how bout a baby eel? find out here ...\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you!" ]

{ "text": [ "partula hebe is a species of air-breathing tropical land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family partulidae .", "this species was endemic to ra'iātea , french polynesia .", "it is now extinct in the wild . " ], "topic": [ 2, 26, 17 ] }

[ "partula hebe is a species of air-breathing tropical land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family partulidae. this species was endemic to ra'iātea, french polynesia. it is now extinct in the wild." ]

[ "david' s echymipera is supposedly common, despite high human population in its range (flannery 1995) .\nthe threats to david' s echymipera are poorly known, but the island has a high human population and much of the area is cultivated .\nit is not known if david' s echymipera is present in any protected areas. further studies into the taxonomy, range, natural history, and threats to this species are needed .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others. more information! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey' s business dictionary (german - english). thanks on that account! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome! questions and answers\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: listed as endangered from the little information available. this species has a very small extent of occurrence (545 km 2) and area of occupancy; it is essentially a single location and there is almost certainly a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat due to the high human population and extensive agricultural activities .\nthis species is endemic to the island of kiriwina, in the trobriand islands of papua new guinea (flannery 1995). it may be present on other islands in the group, although further field studies are needed to confirm this. kiriwina is a small island and the extent of occurrence of the species is at most 280 km 2. the island of kiriwina has a high human population and is very low lying (maximum elevation 100 m asl) .\nit has been recorded from areas of degraded forest and regrowth habitats (flannery 1995) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\npicture has been licensed under a creative commons attribution sharealike license original source: base map derived from file: blankmap - world. png. distribution data from iucn red list author: chermundy\ndouble - check spelling, grammar, punctuation. translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different, search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different, try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations, dictionary, verb conjugations, and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language. have a suggestion, idea, or comment? send us your feedback .\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2nd ed. , 3rd printing\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. , vols. 1 & 2\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services." ]

{ "text": [ "david 's echymipera ( echymipera davidi ) , or david 's spiny bandicoot , is a species of marsupial in the family peramelidae .", "it is endemic to papua new guinea . " ], "topic": [ 29, 0 ] }

[ "david's echymipera (echymipera davidi), or david's spiny bandicoot, is a species of marsupial in the family peramelidae. it is endemic to papua new guinea." ]

[ "above you’ll see platydemus manokwari appearing in coral gables, florida. below you’ll see platydemus manokwari devouring a snail .\nplatydemus manokwari (new guinea flatworm); translucent cocoon, with young about to hatch .\nprey - tracking behavior in the invasive terrestrial planarian platydemus manokwari (platyhelminthes, tricladida) .\neldredge, l. g. and smith, b. d. 1994. introductions and transfers of the triclad flatworm platydemus manokwari. tentacle 4: 8. summary: details of spread of platydemus manokwari\ninformations on platydemus manokwari has been recorded for the following locations. click on the name for additional informations .\nplatydemus manokwari (new guinea flatworm); on an empty shell of the giant african snail, lissachatina fulica .\nprey - tracking behavior in the invasive terrestrial planarian platydemus manokwari (platyhelminthes, tricladida). - pubmed - ncbi\nplatydemus manokwari has been recorded to feed mainly on land gastropod molluscs, and also on earthworms, insects and nemerteans .\naccording to justine, “people are most likely to spot platydemus manokwari in their garden than really ‘in the wild’. ”\nthe invasive new guinea flatworm platydemus manokwari in france, the first record for europe: time for action is now .\nmy' the invasive land planarian platydemus manokwari...' article was published 2 years ago today in @ thepeerj urltoken\nrecommended citation: global invasive species database (2018) species profile: platydemus manokwari. downloaded from urltoken on 11 - 07 - 2018 .\nplatydemus manokwari has been recorded from more than 15 different territories, in asia and oceania; our record in france is the first for europe .\nde beauchamp, p. 1963. platydemus manokwari in. sp. , planaire terrestre de la nouvelle - guin�e hollandaise. bulletin de la soci�t� zoologique de france 87 (5 - 6, december 1962 issue): 609 - 615. summary: the original description of platydemus manokwari .\nuntil now, platydemus manokwari was confined to the indo - pacific region. the present record in france is a significant westerly extension of the occurrence of p. manokwari from the indo - pacific region to europe .\nwinsor l. the new guinea flatworm— platydemus manokwari: predator of land snails. 1999. terrestrial flatworms infosheet no. 6. james cook university .\n1. anonymous. 2000. flatworm (platydemus manokwari) in samoa. sapa newsletter april - june 2000 - issue 2 / 00 3 - 4 .\nrt @ plathelminthe4: my' the invasive land planarian platydemus manokwari...' article was published 2 years ago today in @ thepeerj https: / / t…\nsugiura, s. & y. yamaura. 2009. potential impacts of the invasive flatworm platydemus manokwari on arboreal snails, biol invasions 11: 737 - 742 .\nwinsor l, 1999. the new guinea flatworm - platydemus manokwari: predator of land snails. terrestrial flatworm infosheet no 6. townsville, australia: james cook university .\n8. eldredge, l. g. and smith, b. d. 1994. introductions and transfers of the triclad flatworm platydemus manokwari. tentacle 4: 8 .\n32. sugiura, s. & y. yamaura. 2009. potential impacts of the invasive flatworm platydemus manokwari on arboreal snails, biol invasions 11: 737 - 742 .\nwinsor l, 1998. the role of the atrial diverticulum in the copulatory apparatus of platydemus manokwari de beauchamp (tricladida: terricola). hydrobiologia, 383: 83 - 89 .\nbeauchamp p de, 1962. platydemus manokwari n. sp. planaire terrestre de la nouvelle - guinée hollandaise. bulletin de la société zoologique de france, 87: 609 - 616 .\ninvasion of a site by platydemus manokwari may directly and indirectly impact on native and introduced arboreal, terrestrial soil and to a much lesser extent semi - aquatic slow - moving invertebrate fauna .\nplatydemus manokwari is able to prey on a variety of gastropod molluscs, on nemerteans, earthworms and woodlice, and on other species of land planarians. all reports of prey refer to adults .\nhot water tolerance of p. manokwari has been reported, but sugiura (2008) reports that immersion in water at ≥ 43°c for 5 min) kills p. manokwari .\nanonymous. 2000. flatworm (platydemus manokwari) in samoa. sapa newsletter april - june 2000 - issue 2 / 00 3 - 4. summary: records presence in samoa. good illustration .\naustralopacifica sp. , bipalium kewense, bipalium sp. , platydemus sp. 1; p. sp. 2\nthe occurrence of the invasive flatworm platydemus manokwari in the jardin des plantes, caen, in the department of basse - normandie (normandy, france), is the first record of the species in europe .\nplatydemus manokwari occurs at pindaunde station, mt. wilhelm at 3625 m altitude (de beauchamp, 1972; winsor, 1990), where it was found under stones together with platydemus longibulbus (de beauchamp, 1972) and platydemus pindaudei (de beauchamp, 1972), and at kainantu at 1558 m altitude in the eastern highlands of new guinea (winsor, 1990). the natural range of this upland species has yet to be determined .\neldredge lg, smith bd, 1994. introductions and transfers of the triclad flatworm platydemus manokwari. tentacle, 4: 8 (also reprinted as ‘triclad flatworm tours the pacific’ in alien, 2: 11, 1995) .\nkawakatsu, m. , m. nishino & a. ohtaka. 2007. platydemus manokwari, used previously as a biological control agent abroad for the giant african snail, japanese journal of limnology 68: 461 - 46 .\nkaneda m, kitagawa k, ichinohe f, 1990. laboratory rearing method and biology of platydemus manokwari de beauchamp (tricladida: terricola: rhynchodemidae). applied entomology and zoology, 25 (4): 524 - 528 .\np. manokwari invasion can affect human health, because p. manokwari is a paratenic host of the nematode angiostrongylus cantonensis which causes ‘angiostrongyliasis’ (asato et al. , 2004). fresh vegetables contaminated with infected p. manokwari can be a source of human infection (asato et al. , 2004) .\n26. kawakatsu, m. , m. nishino & a. ohtaka. 2007. platydemus manokwari, used previously as a biological control agent abroad for the giant african snail, japanese journal of limnology 68: 461 - 46 .\nplatydemus manokwari (new guinea flatworm); (a) dorsolateral aspect showing typical pattern of markings; (b) anterior end showing eyes; (c) ventrolateral aspect showing typical pattern of markings. (drawings not to scale. )\nkaneda, m. , kitagawa, k. , ichinohe, f. 1990. laboratory rearing method and biology of platydemus manokwari de beauchamp (tricladida: terricola: rhynchodemidae), applied entomology and zoology 25 (4): abstract .\njustine jl, winsor l, gey d, gros p, thévenot j, 2014. the invasive new guinea flatworm platydemus manokwari in france, the first record for europe: time for action is now. peerj, 2: e297. urltoken\nmuniappan r, duhamel g, santiago rm, acay dr, 1986. giant african snail control in bugsuk island, philippines, by platydemus manokwari. . oléagineux, 41 (4): 183 - 188; [ 5 pl. ] .\nmuniappan, r, g. duhamel, r. m. santiago & d. r. acay. 1986. giant african snail control in bugsuk island, philippines, by platydemus manokwari, oleagineux 41 (4): 183 - 188 .\nmuniappan, r. , duhamel, g. , santiago, r. m. , acay and d. r. 1986. giant african snail control in bugsuk island, philippines, by platydemus manokwari, oleagineux 41 (4): abstract .\n23. de beauchamp, p. 1963. platydemus manokwari in. sp. , planaire terrestre de la nouvelle - guinée hollandaise. bulletin de la société zoologique de france 87 (5 - 6, december 1962 issue): 609 - 615 .\n25. kaneda, m. , kitagawa, k. , ichinohe, f. 1990. laboratory rearing method and biology of platydemus manokwari de beauchamp (tricladida: terricola: rhynchodemidae), applied entomology and zoology 25 (4): abstract .\nkawakatsu m, ogren re, muniappan r, 1992. redescription of platydemus manokwari de beauchamp, 1962 (turbellaria: tricladida: terricola), from guam and the philippines. proceedings of the japanese society of systematic zoology, 47: 11 - 125 .\n28. muniappan, r, g. duhamel, r. m. santiago & d. r. acay. 1986. giant african snail control in bugsuk island, philippines, by platydemus manokwari, oleagineux 41 (4): 183 - 188 .\nphotographs of p. manokwari (figs. 1 – 4) were obtained from various sources (table 1) .\n29. muniappan, r. , duhamel, g. , santiago, r. m. , acay and d. r. 1986. giant african snail control in bugsuk island, philippines, by platydemus manokwari, oleagineux 41 (4): abstract .\nmuniappan, r. , duhamel, g. , santiago, r. m. , and acay, d. r. 1986. giant african snail control in bugsuk island, philippines, by platydemus manokwari. ol�agineux 41 (4): 183 - 186 .\npurea m, matalavea s, bourke t, hunter d, 1998. platydemus manokwari de beauchamp, a flatworm predator of the giant african snail (achatina fulica bowdich) recorded in samoa. journal of south pacific agriculture, 5 (2): 71 - 72 .\nthe distribution and food habit of the flatworm species platydemus manokwari which is known to be a predator of land snails, were examined on chichijima island of the ogasawara (bonin) islands, japan. p. manokwari was distributed over a wide area of the island. few live land snails were found in the area where p. manokwari was distributed. further, it was revealed that p. manokwari fed not only on live land snails including predatory species, but also on other food resources such as live flatworms or a land nemertean species and the carcasses of slugs and earthworms. therefore, p. manokwari is expected to survive even if the populations of land snails are almost lost on chichijima island in the future, and so will affect the biodiversity of chichijima island .\n16. muniappan, r. , duhamel, g. , santiago, r. m. , and acay, d. r. 1986. giant african snail control in bugsuk island, philippines, by platydemus manokwari. oléagineux 41 (4): 183 - 186 .\nwaterhouse & norris (1987) considered that p. manokwari appeared to be an opportunistic carnivore and generally unselective in the choice of prey. success of platydemus manokwari as a biological control agent for achatina fulica can be attributed to its polyphagy, resistance to starvation, ability to survive and reproduce on alternative prey and potential to reproduce rapidly in synchrony with prey populations (winsor, johns & barker, 2004) .\nohbayashi et al. (2005) food habit of platydemus manokwari de beauchamp, 1962 (trichladida: terricola: rhynchodemidae), known as a predatory flatworm of land snails in thet ogasawara (bonin) islands, japan. appl entomol zool. 40 (4), 609 - 614 .\nuntil now, platydemus manokwari was confined to the indo - pacific region within the bounds of the ogasawara islands, japan in the north; near mackay in queensland, australia to the south; french polynesia to the east; with the most westerly extent of the flatworm in the maldives. the caen record of this species is a significant westerly extension of the occurrence of p. manokwari from the indo - pacific region to europe .\nwe recently identified non - indigenous terrestrial flatworms found in a hothouse in caen (france) as the new guinea flatworm platydemus manokwari de beauchamp, 1963. the identity of these flatworms was subsequently confirmed by molecular analysis of coi sequences. platydemus manokwari is among the “100 world’s worst invader alien species” (lowe et al. , 2000). in this paper, we present evidence for the identification of the species in france, the first record in europe, and provide a brief review of the records of the species in the world, lists of its known prey, and possible control options .\nkaneda m, kitagawa k, nagai h, ichinohe f, 1992. the effects of temperature and prey species on the development and fecundity of platydemus manokwari de beauchamp (tricladida: terricola: rhynchodemidae). research bulletin of the plant protection service, japan, no. 28: 7 - 11 .\nthe land planarian platydemus manokwari de beauchamp, 1963 or “new guinea flatworm” is an invasive species, recorded in 15 countries in the world, and recently in france in a hothouse (justine et al. , 2014). platydemus manokwari is the only flatworm listed in the “100 world’s worst invasive alien species” (lowe et al. , 2000); it is a predator of land snails and is considered a danger to endemic snails wherever it has been introduced. its distribution records, reproduction, biology, prey lists, impacts, and possible control options were recently reviewed (justine et al. , 2014) .\nthe serious negative environmental impacts of platydemus manokwari on the biodiversity of native land snails in the indo - pacific are well documented. the risks posed by the incursion of this species in france have not yet been assessed. the european union has recently proposed new legislation to prevent and manage the rapidly growing threat to biodiversity from invasive species (european commission, 2013). the proposal centres on a list of invasive alien species of concern for europe, which will be drawn up with the member states using risk assessments and scientific evidence. whether or not platydemus manokwari will be included on this list remains to be seen .\na rhynchodemid flatworm, platydemus manokwari, was discovered in new guinea and originally described in 1962 (kaneda kitagawa and ichinohe 1990). little has been known of its biology except that it is nocturnal, and there apparently is no report on the rearing of this flatworm (kaneda kitagawa and ichinohe 1990) .\nabove and below you’ll see photos of the worm from the study that outlined the newest population spread. have a peek at “the invasive land planarian platydemus manokwari (platyhelminthes, geoplanidae): records from six new localities, including the first in the usa” under code 10. 7717 / peerj. 1037 for more information .\nwinsor l, 1990. chapter 4: taxonomy and biology of a molluscivorous terrestrial flatworm platydemus manokwari beauchamp, 1962 (tricladida: terricola: rhynchodemidae). in: taxonomic studies on free - living flatworms (turbellaria: platyhelminthes) of the australian zoogeographic region. townsville, australia: james cook university, 72 - 144 .\nrepresentative examples of top - down impacts by introduced species on native species in the ogasawara islands. a introduced green anole lizard, anolis carolinensis; b introduced flatworm, platydemus manokwari; c introduced goat, capra aegagrus; d endemic butterfly, celastrina ogasawaraensis; e endemic snail, boninosuccinea ogasawarae; f endemic plant, lobelia boninensis\nbait traps can be useful for the detection of p. manokwari. sugiura et al. (2006) placed land snails in 2 - mm mesh nylon bags (approximately 30 x 25 cm) that allowed the entry of p. manokwari but not the escape of the snails. five live land snails were placed as bait in each bag. when they checked bags three days after placement, they could find p. manokwari invading bags .\nohbayashi t, okochi i, sato h, ono t, 2005. food habit of platydemus manokwari de beauchamp, 1962 (tricladida: terricola: rhynchodemidae), known as a predatory flatworm of land snails in the ogasawara (bonin) islands, japan. applied entomology and zoology, 40 (4): 609 - 614 .\nmuniappan r, 1990. use of the planarian, platydemus manokwari, and other natural enemies for controlling the giant african snail. fftc - narc international seminar on' the use of parasitoids and predators to control agricultural pests', tukuha science city, ibaraki - ken, 305 japan, october 2 - 7, 1989. , 9 pp .\nplatydemus manokwari prefers wet humid conditions and is unable to survive in completely dry habitats; high humidity and adequate precipitation are essential for the survival of the flatworm (kaneda, kitagawa & ichinohe, 1990; sugiura, 2009). the flatworm is diurnal if the moisture conditions are right (kaneda, kitagawa & ichinohe, 1990). temperature appears to influence predation rate by the flatworm in field and laboratory experiments, and also its survival. sugiura (2009) considers that 10°c is a possible threshold temperature for the establishment of p. manokwari, and speculates that low winter temperatures may have restricted the invasion and establishment of p. manokwari in temperate countries .\nthe external morphological characteristics of the specimens found in the new locations, singapore, tahiti, new caledonia, wallis and futuna, solomon islands, florida and puerto rico, are similar to platydemus manokwari from other locations. histological examination of sexual specimens confirmed the identity of the species in caen, france, the solomon islands, and townsville, australia .\nplatydemus manokwari isn' t dangerous to humans. not directly, anyway. but it also isn' t pretty: the very flat worm grows to about two inches long, and has a murky olive back and a pale belly - - a belly with a mouth in the middle of it. so it basically looks like a sneeze with eyes .\nthe natural enemies of p. manokwari are unknown. natural enemies of terrestrial flatworms in general include the larvae of mycetophilid flies (planarivora insignis) and gregarines .\nohbayashi, t. , i. okochi, h. sato & t. ono. 2005. food habit of platydemus manokwari de beauchamp, 1962 (tricladida: terricola: rhynchodemidae), known as a predatory flatworm of land snails in the ogasawara (bonin) islands, japan, appl. entomol. zool. 40 (4): 609 - 614 .\np. manokwari feeds on live land snails of an endemic species of the ogasawara islands, japan (mandarina aureola) under laboratory conditions (okochi et al. , 2004). p. manokwari also feeds on live snails of the predatory species euglandina rosea as well as other snail and slug species (ohbayashi et al. , 2005). furthermore, p. manokwari feeds on dead earthworms, and thus can survive in areas where snails have been absent since their invasion (ohbayashi et al. , 2005; sugiura et al. , 2006). p. manokwari feeds on live flatworms of other species (ohbayashi et al. , 2005) .\np. manokwari feeds on live land snails of an endemic species of the ogasawara islands, japan (mandarina aureola) under laboratory conditions (okochi et al. , 2004). p. manokwari also feeds on live snails of the predatory species euglandina rosea as well as other snail and slug species (ohbayashi et al. , 2005). furthermore, p. manokwari feeds on dead earthworms, and thus can survive in areas where snails have been absent since their invasion (ohbayashi et al. , 2005; sugiura et al. , 2006). p. manokwari feeds on live flatworms of other species (ohbayashi et al. , 2005) .\noki i, tamura s, ogren re, kawakatsu m, 1988. karyological and taxonomic studies of three species of the genus bipalium from japan and the united states and platydemus manokwari from the philippines. in: ax p, ehlers u, sopott - ehlers b, eds. free - living and symbiotic plathelminthes. progress in zoology, 36: 139 - 143 .\n30. ohbayashi, t. , i. okochi, h. sato & t. ono. 2005. food habit of platydemus manokwari de beauchamp, 1962 (tricladida: terricola: rhynchodemidae), known as a predatory flatworm of land snails in the ogasawara (bonin) islands, japan, appl. entomol. zool. 40 (4): 609 - 614 .\nthere is some variation in the literature about the date of description of p. manokwari, 1962 or 1963. we carefully examined the original publication. the paper was presented at a meeting in december 1962 and is included in the volume dated 1962, but the actual date of publication was april 18, 1963. in accord with article 21. 1 (international commission on zoological nomenclature, 1999), the date of the taxon is 1963. the bibliographical date of the publication remains 1962, but the taxon is platydemus manokwari de beauchamp, 1963 .\nkawakatsu m, oki i, tamura s, itô h, nagai y, ogura k, shimabukuro s, ichinohe f, katsumata h, kaneda m, 1993. an extensive occurrence of a land planarian, platydemus manokwari de beauchamp, 1962, in the ryûkyû islands, japan (turbellaria: tricladida: terricola). biology of inland waters, 8: 5 - 14 .\ndepending upon the outcome of an environmental risk assessment and related investigations, threats from platydemus manokwari may need to be responded to in a similar manner to the invasive new zealand flatworm arthurdendyus triangulatus. this species is now subject to an eppo standard regarding import requirements (eppo, 2000a) and nursery inspection, exclusion and treatment (eppo, 2000b) for the flatworm (murchie, 2010). the problem with p. manokwari is that even though it is primarily an environmental threat, it does not “indirectly affect plants through the effects on other organisms”. consequently there is the possibility that responsibility for managing this invasive species may fall between the remits of agricultural and environmental regulatory bodies. this could delay effective management of p. manokwari .\nplatydemus manokwari has a most unpleasant astringent taste (l winsor, pers. obs. , 1994), just as has been noted for other species (dendy, 1891). bellwood (d bellwood, pers. comm. to lw, 1997) in his private urban garden, remarked that free - range domestic bantams that noticed p. manokwari on an upturned log pecked at, took the flatworms into their mouths, then immediately rejected them; when at a much later time p. manokwari was subsequently noticed by the bantams they refused to peck at the flatworms. this is similar to behaviour of domestic fowls offered caenoplana spenceri (dendy, 1891). predation of flatworms by native species of birds has not been reported .\nschreurs j. 1963. investigations on the biology, ecology and control of the giant african snail in west new guinea. report, manokwari agricultural research station, 18 pp .\nsummary: a description of the locations throughout the pacific where p. manokwari has been introduced. describes some of the impacts that this species is having on native snail populations .\nsugiura and colleagues (2006) surveyed the presence / absence of land snails and p. manokwari in september to october 2005 and found land snails of introduced species (a. fulica, acusta despecta, and bradybaena similaris) surviving in coastal areas, probably because of the absence of p. manokwari. p. manokwari does not occur in the urban coastal area, perhaps because of environmental factors such as lack of adequate vegetation (s. sugiura et al. pers. comm. , in sugiura et al. 2006) .\nnearly 2 years after its debut in europe, one of the world’s most dangerous invaders has come to the u. s. mainland. and it isn’t pretty. the new guinea flatworm (platydemus manokwari) —a squirming, 5 - centimeter - long worm with a taste for escargot—has helped decimate some snail populations in certain pacific islands, and now it’s rearing its head in florida, according to researchers .\nplatydemus manokwari has now been found in 22 countries and territories in the world, mainly in the pacific area (fig. 7). it is thus clear that the genetic results presented here (from 8 countries and territories) represent only a fraction of these disjunct populations of the worm. a survey of the genetics of populations in the area of origin (papua new guinea) is necessary to fully interpret the results, as are the use of additional genetic markers; these are beyond the scope of this paper which relies on a single marker (coi) on a limited number of samples, with none from the country of origin. our discovery of the existence of two haplotypes is potentially important for our understanding of the invasion by platydemus manokwari, with, apparently, one haplotype more successful than the other .\nb introduced species; ant, pristomyrmex punctatus; black rat, rattus rattus; cane toad, bufo marinus; cat, felis catus; flatworms, e. g. , platydemus manokwari, platydemus spp. , bipalium sp. ; goat, capra aegagrus; green anole, anolis carolinensis; honeybee, apis mellifera; land snails, e. g. , achatina fulica; mosquitofish, gambusia affinis; pig, sus scrofa domesticus; predatory snail, euglandina rosea; trees / shrubs; e. g. , bischofia javanica, casuarina equisetifolia, leucaena leucocephala, pinus luchuensis; weevil, rhabdoscelus obscurus. underlined species are considered to have substantially impacted native species\nparasitization of p. manokwari by nematodes, gregarines or mycetophilid flies, known in other species of land planarians (graff, 1899; hickman, 1964), has not yet been observed .\nmuniappan, r. 1990. use of the planarian, platydemus manokwari, and other natural enemies to control the giant african snail. in: the use of natural enemies to control agriculatural pests. proceedings of the international seminar the use of parasitoids and predators to control agricultural pests tsukuba, japan, october 2 - 7, 1989. food and fertilizer technology center for the asian and pacific region, taipei. pp. 179 - 183\nschreurs j, 1963. investigations on the biology, ecology and control of the giant african snail in west new guinea. unpublished report. indonesia: manokwari agricultural research station, 1 - 18 .\nplatydemus manokwari provides some regulation of achatina fulica and is attributed with eradication in some areas; however, probable adverse effects on indigenous gastropod fauna have been recorded (barker 2002). reports that this flatworm can control a. fulica remain correlative, and the individuals who continue to promote its use as a biological control agent appear not to have considered its potential impact on native species (muniappan 1990, in lydeard et al. 2004) .\nin the usa, the accidental introduction of p. manokwari through human agency to florida is probably recent, with our first specimens found in august 2012. the species is apparently now well established, with several different locations found in 2014 in miami dade county (table 1). the introduction of p. manokwari to puerto rico is also probably recent, with the first specimens found in december 2014, in a single locality, san juan (table 1). to our knowledge, no survey aiming specifically at detecting p. manokwari has been done in other parts of florida or in other us states. land planarians are often photographed by amateurs; however, a survey of various websites and various google searches (december 2014) did not reveal any photographic report of p. manokwari in the us .\n15. muniappan, r. 1990. use of the planarian, platydemus manokwari, and other natural enemies to control the giant african snail. in: the use of natural enemies to control agriculatural pests. proceedings of the international seminar\nthe use of parasitoids and predators to control agricultural pests\ntsukuba, japan, october 2 - 7, 1989. food and fertilizer technology center for the asian and pacific region, taipei. pp. 179 - 183\nthe p - distance between our two sequences and the genbank sequence of platydemus manokwari was 4% . this genetic distance roughly corresponds to the genetic distances generally found between closely related species or distant populations within a single species. alvarez - presas et al. (2012) studied variation of coi in species belonging to the same family as platydemus manokwari, i. e. , the geoplanidae. in this study of the european species microplana terrestris (muller, 1774), specimens were studied from two localities, east and west of northern spain. variation ranged from 0% to 3% within the western localities, and from 0% to 1. 6% in the eastern localities; west and east presented a difference of 2. 4% to 4% . the between - species difference (m. terrestris vs m. robusta vila - farré and sluys, 2011) was about 19% . therefore, we consider that the difference of 4% found between our french specimens of p. manokwari and the australian specimen in genbank is compatible with intraspecific variation. the molecular data thus confirm the morphological identification .\np. manokwari is a large predatory flatworm, originally discovered in new guinea, which has been deliberately introduced into some pacific islands in an attempt to control an invasion of the giant east african s ...\nfrom an agricultural perspective platydemus manokwari is not a direct plant pest. in fact it has been and probably will continue to be used by local farmers, and plant protection agencies in the pacific region as a bio - agent in the control of outbreaks of the giant african snail achatina fulica (fao - sapa, 2002; winsor, johns & barker, 2004), though other factors apart from flatworm predation may contribute to the decline in pest snail populations (lydeard et al. , 2004) .\np. manokwari has impacts on native and endemic land snails. for example, over 90% of ground - dwelling land snails experimentally placed on chichijima (ogasawara islands) for 11 days were eaten by p. manokwari (sugiura et al. , 2006). a rapid decline of endemic land snails was caused by p. manokwari on chichijima (ohbayashi et al. , 2007). cowie and robinson (2003) report that the flatworm is a serious threat to the native snail fauna on samoa. this flatworm is also the likely cause of extinctions of native and introduced gastropods on guam and may be the most important threat to the mariana partulidae (hopper and smith, 1992) .\nwhere there are sufficient individuals of p. manokwari following sensory cues of the same prey the flatworms can overwhelm their prey by sheer numbers in a gregarious or “gang” attack (mead, 1963; ohbayashi et al. , 2005; sugiura, 2010) .\nin france, after the first finding of p. manokwari (october 2013), the hothouse of the jardin des plantes in caen in which the species was found was closed and public access restricted. in april 2014, a thorough search was performed in the same hothouse. several species of land planarians were found (some are still unidentified), including four adult specimens of p. manokwari. a citizen - based survey of land planarians in france (thévenot, justine & rome, 2014), supported by important media involvement (list of links: urltoken), yielded hundreds of records of non - indigenous land planarians in france (justine, 2014; justine, thévenot & winsor, 2014) but never a record of p. manokwari in the wild .\nexperts suggest that the continued introduction of alien predators such as p. manokwari should be strongly discouraged in order to conserve such unique island snail species (cowie & d; robinson 2003). the introduction of p. manokwari is a serious concern in the conservation of the unique land snails of tropical islands (sugiura et al. 2006). it has been considered a cause of the extinction of native land snails on several pacific and pacific rim islands (sugiura & yamaura 2009). the endemic snail genus mandarina (okochi et al. 2004) is thought to have declined because of p. manokwari predation on chichijima (chiba 2003, ohbayashi et al. 2005, in sugiura et al. 2006). biological control introductions pose a serious threat to endemic land snails because both e. rosea and p. manokwari feed on any species of live gastropods, including a. fulica (kaneda et al. 1990, hopper & smith 1992, civeyrel & simberloff, 1996, cowie 2001, cowie & robinson 2003, ohbayashi et al. 2007, in sugiura 2009) .\nthe presence of p. manokwari on guam has been known since 1977 (eldredge & smith, 1995; hopper & smith, 1992). our records, dated 2004, confirm the continuing presence of the species; to our knowledge, no more recent records are available .\nfigure 7 shows all available records of p. manokwari in the world. the spread of the species mainly concerns countries and territories in the pacific area; florida and puerto rico are the first records in the americas. the record in florida is the first on the american mainland .\nyesterday we spoke about the new guinea flatworm, an invasive species spotted for the first time ever inside the united states this year. today we’ve got some additional words on how to find the creature in your garden from pr. jean - lou justine, head author of the report that turned up these worms in the first place. we asked justine how to spot the platydemus manokwari (new guinea flatworm) and what to do if one is spotted. one thing justine made very clear about finding this worm is the following: do not touch the worm with your bare hands. things could go very badly for you if you do .\nthe impact of the flatworm on populations of achatina, and consideration of the flatworm as a possible control agent for the giant african snail (achatina fulica) was first noted in manokwari, irian jaya (schreurs, 1963; mead, 1979). in 1977, p. manokwari was discovered on guam and by 1980 on much of the island, reducing the giant african snail population by 95% (waterhouse and norris, 1987). transfer of the flatworm from guam to bugsuk in the philippines in 1981 (muniappan et al. , 1986), met with similar success in reducing achatina to the status of a minor pest. in saipan and the maldives, control of the giant african snail was achieved in approximately 15 months at sites where the flatworm was released (muniappan, 1987). p. manokwari has subsequently been introduced accidentally, and deliberately and possibly unofficially as a biocontrol agent to locations outside its natural range .\neldredge, l. g. and smith, b. d. 1995. triclad flatworm tours the pacific. aliens 2: 11. summary: a description of the locations throughout the pacific where p. manokwari has been introduced. describes some of the impacts that this species is having on native snail populations .\nas it is not a plant pest platydemus manokwari is not listed in the european and mediterranean plant organization a1 or a2 list of pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests (eppo, 2013a; eppo, 2013b), nor listed by the european alien species information network (easin, 2014). in europe, countries participating in the nobanis network have established a simple early warning system (secretariat of nobanis, 2012). when a participating country becomes aware that a new alien species has been found in their country, a warning is sent to the other participating countries and posted on the nobanis website. this early warning enables countries to be alerted that a new species has been observed in the region .\nterrestrial flatworms (land planarians; terricola) are predators of various soil invertebrates, such as earthworms, land snails, slugs, and arthropods (ogren 1995, winsor et al. 2004, in sugiura 2009). it was revealed that in the chichijima island, japan, p. manokwari fed not only on live land snails including predatory species, but also on other food resources such as live flatworms or a land nemertean species and the carcasses of slugs and earthworms (ohbayashi et al. 2005). while p. manokwari feeds on slow - moving soil animals such as earthworms, it prefers live snails over other organisms (sugiura 2010) .\nin wallis and futuna, our records of p. manokwari are based only on two photographs taken by one of us (jym), in 2007 in uvea (wallis islands) and in 2008 in futuna (hoorn islands). these two island groups are separated by more than 100 km of sea. no more recent records are available .\nin france, the current situation is that p. manokwari is confined to a single hothouse in the jardin des plantes in caen, but is not eradicated. eradication is still an issue of concern, because the species could be a major threat to various soil invertebrates, especially snails, including endemic species (justine et al. , 2014) .\nthe species occurs naturally on mt wilhelm at 3625 metres altitude and at kainantu in the eastern highlands of new guinea, irian jaya. the natural range of this upland species has not yet been determined. in addition to hosts listed in the host table of this datasheet, p. manokwari has been reported to prey on the following in the laboratory: acusta despecta sieboldiana, bradybaena similaris, euhadra amaliae callizona, euhadra peliomphala, euhadra quaesita, trishoplita conospira, satsuma japonica, euphaedusa tau, pinguiphaedusa hakonensis, zaptychopsis buschi, discus pauper, helicarion sp. , pythia scarabaeus, zonitides arboreus (kaneda et al. , 1990), and partula radiolata (hopper and smith, 1992). p. manokwari also preys on a pheretimoid earthworm in north queensland, australia .\nthe species occurs naturally on mt wilhelm at 3625 metres altitude and at kainantu in the eastern highlands of new guinea, irian jaya. the natural range of this upland species has not yet been determined. in addition to hosts listed in the host table of this datasheet, p. manokwari has been reported to prey on the following in the laboratory: acusta despecta sieboldiana, bradybaena similaris, euhadra amaliae callizona, euhadra peliomphala, euhadra quaesita, trishoplita conospira, satsuma japonica, euphaedusa tau, pinguiphaedusa hakonensis, zaptychopsis buschi, discus pauper, helicarion sp. , pythia scarabaeus, zonitides arboreus (kaneda et al. , 1990), and partula radiolata (hopper and smith, 1992). p. manokwari also preys on a pheretimoid earthworm in north queensland, australia .\nthe presence of the species in singapore had already been noted in 2010, according to unpublished observations listed in table 1, and the species is probably spreading; according to the observations of one of us (awkh), the species was not present in his garden before 2013. local observations show that p. manokwari predates the introduced giant african snail, achatina fulica bowdich, 1822 .\npresently in australia, p. manokwari is largely restricted to urban habitats and adjacent human - modified areas. movement between centres is probably restricted by quarantine measures targeting other pest species, for example restrictions on the movement of banana plants in northern australia. spread to native forest is probably largely restricted by the limited availability of a suitable moist habitat in adjacent agricultural areas, and the absence of preferred molluscan prey species .\nwe thank dr. wakako ohmura and dr. atsushi kato for their advises, dr. shintaro abe for his help collecting flatworms in okinawa, dr. akira iguchi for collecting land snails, and dr. brenden s. holland for editing the draft. p. manokwari were reared under the permission of the japanese ministry of the environment. this study was supported by the global environment research fund (f - 051) .\nexamined from an environmental perspective, p. manokwari has demonstrably had a serious negative impact on the biodiversity of native snail populations in the pacific region (cowie, 2010) and wherever it is deliberately or accidentally introduced it will continue to pose a threat not only to native molluscs, but possibly to other slow - moving soil invertebrates (sugiura, 2010). it may also indirectly have a negative impact on vertebrate species dependent upon these soil invertebrates .\nthe flatworm occurs in the following areas: - australia: queensland: lockhart river and weipa on cape york peninsula, atherton tablelands, cairns, cardwell, mission beach, crystal creek, townsville (winsor, 1990, 1997, 1998c, 1999); northern territory: anula (l winsor, james cook university, townsville, australia, personal communication, 2004); - federated states of micronesia: pohnpei (eldredge and smith, 1994), ahatahan (kawakatsu and ogren, 1994); - usa: hawaii: oahu (eldredge and smith, 1994); - indonesia: irian jaya: manokwari (beauchamp, 1962); - japan: honshu: absent (no p. manokwari has been found in the field .); ryukyu islands: okinawa island, miayako island, and kumejima island (kawakatsu et al. , 1993); ogasawara (bonin) islands: chichijima island (kawakatsu et al. , 1999) ;\nmany individuals (listed in table 1) are thanked for forwarding photographs of the flatworms for identification. gary barker provided technical advices for the survey in new caledonia. michelle tanguy provided the specimens of p. ventrolineata. nicolas puillandre (mnhn) helped with the analysis of the molecular results. the reviewers are thanked for their valuable help. we also thank hundreds of french and european citizens who sent photographs of non - indigenous land planarians, among which none were p. manokwari .\nas far as we are aware, these records are the first of p. manokwari in singapore, new caledonia, wallis and futuna, the solomon islands, the caribbean, and north america. they thus add six countries and territories to the list of 16 territories recently published, which included irian jaya, new guinea, australia, guam and northern mariana islands, philippines, japan, maldives, palau, hawaii, federated states of micronesia, french polynesia, samoa, tonga, vanuatu, fiji and france (justine et al. , 2014) .\nin new caledonia, it was demonstrated by one of us (pb) that when a coordinated survey is organized, the knowledge about the distribution of a relatively cryptic species can be dramatically increased in a matter of months; although the first record in a private garden was made in april 2014, we have now confirmed records of p. manokwari in more than 15 locations, including both southern and northern provinces and two of the loyalty islands. it is therefore clear that the species has been inadvertently spread to most of the provinces and main islands of new caledonia .\nphytosanitary measures a hot water treatment is used as a quarantine measure for terrestrial flatworms. this method may be successful in controlling transmission via live plants of other threatening flatworm species such as p. manokwari. the portion of the plant contained within soil is first sealed in a plastic bag. the bagged portion is then immersed in hot water at 34°c for 5 minutes. this treatment kills the adult new zealand flatworm (artioposthia triangulata [ arthurdendyus triangulatus ]). research to check the effect of heat on egg capsules is in progress (murchie and moore, 1998) .\nphytosanitary measures a hot water treatment is used as a quarantine measure for terrestrial flatworms. this method may be successful in controlling transmission via live plants of other threatening flatworm species such as p. manokwari. the portion of the plant contained within soil is first sealed in a plastic bag. the bagged portion is then immersed in hot water at 34°c for 5 minutes. this treatment kills the adult new zealand flatworm (artioposthia triangulata [ arthurdendyus triangulatus ]). research to check the effect of heat on egg capsules is in progress (murchie and moore, 1998) .\ni thank m. t. ito for identifying earthworms; m. hasegawa for valuable suggestions on this study; y. takahashi, h. taki, and k. wada for helping collect and rear animals; r. h. cowie and b. s. holland for encouragement; and y. yamaura for statistical advice. individuals of p. manokwari were reared with the permission of the japanese ministry of the environment. the global environmental research fund (f - 051) supported this study. while writing this manuscript, the author was also supported by a jsps postdoctoral fellowship for research abroad .\nthe solomon islands contrast with all other localities in the world for which we have molecular data for p. manokwari: in all other localities a single haplotype was detected. moreover, the same haplotype (which we named “world”) was found in localities as distant as solomon islands, french polynesia, new caledonia, singapore, tahiti, france, florida and puerto rico. this suggests that the species encountered a bottleneck of genetic diversity in the early stages of its human - mediated dispersal throughout the pacific region and that all specimens found in these distant countries and territories come from an original population with low genetic variation .\nfurthermore, while most of the infected countries and territories reported until now are islands, from which the spread of the species through human agency is limited by means of transportation and various business and biosecurity protocols, our new record, florida, will not be subjected to these limitations. in addition to their natural spread, specimens of p. manokwari can easily be passively spread mainly with infested plants, plant parts and soil. the species could potentially eventually be spread from florida throughout the us mainland, and this can be considered a significant potential threat to the whole us, the west indies and even the rest of the americas .\nwe report here the presence of p. manokwari in several additional countries and territories: singapore, new caledonia (including mainland and two of the loyalty islands), an additional island in french polynesia, wallis and futuna (from two of the islands, uvea and futuna), the solomon islands, puerto rico and florida, usa—the latter being the first records on the american continent. we show that barcodes of specimens comprise two haplotypes, one found in many localities in the world and one found in australia. specimens from the solomon islands were the only ones to show genetic diversity, with both haplotypes present in the same locality .\nthe natural habitat of the species is undisturbed sub - alpine forest and grasslands. p. manokwari prefers moist but not wet habitats. in human - modified areas, its typical microhabitat includes rotting vegetation, leaf litter, potted plants, beneath fallen timber, and within the leaf bases and cavities of banana rhizomes, palms, taro, and other tuberous plants. after heavy rain, the species may crawl up building walls, entering dwellings via external openings, especially in damp areas such as laundries, bathrooms and toilets. it has been observed preying on native molluscs at heights above 1 metre in trees (eldredge and smith, 1994) .\nwe thank dr. satoshi chiba of tohoku university, dr. masaharu kawakatsu, dr. kiyonori tomiyama of kagoshima university, mr. nathaniel savory jr. and mr. koji takeuchi for their helpful advice. we also thank ms. toshie suzuki - sato, who first detected that p. manokwari fed on the carcasses of earthworms in the field. we also thank ms. fumiko yumura, ms. yukari niikawa, ms. noriko saito - karashima, and ms. nobuko ono for their help in the field survey. thanks are also due to dr. simon lawson, queensland forestry research institute, for his correction of the english in this manuscript .\nunder experimental conditions the optimum temperature for rearing p. manokwari in terms of pre - oviposition period and cocoon production is 24°c, with a mean post - oviposition developmental period for the young to hatch from the cocoon of 7. 8 ±1. 2 days (kaneda et al. , 1992). cocoons contain an average of 5. 2 juveniles (3–9) each. the flatworm begins oviposition within 3 weeks of hatching (kaneda et al. , 1992). the temperature threshold for oviposition lies between 15°c and 18°c, and for cocoon and juvenile stages 10°c and 11. 7°c respectively (kaneda et al. , 1992). the flatworm normally reproduces sexually, and does not appear to reproduce by fission (kaneda, kitagawa & ichinohe, 1990) .\nfor fixation, two protocols were used: either (a) the living specimen was simply put into room - temperature ethanol (80–95 %); or (b) the living worm was put into boiling water; after 1–2 min water was removed and replaced with room - temperature ethanol (80–95 %). no narcotizing agents were used. specimens of p. manokwari (table 1), collected by hand and fixed, were sent to paris by postal service. in addition, we collected new specimens from the infested hothouse in jardin des plantes, caen, france and in public and private gardens in townsville, australia. specimens were deposited in the collections of the muséum national d’histoire naturelle, paris, france (mnhn), and the united states department of agriculture, animal and plant health inspection service (usda aphis) national malacology laboratory, academy of natural sciences, philadelphia, usa." ]

{ "text": [ "platydemus manokwari , also known as the new guinea flatworm , is a species of large predatory land flatworm .", "native to new guinea , it has been accidentally introduced to the soil of many countries , including the us .", "it was also deliberately introduced into two pacific islands in an attempt to control an invasion of the giant east african snail .", "it eats a variety of invertebrates including land snails , and has had a significant negative impact on the rare endemic land snail fauna of some pacific islands .", "it has become established in a wide variety of habitats . " ], "topic": [ 10, 20, 3, 12, 7 ] }

[ "platydemus manokwari, also known as the new guinea flatworm, is a species of large predatory land flatworm. native to new guinea, it has been accidentally introduced to the soil of many countries, including the us. it was also deliberately introduced into two pacific islands in an attempt to control an invasion of the giant east african snail. it eats a variety of invertebrates including land snails, and has had a significant negative impact on the rare endemic land snail fauna of some pacific islands. it has become established in a wide variety of habitats." ]

[ "bactra (bactra) bactrana (kennel, 1901) = bactra cyperana amsel 1952 = bactra graminivora meyrick 1922 = bactra mediterraneana agenjo 1952 .\nbactra bactrana - urdu meaning and translation of bactra bactrana, translation, multiple word search (seperate words with space), english to urdu machine translation of bactra bactrana and more .\ndescription of bactra suedana sp. n. and notes on the nordic species of bactra stephens (lepidoptera: tortricidae )\nil genere bactra stephens (lepidoptera tortricidae) nella biocenosi di cyperus rotundus l. , in italia\nlarge - scale production of bactra verutana [ lep. : tortricidae ] for the biological control of nutsedge\nbactra bactrana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family. it is found on the canary islands, sicily and malta and in southern spain, portugal, southern italy, france, greece, morocco, algeria, egypt, asia minor, arabia, iraq, iran, the caucasus, afghanistan, the caspian area, tajikistan, kyrgyzstan, uzbekistan, pakistan, india, the republic of congo, madagascar, sudan and gambia .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for. the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard. e. g.' papilio *'. keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature. unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance. meanwhile, please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr. 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail: fauna - eu (at) mfn - berlin. de website: urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmadagascar central, andringitra oriental, forêt d' anjavidilava, 1990 m, 19–25. xii. 1970, leg. p. griveaud .\ndiakonoff a. 1973a. tortricidae of the andringitra range, central madagascar (lepidoptera). part 1. tortricinae. - bulletin du muséum national d' histoire naturelle (3) 108: 105–143 .\nbrown j. w. 2005. tortricidae (lepidoptera). – in landry, b. (ed .) world catalogue of insects, volume 5. - —: 1–741 .\nyour browser doesn' t support javascript or you have disabled javascript. please enable javascript, then refresh this page. javascript is required on this site .\neuropean union funding: for a one - year period (2017 - 12 - 16 to 2018 - 12 - 15), eppo has been awarded an eu grant for the further development of the eppo code system (agreement nb: sante / 2017 / gs / eppo / s12. 768842). the eu commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information from this project subsequently included in the eppo global database .\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthe infestation was detected in two greenhouses at the area of tympaki (southern crete, greece). the moth larvae caused typical symptoms of a fruit borer with numerous small holes on the surface of the peppers and extensive damage on the inside of the fruit as a result of the feeding activity. unknown factors facilitated this major shift in host range since\nis typically a stem borer of sedges. in addition, the pest status of\nis currently under question, as in both cases the infestations by the moth were associated with significant yield losses .\nwas moderately controlled with chemicals registered for lepidoptera management in sweet pepper due to the boring nature of the infestation. some comparative taxonomic notes are provided to facilitate accurate pest discrimination of related\nspecies. finally, biological attributes of the species are summarized and are discussed from pest control and ecological perspectives. because\nspecies have been used in augmentative releases for the control of sage, the implications of our findings on the release of biocontrol agents are placed in perspective .\nevolution of critical day length for diapause induction enables range expansion of diorhabda carinulata, a biological control agent against tamarisk (tamarix spp. )\n) food plant database of the leafrollers of the world (lepidoptera: tortricidae). version 1. 0. available online at\nonline world catalogue of the tortricidae. version 2. 0. available online at\n, review of a literature survey, plant research international b. v. wageningen .\n) toxicity of insecticides on tomato borer tuta absoluta (lepidoptera: gelechiidae): effect of developmental stage and time. pp .\npyrethroid resistance monitoring in european populations of pollen beetle (meligethes spp .): a coordinated approach through the insecticide resistance action committee (irac )\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads, pdfs sent to google drive, dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 11th july 2018. this data will be updated every 24 hours .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c277b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322dd07d - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 32503c10 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 32503d6a - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 334221fc - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nbeccaloni g. , scoble m. , kitching i. , simonsen t. , robinson g. , pitkin b. , hine a. & lyal c. (2018). lepindex: the global lepidoptera names index (version 12. 3, jan 2012). in: roskov y. , abucay l. , orrell t. , nicolson d. , bailly n. , kirk p. m. , bourgoin t. , dewalt r. e. , decock w. , de wever a. , nieukerken e. van, zarucchi j. , penev l. , eds. (2018). species 2000 & itis catalogue of life, 30th june 2018. digital resource at urltoken species 2000: naturalis, leiden, the netherlands. issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 49910206 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nfor pests currently absent from the uk, risk of introduction is assessed. for pests already present in the uk risk of spread to maximum extent is assessed. some other scenarios exist .\nthe specific pathway (s) that were considered when rating entry of a pest to the uk. these were the pathways considered to present the highest risk of entry .\nthis section is currently being developed as part of the next phase of the risk register .\nwhat risks would be without any co - ordinated action. ratings do take into account how normal grower practises (such as pesticide treatments) would affect risks .\nfor\npest is introduced\nthe lowest value of entry or establishment, as both are required for a successful introduction. for\npest spreads to maximum extent\nthis is an expert judgement on the likelihood of this occurrence .\nthe likelihood of movement of the pest into the uk on a pathway and transfer of that pest to a suitable host .\nthe likelihood of the pest surviving and perpetuating in the uk for the foreseeable future after it has entered .\nthe rate at which a pest can expand, by natural dispersal only, within an area .\nthe predicted economic impacts of the pest in the uk. this includes direct effects on yield, quality and possible indirect effects such as trade implications .\nthe proportion of the environmental value of the plant which is likely to be lost through the introduction of the pest .\nthe predicted social impacts of a pest in the uk, including effects on tourism, amenities and animal and human health .\nthe value of the hosts or industries at risk from this pest in the uk .\nthe likelihood multiplied by the impact, which shows the risk to the sector .\nrisks rated to take into account the effects of co - ordinated actions that are in place such as eu regulation or industry accreditation schemes .\nthe hosts or industries in the uk that were considered when rating the pest as being at risk .\nmoth whose larvae feed on sedge and grass stems, found (in 2014) to be damaging glasshouse peppers in greece. industry may wish to monitor for its presence .\nif you provide us with your email address we will only use it to contact you about the risk register .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nkennel j. neue wickler des palaearctischen gebietes. deutsche entomologische zeitschrift, iris 1901\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngreece, spain, italy, portugal, sicily, the ussr - the european part of france .\nregions of the russian federation: the volga - don, the east caucasian .\ngreece (mainland), spain (mainland), italy (mainland), canary islands, portugal (mainland), sicily, france (mainland) .\n[ 10 ] de jong, y. s. d. m. (ed .) (2011) fauna europaea version 2. 4 (faunaeur. org )\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc.." ]

{ "text": [ "bactra bactrana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "it is found on the canary islands , sicily and malta and in southern spain , portugal , southern italy , france , greece , morocco , algeria , egypt , asia minor , arabia , iraq , iran , the caucasus , afghanistan , the caspian area , tajikistan , kyrgyzstan , uzbekistan , pakistan , india , the republic of congo , madagascar , sudan and gambia .", "the wingspan is 12 – 19 mm for males and 13 – 21 mm for females .", "the ground colour of the forewings is ochreous yellow with dense greyish sprinkling .", "the hindwings are brown .", "adults have been recorded on wing in july in europe .", "the larvae feed on poa species and cynodon dactylon . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 8, 8 ] }

[ "bactra bactrana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family. it is found on the canary islands, sicily and malta and in southern spain, portugal, southern italy, france, greece, morocco, algeria, egypt, asia minor, arabia, iraq, iran, the caucasus, afghanistan, the caspian area, tajikistan, kyrgyzstan, uzbekistan, pakistan, india, the republic of congo, madagascar, sudan and gambia. the wingspan is 12 – 19 mm for males and 13 – 21 mm for females. the ground colour of the forewings is ochreous yellow with dense greyish sprinkling. the hindwings are brown. adults have been recorded on wing in july in europe. the larvae feed on poa species and cynodon dactylon." ]

[ "this is the place for heveli definition. you find here heveli meaning, synonyms of heveli and images for heveli copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word heveli. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word heveli and, of course, heveli synonyms and on the right images related to the word heveli .\nhave a fact about symmimetis kolopis? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for symmimetis kolopis? write it here to share it with the entire community .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nmalaysia: sabah; 25km n. tambunan, 3 sept. 1983, el. 1500m. at blacklight (g. f. hevel & w. e. steiner). in usnm .\nthe type locality is montane but there are no vegetation data for it on the label. the putative female is from dipterocarp forest at 250m on the lower slopes of the limestone g. api .\nthe forewing postmedials are rather rounded compared to their angular nature in the next two species, but examination of the genitalia is recommended .\nthe genitalia of the bornean female match those of specimens from the new guinea area that resemble the holotype of muscosa (in anic, canberra; examined but not dissected) in facies. a possible male (slide 10781) is too worn to make a useful facies comparison: no male from new guinea or australia was available for comparison. the strong spine in the male vesica may engage in the sclerotised spur on the bursa of the female. the type species, cristata, has somewhat similar facies and correspondence between the genitalia of the sexes, but with sufficient differences for the two taxa to be considered distinct, but sister - species .\nthe single female was taken at 150m in dipterocarp forest at the foot of g. mulu, and the male is also from lowland forest, at a boundary bank between alluvial and wet heath forest types .\nspecific status is merited both on grounds of sympatry and strong morphological differences as discussed under vernacularia .\nthe species is common in the upper montane zone to as high as 2110m (on g. kinabalu) .\nziridava rufinigra swinhoe, 1895, ann. mag. nat. hist. (6), 16: 246 .\nthis is a smaller species than those of the xylinaria group. it has general colouration as in xylinaria but with dark, blackish markings along the costal zone and rather obliquely transverse in the medial area. the hindwing margin over the tornal half is also darkened. see ziridava asterota prout .\nindia, borneo; new guinea (ssp. brevicelluba); queensland (ssp. cedreleti) .\nthe only bornean specimen seen is from wet heath (kerangas) forest on a river terrace (150m) just west of the melinau gorge, sarawak .\nprout, 1928, insects samoa, 3 (3): 145, syn. n .\nthere is a marked contrast between the indigo - blackish forewings and the ochreous yellow - brown of the hindwings, stronger than in micrulia medioplaga swinhoe and m. catocalaria snellen, where the hindwing, of at least the females are browner. the transverse whitish medial line of the forewing is diagnostic .\nthe taxa brought into synonymy above are consistent in genitalia characters of both sexes throughout the wide geographical range: they are therefore best treated as races of a single species. the female paratypes of pacifica are misplaced with the holotype male and are probably micrulia tenuilinea warren. fletcher (1979) treated semiviridis as a good species attributed to warren, in which case it would have priority over picta. however nielsen, edwards & rangsi (1996) regard it as infrasubspecific, though validated later by prout, a treatment followed here. the specimen identified as picta by holloway (1976) represents another species (see micrulia subzebrina sp. n) .\nn. e. himalaya, borneo; new guinea, queensland (ssp. sylvatica); rotuma i. , new caledonia (ssp. pacifica); samoa (ssp. vailima) .\nonly two specimens have been taken in borneo, one in lowland forest near the danum valley field centre, sabah and one at about 1700m on g. kinabalu .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation." ]

{ "text": [ "symmimetis heveli is a moth in the geometridae family .", "it is found on borneo and possibly peninsular malaysia .", "the length of the forewings is about 10 mm .", "the wings are dark blackish brown and strongly marked . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 8 ] }

[ "symmimetis heveli is a moth in the geometridae family. it is found on borneo and possibly peninsular malaysia. the length of the forewings is about 10 mm. the wings are dark blackish brown and strongly marked." ]

[ "goniobasis catenaria elimia catenaria (say, 1822) pleurocera albanyensis (i. lea, 1864) elimia albanyensis (i. lea, 1864) pleurocera boykiniana (i. lea, 1840) pleurocera caelatura pleurocera christyi pleurocera darwini pleurocera interrupta (haldeman, 1840) pleurocera lecontiana pleurocera mutabilis pleurocera postelli (i. lea, 1862) pleurocera suturalis pleurocera viennaensis\npleurocera catenaria is a species of freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pleuroceridae .\npleurocera catenaria is a species of freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pleuroceridae .\npleurocera boykiniana, common name flaxen elimia, it was listed as vulnerable species in 1996 .\npleurocera interrupta, - common name knotty elimia, it was listed as vulnerable species in 1996 .\nbut none of these considerations – the questionable heritability of the distinguishing traits, their multiple independent origins, or the existence of intermediate forms – compromises the validity of goodrich’s subspecific designation pleurocera catenaria dislocata .\nthe systematic relationships among pleurocera, goniobasis, elimia, and several other nominal genera of slender pleurocerids in eastern no ...\nsee my fwgna post of 16mar09, the snails the dinosaurs saw, for more on the genetics, taxonomy, and distribution of p. catenaria .\nand although dislocata populations are distinctive in south carolina, they intergrade with typical catenaria throughout the tar river drainage of north carolina. the figure at the top of this essay shows three shells from red bud creek in nash county, a dislocata individual on the left without spiral cords, a typical catenaria on the right with strong cords, and an intermediate individual in the middle .\ndillon, r. t. , jr. and j. d. robinson. 2011. the opposite of speciation: genetic relationships among the populations of pleurocera (gastropoda: pleuroceridae) in central georgia. american malacological bulletin 29: 159 - 168 .\nmany of my colleagues tell me that they “don’t like subspecies. ” and without question, the description of subspecies has fallen out of favor in modern evolutionary biology. it is an old - school concept, dependent on the taxonomist’s subjective understanding of the adjective, “distinguishing. ” and modern classifications are supposed to reflect the evolutionary history of the populations being classified. it seems misleading to lump a subset of pleurocera catenaria populations under the subspecific trinomen “ dislocata ” that have, for reasons we admittedly do not understand, come to look similar independently .\naccording to chambers (1990) and dillon & robinson (2011), synonyms of p. catenaria include albanyensis, boykiniana, caelatura, christyi, darwini, interrupta, lecontiana, mutabilis, postelli, suturalis, and viennaensis (chambers 1990, dillon & robinson 2011) .\nchambers (1990) synonymized elimia albanyensis, elimia athearni, and elimia catanoides with elimia boykiniana based on the constancy of the shape of the outer lip of the aperture and old museum lots consisting of shells exhibiting a range of variation. mihalcik and thompson (2002) synonymize elimia boykiniana (in part) and several of its subspecies under elimia viennaensis and elima abanyensis. mihalcik and thompson (2002) also claim chambers (1990) description of elimia boykiniana is a composite of several species. dillon et al. (2006) synonymize elimia caelatura, elimia darwini, elimia mutabilis, elimia albanyensis, elimia boykiniana, elimia postelli, elimia suturalis, and elimia viennaensis with elimia catenaria, based on observational data (morphological characters that are difficult to distinguish) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe atlantic drainages of georgia, comprising approximately 40% of the waters of the state, are presently covered... ››\nthe four ecoregions of north carolina drain toward the atlantic through six major river systems... ›› more\nalthough perhaps not as environmentally heterogeneous as neighboring states, south carolina does include... ›› more\nthe survey reported here is focused on the eastern 75% of the state, draining from the blue ridge to the atlantic... ›› more\nall waters draining into the tennessee river above the alabama line, including sw virginia, w north carolina, and n georgia... ›› more\na study area of approximately 150, 000 km2, including delaware, maryland, new jersey, eastern pennsylvania and the west virginia panhandle... ›› more\ninhabit rivers and streams of the piedmont and upper coastal plain from southern virginia (hoffman 1996) to georgia. although almost entirely restricted to atlantic drainages today, trans - appalachian populations are found in western north carolina and north georgia (dillon & robinson 2009) .\ndoes not occur in acidic or in nutrient - poor waters, and seems to require at least some rock substrate. thus it is not found in high mountain creeks, nor in slow coastal plain rivers, nor in the (many) southeastern streams with high sediment loads. its present spotty distribution (especially in south carolina) may be a remnant of a much broader distribution prior to agriculture (dillon & keferl 2000). its fwgna incidence rank (calculated together with\nis dioecious, eggs being deposited on hard substrates from spring to mid - summer. eggs are spirally arranged in masses of 2 - 15 or more, with a tough, membranous outer covering to which sand grains typically adhere (smith 1980, jokinen 1992). although we are unaware of any study specifically directed toward the life history of\n, it seems reasonable to expect that two years will be required for maturity, and that several years of iteroparous reproduction can be expected thereafter, as is the case for pleurocerids generally (dazo 1965). this is life cycle\n( see below) and all seem restricted to scattered rocky shoals isolated by long stretches of inhospitable silt. where they reach high densities, however, grazing by pleurocerid populations can have a significant effect on energy flow in streams (dillon 2000: 86 - 91) .\n( “st. johns, berkeley”) must have been eutaw springs, sadly now drowned by lake marion. the viable\npopulation nearest eutaw springs today inhabits cedar creek, a tributary of the broad river about 12 km n of columbia. dillon & reed (2002) reported that the level of genetic divergence between the columbia population and eight other\nthis species has travelled through three genera in thirty years. although predominantly assigned to\nby dillon (2011). see my essay of 23mar11 from the link below for more .\nthat post also featured a figure comparing three shells from a tar river population where the subspecies distinctions intergrade .\n( gastropoda: cerithiacea: pleuroceridae). malacologia 3: 1 - 80 .\nthe ecology of freshwater molluscs. cambridge, cambridge university press. 509 pp .\na survey of the pleurocerid gastropods of south carolina. in freshwater mollusk symposia proceedings, part ii, eds. tankersley, warmolts, watters, armitage, johnson & butler, pp. 153 - 160. columbus: ohio biological survey .\npopulations inhabiting atlantic drainages of the carolinas. malacologia 44: 23 - 31 .\nthe snails the dinosaurs saw: are the pleurocerid populations of the older appalachians a relict of the paleozoic era? j. n. am. benthol. soc. 28: 1 - 11 .\n( gastropoda: pleuroceridae) in central georgia. am. malac. bull. 29: 1 - 10 .\nthe pleuroceridae of the atlantic coastal plain. occas. pprs. mus. zool. univ. mich. , 456, 1 - 6 .\n( say), in virginia. banisteria, 7: 49 - 50 .\nthe freshwater snails (mollusca: gastropoda) of new york state. ny state mus bull 482, albany, new york .\nmorphological and electrophoretic evidence of population relationships in stream snails of the family pleuroceridae (prosobranchia). ph. d. diss, atlanta, ga. , emory university .\nhald. (gastropoda: pleuroceridae) in the yellow river, georgia, u. s. a. am. midl. natur. , 95: 49 - 63 .\nrole of detritus in the productivity of a rock - outcrop community in a piedmont stream. limnol. & oceanog. , 7: 396 - 413 .\ngastropoda pleuroceridae in the connecticut river usa. nautilus 94: 50 - 54 .\nfrom the coosa river system, alabama. walkerana 11 (25): 1 – 54 .\nplease cite as: dillon, r. t. , jr. , b. t. watson, t. w. stewart & w. k. reeves 2006. the freshwater gastropods of north america. internet address: urltoken\ndepartment of biology, college of charleston, charleston, sc 29424 p: 843. 953. 8087 f: 843. 953. 5453\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\nbearing shells without spiral cords seem to be restricted to an unusual habitat: streams and small rivers of high groundwater content and good flow in the southeastern plains ecoregion. like typical\nare not found in acidic waters, and seem positively associated with limestone or marl outcroppings. but\npopulations do not seem to be as strict in their requirement of rocky substrate, and can be found on bottoms of firm sand and woody debris. the distribution of\nis spotty, being recorded from several eastern north carolina counties and greensville county, va, by goodrich (1942) as well as from scattered south carolina counties by dillon & keferl (2000) and tributaries of the ogeechee river in georgia. its fwgna incidence rank (calculated together with the typical\npopulations may reach high densities in smaller streams (e. g. , cave springs flowing east into lake marion) and hence might be more likely to impact energy flow than typical\nit seems reasonable to expect that two years will be required for maturity, and that several years of iteroparous reproduction can be expected thereafter, as is the case for pleurocerids generally (dazo 1965). this is life cycle\nin the 19th century, but ravenel (1834) is usually accorded the honor, by virtue of his earlier publication date. in either case, goodrich lowered the nomen to subspecific rank under\nback to the full species level by turgeon et al. (1998) was neither justified nor justifiable. see my essay of 5mar14 from the link below for the complete taxonomic history .\nonly by the presence of faint costae on the apical whorls. but allozyme frequencies confirm a close genetic similarity to\npopulations by urabe (1998, 2000). and indeed, some populations inhabiting the tar / pamlico and chowan drainages bear shells with sculpture intermediate between\nthe diploid number is 2n = 34 (dillon 1991). mitochondrial co1 and 16s sequence data are available in dillon & frankis (2004) .\nkaryotypic evolution in pleurocerid snails: i. genomic dna estimated by flow cytometry. malacologia, 31: 197 - 203 .\nfreshwater mollusk symposia proceedings, part ii, eds. tankersley, warmolts, watters, armitage, johnson & butler, pp. 153 - 160. columbus: ohio biological survey .\ncommon and scientific names of mollusks, second edition. american fisheries society sp. publ. 26 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\njohnson, p. d. , bogan, a. e. , brown, k. m. , burkhead, n. m. , cordeiro, j. r. , garner, j. t. , hartfield, p. d. , lepitzki, d. a. w. , mackie, g. l. , pip, e. , tarpley, t. a. , tiemann, j. s. , whelan, n. v. and strong, e. e. 2013. conservation status of freshwater gastropods of canada and the united states. fisheries 38 (6): 247 - 282 .\ndyer, e. , soulsby, a. - m. , whitton, f. , mcguinness, s. , de silva, r. , milligan, h. t. , kasthala, g. , thorley, j. , herdson, r. , mcmillan, k. & collins, a .\njustification: elimia albanyensis has been assessed as least concern due to its wide distribution throughout several river systems. further research on the threats impacting this species is recommended, although there are no documented declines and it is unlikely that threats are impacting at a global level .\nthis species is only found in alabama, florida and georgia. in florida, it is confined to the shoal immediately below the jim woodruff dam on the apalachicola river; it is also found in georgia in the flint river and tributaries near albany and downstream, and in alabama (thompson 1999). mihalcik and thompson (2002) list the distribution as the lower flint river system in georgia and the apalachicola river in florida. burch (1989) lists the flint river, georgia, and tributaries and uchee creek in russell co. , alabama. goodrich (1942) lists the flint river, georgia, and tributaries; and uchee creek, russell county, alabama. clench and turner (1956) list the flint (flint river and spring creek in georgia), chattahoochee (flat shoal creek and mulberry creek in georgia, uchee creek and howard creek in alabama), and apalachicola (apalachicola river, florida) river drainages. also, the flmnh holds a record from coffee spring (santa fe drainage), suwannee / columbia co. , florida, collected in 2000 .\nthere is no population information available for this species. there are around twenty subpopulations which are patchily distributed .\nwhile generally associated with riffles and rocky substrates of rivers and creeks, elimia spp. may also be found in certain situations in still water and sand or mud substrates. the only published habitat data can be found in clench and turner (1956) and thompson (1968). thompson (1968) lists elimia albanyensis as a shoal species (i. e. , riffles) living on rock substrates .\nthe threats to this species are unknown, but sedimentation is likely to significantly impact its habitat (shoals and riffles) .\nthere are no conservation measures in place for this species. it has a global heritage status of g3 (vulnerable) but is classified as s1 (critically imperilled) in some states (natureserve 2009). further research is recommended to clarify the extent of threats impacting this species .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\n. the concept is so simple and basic to the training that most of us probably received as undergraduates that it is difficult to imagine how anybody could become confused about it. but they do .\nno, not any of you reading this essay! i’m sure you all get it. but (hard though it may be to believe) there are some evolutionary biologists active in our field today who imagine that mayr’s definition of the noun “subspecies” says more than it does. so indulge me while i make three (obvious) points .\npoint number 1 is that no definition of the word “subspecies, ” ancient or modern, has ever specified anything about heritability. yes certainly, the morphological differences that distinguish subspecies a and b might indeed have a genetic basis. in fact, subspecies are sometimes referred to as “insipient species. ” but even if the “one or more distinguishing traits” are entirely ecophenotypic in their origin, arising as plastic responses to differences in environment a and environment b, the validity of the subspecific status of populations a and b would not be compromised .\npoint number 2 follows from point number 1. if the trait (s) by which a subspecies is distinguished need have no heritable basis, then populations united under the same subspecific trinomen need share no evolutionary history. similar ecophenotypic responses can be elicited multiple times independently .\nand point number 3 is that the modern definition of the subspecies also says nothing about the existence of morphological intermediates. yes, it is certainly possible that subspecies a and b might be universally distinguishable. but typically just the opposite is the case. to quote a recent review\n, “intergradation at the boundary between two geographic replacement forms is the touchstone of trinominalism. ” so if, for example, a third population c exists, in an intermediate region or an intermediate environment between population a and population b, the demonstration of a perfectly intermediate c phenotype would not compromise the subspecific status of a and b. subspecies only need be distinguishable somewhere, not everywhere .\nso to take a real example. many rivers of the piedmont and upper coastal plain from virginia to georgia are inhabited by populations of (typical )\n, bearing shells with prominent costae, dissected by spiral cords. these populations reach maximum abundance in rocky shoals in medium to large rivers. smaller and sandier tributaries, entering the larger rivers farther east in the coastal plain, are sometimes inhabited by populations with much plainer shells, lacking spiral cords and often demonstrating reduced costation as well. goodrich\nphenotype seemed to have evolved multiple times independently. the matrix below shows that the genetic identify between a savannah\nmoreover, the linnean system of nomenclature was instituted neither to recapitulate the evolutionary history of the organisms being classified, nor to facilitate ecological generalizations. carl von linne conceived his system of taxonomy for information retrieval, like a dewey - decimal filing system for critters\nso in the final analysis, i find the ecological and “information retrieval” arguments for subspecies more compelling than the evolutionary arguments against them. there does exist a small (but not negligible) scientific literature associated with the pleurocerid nomen “ dislocata, ” which would be lost (or become much more difficult to google, anyway) if that nomen were to disappear today .\nfrom the american interior. the populations described by these names are indeed geographically separate (usually) and morphologically distinctive (usually) to the point that they have been recognized as valid species until quite recently\n. although none of these subspecific distinctions likely has any evolutionary basis, all these nomina most certainly do serve important indexing functions, and hence warrant preservation .\nbut everything i have written in my essay this month is predicated upon a firm understanding of the word “subspecies, ” as defined in the first sentence of this essay. what mischief might be visited upon evolutionary science by our colleagues should any of them become confused? tune in next month !\nquoted verbatim from the glossary of price, p. w. (1996) biological evolution. saunders college publishing .\nmayr, e. (1942) systematics and the origin of species. harvard university press, cambridge, ma .\nmallet, j. (2007) subspecies, semispecies, superspecies. in encyclopedia of biodiversity [\ngoodrich, c. (1942) the pleuroceridae of the atlantic coastal plain. occas. pprs. mus. zool. univ. mich. 456: 1 - 6 .\npopulations inhabiting atlantic drainages of the carolinas. malacologia 44: 23 - 31. [\nsee “models of species distribution” (pp 391 – 407) in my book, the ecology of freshwater mollusks (cambridge university press, 2000). [\nthe information - retrieval function of zoological nomenclature is not incompatible with its scientific function, but not compatible, either. see :\nthis post is really weird, rob. i know you' re a free thinker, but you' re posting something that 1) you must know the huge majority of your readers disagree with, and 2) you' re calling those who disagree with you stupid (excuse me ,\nconfused .\n). that' s what we on the internet generally call\ntrolling .\ni guess most trolls would also 3) post under a pseudonym, which you didn' t, but... this one is weird .\n' when i use a word,' humpty dumpty said, in rather a scornful tone,' it means just what i choose it to mean — neither more nor less.'' the question is,' said alice,' whether you can make words mean so many different things.'' the question is,' said humpty dumpty,' which is to be master — that' s all.'\ni will open this essay with a confession, of sorts. on the afternoon of 6mar11 i, dr. robert t. dillon jr. , did in fact collect a small samp ...\nif you’re just joining us. about halfway through this essay i am going to assume that you have previously read last month’s post, regarding ...\nlast fall i received an unusual email from mr. mark wentzel, a sculptor living in the atlanta area, bearing the subject line “ l. columella ...\nto the fwgna group: i dearly love experiments. does it seem to anybody else on this list that, over the last 20 - 30 years, the experiment i ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\n- common name knotty elimia, it was listed as vulnerable species in 1996 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. world heritage encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the world public library association, a non - profit organization .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nturgeon, d. d. , j. f. quinn, jr. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, f. g. hochberg, w. g. lyons, p. m. mikkelsen, r. j. neves, c. f. e. roper, g. rosenberg, b. roth, a. scheltema, f. g. thompson, m. vecchione, and j. d. williams. 1998. common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks. 2nd edition. american fisheries society special publication 26, bethesda, maryland: 526 pp .\nin florida it is confined to the shoal immediately below the jim woodruff dam on the apalachicola river; also in georgia in the flint river and tributaries near albany and downstream and in alabama (thompson, 1999). although more survey effort is needed, there are still several populations although they are somewhat scattered and of varying viability .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\nin florida confined to the shoal immediately below the jim woodruff dam on the apalachicola river; also in georgia in the flint river and tributaries near albany and downstream and in alabama (thompson, 1999). mihalcik and thompson (2002) list the distribution as the lower flint river system in georgia and the apalachicola river in florida. burch (1989) lists the flint river, georgia, and tributaries and uchee creek in russell co. , alabama .\ngoodrich (1942) lists the flint river, georgia, and tributaries; and uchee creek, russell county, alabama. clench and turner (1956) list the flint (flint river and spring creek in georgia), chattahoochee (flat shoal creek and mulberry creek in georgia, uchee creek and howard creek in alabama), and apalachicola (apalachicola river, florida) river drainages. in florida it is confined to the shoal immediately below the jim woodruff dam on the apalachicola river. also found in georgia in the flint river and tributaries from the area near near albany and downstream to the confluence with the chatttahoochee river (thompson, 1999). also, the flmnh has a record from coffee spring (santa fe drainage), suwannee / columbia co. , florida, collected in 2000 .\nthompson (1968) lists elimia albanyensis as a shoal species (i. e. , riffles) living on rock substrates .\n( 1000 - 5000 square km (about 400 - 2000 square miles) ) in florida confined to the shoal immediately below the jim woodruff dam on the apalachicola river; also in georgia in the flint river and tributaries near albany and downstream and in alabama (thompson, 1999). mihalcik and thompson (2002) list the distribution as the lower flint river system in georgia and the apalachicola river in florida. burch (1989) lists the flint river, georgia, and tributaries and uchee creek in russell co. , alabama .\nwhile generally associated with riffles and rocky substrates, elimia spp. may also be found in certain situations in still water and sand or mud substrates. only published habitat data is in clench and turner (1956) and thompson (1984). thompson (1968) lists elimia albanyensis as a shoal species (i. e. , riffles) living on rock substrates .\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens, including live specimens or recently dead shells (i. e. , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining), at a given location with potentially recurring existence. weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence. evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data; unpublished, though documented (i. e. government or agency reports, web sites, etc .) observation or collection data; or museum specimen information .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nburch, j. b. 1989. north american freshwater snails. malacological publications: hamburg, michigan. 365 pp .\nchambers, s. m. 1990. the genus elimia (= goniobasis) in florida and adjoining drainage basins (prosobranchia: pleuroceridae). walkerana, 4 (12): 237 - 270 .\nclench, w. j. and r. d. turner. 1956. freshwater mollusks of alabama, georgia, and florida from the escambia to the suwanee river. bulletin of the florida state museum biological sciences, 1 (3): 97 - 239 .\nclench, william j. , and ruth d. turner. 1956. freshwater mollusks of alabama, georgia, and florida from the escambia to the suwanee river. bulletin of the florida state museum biological sciences. i (3): 180 - 181 .\ndillon, r. t. , jr. , w. k. reeves, and t. w. stewart. 2006b [ 2007 ]. the freshwater gastropods of georgia. created 26 august 2003. last updated september 2007. available online: urltoken\ngoodrich, c. 1942a. the pleuroceridae of the atlantic coastal plain. occ. pap. mus. zool. univ. mich. , (456): 1 - 6 .\ngoodrich, c. 1942. the pleuroceridae of the atlantic coastal plain. occasional papers of the museum of zoology, university of michigan, 456: 1 - 6 .\nmihalcik, e. l. and f. g. thompson. 2002 [ 2003 ]. a taxonomic revision of the freshwater snails referred to as elimia curvicostata, and related species. walkerana, 13 (29 / 30): 1 - 108 .\nthompson, f. g. 1984. freshwater snails of florida. a manual for identification. university of florida press, gainesville, florida. pp. 1 - x, 1 - 94 .\nthompson, f. g. 1984. north american freshwater snail genera of the hydrobiid subfamily lithoglyphinae. malacologia, 25 (1): 109 - 142 .\nthompson, f. g. 1999. an identification manual for the freshwater snails of florida. walkerana 10 (23): 1 - 96 .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of march 2018. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2018 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2018. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nthis species is endemic to southern virginia, north carolina, south carolina, tennessee, georgia .\nelimia albanyensis, common name black - crest elimia, it was listed as vulnerable species in 1996 and as least concert in 2011 .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\n> stream h‰l’ ] k« @ \u0010†ïý\u0015 { i nœù\u000f\u0015já¤' p (´ 8 { \u0017jù $ › & ‡ø\u001ašŸßuwm«e / ä™yæwfùïòtfגûûåju ^ é†qê0fâì‡\u0010\u0019\u0011hã $ “„q $ ¯\u000f\u000f«ß $ x© '©à - & @ ô! ˆi, mú\u0011ˆ) k\u0004‰íã > ¿ò’ìbt „êïš, ôÿ '­‚õóo8äð3n $ \u00140†o¸m¨k£\u001b²ˆ2\u0019 mmn\u0005y¼ª§\u000e\u0004øƒ\u0004•œ [ Šú\u0007¡é·µþ™ } ¯à¦ð´—nuòlhù„—boj \u0004ä° = š\u0011çtq * £\u0015: 7 =) ²á”³. 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{ "text": [ "pleurocera catenaria is a species of freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pleuroceridae .", "this species is endemic to southern virginia , north carolina , south carolina , tennessee , georgia . " ], "topic": [ 2, 2 ] }

[ "pleurocera catenaria is a species of freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family pleuroceridae. this species is endemic to southern virginia, north carolina, south carolina, tennessee, georgia." ]

[ "no one has contributed data records for ixodes arboricola yet. learn how to contribute .\nfirst record of ixodes arboricola (ixodida: ixodidae) from turkey with presence of candidatus rickettsia vini (rickettsiales: rickettsiaceae) .\nfirst record of ixodes arboricola (ixodida: ixodidae) from turkey with presence of candidatus rickettsia vini (rickettsiales: rickettsiaceae). - pubmed - ncbi\nixodes passericola schulze. a description of the hitherto unknown male and larva, with a re - description of the female and nymph .\nixodes passericola schulze. a description of the hitherto unknown male and larva, with a re - description of the female and nymph. - pubmed - ncbi\nrecently, a new rickettsia named ‘ candidatus rickettsia vini’ belonging to the spotted fever group has been molecularly detected in ixodes arboricola ticks in spain, the czech republic, slovakia and turkey, with prevalence reaching up to 100% . the aim of this study was to isolate this rickettsia in pure culture, and to describe it as a new rickettsia species .\nselected larvae obtained from one egg cluster of i. arboricola were pcr - tested to confirm the presence of rickettsial dna. then, three tick naive chickens (denoted a, b and c) were each infested with 100 i. arboricola larvae from this cluster. blood samples were collected from the chickens at the beginning of the infestation (day 0) and 21 days later. two chickens (denoted d, e) and two male guinea pigs (denoted a, b), all tick naive, were each inoculated intraperitoneally with a suspension of ≈ 1 × 10 6 vero cells infected with an i. arboricola rickettsial isolate derived from a fresh culture containing > 90% infected cells. blood samples were collected at 0 and 21 days after inoculation. the guinea pigs were examined daily for fever (if the rectal temperature was > 39. 5 °c) and scrotal reactions .\nin conclusion, this is the first population genetic study of an ornithophilic tick in a terrestrial system. genetic differentiation was found among the studied woodlots and among nest boxes within woodlots. contrary to expectations, genetic differentiation was found among individuals within nest boxes. relatedness analyses showed that dispersal is unequal among instars, and larvae seem the most important instar for dispersal of i. arboricola .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nkeskin a, koprulu tk, bursali a, ozsemir ac, yavuz ke, tekin s .\nour results suggest that r. vini n. sp. is possibly a tick endosymbiont, not pathogenic for guinea pigs and chickens. regarding specific phenotypic characters and significant differences of dna sequences in comparison to the most closely related species (r. japonica and r. heilongjiangensis), we propose to classify the isolate as a new species, rickettsia vini .\nspp. have small genomes (1. 1–2. 1 mb) resulted from reductive evolution caused by their obligate endosymbiotic relationship to eukaryotic cells [\n]. their host diversity is remarkably high. although all valid species are associated with arthropods, novel genotypes have also been identified in annelids, amoebae and plants [\nspecies can propagate in vertebrates, some of them cause diseases in humans and animals, to which they are transmitted by arthropod vectors such as fleas, lice, mites or ticks. some species are considered non - pathogenic, and novel\n]. the taxonomic position of other rickettsial species has remained unclear because of their genetic anomalies. due to findings of intriguing variety of rickettsiae in arthropods and molecular analysis of rickettsial plasmids, the genus\n]. there have been species of rickettisae detected in ticks years or decades before they became associated with human illness cases, e. g .\n]. it is not clear if these novel tick - borne diseases were not noticed by physicians or whether they were absent. while it has been suggested that any novel described rickettsia from ticks should be considered a potential pathogen [\n], many tick species just do not bite humans under natural conditions, or some rickettsial agents are just tick endosymbionts .\nrecently, a novel sfg rickettsia has been found by molecular methods in bird - associated ticks. it was named ‘\ntick is widely distributed in the palaearctic region. it lives in tree holes and nest boxes where it feeds on hole - breeding birds. although this tick species does not represent a primary risk for humans, it shares several host species and overlaps in feeding period with\nr. vini’, could be potentially bridged between these two tick species via co - feeding. phylogenetic analysis based on partial sequences of four rickettsial genes (\nin order to describe ‘ ca. r. vini’ as a new species, we isolated the bacterium in cell culture for the first time, and performed both molecular and phenotypical characterization of the isolates .\nticks were collected manually from nest boxes during after - breeding season in breclav, czech republic (48°43' n, 16°54' e, 150 m above sea level, an oak - ash flood - plain forest), an area attractive to tourists. nesting bird species had been previously identified during the breeding season using a bird guide book [\n] and confirmed according to characteristic appearance of the nest during tick collecting. ticks were identified to species according to nosek & sixl [\n]. collected ticks were brought alive to the laboratory and incubated at 12 °c (relative humidity of 80 %) for 3 months and then at 24 °c (relative humidity of 80 %) for 7 days before being subjected to the hemolymph test .\n]. the whole - body remnants were immediately stored at - 80 °c to preserve living rickettsial organisms .\n] with some modifications. briefly, ticks were surface - sterilized by immersion in iodine - alcohol for 10 min, washed in sterile water, macerated, and resuspended in 600 μl of brain heart infusion (bhi). for each tick sample, two shell vials with a confluent monolayer of vero cells were each inoculated with 300 μl of the bhi suspension and then centrifuged for 1 h at 700×\nand 22 °c. the monolayers were washed and fed with 1 ml of minimal essential medium supplemented with 5% of bovine calf serum (hyclone, logan, ut, usa) and 1% of antibiotics and antifungal (penicillin, streptomycin and amphotericin b) and incubated at 28 °c. every 3 days, the medium was replaced by a new medium (without antibiotics and antifungal additives), and the aspirated medium was checked for the presence of\n- like organisms by gimenez staining. if the result was positive, the monolayer of the shell vial was harvested and inoculated into a 25 cm\nflask containing a monolayer of confluent uninfected vero cells. cells in the 25 cm\nflasks of vero cells. the level of infection of cells was monitored by gimenez staining of scraped cells from the inoculated monolayer. the rickettsial isolate was considered to be established in the laboratory after at least three passages through 75 cm\n]. sera were diluted in 2 - fold increments, beginning from a 1: 64 dilution, tested with fluorescein isothiocyanate - labeled rabbit anti - guinea pig igg (sigma - aldrich, st. louis, mo, usa) or anti - bird igg - fitc conjugate (alpha diagnostic intl inc. , san antonio, tx, usa). endpoint titers for both homologous and heterologous reactions were determined .\n], and dna extracts were stored at - 20 °c until they were used as templates for polymerase chain reaction (pcr). dna samples were tested by a battery of pcr protocols targeting fragments of four rickettsial genes: citrate synthase gene (\n). each pcr run included a negative control (2. 5 μl of water) and a positive control (2. 5 μl of dna of\nstrain nod) samples. pcr products were purified by exosap - it® (usb), dna - sequenced by sanger dideoxy sequencing, and analyzed using blast [\n]. the dna sequences obtained from the 4th passage - infected cells were submitted to the genbank database (see below). phylogenetic analyses were performed using the program mega version 6. 06 in november 2015 [\ngenes) were analyzed separately, and also concatenated. in both cases, nucleotides were aligned with the corresponding sequences of other\nspecies available in the genbank database using muscle algorithm as implemented in mega. the resulted alignment was checked and manually corrected. the evolutionary history was inferred using the maximum likelihood method based on the tamura 3 - parameter (i + g) model with 1000 replicates of random - addition taxa and tree bisection and reconnection branch swapping. all positions were weighted equally .\na except for some species of basal groups (e. g. rickettsia bellii )\ngimenez stained hemolymph smears were examined under oil immersion (at magnification of × 1000; 10× ocular and a 100× objective). images of rickettsia - like structures and adjacent vero cells were captured using leica microscope dm4000 - b .\n: la rioja, spain; kızılırmak delta, samsun, turkey; velky kosir, czech republic; ziar nad hronom, slovakia .\n, is deposited at the rickettsial collection of the laboratory of parasitic diseases of the faculty of veterinary medicine, university of são paulo, são paulo, brazil (culture collection codes: rv - m1a - 3p; rv - m2b - 3p; rv - m3b - 3p), and the rickettsial collection of the rickettsial zoonoses branch of the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc), atlanta, ga, usa (culture collection codes: rv - m1a - 2p; rv - m2b - 2p; rv - m3b - 2p) .\n] who first detected molecularly this bacterium at la rioja, a vineyard region in spain. district of breclav, the type - locality, is also an important area of vine production in the czech republic .\nn. sp. is a gram - negative, nonmotile, obligately intracellular bacterium. the organism has a typical bacillary morphology with binary fission. it grows at 28 °c on vero cells in minimal essential medium with 5% bovine calf serum supplement (fig .\ngenes implies that this bacterium is significantly different from all recognized rickettsial species. it belongs to the sfg and is most closely related to\nn. sp. is not pathogenic for chickens and guinea pigs through intraperitoneal inoculation, although it induces seroconversion in these animals (see below). the pathogenicity of this bacterium for vertebrate hosts, including humans, remains to be elucidated .\nvero cells infected by rickettsia vini n. sp. strain breclav visualized by gimenez staining\n- like organisms within their hemocytes, and subsequently subjected to the isolation of rickettsiae by the shell vial technique. rickettsiae were successfully isolated from all three ticks and established in vero cell culture (fig .\n). the three isolates were designated as rv - m1a, rv - m2b, and rv - m3b .\n). a total of 15 to 17 engorged larvae were recovered from each chicken. conversely, the chickens d, e that were inoculated with\nr. amblyommii’ with titers ranging from 64 to 512 at 21 days after inoculation. chicken e also seroconverted to\n). none of the above five chickens showed apparent signs of disease during the present study .\n). none of these guinea pigs developed fever, scrotal reactions or any other clinical alteration .\ngenes, and 1092, 590, 800, and 497 nucleotides (nt), respectively, of the pcr products were sequenced from each isolate. sequences obtained from different passages of all three isolates were 100% identical. blast analysis of the\npartial sequence showed 99. 3% (764 / 769 nt) similarity to the corresponding sequence of\npartial sequence was 99. 2% (493 / 497 nt) similar to the corresponding sequence of various strains of\nwere concatenated and subjected to analysis by the maximum likelihood method. the bootstrap values obtained by 1000 replicates are shown at the nodes. the tree is drawn to scale; scale - bar indicates nucleotide substitutions (%) per site. the genbank accession numbers of the sequences included in this analysis are shown in additional files\nticks collected in nest - boxes in the czech republic. this bacterium was first detected by pcr in\n]. to date, this bacterium has been detected molecularly in ticks in europe and turkey. the palaearctic distribution of the type - species, the tick\n- like organisms using the hemolymph test. this may be caused by higher sensitivity of pcr detection, when compared to the hemolymph test, or / and because not all\ninfected ticks contain rickettsiae in their hemolymph. all pcr - tested unfed larvae of\nfrom this study contained rickettsial dna, indicating transovarial transmission of the rickettsial agent .\nr. amblyommii’ antigens, while the guinea pig b reacted only to the homologous antigens. both chickens d and e inoculated with\ninfected vero cells showed homologous titers always equal or higher than heterologous titers. cross - reactivities were observed with closely related species belonging to the sfg such as\na non - sfg agent. cross - reactivity with lower titres for heterologous antigens has also been observed in experimental studies with guinea pigs intraperitoneally inoculated by vero cells infected with\nn. sp. is not pathogenic for these animals. none of the three chickens a, b, c infested by\nif this is the case, the seroconversion of inoculated animals in the present study could be just a result of direct contact with bacterial antigens, rather than active infection. such assumptions need to be confirmed in further studies. finally, the non - susceptibility of chickens in the present study could be linked to the inoculation route (intraperitoneal inoculation), since other rickettsial agents were shown to cause skin lesions through intradermal inoculations of experimental animals, in contrast to no clinical alterations when the same agents were intraperitoneally inoculated [\nspecies should not show > 99. 9% , > 99. 2% , and > 98. 8% similarity for the\ndna sequences with the most closely related validated species are 99. 7% for the\nhere we report the first isolation of ‘ ca. r. vini’ in cell culture, both molecular and morphological characterization of the isolates, experimental inoculation of laboratory guinea pigs and chickens, and experimental infestation of chickens with r. vini - infected ticks. we conclude that r. vini n. sp. is not pathogenic for chickens and guinea pigs, although direct inoculation of these animals with r. vini resulted in seroconversion. the new species described here is ecologically, geographically and molecularly distinct from any closely related validated species .\nwe thank to amalia barbieri, fernanda nieri - bastos and jonas moraes - filho for their help with cell culture and ricketsial antigens, and jairo mendoza roldan for his help with image capture .\nmarketa novakova and ivan literak were supported by project ceitec 2020 (lq1601) from the czech ministry of education, youth and sports within the national programme for sustainability ii. marcelo b. labruna was supported by the “coordenação de aperfeiçoamento de pessoal de nível superior” (capes, brazil). the funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication .\nthe datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are included within the article and its additional files. the type - strain breclav t is deposited at the rickettsial collection of the laboratory of parasitic diseases of the faculty of veterinary medicine, university of são paulo, são paulo, brazil (culture collection codes: rv - m1a - 3p; rv - m2b - 3p; rv - m3b - 3p), and the rickettsial collection of the rickettsial zoonoses branch of the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc), atlanta, ga, usa (culture collection codes: rv - m1a - 2p; rv - m2b - 2p; rv - m3b - 2p) .\nthis study was approved by the ethics committee on animal research for the faculty of veterinary medicine of the university of são paulo .\nthis article is distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution 4. 0 international license (\n), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author (s) and the source, provide a link to the creative commons license, and indicate if changes were made. the creative commons public domain dedication waiver (\n) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated .\nmaximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on the partial glta gene including a sequence for rickettsia vini n. sp. (docx 637 kb )\nmaximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on the partial ompa gene including a sequence for rickettsia vini n. sp. (docx 698 kb )\nmaximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on the partial ompb gene including a sequence for rickettsia vini n. sp. (docx 639 kb )\nmaximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on the partial htra gene including a sequence for rickettsia vini n. sp. (docx 522 kb )\nmerhej v, raoult d. rickettsial evolution in the light of comparative genomics. biol rev. 2011; 86: 379–405 .\nperlman sj, hunter ms, zchori - fein e. the emerging diversity of\nweinert la, werren jh, aebi a, stone gn, jiggins fm. evolution and diversity of\nparola p, paddock cd, socolovschi c, labruna mb, mediannikov o, kernif t, et al. update on tick - borne rickettsioses around the world: a geographic approach. clin microbiol rev. 2013; 26: 657–702 .\nraoult d, roux v. rickettsioses as paradigms of new or emerging infectious diseases. clin microbiol rev. 1997; 10: 694–719 .\ngillespie jj, beier ms, rahman ms, ammerman nc, shallom jm, purkayastha a, et al. plasmids and rickettsial evolution: insight from\ntijsse - klasen e, koopmans mpg, sprong h. tick - borne pathogen - reversed and conventional discovery of disease. front public health. 2014; 2: 73 .\njado i, oteo ja, aldámiz m, gil h, escudero r, ibarra v, et al .\nand human disease, spain. emerg infect dis. 2007; 13: 1405–7 .\npalomar am, santibáñez p, mazuelas d, roncero l, santibáñez s, portillo a, et al. role of birds in dispersal of etiologic agents of tick - borne zoonoses, spain, 2009. emerg infect dis. 2012; 18: 1188–91 .\nkeskin a, koprulu tk, bursali a, ozsemir ac, yavuz ke, tekin s. first record of\nrickettsia vini (rickettsiales: rickettsiaceae). j med entomol. 2014; 51: 864–7 .\nnovakova m, bulkova a, costa fb, kristin a, krist m, krause f, et al. molecular characterization of ‘\nfrom the czech republic and slovakia. ticks tick borne dis. 2015; 6: 330–3 .\npalomar am, portillo a, crespo a, santibáñez s, mazuelas d, oteo ja. prevalence of ‘\nticks in the north of spain, 2011–2013. parasit vectors. 2015; 8: 110 .\nheylen dja, van oosten ar, devriendt n, elst j, de bruyn l, matthysen e. seasonal feeding activity of the tree - hole tick ,\npalomar am, portillo a, santibáñez p, santibáñez s, garcía - álvarez l, oteo ja. genetic characterization of\nrickettsia vini, a new rickettsia amplified in ticks from la rioja, spain. ticks tick borne dis. 2012; 3: 318–20 .\nsvensson l, mullarney k, zetterström d. birds of europe. 2nd ed. new jersey: princeton university press; 2010 .\nnosek j, sixl w. central - european ticks (ixodoidea) key for determination. graz: mitteilungen der abteilung für zoologie am landesmuseum joanneum; 1972. p. 1972 .\nburgdorfer w. hemolymph test. a technique for detection of rickettsiae in ticks. am j trop med hyg. 1970; 19: 1010–4 .\ngimenez df. staining rickettsiae in yolk - sac cultures. stain technol. 1964; 39: 135–40 .\nlabruna mb, whitworth t, bouyer dh, mcbride j, camargo lma, camargo ep, et al .\nticks from the state of rondônia, western amazon, brazil. j med entomol. 2004; 41: 1073–81 .\nlabruna mb, whitworth t, horta mc, bouyer dh, mcbride jw, pinter a, et al .\nticks from an area in the state of são paulo, brazil, where brazilian spotted fever is endemic. j clin microbiol. 2004; 42: 90–8 .\nhorta mc, labruna mb, sangioni la, vianna mcb, gennari sm, galvão mam, et al. prevalence of antibodies to spotted fever group rickettsiae in humans and domestic animals in a brazilian spotted fever - endemic area in the state of são paulo, brazil: serologic evidence for infection by\nin brazil. ann n y acad sci. 2006; 1078: 523–30 .\nsilveira i, pacheco rc, szabó mpj, ramos hgc, labruna mb .\nticks in the state of são paulo, brazil. appl env microbiol. 2007; 73: 869–73 .\nin the mosquito cell line c6 / 36. appl environ microbiol. 2006; 72: 1705–7 .\nchomkzynski p. a reagent for the single - step simultaneous isolation of rna, dna and proteins from cell and tissue samples. biotechniques. 1993; 15: 532–7 .\naltschul sf, gish w, miller w, myers ew, lipman dj. basic local alignment search tool. j mol biol. 1990; 215: 403–10 .\ngeer ly, marchler - bauer a, geer rc, han l, he j, he s, liu c, shi w, bryant sh. the ncbi biosystems database. nucleic acids res. 2010; 38: d492–6 .\ntamura k, stecher g, peterson d, filipski a, kumar s. mega6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6. 0. mol biol evol. 2013; 30: 2725–9 .\npacheco rc, moraes - filho j, marcili a, richtzenhain lj, szabó mpj, catroxo mhb, et al .\nhorta mc, sabatini gs, moraes - filho j, ogrzewalska m, canal rb, pacheco rc, et al. experimental infection of the opossum\nphilip rn, casper ea, burgdorfer w, gerloff rk, hughes le, bell ej. serologic typing of rickettsiae of the spotted fever group by microimmunofluorescence. j immunol. 1978; 121: 1961–8 .\nla scola b, raoult d. laboratory diagnosis of rickettsioses: current approaches to diagnosis of old and new rickettsial diseases. j clin microbiol. 1997; 35: 2715–27 .\npiranda em, faccini jlh, pinter a, saito tb, pacheco rc, hagiwara mk, labruna mb. experimental infection of dogs with a brazilian strain of\n: clinical and laboratory findings. mem inst oswaldo cruz. 2008; 103: 696–701 .\nsocolovschi c, audoly g, raoult d. connection of toxin - antitoxin modules to inoculation eschar and arthropod vertical transmission in rickettsiales. comp immunol microbiol infect dis. 2013; 36: 199–209 .\nla scola b, bechah y, lepidi h, raoult d. prediction of rickettsial skin eschars in humans using an experimental guinea pig model. microb pathog. 2009; 47: 128–33 .\nlabruna mb, mcbride jw, bouyer dh, camargo lma, camargo ep, walker dh. molecular evidence for a spotted fever group\nregnery rl, spruill cl, plikaytis bd. genotypic identification of rickettsiae and estimation of intraspecies sequence divergence for portions of two rickettsial genes. j bacteriol. 1991; 173: 1576–89 .\nroux v, fournier pe, raoult d. differentiation of spotted fever group rickettsiae by sequencing and analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism of pcr - amplified dna of the gene encoding the protein rompa. j clin microbiol. 1996; 34: 2058–65 .\nby submitting a comment you agree to abide by our terms and community guidelines. if you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. please note that comments may be removed without notice if they are flagged by another user or do not comply with our community guidelines .\nby using this website, you agree to our terms and conditions, privacy statement and cookies policy. manage the cookies we use in the preference centre .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\ndepartment of biology, gaziosmanpasa university, faculty of science and art, 60250, tasliciftlik, tokat, turkey .\nornithology research center, ondokuz mayıs university, 55137, atakum, samsun, turkey .\ndepartment of molecular biology and genetics, gaziosmanpasa university, faculty of science and art, 60250, tasliciftlik, tokat, turkey .\nyou could not be signed in. please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address. if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access, please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. it furthers the university' s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nthank you for visiting nature. com. you are using a browser version with limited support for css. to obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer). in the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .\ndispersal of parasites and their hosts is one of the most important factors affecting the dynamics and coevolution of host–parasite interactions (gandon et al. , 1996; clayton and moore, 1997). parasite population structure is often tightly linked to host dispersal, because parasites are typically less mobile than their hosts (boulinier et al. , 2001). if parasites are unable to make use of their hosts’ dispersal capabilities to a full extent, parasite populations may be vulnerable to inbreeding and have reduced coevolutionary potential (clayton and moore, 1997) .\nsampling locations near antwerp, belgium. woodlots are abbreviated as follows: middelheim, antwerp (mi); brasschaat, peerdsbos (pb); de warande, oostmalle (wa); and de kolonie, wortel (wk). the agglomeration of antwerp is marked in grey .\nestimated population structure. the most likely number of populations (k) was estimated with a bayesian approach for each woodlot separately. each bar represents an individual tick, and the number below each bar indicates its developmental stage (1 = unfed larvae; 2 = engorged larvae and unfed nymphs; 3 = engorged nymphs, adult males and unfed adult females; and 4 = engorged adult females). ticks are clustered per nest box, and labels above each graph represent sampling dates (month + year). (a) mi: 15 nest boxes (of which four were sampled twice); (b) pb: 25 nest boxes (of which one was sampled twice); (c) wa: 20 nest boxes (of which one was sampled twice); (d) wk: 16 nest boxes (none sampled twice) .\nusing nucleospin tissue kits (macherey - nagel, düren, germany), dna was extracted from whole individual larvae and nymphs and from three legs in case of adults. the first pair of legs was never used, as these are important for species identification. ten polymorphic microsatellite loci were amplified following\n( life technologies, carlsbad, ca, usa). alleles were scored with g\nticks, with 192 ticks yielding successful amplification at all loci and 61 ticks yielding only partial success. in 15 ticks, none of the microsatellites amplified successfully .\n) and the frequency of null alleles, test for linkage disequilibrium between pairs of loci in each woodlot and test for deviations of genotype frequencies from hardy - weinberg equilibrium (hwe) expectations using an exact probability test. following\n). at the nest box - level, tests for deviations from hwe expectations were conducted for nest boxes with > 5 individuals using exact probability tests across all loci. the sequential bonferroni’s procedure was applied to the tests of linkage disequilibrium and\nwas investigated in several ways. first, isolation by distance was tested among all nest boxes combined and among nest boxes within woodlots for every woodlot separately by comparing a pairwise log - transformed geographic distance matrix to a pairwise genetic distance matrix with a mantel test (1000 permutations) in g\n: mi = 19, pb = 26, wk = 21, wa = 16). for all runs (50 000 mcmc repeats with a burn - in of 5 000), the admixture model was implemented, which assumes that individuals have derived ancestry from more than one population, as well as the correlated - allele - frequencies model, which calculates allele frequencies over all populations. the software s\nwith the highest likelihood was selected for graphical presentation. for every tick, the proportion of the genome originating from each inferred population was computed (quantitative clustering method) .\nfinally, the expectation was tested that relatedness among individual ticks in a nest box differs among instars and decreases with the number of dispersal opportunities separating them since the larval stage. because ticks feed once per instar and subsequently moult to the next instar, every feeding bout is a dispersal opportunity, namely, (1) unfed larvae have never fed and therefore had zero dispersal opportunities, (2) engorged larvae moult into unfed nymphs and both have had one dispersal opportunity, (3) engorged nymphs, and the adults they moult into, have had two dispersal opportunities, and (4) adult males do not feed but adult female ticks do, so that males and unfed females have had two, and engorged females have had three dispersal opportunities. the maximum number of dispersal events of a pair of individuals is therefore the sum of dispersal opportunities of both individuals .\nthe sum of dispersal opportunities was calculated for every pair of individuals within nest boxes. ticks from resampled nest boxes (26 ticks from six nest boxes) were discarded, and nest boxes with only one individual (30 nest boxes but only 28 individuals because two individuals coming from resampled nest boxes were already discarded) could not be used, hence 199 individuals from 46 nest boxes were used, representing 421 comparisons. there were seven categories, comprising 0–6 dispersal opportunities (\nestimator of relatedness was used, which takes allele frequencies into account, eliminates a downward bias for small sample sizes and allows estimation of relatedness for subsets of population samples. negative kinship coefficients indicate that two individuals are less related than random individuals (\n). the regression analyses were conducted with 10 000 permutations over individuals and loci .\nthe amova of population genetic structure within and among cohorts showed significant genetic structure among nest boxes (φ nest boxes−total = 0. 14, df = 73, p < 0. 001, variation explained: 10. 9 %) and within cohorts (φ cohorts = 0. 11, df = 264, p < 0. 001, variation explained: 86. 3 %) but not among cohorts within nest boxes (φ cohorts−nest boxes = 0. 03, df = 22, p = 0. 150, variation explained: 2. 8 %) .\nrelatedness decreased significantly with an increasing sum of dispersal opportunities when the latter was logarithmically transformed (b = −0. 173; r 2 = 0. 050; p = 0. 022; figure 3) but not when it was linear (b = −0. 039; r 2 = 0. 029; p = 0. 099). the mean r for the categories with 0, 1 and 2 dispersal opportunities was higher (mean: 0. 210–0. 359; range: −0. 853 to 1. 000) than the mean r for the categories with 3–6 dispersal opportunities (mean: 0. 053–0. 128; range: −1. 895 to 1. 000) .\nqueller and goodnight (1989) estimator of relatedness (qge) for pairwise relatedness between ticks within nest boxes. relatedness decreases significantly with increasing dispersal opportunities (b = −0. 173; r 2 = 0. 050; p = 0. 022). data are categorised by the number of dispersal opportunities separating individual ticks. presented here is qge based on individual pairs, whereas the analysis was conducted on global estimates .\ngenotype data have been submitted to dryad: doi: 10. 5061 / dryad. hb169 .\ntree cavity abundance and nest site selection of cavity nesting birds in a natural boreal forest of west khentey, mongolia. phd thesis\n. (2001). dispersal and parasitism. in: clobert j, danchin e, dhondt a, nichols jd, (eds) .\n. (1996) ticks of north - west europe: keys and notes for identification of the species. published for the linnean society of london and the estuarine and coastal sciences association by field studies council .\nr core team. (2013) r: a language and environment for statistical computing. r foundation for statistical computing, vienna, austria .\nwe thank i jacobs and j elst for field assistance and n van houtte and k breugelmans for laboratory assistance. in addition, we thank three anonymous referees for comments on a previous draft of this manuscript. this study was funded by fwo - project g. 0049. 10 to em and tb. djah is a postdoctoral fellow at fwo .\nnature is part of springer nature. © 2018 springer nature limited. all rights reserved .\n© 2018 mary ann liebert, inc. , publishers. all rights reserved, usa and worldwide. call us toll free at (800) m - liebert (800 - 654 - 3237)." ]

{ "text": [ "ixodes arboricola , also called the tree-hole tick , is a species of tick that parasitises small passerine birds .", "it is among the most common species on the house sparrow . " ], "topic": [ 16, 10 ] }

[ "ixodes arboricola, also called the tree-hole tick, is a species of tick that parasitises small passerine birds. it is among the most common species on the house sparrow." ]

[ "colección española de cultivos tipo (cect), universidad de valencia, campus de burjasot, valencia, spain .\nbest of 3 * 1 / 4 final (lan) veto process: 1. alientech removed train 2. genus removed overpass 3. alientech picked mirage 4. genus picked cobblestone 5. alientech removed nuke 6. genus removed dust2\nlaboratory of entomology and pest control, institute cavanilles of biodiversity and evolutional biology, university of valencia, c /. catedrático josé beltrán nº2, 46980 paterna, valencia (spain); email: unknown .\nlaboratory of entomology and pest control, institute cavanilles of biodiversity and evolutional biology, university of valencia, c /. catedrático josé beltrán nº2, 46980 paterna, valencia (spain); email: francisco. peris @ uv. es .\nseven new spanish species of the genus synaldis (hymenoptera, braconidae, alysiinae) with mesoscutal pit .\ndepartamento de biología animal, facultad de ciencias biológicas, universidad de valencia, dr. moliner 50, 46100 burjassot, valencia, spain fax: 34 - 6 - 3864608 / 3864372; e - mail: alvaro. l. pena @ uv. es .\nwe would like to thank the departamento de desarrollo rural, industria, empleo y medio ambiente from navarra for their support during the survey; fernando martínez - alberola (university of valencia) for his help with the bioinformatics procedures; the sequencing service from university of valencia for their intensive work .\nseven new spanish species of the genus synaldis (hymenoptera, braconidae, alysiinae) with mesoscutal pit. - pubmed - ncbi\nez 1v2 for genus. it could have been 13 - 2, instead its 9 - 6 lol. easy rounds lost by at\nthe genus ecnomihyla is a group of treefrogs, with characteristics of natural history that makes them exceptionally rare and poorly documented. most of them are mainly distribute in the lowlands of middle america. here we present a new record of this genus for colombia and the first for e. miliaria\ntwo new antarctic species of the genus schizotricha allman have been studied. the material comes from the scotia sea (antarctica) and was collected by the spanish antarctic expedition 'antártida 8611'. both species are described and figured and the systematic position is discussed. a general survey of the geographical and bathymetrical distribution of the antarctic and subantarctic species of the genus is given. finally, a key for the identification of the antarctic and subantarctic species of the genus, together with a comparative table including main features, are presented .\na rigid vertex of a graph is one that has a prescribed cyclic order of its incident edges. we study orientable genus ranges of 4 - regular rigid vertex graphs. the (orientable) genus range is a set of genera values over all orientable surfaces into which a graph is embedded cellularly, and the embeddings of rigid vertex graphs are required to preserve the prescribed cyclic order of incident edges at every vertex. the genus ranges of 4 - regular rigid vertex graphs are sets of consecutive integers, and we address two questions: which intervals of integers appear as genus ranges of such graphs, and what types of graphs realize a given genus range. for graphs with $ 2n $ vertices ($ n > 1 $), we prove that all intervals $ [ a, b ] $ for all $ a < b \\ leq n $, and singletons $ [ h, h ] $ for some $ h \\ leq n $, are realized as genus ranges. for graphs with $ 2n - 1 $ vertices ($ n \\ geq 1 $), we prove that all intervals $ [ a, b ] $ for all $ a < b \\ leq n $ except $ [ 0, n ] $, and $ [ h, h ] $ for some $ h \\ leq n $, are realized as genus ranges. we also provide constructions of graphs that realize these ranges .\nvalencia hispanica is endemic to the northern mediterranean coastal area of spain. its populations in the wild have suffered such a decrease during last decades that it has been necessary to employ conservation measures to assure its survival. the past and present distribution of the species is reviewed, as well as the reduction of its distribution area, the most probable causes for its decrease in the wild and the location of present populations. other aspects to be dealt with are related to the recovery program for valencia hispanica in the community of valencia (east spain). the main course of action for the development of the recovery plan is explained as well as the achievements during the first implementation steps of the life programme for the creation of a reservation area network for this species within its natural distribution area .\nduellman, w. e. (1966): a new species of fringe - limbed tree frog, genus hyla, from darién, panamá. university of kansas publications. museum of natural history 17: 257–262 .\nron, s. r. , mueses - cisneros, j. j. , gutierrez - cardenas, p. d. a. , rojas - rivera, a. , lynch, r. l. , rocha, c. f. d. , galarza, g. (2015): systematics of the endangered toad genus andinophryne (anura: bufonidae): phylogenetic position and synonymy under the genus rhaebo. zootaxa 3947 (3): 347–366 .\n( valenciennes, 1846), (pisces: cyprinodontidae), an endemic and endangered species, in the community of valencia (east spain). in: kirchhofer a. , hefti d. (eds) conservation of endangered freshwater fish in europe. als advances in life sciences. birkhäuser basel\nsavage, j. m. , kubicki, b. (2010): a new species of fringe - limb frog, genus ecnomiohyla (anura: hylidae), from the atlantic slope of costa rica, central america. zootaxa 2719: 21–34 .\ncitation: català s, pérez - sierra a, abad - campos p (2015) the use of genus - specific amplicon pyrosequencing to assess phytophthora species diversity using edna from soil and water in northern spain. plos one 10 (3): e0119311. urltoken\nbatista, a. , hertz, a. , mebert, k. , köhler, g. , lotzkat, s. , ponce, m. , vesely, m. (2014): two new fringe - limbed frogs of the genus ecnomiohyla (anura: hylidae) from panama. zootaxa 3826: 449–474 .\nthe specificity of the water edna pyrosequencing assay for phytophthora detection was 96. 92% . the non - phytophthora motus (3. 08% of nonsingleton clustered reads) matched with other plant pathogen genera such as hyaloperonospora, bremia, peronospora, pythium or members of an undetermined oomycete genus not represented in genbank (table 2) .\ndescriptions of seven new species of the alysiine genus synaldis having mesoscutal pit from spain are given: synaldis berbegalae sp. nov. , s. falcoi sp. nov. , s. gilaberti sp. nov. , s. jujisae sp. nov. , s. lozanoae sp. nov. , s. martinezae sp. nov. , and s. navarroae sp. nov .\namplicon libraries were sequenced in a gs junior 454 system (roche 454 life sciences, branford, ct, usa) by the sequencing and genotyping service from the university of valencia (burjassot, spain). three different empcr conditions were tested in three different sequencing runs. the first run was performed following roche’s standard protocol for empcr amplification for the ‘one - way reads’ experimental design, the second run was using the same protocol but removing the larger amplicons by e - gel sizeselect, and in the third run, the emulsion was performed following the short length amplicon libraries protocol. library from pure cultures was sequenced in a fourth sequencing run following the short length protocol .\nthe phytophtora - specific primers [ 27 ] used in the current study showed high specificity. in the original study the amplicons were cloned and a total of 260 amplicons were obtained with a complete absence of pythium s. lato species. only a minor cross reaction with two downy mildew phylotypes was found. however, in this study using the same primers with an hts approach a total number of 152, 142 reads were obtained with 97. 9% specificity to phytophthora. only a small percentage (2. 1 %) of non - phytophthora amplification was obtained, including the genus hyaloperonospora, bremia, peronospora and pythium .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani, 30. 11. 04, , php script by cmilitante, 05 / 11 / 2010, last modified by cmilitante, 14 / 03 / 2013\ngg 16 - 9 should have been 16 - 2 though, at know they are better hence being overconfident and rushing out after planting lol .\nmaybe, but its evident from the game, they alientech are not respecting their opponents with these overpeeking and rushing after plant .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nallendorf, f. w. and ryman, n. (1986) genetic management of hatchery stocks .\n. washington sea grant program. university of washington press, washington, pp 141–159 .\narias, a. m. and drake, p. (1986) contribución al conocimiento de la biología de\nval. , 1846 (pisces, cyprinodontidae), en el so ibérico .\narnoult, j. (1957) sur quelques poissons rares et peu connus dans les eaux douces de france .\nbianco, p. g. and miller, r. r. (1989) first record of\n( sauvage, 1880) in peloponnese (greece) and remarks on the mediterranean family valenciidae (cyprinodontiformes) .\nblanco, j. c. and gonzalez, j. l. (1992 )\ncoelho, m. , gomes, j. and re, p. b. (1976 )\ngómez, f. , peiró, s. and sanchez, s. (1984) descripción de una nueva especie de pez continental ibérico ,\nkeith, p. , allardi, j. and moutou, b. (1992 )\n. coll. patrimoines naturels, vol. 10, s. f. f. - m. n. h. n. , csp, cemagref, min. env. , paris .\nmoreno, r. , plá, c. , garcía - marín, j. l. , garcía - berthou, e. and vila, a. (1988 )\n. informe para la dirección general de política forestal de la generalitat de catalunya. technical report (\nparenti, l. r. (1981) a phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of cyprinodontiform fishes .\nplanelles, m. (1995) campaña en defensa del samaruc y sus hábitats .\nhome > volume 22, issue 3 (2015) > paper # p3. 43\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright: © 2015 català et al. this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited\ndata availability: the three pyrosequencing runs were combined into a single file and deposited in genbank - sra under the accession number srp027499. consensus nucleotide sequences of each phytophthora motu were deposited in genbank (accession no. af132232 to af132286) .\nfunding: this project has been supported by the instituto nacional de investigación y tecnología agraria y alimentaria (euphresco - cep: “current and emerging phytophthoras: research supporting risk assessment and risk management”). the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\nin recent years the increase of global plant trade and human movement have promoted the risk of introduction of invasive plants and exotic pathogens [ 1 – 3 ]. biological invasions operate globally and are considered to be the second cause of biodiversity loss after direct habitat alteration and destruction. in this context, phytophthora species are of particular importance worldwide as they are major pathogens in agriculture, horticulture and forestry causing important economic and ecological losses .\nenvironmental dna (edna) from samples such as soil, water, air or permafrost is a complex mixture of genomic dna from living cells and extracellular dna from natural cell death from many different organisms [ 4 ]. in recent years, the examination of the edna in ecological studies has been used to characterize microbial and fungal communities using high - throughput sequencing (hts) technologies [ 5 – 10 ] and to detect alien species in soil samples [ 11 ]. edna has also been used successfully to detect low density populations in freshwater environments [ 12 ], lakes [ 13 ], [ 14 ] and aquifers [ 15 ]. most studies have focused on the detection of all organisms present in environmental samples using rdna genes [ 16 – 19 ] but only a few have targeted only one organism / genera [ 20 ], [ 21 ] .\npure cultures of phytophthora gonapodyides (ps - 1512), p. taxon pgchlamydo (ps - 1510), p. lacustris (ps - 1513), p. cryptogea (ps - 1584), p. citrophthora (ps - 1544), p. plurivora (ps - 1514), p cambivora (ps - 1556) and p. cinnamomi (ps - 1520) were obtained from the fungal culture collection of the instituto agroforestal mediterráneo, universitat politècnica de valència (spain). the identities of these cultures were previously determined by sequencing of its region .\nspecial authorization for sampling in the protected area of irati forest was granted by the administración forestal del gobierno de navarra. no special permit was required for sampling in villanúa. this study did not involve endangered or protected species .\nin villanúa six soils from beneath european silver fir (as) were collected in june 2012. in irati forest, soil samples were collected in october 2012 from 24 different locations selected according to their main vegetation community. the number of samples per vegetation type was proportional to their area in the forest: ten samples were collected from beech stands (f), six from douglas fir (ps), five from european silver fir (ab), and three from lawson cypress (ch). each sample consisted of soil subsamples from six different points selected at random that were mixed together (approx. 3 kg of soil / sample). samples were collected around the trees at 1 meter distance from the main trunk by digging to a depth of about 30 cm .\neach soil sample (up to 3 kg) was well mixed and homogenized by sieving (2 mm mesh size), and 50–80 g was lyophilized overnight and then crushed using fritsch variable speed rotor mill - pulverisette 14 (rosh, oberstein, germany). samples were maintained at 5°c until dna extraction .\nup to three subsamples were taken from each soil sample, and total genomic dna was extracted from 300 mg of each subsample using the zr soil microbe dna miniprep (zymo research, irvine, usa) following the manufacturer’s instructions but with the final elutions in 50 μl of elution buffer instead of in a 100 μl of elution buffer .\nfilters from water samples (3 filters / sample) were first frozen at −80°c and then disrupted using the tissuelyser lt compact bead mill (qiagen, uk). dna was extracted from each of the disrupted filters using the e. z. n. a. plant kit (omega bio - tek, doraville, usa) according to the manufacturer’s recommendations but with the final elutions in 50 μl of elution buffer instead of in a 100 μl of elution buffer .\ndna was extracted from pure cultures using the e. z. n. a. plant kit (omega bio - tek, doraville, usa) according to the manufacturer’s recommendations .\neach of the genomic dna from cultures was diluted 10, 100 and 1000 times and amplified separately using a sybr green real - time pcr assay with the phytophthora - specific primers 18ph2f and 5. 8s - 1r [ 27 ]. dnas presenting similar cycle threshold values were mixed together to account for differences in its copy number .\nthe pcr products were visualized in a bioanalyzer 2100 (agilent technologies, palo alto, ca, usa). the amplicons from soil and pure culture samples were double purified using the agencourt ampure xp bead pcr purification protocol (beckman coulter genomics, ma, usa). however, in the case of water samples a different method was used with the aim to avoid non - specific products corresponding with other organisms with longer its1 fragments than phytophthora, as well as chimeras, which could reduce the quality of the sequencing. each pcr product from water samples was cleaned using e - gel sizeselect (invitrogen, burlington, on, canada) and the bands between 290 and 450 bp were recovered for sequencing .\nafter purification, the amplicons were visualized in a bioanalyzer 2100 and quantified by fluorimetry using quant - it picogreen kit (invitrogen molecular probes, eugene, oregon, usa). the three pcr products from each soil and water samples were mixed together based on their concentration to obtain a single product. the 45 resultant amplicons from the seven areas (each area identified with an individual mid) were pooled at equal concentrations for sequencing .\nthe sequences were first sorted into separate files according to their multiplex identifier (mid) using the sfffile script included in the roche newbler package (urltoken). sequences from each sff file were extracted using the sff _ extract script (urltoken) to generate single fasta, xml and quality files. fasta and quality files were combined into a single fastq file using a python script (python version 2. 7, python software fdn) and then opened in fastqc software [ 32 ] to examine the length and quality of reads .\nreads were trimmed based on quality scores using lucy software [ 33 ]. sequence length shorter than 100 bp and low quality reads (average read quality below 20) were not considered for analysis. sequences from the three sequencing runs were combined in a single fasta file after quality trimming. a new python script was created to trim the 3’ end (b adaptor, key and reverse primer) and the 5’ end (key, mid and forward primer). this script included a new step to remove sequences shorter than 100 bp after the second trimming .\ndifferent score coverage threshold values were tested for motu clustering with a custom - curated database including 146 its1 sequences of described and new phytophthora taxa, and the sequences of species used in the control reaction. the resultant fasta file from each library was clustered with a length coverage threshold of 90% and a score coverage threshold of 99% (- l 0. 9 - s 99) using blastclust software [ 34 ]. after clustering, a custom python script was used to convert each motu from the output clustering list file into an individual fasta file, sorting motus in decreasing order of abundance, with a step to remove unique sequences (singletons), and then were aligned by muscle [ 35 ]. each alignment was manually checked in seaview software [ 36 ], and finally, a consensus sequence was generated from each motu with the aim to reduce homopolymer and sequencing errors .\nthe consensus sequences of the motus were identified using the blast tool in the genbank database [ 34 ], the phytophthora database [ 37 ] and a custom - curated database comprising sanger sequences showing a non - mixed chomatogram obtained from environmental samples and culture collections maintained at the instituto agroforestal mediterráneo, universitat politècnica de valència (spain). a single sequence was selected at random in those motus that had two reads. consensus sequences were subjected to phylogenetic analysis to confirm the results obtained from blast searches .\nthe three different empcr conditions tested produced 1, 142 good quality reads in the first run, 14, 289 (10, 233 used in the present study) in the second and 140, 767 reads in the third run .\nthe total data set from the three sequencing runs comprised 152, 142 good quality sequences. the results obtained for each library were: 7, 206 sequences for library 1 (r1), 47, 419 for library 2 (r2), 13, 543 for library 3 (ch), 19, 796 for library 4 (ps), 21, 982 for library 5 (ab), 26, 527 for library 6 (f) and 15, 669 for library 7 (as). after trimming 151, 311 sequences were considered for analysis. the average quality of the filtered sequences was of 36 and the average read length was 306 bp .\na reference database comprising 146 its1 sequences of described and new phytophthora taxa was used to test the optimal threshold value. a fasta file containing the its1 sequences was created and clustered at different threshold values. clustering at 100% , or at 99. 5% , separated the higher number of phytophthora species (s1 fig .). furthermore, based on its1 sequences it was not possible to separate 10% of the species using 100% score coverage threshold .\nusing 99% coverage threshold allowed the separation of the highest number of phytophthora species in the control reaction as shown in s2 fig. clustering at 99. 5 or 100% also separated the eight phytophthora species. however, the number of singletons increased exponentially due to the presence of sequencing and homopolymer errors, producing a high loss of data. therefore, for all the analysis a 99% of score coverage threshold was used for motu clustering .\na total of 6, 698 sequences were generated from the control reaction comprising eight phytophthora species. after quality control, 6, 683 sequences were considered for analysis. applying the 99% score coverage threshold previously calculated a total of 555 motus, including 529 singletons, were obtained. the motus with highest number of sequences corresponded to the eight phytophthora species. the identity of the consensus sequences with sanger reads was the 100% or 99. 5% in all cases. mismatches were, in all cases, based on homopolymeric regions. the read distribution from each species is shown in table 1 .\nblast results of the clustered sequences from the control reaction applying a barcoding threshold value of 99% .\na total of 96, 895 reads which passed quality control from soil samples (sampling areas ch, ps, ab, f and as) were considered for analyses. clustering of 96, 895 reads resulted in 8, 151 motus, including 8, 114 singletons, which were discarded for the analysis. the 37 nonsingleton motus corresponded to 13 phytophthora species, included in clades 1, 4, 6, 7 and 8 (fig. 1) from four plant communities: a. alba, c. lawsoniana, p. menziesii and f. sylvatica .\nunrooted phylogram based on nuclear its1 rdna sequence analysis constructed with maximum likelihood approach .\neach of the motu includes library precedence (r1, r2, ch, ab, f, ps or as), number of motu resulted in the clustering at 99% of each library, number of reads and source (w, water; s, soil). vertical bars indicate the phytophthora species. motus corresponding with undescribed species are indicated as “sp” (from sp1 - sp12) .\nthe specificity of the technique for the detection of phytophthora in soils was 98. 46% . the non - phytophthora motus (1. 54% of nonsingleton clustered reads) matched with other plant pathogen genera such as pythium and hyaloperonospora (table 2) .\na total of 54, 416 reads from water edna from the sampling areas r1 and r2 which passed quality control were considered for analyses. clustering of 54, 416 reads resulted in 3, 646 motus, including 3, 548 singletons, which were discarded for the analysis. the 98 nonsingleton motus corresponded to 35 phytophthora species (fig. 1) from clades 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 10 (fig. 1). no phytophthora species were detected from clades 5 and 9. the clades with the highest number of species were clade 6 and 8 with nine species in each. only one species from clade 2 was found, matching with a phytophthora citricola - complex species. the three most abundant motus in water samples were p. gonapodyides (29, 432 reads), followed by p. lacustris (6, 341 reads) and p. syringae (5, 528 reads). fifteen sequences were obtained of a phytophthora species (named as phytophthora sp. 13) which sequences did not match any sequences in public databases and did not cluster in any of the its clades described. the closest match in genbank was phytophthora sp. reb326 - 69 (accession no. jx122744) with a sequence homology of 89% . this motu was not included in fig. 1 as it was too divergent .\nthe detection of phytophthora from environmental samples using high - throughput amplicon pyrosequening of edna has shown high specificity and can be used hereafter to assess phytophthora diversity in natural ecosystems .\nclustering at 100% was the best criteria to separate most of the species in the reference database. other studies [ 38 ] adopted a barcoding threshold of 98% to assign most reads. however, in the current study we included a control species mixture and a 99% threshold was required to discriminate between closely related species resulting in the separation of 20% more species .\nthe limitations of the its1 region for phytophthora taxonomic identification are particularly evident in clade 1, in clade 2 with the p. citricola complex [ 39 ] and in clade 6 which includes many aquatic species where many species are identical or differ by 1 bp in its1. applying a similarity of 100% between sequences, it is still not possible to separate 10% of the species in the reference database, including species from clade 1 (p. infestans, p. ipomoeae, p. mirabilis, p. andina), from clade 2 (p. capensis, p. taxon emanzi) or clade 6 (p. gibbosa, p. gregata). despite these limitations it remains a powerful tool for discrimination of most known species as well as the identification of new ones .\nthe conditions for empcr amplification (2. 2 million copies of template and 80 μl of amp primer a) used in the first and second sequencing runs resulted in light scattering into nearby wells and caused their elimination due to signal processing filtering. the third sequencing run was performed following guidelines for short length libraries which reduced the amount of amp primer a in the live amp mix from 80 to 20 μl. although environmental its1 amplicons length did not match the short length libraries definition (amplicons of 340 bp instead of amplicons < 250 bp), the use of this protocol increased 100 fold the throughput in comparison with the first pyrosequencing run .\nin contrast, other researchers [ 11 ] applied the same its6 / its7 primers for pyrosequencing without using a nested approach, revealing the presence of 15 phytophthora species in soils from chestnut forests in italy. their assay was very specific for phytophthora species detection, where 78. 8% of sequences (9, 167 of 11, 637 reads) matched phytophthora .\nin this study, a nested approach was used in order to yield suitable pcr products since no amplification was obtained with a single round pcr [ 27 ]. nested pcr increases sensitivity and specificity compared to non - nested pcr techniques, but also increases the risk of cross - contamination events. to further reduce the occurrence of false - positives based on cross - contamination extremely care should be taken during dna extraction, preparation of pcr reactions and post - pcr steps .\nmost of the phytophthora species isolated from irrigation reservoirs and natural waterways belong to clade 6. these species, commonly called water moulds, show a strong association with both forest and riparian ecosystems, [ 43 – 46 ] and although some of them can be aggressive tree pathogens like p. inundata in spain [ 47 ], it is hypothesized that they have a prevalently aquatic and saprophytic lifestyle [ 48 ]. in this study 73. 6% of the reads belonged to clade 6, which may represent the resident community in rivers and streams. the most common species detected were phytophthora gonapodyides, p. megasperma, p. taxon pgchlamydo, p. inundata and p. lacustris, which are commonly isolated by baiting from streams around the world [ 45 ], [ 49 – 53 ] .\nthe three pyrosequencing runs were combined into a single file and deposited in genbank - 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drip, soil, and streams in the sudden oak death epidemic area of south - western oregon, usa. new zeal j for sci. 2011; 41: 65–73 .\nnechwatal j, bakonyi j, cacciola so, cooke del, jung t, nagy za, et al. the morphology, behaviour and molecular phylogeny of\nhuai wx, tian g, hansen em, zhao wx, goheen em, grünwald nj, et al. identification of\nspecies baited and isolated from forest soil and streams in northwestern yunnan province, china. forest pathol. 2013; 43 (2): 87–103 .\noh e, gryzenhout m, wingfield bd, wingfield mj, burgess ti. surveys of soil and water reveal a goldmine of\ndiversity in south african natural ecosystems. ima fungus. 2013; 4 (1): 123–131. pmid: 23898418\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know. thanks for your help !\nidentification of colletotrichum species responsible for anthracnose of strawberry based on the internal transcribed spacers of the ribosomal region. - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nidentification of colletotrichum species responsible for anthracnose of strawberry based on the internal transcribed spacers of the ribosomal region .\nmartínez - culebras pv 1, barrio e, garcía md, querol a .\nperis - felipo fj 1, papp j 2, belokobylskij sa 3, jiménez - peydró r 4 .\ndepartment of zoology, hungarian natural history museum, h - 1088 budapest, baross utca 13, hungary; email: unknown .\nzoological institute russian academy of sciences, st. petersburg, 199034, russia; museum and institute of zoology polish academy of sciences, wilcza 64, warszawa 00 - 679, poland; email: unknown .\nboulenger, g. a. (1882): catalogue of the batrachia salientia and caudata in the collection of the british museum. second edition. london: taylor and francis .\ncope, e. d. (1863): on trachycephalus, scaphiopus and other batrachia. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 15: 43–54 .\ncope, e. d. (1886): thirteenth contribution to the herpetology of tropical america. proceedings of the american philosophical society 23: 271–287 .\nduellman, w. e. (1961): a new species of fringe - limbed tree frog from mexico. studies of american hylid frogs. viii. transactions of the kansas academy of science 64: 349–352 .\nduellman, w. e. (1970): the hylid frogs of middle america. 2 volumes. monograph. museum of natural history, university of kansas: 1–753 .\ndunn, e. r. (1943): an extraordinary new hyla from colombia. caldasia 2: 309–311 .\nfaivovich, j. , haddad, c. f. b. , garcia, p. c. , frost, d. r. , campbell, j. a. , wheeler, w. c. (2005): systematic review of the frog family hylidae, with special reference to hylinae: a phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision. bulletin of the american museum of natural history 294: 1–240 .\nfirschein, i. l. , smith, h. m. (1956): a new fringe - limbed hyla (amphibia: anura) from a new faunal district of mexico. herpetologica 12: 17–58 .\nfrost, d. r. (2014): amphibian species of the world: an online reference. version 6. 0 (date of access). electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history, new york, usa .\ngomez - hoyos, d. a, escobar - lassos, s. , suarez - joaquin, t. , velasco, j. a. (2015): predation on the bush anole polychrus gutturosus by the parrot snake leptophis ahaetulla, with a new record of the bush anole for the gorgona island national natural park, colombia. herpetology notes 8: 297 - 301 .\nköhler, g. 2011. amphibians of central america. offenbach, germany: herpeton\nkubicki, b. , salazar, s. (2015): discovery of the golden - eyed fringe - limbed treefrog, ecnomiohyla bailarina (anura: hylidae), in the caribbean foothills of southeastern costa rica. mesoamerican herpetology 2: 76–86 .\nmccranie, j. r. , townsend, j. h. , wilson, l. d. (2003): hyla miliaria (anura: hylidae) in honduras, with notes on calling site. caribbean journal of science 39: 398–399 .\nmendelson iii, j. r. , savage, j. m. , griffith, e. , ross, h. , kubicki, b. , gagliardo, r. (2008): spectacular new gliding species of ecnomiohyla (anura: hylidae) from central panama. journal of herpetology 42: 750–759 .\nminter, b. a. , collins, j. p. , love, k. e. , puschendorf, r. (2014): avoiding (re) extinction. science 344: 260–261 .\nortega - andrade, h. m. , bermingham, j. , aulestia, c. , paucar, c. (2010): herpetofauna of the bilsa biological station, province of esmeraldas, ecuador. check list 6: 119 - 154 .\npyron, r. a. , wiens, j. j. (2011): a large - scale phylogeny of amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of advanced frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 61: 543–583 .\nsavage, j. m. , heyer, w. r. (1969): the tree - frogs (family hylidae) of costa rica: diagosis and distribution. revista de biología tropical 16: 1–127 .\nsavage, j. m. (2002): the amphibians and reptiles of costa rica: a herpetofauna between two continents, between two seas. university of chicago press, chicago .\nsolís, f. , ibáñez, r. , chaves, g. , savage, j. , jaramillo, c. , fuenmayor, q. , kubicki, b. , bolaños, f. (2010): ecnomiohyla miliaria. the iucn red list of threatened species. version 2014. 3. < www. iucnredlist. org >. downloaded on 22 march 2015 .\ntaylor, e. h. (1948): two new hylid frogs from costa rica. copeia 1948: 233–238 .\nwiens, j. j. , kuczynski, c. a. , hua, x. , moen, d. s. (2010): an expanded phylogeny of treefrogs (hylidae) based on nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 55: 871–882 .\nwilson, l. d. , mccranie, j. r. , williams, k. l. (1985): two new species of fringe - limbed hylid frogs from nuclear central america. herpetologica 41: 141–150." ]

{ "text": [ "valencia is the only genus in the family valenciidae .", "valencia is a genus of ray-finned fishes .", "it is sometimes grouped into the family cyprinodontidae .", "members of this genus are restricted to southern europe . " ], "topic": [ 26, 22, 26, 26 ] }

[ "valencia is the only genus in the family valenciidae. valencia is a genus of ray-finned fishes. it is sometimes grouped into the family cyprinodontidae. members of this genus are restricted to southern europe." ]

[ "cyanopepla jucunda (walker, 1854) = euchromia jucunda walker, 1854 = charidea fastuosa ménétriés, 1857 .\ncyanopepla jucunda; hampson, 1898, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 445; [ nhm card ]\nthanks bayucca. other pictures of c. jucunda: urltoken urltoken hummm... it´s very similar !\nhmmm... looking at the first link i have the faint suspicion that it is actually cyanopepla jucunda, which is\nquite\ncommon .\narctiidae, cyanoplepla sp. , but probably not (? ?) c. jucunda, which looks very close but have some longer red stripes. urltoken\n= cyanopepla micans; hampson, 1898, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 442\ncyanopepla girardi dognin, 1902; ann. soc. ent. belg. 46: 229; tl: tucuman\ncyanopepla samarca schaus, 1904; trans. amer. ent. soc. 30: 135; tl: bolivia\ncyanopepla submacula borealis rothschild, 1912; novit. zool. 19: 157; tl: san pedro sula, honduras\ncyanopepla baroni rothschild, 1912; novit. zool. 19: 156; tl: zamora, ecuador, 3000 - 4000ft\ncyanopepla alonzo; hampson, 1898, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 443; [ nhm card ]\ncyanopepla bertha; hampson, 1898, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 449; [ nhm card ]\ncyanopepla buckleyi; hampson, 1898, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 450; [ nhm card ]\ncyanopepla chelidon; hampson, 1898, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 450; [ nhm card ]\ncyanopepla fastuosa; hampson, 1898, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 443; [ nhm card ]\ncyanopepla griseldis; hampson, 1898, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 445; [ nhm card ]\ncyanopepla imperialis; hampson, 1898, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 447; [ nhm card ]\ncyanopepla masia; hampson, 1898, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 451; [ nhm card ]\ncyanopepla micans; hampson, 1898, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 442; [ nhm card ]\ncyanopepla obscura; hampson, 1898, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 449; [ nhm card ]\ncyanopepla perilla; hampson, 1898, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 449; [ nhm card ]\ncyanopepla pretiosa; hampson, 1898, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 448; [ nhm card ]\ncyanopepla quadricolor; hampson, 1898, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 441; [ nhm card ]\ncyanopepla ribbei; hampson, 1898, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 451; [ nhm card ]\ncyanopepla scintillans; hampson, 1898, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 440; [ nhm card ]\ncyanopepla xenodice; hampson, 1898, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 444; [ nhm card ]\ndognini hulstaert, 1924; ann. soc. ent. belg. 64: 105 (preocc. cyanopepla dognini rothschild, 1912 )\ncyanopepla obscura druce, 1898; ann. mag. nat. hist. (7) 1 (5): 406; tl: peru\ncyanopepla parvistria kaye, 1919; ann. mag. nat. hist. (9) 4 (20): 89; tl: ?\ncyanopepla similis; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 274; [ nhm card ]\ncyanopepla perspicua schaus, 1905; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 29 (1420): 189; tl: la paz, bolivia\ncyanopepla fulgurata kaye, 1919; ann. mag. nat. hist. (9) 4 (20): 89; tl: n. peru, pachitea\ncyanopepla agyrtidia hampson, 1898; cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 450, pl. 15, f. 21; tl: bolivia, chaco\ncyanopepla amata; hampson, 1898, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 448, pl. 15, f. 27; [ nhm card ]\ncyanopepla basimacula hampson, 1898; cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 449, pl. 15, f. 24; tl: amazons, banos\ncyanopepla lystra; hampson, 1898, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 441, pl. 15, f. 23; [ nhm card ]\ncyanopepla panamensis; hampson, 1898, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 441, pl. 15, f. 4; [ nhm card ]\ncyanopepla phoenicia hampson, 1898; cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 447, pl. 15, f. 6; tl: bolivia, rio songo\ncyanopepla quadricolor felder, 1874; reise fregatte novara, bd 2 (abth. 2) (4): pl. 102, f. 15; tl: colombia, bogota\ncyanopepla baroni; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 273, pl. 15, f. 11; [ nhm card ]\ncyanopepla girardi; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 275, pl. 15, f. 15; [ nhm card ]\ncyanopepla hyaloptera dognin, 1910; hét. nouv. am. sud 1: 4; tl: rio agnatal, villa elvira, 1000 - 1800m, san - antonio, cali, colombia\ncyanopepla hyaloptera; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 274, pl. 15, f. 13; [ nhm card ]\ncyanopepla perspicua; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 275, pl. 15, f. 14; [ nhm card ]\ncyanopepla samarca; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 274, pl. 15, f. 12; [ nhm card ]\ncyanopepla hurama; hampson, 1898, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 448; zerny, 1931, ann. mus. wien 45: 252; [ nhm card ]\ncyanopepla glaucopoides; hampson, 1898, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 451, pl. 15, f. 11; zerny, 1931, ann. mus. wien 45: 252; [ nhm card ]\ncyanopepla (ctenuchini); hernández - baz & grados, 2004, folia ent. mex. 43 (2): 210; turrent & pescador, 2013, rev. soc. mex. lep. (ns) 1 (1): 10\ncyanopepla julia; hampson, 1898, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 447, pl. 15, f. 25; schrottky, 1910, dt. ent. z. iris 24 (6 / 7): 153; [ nhm card ]\ncyanopepla cinctipennis; hampson, 1898, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 442, pl. 15, f. 5; fleming, 1959, zoologica n. y. 44 (3): 94, pl. 2, f. 21; [ nhm card ]\ncyanopepla dognini; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 275, pl. 15, f. 16; [ nhm card ]; hernández - baz & grados, 2004, folia ent. mex. 43 (2): 210\ncyanopepla arrogans; hampson, 1898, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 444; [ nhm card ]; hernández - baz & grados, 2004, folia ent. mex. 43 (2): 210; turrent & pescador, 2013, rev. soc. mex. lep. (ns) 1 (1): 10\ncyanopepla bella; hampson, 1898, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 446, f. 240; [ nhm card ]; hernández - baz & grados, 2004, folia ent. mex. 43 (2): 210; turrent & pescador, 2013, rev. soc. mex. lep. (ns) 1 (1): 10\ncyanopepla submacula; hampson, 1898, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 444; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 274; fleming, 1959, zoologica n. y. 44 (3): 94, pl. 2, f. 22; [ nhm card ]; hernández - baz & grados, 2004, folia ent. mex. 43 (2): 210\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nautomolis walker, 1854; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 1: 213 (preocc. automolis hübner, [ 1819 ]); ts: glaucopis bella guérin - méneville\ncharidea; godman & salvin, 1884, biol. centr. - amer. , lep. heterocera 1: 70\ncharidea amata druce, 1890; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1890: 494; tl: colombia\nmexico, honduras, guatemala, costa rica, panama, venuela. see [ maps ]\ncharidea bertha druce, 1883; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1883: 381, pl. 40, f. 1; tl: ecuador, sarayacu\ncharidea buckleyi druce, 1883; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1883: 381, pl. 40, f. 4; tl: ecuador, sarayacu\nmetastatia chelidon druce, 1893; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1893: 285, pl. 19, f. 3; tl: colombia, interior; ecaudor, sarayacu\ncharidea chloe druce, 1883; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1883: 381; tl: ecuador, chiguinda\n=; hampson, 1898, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 442; fleming, 1959, zoologica n. y. 44 (3): 94; [ nhm card ]\negregia draudt, 1917 ²; gross - schmett. erde 6: 209, pl. 29 h\nvenezuela, french guiana, brazil (amazonas, para), peru. see [ maps ]\ndioptis glaucopoides walker, 1854; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 2: 325; tl: amazons, para\ncharidea griseldis druce, 1884; biol. centr. - amer. , lep. heterocera 1: 72, 3 pl. 8, f. 21; tl: mexico, ciudad in durango 8100ft\ncharidea imperialis druce, 1883; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1883: 380, pl. 40, f. 2; tl: ecuador, chiguinda\ncharidea julia druce, 1883; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1883: 381; tl: brazil, casa branca\ncharidea lystra druce, 1896; ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 18 (103): 35; tl: colombia\ncharidea panamensis druce, 1884; biol. centr. - amer. , lep. heterocera 1: 71; tl: panama, chiriqui\ncharidea perilla druce, 1883; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1883: 381; tl: ecuador, sarayacu\ncharidea pretiosa burmeister, 1880; descr. phys. rép. arg. 5, atlas (2): 59; tl: argentina, tucuman\nevagra ribbei druce, 1885; biol. centr. - amer. , lep. heterocera 1: 153, 3 pl. 14, f. 14; tl: panama, chiriqui\nsanguicincta gaede, 1926; dt. ent. zs. 1926 (2): 132\neuchromia submacula walker, 1854; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 1: 214; tl: venezuela\nevagra jalifa; godman & salvin, 1885, biol. centr. - amer. , lep. heterocera 1: 153, 3 pl. 14, f. 15\n[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not. i don' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nreise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b. von wüllerstorf - urbair. zoologischer theil. band 2. abtheilung 2. lepidoptera. rhopalocera\n- 120, (inhalts - verz .) 1 - 9 (pl. 1 - 74), (felder & rogenhofer, 1874), (5): pl .\nthe ctenuchidae (moths) of trinidad, b. w. i. , part ii: ctenuchinae\nbiologia centrali - americana; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america. zoology. lepidoptera. heterocera\nzerny, 1931 ergebnisse einer zoologischen sammelreise nach brasilien, insbesondere in das amazonasgebiet, ausgeführt von dr. h. zerny. vii. teil. lepidoptera iii: die syntomiden des staates pará ann. mus. wien 45: 225 - 263\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "cyanopepla jucunda is a moth of the arctiidae family .", "it was described by walker in 1854 .", "it is found in brazil ( rio de janeiro , espirito santo ) and argentina . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "cyanopepla jucunda is a moth of the arctiidae family. it was described by walker in 1854. it is found in brazil (rio de janeiro, espirito santo) and argentina." ]

[ "salebriaria heinrich, 1956; bull. u. s. natl. mus. 207: 115; ts: salebria ademptandella dyar\nsalebriaria atratella blanchard & knudson, 1985; proc. ent. soc. wash. 87 (2): (475 - 479); tl: texas, hunt co. , lake twakoni, wind point park\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nneunzig, h. h. , 2003. moths of america north of mexico, fascicle 15. 5, p. 59; pl. 2. 3. order\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\ncontributed by james f. steffen on 3 february, 2016 - 11: 01am last updated 3 june, 2016 - 6: 07pm\nit would be better if you would crop your photographs\njust to the bug\nso we can see the lines better. thank you .\nthank you james. that does help. unfortunately i seldom make species placements in this difficult genus and the lines on your moth are not as crisp as i would need them to be to place, however i do see your reasoning for the species choice .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\nlarva on quercus minor (for _ salebria heinrichalis _ dyar, 1917) dyar, 1917, insec. inscit. mens. 5 (1 - 3): 45\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ nacl ]; hodges, 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep. am. n of mexico\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative. it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education, university of michigan museum of zoology, and the detroit public schools. this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151. copyright © 2002 - 2018, the regents of the university of michigan. all rights reserved." ]

{ "text": [ "salebriaria turpidella is a species of snout moth .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from alabama , florida , georgia , illinois , indiana , maine , mississippi , oklahoma , south carolina , tennessee and west virginia . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20 ] }

[ "salebriaria turpidella is a species of snout moth. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from alabama, florida, georgia, illinois, indiana, maine, mississippi, oklahoma, south carolina, tennessee and west virginia." ]

[ "spectrographic representation of the vocal categories identified in the repertoire of the african penguin .\nif you would like to help the african penguin, you can volunteer, donate, or adopt a penguin through the southern african foundation for the conservation of coastal birds .\nfig. 2. adult african penguin and young. credit: l. holcombe .\ndepartment of environmental affairs. 2013. african penguin biodiversity management plan. government notice .\nlearn more about the individual projects that comprise the aza safe african penguin conservation action plan .\nafrican penguins are believed to be one of the first penguin species to be discovered by humans .\nsamantha the penguin from the two oceans aquarium with alouise lynch at the opening of the penguin sanctuary in kleinbaai .\nbefore they attend the all - star game later in the evening, the make - a - wish® kids received an exclusive penguin encounter at the kroger penguin palooza exhibit, where they met paula the african penguin .\nthe african penguin and seabird sanctuary will rehabilitate diseased, displaced, injured, oiled and abandoned marine birds .\nplot of the discriminant scores generated by the first two discriminant functions to classify vocalisations of the african penguin .\nthese penguins need our help every day, but african penguin awareness day is a great place to start .\nfor more information about aza safe and its commitment to african penguin conservation, please contact safeafricanpenguin @ urltoken .\nthere are 18 penguin species. african penguins are closely related to the humboldt, galapagos, and magellanic penguins .\nthe new england aquarium’s penguin exhibit is home to more than 80 african, rockhopper, and little blue penguins .\nafrica’s only native penguin species is inching towards extinction due to local food shortages. conservationists are now trying to reconnect penguin and prey\nthe african penguin and seabird sanctuary' s auditorium was packed with guests for the launch on february 26, 2015 .\nthe african penguin and seabird sanctuary will rehabilitate diseased, displaced, injured, oiled and abandoned marine birds, including the endangered african penguins whose numbers are in rapid decline .\nthe trust also provides artificial nests to the dyer island and stony point african penguin colonies. to date, funding has been raised for the installation of more than 2 000 penguin houses .\noct. 17 is the perfect day to celebrate these birds with african penguin awareness day, a day dedicated to raising awareness for african penguins and the factors threatening their species .\nshannon, l. , r. crawford. 1999. management of the african penguin spheniscus demersus - insights from modeling .\nis generally slightly larger than their female counterparts but both are fairly similar in appearance. one of the african penguin' s most\ndevelopment of a purse - seine fishery in algoa bay may decrease availability of prey fish to the large african penguin population there .\nafrican penguins are predators of small shoaling fish, including anchovies (engraulis capensis) and sardines (sardinops sagax). up to 18 species of crustaceans are also prey to the african penguin .\ncrawford rjm, williams aj, hofmeyer jh, klages ntw, randall rm, et al. (1995) trends of african penguin\nthis is africa' s one and only native penguin. other common names include the\nafrican penguin\nand, more comically, the\njackass penguin\n. less than two feet tall, it' s one of the smaller penguin species. they have sort of a hobble - like walk while on land but can be very swift underwater. f\nthe african penguin is the only penguin species that breeds in africa and it is found nowhere else. its distribution coincides roughly with the cold, nutrient rich, benguela current. the distribution of african penguins is further determined by the availability of offshore islands as breeding sites .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - african penguin - overview\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - african penguin - overview\ntitle =\narkive video - african penguin - overview\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n, commonly known as african, black - footed, or jackass penguin, is the only penguin species found on the african continent. this species inhabits the benguela and western agulhas ecosystems of southern africa. african penguins form colonies near a chain of islands between hollamsbird island, namibia, and bird island in algoa bay, south africa .\nsource / reference article learn how you can use or cite the african penguin article in your website content, school work and other projects .\nthe african penguin is the only penguin species that breeds in africa, and it is found nowhere else. its distribution coincides roughly with the cold, nutrient rich, benguela current. the distribution of african penguins is further determined by the availability of offshore islands as breeding sites .\nthere are no real negative economic effects of the african penguin. they do not eat enough fish to be detrimental to the local fishing industry .\nthe african penguin can be found in a number of locations including: africa. find out more about these places and what else lives there .\nour 2016 inaugural aza safe african penguin pit tagging team was selected from our collaborating partners. on july 20 th, mike mcclure from the maryland zoo and kylene plemons from sea world san diego set out to cape town, south africa and 12 days with african penguins. in south africa, the aza african penguin tagging team will visit a couple of penguin rescue and rehabilitation facilities as well as collecting data in 3 penguin colonies; the robben island colony, the boulder’s beach colony and the stony point colony .\nher name is dyan denapoli, whose infectious passion for protecting penguins has earned her the moniker, ‘the penguin lady’. she is a penguin expert and educator .\n…as the african penguin (spheniscus demersus), probably other members of this genus, and the blue penguin, breed twice a year. the king penguin breeds twice in three years. one egg is laid by the emperor and king penguins; all others lay two or occasionally three. most penguins begin breeding…\n“african penguin awareness day is an opportunity for us to celebrate these unique birds, along with bringing awareness to their status as an endangered species, ” said ric urban, chief conservation officer at newport aquarium and resident penguin expert .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - african penguin (spheniscus demersus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - african penguin (spheniscus demersus )\ntitle =\narkive species - african penguin (spheniscus demersus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nnew arrivals bay at the african penguin & seabird sancturay in kleinbaai. the matting on the floors is specially designed to prevent the penguins contracting “bumblefoot” .\nis 10 to 27 years in the wild, whereas an african penguin living in captivity generally has a longer lifespan. other penguin species live for 15 to 20 years. limits to aging are predation, human impact, and storm systems .\nat stake is more than just the fate of the african penguin, it is the fate of the ocean and of our entire planet, said strauss .\ntemperate species, like the african penguin, lack feathers on their legs and have bare patches on their faces. excess heat can dissipate through these unfeathered areas .\nthe african penguin is an endangered species, threatened with extinction that needs our help. you can learn more about how to contribute by visiting, urltoken or urltoken\nthe release of the penguins by the volunteers is part of the effort to boost south africa' s endangered african penguin population, said venessa strauss, ceo of the southern african foundation for the conservation of coastal birds (sanccob) .\nthe following habitats are found across the african penguin distribution range. find out more about these environments, what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .\nafrican penguins are a medium - sized temperate penguin with one black band across their chest. they have a variable amount of black spotting on their chest and belly .\none of sanccob’s most significant projects is known as chick bolstering and involves the rescue, rehabilitation and eventual release of african penguin chicks that have been orphaned or injured .\nthe african penguin (spheniscus demersus) is a medium - sized penguin, and the only penguin species breeding on the african continent (5). like all penguins, the african penguin has a robust, heavyset body, and this species is black on the back and white below, with variable black markings on the breast and belly (2). juvenile african penguins are slate blue on the upper surface, gradually turning darker and developing the adult black - and - white facial pattern in the second or third year. penguins have small muscles at the base of each feather that enable the feathers to be held tightly against the body whilst in water, forming a waterproof layer; alternatively, on land the feathers are held erect, trapping an insulating layer of air around the body (5). the african penguin is also known as the ‘jackass penguin’ due to its loud, braying call (6) .\n. gulls and mongooses may prey on penguin eggs and chicks. feral cats also pose a threat\nthe consignment of bank cormorants, together with some penguin chicks also rescued from the island to be hand - reared, returned by boat in sanccob' s specially designed\npenguin\nboxes .\nafrican penguins are classified as vulnerable. since the early 1900s, the african penguin population has been in decline. the initial decline was due to commercial sales of eggs and disturbance of nesting birds. presently, the species is threatened by oil pollution .\nfound in southern africa, the african penguin is known to breed on 24 islands between hollamsbird island, namibia and bird island in algoa bay, south africa (2) .\ndespite their apparent ubiquity and undeniable cute factor, the african penguin is in trouble. it was reclassified from a\nvulnerable\nto an\nendangered species\nin 2010 .\n“spa” pool for recuperating penguins at the african penguin & seabird sancuary in kleinbaai. the current in the water is to help strengthen the muscles of the penguins before their release .\nshaughnessy, p. d. 1980. influence of cape fur seals on jackass penguin numbers at sinclair island. south african journal of wildlife research 10: 18 - 21 .\nwhile the african penguin may not be found in freezing temperatures, they are covered in an array of black, white, and gray dense, waterproof feathers that keep them dry and warm in the cold waters off the african coast. they also have a number of dot - like markings flecked across their white chests. these flecks help to individualize each penguin, as each penguin' s feather pattern is as individual as a human' s fingerprints. the animal has a distinct, sharply pointed beak and black feet. the african penguin is one of the smallest species. males are generally slightly larger than their female counterparts .\nthe african penguin is classified as vulnerable in the south african red data book for birds, is considered vulnerable in terms of the iucn threatened species categories, and is listed in appendix ii of cites and the bonn convention for the conservation of migratory species .\nthis is the only penguin breeding in africa and was probably the first penguin encountered by europeans. numbers declined significantly during the twentieth century and their future has been jeopardized recently by major oil spills .\nfood and feeding: the main food of this type of penguin is fish, including herring, anchovies, pilchards, and sardines, though they will consume shellfish and squid sometimes. an african penguin can stay underwater for roughly two and a half minutes when diving after prey .\nwith clean black and white markings and a sharply pointed black beak. the african\npenguin - cape _ town - endangered _ penguins - 5 - 2011 - 6 - 17. jpg\n“the conductor” by flickr user roger smith. boulders penguin colony, cape town, south africa. urltoken\nafrican penguins (spheniscus demersus) look much like the humboldt penguins. african penguins have a broad band of black that is in the shape of an upside - down horseshoe on their fronts. they have black spots scattered over their chest area. african penguins make a loud braying sound that has given them the alternative name of the ‘jackass penguin’ .\n), swimming underwater. notice the similarities to the african penguin in size, coloration, and beak shape. the most obvious difference is the white area surrounding the base of the beak\npenguins are adapted primarily to cool aquatic environments, and the need to reduce heat loss is of major importance to all penguins. however some species, including the african penguin, have been able to successfully exploit warm terrestrial environments. behavioural and physiological adaptations have enabled the african penguin to overcome the problem of being over - insulated for life on land in a temperate climate .\ncapenature has proactively increased nocturnal patrols and has introduced additional scent deterrents at the stony point penguin colony in betty’s bay after a leopard regrettably killed 33 endangered african penguins during a single visit .\nor crustacean when normal food is in short supply. the streamlined body of the african\n“african penguins are naturally inquisitive and social, ” said urban. “they’re very curious about people, making them amazing outreach animals. it’s almost impossible to see an african penguin waddling around and not smile in response. there’s something about these birds that people just connect to. ”\nthere are 18 recognised species of penguin in the world today, with 13 of them currently in trouble .\nnewport aquarium is celebrating african penguin awareness week october 8 th through october 16 th. on saturday, october 8 th we are kicking off african penguin awareness day with an entire week focused on african penguins. during this week, we want to tell the story of the african penguins and what the wave foundation and the newport aquarium are doing to prevent the species from moving closer to extinction. from saturday october 8 th - sunday october 16 th we are donating every “dollar for conservation” that we get to sanccob ’s disaster relief and chick - rearing efforts .\nthe african penguin is the only penguin species that breeds in africa. more than 40% of african penguins breed on the islands between saldanha bay and cape town, with almost another 40% breeding within algoa bay near port elizabeth. the present population is about 10% of that at the start of the 20th century when it was estimated at over 1. 45 million adult birds .\ncenter for biological diversity: penguins african penguins - spheniscus demersus - anton wolfaardt, western cape nature conservation board african penguin spheniscus demersus - avian demography unit, department of statistical sciences, university of cape town photographs by g. gerra & s. sommazzi @ urltoken rolf hicker nature photography\n: the african penguin is also known as the black - footed penguin and formerly as the jackass penguin. this medium - sized penguin has a robust body with black plumage on its back and white plumage with black markings on its chest and belly. the head, chin, throat, uppermost parts of the breast, and the whole of the upper parts are black. a broad white band commencing at the base of the bill runs above the eye, and continues around the cheeks, broadening over the upper breast .\nmore recently, an expanding cape fur seal population which competes for a limited food resource, and marine pollution, most notibly oil spills, have continued the downward trend in the african penguin population .\nshannon, l. j. and crawford, r. j. m. 1999. management of the african penguin spheniscus demersus - insights from modelling. marine ornithology 27: 119 - 128 .\nric urban, chief conservation officer at newport aquarium, was appointed by the association of zoos and aquariums (aza) to be the program coordinator for the aza safe african penguin individual identification project .\nthe african penguin, the only penguin species to breed in africa, weighs in between 2, 1 and 3, 7 kg and stands some 50 cm high. this species breeds around 4 years of age, laying one to two eggs which a weight of just over a 100g each. incubation period for the african penguin is 40 days and chicks fledge between 60 and 130 days. although isolated cases of birds in their twenties have been reported, the average lifespan of these penguins is 10 years .\nthe first stop is in table view, a community outside of cape town, which is the home of the south african foundation for the conservation of coastal birds (sanccob). sanccob rescues, rehabilitates and releases hundreds of penguins and other seabirds each year. at sanccob, the aza african penguin tagging team received valuable instructions on how to approach and handle a wild penguin safely. the team was also trained on data collection on every penguin handled. every penguin receiving a ‘pit” tag, will also be measured, weighed, blood drawn and feathers collected for dna. at sanccob, the team meets dr. katrin ludynia, field biologist for sanccob and the university of cape town. dr. ludynia will be their liaison for the trip since she is the primary researcher on the aza african penguin tagging project .\n( 8) wilson, rp. 1985. the jackass penguin (spheniscus demersus) as a pelagic predator .\neggleton p, siegfried wr (1977) displays of the jackass penguin. ostrich 50 (3) 139–167 .\nboersma pe (1976) an ecological and behavioral study of the galapagos penguin. living bird 15: 43–93 .\nthese temperamental penguins often perform pursuits where the attacker runs with its beak forward trying to catch the other penguin .\nas the name suggests, the african penguin is endemic to southern africa with the largest concentrations along the benguela current, which brings nutrient - rich water to the west coast of south africa and namibia .\nluis\nthanks to a - z - animals, african penguins will rule africa .\nthe breeding range of the african penguin (spheniscus demersus) extends from the central namibian coast to algoa bay in south africa' s eastern cape. the african penguin is the only penguin species that breeds in africa and is found nowhere else in the world. its distribution coincides roughly with the cold, nutrient - rich benguela current, but is further determined by the availability of offshore islands as breeding sites. like most other penguin species, the african penguin is declining and less than 10% of its original population remains. in 1900, it was estimated that about 1. 5 million birds lived on dassen island (near the west coast national park) alone. by 1956 the population had fallen to roughly half that in 1900, and in the early 1990s there was an estimated 179 000 adult birds. given a long - term decline of 2% per year, the african penguin' s future looks gloomy; however, by the late 1990s the population had recovered slightly, and in 1999 there were an estimated 224 000 individuals .\nkey findings emerged under two main themes: (1) the expected fishing interactions (or lack thereof) with penguins, and (2) the politics of penguin conservation. the latter theme was the most surprising given african penguin conservation is very neutral and popular in zoos and aquariums (holcombe, personal observation) .\nsaving african penguins this spring, i was appointed by the association of zoos and aquariums (aza) to be the program coordinator for the aza safe african penguin individual identification project. for short, we’ll call it the “ pit tag project ”. through a partnership of african agencies and aza zoo and aquarium partners, the goal has been set to individually identify african penguin chicks and adults at selected colonies each year. penguins set to be released from rehabilitation centers will also be tagged. our goal is to tag at least 10% of the world’s population of african penguins over the next 3 years. essentially that will be around 5, 000 birds tagged and identified in south africa and namibia .\nwhen i learned about the conservation status of most penguin species, i became determined to educate the public about them .\nevery penguin receiving a ‘pit” tag, will also be measured, weighed, blood drawn and feathers collected for dna .\npenguin: the word elicits images of snowy landscapes, icebergs and tightly huddled groups of penguins bracing the harshest of elements. one penguin species that bucks this cold climate trend is the hardy african penguin spheniscus demersus, found only on the south - western tip of africa, in south africa and namibia. this species is adapted to warmer subtropical environments, often having to survive temperatures of over 30° c, likely never to see snow or ice .\ndyer island conservation trust the dyer island conservation trust works to protect the marine eco - system around the western cape in south africa and a number of marine animals and birds in the area including the african penguin .\ncitation: favaro l, ozella l, pessani d (2014) the vocal repertoire of the african penguin (spheniscus demersus): structure and function of calls. plos one 9 (7): e103460. urltoken\nrandall, r. m. and bray, r. a. 1983. mortalities of jackass penguin spheniscus demersus chicks caused by trematode worms cardiocephaloides physalis. south african journal of zoology. 18: 45 - 46 .\nendoparasites, such as worms occur in the gastro - intestinal tract of these penguin, and in their kidneys and lungs, while ectoparasites such as lice, ticks and fleas are common. aspergillosis, a fungus that affects the lungs has also been recorded in afrivcan penguin. the african penguin is susceptable to avian malaria plasmodium relictum, babesiosis (tick bite fever), newcastle disease virus and avian cholera pasturella multocida. commercial purse - seine fisheries off south africa and namibia catch large quantities of sardine and anchovy, which are important prey items for african penguins .\nfind out more about dyan denapoli aka ‘the penguin lady’ and her mission to raise awareness and protect penguins on her website .\n. when on the hunt for prey, african genguins can reach a top speed of close to 20 km / h. the distance that african penguins have to travel to find food varies regionally .\nthe african penguin is protected by its listing on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species (cites) (3), and on appendix ii of the convention on migratory species (cms) (4). all of the breeding areas of the african penguin in south africa are protected as national parks or nature reserves, and the collection of guano or eggs is no longer permitted. the recovery of rescued oiled african penguins has also been shown to be successful. populations need further monitoring, and the possibility of conserving fish stocks is under investigation, amongst other measures, if the future of africa’s only penguin is to be secured (2) .\n, with adults forming pair bonds that last for life (as long as 10 years). african\nafrican penguins are also widely known as\njackass\npenguins, for their donkey - like bray .\ncontact calls uttered by adult african penguins to maintain cohesion with colony members located out of visual range .\ninterested in helping to protect these amazing animals? sponsor an african penguin today and your generosity will help us continue to provide quality care for our animals here at the zoo, as well as help save them in the wild .\nbut for those still unsure of a penguin' s charm, there is one woman in particular who could change their minds .\ncrawford, r. j. m. , shannon, l. j. and whittington, p. a. 1999. population dynamics of the african penguin spheniscus demersus at robben island. marine ornithology 27: 139 - 147 .\nthe african penguin is a protected species, but their habitats continue to be damaged by oil spills from tankers off the southern coast of africa. recently a successful effort has been made to establish new breeding colonies of the african penguins in the area. there are also rescue services to aid penguins that have been harmed by the oil slicks .\nin this study, i sought to understand the perspectives between the lines of the literature. as a penguin keeper in several aquariums, i was very familiar with the anatomy, biology, and general conservation principles related to african penguins. given my work, i was also aware of my existing bias towards conservation. however, the goal was to explore perspectives of african penguin conservation on the ground in their native territory. the main target of this inquiry was the fishing community, given the already strained internal and conservation relationships, and their position as the accused primary driver of penguin population decline. i also hoped to better understand the dynamics within the penguin conservation community beyond the biodiversity management plan (department of environmental affairs 2013). overall, i wanted to understand what the human issues are in the attempt to prevent african penguin extinction. participant observation, informal data gathering, and formal semi - structured interviews were used to seek answers to the following guiding questions :\nthe population of the african penguin has declined and it is estimated that its current size is a mere 10 percent of what it was at the turn of the 20th century. originally, the fall in numbers was the result of the over - collection of eggs for food, and disturbance caused by the collection of guano for fertiliser. today, however, depleted fish stocks due to over - fishing, and the risk of oil pollution are the most pertinent threats to the survival of the african penguin (5); a recent oil spill affected around 40 percent of the population. predation by cape fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus) and competition with them for food and breeding sites, as well as shark predation, has also had severe effects on african penguin numbers (2). the ongoing and rapid decline of the african penguin led to the species being uplisted from vulnerable to endangered on the iucn red list in 2010 (2) .\na few of the african penguin colonies are accessible to tourists. due to the penguin’s very nervous nature, tourist activities at these sites must be very strictly controlled. african penguins at the boulders beach colony in simons town (a mainland site near cape town) are notably less nervous than other african penguins, and are unusually tame and accustomed to people. however, being a mainland site, the colony is exposed to threats that are not an issue at island colonies. these include predation by terrestrial predators, and exposure to disease via mosquitoes and terrestrial disease - carrying birds .\nour african penguin breeding season is progressing well at the minnesota zoo. we have 29 adult penguins in our flock, 11 males and 18 females. there are currently eight breeding pairs who are nesting in the holes that you can see from the penguin viewing area. some of the penguins have hatched chicks in their nests and these new additions will be going to the san diego zoo in 2017 for their new africa exhibit. the minnesota zoo participates in a species survival plan where they breed, hatch and raise penguin chicks according to a breeding recommendation. this way all offspring have a home. penguin breeding season will wind down around the end of april and we plan to bring back our backstage with penguins program in summer. this is a wonderful opportunity for small groups to learn more about our african penguins and get a behind the scenes look at the penguin area. we give you the opportunity to meet a penguin, and if possible, touch and get your picture taken with one, too !\ngiven the large decrease in the 20th century, there is considerable concern about the long - term viability of the african penguin in the wild. guano and egg collection caused a near collapse in the penguin population. more recently, reduced availability of pelagic fish, resulting from competition with commercial fisheries, has been responsible for the ongoing declines. the vulnerability of african penguins is increased further by its concentration within relatively small geographic areas. consequently, catastrophic events, in the form of oil spills affecting thousands of birds have now become one of the most important immediate threats facing african penguins .\nsince its establishment in 1982 when the first active nest site was recorded, stony point has continued to house breeding pairs of african penguin, despite a period between the 1980s and 1990s when more than 100 birds were predated by a leopard .\ntoward the end of last year, stakeholders from various sectors of south african society — scientists, ngos, the fishing industry and government — came together for the first time to work on a biodiversity plan. the goals are to first stop the decline of the african penguin and then to get the penguin population to grow by 1 percent per year. it’s a unique collaboration, but it remains to be seen if there’s the will or the time to help this species survive .\nfrost, p. , w. slegfried, j. cooper. 1976. conservation of the jackass penguin (spheniscus demersus) .\nover 15 000 oiled penguins continue to be cared for at sanccob' s rietvlei headquarters and at the salt river penguin crisis centre .\nbetween 2010 - 2013, aza accredited zoos and aquariums spent more than $ 300, 000 on african penguin field conservation. learn more about this and other efforts undertaken by aza member institutions, by visiting aza' s conservation and research database .\nafrican penguins provide a substantial source of guano. guano was excavated from rookeries, processed, and made into fertilizer, which was then sold around the world. penguin skins have been used as gloves. guano is now forbidden in fertilizer, which has reduced the economic importance for humans. african penguins also benefit humans by ecotourism. they are a species that humans can get up close to and watch how they interact with their environment. the primary viewing site of african penguins is the colony at false bay in simons town, south africa. this colony has over 2000 penguins. african penguins are the most common penguin found in zoos due to their size and temperature requirements, which are easy to maintain .\nrebelo, a. g. 1984. cape fur seal arctocephalus pusillus kills jackass penguin spheniscus demersus on land. cormorant 12: 111 .\nthe injured penguin, chick and eggs, were sent to the southern african foundation for the conservation of coastal birds (sanccob) for rehabilitation, rearing and incubation. sanccob confirmed the wounds on the birds were consistent with those caused by a leopard .\nthe african penguin is endemic to two countries in southern africa. this species was relatively abundant as recently as the early twentieth century, but a suite of threats including habitat loss and massive declines in prey abundance have resulted in a steep population decline .\nthe african penguin population, once numbering in the millions, has been reduced to just 1% of its size in the 1900s. historical egg collecting between 1900 and 1930 resulted in the removal of a staggering 13 million eggs from southern african islands. at the same time, the “white gold rush” for guano, harvested for fertiliser resulted in widespread habitat alteration .\nthis study sought to gather preliminary results on the perceptions of the fishing, conservation, and other communities in and around cape town, south africa, related to african penguin conservation. significant themes that emerged include a lack of awareness of the south african public about african penguin issues, disagreement among penguin conservation advocates regarding conservation approaches, ambivalence on the part of fishermen towards penguins as a species, and mixed opinions as to whether penguins and fishers have much direct interaction. the key issue, however, is one that likely confounds many conservation initiatives around the world—those responsible for making critical management decisions must choose which scientific recommendations to follow: navigating competing social, political, economic, and scientific interests and uncertainty in their efforts to do right by their country’s inhabitants .\nthe black - footed penguin is listed as endangered by the international union for conservation of nature (iucn) and is included on their red list of threatened species. decreasing population sizes are primarily attributed to the harvest of penguin prey species (namely anchovies and sardines) by commercial fisheries\nthe african penguin is classified as endangered (en) on the iucn red list (1). listed on appendix ii of cites (3), and appendix ii of the convention on migratory species (cms or bonn convention) (4) .\nas ambassador animals for newport aquarium, our african penguins aren’t on exhibit, but guests can meet them by going on a penguin encounter, which allows guests to interact with these birds in small groups, along with opening up discussion about this threatened species .\nanother common name for this species is the jackass penguin. this bird' s mating call sounds very similar to the sound a donkey makes .\nsalomon, david. penguin - pedia, photographs and facts from one man’s search for the penguins pf the world. brown books. 2011 .\ncooper, j. 1974. the predators of the jackass penguin spheniscus demersus. bulletin of the british ornithologists club 94: 21 - 24 .\nthe african penguin is rated vulnerable and populations are generally declining. zoos therefore engage in cooperative conservation breeding with a view of maintaining a viable ex situ population that fulfils primarily an educational and ambassadorial role. several zoos keeping the species support in situ conservation projects .\nbabesiosis is endemic in african penguins and has been reported elsewhere. probably causes no symptoms, except under stress conditions .\n“if nothing changes, we could see african penguins disappear completely within the next couple of decades, ” said urban .\n“extinct colonies of seabirds have been re - established for flying seabirds, such as the atlantic puffin in maine and several species of petrel from new zealand, but it has only been attempted once for a penguin species, and never for african penguins”, says wanless .\n“south africa is no stranger to oil spills and has experienced two in the last decade – the apollo sea in 1994 and the mv treasure in 2000. both spilled relatively little oil but badly affected threatened sea bird species like the african penguin and the cape gannet .\nthere are 17 different species of penguins; not all are found in frigid waters. one species, the galapagos penguin, lives near the equator .\n“this project has the potential to increase the penguin population and provide “insurance” by increasing the number of colonies, reducing vulnerability to catastrophic events. ” birdlife south africa, with the support of several other local and international organisations, has identified two sites at which to attempt the establishment of penguin colonies .\nwilson, r. p. 1985. the jackass penguin spheniscus demersus as a pelagic predator. marine ecology progress series 25: 219 - 227 .\nnow is the time to act – you can make a difference during african penguin awareness week. everyone can contribute to the conservation of african penguins by visiting the newport aquarium. by visiting the newport aquarium gift shop, you can make a contribution to “dollars to conservation” when you purchase anything in the store, or you can just make a donation at the desk. all the proceeds during this week to “dollars for conservation” will go directly to support sanccob and the rescue, rehabilitation and release of african penguins .\nthe african penguin averages about 60 cm (2 ft .) tall and weighs up to 3. 6 kg (8 lb .). their short tails and flipper - like wings that help them navigate in the water, while their webbed feet help propel them .\nadams, n. j. , crawford, r. j. m. , dyer, b. m. and laugksch, r. c. submitted. diet of the african penguin spheniscus demersus at dyer island, south africa 1982 - 1996. marine ornithology .\nstony point is one of the largest breeding colonies of endangered african penguins in the world and has been showing a measurable increase in breeding pairs; in comparison to declining populations on most island colonies. back in 2010 when the african penguin was declared endangered on the iucn red list of threatened species, there were only about 1244 pairs, but today it is home to over 2388 breeding pairs .\nis that they have pink glands above their eyes which help them to cope with the temperate climates. the hotter the african\npopulation had halved, and it had then halved again by 1980. there is an approximate 2% decline in the african\nafrican penguins are an endangered species. it is projected that this species can become extinct in the next 10 - 15 years\nafrican penguins stand about 27 inches (60 centimetres tall) and weigh from 7 to 11 pounds. (2. 5 to 4 kilograms). african penguins live and breed on the coast of south africa and on the off shore islands. during the 17th and 18th century the african penguin was killed for food and oil. more recently the collection of guano has destroyed nesting areas. at one time the population was estimated to be in the millions. this number has decreased to about 160, 000 in 1993 .\none of my favorite animals at newport aquarium is our african penguins. people love to see our penguins and since 2007 when we first brought african penguins to the aquarium nearly a million people have seen these birds, whether it has been “on the road” at special events and television interviews or the behind - the - scenes experience in our penguin encounter. the penguins are great ambassadors and very popular .\ncrawford, r. j. m. 2000. african penguin spheniscus demersus. in barnes, k. n. (ed .). the eskom red data book of birds of south africa, lesotho and swaziland. johannesburg: birdlife south africa: 56 - 57 .\npenguin colonies can be visited and enjoyed by tourists. most of the photos on this web page were taken at boulder' s beach, south africa .\ncrawford, r. j. m. , dyer, b. m. and brown, p. c. 1995b. absence of breeding by african penguins at four former colonies. south african journal of marine science 15: 269 - 272 .\nlocation: african penguins are found along the southern african coast, including the coastal waters out to 40 kilometres (singly, in pairs, or in groups of up to 150), and a series of 25 islands and 4 onshore breeding sites .\ngiven an annual rate of decline of about 2% per year, there is considerable concern about the long - term viability of african penguins in the wild. by the late 1990s the population had recovered slightly, and in 1999 there was an estimated 224, 000 individuals. the african penguin is classified as vulnerable in the south african red data book for birds, is considered vulnerable in terms of the iucn threatened species categories, and is listed in appendix ii of cites and the bonn convention for the conservation of migratory species .\n7. management of mortality arising from humans there should be no exploitation of african penguins or their eggs. the effect of net fishing in the immediate vicinity of penguin colonies must be investigated, and no netting that causes mortality of penguins leaving or returning to colonies should be allowed .\nthe african penguin, a species she has worked with at the aquarium and in the wild, is a good example, having had its status upgraded from threatened to endangered in 2010 by the international union for conservation of nature (iucn) due to a very rapid population decline .\nsources: 1. about african penguins (date unknown) available at: [ accessed at: 03 aug 2010 ] 2. african penguin appearance (date unknown) available at: [ accessed at: 03 aug 2010 ] 3. african penguin behaviour (date unknown) available at: [ accessed at: 03 aug 2010 ] 4. african penguin breeding (date unknown) available at: [ accessed at: 03 aug 2010 ] 5. african penguin information (date unknown) available at: [ accessed at: 03 aug 2010 ] 6. christopher perrins, oxford university press (2009) the encyclopedia of birds [ accessed at: 03 aug 2010 ] 7. david burnie, dorling kindersley (2008) illustrated encyclopedia of animals [ accessed at: 03 aug 2010 ] 8. david burnie, kingfisher (2011) the kingfisher animal encyclopedia [ accessed at: 01 jan 2011 ] 9. dorling kindersley (2006) dorling kindersley encyclopedia of animals [ accessed at: 03 aug 2010 ] 10. richard mackay, university of california press (2009) the atlas of endangered species [ accessed at: 03 aug 2010 ] 11. tom jackson, lorenz books (2007) the world encyclopedia of animals [ accessed at: 03 aug 2010 ]\n. this is practical, because penguins cannot easily preen their own heads and necks. if they are by themselves, they have to use their feet to preen their heads. allopreening allows for cleaning and rearranging of feathers and aids in the removal of parasites such as ticks. african penguins often bathe within a few meters of the shoreline. they shake their bodies around wildly and preen themselves with their beak and feet. on warmer days, african penguins may dive into the water to keep cool. fighting occurs occasionally and involves the beating of wings and biting. african penguins have been observed chasing through colonies clutching an opposing penguin’s back with their beaks while beating the penguin with its wings .\npelagic schooling fish, normally 50–120 mm (extremes 10–310 mm) in length; important prey species include southern african ...\nafrican penguins are monogamous and their breeding season can start anytime during the year. many couples breed up to twice a year .\nonce the african penguins are tagged, researchers will be able to identify individual birds with hand - held readers. technology also allows us to track birds by using ground / strip readers which are installed near the breeding colonies which will provide continuous data collection. all this information will give aza and the field biologists the data to develop the most effective programs to manage the colonies and other areas of african penguin conservation .\non the chest, they have a thick horseshoe - shaped black stripe that extends down to each leg, but the rest is white with tiny random gray spots. african penguins are visibly thinner than other penguin species due to the lower density of plumage and less fat under their skin .\nshelton, p. a. , crawford, r. j. m. , cooper, j. and brooke, r. k. 1984. distribution, population size and conservation of the jackass penguin spheniscus demersus. south african journal of marine science 2: 217 - 257 .\ncrawford, r. j. m. , williams, a. j. , hofmeyr, j. h. , klages, n. t. w. , randall, r. m. , cooper, j. , dyer, b. m. & chesselet, y. 1995. trends of african penguin spheniscus demersus populations in the 20th century. south african journal of marine science 16, 101–118 .\nthe african penguin feeds on fish such as anchovies (engraulis capensis) and sardines (sardinops sagax) (2). adapted for its aquatic lifestyle, the african penguin can reach speeds of 20 kilometres per hour in the water and travel from 30 to 70 kilometres in a single trip; average dives last for 2. 5 minutes, reaching depths of 60 metres. penguins have waterproof coats that need to be constantly maintained by preening, when a waxy substance is distributed from the base of the tail. even with these measures, the plumage is replaced yearly, and african penguins come ashore to moult over 20 days between november and january in south africa and between april and may in namibia (5) .\nfrost, p. , w. siegfried, a. burger. 2009. behavioural adaptations of the jackass penguin, spheniscus demersus to a hot, arid environment .\ncrawford, r. j. m. , williams, a. j. , hofmeyr, j. h. , klages, n. t. w. , randall, r. m. , cooper, j. , dyer, b. m. and chesselet, y. 1995a. trends of african penguin spheniscus demersus populations in the 20th century. south african journal of marine science 16: 101 - 118 .\nafrican penguins are also known as jackass penguins, because they make a sound that is very similar to a donkey' s bray .\nrescued african penguins were treated by staff and volunteers at salt river in an old railroad maintenance yard. photo: jon hrusa / ifaw\nafrican penguins feed primarily on shoaling pelagic fish such as anchovies, pilchards (sardines), horse mackerel and round herrings, supplemented by squid and crustaceans. when on the hunt for prey, african penguins can reach a top speed of up to 20 kilometres per hour .\nkiller whales: there are isolated records of killer whales orcinus orca preying on african penguins (rice and saayman 1987, williams et al. 1990). their influence is likely to be minor, because they are uncommon in southern african inshore areas (ross 1989) .\ngiven an annual rate of decline of about 2% per year, there is considerable concern about the long - term viability of african penguins in the wild. by the late 1990s the population had recovered slightly, and in 1999 there was an estimated 224, 000 individuals. the african penguin is now classified as endangered by the iucn, and is listed in appendix ii of cites and the bonn convention for the conservation of migratory species .\nour project got underway in 2012 and represents a ground - breaking step in african penguin research. this is the first time that adult african penguins have been tracked outside the breeding season. we tracked 20 adult african penguins from two islands, dassen island on the west coast and bird island on the south coast, from september to december 2012. the satellite transmitters, which weigh only 40 g and are about the size of a matchbox, are attached to the backs of the penguins using special tape and strong superglue. the battery is expected to last for about 100 days .\nspheniscus genus – banded penguins other names: jackass penguin, black - footed penguin height: 24 - 27 in. weight: 5. 25 - 9 lb. no subspecies. life expectancy in the wild: 10 - 12 years. approximated population: 75, 000 - 80, 000 population tendency: decreasing iucn conservation status: en" ]

{ "text": [ "the african penguin ( spheniscus demersus ) , also known as the jackass penguin and black-footed penguin is a species of penguin , confined to southern african waters .", "it is also widely known as the \" jackass \" penguin for its donkey-like bray , although several related species of south american penguins produce the same sound .", "like all extant penguins it is flightless , with a streamlined body , and wings stiffened and flattened into flippers for a marine habitat .", "adults weigh on average 2.2 – 3.5 kg ( 4.9 – 7.7 lb ) and are 60 – 70 cm ( 24 – 28 in ) tall .", "it has distinctive pink patches of skin above the eyes and a black facial mask ; the body upperparts are black and sharply delineated from the white underparts , which are spotted and marked with a black band .", "the pink gland above their eyes helps them to cope with changing temperatures .", "when the temperature gets hotter , the body of the african penguin sends more blood to these glands to be cooled by the air surrounding it .", "this then causes the gland to turn a darker shade of pink .", "the african penguin is a pursuit diver and feeds primarily on fish and squid .", "once extremely numerous , the african penguin is declining due to a combination of threats and is classified as endangered .", "it is a charismatic species and is popular with tourists . " ], "topic": [ 16, 16, 25, 0, 23, 23, 4, 23, 16, 17, 5 ] }

[ "the african penguin (spheniscus demersus), also known as the jackass penguin and black-footed penguin is a species of penguin, confined to southern african waters. it is also widely known as the \" jackass \" penguin for its donkey-like bray, although several related species of south american penguins produce the same sound. like all extant penguins it is flightless, with a streamlined body, and wings stiffened and flattened into flippers for a marine habitat. adults weigh on average 2.2 – 3.5 kg (4.9 – 7.7 lb) and are 60 – 70 cm (24 – 28 in) tall. it has distinctive pink patches of skin above the eyes and a black facial mask; the body upperparts are black and sharply delineated from the white underparts, which are spotted and marked with a black band. the pink gland above their eyes helps them to cope with changing temperatures. when the temperature gets hotter, the body of the african penguin sends more blood to these glands to be cooled by the air surrounding it. this then causes the gland to turn a darker shade of pink. the african penguin is a pursuit diver and feeds primarily on fish and squid. once extremely numerous, the african penguin is declining due to a combination of threats and is classified as endangered. it is a charismatic species and is popular with tourists." ]

[ "amphilophus zaliosus from lake apoyo in the aquarium of morrell devlin [ usa ]. photo by morrell devlin. determiner juan miguel artigas azas\nfigure 9: overhead view of the upper jaw of amphilophus labiatus (a) and amphilophus citrinellus (b). drawing by paul v. loiselle .\nconservation: amphilophus zaliosus is evaluated by the international union for the conservation of nature in the iucn red list of threatened species as (cr) critically endangered (2009) .\na. zaliosus is also a commercial aquarium fish, which can spawn in captivity. it is also used in behavioural research .\nencyclopaedia of life. (n. d .). amphilophus citrinellus, midas cichlid. retrieved 6th november 2016 from urltoken\nfishbase. (n. d .). amphilophus citrinellus (günther, 1864), midas cichlid. retrieved 6th november 2016 from urltoken\nglobal biodiversity information facility. (n. d .). amphilophus citrinellus (günther, 1864). retrieved 6th november 2016 from urltoken\nthe midas cichlid (amphilophus) species flock is composed of several species, and the research group at estacion biologica has been worki ...\ni study a. zaliosus populations and breeding behavior in their only native habitat, laguna de apoyo, nicaragua. sometime during august we will have time to post some a. zaliosus photos on our blog (urltoken). if someone is wanting to see them in the native habitat, and is a certified diver, we can have them accompany us on study dives. jeffrey mccrary\nloiselle, paul v. (listopada 07, 1998) .\nthe amphilophus labiatus species complex\n. cichlid room companion. źródło: na lipca 11, 2018, od: urltoken\njustification: a. zaliosus exists at only one location, lake apoyo, which covers an area of 21. 2 km². in addition to this, due to an introduced species in lake apoyo, and increasing incidences of parasites in the native fish of the lake, it is suspected that a. zaliosus is being negatively impacted by a continuing decline in habitat quality, and the number of mature individuals in the population .\nterritorial responses were assessed for 29 of the 30 a. zaliosus broods that were encountered in the course of this study. the territories of a. sagittae (n = 26) included in the study were chosen at random within the subset of the encountered broods that were at free - swimming stage but estimated not having been swimming for more than three weeks (equivalent to total length of ca. 2¼ cm). this subset was chosen to match brood ages of the two species. amphilophus zaliosus breeding pairs encountered during this study favoured a substratum consisting of a mix of rock and sand (n = 23 out of 30) and usually associated with a covering of chara green algae. the remainder of a. zaliosus breeding pairs occurred on bare rock and stones of various sizes (7 / 30). amphilophus sagittae territories were occasionally found in both pure sand (here: 1 / 26), and pure rock (1 / 26) habitats, but most commonly the species was encountered in the mixed habitat (24 / 26) .\nbarluenga, m. , & meyer, a. (2010). phylogeography, colonization and population history of the midas cichlid species complex (amphilophus spp .) in the nicaraguan crater lakes. bmc evolutionary biology, 10 (1), 1 .\nbarluenga, m. , & meyer, a. (2010). phylogeography, colonization and population history of the midas cichlid species complex (amphilophus spp .) in the nicaraguan crater lakes. bmc evolutionary biology, 10 (1), 1 .\ncompared with native fish predators, the non - native bigmouth sleepers were able to approach the broods of a. zaliosus closer before they were chased away. however, this was not the case for brood tending a. sagittae, which naturally occur in sympatry with bigmouth sleepers. indeed, in water clarity conditions similar to those prevailing in apoyo (breeding season 2010–2011), parental a. sagittae actually reacted to bigmouth sleepers from a greater distance as compared to the rest of potential predators of their offspring. by advancing more closely to a. zaliosus broods than other potential predators are able to approach, the introduced ambush predator can be expected to be particularly effective in capturing juveniles (see [ 50 ]). this is especially true since both types of predators try to capture juveniles by dashing after them, but only after having been able to approach close enough (authors' personal observations). why, then, did a. zaliosus in lake apoyo allow bigmouth sleepers to advance so closely ?\nthe a. zaliosus and a. sagittae individuals in 2007–2008 were approximately of the same size, were breeding at similar depths and defended juveniles of the same estimated size (table 1). however, sizes of juveniles were similar only because they were matched in order to eliminate any age bias that could potentially result in differences in brood defence behaviour .\nto address the possibility that the lower visibility in xiloá than apoyo in 2007–2008 could have biased our results, we have included an additional survey on a. sagittae during the breeding season of 2010–2011, when water in xiloá was clearer (estimated horizontal visibility: 3. 96±0. 14 m). amphilophus zaliosus were not observed during that breeding season because logistic challenges allowed only a very limited dive time in apoyo, during which no a. zaliosus breeding pairs were encountered (although immature individuals were sighted). the procedure for assessing parental responses was the same as above, with the following two exceptions: brood defence of only biparentally guarded broods were assessed and the observation period was 10 min, instead of 15 min per territory. in total, parental behaviour of 26 brood tending pairs were measured, and 19 of these (males: 21. 3±0. 3 cm, females: 18. 3±0. 3 cm) were approached by both types of predators, allowing a paired comparison (paired t –test) .\ngeiger, m. f. , mccrary, j. k. , & schliewen, u. k. (2010). not a simple case–a first comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis for the midas cichlid complex in nicaragua (teleostei: cichlidae: amphilophus). molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 56 (3), 1011 - 1024 .\nthis comparative data was collected during the 2007–2008 breeding season. hatched boxes show reaction distances towards bigmouth sleepers and white boxes are for other predators. central vertical lines indicate means, margins of the boxes are for standard errors of the means, and whiskers indicate standard deviations. sample sizes (both predator groups) are 25 and 18 for a. zaliosus and a. sagittae breeding territories, respectively .\nthere was a significant interaction between the species of brood tenders (a. zaliosus or a. sagittae) and the type of predator (bigmouth sleepers or other predators) (rm - anova, predator type × species interaction, f 1, 41 = 13. 8, p = 0. 001). we therefore proceeded to analyse the two cichlid species separately and found that parent fish responded aggressively towards bigmouth sleepers only when these had approached closer than other potential brood predators were allowed to approach in a. zaliosus (paired t – test, t 24 = 4. 62, p < 0. 001; figure 2) but not in a. sagittae (paired t – test, t 17 = 0. 680, p = 0. 51; figure 2). furthermore, the proportional use of display aggression vs. mobile aggression was not dependent on the predator type in a. zaliosus (paired t – test, t 24 = 0. 668, p = 0. 51) or a. sagittae: (paired t – test, t 17 = 1. 09, p = 0. 29). the total rate of aggressive acts towards potential brood predators did not significantly differ between the two species (a. zaliosus: 1. 86±0. 16 1 / min, n = 29); a. sagittae (1. 56±0. 13 1 / min, n = 26; two - sample t – test, t 53 = 1. 48, p = 0. 15). furthermore, the two species did not significantly differ in the proportion of aggressive behaviours that they directed towards bigmouth sleepers vs. other potential brood predators (proportion directed towards bigmouth sleepers in a. zaliosus: 37. 9 + 7. 2 / −6. 9% , n = 29, and in a. sagittae: 24. 1 + 7. 6 / −6. 9% , n = 26; mann - whitney u – test, u = 301, p = 0. 20) .\nfigure 10 - 12: (top - left) show the pre - spawning interaction between a pair of amphilophus citrinellus. the female (foreground) shows a prominent ovipositor, a sure sign of inminent spawning. the spawning secuence, figure 13: (top left and right), amphilophus citrinellus spawn on a vertical surface, preferably within an enclosed space. a 25 cm. clay flowerpot, cut lengthwise in half, is an excellent spawning site for the midas cichlid and the other members of this group. the female initiates spawning by making several\ndry runs\nover the spawning site, followed closely by her consort. with the appearance of the first eggs, spawning begins in earnest. at this conclusion, the female fans and mouths the eggs, while the male keeps intruders at a distance .\ndespite what the differences in colourations and body shapes may suggest, there is only one species of fish depicted in the photo above and all of these specimens were collected in singapore. this species is the midas cichilid (amphilophus citrinellus), so named because of the uniform orange morph (for examples see the top middle and bottom right), which is occasionally referred to as the\ngold\nmorph [\namphilophus sagittae parents (in xiloá) reacted from a longer distance to bigmouth sleepers than other predators (paired t – test, t 18 = 6. 47, p < 0. 001). as in 2007–2008, the proportional use of display aggression vs. mobile aggression was not dependent on the predator type (paired t – test, t 18 = 0. 245, p = 0. 81) .\ni only have 1 female and she is by far the most aggressive out of any amphilophus or astatheros species that i own. i have most species also. at 7 in. she can keep a tank with 29 other amps and astas to 1 side by herself. when she wants to spawn it gets worse! that non - barred zaliosum is outstanding! !! !! now i am jealous! !! ! i want! i want! !\nof the four species, a. labiatus is by far the most commercially available, followed by a. trimaculatus. all the a. citrinellus available to hobbyists are ultimately descended from pure stocks maintained by barlow for research purposes. the same is true for a. zaliosum, which has been released only in small numbers. its unattractive coloration and belligerence have apparently discouraged efforts to breed it, and i doubt the arrow cichlid will ever be available to hobbyists. there are too many more desirable amphilophus available to make a. zaliosum worth a breeder' s while to spawn and rear .\nhere we have shown that arrow cichlids, a. zaliosus, reacted to the bigmouth sleepers only when the introduced predator had already advanced significantly closer to the brood than native predators were allowed to approach. by advancing so close, the novel ambush predator should be expected to be particularly effective in capturing juveniles. our study is the first to suggest that inappropriate brood defence behaviour due to (evolutionary) naiveté towards novel predators may have resulted in sensitivity of some (or many) freshwater organisms towards introduced predators. we regard this to be important because understanding the exact interactions by which introduced species affect native inhabitants can help to predict and avert the negative impacts of species invasions and more aptly direct conservation measures .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nsnoeks, j. , laleye, p. & contreras - macbeath, t .\nthis species is endemic to lake apoyo on the atlantic slope of nicaragua. lake apoyo covers an area of 21. 2 km² .\nthe significant presence of an introduced species, the nile tilapia (o. niloticus), in lake apoyo from early 1990s, is posing a threat to native species of the lake, by occupying sites that some of the native species have been using for reproduction and food. in addition, there are increasing incidences of parasites among many of the fish in lake apoyo. researchers suspect that tilapia is the vector for the parasite (canonico et al. 2005) .\nbasic research actions are needed into the species life histories: biology, habitat status and population range. currently, being know from one location only that is under threat from invasive species, the establishment and maintenance of protected areas are required for the survival of this species .\nsnoeks, j. , laleye, p. & contreras - macbeath, t. 2009 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nsign up for email reminders for meetings, swaps, auctions, and other events .\nemail reminders for meeting notices providing a reminder for our next meeting, speaker info, rare fish auctions, picnics and holiday party .\nemail reminders for vendors to alert them when the next swap vendor signup dates are .\ncreep the temp up to the low 80' s, feed them frozen food or live food, then hit them with a 30 percent 60 degree water change. if they dont spawn, wait a few days, no food, then start feeding them frozen food again, then a cool water change .\ngood plan... i never tried the frozen, but that' s a great idea .\ni' ve been waiting for a spawn, they did a little dancing the week i got them, but no spawning. the female hasn' t been over to visit the male in a while. right now they are on sand. i am debate removing the sand since they didn' t have it in there last home .\nparents are now with another club member. keep an eye out on the forum and the classified ads for info for a next spawn .\nbummer - at the january gcca meeting, i unloaded 2 bags of fry from these guys. i' m all out -\nno, i wanted to but i can' t justify the cost of the shipping (5 2\nfish around $ 50 + $ 70ish for shipping). being a student can really blow sometimes: - [. anyway, i' ll be at the swap meet the 22nd to hopefully pick up some nice citrinellum or labiatus, assuming somebody brings some fry. i assuming that somebody will have some, won' t they? ; d\nthe greater chicago cichlid association — gcca — is a not - for - profit, educational organization, chartered in the state of illinois, dedicated to the advancement and dissemination of information relating to the biology of the fishes in the family cichlidae, with particular emphasis on maintenance and breeding in captivity. we are simply cichlid hobbyists who love cichlids .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nthere are no concrete figures on the number of genera and species in the cichlidae family because there are still many revisions being made and a considerable number of species are yet to be described. rough estimates range from 200 to 2000 species and approximately 140 genera, which, after\n, would make them the third largest family of bony fishes. the largest genus is the african\nwith over 100 species. cichlids inhabit fresh waters, and many species are endemic to isolated lake environments. the fact that no genera occur on more than one continent illustrates the degree of endemism in this family .\nberra, t. 2001. freshwater fish distribution. san diego, ca: academic press .\ngreenwood, p. , m. stiassny. 2002. cichlids. pp. 200 - 204 in w eschmeyer, j paxton, eds. encyclopedia of fishes – second edition. san diego, ca: academic press .\nmoyle, p. , j. cech. 2000. fishes: an introduction to ichthyology – fourth edition. upper saddle river, nj: prentice - hall .\nnelson, j. 1994. fishes of the world – third edition. new york, ny: john wiley and sons .\nstiassny, m. 1991. phylogenic intrarelationships of the family cichlidae: an overview. pp. 1 - 35 in m keenleyside, ed. cichlid fishes: behavior, ecology and evolution. london: chapman and hall .\nwheeler, a. 1985. the world encyclopedia of fishes - second edition. london: macdonald .\ncichlids are mainly found in the lowland, freshwater areas of tropical and subtropical regions. however, some of the most primitive species, which are found in madagascar (17 species) and asia, also inhabit brackish waters. some other areas with brackish - water species include coastal india and sri lanka (three species), and cuba and hispaniola (four species). the great majority of cichlids are found in the great lakes of east africa (lake malawi, lake victoria, and lake tanganyika), where between 800 and 2100 species are thought to exist. nearly all of these species are endemic (evolved in and confined to a particular place) to the lake they inhabit. there are approximately 150 river species in the region as well. the remaining distribution includes south america (approximately 290 species), central america and mexico (approximately 95 species), north america (one species), and the middle east - iran, syria, israel and palestine (five species) .\ncichlids have been widely introduced, either deliberately for aquaculture or accidentally through the aquarium trade (lever, 1996). for instance, in the united states there is only one native species, the\n, but 44 species have been introduced. florida has proven ideal for many exotic cichlids like the\nmost cichlids are distinguished from all other freshwater fish by the existence of two unique features: a single opening of the nostrils and an interrupted lateral line. the two exceptions are\n, which have a continuous lateral line. the anal fin spines usually number three, but some species have four to nine anal fin spines and the asian genus\nhas between 12 and 15. in general cichlids are relatively small in size but\nsuperficially, there seem to be major differences in body shape across the cichlidae family, with body shapes ranging from tubular, to perch - like, to disk - like, depending on habitat. for instance ,\ninhabit flowing waters and have elongate, tubular bodies, small, deeply imbedded scales and enlarged and thickened pelvic fins .\n, have compressed, disc - like bodies. finally, fast moving piscivorous cichlids, such as\n, are elongate and streamlined. however, the fundamental cichlid morphology - position of the fins, arrangement of the jaws, and nature of the scales – remains consistent despite the wide variation in body forms .\nand harem - forming species. typically, males are larger than females and males exhibit more elaborate coloration. an extreme case of\n. males can be up thirty times the size of the miniscule females; this is the largest margin known for any vertebrate animal by which males outsize females .\n, as males are strikingly colored and lavishly ornamented with elongated filaments on the spines of their dorsal and anal fins, and on the tails and pelvic fins. most monogamous cichlids are virtually indistinguishable, although males are larger than females on average. during spawning, however, the foreheads of males swell in some species, such as\n, or the sexes may take on different coloration (dichromatic). in an odd departure from the usual\ndisplay gold colors on the lower half of the midsection of the body (where the egg sac is located) to attract males. since this discovery, numerous examples of “reverse dichromatism” have been found in other cichlid species .\nbarlow, g. 2000. the cichlid fishes: nature' s grand experiment in evolution. cambridge, ma: perseus publications .\nribbink, a. 1991. distribution and ecology of the cichlids of the african great lakes. pp. 36 - 59 in m keenleyside, ed. cichlid fishes: behavior, ecology and evolution. london: chapman and hall .\n, distributed in the highlands of brazil and new guinea, are also rheophilic (prefer flowing waters). in lakes there are few habitats cichlids do not occupy and there is an abundance of species filling virtually every ecological niche in some areas. for example, deepwater cichlids from lake tanganyika, africa are able to survive in the permanently deoxygenated water layers for short periods. individuals from the genera\nare also able to withstand low oxygen concentrations. finally, some cichlids are tolerant of brackish waters .\nfroese, r. , d. pauly, d. woodland. 2003 .\nfishbase\n( on - line). fishbase world wide web electronic publication. accessed september 27, 2003 at urltoken .\nas a family, cichlids consume virtually every type of food source available in the freshwater habitat they are found. they exhibit numerous modifications of the lips, teeth, jaws and gill rakers depending on the main food source. although many cichlids are morphologically adapted to a particular food source, they may become generalists depending on availability. additionally, cichlids consume various types of food depending on their stage of growth. herbivorous cichlids may browse, scrape, comb, ‘tap’ or suck epiphytic (attached) algae, unicellular algae, and / or clumps of the substrate. planktivorous cichlids browse throughout the water column on zooplankton and phytoplankton. piscivorous cichlids feed on whole fish, the fry, larvae, or eggs of mouthbrooding species, and the scales or fins of various fishes. three species from the genus\n( lake malawi) use the peculiar technique, termed head - ramming, of shoving their head into the mouth of female mouthbrooders to force the expulsion of eggs, larvae, or fry, which they eat. cichlids that feed on aquatic insects and other invertebrates use a variety of methods to expose or capture prey. several species (\n) browse over patches of algae or substrate, picking out individual insects and crustaceans .\nlarvae by biting into the sandy substrate and filtering the larvae out with their gill rakers. the enlarged lips of some cichlids are used to suck insects out of cracks and crevices, while in others the lips help to feel for prey when browsing over various substrates. in addition to the latter feeding methods, some cichlids have developed swimming patterns allowing them to sneak up on prey or use larger fish for cover. finally, the teeth of some cichlids are predominantly molars, allowing them to crush and process small and thin - shelled mollusks. (see an illustration of\nyamaoka, k. 1991. feeding relationships. pp. 151 - 172 in m keenleyside, ed. cichlids fishes: behavior, ecology and evolution. london: chapman and hall .\nin the great lakes of africa, the number of cichlid species is so large they fill virtually every ecological role within their trophic level, with the exception of primary producers such as photosynthetic algae and benthic arthropods. as one might expect, there is considerable interplay between various cichlid species in terms of predation and food availability. however, cichlids also influence the species of plants and algae that grow in their habitat (top - down control). one example of top - down control is illustrated by the introduction of the piscivorous\nis a voracious predator of small, planktivorous cichlids, which suffered precipitous population decline after the perches’ introduction. planktivorous cichlids exert considerable predation pressure on zooplankton, and after they were eliminated, the zooplankton community changed drastically, to the point that a new species of zooplankton began invading the lake ,\njonna, r. , j. lehman. 2002. the invasion of lake victoria by the large bodied herbivorous cladoceran daphnia magna. pp. 321 - 333 in e odada, d olago, eds. the east african great lakes: limnology, paleolimnology and biodiversity. boston: kluwer academic publishers .\nmany large cichlids prey on smaller members of their family or specifically feed in eggs, larvae, or fry. investigators have also observed newly independent juveniles preying on young of the same or related species. these predation pressure help explain the evolution of intense parental care in cichlids. introduced species, such as\n, have proven disastrous for many endemic cichlids, even causing the extinction of some species (see ecosystem roles and conservation status). humans have also exploited cichlids throughout their range for centuries .\ncichlidae is prey of: haplochromis pardalis actinopterygii haplochromis polyodon haplochromis kiwinge homo sapiens based on studies in: malawi, lake nyasa (lake or pond) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .\ng. fryer, the trophic interrelationships and ecology of some littoral communities of lake nyasa, proc. london zool. soc. 132: 153 - 281, from p. 217 (1959) .\nmyers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2006. the animal diversity web (online). accessed february 16, 2011 at urltoken. urltoken\ncichlidae preys on: caridina nilotica cladocera chironomidae algae detritus aufwuchs non - insect arthropods based on studies in: malawi (river) africa, crocodile creek, lake nyasa (lake or pond) malawi, lake nyasa (lake or pond) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .\ng. fryer, 1957. the trophic interrelationships and ecology of some littoral communities of lake nyasa with special reference to the fishes, and a discussion of the evolution of a group of rock - frequenting cichlidae. proc. zool. soc. london 132: 153 - 281, f\ng. fryer, the trophic interrelationships and ecology of some littoral communities of lake nyasa, proc. london zool. soc. 132: 153 - 229, from p. 219 (1959) .\ncichlids are able to communicate by various means: visual, acoustic, chemical and tactile. visual communication primarily involves color changes and body movements and gestures. at least some cichlids are able to discern colors. color changes are important in identifying individuals or families, or for communicating aggression, dominance, or sexual state. typically, the brightest color patterns are associated with aggression. body movements and gestures are also used to communicate aggression, dominance, or sexual state, and often combine with swimming patterns and color changes to emphasize a particular display. tactile communication is mainly observed in aggressive males, such as the case of “mouth - fighting. ”\nmales lock mouths until one individual is pushed to the bottom and flees. in some mouthbrooding species (\n) males often touch the anal region of the female as she begins to expel her eggs, presumably encouraging the female to lay her eggs. sounds, such as grunts, thumps or purrs have been catalogued for at least 16 cichlid species. experiments with one cichlid ,\n, have revealed that recorded sounds (produced during aggressive displays) evoked an aggressive response. cichlids are known to use chemical cues to recognize their young in parenting. for example ,\nare able to discriminate their own small fry from those of other species. the reverse is also true ;\n, which feed on fry, use chemical signals to avoid eating fry of the same species. finally, monogamous pairs of some species need both visual and chemical cues to recognize each other .\nnelissen, m. 1991. communication. pp. 225 - 240 in m keenleyside, ed. cichlids fishes: behavior, ecology and evolution. london: chapman and hall .\nwhile developing. parents exhibit various behaviors to promote the growth of young, which develop through three distinct stages: eggs, wrigglers (newly hatched, non - free - swimming young), and fry (free swimming but dependent on the parent). at the early stages of development, parents fan the eggs to provide ventilation and remove waste (termed “fanning”). some species use their mouths to suck away wastes or to remove dead or fungus - ridden eggs (termed “mouthing”). mouthbrooding species that carry developing eggs in the buccal cavity (mouth) accomplish mouthing and fanning by rolling and swishing the eggs in the mouth (termed “churning”). finally, several behaviors are related to aiding the young in feeding. parents may pick up leaf matter and drop it near the young so they may forage on the unexposed side (termed “leaf - lifting”), or dig into the substrate with the fins to expose buried prey (termed “findigging”). another unusual method of aiding the fry in development is “micronipping, ” in which fry feed on mucous secreted from the skin of parents. micronipping was first discovered in\n( among others), which are widely used in aquaculture, are susceptible to sex change for a period approximately 30 - 40 days after hatching by controlling temperature or adding hormones (see mating systems). despite the fact that genetics also influence sex determination, hormones and temperature can overrule genetic determination, creating offspring that are all one sex. aquaculturists take advantage of this fact to create single sex tanks, thus avoiding overpopulation .\nkeenleyside, m. 1991. parental care. pp. 191 - 208 in m keenleyside, ed. cichlid fishes: behavior, ecology and evolution. london: chapman and hall .\nthe lifespan of many wild cichlids is unknown. however, in aquaria they are relatively long - lived, about 10 years on average. several can reach up to 18 years in captivity, suggesting that at least some cichlids have considerably long lifespans .\nthe diversity of habitats occupied by cichlids is matched by the number of mating systems they employ. in fact, the local ecological conditions are an important indicator of the mating system used, which may vary within the same species. the most primitive condition is monogamy, with males and females essentially monomorphic, excepting some coloring details. courtship rituals and parental care are common among monogamous pairs. some cichlids are polygynous: males fertilize the eggs of more than one female. in this system, males might defend a territory that females visit to spawn (only once during the season), two females may defend a territory overlapping that of a male (bigamy), or a male may dominate a harem of multiple females. cichlids also employ polyandry, in which females mate with several males. in one extraordinary case, sex roles are essentially reversed .\nmales nurture eggs and fry in the mouth for 15 days after spawning, while females are capable of spawning just a week later. this creates a situation where the availability of males to brood the eggs is the limiting factor in reproduction. behavioral studies reveal that male\nare less aggressive, and more selective, choosing larger females. next, some cichlids may be promiscuous (polygynandrous) .\nan intriguing form of promiscuous spawning in some planktivorous cichlids (and at least one non - planktivorous cichlid as well) is termed “lekking, ” a swedish word meaning “to play. ” amazingly, from 5, 000 to 50, 000 males may congregate during lekking, which occurs over a long breeding season in some cichlids. some lekking species, such as\n. females then mate with between 4 and 12 males, distributing a few eggs to each. a final mating system, termed “extended family” is found in at least one cichlid species ,\n. in this scenario, there are colonies of approximately 19 individuals (one to three males, up to five females, and the rest juveniles) with a large dominant male (alpha) and one other male (beta) participating in spawning. a number of individuals in each colony are related (outsiders may occasionally join a colony) and there are overlapping generations within each colony .\nillustrates the utility of multiple mating systems in a dynamic environment. in one habitat, where the bottom is barren and predators are abundant ,\nmales remain with their spawning partner to guard the fry. in a different part of the lake, predators are less abundant and populations are larger. there, numerous females establish individual feeding areas and male territories encompass as many as 14 females. the males spawn with each female and exhibit no parental care – an extreme case of polygyny. numerous other studies support the existence of “plastic” mating strategies among cichlids .\n, of northern africa, israel and jordan, illustrate how distinctions between mating systems are blurred by a single pair of spawning cichlids. pairs form after a prolonged courtship ritual. after the eggs are fertilized, they may be taken by the male, female, or both as they go their separate ways. the parent that doesn’t take the eggs is free to spawn again. finally, in harem - forming species and lekking mouth - brooders, smaller or weaker males may attempt to covertly fertilize a female—variously called sneaking, cheating, or parasitic spawning. during lekking males may accomplish this by mimicking females. parasitic spawning is rare among monogamous species, probably because males and females remain in close proximity while spawning .\nparental care is likely the most intriguing life history feature of cichlids. cichlids are well known for their strategy of mouthbrooding, in which the eggs, wrigglers (newly hatched, non - free - swimming young), or fry are\n. in some mouthbrooding species there is no contact with the substrate; the unfertilized eggs are carried in the mouth of the male or female (termed immediate or ovophilic parental care). in others, the eggs are adhered to a substrate, fertilized and taken into the parents mouth after hatching (termed delayed or larvophilic parental care). female (maternal) mouthbrooding is most common and well known but in at least one species ,\n, the male carries the young (paternal mouthbrooding). in several other species mouthbrooding is biparental, shared by the male and female. substrate brooders also guard their young, usually in some cooperative parenting system, such as biparental monogamy. substrate brooding species also expend considerable energy caring for young. the eggs are initially attached to a substrate where they are cared for intensively. the newly hatched wrigglers may be transferred to a newly excavated pit, a patch of leaves, or the rootlets of aquatic vegetation where they are suspended by threads of mucous. the fry move along the substrate feeding on small particles while the parents keep guard .\nin both substrate and mouthbrooding species parents use physical movements (termed “calling behaviors”), such as flicking the pelvic fins or jogging the head, when predators approach. these movements serve as cues for fry to retreat, either settling to the substrate near the parent or entering the mouth depending on the type of parental care. experiments have shown that the level of vulnerability of young is the main determinant of continued parental care, rather than a set time period after hatching. several other behaviors relating to parental care are described in development .\nbarlow, g. 1991. mating systems among cichlid fishes. pp. 173 - 190 in m keenleyside, ed. cichlid fishes: behavior, ecology and evolution. london: chapman and hall .\nbecause many cichlid species are endemic to small geographic areas, they can be threatened relatively easily. many cichlid species will never be described because they are going extinct so quickly. such is the case with cichlids of lake victoria after the introduction of\nwere introduced as a food source (unsupervised) but, as a voracious predator, began to destroy cichlid populations throughout the lake. this has resulted in the largest mass extinction of endemic species in recent times. conservative estimates are that across the cichlidae family, 43 cichlids are extinct, five are extinct in the wild, 37 species are critically endangered, 11 species are endangered, 34 species are vulnerable, and one species is at low risk .\nthe world conservation union, 2002 .\niucn 2002\n( on - line). iucn red list of threatened species. accessed september 27, 2003 at urltoken .\n- because of their mild temperament and ease of breeding in captivity. however, most cichlids are extremely aggressive when kept in small areas and very difficult to breed. several\nspecies are popular with sport fishermen, especially in brazil. cichlids have also been introduced for recreational fisheries or vegetation control .\nsome cichlids are used extensively in aquaculture for several reasons. they are a good source of ‘white fish’ and fish products, they lack small bones in the muscle, and some species can grow quite large, allowing for the production of value - added products such as fillets. most importantly, they feed low on the food chain (aquatic plants and plankton) so the cost of feed is low .\nare the most extensively farmed cichlids. they are most widely grown in israel and asia but cichlid aquaculture has been introduced to many other regions: egypt (\npullin, r. 1991. cichlids in aquaculture. pp. 280 - 309 in m keenleyside, ed. cichlids fishes: behavior, ecology and evolution. london: chapman and hall .\n. the actual number of species is therefore unknown, with estimates varying between 2, 000 and 3, 000 .\ncichlids span a wide range of body sizes, from species as small as 2. 5 cm (0. 98 in) in length (e. g. , female\n) to much larger species approaching 1 m (3. 3 ft) in length (e. g .\n, are important food fishes, while others are valued game fish (e. g .\ninto waters outside of their natural range have become nuisances, such as tilapia in the southern united states .\ninto a single tooth - bearing structure. a complex set of muscles allows the upper and lower pharyngeal bones to be used as a second set of jaws for processing food, allowing a division of labor between the\n. cichlids are efficient and often highly specialized feeders that capture and process a very wide variety of food items. this is assumed to be one reason why they are so diverse .\ngenera is still lacking, and there is not complete agreement on what genera should be recognized in this family .\ncichlids, although later papers concluded otherwise. other problems center upon the identity of the putative common ancestor for the\n, which had been used as a classifying characteristic. in many cichlids, tooth shape changes with age, due to wear, and cannot be relied upon .\nalthough most cichlids are found at relatively shallow depths, several exceptions do exist. these include species such as\n, and its temperature ranges from 29 to 45 °c (84 to 113 °f) .\nplease help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. unsourced material may be challenged and removed .\nmany cichlids are primarily herbivores, feeding on algae (e. g. petrochromis) and plants (e. g. etroplus suratensis). small animals, particularly invertebrates, are only a minor part of their diets .\nother cichlids are detritivores and eat organic material, called aufwuchs; among these species are the tilapiines of the genera oreochromis, sarotherodon, and tilapia .\nand eat little or no plant matter. these include generalists that catch a variety of small animals, including other fishes and\n. a number of cichlids feed on other fish, either entirely or in part .\nspecies, which lay motionless, luring small fish to their side prior to ambush .\nthis variety of feeding styles has helped cichlids to inhabit similarly varied habitats. its pharyngeal teeth (teeth in the throat) afford cichlids so many\nniche\nfeeding strategies, because the jaws pick and hold food, while the pharyngeal teeth crush the prey .\nall species show some form of parental care for both eggs and larvae, often nurturing free - swimming young until they are weeks or months old .\nthe species neolamprologus pulcher uses a cooperative breeding system, in which one breeding pair has many helpers which are subordinate to the dominant breeders .\nopen - or substrate - brooding cichlids lay their eggs in the open, on rocks, leaves, or logs. examples of open - brooding cichlids include\n. male and female parents usually engage in differing brooding roles. most commonly, the male patrols the pair' s territory and repels intruders, while the female fans water over the eggs, removing the infertile and leading the fry while foraging. however, both sexes are able to perform the full range of parenting behaviours .\nfree - swimming fry and parents communicate in captivity and in the wild. frequently, this communication is based on body movements, such as shaking and\nflicking. in addition, open - and cave - brooding parents assist in finding food resources for their fry. multiple neotropical cichlid species perform leaf - turning and fin - digging behaviors .\novophile mouthbrooders incubate their eggs in their mouths as soon as they are laid, and frequently mouthbrood free - swimming fry for several weeks. examples include many east african rift lakes (lake malawi, lake tanganyika and lake victoria) endemics, e. g. : maylandia, pseudotropheus, tropheus, and astatotilapia burtoni, along with some south american cichlids such as geophagus steindachneri .\nlarvophile mouthbrooders lay eggs in the open or in a cave and take the hatched larvae into the mouth. examples include some variants of\nmouthbrooders, whether of eggs or larvae, are predominantly females. exceptions that also involve the males include eretmodine cichlids (genera\nthe mating system of a given cichlid species is not consistently associated with its brooding system. for example, although most monogamous cichlids are not mouthbrooders ,\nare all monogamous mouthbrooders. in contrast, numerous open - or cave - spawning cichlids are polygamous; examples include\ncichlids provide scientists with a unique perspective of speciation, having become extremely diverse in the more recent geological past. it is widely believed that one of the contributing factors to their diversification are the various forms of prey processing displayed by cichlid\napparatus. these different jaw apparatus allow for a broad range of feeding strategies including: algae scraping, snail crushing, planktivores, piscivores, and insectivores .\nin their pharyngeal jaws, which can also help lead to speciation. in response to different diets or food scarcity, members of the same species can display different jaw morphologies that are better suited to different feeding strategies. as species members begin to concentrate around different food sources and continue their life cycle, they most likely spawn with like individuals. this can reinforce the jaw morphology and given enough time, create new species .\n. this is one of the most interesting aspects of cichlid diversification, there exists a strong possibility that they can provide us with evidence of sympatric speciation. in a crater lake in nicaragua called lake apoyo, there is a species of cichlid ,\n, and the lake itself display many of the criteria needed for sympatric speciation .\nhave not been seen since the 1980s, but are maintained as critically endangered in the small chance that tiny –but currently unknown– populations survive)." ]

{ "text": [ "amphilophus zaliosus is a species of cichlid that inhabits lake apoyo in nicaragua .", "it is known in the aquarium trade as the arrow cichlid .", "it is an elongate species in the midas cichlid species complex .", "the arrow cichlid shares its habitat with five other recently discovered species of this complex .", "genetic evidence from apoyo supports a hypothesis that the six known species of the lake evolved via sympatric speciation . " ], "topic": [ 18, 15, 26, 3, 6 ] }

[ "amphilophus zaliosus is a species of cichlid that inhabits lake apoyo in nicaragua. it is known in the aquarium trade as the arrow cichlid. it is an elongate species in the midas cichlid species complex. the arrow cichlid shares its habitat with five other recently discovered species of this complex. genetic evidence from apoyo supports a hypothesis that the six known species of the lake evolved via sympatric speciation." ]

[ "have a fact about bonchis scoparioides? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for bonchis scoparioides? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nbonchis scoparioides walker, 1862; trans. ent. soc. lond. (3) 1: 128; tl: para\ntype - species: bonchis scoparioides walker, 1862. trans. r. ent. soc. lond. (3), 1: 128. [ bhl ]\nbonchis glanysis dyar, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2050): 311; tl: porto bello\ngenus: bonchis walker, 1862. trans. r. ent. soc. lond. (3) 1: 128. [ bhl ]\nbonchis (chrysauginae); hampson, 1897, proc. zool. soc. lond. 1897: 681; [ nacl ], 79; [ globiz ]\njocara lichfoldi kaye, 1925; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1924 (3 / 4): 425, pl. 45, f. 5; tl: trinidad\nvenezuela, honduras, dominican republic, brazil, ...? . see [ maps ]\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\ncharacters of undescribed lepidoptera in the collection of w. w. saunders, esq\nwalker, [ 1866 ] list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 31: 1 - 322 ([ 1865 ]), 32: 323 - 706 (1865), 33: 707 - 1120 (1865), 34: 1121 - 1534 ([ 1866 ]), 35: 1535 - 2040 (1866 )\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntype specimens: ? type status para [ guay ]: ? locality, (? depository). .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nthis system is free software released under gnu / gpl 3. 0 - portal version 1. 0\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3. 0 united states license .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services." ]

{ "text": [ "bonchis scoparioides is a species of snout moth in the genus bonchis .", "it was described by francis walker in 1862 .", "it is found in pará , brazil . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "bonchis scoparioides is a species of snout moth in the genus bonchis. it was described by francis walker in 1862. it is found in pará, brazil." ]

[ "stalked trumpet jelly - urdu meaning and translation of stalked trumpet jelly, translation, multiple word search (seperate words with space), english to urdu machine translation of stalked trumpet jelly and more .\nstalked trumpet jelly at pyramid rock. photo carel v. d. colff another view of the stalked trumpet jelly. photo carel v. d. colff stalked trumpet jelly at castle rock. photo guido zsilavecz two specimens of lucernariopsis capensis. photos guido zsilavecz\nthe bell trumpet jelly, lipkea stephensoni, is a species of stalked jellyfish in the small family lipkeidae .\nstalked jellyfishes live in cold waters near the shoreline of the coast in the northern hemisphere .\nstinging cells (nematocysts) line the tentacles of this moon jelly (aurelia aurita) .\na transparent body helps this tiny comb jelly (bathocyroe fosteri) blend into the water .\n[ … ] my area, ductifera pululahuana is the second most common jelly ...\nthis stalked jellyfish has been found in smitswinkel bay off cape town in less than 10m of water .\nuse: as a. bilimbi. fruit also used fresh in salads, drinks, jam and jelly .\n[ … ] earthball morphology. the first of these is the stalked puffball genus calostoma, which includes c. cinnabarinum. these odd - looking stalked puffballs have a gelatinous outer covering that falls off to allow [ … ]\n[ … ] they are actually highly - modified agarics! the other is the stalked puffball genus calostoma (see fff # 106 for an example). these odd - looking stalked puffballs have a gelatinous outer covering that falls [ … ]\nstalked jellyfishes do not have an alternation between a polyp and medusa stage. most of them have a trumpet - shaped body with a stalk and a number of branches or arms with tentacles on the end. eggs are spawned and form creeping larvae. the larva crawl around until it finds a suitable spot on a rock or algae. the stalked jellyfishes also practice asexual reproduction by splitting their body into new individuals .\nstaurozoa are the stalked jellyfishes, which don' t float through the water like other jellies, but rather live attached to rocks or seaweed. they are trumpet - shaped, and mostly live in cold water. there are around 50 staurozoan species, many notable for their unique combination of beauty and camouflage .\nthis rare staurozoan, or stalked jellyfish, haliclystus californiensis, is about 2 centimeters in length and was collected off the coast of california .\nkey characteristics: medium sized tree; thin gray bark; heart shaped, entire, opposite leaves, 10–20 cm long and 7–13 cm wide with waxy bloom below; trumpet shaped yellow to brown flowers .\nthis page is based on the copyrighted wikipedia article bell stalked jelly; it is used under the creative commons attribution - sharealike 3. 0 unported license (cc - by - sa). you may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the cc - by - sa\nthe arctic comb jelly or sea nut (mertensia ovum) has two tentacles fringed with smaller tentacles, which are dappled with glue - like cells called colloblasts .\nuse: immature fruits eaten as vegetable, mature fruits fresh or made into juice, preserve, jam or jelly. leaves and roots used for traditional medicinal purposes .\nthe stalked jellyfish has a trumpet shaped body that is positioned up, instead down like jellyfishes. they have stalks that are stick and enable the jellyfish to stick to the rocks at the bottom of the shore. these creatures have 8 “arms” that face upward and are actually attached to clusters of tentacles to have stinging cells that help it capture its prey and bring it to its mouth. stalked jellyfish come many colors, green, brown, orange, yellow, read and pink. it has been noticed that their colors may come from the color of the thing they are attached to, to camouflage better .\nstalked jellies rely on their nematocysts that most cnidarians have, to capture their prey. they consume primary crustaceans and small marine wormsm by stinging their prey and then dragging it into their mouth .\nclimate change the ocean is warming, and this might give some jellies a boost. the warmer water could help jelly embryos and larvae develop more quickly, allowing their populations to grow more quickly. and jellies that prefer warmer water will have more area to live in. however, this could also hurt some species as cold - water jelly species see their habitat shrink .\nkey characteristics: straight trunk; symmetric branches; pyramid - shaped crown; leaves opposite, short - stalked, thick leathery; flowers 4 - merous; petals yellow - green with red edges .\nnote: hirano (1997) concluded that this stalked jelly, found from at least british columbia to california, is an undescribed species. it has been called many things, including h. stejnegeri and h. auricula. it matches most closely with h. sanjuanensis (gellerman, 1926), but that name cannot be used because it was in a manuscript that was never published .\nlike this comb jelly (aulococtena acuminata), many midwater animals are red. red is an easier pigment to produce than black, and in dark water, can' t be seen .\nthis venomous box jelly (chiropsalmus quadrumanus) was collected off the coast of south carolina. the specimen now resides in the smithsonian’s marine collection. its venomous sting can be lethal, especially to small children .\nall stalked jellyfishes are members of the order stauromedusae, previously included in the class scyphozoa. however, recent genetic studies have concluded that they should be in a separate class. consequently, the only order in the new class staurozoa is stauromedusae .\nalthough they are\njellyfishes\n, stalked jellies don' t belong to the scyphoza class, and do not go into the medusa stage like most true jellyfish. it fact, it remains in the polyp form it' s entire life .\none species (mertensia ovum) can reproduce even when it is still larva, and scientists think other species are also able to reproduce at a young age. this means that comb jelly populations can grow very fast under certain conditions .\ndescription: a medium sized tree up to 40 m tall and 140 cm in diameter, but usually smaller than this. bark is thin and grey. leaves are opposite, more or less heart - shaped, 10–25 cm × 5–18 cm, smooth or velvety beneath. the yellow or brown flowers are arranged in panicled cymes, 15–30 cm long, and appears after leaf - fall. the trumpet - shaped flowers are 4 cm long, nodding, hairy and short stalked. the fruits are ovate or pyriform, 2–2. 5 cm long and contain 1–4 seeds .\nhow to distinguish from similar species: haliclystus salpinx has broad trumpet - shaped anchors with conspicuous stalks, and its gonads extend into the lobes for only about half their length. it is primarily an atlantic species and appears to have only very limited distribution (or is a separate species) in the san juan islands in the pacific .\ncydippids all have rounded bodies—some spherical, some oval—with branched tentacles. (this means that their tentacles are fringed with smaller tentacles .) these tentacles can be withdrawn into the jelly' s body into special sheaths or pouches on either side of their mouths .\nin each of its eight\narms\nthe stalked jellyfish has one gonad. they reproduce asexually through the budding and sexually through external fertilization where the sperm fertilizes the egg in the water. the fertilize egg then forms a larvae and soon turn into a mature polyp .\nthis small stalked jellyfish grows up to 1 cm across and is pale and transparent. four distinct opaque white lines run down the bell and into the mouth, which is surrounded by four horseshoe - shaped gonads. the bell has opaque white spots. several lobes extend from the margin of the bell .\ncomb jellies come in many shapes and sizes, and so within the group there are many ways to feed. the rounded and tentacled cydippids have branched tentacles lined with colloblasts that they use, in the traditional jelly style, like a fishing line to trap food and bring it to their mouths .\nthe lobate ctenophores have two flattened lobes that reach below their mouths. special cilia waving between the lobes generate a current to pull planktonic food between the lobes and into the jelly' s mouth, allowing them to feed on plankton continuously. they also use colloblast - lined tentacles to catch food .\nthe tentacle - less beroids depend on their large mouths. instead of catching food with colloblasts, they swallow their prey (often other ctenophores !) whole and then clamp their mouths shut, giving them no escape route. inside their mouths they have small cilia that act as teeth, pulling food apart, which also direct the food into the comb jelly' s gut .\nbecause jellies have no bones or other hard parts, finding jellyfish fossils is rare. but in 2007, a group of scientists including allen collins from the smithsonian national museum of natural history, discovered some beautifully - preserved jellyfish fossils buried in utah from 505 million years ago. from around the same period, scientists have also found well - preserved comb jelly fossils in the burgess shale .\nmany comb jellies have colloblasts lining their tentacles, which work like nematocysts but release glue instead of venom. upon touch, a spiral filament automatically bursts out of colloblast cells that releases the sticky glue. once an item is stuck, the comb jelly reels in its tentacle and brings the food into its mouth. one species of ctenophore (haeckelia rubra) recycles nematocysts from hydrozoan jellyfish it consumes and uses these to stun and kill prey .\nmany jellyfish and comb jellies are able to produce light—an ability known as bioluminescence. they have proteins in some tissues that undergo a chemical reaction to produce blue or green light in response to stimuli such as touch. no one' s quite sure why jellies bioluminesce, but it seems to be mainly a defense tactic. a bright enough flash could be enough to startle a predator—or to attract an even bigger predator to make the jelly' s predator into prey .\ndescription: 5 to 9 m high tree, branching from near base. leaves alternate, short stalked, oblong ovate, entire, 7–20 cm long and 2–5 cm wide, pointed in both ends, dark green and shiny above, yellowish green below, badly smelling when crushed. flowers large, yellowish green, strong smelling, 1 or 2 together. flower stalk with short dense hairs. fruit tender with leathery skin and soft, curved spines. flesh whitish, very juicy with hard, dark brown seeds .\ncomb jellies are named for their unique feature: plates of giant fused cilia, known as combs, which run in eight rows up and down their bodies. the combs act like tiny oars, propelling the comb jelly through the water. many microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, also use cilia to swim—but comb jellies are the largest known animals to do so. the comb - rows often produce a rainbow effect. this is not bioluminescence, but occurs when light is scattered in different directions by the moving cilia .\nthe gastrodermis lines the all - purpose gut and an opening where food enters and reproductive cells are released and taken in. jellies have no need for a stomach, intestine, or lungs: nutrients and oxygen slip in and out of their cell walls through the gastrodermis or even their bodies' outer cells. the outer cells that make up the epidermis contain a loose network of nerves called the\nnerve net .\nthis is the most basic nervous system known in a multicellular animal. (see brains of jelly? for more. )\nc. cinnabarinum has the common name “stalked puffball - in - aspic” because when young, the mushroom is covered by a thick glob of gelatinous material. at the center of the clear, gelatinous layer you can see a red circle that will get bigger and become the spore - producing part of the fruiting body. early on in the formation of the mushroom, however, it looks like someone cracked open an egg and left the insides on the ground… except that the “yolk” is red. other apt descriptions that come to mind are the blob and some kind of halloween decoration that’s supposed to look like an eyeball .\njellyfish and comb jellies vary greatly in size depending on the species. most jellies range from less than half an inch (1 cm) wide to about 16 inches (40 cm), though the smallest are just one millimeter wide! the largest jellies are the lion’s mane jellyfish (cyanea capillata), which can be almost 6 feet wide (1. 8 m) with tentacles over 49 feet (15 m) long. larger individuals have been seen, but they are not typical. venus’s girdle (cestum veneris), a belt shaped comb jelly, can be 40 inches (1 meter) long .\ncarlgren, o. (1935). über eine neue südafrikanische lucernariide, depastromorpha africana n. gen. , n. sp. nebst bemerkungen über den bau und die systematik dieser tiergruppe. kungliga svenska vetenskapsakademiens handlingar, series. 3 (15): 1 - 24. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ncollins, a. g. ; jarms, g. (2018). world list of staurozoa .\nhirano, y. ; van der land, j. (eds). (2000 - 2007 updates). as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms. (look up in imis) [ details ]\ncairns, s. d. ; gershwin, l. ; brook, f. j. ; pugh, p. ; dawson, e. w. ; ocaña o. v. ; vervoort, w. ; williams, g. ; watson, j. e. ; opresko, d. m. ; schuchert, p. ; hine, p. m. ; gordon, d. p. ; campbell, h. j. ; wright, a. j. ; sánchez, j. a. ; fautin, d. g. (2009). phylum cnidaria: corals, medusae, hydroids, myxozoans. in: gordon, d. p. (ed .) (2009). new zealand inventory of biodiversity: 1. kingdom animalia: radiata, lophotrochozoa, deuterostomia. pp. 59 - 101. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nanimalia - cnidaria - medusozoa - staurozoa - stauromedusae - cleistocaprida - depastridae - depastromorpha - d. africana\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\njellyfish and comb jellies are gelatinous animals that drift through the ocean' s water column around the world. they are both beautiful—the jellyfish with their pulsating bells and long, trailing tentacles, and the comb jellies with their paddling combs generating rainbow - like colors. yet though they look similar in some ways, jellyfish and comb jellies are not very close relatives (being in different phyla—cnidaria and ctenophora, respectively) and have very different life histories .\nmany jellyfish in the class hydrozoa, such as this hydromedusa aglantha digitale, are transparent and easily overlooked .\nwhile jellyfish and comb jellies have several anatomical differences, the basics are the same. both have two major cell layers: the external epidermis and the internal gastrodermis. (ctenophores also have musculature in their in - between layer, the mesoderm, but it likely evolved separately from the mesoderm found in bilaterians like people. )\nbetween these layers is a gelatinous material called mesoglea, which makes up most of their bodies. (although some small species have very thin mesoglea .) jellyfish and comb jellies are 95 percent water and so, rightly, mesoglea is mostly water! it also contains some structural proteins, muscle cells, and nerve cells, forming a kind of internal skeleton .\ndryodora glandiformis is a ctenophore found in arctic and northern european waters, bearing a pair of long and lovely tentacles .\nuntil 2015 scientists believed that comb jellies removed their waste via their\nmouth ,\nor what was believed to be the one hole in their body plan. a new study showed that comb jellies in fact release indigestible particles through pores on the rear end of the animal. this discovery adds another piece to the evolutionary puzzle of when animals evolved to have anuses .\nmany comb jellies have a single pair of tentacles (often each tentacle is branched, giving the illusion of many tentacles) that they use like fishing lines to catch prey. they are armed with sticky cells (colloblasts) and unlike jellyfish, the tentacles of comb jellies don’t sting. (see the stings: nematocysts and colloblasts for more. )\nalien - looking creatures, like this deep red jellyfish, crossota norvegica, float in the arctic sea .\n( k. raskoff, monterey peninsula college, hidden ocean 2005, noaa. )\njellyfish transition between two different body forms throughout their lives. the familiar body plan that looks like an upside down bell with tentacles hanging down from the inside is called the medusa. the polyp, the other cnidarian body plan, is the opposite, with the mouth and tentacles above, like a sea anemone. (see more in reproduction & lifecycle. )\njellyfish also have a stinging adaptation that is unique to them and their close relatives (including sea anemones and hydras): nematocysts, or stinging cells. (see the stings: nematocysts and colloblasts for more. )\nbig red\nis the nickname that mbari marine biologists gave to this startlingly large jellyfish, tiburonia granrojo (also called the giant jellyfish), which grows over one meter (three feet) in diameter .\njellies don' t have brains as we typically think of them: rather, they have a network of neurons (\nnerve net\n) that allows jellies to sense their environments, such as changes in water chemistry indicating food or the touch of another animal. the nerve net has some specialized structures such as statocysts, which are balance sensors that help jellies know whether they are facing up or down, and light - sensing organs called ocelli, which can sense the presence and absence of light .\na 2017 study of the upside - down jellyfish, cassiopea, found that a brain is not required to experience sleep. at night cassiopea enters a sleep - like state where it pulses less frequently than during the day and is slow to respond to disturbances. when kept awake throughout the night, the next day the jellyfish appear to be tired—their pulsing was noticeably slower than if they had a solid night of sleep. it is the first time an animal without a brain was observed sleeping. the discovery suggests sleep among all animals is an ancient characteristic with a shared evolutionary beginning, considering the neural network of jellyfish evolved before centralized nervous systems like a brain .\nall jellyfish are cnidaria, an animal phylum that contains jellies, sea anemones, and corals, among others. there are more than 10, 000 species of cnidaria, and less than 4, 000 of these are medusazoa—those animals we think of as jellyfish. those 4, 000 jellyfish can be divided into four different groups .\nscyphozoa are the most familiar jellyfish, including most of the bigger and more colorful jellies that interact with humans, and are sometimes called\ntrue jellyfish\nfor this reason. scyphozoa spend most of their lives in the medusa body form, and there are at least 200 species .\ncubozoa are the box jellyfish, named for their box - like bells. some cubozoans, such as the sea wasp (chironex fleckeri), produce some of the most potent venom known. cubozoan jellyfish also have a more developed nervous system than other jellyfish, including complex eyes with lenses, corneas and retinas. some even engage in elaborate (for a jellyfish) courtship behavior! there are at least 36 species. in 2011, allen collins, a jellyfish expert at the smithsonian, discovered a new species, which was named tamoya ohboya in a public naming contest. (listen to a podcast about box jellies. )\njellies are found in oceans worldwide, in shallow and deep water, and a few can even be found living in freshwater .\ncompared to jellyfish, there are far fewer species of ctenophores: only 100 - 150 species have been found, but quite a few are out there yet to be discovered and fully documented. the best - known comb jellies are those found close to shore because, there, they are most likely to run into people. those can be roughly divided into three groups .\nlobates are defined by two flattened lobes that extend from the typical rounded ctenophore body down below their mouths. they also have short tentacles and tend to grow larger than cydippids .\nberoids (also known as\nnuda\n) are sack - shaped and have no tentacles at all—but they do have a very large mouth, which they can zip shut very tightly .\nopen ocean ctenophores are much less known. they tend to be very fragile because they don' t have to endure rough coastal waves; many of them are so fragile that they cannot be collected by submersibles and are known only by photographs. they come in a great diversity of forms. some are shaped like belts (cestida), while others don' t float in the water column at all, but live on the seafloor! (these are known as benthic ctenophores. )\ncomb jellies live throughout the world' s ocean, although most species prefer warmer water .\ncomb jellies (such as this bolinopsis species) are named for their combs: the rows of cilia lining their bodies that propel them through the ocean .\njellyfish and comb jellies are in different phyla, but scientists have long argued over whether they have an especially close relationship apart from the rest of the animal kingdom. to distinguish them, all cnidaria and ctenophora were once described as coelenterata—but that term is no longer commonly used .\nto this day, some researchers believe they are sister groups, while others think they are not closely related. either way, there are still plenty of other questions to argue about, such as how long ago the two groups diverged, and even whether ctenophores might be the most ancient group of animals, diverging even earlier than sponges in the animal tree of life. these arguments continue because, as some of the simplest animals alive today, understanding their place in the tree of life helps people understand how all other animals—including people—evolved .\nthis jellyfish fossil is from the cambrian period, more than 500 million years ago .\nwhichever came first, comb jellies and jellyfish (and other cnidarians) made an important step in evolutionary history: they are the earliest known animals to have organized tissues—their epidermis and gastrodermis—and a nervous system. they' re also the first animals known to swim using muscles instead of drifting with the whims of the waves .\nthe oldest ancestors of modern day jellies lived at least 500 million years ago, and maybe as long as 700 million years ago. that makes jellyfish three - times as old as the first dinosaurs !\njellyfish and ctenophores are carnivorous, and will eat just about anything they run into! most jellies primarily eat plankton, tiny organisms that drift along in the water, although larger ones may also eat crustaceans, fish and even other jellyfish and comb jellies. some jellyfish sit upside down on the bottom and have symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) in their tissues, which photosynthesize, and so get much of their energy the way plants do .\nwhile their nematocysts and colloblasts do help them defend themselves, plenty of animals manage to catch and eat jellies: more than 150 animal species are known to eat jellies, including fish, sea turtles, crustaceans, and even other jellyfish. jellies are the favorite food of the ocean sunfish (mola mola) and endangered leatherback turtle (dermochelys coriacea), which will migrate thousands of miles for the gelatinous delicacy. young jellyfish are small enough to be part of the general zooplankton population and are eaten by many animals .\nhumans also eat jellyfish: people have fished for jellies for at least 1700 years off the coast of china. some 425, 000 tons (more than 900 million pounds) of jellyfish are caught each year by fisheries in 15 countries, and most are consumed in southeast asia. eating jellyfish may become more common around the world as we overfish more preferable fish species .\njellies have also adapted their body color to camouflage in the darkness. most are nearly colorless and transparent, so they can be difficult for predators to see. however, some deep sea jellyfish and comb jellies are a bright red or orange color. why would they be red instead of black to blend in with the dark water? red cannot be seen in dark water (deeper than 200 meters), so there' s no greater protection from black than red. but red is preferred to black because pigment is easier for animals to produce. some deep sea jellies just have dark red guts, possibly serving to mask luminescent prey from other larger predators with eyes .\nthroughout their lifecycle, jellyfish take on two different body forms: medusa and polyps. polyps can reproduce asexually by budding, while medusae spawn eggs and sperm to reproduce sexually .\njellyfish have a complex life cycle: a single jellyfish reproduces both sexually and asexually during its lifetime, and takes on two different body forms .\nan adult jellyfish is called a medusa, which is the familiar umbrella - shaped form that we see in the water. medusa jellyfish reproduce sexually by spawning—the mass release of eggs and sperm into the open ocean—with entire populations sometimes spawning all together. male and female jellyfish (there aren' t many hermaphrodites) release the sperm and eggs from their mouths. in most species, fertilization takes place in the water; in others, the sperm swim up into the female' s mouth and fertilize the eggs within .\nthe fertilized eggs then develop into planulae (singular: planula), which are ciliated free - swimming larvae shaped a bit like a miniature flattened pear. after several days of development, the planulae attach to a firm surface and transform into flower - like polyps. the polyps have a mouth and tentacles that are used to feed on zooplankton .\npolyps reproduce asexually by budding—when a polyp divides roughly in half to produce a new genetically identical polyp—or they can produce or transform into medusae, depending on the type of jellyfish. hydrozoan polyps bud medusae from their sides; cubozoan polyps each transform into a medusa .\nin schyphozoans, a process called strobilation takes place (shown in video and in diagram). during strobilation, a polyp splits into 10 - 15 plate - like segments stacked atop one another in a tower called a strobila. after a segment separates from the strobila, it is called an ephyra, a juvenile jellyfish. ephyrae mature into the medusa form .\nmost jellyfish are short lived. medusa or adult jellyfish typically live for a few months, depending on the species, although some species can live for 2 - 3 years in captivity. polyps can live and reproduce asexually for several years, or even decades .\none jellyfish species is almost immortal. turritopsis nutricula, a small hydrozoan, can revert back to the polyp stage after reaching adult medusa stage through a process called transdifferentiation. this is the only animal known to do so .\nin comparison to the jellyfish, comb jellies have a very simple lifecycle. most species are hermaphroditic and able to release both eggs and sperm into the water, which drift with the waves until they find other gametes. because most species have both male and female gametes, it' s thought that they can self - fertilize as well .\nthis method may not seem very efficient, since it' s likely that most of the gametes never find a match. but ctenophores make up for this by releasing them every day. if they run out of food while producing so many eggs and sperm, they can shrink and hunker down until they run into more food and can start reproducing again .\nonce eggs and sperm find each other, the embryo develops into a larva that looks just like a small adult ctenophore—and, from there, all it has to do is grow up .\na cameraman navigates a smack of sea nettles (chrysaora fuscescens) in monterey bay. sea nettle blooms have become more common in recent years .\nwhy are jellies becoming more common around the world? it seems likely that their spread is human - caused, although some scientists have argued that the blooms are part of a natural cycle. if the blooms are human - caused, there are several probable culprits .\noverfishing over the past two decades, between 100 and 120 million tons of marine life have been removed from the ocean by fisheries each year on average. a lot of these marine species, including fish and invertebrates such as squid, eat some of the same food that jellies do: mainly, zooplankton. as these other predators of plankton are fished from the sea, jellies have less competition for food, and are able to grow and reproduce with fewer limits .\nnutrients when fertilizers runoff from the rivers to the seas, they can create dead zones: areas of ocean where little life survives. the nitrogen and phosphorus in fertilizer helps phytoplankton grow very quickly, and there can be so many of these single - celled plant - like animals that they deplete oxygen from the water. most animals can' t survive in these conditions, but many jellies can better tolerate low - oxygen environments .\nsubmarine sprawl many industries, such as shipping, drilling and aquaculture, build docks, oil platforms and other structures in the water—sometimes referred to as “ocean sprawl\n—which can serve as nurseries for jellyfish. to undergo their polyp stage, jellyfish need solid surfaces to settle upon. it’s much easier for jellyfish polyps to attach to man - made structures made of wood, brick and concrete than sand. ocean sprawl provides more and better habitat for jellyfish to reproduce and complete their lifecycles .\nthis ctenophore is native to the east coast of north and south america. in 1982, it was discovered in the black sea, where it was transported in ballast water. it subsequently spread to the caspian sea .\njellies are very good at surviving: they have broad diets, reproduce quickly, can shrink down if food runs out and then revive, and tolerate low - oxygen water. so, as you can imagine, they are also very good at thriving in new ecosystems once they arrive .\nhowever, the collapse of a fishery doesn' t always end in jellyfish. a crash in the pollock and walleye fishery in the bering sea left an opening for jellyfish but, after reigning for a few years, the jellies gave up their crown as the fish returned. and when the peruvian anchovy fishery collapsed in the 1970s, no jellyfish swarmed in to take their place .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nthis small attached jellyfish has 8 well - developed marginal lobes tipped with clusters of tentacles. the marginal anchors between the tentacle clusters are egg - shaped, not expanding into broad cups, and with inconspicuous stalks. gonads nearly reach to the ends of the lobes (not easily seen). total length up to 2. 5 cm. variable in color, from yellowish to orange, olive green, or reddish brown .\ngeneral references: kozloff, 1993 (as h. stejnegeri) o' clair and o' clair, 1998 (as h. stejnegeri) wrobel and mills, 1998\nscientific articles: gellerman, m. p. , 1926. medusae of the san juan archipelago. m. s. thesis, university of washington. 100 pp .\nhirano, y. m. , 1997. a review of supposedly circumboreal species of stauromedusa, haliclystus auricula (rathke, 1806). pp. 247 - 252 in proceedings of the 6th international conference on coelenterate biology, 1995 .\ncontributions to urltoken are licensed under a creative commons attribution share - alike 3. 0 license. portions not contributed by visitors are copyright 2018 tangient llc tes: the largest network of teachers in the world\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\ncommon names: japanese acacia, tan wattle, northern black wattle, earpod wattle, darwin black wattle (aus), kasia (ins), auri (phi) .\nkey characteristics: small to medium sized; crooked stem; richly branched. “leaves” are flattened leaf stalks with parallel nervation; small yellow flowers and coiled seed pods .\ndescription: a small to medium sized fast - growing tree, 8–25 m high, diameter reaching 60 cm. often with crooked (and multiple) stem and low and heavy branching. bark grey or brown, first smooth, then becoming rough and fissured. flattened leaf stalks acting as leaves (phyllodes) are 10–18 cm long and 2–3 cm wide with parallel veins. seedlings with small compound leaves. minute yellow flowers in up to 8 cm long spikes. fruits are 6–8 cm long coiled pods with brown seeds attached by orange filaments. hybridizes with a. mangium .\nuse: erosion control, land reclamation and soil improvement. the wood is used for pulp, fuelwood and has limited use for construction, implements and furniture. the bark contains tannins .\necology: in its native habitat a colonizer of tropical coastal lowlands and found along streams, in open forests, savannas and adjacent to mangroves, often in sandy soils. very tolerant to different soil conditions and water supply. thrives best in seasonal climates receiving 2, 000–2, 500 mm annual rainfall but may here become quite competitive towards other species .\ndistribution: native to papua new guinea, islands in the torres straits and northern australia, but has been introduced to myanmar, thailand, malaysia, indonesia and the philippines .\nreferences: awang & taylor (1993), hensleigh & holaway (1988), little (undated), macdicken (1994), national research council (1980) .\nsynonyms: acacia catechuoides, a. polyacantha, a. wallichiana, mimosa catechu, m. catechuoides\ncommon names: cutch (en); tun - sa - se, nya, shaji, mung - ting (mya); seesiat (tha) .\nkey characteristics: small tree; sharp thorns; bark red on back; bipinnate leaves, 9–17 cm long, numerous small stalkless leaflets; 5 - merous flowers yellow or pale yellow .\ndescription: a small deciduous or semi - deciduous tree that grows up to 10–15 m tall and 50 cm in diameter. bark dark, greyish and rough, 1cm thick, red on the inside. thorns on the trunk and branches. leaves are bipinnate, 9–17 cm long with numerous small, stalkless leaflets. the small yellow or pale yellow 5 - merous flowers are arranged in 5–10 cm long, cylindrical spikes arising from leaf corners (axils). the fruit is a long, straight, dark - brown flat pod, 5–10 cm long, smooth and pointed at both ends .\nuse: the heartwood is used for the manufacturing of katha, an important ingredient in traditional chewing mixture (e. g. in myanmar) and cutch which is used for tanning, dyeing and as viscosity adjuster in oil drilling. the wood in general is used as fuelwood and bark as well as seeds have medicinal properties .\necology: grows in the open, drier areas mostly on well drained soil types, but can also be found on shallow, poor, rocky soils. in thailand found in mixed deciduous forest .\ncommon names: brown salwood, mangium, black wattle, hickory wattle (en), maber (phi) .\nkey characteristics: straight bole with rough bark. “leaves” are actually flattened leaf stalks with characteristic parallel veins; flowers creamy - white; seed pods becomes twisted .\ndescription: mature trees up to 30 m tall and 25–50 cm in diameter (- 90 m). often straight bole unbranched to about half height. bark is pale grey - brown to brown, rough and furrowed. the young leaves are compound, but are replaced after a few weeks by flattened petioles (phyllodes), up to 25 cm long and 5–10 cm wide. flowers are white or creamy white and arranged in loose spikes. seed pods are initially straight but twists into spiralled clusters. a. mangium may hybridize with a. auriculiformis where these occur together. hybrids show intermediate growth patterns but usually have lighter coloured bark than the parent species .\nuse: soil enrichment in agroforestry systems. wood for timber, pulp, particle board, furniture and fuelwood. the “leaves” can be given to livestock as emergency food .\necology: in native habitats it is usually found at elevations below 300 m, but may occur up to 700 m and where annual rainfall is from 1, 000 to 4, 500 mm. although it survives long dry seasons, growth is greatly reduced .\ndistribution: originates in northeastern australia, papua new guinea and indonesia but is now widely planted in many countries, including thailand, malaysia, indonesia and the philippines .\nreferences: awang & taylor (1993), f / fred (1992), hensleigh & holaway (1988), macdicken (1994) .\ncommon names: bael (en); bnau (cam); maja, maja batuh (ins); toum (lao): bilak, bila, bel (mal); opesheet, ohshit (mya); matum, tum, ma pin (tha); trái mam (vie) .\nkey characteristics: small; deciduous; spines on branches; trunk base usually fluted; bark grey, cracking vertically into scales; leaves alternate, trifoliate; flowers greenish - white; fruits with woody shell .\ndescription: a small, deciduous tree up to 15 m high and 50 cm in diameter with 1–2 cm long spines on older branches. trunk usually fluted at base. the bark is grey and rather corky and cracks vertically into long scales. leaves alternate, trifoliate, on 2–4 cm long stalk. the two lower leaflets are ovate to elliptic, up to 7 cm long and 4 cm wide. the terminal leaflet is obovate and slightly larger (7. 5 × 4. 8 cm). the inflorescence is 4–5 cm long raceme from the leaf corners with greenish - white flowers, about 2 cm in diameter. fruits smooth, irregular roundish, grey or yellowish, 5–12. 5 cm in diameter, often with hard woody shell and 6–10 seeds in clear, sticky pulp .\nuse: fruits are eaten fresh or prepared as sherbet, syrup or marmalade. from the fruit household glue, dye, tanning agent and various medicines can be produced. bark, leaves and roots have a number of medicinal uses and the bark can also be used as fish poison. the wood can be used for making small articles such as handles. the tree is very sacred in hindu religion .\necology: hardy subtropical species tolerating temperature extremes from - 7 to 49°c and growing on swampy as well as dry soils. only flowers and fruits well where there is a prominent dry season .\ndistribution: from the indian peninsula, bael has spread to myanmar, thailand, vietnam, malaysia, indonesia and the philippines .\nsynonyms: mimosa lebbeck, m. sirissa, acacia lebbeck. (also spelled lebbek )\ncommon names: kokko (mya); langil (phi); kasuek, kampu, kasae, hop - hoan (tha) .\nkey characteristics: large spreading crown; smooth grey bark becoming rough and fissured by age; inner bark pink; leaves even bipinnate, leaflets 2–5 cm, flower heads puffball - like, 3–4 cm in diameter, white; pods yellow, 10–25 cm long, flat .\nuse: wood is used for fuel, carving, construction and furniture. young leaves can be used as livestock feed or green fertilizer. exudes a valuable gum. bark is used for soap production and honey can be produced from the nectar .\necology: in its native habitat it grows in savanna areas and tolerates a wide range of soils except very eroded sites, but prefers moist well drained loams, neutral to slightly acidic. fixes nitrogen .\ndistribution: originates in pakistan, india, bangladesh, nepal and myanmar and now also cultivated in thailand, cambodia, malaysia, vietnam and the philippines .\nreferences: guzman et al (1986), hensleigh & holaway (1988), mac - dicken (1994), smitinand & larsen (1985) .\ncommon names: raintree, monkey pod, saman, french tamarind (en); acacia (phi); kam kram, cham cha (tha); còng (vie) .\nkey characteristics: often large, with very wide, low crown; brown - black fissured bark; bipinnate leaves, leaflets 1. 5–4 cm long, wider towards tip; crimson to pink flowers, pods 12–25 cm long, 2 cm wide .\ndescription: a large tree up to 45 (60) m high and 2 m in diameter, with a very wide and low crown up to 55– 60 m wide. the bark is brown to black, developing ridges with age. leaves are evenly bipinnate, up to 15– 30 cm long with 8–12 pinnae. leaflets are 1. 5–6 cm long and 0. 7–4 cm wide, blunt at base and tip, with a minute point at the tip and a short point at the base. leaflets are larger at apical end of pinnae than at base and number 12– 16 in outer pinnae and 6–10 in lower. flowers are numerous, pink, alone or in sub - globose heads from the leaf corners, 5–7 cm in diameter. pods with fleshy pulp, 12–25 cm long and 2 cm wide with sweet, brown pulp .\nuse: mostly used as ornamental shade tree or shade tree on pasture land. wood is used for carving and furniture, construction, boats, veneer and plywood. fair fuelwood quality. leaves can be used as forage and the pods are edible. the tree also contains gum and resin .\necology: grows in tropical areas with mean annual temperatures of about 22°c at altitudes from sea level to 700 m, where annual rainfall ranges from 600 to 2, 500 mm and the dry season is less than 6 months. light demanding but tolerates a wide range of soil types .\ndistribution: from the west indies it has been introduced throughout the tropics and have naturalized in many areas, including all the countries covered by this guide .\ncommon names: white cheesewood, milkwood pine, blackboard tree (en); pulai lilin (bru); pulai, pule, rite (ins); tinpet (lao); pulai (mal); lettok (mya); dita, dalipoen (phi); sattaban, teenpethasaban (tha); caay mof cua, caay suwxa (vie) .\nkey characteristics: medium to large sized; cylindrical bole; large buttresses when older; outer bark coming off in small papery flakes; leaves in whorls of 5–8; fruits 20– 40 cm long, slender follicles .\ndescription: a medium to large tree up to 40 m high and 125 cm in diameter with a cylindrical bole. older trees with buttresses up to 6 m high and reaching 2 m out from a bole. outer bark brown or yellowish white, smooth, coming off in small papery flakes; inner bark yellow to brown with white latex. leaves 7–23 cm long, in whorls of 4–8 on 1. 5–3 cm long petiole, oblong - lanceolate or elliptical with rounded tip and numerous secondary veins. flowers greenish to yellow, fragrant, with soft haired calyx. the fruits are slender cylindrical follicles, 20–40 cm long and 4–5 mm in diameter .\nuse: most important source of pulai timber. wood yields good pulp. bark and latex is used medicinally for many purposes .\necology: most abundant in monsoon areas. tolerates a variety of soils and habitats and found up to 500 m, sometimes even to 1, 000 m altitude .\ndistribution: widely distributed from sri lanka and india through mainland southeast asia, southern china, malaysia, indonesia and the philippines to australia, and also planted elsewhere .\nreferences: guzman et al (1986), soerianegara & lemmens (1994) .\ncommon names: cashew (en); svaay chantii (cam); jambu monyet, jambu mede (ins); gajus, jambu monyet (mal); thiho thayet si (mya); kasoy, balubad, balogo (phi); mamuang himmaphan, yaruang, mamuang letlor (tha); dào lôn hôt, cay diêù (vie) .\nkey characteristics: small tree, wide dome - shaped crown, low crooked branches, smooth brown bark, large simple obovate, dark green shining leaves with prominent midribs and veins, very characteristic fruit .\ndescription: an evergreen tree up to 12 m high with a dome - shaped crown. branching starts at 0. 5–1. 5 m above the ground. bark is smooth and brown. leaves alternate, on 1–2 cm long stalks, obovate to obovate - oblong, up to 20 × 15 cm, leathery, red - brown when young, later shining green, smooth, with prominent midrib and veins. flower stands terminal, drooping panicles, up to 25 cm long with fragrant flowers with 5 petals, 7–13 mm long and 5 sepals, 4–15 mm long. male flowers with 7–9 stamens, hermaphroditic flowers usually with 9 short and 1 long viable stamen. first whitish later turning pinkish - red. the “real” fruit is a kidney shaped nut about 3 × 1. 2 cm sitting on the much enlarged and swollen flower stalk - the fruit - like cashew apple, which is pear shaped, 10–20 cm × 4–8 cm and red to yellow .\nuse: nuts are used as a main food or delicacy depending on availability. the cashew apple is eaten fresh, mixed in fruit salads or made into juice. seed coats and shells are used as poultry feed. valuable oil can be extracted from the shell. the wood is used as fuel or low quality timber. cashew also contains tannins and gum. young shoots and leaves are eaten raw or cooked. all tree parts are used in traditional medicine, especially for treating skin ailments .\necology: requires high temperatures. rainfall distribution more important than amount. tolerates dry conditions if roots have access to soil moisture .\ndistribution: from its native brazil introduced throughout most of the tropics. in this region reported from all countries except laos .\nreferences: hensleigh & holaway (1988), verheij & coronel (1992) .\ncommon names: guayabano, soursop (en); tiep barang (cam); sirsak, nangka belanda (ins); khan thalot, khièp thét (lao); durian belanda (mal); duyin - awza (mya); guayabano (phi); thurian thet, rian nam (tha); mang câu xiêm (vie) .\nkey characteristics: leaves bad smelling when crushed; flowers large yellow - green, strong smell; fruit with soft spines .\necology: grows in tropical climates below 1, 000 m altitude with minimum 1, 000 mm annual rain, but tolerates up to 6 month drought. cannot tolerate water - logging and needs well drained not too acid soil .\ncommon names: sugar apple, sweetsop (en); tiep baay, tiep srok (cam); sirkaja, sarikaja, atis (ins), khieb (lao); nona sri kaya, buah nona, sri kaya (mal), awza (mya); atis (phi); noina, makkhiap, lanang (tha); na, mang câu ta (vie) .\nkey characteristics: leaves hairy; petals green; fruit greenish yellow, powdery surface, 5–10 cm in diameter .\ndescription: shrub or small tree, 3–6m high. leaves oblong to narrowly elliptic, 7– 17cm long and 3–5. 5cm wide, slightly hairy or smooth beneath. flowers in groups of 2–5 or sometimes alone, on slender stalks on young branchlets. outer 3 petals oblong to 2. 5cm long, green with purple base whereas inner 3 petals are reduced or absent. fruit globose, 5–10cm in diameter, greenish - yellow with powdery surface. commercial hybrids with a. cherimola called atemoya or custard apple .\ndistribution: as a. muricata. grown commercially in thailand, malaysia and the philippines .\nreferences: hensleigh & holaway (1988), purseglove (1968), verheij & coronel (1991) .\ncommon names: breadfruit (en); sakéé, khnaôr samloo (cam); sukun (seedless), kelur, timbul (seeded) (ins, mal); paung - thi (mya); rimas (seedless), kamansii (seeded) (phi); sa - ke (seedless), khanun - sampalor (tha); sakê (vie)." ]

{ "text": [ "the stalked trumpet jelly , depastromorpha africana , is a species of stalked jellyfish in the small family depastridae .", "it is the only member of its genus . " ], "topic": [ 11, 26 ] }

[ "the stalked trumpet jelly, depastromorpha africana, is a species of stalked jellyfish in the small family depastridae. it is the only member of its genus." ]

[ "maggie whitson marked\nacraga sp\nas trusted on the\nacraga\npage .\nmaggie whitson marked\ntangerine furry - legs (acraga moorei )\nas trusted on the\nacraga moorei\npage .\nmaggie whitson added the english common name\ntangerine furry - legs\nto\nacraga moorei dyar, 1898\n.\nmaggie whitson marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life: april 2013\nas preferred for\nacraga moorei dyar, 1898\n.\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmiller, s. e. 1994. systematics of the neotropical moth family dalceridae (lepidoptera). bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology 153 (4): 1 - 495 .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services." ]

{ "text": [ "acraga flava is a moth of the dalceridae family .", "it is found in southern brazil and northern argentina .", "the habitat consists of tropical premontane moist , subtropical wet , subtropical moist , subtropical lower montane wet , subtropical lower montane moist and warm temperate moist forests .", "the length of the forewings is 12-13 mm for males and 14-19 mm for females .", "the forewings are bright golden yellow with a metallic luster .", "the scales are patterned to appear as undulating transverse bands .", "the hindwings are pale yellow .", "adults are on wing year-round .", "the larvae feed on nectandra , psidium guajava and prunus domestica . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 24, 9, 1, 1, 1, 8, 21 ] }

[ "acraga flava is a moth of the dalceridae family. it is found in southern brazil and northern argentina. the habitat consists of tropical premontane moist, subtropical wet, subtropical moist, subtropical lower montane wet, subtropical lower montane moist and warm temperate moist forests. the length of the forewings is 12-13 mm for males and 14-19 mm for females. the forewings are bright golden yellow with a metallic luster. the scales are patterned to appear as undulating transverse bands. the hindwings are pale yellow. adults are on wing year-round. the larvae feed on nectandra, psidium guajava and prunus domestica." ]

[ "photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\n= nacoleia; hampson, 1898, proc. zool. soc. lond. 1898: 693\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\nhistoire naturelle des insectes. species général des lépidoptéres. tome huitiéme. deltoides et pyralites\nbiologia centrali - americana; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america. zoology. lepidoptera. heterocera\na revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae. part 1\nlist of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum. supplement\nwalker, [ 1866 ] list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 31: 1 - 322 ([ 1865 ]), 32: 323 - 706 (1865), 33: 707 - 1120 (1865), 34: 1121 - 1534 ([ 1866 ]), 35: 1535 - 2040 (1866 )\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc.." ]

{ "text": [ "blepharomastix potentalis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from arizona .", "the wingspan is about 19 mm .", "the forewings are whitish , sprinkled lightly with brown scaling .", "the hindwings are similar in colour , but rather whiter towards the base and with a dark subterminal line . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1 ] }

[ "blepharomastix potentalis is a moth in the crambidae family. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from arizona. the wingspan is about 19 mm. the forewings are whitish, sprinkled lightly with brown scaling. the hindwings are similar in colour, but rather whiter towards the base and with a dark subterminal line." ]

[ "physiological characteristics of the model copiotroph p. angustum s14 and oligotroph s. alaskensis rb2256\nvan praag h j and weissen f 1973 elements of a functional definition of oligotroph humus based on the nitrogen nutrition of forest stands. j. appl. ecol. 10, 569–583 .\nfigure 3. schematic illustration of an oligotroph’s response to alteration in local nutrient content. the oligotroph is suppressed periodically when large amounts of nutrients are available. biomass then returns to the original level when the nutrients become depleted by the copiotroph, promoted by environmental change. in the event of prolonged nutrient alteration oligotrophs may drop below the biomass threshold (lower graph), and it will not recover even if nutrient levels returns to the original state .\nwe propose that the maximal growth efficiency of oligotrophs is higher than copiotrophs and that it is reached at a lower concentration of limiting resource. this is supported by evidence from one of the few comparisons of an oligotroph, sphingopyxis alaskensis, and a copiotroph, vibrio angustum, under identical conditions (cavicchioli et al. , 2003). the oligotroph had a greater population density at all dilution rates, and thus resource concentrations, measured in the chemostat .\non the basis of the evidence from figure 2, growth efficiency increases for both copiotroph and oligotroph as the energy content of the resource is increased. this is displayed in our model in figure 3, as gray versus black lines .\nit has been postulated that oligotrophs grow less well, or not at all, in resource - rich environments (koch, 2001). this is captured by the termination of the oligotroph’s growth efficiency functions at a lower resource concentration than the copiotroph’s .\nas has been proposed previously (zhao et al. , 2013), oligotrophs are superior competitors for resources at low resource concentrations. this is visualized as the oligotroph having the capacity to grow at a much lower concentration of a limiting resource than the copiotroph .\none of the best - known distinctions of microbial life histories is the copiotroph–oligotroph dichotomy. copiotrophic microbes are selected for rapid growth when resources are abundant, whereas oligotrophic microbes have adaptations for growth in persistently resource - poor environments (koch, 2001). this framework has many similarities to the concepts underlying r / k selection theory in macroecology, where the selective pressures on organisms are a function of resource availability or population density. unlike r / k selection, the copiotroph–oligotroph dichotomy does not require differential patterns of survival or persistence .\nthere is a striking parallel between the conditions where oligotrophs thrive and the conditions that select for efficient organisms. many ecosystems that have considerable oligotroph membership, such as the open ocean (vergin et al. , 2013) and bulk soil (fierer et al. , 2007), contain habitats with low resource availability and spatial structure that should select for efficient microbial growth. we propose a conceptual model that outlines how growth efficiency varies between an archetypical copiotroph and oligotroph as a function of resource concentration and quality (figure 3) .\nby sequencing multiple trichodesmium genomes — and using a wide variety of samples to ensure that there was no error — researchers found that only about 63 percent of the bacteria’s genome is expressed as protein. that’s an incredibly low amount for a bacterium and unheard of for a free - living oligotroph .\ntrichodesmium is a type of bacteria known as an oligotroph, meaning that it can survive in incredibly nutrient - poor regions of the ocean. in fact, it thrives there — to the point that great blooms of the microorganism can be seen both with the naked eye and from satellites in space, earning it the name “sea sawdust” from ancient mariners .\nthe relationship between growth efficiency and resource concentration in our proposed model follows the same general pattern for both the oligotroph and copiotroph. the capacity for growth is indicated by the extent of the growth efficiency function, which terminates when growth is no longer supported. these two life histories have distinguishing features in the relationship between efficiency and concentration of the limiting resource in their environment. the proposed model contains the following elements and hypotheses :\ns. alaskensis rb2256 has an overrepresentation of genes important for the degradation of aromatic compounds (dienelactone hydrolases, cog0412; imidazolonepropionases, cog1228). similarly, the oligotroph genome dataset consistently has a high number of genes within cog0625 (gst) that are involved in detoxification reactions, the degradation of xenobiotic compounds, and the catabolism of recalcitrant compounds for carbon and energy, and other gene groups (cog0179, cog1680, cog3485) involved in the degradation of several aromatic substrates including β - lactamic compounds, tyrosine, and catechol. in addition, cytochrome p450 genes (cog2124) are present in s. alaskensis rb2256 (six copies) and absent in p. angustum s14, and the high frequency by which these genes occur is a conserved feature of oligotroph genomes. p450 is a diverse family of proteins that perform a variety of oxidative reactions with both exogenous and endogenous substrates, including fatty acid oxidation, bioconversion of recalcitrant organic compounds, and macromolecular synthesis. the general overabundance of genes involved in secondary metabolite transport and metabolism (cog category q) and p450 genes may relate to a capacity of oligotrophs to use aromatic compounds for growth and / or reflect a requirement for the detoxification of compounds imported by the broad - specificity, high - affinity transporters that are prevalent in oligotrophs. the additional genetic load required to detoxify a wide range of compounds may be maintained at the expense of regulatory systems and by the reduction of intergenic regions, as has been suggested for the genome of the oligotroph “ candidatus pelagibacter ubique ” (17) .\nthe soms analysis highlight that a broad range of trophic strategies have been selected throughout the evolution of marine species, perhaps even a continuum bridging oligotroph and copiotroph extremes. a benefit of our study is that by defining the genomic traits of the trophic extremes (i. e. , s. alaskensis vs. p. angustum), our analytical approach can be used to rapidly assign the trophic strategy of a candidate bacterium from genomic data, and this fundamental understanding can form the basis for guiding ecological and physiological studies .\nwe hypothesize that maintenance energy is lower for oligotrophs compared with copiotrophs. there are two consequences of this in our model: the minimum growth efficiency is higher for the oligotroph and the rate of increase in growth efficiency is slower. this extends the range of resource concentrations supporting the oligotroph’s growth. eight cellular functions have been described as the components of maintenance energy (van bodegom, 2007) and oligotrophs have been shown to minimize costs associated with three of these functions—protection from oxygen stress, cell motility, and the synthesis and turnover of macromolecules. a large clade of marine oligotrophs have lost the capacity to synthesize oxygen stress protectants when they are freely available in their environment (morris et al. , 2012) and many described oligotrophs are also non - motile (lauro et al. , 2009; stocker, 2012). additionally, genome streamlining is common in oligotrophs (giovannoni et al. , 2014), which may be an adaptation to decrease the amount of resources invested in macromolecule synthesis and turnover. taken individually, any one of these traits is not exclusive to, or universally present in, oligotrophs. however, there is a tendency towards minimizing maintenance energy costs in oligotrophs and more work must be done to evaluate this hypothesis .\nit appears that coupling occurs between trophic strategy and host interaction with prophages. infection by lytic phages and adoption of “kill - the - winner” population dynamics occurs with copiotroph r - strategist hosts, whereas oligotroph k - strategists have evolved means of avoidance. it has previously been predicted that highly virulent lytic phages will take advantage of r - strategist hosts when they become transiently numerically abundant, whereas slow - growing members of the community will be infected by less virulent and possibly nonlytic phages (20). lysogeny has been shown to depend on host growth rate (21), and copiotrophic environments have been generally found to have a higher frequency of infected cells and phage causing larger lytic burst sizes compared with oligotrophic environments (22) .\na number of definitions have been proposed for the term ‘oligotroph’ based on optimal and inhibitory nutrient concentrations (reviewed in schut et al. , 1997). these definitions do not easily fit the metabolic behaviors being observed in the experiments presented here. the observation that alanine, derived from pyruvate or its precursors, is required for cell division (figure 4, supplementary figures s2 and s3), but that large amounts of alanine adversely affect growth (table 2), is an example of a deleterious imbalance caused by the presentation of a metabolic substrate to cells at either unnatural concentrations or in unnatural combinations. unusual nutrient requirements, together with cryptic patterns of nutrient substitution and inhibition, present the experimentalist with a complex problem. this problem can be solved by the stepwise process of metabolic reconstruction coupled with experimentation if a defined medium is available. although this approach is time consuming (especially with slow - growing cells, such as ca. p. ubique), it has been successfully applied in other systems (renesto et al. , 2003). the capacity of ca. p. ubique for growth with the ambient concentrations of organic matter found in autoclaved seawater (rappé et al. , 2002), and in mineral salts without added carbon (figure 2, supplementary figure s4) are ample evidence of the adaptation of these cells to growth at low nutrient concentrations. more importantly, members of the sar11 clade are the most successful chemoorganoheterotrophs in oligotrophic ocean systems. therefore, although pelagibacter defies conventional definitions of the term ‘oligotroph’ because it can tolerate some compounds at relatively high concentrations, it clearly conforms to the concept of oligotrophy .\nin contrast to copiotrophs, oligotrophs are enriched in cogs for lipid transport and metabolism (i) and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, transport, and catabolism (q). the overrepresentation of genes involved in lipid transport and metabolism (i) may relate to the improved atp yield derived from fats compared with sugars (e. g. , approximately three times higher per g from fatty acids vs. glucose). a large array of gene families involved in the degradation of fatty acids is consistently overrepresented in oligotroph genomes, including cog0183 (acetyl - coa acetyltransferase), cog0318 (acyl - coa synthetases (amp - forming) / amp - acid ligases ii), cog1024 (enoyl - coa hydratase / carnithine racemase), cog1804 (acyl - coa transferase / carnitine dehydratase), and cog1960 (acyl - coa dehydrogenase) .\nthere is no evidence in sar11 genomes of atp sulfurylase or aps adenylyltransferase (apat) for substrate - level phosphorylation to atp or adp. nevertheless, immediately adjacent to the aprabm gene cluster is a gene that encodes a hit family hydrolase, homologous to adenylylsulfatase. we posit that sar11 is capable of enzymatic hydrolysis of aps to amp and sulfate, or, owing to the inherent instability of the phosphosulfur anhydride bond, hydrolysis of aps is spontaneous (figure 4). according to our hypothesis, amp would be regenerated and sulfate subsequently released from the cell. efficient detoxification of sulfite requires available intracellular amp. therefore, as an oligotroph this mechanism could be advantageous to sar11 as amp would be recycled for subsequent sulfite detoxification. if taurine is metabolized in this way by sar11 and other heterotrophic bacteria, the breakdown of taurine to produce inorganic sulfur compounds could represent an important route by which these sulfur species (sulfate, sulfite and thiosulfate) are produced at the ocean surface .\ncompleted microbial genomes were downloaded from the national center for biotechnology information (ncbi) on december 19, 2007. the dataset was amended with genomes of marine bacteria individually downloaded from the doe jgi or the jcvi web sites. a number of basic features of each genome were recorded: the total number of nucleotides, the number of rrna operons, the genome size, and, if present, the number of extrachromosomal elements. for the draft genomes, the number of rrna operons was estimated based on the 16s and 23s fragments present at the end of scaffolds. for the analysis of cog compositional differences, four datasets were compared: (i) the individual genomes of p. angustum s14 (copiotroph) vs. s. alaskensis rb2256 (oligotroph), (ii) a set of genomes within the vibrionaceae (copiotrophs) vs. sphingomonadaceae (oligotrophs), (iii) a selected set of genomes of known aquatic copiotrophs vs. known aquatic oligotrophs, and (iv) a set of selected genomes of aquatic bacteria with above - and below - average rrna operons (table s1). the fourth dataset was compiled based on the assumption that rrna operon copy number correlates with the trophic lifestyle of a microorganism (31 – 33). the average rrna copy number among the 549 completed bacterial genomes in the ncbi database (release of december 19, 2007) is 4. 11 with a standard deviation of 2. 86 and a skewed distribution. therefore, comparison iv consisted of genomes of aquatic bacteria with seven or more rrna operons (corresponding approximately to the 80th percentile of the distribution) that were considered copiotrophs vs. genomes with one rrna operon (≈20th percentile) as oligotrophs (table s1). we note that despite attempting to represent the full diversity of bacteria in each dataset the copiotroph dataset is overrepresented in γ - proteobacteria, whereas the oligotroph dataset is overrepresented in α - proteobacteria (table s1). it is unclear whether this result reflects a correlation between trophic strategy and phylogeny or is caused by undersampling of marine microorganisms. for some purposes the four comparison sets were pooled into two groups and compared as described. methods used for statistical analysis of cog composition, crispr and phage analysis, and protein localization are described in si text .\naway from the extremes, a distinct cluster containing members of the cytophaga–flavobacterium group, silicibacter strains and some cold - adapted alteromonadales (pseudoalteromonas atlantica t6c, colwellia psychrerythraea 34h) have trophic signatures that can be described as copiotrophic with some traits of oligotrophy. silicibacter pomeroyi is proposed to have a physiology distinct from marine oligotrophs (26). the genomic clustering of s. pomeroyi and silicibacter strain tm1040 was well separated from the closely related roseobacter species (oligotroph), consistent with the lifestyle of moderate copiotrophs. the absence of chemotaxis genes suggests that s. pomeroyi may be limited in its ability to sense and exploit transient nutrient patches, and the lack of this important ability sets it apart from the extreme marine copiotrophs. however, the abundance of abc transport genes in s. pomeroyi would facilitate an ability to capture a diverse range of low concentration substrates, including those that arise from phytoplankton blooms. the position of silicibacter strains (α - proteobacteria) in the soms is one example of the strength of the model for identifying trophic differences that go beyond inferences of trophy based solely on phylogenetic affiliation; i. e. , α - proteobacteria are generally considered oligotrophs compared with γ - proteobacteria as copiotrophs .\nwe investigated the specific gene categories that changed in proportion with nutrient additions by analyzing the quality - filtered metagenomic sequences that could be annotated. first, it is important to note that only 28. 7–32. 7% of sequences could be annotated, and soils receiving n or p had a 0. 3% higher annotation rate on average (p ≤ 0. 01 in both cases; fig. 4 b), a pattern likely driven by the overrepresentation of copiotrophic bacteria, which are easier to culture, and are thus more commonly found in genome databases. similarly, soils receiving n amendments tended to have a lower relative abundance of annotated, but unclassified, metabolic genes compared with control samples, likely also reflecting the better representation of copiotrophs in genome databases (fig. 4 c and table s6). we also observed a significant increase in the relative abundances of genes associated with carbohydrate metabolism (fig. 4 c) in fertilized plots. this finding is consistent with the added nutrients increasing copiotroph: oligotroph ratios and potentially increasing plant c inputs to soil. although < 33% of the sequence reads could be annotated—a percentage that is similar to that reported in other metagenomic analyses of diverse bacterial communities, e. g. , ref. 27 —our results highlight that the annotated reads can be used to infer shifts in the functional capabilities of communities, shifts that are consistent with nutrient additions increasing the proportional abundance of bacteria with copiotrophic life history strategies .\nwithin the alphaproteobacteria, nearly half (199) of the matches had highest identity to proteins from the sar11 clade (including candidatus pelagibacter ubique); other proteins had the best match to members of rhodobacterales (129), sphingomonadales (37), rhizobiales (21) and uncultivated sar116 cluster (9). within rhodobacterales, proteins affiliated with the roseobacter clade predominated (105). the majority of sphingomonadales proteins had 100% sequence identity to the marine oligotroph sphingopyxis alaskensis. within the gammaproteobacteria, most of the proteins had the best match to members of four groups: alteromonadales (83), gammaproteobacterial sulfur oxidizer eosa - 1 (gso–eosa - 1) complex (walsh et al. , 2009; swan et al. , 2011) (72), oceanospirillales (63) and the oligotrophic marine gammaproteobacteria (omg) group (cho and giovannoni, 2004) (39). alteromonadales were represented by proteins with 100% sequence identity to pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis, moritella sp. pe36 and bacterium tw - 7. matches to the gso–eosa - i complex are indicative of the presence of the uncultivated sister groups sup05 and / or arctic96bd - 19 (see section gso–eosa - 1 bacteria arctic96bd - 19 / sup05 below). within oceanospirillales, the most common matches were to proteins with the highest identity to neptuniibacter caesariensis or marinomonas spp. proteins from the bacteroidetes had the best match to proteins from flavobacteria, including polaribacter spp. , zunongwangia profunda, psychroflexus torquis, and the uncultivated marine bacterium ms024 - 2a .\nto explore how microbial community composition and function varies within a coral reef ecosystem, we performed metagenomic sequencing of seawater from four niches across heron island reef, within the great barrier reef. metagenomes were sequenced from seawater samples associated with (1) the surface of the coral species acropora palifera, (2) the surface of the coral species acropora aspera, (3) the sandy substrate within the reef lagoon and (4) open water, outside of the reef crest. microbial composition and metabolic function differed substantially between the four niches. the taxonomic profile showed a clear shift from an oligotroph - dominated community (e. g. sar11, prochlorococcus, synechococcus) in the open water and sandy substrate niches, to a community characterised by an increased frequency of copiotrophic bacteria (e. g. vibrio, pseudoalteromonas, alteromonas) in the coral seawater niches. the metabolic potential of the four microbial assemblages also displayed significant differences, with the open water and sandy substrate niches dominated by genes associated with core house - keeping processes such as amino acid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism as well as dna and rna synthesis and metabolism. in contrast, the coral surface seawater metagenomes had an enhanced frequency of genes associated with dynamic processes including motility and chemotaxis, regulation and cell signalling. these findings demonstrate that the composition and function of microbial communities are highly variable between niches within coral reef ecosystems and that coral reefs host heterogeneous microbial communities that are likely shaped by habitat structure, presence of animal hosts and local biogeochemical conditions .\na gram - stain - negative, non - spore - forming, rod - shaped, aerobic bacterium (strain 107 - e2t) was isolated from freshwater samples containing microbial mats collected at a lake in skarvsnes, antarctica (temporary lake name, lake tanago ike). strain 107 - e2t grew between 5 and 25 °c, with an optimum of 23 °c. moreover, colony formation was observed on agar media even at −5 °c. the ph range for growth was between 6. 0 and 9. 0, with an optimum of ph 7. 0–8. 0. the range of nacl concentration for growth was between 0. 0 and 0. 5% (w / v), with an optimum of 0. 0% . no growth was observed in media containing organic compounds at high concentrations, which indicated that strain 107 - e2t was an oligotroph. in the late stationary phase, strain 107 - e2t produced a dark brown water - soluble pigment. esterase, amylase and protease production was observed. antimicrobial - lytic activities for gram - negative bacteria and yeast were observed. ubiquinone - 8 was the major respiratory quinone. the major fatty acids were iso - c15: 0, iso - c17: 1ω9c and iso - c15: 1 at 5. the g + c content of genomic dna was 66. 1 mol% . analysis of the 16s rrna gene sequences revealed that strain 107 - e2t belonged to the genus lysobacter, and low dna–dna relatedness values with closely related species distinguished strain 107 - e2t from recognized species of the genus lysobacter. the phylogenetic situation and physiological characteristics indicated that strain 107 - e2t should be classified as a representative of a nov\nwe sequenced and annotated the genomes of two marine bacteria, the copiotroph photobacterium angustum s14 and the oligotroph sphingopyxis alaskensis rb2256, which are model representatives of the two major classes of heterotrophic marine bacteria and for which extensive physiological data are available (table 1). p. angustum s14 was isolated from surface, coastal waters in botany bay (sydney), new south wales, australia (3). it is characterized by a relatively large cell size (growing cells > 1 μm 3), and displays a “feast and famine” strategy with rapid rates of growth (> 1 h −1) in rich media and pronounced size reduction and other adaptive traits in response to nutrient limitation induced stasis. s. alaskensis rb2256 was isolated by extinction dilution as a numerically abundant member (> 10 5 cells ml −1) of surface waters (10 m depth) in resurrection bay, alaska and the north sea, and a closely related strain, af01, was isolated from 350 m deep, oligotrophic ocean waters near japan (4 – 6). oligotrophic traits of s. alaskensis include the ability to grow slowly with a constant maximum specific growth rate (< 0. 2 h −1) on low concentrations (nanomolar) of substrates and maintain a relatively small cell volume (< 0. 1 μm 3) and constant cell size in the shift between starvation and growth conditions (6). the small size provides a mechanism for avoidance of predation, and the high surface area - to - volume ratio allows for efficient nutrient acquisition through high - affinity, broad - specificity uptake systems that are predicted to enable s. alaskensis to be able to achieve doubling times typically observed for bacteria in oligotrophic waters (6, 7) .\nwe recognize that it is difficult to confidently assign bacterial clades into groups with copiotrophic and oligotrophic life history strategies, especially given the overwhelming amount of undescribed bacterial diversity found in soil (25). thus, we used a combination of genomic and metagenomic approaches to provide independent assessments of how copiotroph: oligotroph ratios shifted in response to added nutrients. first, we estimated aggregate community growth rates because we expected increases in the relative abundance of copiotrophic taxa to be reflected by faster growth rates (28, 46). thus, an increase in the estimated growth rate [ i. e. , a decrease in mean minimum generation time (mgt) ] would suggest an increase in the relative abundance of copiotrophs. mean mgts were calculated for all samples from a combination of our bacterial marker gene data and published genomes; 757 of the 46, 534 phylotypes could be matched to genomes. as with other attributes of community structure, estimates of mgt strongly varied across sites (fig. s3 a). within - site differences between nutrient - amended and control samples showed that adding nutrients tended to decrease mgts (fig. s3 b), but this trend was not significant for n additions (p = 0. 57) or p additions (p = 0. 34) individually. however, this analysis has important limitations in that only a small proportion (∼10 %) of the 16s rrna gene sequences from our samples could be mapped to genomes for which we had mgt estimates, and this proportion differed across nutrient treatments (fig. s3 c). thus, this analysis likely provides a conservative estimate of potential differences in mgts associated with nutrient additions and is only weakly supportive of the hypothesis that soil bacterial mgt decreases with nutrient additions .\na gram - stain - negative, non - spore - forming, rod - shaped, aerobic bacterium (strain 107 - e2t) was isolated from freshwater samples containing microbial mats collected at a lake in skarvsnes, antarctica (temporary lake name, lake tanago ike). strain 107 - e2t grew between 5 and 25 °c, with an optimum of 23 °c. moreover, colony formation was observed on agar media even at −5 °c. the ph range for growth was between 6. 0 and 9. 0, with an optimum of ph 7. 0–8. 0. the range of nacl concentration for growth was between 0. 0 and 0. 5% (w / v), with an optimum of 0. 0% . no growth was observed in media containing organic compounds at high concentrations, which indicated that strain 107 - e2t was an oligotroph. in the late stationary phase, strain 107 - e2t produced a dark brown water - soluble pigment. esterase, amylase and protease production was observed. antimicrobial - lytic activities for gram - negative bacteria and yeast were observed. ubiquinone - 8 was the major respiratory quinone. the major fatty acids were iso - c15: 0, iso - c17: 1ω9c and iso - c15: 1 at 5. the g + c content of genomic dna was 66. 1 mol% . analysis of the 16s rrna gene sequences revealed that strain 107 - e2t belonged to the genus lysobacter, and low dna–dna relatedness values with closely related species distinguished strain 107 - e2t from recognized species of the genus lysobacter. the phylogenetic situation and physiological characteristics indicated that strain 107 - e2t should be classified as a representative of a novel species of the genus lysobacter, for which the name lysobacter oligotrophicus sp. nov. is proposed. the type strain is 107 - e2t (= jcm 18257t = atcc baa - 2438t) .\nall content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. this information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional .\nan organism capable of living in an environment that offers very low levels of nutrients .\nplease set a username for yourself. people will see it as author name with your public flash cards .\nit has also been discovered that unicellular cyanobacteria play a substantial role as primary producers, especially in oligotrophic oceanic waters (e. g. , itunga, mitchell, 1986; chisholm etal. , 1992). bacteria appeared to have generation times that can be measured in hours or a few days. it remained then to understand the fate of the bacterial production. zooplankton are not, in general, able to exploit food particles of bacterial sizes, but protozoan grazing (in particular by tiny heterotrophic flagellates) could by and large account for bacterial production (\n; andersen, fenchel, 1985), and later it was shown that virus also account for a significant fraction of bacterial mortality (bratbak etal. , 1992, 1994; proctor, fuhrman, 1990). most recently it has been found that many heterotrophic bacterioplankton depend on both dissolved organic matter and simultaneously use light energy for atp generation. some of these so - called anoxygenic aerobic phototrophic heterotrophs depend on bacteriochlorophyll\n; others possess proteorhododopsin and are also capable of light driven energy conservation. this property has proven to be widely distributed among systematically disparate bacteria (see chapter 1. 3) .\naquatic environments represent the largest part of the biosphere, and many species of microorganisms are found in both marine and freshwater environments. open oceans contain salt and many marine bacteria, referred to as oligotrophic psychrophiles, which have a requirement for salt and can grow at relatively low temperatures. the surfaces of fish caught from cold water in the open sea contain psychrophilic and psychrotrophic bacterial flora that are capable of breaking down proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids, and can double in numbers at refrigeration temperatures of 0–7 °c in as short a time as 10 h. the implication of this is that a single bacterium on freshly caught fish can multiply to 2 22 or between 10 7 and 10 8 in just 9 days, and in this situation, cold - stored fresh fish starts giving off off - odors .\nthe sea has been used by man as a dumping ground for sewage and other waste products. unfortunately, many shellfish used for food grow in these polluted coastal waters and actually feed by filtering out particles from large volumes of seawater. therefore, there is always a high risk of contamination by enteric organisms from infected individuals, and the microbes concentrate in numbers within the organism as a result of the filter - feeding habits of shellfish. severe diseases such as hepatitis and typhoid fever, and milder illnesses such as gastroenteritis, have been caused by eating contaminated oysters and mussels that look sound in appearance and taste normal. in warmer seas with unpolluted water, high numbers of the bacterium vibrio parahaemolyticus may also be concentrated through the filter feeding of shellfish. this bacterium then becomes part of the stable commensal enteric flora and has been responsible for episodes of food poisoning associated with seafood .\nfresh water from lakes and rivers has a complex flora, which includes genuinely aquatic microbial species as well as those introduced from terrestrial, animal, and plant sources. like other water sources, fresh water may act as a repository and vehicle for bacteria, protozoa, and viruses of fecal origin, which can also cause diseases .\nfungi are also found in marine and fresh waters, but they are not as important in their association with food as the groups of microorganisms described above. there are true aquatic fungi, and these include some that are pathogens of molluscs and fish. the most well - adapted aquatic fungi belong to all the major groups of terrestrial fungi, namely: ascomycotina, basidiomycotina, deuteromycotina, and zygomycotina. there is the possibility that some of these could be responsible for spoilage of some food commodities, including salad crops cultivated with overhead irrigation from rivers or lakes. the aquatic photosynthetic microorganisms, the cyanobacteria (or blue–green algae), and the eukaryotic dinoflagellates are groups of microorganisms that may also become concentrated in shellfish and can cause severe illness such as paralytic shellfish poisoning .\na significant global problem is the viral contamination of water. in the past, about half of the foodborne disease outbreaks through water were unrecognized, primarily as a result of inadequate diagnostic methods and sampling. recently, with improved diagnostic methods, it has been established that most of these food and waterborne outbreaks are caused by caliciviruses and are a major cause of seafood associated gastroenteritis .\nbacterial strains of the genus aeromonas are well - recognized enteropathogens of man. the main source of infection by this organism seems to be untreated water, because these microorganisms can be found in virtually all aquatic environments. furthermore, some enterotoxigenic pathotypes of aeromonas are capable of rapid growth and toxin production at temperatures as low as 5 °c. this means that vegetable products irrigated with contaminated water may reach critical aeromonas levels during refrigeration and could represent a serious public health hazard when these vegetables are consumed as uncooked salads .\nin contaminated environments, microorganisms exist amongst complex communities. nutrient availability can be diverse, with a complexity of available carbon and other nutrient sources that may be used in preference to pahs. additionally, most environments would be considered oligotrophic (\n). although culture - based studies have indicated the types of pah metabolism that take place, the environmental fate of pahs is not well understood. a complicating factor in understanding microbial mediation of pah metabolism in the environment is that less than 1% of microorganisms are culturable (\n), so that studies carried out on isolates do not necessarily reflect environmental microbial activity .\nliu et al. , 1997; mills et al. , 2003; torsvik and ovreas, 2002\n). such approaches have focused either on describing microbial diversity and community structure, or on elucidating gene activity involved in pah degradation. most attention, to date, has been paid to elucidating microbial community structures utilizing molecular analysis of the rrna gene complex or other phylogenetically separable genes. after extraction of environmental nucleic acids, specific primers are selected to amplify rrna gene diversity by pcr, prior to either cloning and sequencing or the use of fingerprint techniques such as denaturing\ngradient gel electrophoresis (dgge), automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (arisa), and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (trflp). these approaches generate both phylogenetic information and profiles of overall community structure. for a fuller view of the techniques typically used, the reader is referred to\nhugenholtz et al. , 1998; konstantinidis and tiedje, 2004; torsvik et al. , 1998; xu, 2006\n. the challenge for microbial ecologists is to link microbial diversity to individual functional components of pah metabolism in environments .\n) have also been reported. there are many reports of shifts in microbial community structure occurring during pah degradation (\n). for example, community structure in the presence of naphthalene (2 - ring) was quite distinct from that in soil containing multicomponent mixtures of pahs (2 -, 3 -, and 4 - ring). plant roots have also been found to influence pah degradation, with the highest levels of degradation being observed closest to roots; community structure near to root surfaces was quite different from zones further away (\ncomparison of culture - based and molecular diversity estimates is informative. the culturable component of bacterial communities from pah contaminated environments tends to belong to a limited number of taxonomic groups and is generally dominated by\nbastiaens et al. , 2000; johnsen et al. , 2005, 2007; leys et al. , 2005; mueller et al. , 1990\nspp. isolated from pah contaminated environments have been placed in the phylogenetic branch of the fast growing mycobacteria. these bacteria have been reported to metabolize high molecular weight pahs such as pyrene and benzo [\nheitkamp et al. , 1988; kim et al. , 2005; uyttebroek et al. , 2007a\njones et al. , 2007; singleton et al. , 2005, 2007\nspp. may have been due to an enrichment bias introduced by continuous mixing within the bioreactor that did not favor biofilm - forming bacteria such as mycobacteria. although sip methods are very attractive in potentially linking pah degradation to specific diversity, some caution is required in interpretation of results. organisms identified by dna / rna - sip may not necessarily be directly involved in pah degradation but may have incorporated\nattachment and inclusion of pathogens in water biofilms should be distinguished from growth in biofilms. growth in water biofilms can be assumed to be limited to environmental pathogens that spend a large part of their life cycle in water and are well adapted to oligotrophic conditions. an example of a highly water - adapted pathogen is\n), but has been modified somewhat in recent years for some enteric bacterial pathogens. as indicated earlier, growth of\n). although these observations were for planktonic cells, they might also hold true for microbial biofilms. neither\nis considered particularly fastidious in their growth requirements. although the list of pathogens capable of growth in water may grow, it must be considered that conditions for propagation of other enteric pathogens might be very specific and that growth in the environment is less likely to be the source of elevated pathogen numbers than recent faecal contamination from infected individuals .\nthe lack of massive disease outbreak caused by enteric pathogens that cannot be traced to external faecal contamination supports this view .\nprotozoa are known to play an important role in the remineralization of n and p within the plankton, but there have been no experiments to ascertain whether this role is important in biofilms or indeed planktonic aggregates. protozoan remineralization is more effective in the plankton of oligotrophic environments because of the lack of allochthonous inputs of n and p. it is generally considered that attached algae (and possibly the other components) are limited at bulk water concentrations of 55 μg nl\nfrancoeur et al. , 1999; lindstrom, 1996; maberly et al. , 2002\n), and because of this there is no general understanding of the role of protozoan remineralization within them. protozoa are known to play an important role in the cycling of nutrients in soil (\n). thus it is plausible that protozoan remineralization could play a role in biofilms, but this has yet to be studied .\n. life' s basis on carbon may simultaneously reflect carbon' s reactivity, relative to elements in its group, and its lack of reactivity relative to other elements in its period. carbon' s energy content and chemical stability to oxidation or reduction are probably more important to the definition of life than its reasonable abundance in the universe. similarly, with regard to periodic law, life is hydrogen - dependent, but this dependence possibly refers to protons rather than to the element itself (section 2. 2. 1). this requirement for hydrogen is usually met via water solvation .\nmicroorganisms can live under conditions of either low (oligotrophic) or high (copiotrophic) carbon availability, where that carbon is at least partially reduced. organisms that utilize inorganic carbon (i. e. , co 2, co, cyanide, and methane) are also known. the key issue regarding oligotrophy may the organism' s monod constant (k s), i. e, its substrate saturation concentration in g⧸l. but microorganisms are able to live in distilled water—although that matrix is admittedly in contact with air, an atmosphere that contains 4% co 2. others are quite versatile regarding carbon substrates and can shift to alternate sources when a preferred carbon source becomes limiting .\nsuccessful culture of new environmental isolates in the laboratory requires formulation of the proper growth medium. however, microbiologists have long been plagued by the “viable but non culturable” (vbnc) phenomenon, in which environmental isolates simply will not grow in the laboratory, in axenic culture. it is true that slow growth may not be easily detected or that growth in the absence of other organisms capable of completing an element or electron cycle may be difficult. however, viability is not equivalent to death (\n). growth may require narrowly defined experimental conditions. trace contaminants in laboratory media or water may moreover be toxic and nutritional requirements may not be met by traditional media. vbnc microorganisms may require carefully but poorly defined (i. e. , “complete”) growth medium, such as that used for prokaryotic pathogens or for eukaryotic organisms in cell culture .\nthe major cause of delayed union and nonunion is inadequate fracture stability. other factors that may contribute to the development of delayed union or nonunion include: vascular impairment, large fracture gaps, interposed soft tissues, infection and inappropriate use of skeletal implants .\nteeth in the fracture line can also delay or prevent healing, particularly if they are diseased or loose .\nnonunions have been classified in the weber - cech classification as viable (hypervascular) or nonviable (avascular) nonunions .\nviable nonunions are further subclassified as hypertrophic, slightly hypertrophic, or oligotrophic, depending on the amount of callus present at the fracture site with hypertrophic nonunions having an abundant hypervascularized callus while oligotrophic nonunions are devoid of visible callus .\ndystrophic nonunions have an intermediate fragment that has healed to one fracture fragment but is incapable of bridging the gap to the second major fragment. necrotic nonunions have avascular or poorly vascularized fragments that eventually die. defect nonunions are associated with the loss of a large section of bone at the fracture site. atrophic nonunions may be the final result of the other three types of nonviable nonunions. oligotrophic and atrophic nonunions seem to occur most commonly in the mandible .\nin cases of delayed union, as long as implants remain stable and there are signs of progressive bone activity on sequential radiographs, as evidenced by increasing density of fracture lines, there is no immediate need for additional surgical intervention .\nwhen loose or migrating implants are present in delayed union or nonunion, these implants should be removed, the fracture site should be stabilized and cancellous bone grafts should be applied .\nfactors other than instability at the fracture site should also be addressed when attempting to prevent or treat delayed union and nonunion .\nvascular impairment can often be prevented by preserving vascularity to the fracture site. extensive stripping of soft tissue from fracture fragments should be avoided to prevent vascular comprise to the underlying bone. preservation of the integrity of soft tissue surrounding rostral mandibular fragments is particularly important for bone viability and for the prognosis of fracture union because revascularization of fracture fragments does not occur across the intraosseous portion of the symphysis, but occurs by formation of a transient extraosseous blood supply .\nwhen selecting a fixation technique for maxillofacial fracture repair, a technique that is as minimally invasive as possible to achieve appropriate reduction and stabilization should be chosen to reduce the risk of vascular impairment. in cases in which severe vascular impairment results in bone necrosis, a mandibulectomy may be necessary (\nlarge fracture gaps can usually be managed with external fixation devices and placement of a cancellous bone graft in the defect. care should be taken not to interpose soft tissue in these fracture gaps since this will delay or prevent fracture healing. it is also important to remove diseased teeth from a fracture site prior to fixation since diseased teeth in the fracture site may result in a delayed or nonunion .\n( some of the morphological characteristics are based on polyakova and chernov 2002. )\ngrowth on wort agar: after 7 days at 20°c, the colonies are white and dense with a smooth semi - glossy surface and an even margin .\nafter 2 weeks at 18°c, cylindrical pseudohyphae with small clusters of spherical blastoconidia are formed. (\nmol% g + c: 36. 6–36. 7, three strains, including cbs 9724 (t m: polyakova and chernov 2002) .\ngene sequence accession number, type strain: d1 / d2 lsu rrna = aj549217 .\norigin of the strain studied: cbs 9724 (vkm 2910, kbp3738), isolated from soil of a peat bog in siberia .\nsystematics: polyakova and chernov (2002) described c. aurita from five strains isolated from the soil of oligotrophic peat bogs in siberia. the physiological profile was suggestive of c. austromarina (syn. c. sake) but dna reassociation between the isolates and the type of c. sake did not support conspecificity. the authors later determined the sequences of the its rdna regions and d1 / d2 domains of the lsu rrna gene, which suggested a close relationship with c. sophiae - reginae (12 substitutions and 2 gaps in the d1 / d2 region), and a connection with debaryomyces .\n- glucitol and lactic acid. interestingly, the original description did not report the presence of pseudohyphae .\nif the habitat is saline, then of course salt must be included in the media at an appropriate concentration. for isolations of marine psychrophiles the commercially available general medium marine 2219 agar (difco laboratories) is widely used. it can also be prepared from individual constituents dissolved in artificial or natural seawater. if natural seawater is used it should be filtered (0. 22 µm millipore filters) rather than autoclaved. as an alternative, the general dilute medium r2a (oxoid) or one of a similar composition can be used dissolved in seawater. many marine microorganisms are attached to detritus and a preliminary screen can be done by filtering seawater through 1 µm filters. this also helps to prevent clogging of smaller pore - size filters used subsequently to collect free - living isolates .\nthe use of general media in isolations based on simple platings fails to isolate many marine bacteria that are oligotrophic heterotrophs with fastidious growth requirements. many novel examples of these bacteria have been isolated using the “extinction culturing” technique developed by\n, so - called (despite the title of the original article reporting the method) in order to distinguish it from dilution culturing. in the extinction culturing method, natural seawater samples are diluted with unamended sterile seawater to give very low concentrations of bacterial cells of the order of 1–10 cells per tube. bacterial growth is monitored over a 9 - week period using flow cytometry, which is accurate for small numbers. bacterial doubling times are of the order of 1 day to 1 week. although this method is rather laborious, it can increase bacterioplankton culturability from 2 to 60% , and has resulted in the isolation of new oligotrophic species. if carbon sources are added to the seawater to concentrations above 5 mg l\n, the culturability is drastically reduced. to improve the efficacy of extinction culturing ,\n. they were able to culture up to 14% of the cells observed by direct counting, many of them new species, which is 1 to 3 orders of magnitude better than normally achieved by direct platings of marine waters .\nthe same general media described above can be used for deep - sea psychrophiles that are also piezophilic or piezotolerant (see chapter 31 for techniques of handling microorganisms under pressure). a useful addition to media for piezophilic psychrophiles is fluorinert (sumitoma chemical), a liquid with high oxygen - binding capacity that can be used to promote oxygen respiration at high pressures during batch culture in sealed vessels, or pure oxygen can be bubbled through media prior to inoculation (\n). however, it should be remembered that many of the deep - sea microorganisms, whether in water or sediment, are not specifically adapted to this habitat, but rather have been transported by down - currents from the surface to the abyss .\nplanning for revision orif of proximal humerus fracture should begin with careful assessment of reasons for initial hardware failure. specific measures should be taken to avoid repeating previous mistakes. attempts should be made to address any modifiable risk factors. in smokers, consideration should be given to delaying surgery or considering arthroplasty, given the profound impact of smoking on fracture union. serum testing for nicotine prior to surgical treatment can be used as a motivator for patients to quit smoking. in cases of atrophic or oligotrophic nonunion, consideration of iliac crest bone graft for additional biologic stimulus is recommended (" ]

{ "text": [ "an oligotroph is an organism that can live in an environment that offers very low levels of nutrients .", "they may be contrasted with copiotrophs , which prefer nutritionally rich environments .", "oligotrophs are characterized by slow growth , low rates of metabolism , and generally low population density .", "the adjective oligotrophic may be used to refer to environments that offer little to sustain life , organisms that survive in such environments , or the adaptations that support survival .", "etymologically , the word \" oligotroph \" is a combination of the greek adjective oligos ( ὀλίγος ) meaning \" few \" and the adjective trophikos ( τροφικός ) ) meaning \" feeding \" .", "oligotrophic environments include deep oceanic sediments , caves , glacial and polar ice , deep subsurface soil , aquifers , ocean waters , and leached soils .", "examples of oligotrophic organisms are the cave-dwelling olm ; the bacterium , pelagibacter ubique , which is the most abundant organism in the oceans with an estimated 2 × 10 ²⁸ individuals in total ; and the lichens with their extremely low metabolic rate . " ], "topic": [ 4, 13, 17, 13, 25, 18, 4 ] }

[ "an oligotroph is an organism that can live in an environment that offers very low levels of nutrients. they may be contrasted with copiotrophs, which prefer nutritionally rich environments. oligotrophs are characterized by slow growth, low rates of metabolism, and generally low population density. the adjective oligotrophic may be used to refer to environments that offer little to sustain life, organisms that survive in such environments, or the adaptations that support survival. etymologically, the word \" oligotroph \" is a combination of the greek adjective oligos (ὀλίγος) meaning \" few \" and the adjective trophikos (τροφικός) ) meaning \" feeding \". oligotrophic environments include deep oceanic sediments, caves, glacial and polar ice, deep subsurface soil, aquifers, ocean waters, and leached soils. examples of oligotrophic organisms are the cave-dwelling olm; the bacterium, pelagibacter ubique, which is the most abundant organism in the oceans with an estimated 2 × 10 ²⁸ individuals in total; and the lichens with their extremely low metabolic rate." ]

[ "( of phalium coronadoi (crosse, 1867) ) daccarett, e. y. & bossio, v. s. 2011. colombian seashells from the caribbean sea. l' informatore piceno. 384pp. [ details ]\nrecent deep - water cassidae of the world. a revision of galeodea, oocorys, sconsia, echinophoria and related taxa, with new genera and species (mollusca, gastropoda )\nbeu, a. g. (2008). recent deep - water cassidae of the world. a revision of galeodea, oocorys, sconsia, echinophoria and related taxa, with new genera and species (mollusca, gastropoda) .\nbeu, a. g. (2008). recent deep - water cassidae of the world. a revision of galeodea, oocorys, sconsia, echinophoria and related taxa, with new genera and species (mollusca, gastropoda). < em > in: héros, v. et al. (ed .) tropical deep - sea benthos 25. mémoires du muséum national d' histoire naturelle (1993). < / em > 196: 269 - 387 .\nrosenberg, g. ; moretzsohn, f. ; garcía, e. f. (2009). gastropoda (mollusca) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 579–699 in: felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. texas a & m; press, college station, texas. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nverbinnen g. , segers l. , swinnen f. , kreipl k. & monsecour d. (2016). cassidae. an amazing family of seashells. harxheim: conchbooks. 251 pp. [ details ]\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\nthe evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined. using an extended and updated data set, and improved statistical methods, it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual, but that its central conclusion is robust. it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade, that its strength increases markedly with depth, but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .\nthe replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed—which are currently much disputed. the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths, and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .\ncitation: welch jj (2010) the “island rule” and deep - sea gastropods: re - examining the evidence. plos one 5 (1): e8776. urltoken\ncopyright: © 2010 john j. welch. this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding: some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\nhere, i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule, making use of the improved statistical methods, and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ], which has been both expanded, and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ]. it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al. [ 12 ] is robust, and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .\npart a shows how different tests of the ‘island rule’ can give qualitatively different results. “deep - sea” species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m, and all other species defined as “shallow - water”. the ordinary - least - squares regression (dashed line) differs significantly from the 1∶1 line of the null (dotted line), but the standardized - major - axis regression (solid line) shows no significant departure. part b shows a less ambiguous case: “deep - sea” species are those never observed above 400m, and “shallow - water” species those never observed below 200m; body sizes are within - genus means, taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .\nthe body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners. “shallow - water” species were never observed below 200m, and “deep - sea” species never observed above depths of a: 200m, b: 400m and c: 600m. separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda (black points) and all other groups (grey points). the dotted line is the 1∶1 expected under the null. genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .\nsimilarly, predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ], [ 4 ], [ 6 ], [ 11 ]; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism (by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance), and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics (such as tameness) [ 37 ], [ 38 ]. but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ], [ 14 ], and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ], [ 39 ] – [ 41 ]. the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .\nwe are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed – and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ], [ 4 ], [ 11 ], [ 12 ]. a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ], [ 12 ], [ 19 ], [ 20 ] .\nmany thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database. many thanks also to lucy weinert, nicolas bierne, gary rosenberg, shai meiri. simon joly and an anonymous reviewer, who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .\nconceived and designed the experiments: jw. performed the experiments: jw. analyzed the data: jw. wrote the paper: jw .\nfoster jb (1964) evolution of mammals on islands. nature 202: 234–235 .\nvan valen l (1973) pattern and balance in nature. evolutionary theory 1: 31–49 .\nlomolino mv (1985) body size of mammals on islands: the island rule re - examined. am nat 125: 310–316 .\nlomolino mv (2005) body size evolution in insular vertebrates: generality of the island rule. j biogeog 32: 1683–1699 .\nmacarthur rh, wilson eo (1963) an equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography. evolution 17: 373–387. 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(doi :\nmcclain cr, boyer ag, rosenberg g (2006) the island rule and the evolution of body size in the deep sea. j biogeog 33: 1578–1584 .\nrosenberg g (1993) a database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy, biogeography and diversity, with examples from western atlantic marine gastropods. american malacological bulletin 10: 257–266 .\ndayton pk, hessler rr (1972) the role of biological disturbance in maintaining diversity in the deep sea. deep–sea research 19: 199–208 .\ngage jd, tyler pa (1991) deep–sea biology: a natural history of organisms at the deep–sea floor. cambridge, uk: cambridge university press. 524 p .\nrex ma, etter rj, morris js, crouse j, mcclain cr, et al. (2006) global bathymetric patterns of standing stock and body size in the deep–sea benthos. mar ecol prog ser 317: 1–8 .\nmeiri s (2007) size evolution in island lizards. global ecol biogeogr 16: 702–708 .\nmeiri s, dayan t, simberloff d (2005) area, isolation and body size evolution in insular carnivores. ecol lett 8: 1211–1217 .\nmeiri s, cooper n, purvis a (2008) the island rule: made to be broken? proc r soc b 275: 141–148. (doi :\nwelch jj (2009) testing the island rule: primates as a case study. proc r soc b 276: 675–682 .\nprice td, phillimore ab (2007) reduced major axis regression and the island rule. j biogeog 34: 1998–1999 .\nmartin rd, barbour ad (1989) aspects of line–fitting in bivariate allometric analyses. folia primatologica 53: 65–81 .\nwarton di, wright ij, falster ds, westoby m (2006) bivariate line–fitting methods for allometry. biological reviews 81: 259–291 .\nrosenberg g (2009) malacolog 4. 1. 1: a database of western atlantic marine mollusca. available :\nbouchet p, rocroi j–p (2005) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. malacologia 47: 1–397 .\nsmith cr, de leo fc, bernardino af, sweetman ak, martinez arbizu p (2008) abyssal food limitation, ecosystem structure and climate change. trends ecol evol 23: 518–528 .\nsokal rr, rohlf fj (1995) biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in biological research. 3rd edition. new york: w. h. freeman and co .\nr development core team (2006) r: a language and environment for statistical computing. vienna: r foundation for statistical computing. available :\nguo h, weiss re, gu x, suchard ma (2007) time squared: repeated measures on phylogenies. mol biol evol 24: 353–362 .\ngage jd, bett bj (2005) deep–sea benthic sampling. in: eleftheriou a, mcintyre a, editors. methods for the study of marine benthos: third edition. oxford: blackwell science ltd. pp. 273–325 .\n( mollusca: caenogastropoda) from the southwestern caribbean. zootaxa 49: 1–7 .\nmcclain cr, rex ma, jabbour r (2005) deconstructing bathymetric body size patterns in deep–sea gastropods. mar ecol prog ser 297: 181–187 .\nschmidt nm, jensen pm (2003) changes in mammalian body length over 175 years - adaptations to a fragmented landscape? conservation ecology 7: 6 .\nreyment ra (1983) palaeontological aspects of island biogeography: colonization and evolution of mammals on mediterranean islands. oikos 41: 299–306 .\nlomolino mv (1984) immigrant selection, predatory exclusion and the distributions of microtus pennsylvanicus and blarina brevicadua on islands. am nat 123: 468–483 .\nmcnab bk (2002) minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands. ecol lett 5: 693–704 .\nduncan rp, blackburn tm (2004) extinction and endemism in the new zealand avifauna. global ecol biogeogr 13: 509–517 .\nvale fk, rex ma (1988) repaired shell damage in deep - sea prosobranch gastropods from the western north atlantic. malacologia 28: 65–79 .\nvale fk, rex ma (1989) repaired shell damage in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope south of new england. nautilus 103: 105–108 .\nwalker se, voight jr (1994) palecological and taphonomic potential of deep - sea gastropods. palaios 9: 48–59 .\nmccollom tm (1999) geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes. deep sea research i: oceanographic research papers 47: 85–101 .\nwassersug rj, yang h, sepkoski jj jr, raup dm (1979) the evolution of body size on islands: a computer simulation. am nat 114: 287–295 .\nwilliams gc. natural selection: domains, levels and challenges. oxford: oxford university press. .\nraia p, meiri s (2006) the island rule in large mammals: paleontology meets ecology. evolution 60: 1731–1742. (doi :\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know. thanks for your help !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\naverage measurements (in mm): shell 99. 0 x 85. 0\nsee also beu 2005, beu 2008, beu et al. 1990, garvie 2013, kanno 1973, ladd 1977, marasti 1973, petuch 1988, sepkoski 2002, todd 2001 and wilson 1993\n- note: several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes. they are not for sale. - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock, except when only one specimen is offered. we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted (gamma correction) .\ndescriptions d' espèces nouvelles journal de conchyliologie 15 64 - 68, pls. 2, 4 - 5. [ stated date: 01 jan 1867. ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nrosenberg, g. ; moretzsohn, f. ; garcía, e. f. (2009). gastropoda (mollusca) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 579–699 < i > in: < / i > felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. texas a & m press, college station, texas .\nverbinnen g. , segers l. , swinnen f. , kreipl k. & monsecour d. (2016) < i > cassidae. an amazing family of seashells. < / i > harxheim: conchbooks .\nverbinnen g. , segers l. , swinnen f. , kreipl k. & monsecour d. (2016). < i > cassidae. an amazing family of seashells. < / i > harxheim: conchbooks. 251 pp .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by, 30. 11. 04, , php script by, 05 / 11 / 2010, last modified by kbanasihan, 06 / 28 / 2010\nin: héros, v. et al. (ed .) tropical deep - sea benthos 25. mémoires du muséum national d' histoire naturelle (1993) .\nin: héros, v. et al. (ed .) tropical deep - sea benthos 25. mémoires du muséum national d' histoire naturelle (1993 )" ]

{ "text": [ "echinophoria coronadoi is a species of large sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cassidae , the helmet snails and bonnet snails . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "echinophoria coronadoi is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails." ]

[ "bulrush wainscot (nonagria typhae) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .\nendangerment factors: nonagria typhae is quite adaptable and is also found for example in pools on golf courses .\nhabitat: nonagria typhae inhabits silting areas with typha occurrence, for example in ditches and on lakeshores or wet depressions .\nplease note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online. pages: 28. chapters: brachylomia, papaipema, spodoptera, xyleninae stubs, african armyworm, agrochola, acrapex, army worm, beet armyworm, enargia decolor, spodoptera mauritia, acrapex brunnea, acrapex carnea, acrapex spoliata, lithophane socia, papaipema sulphurata, acrapex atriceps, acrapex leucophlebia, acrapex metaphaea, acrapex rhabdoneura, ammoconia caecimacula, mesogona olivata, acrapex albivena, enargia fausta, agrochola helvola, acrapex roseotincta, brick, chloantha hyperici, lithomoia germana, denticucullus pygmina, phragmatiphila nexa, capsula sparganii, minor shoulder - knot, elaphria nucicolora, lithomoia solidaginis, orbona fragariae, ammoconia senex, lithophane consocia, acrapex exanimis, spodoptera ornithogalli, lithophane lamda, spodoptera eridania, chasminodes, hyppa rectilinea, longalatedes elymi, mesogona acetosellae, nonagria typhae, mesogona oxalina, spodoptera litura, pseudeustrotia, agrochola litura, dryobotodes eremita, elaphria festivoides, enargia paleacea, eucirroedia pampina, enargia infumata, fishia illocata, agrochola macilenta, capsula oblonga, capsula subflava, stalk borer, elaphria alapallida, spodoptera latifascia, capsula algae, photedes extrema, sasunaga tenebrosa, protarchanara brevilinea, metaxaglaea inulta, agrochola nitida, papaipema cataphracta, spodoptera pectinicornis, hoplodrina respersa, papaipema lysimachiae, brachylomia populi, mesogona rubra, acrapex relicta, capsula laeta, spodoptera pecten, nedra ramosula, agrochola bicolorago, spodoptera littoralis, jodia croceago, sasunaga leucorina, mesogona subcuprea, afrogortyna, feliniopsis leucostigma, spodoptera praefica, acrapex leptepilepta, ammopolia, bryotypella, bryoxena, jodia sericea, sasunaga oenistis, brachylomia rectifascia, acrapex lepta, spodoptera cilium, spodoptera umbraculata, agrochola lota, elaphria versicolor, acrapex mischus, . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngaden s. robinson, phillip r. ackery, ian j. kitching, george w. beccaloni and luis m. hernández\nrecords of caterpillar hostplants are scattered through published and manuscript sources worldwide and are difficult to retrieve. many rearing records are never published and so are not accessible to other entomologists. but collected hostplant records form a valuable scientific resource that can be used eventually to answer broader biological questions about how lepidoptera and plants interact (eg, letourneau, hagen & robinson, 2001). it provides information of immediate relevance to agriculture, ecology, forestry, conservation and taxonomy .\nhosts brings together an enormous body of information on what the world' s butterfly and moth (lepidoptera) caterpillars eat. the web - based version presented here offers a synoptic data set drawn from about 180, 000 records comprising taxonomically' cleaned' hostplant data for about 22, 000 lepidoptera species drawn from about 1600 published and manuscript sources. it is not (and cannot be) exhaustive, but it is probably the best and most comprehensive compilation of hostplant data available .\nwe hope that it will be useful to a wide range of biologists and that it will act as a spur to further recording and analysis of caterpillar - plant interactions .\nhosts can be searched in two ways, using text search and drill - down search modes .\nin text search mode, use either lepidoptera or hostplant criteria or a combination of the two. hosts operates only using scientific names. it is not possible to search for the hostplants of the red admiral butterfly but a search for hostplants using its scientific name, vanessa atalanta, will be successful. enter the generic name (vanessa) in the - lepidoptera criteria - genus box; enter atalanta in the species: box; click search .\nhint: leave the' starts with' command as the default and in the species entry box omit the last few letters of the species - name (eg, atalant). this will get around the problem of variable gender - endings. hosts uses original orthography of species - group names as far as possible, but some checklists follow the convention of altering the species - group name to accord with the presumed gender of the generic name (eg flava, flavus) .\nrestrict or refine searches using additional criteria; choosing' usa' from the drop - down location box and entering [ starts with ]' urt' in the hostplant family box will return hostplant records of vanessa atalanta from urticaceae in the usa .\nhint: restricting location may deliver a very incomplete subset of records: in the previous example all records specified as from the nearctic region (usa + canada) would be missed .\ndrill - down search mode allows the user to home in from the starting - point of either the lepidoptera or the plant family. choose a family group from the drop - down box and allow time for all genera of that family in the database to load to the genus drop - down box; choose a genus and wait for the species to load. the search button can be pressed at any time, but the record delivery limit may be exceeded at higher taxonomic levels. drill - down search allows the user to see by scrolling all the taxa that are represented in the database. following the previous example, choose nymphalidae, then choose vanessa from the genus drop - down box and then atalanta from the ten possible species of vanessa included in hosts .\nthe preliminary search results pages give family, genus and species of the caterpillar and its hostplant. note that many hostplants are recorded as a plant genus only. clicking the caterpillar name will give the full record. the full record listing gives, additionally, the author of the lepidoptera species, subspecific information on the insect and the plant, if available, together with details of larval damage. laboratory rearings where the food utilised may not be the natural hostplant are indicated. the status of the record (whether considered true, erroneous or suspect) is not currently implemented in this version of hosts .\nleguminosae (c) - caesalpinioideae. leguminosae (m) - mimosoideae. leguminosae (p) - papilionoideae .\nall lepidoptera groups are covered and subspecific taxa are differentiated. the original source of the record, original form of the names used (prior to taxonomic' cleaning' and standardisation of nomenclature) and validation and verification fields are not included. this information is, however, retained in the databases used to generate this site. while we have included species that do not feed on green plants, the known food substrates of these are not listed exhaustively. such species comprise detritophages and predators and include, for example, most tineidae and the stored - products pests. the published compilations from hosts (see more detail - publications from hosts) include record status and the sources of all records .\ndetailed published compilations from hosts are available in press. these books give greater detail than the website, together with comprehensive cross - indexes, record status and full bibliographies. they are indispensable tools for naturalists and professional entomologists .\nrobinson, g. s. , ackery, p. r. , kitching, i. j. , beccaloni, g. w. & hernández, l. m. 2001. hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region. 744 pp .\nrobinson, g. s. , ackery, p. r. , kitching, i. j. , beccaloni, g. w. & hernández, l. m. 2002. hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico. 824 pp. [ memoirs of the american entomological institute, volume 69. ]\nbeccaloni, g. w. , viloria, a. l. , hall, s. k. & robinson, g. s. 2008. catalogue of the hostplants of the neotropical butterflies / catálogo de las plantas huésped de las mariposas neotropicales. m3m - monografías tercer milenio, volume 8. zaragoza, spain: sociedad entomológica aragonesa (sea) / red iberoamericana de biogeografía y entomología sistemática (ribes) / ciencia y tecnología para el desarrollo (cyted) / natural history museum, london, u. k. (nhm) / instituto venezolano de investigaciones científicas, venezuela (ivic). 1 - 536 pp. , 1 fig, 3 tabs .\ngaden robinson was responsible for the overall project design and management of the hosts database, and for records of lepidoptera exclusive of butterflies and bombycoid moths. phillip ackery and george beccaloni were responsible for butterfly data, including data drawn from card catalogues developed by ackery, whilst ian kitching was responsible for hostplant data of bombycoid moths. luis m. hernández was responsible for abstracting in the latter two years of the project and for development of the bibliography for the hardcopy versions of the data .\nwe are extremely grateful to the many people who contributed their own rearing records of lepidoptera or personal accumulations of data for inclusion in the hosts database, particularly mike bigger (uk), john w. brown (usa), chris conlan (usa), rob ferber (usa), konrad fiedler (germany), jeremy holloway (uk), frank hsu (usa), jurie intachat (malaysia), alec mcclay (canada), bill palmer (australia), pierre plauzoles (usa) and the generous individuals who contributed rearing records through the worldwideweb and who are known to us only as an email address .\nwe are particularly grateful to julian donahue and the los angeles county museum of natural history for allowing us to include data on microlepidoptera from the card catalogue prepared by the late j. a. comstock and c. henne, and for access to manuscript records by noel mcfarland .\nmarian fricano (santa clara university) and aileen giovanello (clark university, international internship 1996) made substantial contributions of abstracted data; fran love (north carolina) painstakingly checked scanned texts and reformatted them for import to paradox .\nmuch of the immense task of data abstracting and entry from printed and manuscript sources as well as preliminary editing and name - checking was carried out by volunteers. many of these were school students on work - experience placements during 1993 - 2000 from, initially, the coopers' company and coborn school, upminster, and later from other schools in greater london: christopher andrewes, simon bennett (1994 nhm vacation studentship), steven bond, michael brownlow, emma causer, laurence cooper, ailsa cranfield (1998 nuffield studentship), emily dwiar, andrew enever, jane feehan, madeleine ferry, max friedman, edward gold, jennifer hodgkinson, christopher joint, fateha khatun (1996 nuffield studentship), james lowe, louisa marchant, gemma millward, christopher milne, carolyn oughton, william perkins, rebecca reith, eleanor resheph, clare sambidge, neil shaftain, stephen sloan, helen stevens, samuel tarry, david taylor and thomas yeatman .\nwe are indebted to all our helpers for their diligence, accuracy and patience, and for their unswerving faith that this daunting project would reach a conclusion .\nour colleagues here and overseas provided substantial help, advice and assistance with the checking of names of lepidoptera and with many other aspects of this project: kim and david goodger and jeremy holloway (macrolepidoptera families), martin honey (noctuoidea), brian pitkin (computing), malcolm scoble and linda pitkin (geometroidea), klaus sattler (gelechioidea), michael shaffer (pyraloidea, thyridoidea, pterophoroidea), alma solis (usda, washington - pyraloidea), fernley symons (oxford university - technical support) and kevin tuck (tortricoidea). julie harvey and the staff of the bmnh entomology and general libraries provided sterling support in locating obscure source material and intuitively correcting bowdlerized references .\nwe thank the trustees of the loke wan tho memorial foundation for their generous support for this project .\nrobinson, g. s. , p. r. ackery, i. j. kitching, g. w. beccaloni & l. m. hernández, 2010. hosts - a database of the world' s lepidopteran hostplants. natural history museum, london. urltoken. (accessed: 18 aug. 2010) .\nbrummitt, r. k. 1992. vascular plant families and genera. [ vi ] + 804 pp. , royal botanic gardens, kew .\nkartesz, j. t. 1994. a synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the unites states, canada and greenland. timber press, portland. 1, checklist, lxi + 622 pp; 2, thesaurus, vii + 816 pp .\nkitching, i. j. & cadiou, j. - m. 2000. hawkmoths of the world: an annotated and illustrated revsionary checklist. xx + 500 pp. , cornell university press, ithaca .\nkitching, i. j. & rawlins, j. e. 1999. the noctuoidea. pp. 355 - 401. in: kristensen, n. p. (ed .) lepidoptera, moths and butterflies. 1. evolution, systematics and biogeography. handbook of zoology, 4 (35). lepidoptera. x + 491 pp. de gruyter, berlin .\nletourneau, d. k. , hagen, j. a. & robinson, g. s. 2001. bt crops: evaluating benefits under cultivation and risks from escaped transgenes in the wild. pp. 33 - 98. in: letourneau, d. k. & burrows, b. e. (eds), genetically engineered organisms: assessing environmental and human health effects. [ viii ] + 438 pp. , crc press, boca raton .\nmabberley, d. j. 1987. the plant book. a portable dictionary of the higher plants. xii + 707 pp. , cambridge university press. [ the 1993 reprint edition is currently used in editing. ]\nnielsen, e. s. , edwards, e. d. & rangsi, t. v. (eds) 1996. checklist of the lepidoptera of australia. monographs on australian lepidoptera. 4. xiv + 529 pp. , csiro, melbourne .\nnye, i. w. b. (ed .) 1975 - 91. the generic names of moths of the world. 1: 568 pp. (noctuoidea (part) - nye, i. w. b. , 1975); 2: xiv + 228 pp. (noctuoidea (part) - watson, a. , fletcher, d. s. & nye, i. w. b. , 1980); 3: xx + 243 pp. (geometroidea - fletcher, d. s. , 1979); 4: xiv + 192 pp. (bombycoidea to zygaenoidea - fletcher, d. s. & nye, i. w. b. , 1982); 5: xv + 185 pp. (pyraloidea - fletcher, d. s. & nye, 1984); 6: xxix + 368 pp. (microlepidoptera - nye, i. w. b. & fletcher, d. s. , 1991). british museum (natural history) / the natural history museum, london .\nrawlins, j. e. 1984. mycophagy in lepidoptera. pp. 382 - 483. in: wheeler, q. & blackwell, m. (eds) fungus - insect relationships. perspectives in ecology and evolution. 514 pp. , columbia university press .\nrobinson, g. s. 1999. hosts - a database of the hostplants of the world' s lepidoptera. nota lepidopterologica, 22: 35 - 47 .\nrobinson, g. s. , ackery, p. r. , kitching, i. j. , beccaloni, g. w. & hernández, l. m. 2001. hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region. 744 pp. southdene sdn bhd, kuala lumpur .\nrobinson, g. s. , ackery, p. r. , kitching, i. j. , beccaloni, g. w. & hernández, l. m. 2002. hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico. memoirs of the american entomological institute, 69: 1 - 824 .\nscoble, m. j. (ed .) 1999. a taxonomic catalogue to the geometridae of the world (insecta: lepidoptera). 2 vols. csiro publications, melbourne .\nroyal botanic garden edinburgh dipterocarpaceae database: http: / / 193. 62. 154. 38 / diptero /\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n. the species is an exceedingly variable one, and haworth (1803), believing them to be distinct species, gave latin and english names to several of the different forms. the ground colour in the male ranges from pale whitish or brownish ochreous, with strong markings, to blackish brown, with the markings obscured. the female ranges in colour of\nfore wings from greyish to blackish. caterpillar, greyish brown, tinged with ochreous, or sometimes pinkish; a glossy plate on first ring, greyish or brownish; spots glossy, each with a tiny hair; lines rather darker, but often indistinct. it feeds from july to april on various plants, but only attacks the tender stems near the surface of the ground. in fields it is destructive to turnips and swedes, making large cavities in the bulb, which it enters from just above the tap - root. the moth flies in june, and occasionally as a second generation in the autumn. generally distributed over the british isles, and often very common. its range extends throughout nearly the whole of europe and the greater part of asia .\n( figs. 7♂, 8♀). the colour varies from pale brown to a whitish or greyish brown tint in one direction, and to reddish or blackish brown in another. the cross lines, generally well defined, are sometimes absent, or nearly so, in some of the pale forms, and much obscured in the dark forms. the black outlined reniform and orbicular stigmata are sometimes obscured by a blackish cloud; the pale - centred, club - like mark below them varies in length, and is occasionally reduced to a small spot .\n,\nhaworth, has been determined by mr. e. r. bankes, who possesses the type, to be an obscurely marked fuscous ♂ example of this species. the greyish brown, rather rough - looking caterpillar, is freckled with a darker tint above, and inclined to greenish below; a fine, pale line along the middle of the back is edged with brownish, and on each side there is a pale line, edged above with brown, and below this a double pale line; head marked with blackish (plate\n), persicaria, knotgrass, dock, and clover. the moth is on the wing in june and july, and very occasionally in september. it is rather a common insect in eastern and southern counties bordering the sea, but extends into surrey, and occasionally into cambridgeshire, oxfordshire, and berkshire; and is also found more or less frequently in herefordshire, warwickshire, staffordshire, cheshire, lancashire, and yorkshire. in scotland it occurs in ayr, and on the eastern side to moray. it has been taken in various\ncounties, on the coast, of ireland from cork to sligo, and from wicklow to derry .\nboth sexes are shown in their typical forms on plate 105. the fore wings of the male (fig. 9) are generally pale greyish in colour, with blackish cross lines and central shade; the claviform mark is absent, and the orbicular stigma usually so, or represented by a dusky dot; sometimes the ground colour is brownish, occasionally purplish grey, and very rarely black. the female (fig. 10) is smaller, and always much darker .\nthe caterpillar is blackish green or dark greyish, with three fine pale lines, the central one edged on both sides, and the others edged above, with a darker tint; a pale stripe along the black spiracles; head, and plate on first ring black. it feeds on wild thyme, and is said to eat dock. it hatches from the egg in late june or early july, and presumably hibernates when full grown, as it does not seem to feed again when it reappears in early spring .\nthe moth flies in may and june, and is only to be found on hills and downs in chalk or limestone districts. it occurs in surrey, dorset, isle of wight, devon, gloucestershire, herefordshire, north wales, berkshire, oxfordshire, cambridge, and suffolk; it seems to have been most frequently met with in kent and sussex. the small form, with narrow and distinctly marked fore wings, and whitish hind wings, occurring in the south of england, has been named var. tephrina, staud .\n, the sexes of this species also differ greatly in colour. usually the cross lines on the fore wings of the male do not show up so distinctly as in\nby stephens in 1829. fig. 5 represents the typical blackish - brown female. gynandrous specimens, one side ♂ the other ♀, have been recorded. the caterpillar feeds on dandelion, lettuce, knotgrass, and other low - growing plants, from september to april; probably full grown before hibernation. the moth, which is out in july and august, sometimes in may, is partial to low - lying, marshy ground and meadows, and is widely distributed over the whole of the south of england, but it is seemingly rare in the north, and still more so in scotland and ireland. barrett states that it has been found commonly in carmarthenshire, wales .\n, figs. 1♂, 2♀, may here retain the name that was given to it by stephens in 1829. except that it has been reported to occur in the north of france, it seems to be peculiar to the british isles. the earliest known specimens were captured near cork in ireland, june, 1826, and it is now found not only on the coasts of cork and kerry, but also on the hill of howth, near dublin. in england it occurs in the isle of wight, dorsetshire (portland), devonshire (torquay), cornwall, and the scilly isles. reported from sussex in 1918. in wales it is to be found above barmouth, and in various parts of south wales; and in scotland around edinburgh and on the moray coast. the moth is out in july and august. mr. a. e. gibbs, writing of this species in cornwall, remarks ,\nit is generally stated that\nis only to be taken on steep and dangerous cliffs, in places where sugaring is by no means a safe occupation; but its abundance at polzeath showed that this is not invariably the case. here it was found on posts and flower heads in the valley at some\ndistance from the seashore, and so abundantly did it occur that one evening' s work yielded upwards of fifty specimens .\nthe caterpillar is greyish or greenish grey, inclining to brownish above, and with darker brown marks on the back; lines paler, edged sometimes with darker grey; raised spots blackish, rather glossy; head brownish, marked with black, and the plate on first ring is black with a central yellow line. it feeds from august to may on various low plants growing in rocky places by the sea. will eat dandelion, plantain, and knotgrass in confinement, also sliced carrot .\nthe specimens whose portraits will be found on plate 106 are more or less typical of the sexes of this most variable species. the ground colour of the fore wings ranges from whitish ochreous through all shades of brown up to dark reddish, and from whitish grey through leaden grey to brown grey. the markings, too, are exceedingly variable; the cross lines are often faint, sometimes entirely absent; the stigmata are frequently obscure, and occasionally the blackish lower part of the reniform is the only indication of these marks. there is often a white streak along the costa, and in some specimens this is very conspicuous (figs. 3♂, 4♀) .\nthe caterpillar feeds from september to june on various grasses growing on sandhills, and is said to eat wormwood and violet. it is ochreous in colour, more or less tinged with green; the lines are pale grey, edged with darker grey; spots brown, and head ochreous brown .\nthe moth is on the wing from late july to early september, and is to be found on all the larger tracts of sandhills on the east coast from suffolk northwards, and on the coasts of cheshire and lancashire. it is not common on our southern coasts, but occurs in dorsetshire and devon. in scotland it is obtained\non the firth of forth, kincardine, and aberdeen coasts, and also in the hebrides, orkney, and shetland isles; and on very many parts of the coast of ireland .\nthis moth is typically sooty or blackish brown in both sexes (plates 106, figs. 5♂, 6♀), but varies to pale brown, or through various shades of red brown. the markings, usually obscure, occasionally are well defined, and sometimes there are additional black spots and pale streaks. the caterpillar is pale or dark ochreous brown on the back, inclining to greenish on the sides; lines greenish grey, edged with black, and a double whitish one low down on the sides. it feeds from september to june, on clover, plantain, dock, and various other low plants; and also cow - parsnip and other umbelliferæ. the moth flies in july and august, and is to be found in most english counties, but perhaps most commonly in the eastern. in scotland it ranges to moray, and seems to be generally distributed in ireland .\nthis is another exceedingly variable species. the ground colour of the fore wings ranges from pale whitish or ochreous brown, through various tints of greyish and red brown, up to black or sooty brown; variation in markings is somewhat similar to that referred to in a. cursoria. three forms are shown on plate 106, figs. 7, 8, and 11; the latter represents a specimen closely approaching a. obelisca. var. aquilina (figs. 9 and 10), the english name of which is the streaked dart, is larger than the type, and the wings, consequently, are broader; by some entomologists it is considered to be a distinct species .\non each side of it; low down on the sides is another dusky line. it feeds from september to may on mouse - ear chickweed, bedstraw, plantain, and other low - growing plants growing on sandy soils .\nthe moth is out in july and august, and is widely distributed throughout the british isles, including the orkneys and shetlands, but especially common on coast sandhills .\nthe fore wings of this moth (plate 106, fig. 12) are pale greyish brown, purplish brown, or sometimes slaty brown, with fairly distinct black cross lines, and a pale streak along the front edge; the first line is straight and less angled, and the second line less curved towards the front margin than in a. tritici. the caterpillar, which feeds from about october to july on rock rose, bedstraw, and other low plants growing in rocky places by the sea or on hillsides, is very similar to that of the last species. the moth is out in august and september in its special haunts. a well - known locality for it is freshwater in the isle of wight, but it may be obtained at torquay, devonshire; padstow, cornwall; and the scilly isles. also recorded from sussex, gloucestershire, herefordshire, south wales, derbyshire, cheshire, lancashire, and yorkshire. in scotland on the south - west and east coasts; and in ireland at howth, dublin; dungarvan, co. waterford; and mt. charles, donegal .\non plate 105 are figured two examples of the male (figs. 3, 4) and two female specimens (figs. 5, 6). the colour of the fore wings ranges from pale whitish brown through various shades of brown and grey to a sooty brown or black. the cross lines are rarely very distinct, the reniform, orbicular, and claviform marks are, however, generally much in evidence; but either of the two last, sometimes both, may occasionally disappear. not infrequently the reniform is connected with the orbicular by a black streak from the former; more rarely the claviform is much widened and lengthened, and almost united with a dusky cloud above it (var. plaga, steph .). this species is sometimes mistaken for a. corticea, but apart from the shorter teeth of the male antennæ, the present species has a distinct, and often conspicuous, black mark on the front of the thorax .\nthe caterpillar is brownish with darker pear - shaped marks on the back; lines dark edged; spiracles black and of large size. head pale marked with brown. it feeds from july to may on various low herbage, including lettuce, chickweed, plantain, and goose - foot; also turnips .\nthe moth flies in june and july (sometimes in september), and is generally common; but in scotland it does not appear to extend north of moray and argyle .\n, figs. 7 ♂ and 8 ♀. in occasional specimens of the male the ground colour of the fore wings is rather pale brown; otherwise there is little variation to note. the caterpillar feeds from april to july on roots and leaves of cabbage, lettuce, goose - foot, and many low plants; also on swedes, mangold wurzel, etc. it is purplish or bronzy brown above and somewhat greener on the sides; the usual spots are blackish and the lines greyish edged with darker. head black with two white spots. the moth is on the wing from july to september, and as it is sometimes seen in april and may and earlier, it is said to have probably hibernated. possibly, however, such early specimens, found at least once in february, are immigrants. sometimes the species is common and at others rare. it has occurred at one time or other almost everywhere in the british isles, but it seems to be most regularly obtained in england and in ireland .\nabroad its range extends through europe, asia, and north america, and also to australia, and honolulu .\nthis species varies a good deal in the ground colour of the fore wings. according to barrett it ranges from pure white through pale reddish, rich reddish (var. desillii, pierret) reddish drab, yellowish drab, and various shades of pale brown to brownish grey, and the markings to all degrees of distinctness or obliteration, especially the latter. the two specimens on plate 106 have the markings fairly well defined (fig. 1 is a male, and fig. 2 a female) .\nthe caterpillar is ochreous grey, whitish tinged with pink, or greenish; the lines and spots are greyish, and the spiracles large and black; head and plate on first ring ochreous brown. it feeds on saltwort (salsola), sea rocket (cakile), seablite (suæda), sea holly (eryngium), and various other plants that flourish on sandy shores. it is usually full grown in late autumn, when it goes down some depth into the sand, but does not pupate until the spring. if the caterpillars are not full fed when obtained they must be furnished with plenty of sand to burrow in, and kept supplied with slices of carrot until it is seen that the last put in remains untouched .\nthe moth flies in june and july, and may be found on the coasts of lincolnshire, norfolk, suffolk, essex, kent (deal), isle of wight, dorset, devon (dawlish and torquay), somersetshire, south wales, cheshire, lancashire, and the isle of man. rare in scotland and in ireland .\ncommons throughout the british isles. it varies in the tint of the reddish colour, and in the greater and lesser prominence of the white markings. specimens from scotland, especially from the shetland isles, are generally larger than english examples, and are often clouded with darker tints. the caterpillar, which is figured on plate\n, fig. 4, is reddish brown with a pale line along the middle of the back edged with dark brown or blackish marks on each side; a whitish or pinkish white stripe along the sides with a brown edging above. head ochreous brown, marked with darker. it feeds on heath and heather, and hides by day in the moss or among dead leaves, etc. , below the food plant, august to may. the moth flies, sometimes by day, but usually at night, in june, july, and in late seasons in august .\n, fig. 4), is said to have been first reared in this country by the duchess of portland, early in the nineteenth century, hence the english name. although occasionally found several miles from the sea, it is essentially a coast species, and may be obtained on the sandhills of dorsetshire, devon, suffolk, norfolk, cheshire, lancashire, yorkshire, and the isle of man. odd specimens occasionally occur inland, as for example at kendal (1899), and in worcestershire (1901 and 1903). in scotland it is found in suitable places along the west coast, from the firth of clyde to sutherland, and on the east to moray; and it is widely spread on the coasts of ireland. the caterpillar is slaty grey; central line on the back whitish or pale greyish, expanding on each ring and so forming a series of connected spots, edged with darker tint; then a whitish stripe, edged above by a slender black line; a whitish or bluish grey stripe along the black spiracles. head pale\nbrown, obscurely marked with darker. it feeds from september to june on dwarf sallow, grasses, chickweed, wormwood, etc. the moth flies in august .\ntwo specimens, both males, are represented on plate 104. fig. 10 is more or less typical and fig. 9 is referable to var. margaritosa, haworth; both occur together wherever the species is found, but the typical form is generally the most frequent .\nthe caterpillar, which tapers slightly towards the head, is reddish grey or brown above and paler on the sides; a line along the middle of the back is yellowish and edged with dark brown dashes; the line along the greyish ringed black spiracles is pale and edged above with black; a yellowish blotch on the last ring and a black bar on ring eleven; head pale brown or greyish brown marked with black. it feeds on most low plants; also on cabbage and rape. it occurs in june and july, and in a second generation in september, october, and sometimes november. from eggs laid in september the caterpillar hatched in from five days to a fortnight and moths resulted from these about six weeks later .\nalthough it certainly does occur in may and june sometimes, the moth is very much more frequently seen in autumn. on the south coast, extending to cornwall and the scilly isles, the species is possibly a resident. in other parts of the british isles its occurrence is more or less casual, and, although common in some years in other southern, and also eastern and northern counties, it does not seem to be permanently established therein. no doubt its more general distribution, and abundance here and there, in certain years, is due to the arrival of immigrants, either in small numbers in the spring, or in swarms later on in the year .\nthe distribution abroad includes central, western, and southern europe; asia minor; northern africa, canaries, and madeira; north america .\n, stephens, and north wales (fig. 10 ♀). barrett (\n, vol. 3), discussing the variation, remarks ,\non the south coast of england, and especially at portland, the general tint is pale smoky grey, much darker towards the hind margin, and with the markings moderately distinct; inland mountainous districts, especially in north wales, produce a still paler form; coast districts in the west and north a decidedly darker; and in the far west, as in kerry, some specimens are actually slate - black, without more than the faintest trace of markings. the isle of wight produces deep slate - coloured specimens, darker than those from the isle of man, which are grey brown. shetland specimens are large and dark, even to glossy blue - black .\nthe caterpillar is dusky olive green, mottled all over with small black streaks and dapplings; each segment of the body having a faintly indicated pale olive - green spot on each subdorsal region, below which, on each side, is an oblique shading of blackish green. head shining black - brown, rather lighter brown at the sides (barrett). it feeds on harebell (\n), saxifrage, cowslip, chickweed, and grasses, from august to may. the moth flies in july and august, and in the north and west in september. it occurs in rough stony places, on rocky places on the coast, and on hills inland, in kent (folkestone district), isle of wight, dorset, devon, cornwall, gloucestershire (rare), sussex, shropshire, wales, lancashire (rare), yorkshire, and westmoreland. it is widely distributed in scotland and ireland .\nthe sexes of this local moth are figured on plate 107. fig. 7 represents a male from aberdeen, and fig. 8 a female from dorsetshire. the latter is of a pale brown colour on the fore wings, and this is somewhat unusual, as the prevailing colour of specimens from the dorset coast is greyish brown .\nthe caterpillar is ochreous brown, dotted with brown, and marked with dark brown, sometimes greenish tinged, on the back; a white stripe below the spiracles; head brown and rather glossy. it feeds on grasses and low plants, such as dock, dandelion, groundsel, etc. september to may. the moth flies in july, august, and september. it occurs at various places on the dorsetshire coast; on the cotswolds in gloucestershire; in north wales, and the isle of man; also from cheshire to cumberland. widely distributed in scotland, extending to the hebrides and the orkneys. in ireland only recorded from sligo .\nthe moth, shown on plate 107, varies in colour and in marking. fig. 2 depicts a specimen from perthshire, and fig. 3 one from north devonshire. in southern england the general tint is pinkish brown, and in the north and in scotland it is dark reddish brown or blackish. a pale greyish form from ireland has been named var. hebridicola, staud. sometimes specimens are distinctly rosy in tint, and these are referable to var. rosea, tutt. the caterpillar (plate 109, fig. 2) is reddish brown, or green, with whitish lines on the back, the central one edged on each sides with blackish, and the others inwardly marked with black; a yellowish stripe low down along the sides, sometimes marked with reddish; usual dots black; spiracles white, dark ringed; head greenish yellow marked with darker in the green form, and yellowish brown marked with darker in the brown form. it feeds from september to june on heath and heather. the above brief description was made from apparently full - grown caterpillars received from the new forest on may 28, 1907, but not one of them attained the chrysalis stage. the moth is out in august and september, and occurs on most of the larger heaths, and on moorlands throughout the british isles, including the hebrides and orkneys .\nthe somewhat dingy brown, or greyish brown moth (plate 107, figs. 5 ♂, 6 ♀) is sometimes tinged with reddish, and this tint is generally present on the front or costal area .\nthe caterpillar is ochreous brown with a paler line along the back, and a series of dark edged, oblique and more or less curved, yellowish marks on each side; head greyish freckled with brownish; plate on first ring brown marked with pale lines. it feeds on low - growing plants such as dock, dandelion, chickweed, etc. ; september to may. the moth flies in july and august, but its occurrence in britain is somewhat irregular. it is found, sometimes commonly, in most of the southern and eastern counties of england, and also in durham; and has been occasionally recorded from other parts of the country, as well as from scotland. for several years it may seem to quite disappear and then suddenly become common in various districts. its range abroad extends to amurland, north china, corea, and japan .\n. figs. 1 and 2 represent specimens from shetland, and figs. 4 and 5 are from rannoch specimens. these will show something of the variation in this\nmoth, which was not known to occur in the british isles until 1839, when a single specimen was taken on cairn gowr in perthshire. no other example seems to have been noted up to 1854, when one was found on a rock in the same part of perthshire. up to the year 1876, only a few specimens had been obtained, but in that year, which was a hot and dry one in the highlands, quite a number were secured. a female was also detected laying her yellowish white eggs on crowberry (\n) and thus gave a clue which led to the subsequent discovery of caterpillars and chrysalids; and these have been obtained in some quantity. the caterpillar is reddish, inclining to pinkish brown, freckled with darker; three whitish lines on the back, the central one irregularly black dotted, edged on both sides with black, and the others with black bars along their inside edge; head pale brown freckled and lined with darker brown. it feeds from august to june (of the second year following hatching from the egg, it is said), on crowberry, bilberry (\nthe moth is out from late june until about the middle of august. it only occurs with us on the higher mountains in perthshire, notably those to the south of loch rannoch; and at lower elevations in unst, the most northern isle of the shetland group. it has also been recorded from the orkneys. kane mentions a specimen bred at the end of february, 1893, at clonbrock, co. galway, from a caterpillar found at a bog in the vicinity, where crowberry grows abundantly. abroad the species in its typical form is found on mountains in central and southern scandinavia, and in modified form in silesia, hungary, and switzerland .\na. crassa, hübn. ,\none specimen in the cabinet of mr. s. stevens .\na. spinifera, hübn. , a specimen taken in the isle of man, august, 1869. a. fennica, tauscher, a specimen recorded in the zoologist for 1850, as captured in derbyshire .\nand yaxley, huntingdonshire. in the latter fen it was first noted by weaver about the year 1837. in 1846 and onwards it was plentiful, and the caterpillars were common. all was well with the species until about 1851 when the fens were drained, and the moth then ceased to appear. (plate\n, fig. 3 .) in sweden, southern russia, and in amurland the species is represented by a bluish form, var .\nthe dull brownish moth (plate 110, fig. 6), is generally distributed throughout the british isles, including the orkneys. the fore wings of southern specimens are usually suffused with reddish, but this is less obvious in northern examples. the markings are sometimes bold and striking or, on the other hand, only faintly defined, or largely absent. a pinkish - tinged brown form without markings was formerly confused with the continental a. helvetina. the moth is on the wing in june and july, sometimes in august, especially in the north; and the caterpillar is to be found from july to may. when young it feeds on various low - growing plants, but later it crawls up at night to devour the leaves of hawthorn, sloe, sallow, birch, etc. it is brownish, tinged with pink, and marked on the back with a series of v - shaped dashes, and white points; on ring eleven there is a yellowish - edged black mark; above the white spiracles is a black - edged red - brown stripe. head pale brown, freckled with darker brown .\nin its typical form as depicted on plate 110, fig. 4, this species is slaty grey with black markings. in devonshire and other parts of the west of england, and also in ireland, it assumes a decided pinkish tinge (var. rosea, tutt). through scotland the colour becomes darker grey, and in perthshire it merges into blackish grey. in the shetlands a blackish, or sooty - brown form (var. edda, staud .), occurs .\nthe caterpillar feeds on grasses and various low plants, also on ling, heath, sallow, and has been found on wild hyacinth. it is yellowish - brown with dark shaded pale lines on the back, and a dark brown stripe on the sides; spiracles and dots blackish. october to june. the moth flies in august and september, and affects heathy places, borders of woods, etc. , throughout the british isles, including the hebrides, orkneys, and shetlands. except in the new forest, hampshire, it does not seem to be common in the southern counties of england; it occurs in epping forest, and in other parts of the eastern counties; northwards it becomes more generally distributed and more plentiful .\n, fig. 3. fig. 2 represents the greyish form, var .\n, which is most frequently met with in southern england. between these extremes intermediate forms occur connecting one with the other. specimens of a pale ochreous colour have been obtained in the vicinity of market drayton, shropshire. the caterpillar, which feeds on heather and sallow at night, is pale reddish - brown, finely powdered with greyish; below the pale ochreous stripe on the sides, the ground colour is greenish; head marked with darker brown. september to may. the moth flies in august, and occurs on the larger tracts of heathery ground throughout the british isles, but it is commoner in some parts than in others, and appears to be scarce in ireland. the red form, and intermediates, occasionally occur in the new forest, and also in other parts of southern england, but in scotland it is not uncommon. the distribution abroad is, like that of the last species, pretty much confined to western europe .\nthis species, a male and female of which are shown on plate 114, figs. 7 ♂ and 8 ♀ is common in wooded districts throughout the british isles, except the orkneys and the shetlands. the colour of the fore wings ranges from pale greyish brown, or reddish grey, to reddish brown or purplish brown. sometimes the first and second cross lines are bordered, or represented, by pale bands .\nthe caterpillar is dingy ochreous brown, or reddish brown; three yellowish lines along the back, the central one edged with blackish; the others have blackish bordered yellow triangular marks between them, on each ring from three to eleven; spiracles and dots black; head pale brown, shining. it feeds in the autumn on various low plants, and in the spring on hawthorn, sloe, sallow, bramble, etc. september to may. the moth flies in july and august. its range abroad extends to amurland and to north america .\n, fig. 5, by a female specimen. sometimes the fore wings are more reddish brown in colour, and the markings are occasionally bolder. the caterpillar is pale or dark reddish brown above, and rather greyish below; the back is marked with dark outlined diamonds, and the dark edged white spiracles have a dark shade above them, and an ochreous stripe below; head pale brown marked with darker. feeds on primrose, dock, sorrel, nettle, etc. from september to may. the moth flies in july, august, and the early part of september. it seems to be more frequently and regularly obtained in scotland, especially in the woods of perthshire, aberdeen and moray. in england the species is, or has been, found in oxfordshire (rare in beech woods) ,\nberkshire, wiltshire (savernake forest), devonshire (dartmoor), south wales (near swansea), north wales (mold), cheshire (one specimen, staley - brushes), yorkshire (scarborough), durham (one at bishop auckland), cumberland (barrow wood). the range abroad includes central europe (except holland and belgium), southern sweden, lavonia, and south - east russia, armenia, and northern asia minor. it may be noted that stephens, writing in 1829, considered this to be a doubtful british species .\na male specimen of this often common and generally distributed species is shown on plate 110, fig. 8. the fore wings vary in colour, from pale reddish grey through bright reddish or pinkish brown to purplish brown; the costal mark may be whitish, ochreous, or pinkish tinged. the moth is most frequently obtained in the autumn, but it is sometimes met with from may to july." ]

{ "text": [ "the bulrush wainscot ( nonagria typhae ) is a moth of the noctuidae family .", "it is found from ireland and portugal to southern fennoscandia , east to western siberia , the altai mountains , yakutia , turkey , the caucasus , lebanon , egypt , arabia , iraq , iran , afghanistan and central asia .", "the wingspan is 45 – 50 mm .", "adults are on wing from july to october .", "the larvae feed on typha latifolia and typha angustifolia . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 8, 8 ] }

[ "the bulrush wainscot (nonagria typhae) is a moth of the noctuidae family. it is found from ireland and portugal to southern fennoscandia, east to western siberia, the altai mountains, yakutia, turkey, the caucasus, lebanon, egypt, arabia, iraq, iran, afghanistan and central asia. the wingspan is 45 – 50 mm. adults are on wing from july to october. the larvae feed on typha latifolia and typha angustifolia." ]

[ "frédéric ducarme marked\nfile: monetaria moneta 600x600. jpg\nas trusted on the\nmonetaria moneta (linné, 1758 )\npage .\nfrédéric ducarme set\nimage of cypraea moneta\nas an exemplar on\nmonetaria moneta (linnaeus, 1758 )\n.\nmonetaria moneta endua steadman, w. r. & b. c. cotton, 1943\nmonetaria moneta erua steadman, w. r. & b. c. cotton, 1943\nmonetaria moneta etolu steadman, w. r. & b. c. cotton, 1943\n= = subspecies and forms = = subspecies: *\nmonetaria moneta barthelemyi\n( f) bernardi, m. , 1861forms: *\nmonetaria moneta\nform\nerosaformis\n*\nmonetaria moneta\nform\nharrisi\niredale, t. , 1939 *\nmonetaria moneta\nform\nicterina\nlamarck, j. b. p. a .\n( of monetaria moneta moneta (linnaeus, 1758) ) obis indo - pacific molluscan database. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nbarthelemyi\n( f) bernardi, m. , 1861 *\nmonetaria moneta\nform\nerosaformis\n*\nmonetaria moneta\nform\nharrisi\niredale, t. , 1939 *\nmonetaria moneta\nform\nicterina\nlamarck, j. b. p. a .\nde, 1810 *\nmonetaria moneta\nform\nrhomboides\nschilder, f. a .\nmonetaria moneta subalata (var .) schilder, f. a. & m. schilder, 1933\n& m. schilder, 1933 *\nmonetaria moneta\nform\ntuberculosa\nquoy, j. r. c .\nmonetaria ethnographica circumvallata schilder, f. a. & m. schilder, 1933\njennifer hammock split the classifications by bhl: biodivlibrary' s photostream, moorea biocode, and obis environmental information from monetaria moneta (linnaeus, 1758) to their own page .\nmonetaria ethnographica rochebrune, a. - t. de, 1884: red sea; indian ocean\nmonetaria mercatorium rochebrune, a. - t. de, 1884: seychelles - japan & hawaii\nin the specimen photographged above and below, you can see the thin gold ring around the dorsal coloration. however, the knobby margins easily identify this as a monetaria moneta rather than m. annulus .\ncypraea moneta linnaeus, 1758. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\n96 best monetaria spp. (cypraeidae) images on pinterest | clam shells, sea shells and seashells\nthe species of búzios found in the visited terreiros. from left to right: erosaria caputserpentis, monetaria moneta and m. annulus. the fourth shell (m. annulus) is sanded, leaving the columella exposed .\njames rosindell changed the thumbnail image of\nfile: ausisnäcka, cyprea moneta - skoklosters slott - 94995. tif\n.\n= = external links = = * on - line articles with\ncypraea moneta\nin the hawaiian shell news (1960 - 1994) * cypraea moneta * more habitat info * shell money *\nastamangala divya prasna\nan article about divination in kerala using coweries .\n{ author1, author2... }, (n. d .). monetaria moneta (linnaeus, 1758). [ online ] india biodiversity portal, species page: { name of species field } available at: urltoken [ accessed date jul 11, 2018 ] .\ncitation :\nmoney cowries, monetaria moneta ~ marinebio. org .\nmarinebio conservation society. web. accessed wednesday, july 11, 2018. < urltoken >. last update: 2 / 28 / 2012 1: 27: 00 am ~ contributor (s): marinebio\nrochebrune, a. t. de 1884 ,\nmonographie desformes appartenant au genre monetaria\n, bulletin de la société malacologique de france, vol. 1, pp. 78 - 102\ncomparison: cypraea moneta occasionally has an orange ring on the dorsum similar to cypraea annulus, but it is distinguished by its heavy margin. juvenile specimens of the two species are difficult to separate .\n( of cypraea moneta linnaeus, 1758) burgess, c. m. (1970). the living cowries. as barnes and co, ltd. cranbury, new jersey. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of cypraea moneta linnaeus, 1758) branch, g. m. et al. (2002). two oceans. 5th impression. david philip, cate town & johannesburg. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe mollusk species recorded in this study come from many regions of the world. the majority was harvested from the atlantic ocean, but quite a number of species (n = 5) were imported from indo - pacific countries. the presence of exotic species in the ne brazilian trade suggests that brazil is an important market for shell trade [ 3 ]. the use of exotic cowries such as monetaria annulus and m. moneta indicating the importance of these species in regional and global trading .\nthe nkisi crystal and cowry shell are important symbols of cultural continuity, and the survival of west african spiritual practices under the violence of slavery. excavated from mount clare, this monetaria moneta, or “money cowry, ” could have been used for many purposes. found in asia, the english imported large shipments of cowry shells to use as payment for the purchase of african people in the slave trade; and it was even used as legal tender in west african communities into the mid - 19th century .\nresearch monetaria moneta » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life (eol) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist (threatened status) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi (pubmed, genbank, etc .) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\n( of monetaria icterina (lamarck) ) verdcourt, b. (1954). the cowries of the east african coast (kenya, tanganyika, zanzibar and pemba). journal of the east africa natural history society 22 (4) 96: 129 - 144, 17 pls. [ details ]\non the left, assentamentos of the orixás, the two in the right representing oxumarê and the one in the left end representing ossãe. on the right, details of the ibá of oxumarê, with cymatium raderi and monetaria annulus shells. attempted representation of a serpent in the ibá, since oxumarê possess this symbology. from a terreiro of the keto nation in caruaru (pe) .\nmasks used by the filhos - de - santo when they incorporate their orixás. in the left: details of the mask of the oxalá - oxalufã ornamented with the búzios of the species monetaria annulus in the terreiro of the\nketo nation .\nin the right: the mask of oxum in the terreiro of the\nyoruba nation\nin caruaru (pe) ornamented with shells of species euvola ziczac and nerita sp .\n( of cypraea moneta linnaeus, 1758) spencer, h. g. , marshall, b. a. & willan, r. c. (2009). checklist of new zealand living mollusca. pp 196 - 219. in: gordon, d. p. (ed .) new zealand inventory of biodiversity. volume one. kingdom animalia: radiata, lophotrochozoa, deuterostomia. canterbury university press, christchurch. [ details ]\naccording with santos [ 51 ], white colored búzios (m. moneta e m. annulus), alone, do not only symbolize the generic white, whose symbolism was previously discussed. the symbolize portions of this white, that is, units that resume or synthesize the interaction of two creating powers, the masculine and the feminine, in the right and the left side. lacking the soft parts of the mollusks, the shells are still constituted of the symbol of the spiritual and ancestral dobles (one of the essential characteristics of the nagô system would be that each spiritual or abstract element would correspond with a material or corporal representation or localization) [ 51 ] .\nverdcourt, b. (1954). the cowries of the east african coast (kenya, tanganyika, zanzibar and pemba). journal of the east africa natural history society 22 (4) 96: 129 - 144, 17 pls. [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\norr j. (1985). hong kong seashells. the urban council, hong kong [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nvol. 32, p 41; pl. 10 / top & 2nd right; pl. 11 / 4\nthe money cowrie is an excellent herbivore, including hair algae as one of its algaes it loves to eat .\nthe blueberry gorgonian is a filter feeder which requires strong non lateral flow and phytoplankton / zooplankton to be fed to the tank at least once per week. due to the fact it is non ...\nglowing marginella snail marginella plumiosum. 25 -. 5 inch in length sand sifting like nassarius snails very pretty - glassy shells\ntiger sand conch strombus spp despite their name, they are peaceful toward other tank mates. they are excellent sand sifters, and are very beneficial in the reef aquarium. as they ...\nlive copepods for sale & amphipods make great fish and coral food * * * * * * please note - this item does not ship free by itself. you must purchase a package that comes with free ...\nlarge speckled nassarius snail (nassarius sp) common name: large speckled nassarius snails scientific name: nassarius sp size available: ~ 1. 5 - 2 inch minimum tank ...\nnassarius snail (nassarius vibex) the nassarius snail has a little body with a big appetite - going around your tank foraging for any decaying waste, leftover food and nasty fish excrement in your ...\nthe saltwater peppermint shrimp (lysmata wurdemanni) is also known as veined shrimp and caribbean cleaner shrimp. it is a natural predator of the nuisance anemone - aiptasia, while some peppermint ...\ncerith snail (cerithiidae sp .) this all around fantastic saltwater snail is a favorite among aquarists. cerith snails eat detritus, fish waste, algae, and uneaten food. cerith snails will scale ...\nthe orange fan sponge require a strong water current, moderate lighting and supplemental feeding. do not expose sponges to the air. this fan sponge feeds on bacteria that it filters from the moving ...\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nsteadman, w. r. & cotton, b. c. 1943 ,\nthe cowries (cypraeidae) of fiji\n, records of the south australian museum (adelaide), vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 309 - 336\nschilder, f. a. 1927 ,\nrevision der cypraeacea (moll. gastr. )\n, archiv für naturgeschichte, vol. 91a, pp. 1 - 171\nschröter, j. s. 1804 ,\nneue conch. arten (weidemann )\n, arkiv för zoologi, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1 - 113\nkiesenwetter, h. von 1872 ,\ncui bono, ein vortrag von linné\n, sitzungsberichte und abhandlungen der naturwissenschaftlichen gesellschaft\nisis\nin dresden, vol. 1872\nkojumdgieva, e. (in: kojumdgieva, e. & strachirimov, b .) 1960 ,\nle tortonien du type viennois\n, ed. kojumdgieva, e. & strachirimov, b. (eds), fosilite na bulgatija vii: tortonian, vol. 1960, pp. 13 - 246, bulgarian academy of sciences, place of publishing unknown\niredale, t. 1939 ,\naustralian cowries. part 2\n, the australian zoologist, vol. 9, pp. 297 - 323 pls, 27 - 29\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 9c8ed6a7 - 4309 - 4b3c - bf9b - 4dbc5a6654df\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: dfe7498d - 852c - 4779 - 87f2 - e240eb5a226a\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: fd66ad81 - 3a8f - 46ce - b9d9 - 30731499c62a\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 534242\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhere a pair of animals in a halimeda patch guard a mass of white egg capsules .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. < em > china science press. < / em > 1267 pp .\nverdcourt, b. (1954) the cowries of the east african coast: journal of the east africa natural history society. 22 (4): 129 - 144\nverdcourt, b. (1954). the cowries of the east african coast (kenya, tanganyika, zanzibar and pemba). journal of the east africa natural history society 22 (4) 96: 129 - 144, 17 pls .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nwe would like to know your feedback and any ideas on making this group a more interesting and a happening place. we are thankful for your wonderful contribution to this group and would like to hear from you soon .\na small cowrie with the dorsal surface is generally bright yellow, margins paler or white .\ntropical institute of ecological sciences, ecological research campus, velloor, kottayam, kerala .\na general description, with any kind of information about the taxon. its main goal is summarize the most relevant or attractive characteristics of this taxon to the general public .\nsolid shellsolid shell with flattened sides often granulose; are much thickened and form a broad, well defined and rather compressed marginal area which bears one or two obscure nodular swellings posterioly and often demarcated from the more strongly raised and humped central region of the dorsum by a depression, which, however, is iften well marked only in front and behind. slightly expanded aperture extremites. quite distinct teeth; which are strong and close set. colours variable. usually a glossy yellowish - green, often with golden yellow mantle line or ring. 2 - 3 greenish grey bands often cross the centre of the back as well. a uniform band of plae yellow or white surround this. base and aperture also a uniform white .\nlists the features that distinguish this taxon from its closest relatives. may include but is not restricted to synapomorphies .\ndescribes average size, max, range; type of size (perimeter, length, volume, weight ...) .\nsulittoral, rocky coasts, reefs. distributed indo - pacific, east coast of africa to galapagose island. very common species once used as currency .\ngeneral description of the sites where the species is found (ecosystem, forest, environment or microhabitat). includes realm (e. g terrestrial etc) and climatic information (e. g boreal); also includes requirements and tolerances; horizontal and vertical (altitudinal) distribution. also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities (feeding, mating, etc .), associated mostly to vertebrates .\n| | best supported on google chrome, firefox 3. 0 +, internet explorer 8. 0 +, safari 4. 0 +, opera 10 +. powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform. technology partner strand life sciences\ncowries are a favorite of collectors because of their beautiful colors and high - gloss finish. this is possible because the animals' mantle is on the outside, secreting the shell from the top - down and keeping it protected, whereas most other shells are secreted from the inside - out, hence the glossy interior of many shells. the mantle is usually ornamented with papillae that provide camouflage and assist in respiration. the color of the mantle sometimes matches the sponge it feeds upon. cowries usually remain hidden during the day in holes, dead coral heads, rubble, or under rocks and emerge at night to feed with the mantle fully extended. empty but intact shells are usually the result of predation by cone shells .\ncowries may be algal grazers or sponge grazers, or both. females lay a cluster of small egg capsules and will sit upon the mass until they hatch. if you find a cowry clinging tightly to an egg mass do not disturb it otherwise it may not return to that position. veliger larvae hatch and spend some time in the plankton before settlement. juveniles look like paper - thin olive shells, coiling as they grow until maturity, when the outer lip curves inward, forms teeth, and the shell thickens with a new adult color pattern. the height of an adult cowry does not change once this takes place but rather the shell thickens and the interior is dissolved to create more space inside. curiously, young cowries stop coiling at random regardless of height, resulting in a broad size range in adults .\nhawaii is special for having several endemic cowries, some of these being quite rare, such as live - collected ostergaard' s cowries worth several thousand dollars. widespread species often attain record size in hawaiian waters and many of these are rare locally .\nproper care must be exercised to avoid ruining cowries. never boil, soak in water, use bleach, acid, or leave decaying flesh in contact with the shell. keep out of direct sunlight and store in the dark to slow down the fading process. if the gloss is already marred nothing can be done to fix it .\nnote: species are grouped here according to appearance for easier comparison. i have elected to keep parent genus cypraea instead of the current (and confusing for the layperson) splitters' trend of elevating subgenera to genus. here subgenera are indicated within parentheses .\nallied cowries are similar in appearance to cowries but differ in larval morphology and diet, feeding upon and laying eggs within compound tunicates. hawaiian species are tiny, measuring less than 1 / 4 inch at adulthood, therefore rarely collected alive but frequent in beach drift. formerly known as family eratoidae .\novulids are similar in appearance to cowries but lack teeth along the aperture. they live and feed upon soft corals, gorgonians, and black corals. their shells are quite drab but the mantle of live animals can be very attractive .\ndescription: teeth medium size, not extending across the base. shell heavily margined, with base and margin white and unspotted, dorsum yellowish - green. a black transverse line crosses the dorsum almost centrally. some specimens show a thin yellow ring encircling the dorsum .\ndistribution: the entire tropical indian and pacific oceans, from east africa to central america, including northern australia. in australia, from houtman abrolhos, wa, to shellharbour, nsw .\nhabitat: intertidal, exposed and under rocks and among algae. abundant in the tropics but uncommon in nsw .\nremarks: this is the well known money cowry which was used for currency in some parts of africa, asia and oceania. it is an extremely common shell in its tropical range. last century vast quantities were collected on the east coast of africa and shipped to west africa, where the shell does not occur naturally. in the year 1867 alone, 67, 000 hundredweight passed through the port of lagos, to be used as payment for oil seed. under this pressure it rapidly devalued as a currency in the latter part of the nineteenth century .\nfigs. 1, 2: long reef, collaroy, nsw (c. 077572 )\ndepth range based on 439 specimens in 87 taxa. water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 291 samples. environmental ranges depth range (m): - 5 - 640 temperature range (°c): 8. 535 - 28. 496 nitrate (umol / l): 0. 033 - 29. 396 salinity (pps): 33. 721 - 37. 252 oxygen (ml / l): 2. 960 - 4. 961 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 071 - 1. 842 silicate (umol / l): 0. 777 - 17. 593 graphical representation depth range (m): - 5 - 640 temperature range (°c): 8. 535 - 28. 496 nitrate (umol / l): 0. 033 - 29. 396 salinity (pps): 33. 721 - 37. 252 oxygen (ml / l): 2. 960 - 4. 961 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 071 - 1. 842 silicate (umol / l): 0. 777 - 17. 593 note: this information has not been validated. check this * note *. your feedback is most welcome .\ndepth range based on 2 specimens in 1 taxon. water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1 sample. environmental ranges depth range (m): 22. 7118 - 78. 0121 temperature range (°c): 23. 864 - 23. 864 nitrate (umol / l): 1. 690 - 1. 690 salinity (pps): 35. 439 - 35. 439 oxygen (ml / l): 4. 350 - 4. 350 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 239 - 0. 239 silicate (umol / l): 1. 228 - 1. 228 graphical representation depth range (m): 22. 7118 - 78. 0121 note: this information has not been validated. check this * note *. your feedback is most welcome .\ndepth range based on 16 specimens in 1 taxon. water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 16 samples. environmental ranges depth range (m): 7. 5 - 64 temperature range (°c): 23. 011 - 28. 496 nitrate (umol / l): 0. 046 - 1. 048 salinity (pps): 34. 301 - 34. 986 oxygen (ml / l): 4. 272 - 4. 820 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 082 - 0. 324 silicate (umol / l): 1. 089 - 4. 145 graphical representation depth range (m): 7. 5 - 64 temperature range (°c): 23. 011 - 28. 496 nitrate (umol / l): 0. 046 - 1. 048 salinity (pps): 34. 301 - 34. 986 oxygen (ml / l): 4. 272 - 4. 820 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 082 - 0. 324 silicate (umol / l): 1. 089 - 4. 145 note: this information has not been validated. check this * note *. your feedback is most welcome .\nstocks, k. 2009. seamounts online: an online information system for seamount biology. version 2009 - 1. world wide web electronic publication .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. no available public dna sequences. download fasta file\nalmost all species previously belonging to cypraea have been reassigned to other genera within the family cypraeidae .\ncypraea costispunctata g. b. sowerby ii, 1870: synonym of pusula costispunctata (g. b. sowerby ii, 1870 )\ncypraea pediculus var. cimex g. b. sowerby ii, 1870: synonym of pusula cimex (g. b. sowerby ii, 1870 )\ncypraea solandri g. b. sowerby i, 1832: synonym of pusula solandri (g. b. sowerby i, 1832 )\ncypraea linnaeus, 1758. worms (2010). cypraea linnaeus, 1758. in: bouchet, p. ; gofas, s. ; rosenberg, g. (2010) world marine mollusca database. accessed through: world register of marine species at urltoken on 9 june 2011 .\ncypraea pantherina lightfoot, 1786. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea tigris linnaeus, 1758. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea alisonae burgess, 1983. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea amarata (meuschen, 1787). retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea annulus linnaeus, 1758. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea arabica linnaeus, 1758. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea arabicula. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea argus linnaeus, 1758. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea asellus linnaeus, 1758. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea beckii gaskoin, 1836. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea bistrinotata schilder & schilder, 1937. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea broderipii gray in sowerby, 1832. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea camelopardalis perry, 1811. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea capensis. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea caputserpentis linnaeus, 1758. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea carneola linnaeus, 1758. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea caurica linnaeus, 1758. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea cernica sowerby, 1870. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea chinensis gmelin, 1791. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea cicercula linnaeus, 1758. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea citrina gray, 1825. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea clandestina linnaeus, 1767. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea coloba melvill, 1888. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea contaminata sowerby, 1832. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea cribellum gaskoin, 1849. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea cribraria linnaeus, 1758. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea cruenta. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea cylindrica born, 1778. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea depressa gray, 1824. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea diluculum reeve, 1845. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea eburnea barnes, 1824. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea edentula. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea eglantina duclos, 1833. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea erosa linnaeus, 1758. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea errones linnaeus, 1758. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea erythraeensis sowerby, 1837. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea esontropia duclos, 1833. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea exusta sowerby, 1832. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea felina gmelin, 1791. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea fimbriata gmelin, 1791. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea fuscodentata. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea gangranosa dillwyn, 1817. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea gaskoini reeve, 1846. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea globosa. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea globulus linnaeus, 1758. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea gracilis gaskoin, 1849. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea grayana schilder, 1930. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea helvola linnaeus, 1758. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea hirundo linnaeus, 1758. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea histrio gmelin, 1791. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea inocellata gray. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea interrupta gray, 1824. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea isabella linnaeus, 1758. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea kieneri hidalgo, 1906. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea lamarckii gray, 1825. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea lentiginosa. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea leviathan schilder & schilder, 1937. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea lisetae kilburn, 1975. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 9 july 2011 .\ncypraea limacina lamarck, 1810. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea lurica. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea lurida linnaeus. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea lynx linnaeus, 1758. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea macandrewi sowerby, 1870. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea maculifera schilder, 1932. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea madagascariensis gmelin, 1790. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea mappa linnaeus, 1758. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea marginalis dillwyn, 1827. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea mariae schilder, 1927. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea mauritiana linnaeus, 1758. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea microdon gray, 1828. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea miliaris gmelin, 1790. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea nebrites melvill, 1888. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea nivosa broderip, 1827. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea nucleus linnaeus, 1758. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea ocellata l. . retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea onyx linnaeus, 1758. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea owenii sowerby, 1837. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea pallida. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea poraria linnaeus, 1758. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea pulchra gray, 1824. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea punctata linnaeus, 1771. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea reticulata martyn, 1784. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea scurra gmelin, 1791. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea staphylaea linnaeus, 1758. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea stercoraria linnaeus. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea stolida linnaeus, 1758. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea talpa linnaeus, 1758. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea teres gmelin, 1791. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea testudinaria linnaeus, 1758. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea teuleri cazenavette, 1845. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea thomasi crosse, 1865. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea turdus lamarck, 1810. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea ursellus gmelin, 1791. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea vitellus linnaeus, 1758. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea walkeri sowerby, 1832. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea zebra linnaeus, 1758. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea ziczac linnaeus, 1758. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\ncypraea zonaria gmelin. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 5 june 2010 .\nlinnaeus, c. (1758). systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. editio decima, reformata. laurentius salvius: holmiae. ii, 824 pp\ncowry, also sometimes spelled cowrie, plural cowries, is the common name for a group of small to large sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family cypraeidae, the cowries. the word cowry is also often used to refer only to the shells of these snails, which overall are often shaped more or less like an egg, except that they are rather flat on the underside .\nof cowries pleasing to look at and to handle. indeed the term\nporcelain\nderives from the old\nsome species in the family ovulidae are also often referred to as cowries. in the british isles the local trivia species (family triviidae, species trivia monacha and trivia arctica) are sometimes called cowries. the ovulidae and the triviidae are somewhat closely related to the cypraeidae .\nthe shells of cowries are almost always smooth and shiny and more or less egg - shaped, with a flat under surface which shows a long, narrow, slit - like opening (aperture), which is often toothed at the edges. the narrower end of the egg - shaped cowry shell is the anterior end. the spire of the shell is not visible in the adult shell of most species, but is visible in juveniles, which have a different shape to the adults .\nall cowry shells have a porcelain - like shine except hawaii' s granulated cowry, cypraea granulata. many have colorful patterns. lengths range from 5 mm for some species up to 15 cm for the tiger cowry, cypraea tigris .\nwas named after cowry shells. starting over three thousand years ago, cowry shells, or copies of the shells, were used as\nthe classical chinese character for money (貝) originated as a stylized drawing of a cowrie shell. [ citation needed ] words and characters concerning money, property or wealth usually has this as a radical .\nthe ojibway aboriginal people in north america used cowry shells which they called sacred miigis shells or whiteshells in midewiwin ceremonies, and the whiteshell provincial park in manitoba, canada is named after this type of shell. there is some debate about how the ojibway traded for or found these shells, so far inland and so far north, very distant from the natural habitat. oral stories and birch bark scrolls seem to indicate that the shells were found in the ground, or washed up on the shores of lakes or rivers. finding the cowry shells so far inland could indicate the previous use of them by an earlier tribe or group in the area, who may have obtained them through an extensive trade network in the ancient past. petroforms in the whiteshell provincial park may be as old as 8, 000 years .\ncowry shells are sometimes used in a way similar to dice, e. g. , in board games like pachisi, ashta chamma (board game) or in divination (cf. ifá and the annual customs of dahomey). a number of shells (6 or 7 in pachisi) are thrown, with those landing aperture upwards indicating the actual number rolled .\nlarge cowry shells such as that of cypraea tigris have been used in europe in the recent past as a frame over which sock heels were stretched for darning. the cowry' s smooth surface allows the needle to be positioned under the cloth more easily .\nthis section needs attention from an expert on the subject. see the talk page for details. wikiproject gastropods or the gastropods portal may be able to help recruit an expert. (july 2009 )\nalmost all species previously belonging to cypraea have been reassigned to other genera within the family cypraeidae. species formerly placed within the genus cypraea include :\n^ oxford english dictionary :\nthe ceramic material was apparently so named on account of the resemblance of its translucent surface to the nacreous shell of the mollusc. [... ] the cowrie was probably originally so named on account of the resemblance of the fissure of its shell to a vulva (it is unclear whether the reference is spec. to the vulva of a sow) .\n^ hogendorn, jan and johnson marion: the shell money of the slave trade. african studies series 49, cambridge university press, cambridge, 1986 .\n( 2nd reprinted ed .). asian educational services. p. 257 .\n^ radiance from the waters: ideals of feminine beauty in mende art by sylvia ardyn boone. yale university press, 1986 .\n^\ncowrie shells as amulets in europe\nby w. l. hildburgh in folklore, 1942\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nset of 10 showing a fantastic range of size, color and shape. highly selected specimens .\ndescription broad shell with knobbly outline and raised dome, up to 4 cm. colour creamy, yellowish or pale green, occasionally with ...\ndescription broad shell with knobbly outline and raised dome, up to 4 cm. colour creamy, yellowish or pale green, occasionally with three faint darker bands. habitat: various, especially shallow seagrass beds. distribution: indo - pacific; tropical indo - pacific, also in australia in kalk (1958). regional names: kis. kaure. (richmond, 1997). [ details ]\nburgess, c. m. (1970). the living cowries. as barnes and co, ltd. cranbury, new jersey. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nbranch, g. m. et al. (2002). two oceans. 5th impression. david philip, cate town & johannesburg. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nspencer, h. g. , marshall, b. a. & willan, r. c. (2009). checklist of new zealand living mollusca. pp 196 - 219. in: gordon, d. p. (ed .) new zealand inventory of biodiversity. volume one. kingdom animalia: radiata, lophotrochozoa, deuterostomia. canterbury university press, christchurch. [ details ]\nthis home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap! if you would like to help out or know of a great video, photo or site about this species, let us know and we' ll notify you as soon as it is finished. our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year. if you' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio, check out our marinebio projects page .\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page. we greatly appreciate all feedback !\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world, raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly, providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today, and the scientists, teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support, most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected, if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity. we sincerely thank our thousands of members, donors and sponsors, who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88. 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation, education, research, and a sea ethic ~ marinebio. org, inc. is a u. s. 501 (c) 3 charitable, nonprofit organization. contact: info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states. > < (( (( ° > © 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use. privacy policy. > - < °° > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea — to oceanus, the ocean river, like the everflowing stream of time, the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information: family, species, author, date, and full locality .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (1. 137 seconds. )\na többéves dezinflációs folyamatot figyelembe véve, amely alacsony árnövekedési rátába torkollott, sok központi bank történelmileg visszatekintve is alacsony kamatokat alkalmazva hosszú ideig egészen laza pénzügypolitikát folytatott. ez tekintélyes monetá\naz ek - szerződés 99. cikke szerint a tagállamok gazdaságpolitikáikat közös érdekek ügyeként kezelik, és azokat a tanácsban koordinálják. a gazdaságpolitikák megszavazása és a gazdasági fejlődés közeledése alapján egy kedvező környezetet kell a közös monetá\nunder the terms of article 99 of the ec treaty, member states regard their economic policies as a matter of common interest and coordinate them in the council. the harmonisation of economic policies and the convergence of economic trends are intended to c\n* lemonedes, heather, lynn federle orr and david steel ,\nmonete in normandy ,\nrizzoli international publications, 2006, isbn 0 - 8478 - 2842 - 5 * sagner, karin ,\nmonet at giverny\n, prestel verlag * stuckey, charles f. , claude monet 1840 - 1926, 1995, co - published by the art institute of chicago and thames and hudson .\n* lemonedes, heather, lynn federle orr and david steel ,\nmonet in normandy ,\nrizzoli international publications, 2006, isbn 0 - 8478 - 2842 - 5 * sagner, karin ,\nmonet at giverny\n, prestel verlag * stuckey, charles f. , claude monet 1840 - 1926, 1995, co - published by the art institute of chicago and thames and hudson .\nmore habitat info * shell money *\nastamangala divya prasna\nan article about divination in kerala using coweries .\nurltoken tárgyú cikkei = = = = * notice sur quelques procédés industriels connus en chine au xvie siècle (1835) urltoken sur la population de la chine et ses variations, depuis l’an 2400 avant j. - c. jusqu’au xviie siècle de notre ère (1836) urltoken sur la condition des esclaves et des serviteurs gagés en chine (1837) urltoken sur le système monétaire des chinois (1838) urltoken sur les recensements des terres, consignés dans l' histoire chinoise (1938) urltoken sur la condition de la propriété territoriale en chine, depuis les temps anciens (1838) urltoken sur la connaissance que les chinois ont eue de la valeur de position des chiffres (1839) urltoken générale d' un ouvrage chinois intitulé\nsouan - fa - tong - tsong\n, ou\ntraité complet de l' art de compter\n( 1839) urltoken sur divers minéraux chinois, appartenant à la collection du jardin du roi (1839) urltoken sur les montagnes et cavernes de la chine (1840) urltoken sur la hauteur de quelques points remarquables du territoire chinois (1840) urltoken sur la température ancienne de la chine .\nurltoken sur quelques procédés industriels connus en chine au xvie siècle (1835) urltoken sur la population de la chine et ses variations, depuis l’an 2400 avant j. - c. jusqu’au xviie siècle de notre ère (1836) urltoken sur la condition des esclaves et des serviteurs gagés en chine (1837) urltoken sur le système monétaire des chinois (1838) urltoken sur les recensements des terres, consignés dans l' histoire chinoise (1938) urltoken sur la condition de la propriété territoriale en chine, depuis les temps anciens (1838) urltoken sur la connaissance que les chinois ont eue de la valeur de position des chiffres (1839) urltoken générale d' un ouvrage chinois intitulé\nsouan - fa - tong - tsong\n, ou\ntraité complet de l' art de compter\n( 1839) urltoken sur divers minéraux chinois, appartenant à la collection du jardin du roi (1839) urltoken sur les montagnes et cavernes de la chine (1840) urltoken sur la hauteur de quelques points remarquables du territoire chinois (1840) urltoken sur la température ancienne de la chine .\na banque de france - ot a 2008. augusztus 4 - i 2008 - 776 törvénnyel [ 2 ] módosított „code monétaire et financier” (monetáris és pénzügyi törvény) szabályozza franciaországban .\nthe banque de france is regulated in france by the ‘code monétaire et financier’ as modified by loi no 2008 - 776 of 4 august 2008 [ 2 ] .\na „code monétaire et financier” l. 141 - 6 cikke felhatalmazza a banque de france - ot, hogy az alapvető feladatai ellátásához szükséges valamennyi információt a piaci szereplőktől beszerezze .\narticle l. 141 - 6 of the ‘code monétaire et financier’ allows the banque de france to receive all necessary information from market participants to develop its essential functions .\na „code monétaire et financier” vonatkozó rendelkezései – különösen annak l. 142 - 9 és l. 164 - 2 cikke – biztosítja, hogy a banque de france elemzőire és alkalmazottaira nézve egyrészt kötelező a szakmai titoktartás elve, másrészt kötelezőek a szakmai etikai kódexekben és a banque de france - nak a gazdasági, pénzügyi és ipari minisztérium („ministère de l’économie, des finances et de l’industrie”) által jóváhagyott pénzügyi etikai kódexében lefektetett összeférhetetlenségi szabályok .\nthe provisions of the ‘code monétaire et financier’, in particular articles l. 142 - 9, and l. 164 - 2 ensure that analysts and agents working in the banque de france are bound by the professional secrecy principle and by rules on conflicts of interest included in the professional ethics rules and in the financial ethical code of the banque de france approved by the minister of ‘l’economie, des finances et de l’industrie’ .\nez a szóban forgó betétkönyv kereskedelmi megnevezése, amelyet 2008. december 31 - ig a code monétaire et financier (monetáris és pénzügyi törvény) l221. cikke „a crédit mutuel különleges betétszámlája” néven említett .\nthis is the commercial name of the savings account in question, referred to by the name of ‘compte spécial sur livret du crédit mutuel’ (special savings account of the crédit mutuel) until 31 december 2008 in article l221 - 1 of the monetary and financial code .\n- bijzondere bestemming: voor uitvoer bestemde goederen (verordening (eeg) nr. 2454 / 93, artikel 303): toekenning van monetaire compenserende bedragen en landbouwrestituties uitgesloten ,\n2002. november 25én és 26 - án a petíciós bizo ság nyilvános meghallgatásra hívta azt a hét jelöltet, akiknek elfogadták a jelentkezését. ezek a következők voltak: georgiosz anasztasszopulosz, p. nikiforos diamandouros, giuseppe fortunato, xabier markiegi, pierre - yves monette, roy perry és herman wuyts." ]

{ "text": [ "monetaria moneta , common name the money cowry , is a species of small sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae , the cowries .", "this species is called \" money cowry \" because the shells were historically widely used in many pacific and indian ocean countries as shell money before coinage was in common usage . " ], "topic": [ 2, 2 ] }

[ "monetaria moneta, common name the money cowry, is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries. this species is called \" money cowry \" because the shells were historically widely used in many pacific and indian ocean countries as shell money before coinage was in common usage." ]

[ "no one has contributed data records for stachyridopsis rufifrons poliogaster yet. learn how to contribute .\nformerly merged into stachyris; some constituents latterly separated into stachyridopsis, as in hbw, but recent molecular study # r moves several other species from stachyris into same grouping, including type species (c. erythropterum) of cyanoderma, which, being the older name, has precedence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8. 2g: 8. 2\n( collar 2006a); english name of unsplit species applied to this taxon .\nor: se arunachal pradesh to ne, e myanmar, n and sw yunnan, sw sichuan, w thailand .\nmalay pen. , sumatra, borneo and riau arch. (south of singapore )\nsumatra, batu is. (off w sumatra), bangka i. and belitung i. (off se sumatra )\nor: india, sw china, se asia, sumatra, wallacea, sw philippines .\ntenasserim (se myanmar), coastal gulf of thailand to c malay pen .\n( collar 2006a, bli 1. 0), but see cros & rheindt 2016 .\n. raty in litt. , schodde in litt. contra dickinson & christidis 2014 .\n( pellorneidae) (king 1997, rasmussen & anderton 2005, ryan et al. 2006, olsson et al. 2013b )\nis moved from mountain fulvetta to black - browed fulvetta to correct error in subspecies allocation .\nto endemic taiwan species (zou et al. 2007, song et al. 2009 )\nmalay pen. , sumatra and nearby islands, anambas is. and north natuna is. (south china sea )\nmalay pen. , sumatra, north natuna is. and borneo (except n )\nor: se china, se myanmar, sc thailand, ne vietnam and hainan i. (off se china )\nse myanmar, sc thailand, ne vietnam and hainan i. (off se china )\nthis individual seems to have a higher pitched voice than what i am used to .\nheard along with other birds a few feet above the ground among trees along forested track .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nthis particular song seems slower than usual. id kindly confirmed by chie - jen (jerome) ko who also noted that research suggests that its song has a lower frequency at higher altitudes where there are fewer low frequency noises\nall recordings at this locality were made on a trail to n of point on road that is marked (elevations taken in the field) .\ntwo birds seen here, one singing like this in thick understory cover in a bend in the road below sengor .\nseveral birds seen here moving through roadside vegetation above town before the yangkil resort but this is the closest location .\nthe sound is amplified + 10% . recorded in primary / secondary rainforest .\npreviously published on avocet as av5612. certainty: 100% . id determined by: not specifically indicated; recordist normally sees birds recorded and indicates if any question. gps: xeno - canto. recorded october 14 - 19, 1997\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group (polytypic) group (monotypic) species split life sp. ssp. intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records (accepted, rejected, pending). to filter / search please enter a phrase. e. g. to filter rejected records, type rejected into the search box, all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n© 2018 birdguides, warners group publications plc. all rights reserved. company registered in england no. 2572212 | vat registration no. gb 638 3492 15\nplease set a username for yourself. people will see it as author name with your public flash cards .\ngeographical variation slight; some races possibly untenable, but considerable genetic structure exists between certain populations, although overall phylogeographic structure is complex # r. birds observed in c laos may belong with nominate race of present species or with race insuspectum of c. rufifrons; further study required. seven subspecies recognized .\n( blyth, 1847) – e nepal e to ne india (e arunachal pradesh) and adjacent s china (se xizang) .\n( koelz, 1954) – e arunachal pradesh s to nagaland, n manipur and s assam (n cachar), in ne india .\n( harington, 1908) – ne myanmar and s china (w & nw yunnan) .\n( oustalet, 1899) – c & se china (s shaanxi s to c sichuan and s & e yunnan, e to zhejiang, fujian and guangdong), nw laos and n vietnam (tonkin) .\n( riley, 1940) – s laos and s vietnam (c & s annam) .\n12 cm; 7–12 g. small, sharp - billed, pale olive and yellowish - buff babbler with rufous crown. nominate race has crown and nape bright rufous, upperparts and neck side ...\nsong a variable sequence of very short loud whistles, “pi - pi - pi - pi - pi - pi - pi”, often with softer, ...\nbroadleaf evergreen forest, bamboo stands, thick secondary bush growth in clearings; 600–3200 ...\ninsects, occasionally berries. in pairs during breeding season, otherwise in small foraging parties, often in mixed company with other ...\napr–jul across range. nest a deep cup or neat or loose uneven ball, oval or cone, entrance at side, often towards top, made of dry or ...\nresident, or with minor local altitudinal movements; in india reportedly a winter visitor in nameri ...\nnot globally threatened. fairly common in far e nepal. in bhutan, common in temperate zone but scarce in w valleys; present in thrumshingla national park. fairly common in ne ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\ncollar, n. & robson, c. (2018). rufous - capped babbler (cyanoderma ruficeps). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 11 july 2018) .\npreviously considered part of an outsize muscicapidae, where was treated as a very varied assemblage including most members of current pellorneidae, leiotrichidae and pnoepygidae, as well as some current members of numerous other families (e. g. sylviidae, zosteropidae, vireonidae, vangidae, macrosphenidae, cisticolidae, locustellidae, bernieridae, etc .). recent genetic work has clarified true relations of many of these taxa # r # r # r; thus, macronus, pomatorhinus and stachyris, as traditionally circumscribed, were all polyphyletic, so several rearrangements have become necessary. nevertheless, many of the species currently retained (based on traditional usage) remain to be tested genetically, so composition and internal systematics of this family are still liable to refinement .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc world bird list, v 3. 1, website (version 3. 1 )\ngill, f. , and d. donsker, eds. 2012. ioc world bird list (v 3. 1). available at urltoken [ accessed 18 may 2012 ]\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource, 2011. 09. 22, website (version 22 - sep - 11 )\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource\nmaintained by alan p. peterson at urltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you!" ]

{ "text": [ "stachyridopsis is a genus of passerine birds in the timaliidae family .", "it contains the following species : rufous-fronted babbler , stachyridopsis rufifrons buff-chested babbler , stachyridopsis ambigua rufous-capped babbler , stachyridopsis ruficeps black-chinned babbler , stachyridopsis pyrrhops golden babbler , stachyridopsis chrysaea deignan 's babbler is treated here as conspecific with the rufous-fronted babbler ." ], "topic": [ 26, 28 ] }

[ "stachyridopsis is a genus of passerine birds in the timaliidae family. it contains the following species: rufous-fronted babbler, stachyridopsis rufifrons buff-chested babbler, stachyridopsis ambigua rufous-capped babbler, stachyridopsis ruficeps black-chinned babbler, stachyridopsis pyrrhops golden babbler, stachyridopsis chrysaea deignan's babbler is treated here as conspecific with the rufous-fronted babbler." ]

[ "mylothris rembina (plötz, 1880) = pieris (? chloris var .) rembina plötz, 1880 = mylothris subfusa crowley, 1890 .\nhave a fact about mylothris rembina? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for mylothris rembina? write it here to share it with the entire community .\noriginally described as pieris rembina plötz, 1880 treated as a species of mylothris hübner, [ 1819 ] by ackery et al. (1995: 222) .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\n© 2016, butterfly conservation society, ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nackery pr, smith cr, and vane - wright ri eds. 1995. carcasson' s african butterflies. canberra: csiro .\nlarsen, t. b. 2005 butterflies of west africa. stenstrup, denmark: apollo books .\nvane - wright, r. i. , liseki, s. d. 2011. on the status of pseudomylothris neustetter, a supposed endemic butterfly genus from the uluguru mountains of tanzania (lepidoptera: pieridae). journal of research on the lepidoptera 44, 85 - 93 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v. z. brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved." ]

{ "text": [ "mylothris rembina , the smoky dotted border , is a butterfly in the pieridae family .", "it is found in nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , bioko , são tomé and príncipe , gabon , the western part of the democratic republic of the congo and northern angola .", "the habitat consists of forests .", "adults have been recorded feeding on lantana species . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 24, 8 ] }

[ "mylothris rembina, the smoky dotted border, is a butterfly in the pieridae family. it is found in nigeria, cameroon, equatorial guinea, bioko, são tomé and príncipe, gabon, the western part of the democratic republic of the congo and northern angola. the habitat consists of forests. adults have been recorded feeding on lantana species." ]

[ "kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nvarastopesäkoi\nto\ntinea pallescentella stainton 1851\n.\ntinea pallescentella (large pale clothes moth) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nknaben, n. 1945 ,\nberetning om en del lepidoptera - arter, nye for morges fauna. beskrivelse av tinea pallescentella stt. f. semilineatella n. f\n, bergens museums aarbog, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 12 pp .\na slightly larger species, and more generally speckled than its close congeners, this moth is widely distributed throughout the british isles. it is suspected that it may have been introduced from south america during the 19th century .\nthe larva feeds on keratinous animal matter such as hair, wool, fur or feathers, either indoors or out .\nthe adult moth can be found on the wing at any time of the year, and often comes to light .\nukmoths is built, run and maintained by ian kimber, with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries. more often than not you' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache: v317 render date: 2018 - 07 - 06 06: 47: 35 page render time: 0. 4900s total w / procache: 0. 5499s\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell, j. a. & p. a. opler, moths of western north america, pl. 2. 17f, 2. 24m; p. 48. book review and ordering\nchown, s. l. ; convey, p. (2016). antarctic entomology. annual review of entomology. 61 (1): 119 - 137. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlike most websites we use cookies. this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies. if you would like to, you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe’d value your feedback on the tool. our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\nthe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. when several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .\nhuisman kj; koster jc; muus tst, 2013. microlepidoptera in the netherlands in 2007 - 2010. (microlepidoptera in nederland, vooral in 2007 - 2010: met een terugblik op 30 jaar faunistisch onderzoek .) entomologische berichten, 73 (3): 91 - 117. urltoken\none or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using .\nplease consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nzagulyaev, a. k. 1954 ,\n[ the felt moth (lepidoptera, tineidae) — a new pest of industrial raw wool ]\n, zoologicheskii zhurnal, vol. 33, pp. 452 - 460\nscott, r. r. ; emberson, r. m. 1999: handbook of the new zealand insect names: common and scientific names for insects and alllied organisms. bulletin of the entomological society of new zealand 12: 100pp\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 0acfc61d - 66f3 - 47e7 - 8157 - 6506cab050b9\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 58f1b264 - 0e04 - 4a20 - 9a39 - 974d08a7a3ce\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: f40b9413 - 7c07 - 4fb4 - b2b9 - e41fe2dffc30\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 389474\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrecorded in 5 (7 %) of 69 10k squares. first recorded in 1874. last recorded in 2012 .\nanimal materials, including wool, hair and feathers. it has also been bred from a wasp' s nest\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nresident. widely recorded in the british isles, more common in the north .\nthis species was first recorded in 2015 at derwenlas in the far west of the county .\na variety of organic materials; e. g. wool, feathers and hair .\ncase - bearing. eggs laid on food. larva forms a case only when moulting. pupates in a tough cocoon away from the feeding site." ]

{ "text": [ "tinea pallescentella , the large pale clothes moth , is a moth of the family tineidae .", "it is found in most of europe ( except the iberian peninsula and most of the balkan peninsula ) .", "it is also present in western north america , where it has been recorded from california .", "there are also records from south america ( including argentina ) and australia .", "the wingspan is 12 – 15 mm .", "adults are on wing year round .", "the larvae feed on keratinous animal matter such as hair , wool , fur or feathers . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 8, 8, 9, 8, 23 ] }

[ "tinea pallescentella, the large pale clothes moth, is a moth of the family tineidae. it is found in most of europe (except the iberian peninsula and most of the balkan peninsula). it is also present in western north america, where it has been recorded from california. there are also records from south america (including argentina) and australia. the wingspan is 12 – 15 mm. adults are on wing year round. the larvae feed on keratinous animal matter such as hair, wool, fur or feathers." ]

[ "nasrullah with 98 stakes winners from 420 foals (23. 3 %) ,\nnasrullah posted a remarkable 25% stakes winners from foals from his first crop .\nnasrullah died on may 26, 1959. he is buried at claiborne farm .\ndr. fager recorded one of the greatest campaigns in the annals of american racing when he was named horse of the year, champion older horse, champion grass horse and champion sprinter in 1968 .\ndisco partner shatters north american record in jaipur. 6 / 10 / 17 | horse racing / 2 | pinterest | discos and horse\nthe potent influence of nearco became personified in america by his talented but tempestuous son, nasrullah .\nomaha was the only triple crown winner to not win horse of the year .\ncompletely uncooperative with veterinary treatment, nasrullah never got so much as a tetanus shot while at claiborne .\nlike a conquering hero, nasrullah arrived on america’s shores in july 1950. (see video) urltoken\nduring which horse racing in britain was subject to many restrictions. several major racecourses, including\nsword dancer was champion 3 - year - old and horse of the year for 1959 .\nthis was a horse with an attitude, as this blog post by john sparkman of “the pedigree curmudgeon” colorfully illustrates. he describes nasrullah’s behavior at his first start as a three - year - old :\nnasrullah was a big, handsome bay horse with a white star, bred in ireland by the aga khan and trained in the united kingdom before becoming a champion sire in both europe and north america .\nbred and owned by christopher t. chenery, hill prince won six of seven starts as a juvenile before a horse of the year campaign at age 3 and further success as an older horse .\nnasrullah: forgotten patriarch of the american thoroughbred was written by melanie greene and was released by the history press in 2013 .\nnasrullah’s jockey, sir gordon richards, described the horse as “very, very difficult to ride. ” in a sports illustrated article of 1954, richards attributed some of nasrullah’s unruliness to wartime restrictions (world war ii) “which forced many horses to compete at one track for such a long time that they became bored with the whole business. ”\nas befitting a horse named after a roman emperor, honorius is a horse of great style and presence and he is sure to impress breeders as he begins his stud career at larneuk stud, euroa .\ntom fool was champion 2 - year - old in 1951 and horse of the year in 1953 .\nnasrullah' s jockey, sir gordon richards, described the horse as “very, very difficult to ride. ” in a sports illustrated article of 1954 richards. attributed some of nasrullah’s unruliness to wartime restrictions (world war ii) “which forced many horses to compete at one track for such a long time that they became bored with the whole business. ”\nnasrullah was bred and owned by the aga khan, who initially stood the horse at barton grange stud in suffolk. after the 1944 breeding season, he sold the horse to joe mcgrath for £19, 000, and * nasrullah moved to ireland. mcgrath, in turn, sold the horse to a. b .\nbull\nhancock of claiborne farm for £150, 000 (variously reported as equivalent to us $ 340, 000, $ 370, 000, or $ 372, 000, depending on the source consulted) with the sale taking effect after the 1950 breeding season; mcgrath retained one breeding right. * nasrullah died of a ruptured heart at claiborne farm on may 26, 1959 .\nfrench - bred filly all along won four major races in the span of 41 days during 1983 en route to becoming the first foreign - based horse to be voted horse of the year in the united states .\nnamed after the guns of war, ack ack was the final horse bred and raced by harry guggenheim .\nwe find mumtaz whereever great sport performance is found, and her grandson nasrullah is rated # 1 sport horse sireline in north america. read more about these bloodlines in legacy of lexington - - 20% off when ordered from this site .\nbill nack, in “secretariat – the making of a champion” describes how nasrullah was “a rogue at the barrier and a rogue sometimes in the morning. ” sometimes to motivate the horse to run, his handlers popped open an umbrella behind him .\nwhile secretariat’s lineage traces back to nasrullah, riva’s traces to royal charger. royal charger sired turn - to, who sired first landing of meadow stable, a champion handicap horse, who then sired riva ridge out of the meadow mare, iberia .\nwhen the stallions were being shown to visitors at claiborne, nasrullah would throw a fit if he was not the first stallion led out .\nimportant anniversaries are often here before you know it. take for example the 50th anniversary of nasrullah' s first season in north america .\ni would only like to point out that there is thoroughbred horse racing throughout the world. a foal sired by a winning american horse may end up making money in another country. we, as casual observers of the american triple crown, may never hear of this. but it is still horse racing, there are no guarantees, regardless of parentage .\nnasrullah’s difficult behavior convinced the aga khan to sell him instead of standing him at stud. irish trainer joseph mcgrath purchased nasrullah for a reported $ 50, 000. at mcgrath’s brownstone stud, nasrullah soon distinguished himself as a top sire of champions. he caught the attention of arthur b. “bull” hancock, jr. , of claiborne farm in kentucky, who was seeking to infuse new blood from the nearco line into his horses .\nnasrullah was the first horse to lead both the american and english sire lists, which led to a legendary line of descendants that includes nine u. s. champions, three hall of famers and ninety - eight stake winners like bold ruler, noor and nashua .\nnasrullah was weighted at 132 pounds on the free handicap for english 3 - year - old males of 1943, 1 pound below champion straight deal .\n* all copyright and credit for the posted photo of nasrullah goes solely to the photographer, who took the picture. all rights are therein reserved .\nbred and owned by sam riddle, crusader was sired by man o’ war out of the star shoot mare star fancy. crusader was recognized as horse of the year in 1926 and became the first horse to win consecutive runnings of the suburban handicap .\nstud record europe in 1944, nasrullah was sold to joseph mcgrath, who subsequently stabled him at the brownstown stud in county kildare. nasrullah was an immediate success as a breeding stallion, and in his six seasons, his fee rose from 198 guineas to 500 guineas. he was champion sire in 1951 .\na frustrating mix of talent and temperament while on the race course in england, nasrullah was no easier to handle as a stallion. nonetheless, the tempestuous horse became a leading sire on both sides of the atlantic and has wielded tremendous influence as both a sire of winners and a broodmare sire\nhorse of the year and champion 3 - year - old male in 1994, holy bull was bred in florida by rachel carpenter’s pelican stable. he was owned and trained by jimmy croll after carpenter died prior to the horse’s career debut in 1993 at monmouth park .\nnasrullah died at claiborne on may 26, 1959 at the age of 19. thirty years later, his grandson secretariat would die at age 19 at the farm .\npedigree researcher rosana rivera was kind enough to send along a video link (end of post) that depicts the great sire nasrullah arriving in kentucky by train, then claiborne farm by van. the sire of bold ruler and 98 stakes winners, nasrullah was bred and raced by the aga khan and stood in ireland before arriving in the us for the 1951 season. he died in 1959 and is buried at claiborne. click here to read an account of nasrullah from the blood - horse. rosana rivera’s research on the missing stakes winners of man o’ war was first published in this space and can be read by clicking here .\na bay horse, nasrullah stood 16. 1 - 1 / 2 hh. he was a handsome and brilliantly talented individual whose racing career was negatively impacted by his willful and ungenerous disposition. among his other bad habits, he was inclined to pull himself up on making the lead, making it quite difficult to time his finishing run. a strongly made, well balanced horse with exceptional muscling through the gaskins, he had a notably sloping croup which was passed on to many of his descendants. nasrullah was quite intelligent and invariably acted worse around humans who could be cowed by a show of temperament .\nthe colt was well bred. his sire was a kentucky derby / preakness winner and his dam was by a horse of the year .\ndance smartly was the second filly to win the canadian triple crown and the first canadian - bred horse to win a breeders’ cup race .\naffirmed became america’s 11 th triple crown winner in 1978 during the first of his back - to - back horse of the year campaigns .\ntwo years later an imposing son of danehill, a horse standing his second season at coolmore stud, was chosen as zarinia' s mate .\nbred in maryland by william l. brann and robert s. castle, challedon was recognized as horse of the year in 1939 and 1940 .\na son of nasrullah out of the discovery mare miss disco, bold ruler was bred and raced by gladys mills phipps’ wheatley stable and foaled at claiborne farm in paris, ky .\nthe first horse in more than 20 years to win consecutive division championships as a sprinter, housebuster was known for decimating his competition by wide margins .\nthe first horse to win both the kentucky derby and preakness stakes while undefeated, majestic prince also achieved fame as a record - priced auction yearling .\nalthough he was the top colt on the free handicap for english juveniles of 1942 with a rating of 132 pounds, nasrullah was weighted 1 pound below the top filly, lady sybil .\na three - time horse of the year and winner of eight eclipse awards, forego was one of the most accomplished and popular horses of the 1970s .\ncentury, mill reef was the crowning achievement for owner - breeder paul mellon. he was equally important as a sire, founding a european branch of the nasrullah male line that still exists .\ncitation was a plain bay, with an intelligent eye. he had an effortless stride over every condition track and was a calm, cool and collected horse .\nlegendary jockey tod sloan, who rode hundreds of good horses in america and europe, stated flatly: “hamburg was the only great horse i ever rode. ”\nlongfellow was referred to as the “king of the turf” during the 1870s. racing historian walter vosburgh said longfellow was “beyond question the most celebrated horse of the 1870s. no other horse of his day was a greater object of public notice. his entire career was sensational; people seemed to regard him as a superhorse. ”\nand her blood flows through many a great australian horse with eight carat - record breaking dam of five group one winners including the champion octagonal - also a descendant .\nat the time of his retirement in 1959, round table was the sport’s all - time leading money earner. he had been named horse of the year in 1958, grass champion three consecutive years (1957 through 1959) and handicap champion twice (1958 and 1959. he was also the horse that literally saved claiborne farm .\nnamed horse of the year for five consecutive years from 1960 through 1964, kelso was one of the most accomplished and unique thoroughbreds in the annals of american racing .\nnasrullah is found in the pedigrees of hundreds of eventers, hunters, jumpers, all over the world. he was a brilliant racehorse, but he was considered tough, stubborn and obstinate. an american ranch owner was quoted as saying that he loved nasrullah horses for ranch work, because once you got that tough streak working for you, instead of against you, they would work till they dropped .\n. the second dam of nasrullah is the “flying filly, ” english champion 2 - year - old filly mumtaz mahal (by the tetrarch), who became a great foundation mare for the aga khan .\ncount fleet was in the 15 hands high range. he was a feisty horse who was difficult to train and ride. the headstrong count fleet was his own worst enemy on the track, yet he earned honors as champion two year old of 1942. the following year, he was voted champion three year old and horse of the year .\nsakhee’s classic - winning son tin horse, who is grey like his damsire kendor, completes the list of newcomers having joined the roster at haras de grandcamp alongside vision d’etat .\nthe breeders’ cup is truly horse racing’s most glamorous event, and it attracts the jet set from around the globe. don’t miss your chance to see, and be seen .\nrecognized as horse of the year in 1936 — the first year of formal voting — granville was a son of triple crown winner gallant fox out of the sarmatian mare gravita .\nalysheba was a champion as a 3 - year - old, horse of the year at age 4 and retired with the highest purse earnings in the history of the sport .\nfor bull hancock, the purchase of nasrullah was a dream come true, the same way it had been when his father bought french import sir gallahad iii in the mid - 1920s for a breeding syndicate. sir gallahad iii, whose first crop included belair homebred triple crown winner gallant fox, developed into a leading sire and broodmare sire. the younger hancock had tried twice before to buy nasrullah, but the deals fell through .\nnasrullah excelled in the breeding shed, siring 98 stakes winners. among his most famous are: u. s. racing hall of fame horses bold ruler, noor and nashua. his most famous grandson, of course, was secretariat, who was also the grandson of princequillo on his dam’s side. nasrullah topped the american sire list five times. experts say he invigorated the blood of the american racehorse with new fire and speed .\nin his book on secretariat, nack related how the stallion grooms heard nasrullah nickering in his paddock just before he died. knowing that the bay stallion never nickered, they realized something was wrong and rushed to him. just as the vet arrived, nasrullah toppled over, dead from a burst ventricle in his heart. his son, bold ruler, went wild in his adjoining paddock, screaming and racing up and down the fence line .\nwhile miss disco was racing in america, * nasrullah was already a leading sire in europe. foaled in ireland in 1940, nasrullah was owned and bred by the aga khan. he was by the undefeated italian champion nearco, whose most famous victory was the 1938 grand prix de paris, and out of mumtaz begum, a daughter of the 1930 epsom derby winner, * blenheim ii, and europe' s flying filly mumtaz mahal .\nsuch as caulfield cup hero mongolian khan, also winner of the new zealand and australian derbies... the only horse to claim all three of those coveted group one races .\nwell, no. horse racing is an expensive game played mostly by people who have more money than they know what to do with. it' s almost always a proposition .\nnasrullah ~ his legacy ~ the “irish rogue” forever changed the modern american thoroughbred ~ winnings: 10 starts: 5 - 1 - 2, $ 15, 21 br. c, 1940, nearco – mumtaz begum by blenheim\ncaro is a nasrullah line stallion, and perfect soul’s brother, not impossible, sired graded winner society’s chairman out of a mare by olympio, from the naskra line. introducing naskra through star de naskra might also beneficial .\na winner of 16 graded stakes races and four eclipse awards, including horse of the year in 1998, skip away was one of the most popular and accomplished horses of the 1990s .\nswaps was the best horse to come out of california in years. he set five world records at a mile or more, three track records, and equalled an american turf record .\nthe top horse in america in 1889 and 1890, salvator won 16 of his final 17 career starts to secure his legacy as one of the finest thoroughbreds of the 19 th century .\ninsight and races from the all too short career of the very impressive danzig, son of northern dancer. he was a horse of great promise that was sadly hampered by troublesome injuries .\n. written by racing historian jim bolus with illustrations and commentary by noted equine artist richard stone reeves, the book was released by the blood - horse, inc. , in 1994 .\nnasrullah is one of 205 stallions whose accomplishments at stud are profiled in great thoroughbred sires of the world (2006, the australian bloodhorse review), a massive reference work written by jennifer churchill, andrew reichard and byron rogers .\nbold ruler died of a tumor on june 12, 1971, after cancer treatments failed, and was buried near nasrullah and miss disco in the claiborne farm cemetery. his obituary began\nthe king is dead ...\nbred in chile, cougar ii was a major stakes winner in his home country before enjoying success on both dirt and turf in america and winning the 1972 eclipse award for champion grass horse .\nfabulous! if you have the brilliant - yet - hot nasrullah, then you have the tetrarch, the' spotted wonder.' as you can tell by my moniker, i' m a bit of a fan ...\ni would imagine there' s some luck involved, but you' re probably better off buying the progeny of a champion racehorse than a schlub. i also assume that people are looking at more than just pedigree when purchasing horses. there are physical attributes and questions of temperament that i imagine they will assess before buying a horse. eta: i know approximately nothing about horse racing .\nfive of her progeny, including canadian horse of the year l' enjoleur, were stakes winners and she spurred a dynasty whose members include the australian champion stallions flying spur and encosta de lago .\nincluding a tough fellow by the name of honorius, a horse whose illustrious background demands attention! a proven high class sire line, an internationally prolific family... he has it all .\nbred and owned by calumet farm, citation became america’s eighth triple crown winner in 1948, fashioned a 16 - race win streak and was the first horse with $ 1 million in career earnings .\nsome of his most famous progeny include nasrullah (sire of bold ruler and grandsire of secretariat), nearctic and royal charger. reportedly over 100 of nearco’s sons have stood at stud around the world. blood - horse magazine’s list of the top 100 u. s. racehorses of the 20 th century includes several nearco descendants: secretariat, seattle slew, bold ruler, nashua, ruffian, northern dancer, riva ridge and fort marcy .\nsound as a board and precocious enough to equal a six - furlong track record at belmont park as a 2 - year - old, nashua was nasrullah' s leading money - earner at ages two, three, and four, and the nation' s leading earner as a 3 - year - old. those earnings went a long way in nasrullah topping the sires of 2 - year - olds list by progeny earnings in 1954 and the general sire list in 1955 - 56 .\nlike honorius named after royalty, that legendary mare was superior not only on the track but at stud and her genes are still a dominant force in international racing... passed on to the likes of nasrullah, royal charger and mahmoud .\nbold ruler wintered in florida that year, exchanging blows with calumet farm' s incredibly talented gen. duke, often called the horse time has forgotten. many people believe that gen. duke was the fastest horse ever produced by calumet, and considering some of the other horses produced by the famous farm, the triple crown winners citation and whirlaway to name just two, this is quite a compliment .\nhis offspring include 1986 horse of the year lady’s secret, canadian champion medaille d’or, champion three year old risen star, kentucky derby runner - up general assembly, and melbourne cup winner kingston rule .\nnamed horse of the year in 2001, point given became the first thoroughbred to win four consecutive $ 1 million races when he won the preakness, belmont, haskell and travers in succession that year .\ndescribed as a “once in a lifetime” horse by trainer kiaran mclaughlin, invasor defined himself as an elite thoroughbred by winning in three countries, at seven tracks and in some of the world’s most prestigious races .\ndamascus was named horse of the year and set a single - season earnings record in 1967 when he turned in one of the most impressive seasons by a 3 - year - old colt in racing history .\nnasrullah' s first north american crop of foals arrived in 1952, when he was 12, and numbered 32. viewed as precious commodities, they largely remained in the hands of their breeders. only two sold as yearlings at auction, and they commanded $ 17, 500 and $ 16, 500 at the keeneland summer sale, well above the vendue' s $ 9, 746 average. (mcgrath' s nasrullah offspring, a filly named araby, was foaled overseas and is included in the 32. )\nin the substitute\nnew derby\nover one and a half miles at the same course on june 19, kingsway started at odds of 8 / 1 in a field of twenty - three runners. he finished fifth behind straight deal, umiddad, nasrullah and\na small horse standing only 15. 2 ½ hands high, sir barton sired 218 foals and eight stakes winners in seventeen racing crops. sir barton’s best offspring were his daughters, and include kentucky oaks winner easter stockings .\namerica’s 10 th triple crown winner and the first to complete the series with an undefeated career record, seattle slew was horse of the year in 1977 and an eclipse award winner in each of his three years on the racetrack .\nnasrullah is profiled in chapter 20 of abram s. hewitt' s sire lines (1977, the thoroughbred owners and breeders association; updated and reprinted by eclipse press in 2006) and in part three of edward l. bowen' s dynasties (2000, eclipse press) .\nhands. he was a ruggedly made horse with plenty of bone, a strong hind leg, and a powerful shoulder. his right forefoot turned out from the knee down. those who knew him well described him as intelligent, dominant\nin the breeding of sport horses we have all been told to avoid sprinting thoroughbred lines, that they are generally not good riding horse material. if there was ever a proof that this bias is foolish, we can see it here. mumtaz mahal is the dam of badruddin, mirza ii, rustom mahal - who is dam of abernant, mah mahal who inturn produced mahmoud, and also mah iran, and mumtaz begum - - who produced nasrullah (the greastest overall sport line anywhere) and sun princess - - the dam of royal charger. these are only some of her progeny, but these lines are interwoven into the modern race horse, and yes, the modern sport horse. in addition, her dam, lady josephine, is the dam of the fast and sound fair trial, and his sister sansonnet who is the dam of tudor minstrel. this is a virtual who' s who of important thoroughbred bloodlines - - all stemming from one mare and her mother .\nnever tasting defeat, zarkava earned the title of cartier european horse of the year and has already produced a group one winner - her son zarak charging home from the rear to claim the grand prix de saint - cloud in early july .\nwell, no. horse racing is an expensive game played mostly by people who have more money than they know what to do with. it' s almost always a proposition. a * losing * proposition, that is. sigh .\nkristen manning is a freelance racing writer and pedigree analyst based in melbourne. a keen owner / breeder who loves every aspect of thoroughbred horse racing, she has written two books focusing on the deeds of fields of omagh and prince of penzance .\nthe syndicate that purchased nasrullah for $ 340, 000 from irish breeder joe mcgrath read like a who' s who, so it came as no surprise nasrullah enjoyed the benefit of covering a host of top broodmares. the list of syndicate members not only consisted of arthur b. (bull) hancock jr. , who negotiated the deal, and his father, arthur b. hancock sr. , but william woodward sr. of belair stud, john d. hertz, harry f. guggenheim, j. s. phipps, henry carnegie phipps of wheatley stable, marion du pont scott, george d. widener of erdenheim farm, charlton clay, howell e. jackson, j. t. de blois wack, dr. eslie asbury, thomas m. girdler, and clifford mooers. mcgrath, who operated nasrullah' s former home, brownstown stud, also retained a breeding right .\nnasrullah (gb) b. h, 1940 { 9 - c } dp = 12 - 16 - 18 - 6 - 4 (56) di = 1. 95 cd = 0. 46 - 10 starts, 5 wins, 1 places, 2 shows career earnings: $ 15, 217\nyou can pick the bold rulers out on their conformation. i see the same musculature as nasrullah. they all had an extra layer of muscle beside their tail running down to their hocks. it is a good sign when you see it in a bold ruler. it means strength and speed .\nnamed for a mountain in scotland, ben nevis ii became the third american - based horse — joining battleship and jay trump — to win the historic grand national steeplechase at aintree, england, accomplishing the feat at odds of 40 - 1 in 1980 .\nthe first steeplechase horse to win five eclipse awards and the first to earn more than $ 1 million, lonesome glory was the most dominant american jumper of the 1990s, as he was named champion in 1992, 1993, 1995, 1997 and 1999 .\nthanks for the nasrullah film clip. a great stallion and and an auspicious moment in us thoroughbred history. his arrival coincided with mine in the sport — i galloped horses at narragansett that summer and started studying pedigrees. in those days it seemed to be all about nearco, hyperion and descendants of mumtaz mahal .\na grade 1 winner as a 2 - year - old, a. p. indy won three grade 1 races at age 3 — the santa anita derby, belmont stakes and breeders’ cup classic — en route to horse of the year honors in 1992 .\nbold ruler' s owner, mrs. gladys mills phipps of the wheatley stable, was one of the most successful owners of thoroughbreds in the nation. her horses were trained by the great sunny jim fitzsimmons, who had conditioned the only sire - son triple crown winners, gallant fox and his son omaha, for the belair stud. mrs. phipps kept her stallions and broodmares at claiborne farm, which was owned and run by her close friend bull hancock. bold ruler was by * nasrullah, a european champion at two and a leading sire on both sides of the atlantic. his dam was miss disco, a stakes winning daughter of the leading broodmare sire in america, 1935 horse of the year discovery. in fact, the horse of the year in 1954 was native dancer, who was out of the discovery mare geisha .\npersian gulf was slow to mature and did not race as a two - year - old. boyd - rochfort said of the colt ,\nthis is the best in the stable and i believe he will be a great horse, but not this year .\nhis star status had soared after his son noor defeated the great triple crown winner citation in four stakes races. noor was named champion older male horse, as well as top money winner that year. as nasrullah settled into his paddock at claiborne farm, the stallion in the adjoining paddock was also having a very good year. his name was princequillo. his son, hill prince, out of chris chenery’s meadow stable mare, hildene, had won the 1950 preakness and beaten noor in the two - mile jockey club gold cup that year. (more on princequillo in a future blog post. )\ncalifornia chrome, horse of the year in 2014 and 2016, was by far and away his top runner with a record $ 14, 752, 650 in earnings for a north american - based racehorse. lucky pulpit' s other top runners included grade 1 placed stakes winner\ngoing down fighting when only just being beaten by teofilo in the group one dewhurst stakes at newmarket, holy roman emperor looked to have so much ahead of him but with fellow coolmore horse george washington proving infertile he was rushed off to stud to fill that gap on the roster .\nfor more than a decade, i' ve passionately studied pedigree, how it applies to handicapping and breeding theories. in 2010, i joined horse racing nation as their pedigree analyst, focusing on juvenile stakes winners, triple crown contenders and first crop sires from a handicapping perspective .\nfoaled at the aga khan’s sheshoon stud in ireland in 1940, nasrullah earned an impressive reputation as a champion racehorse in europe. though he would not duplicate nearco’s unbeaten record, he won five of ten stakes races and placed in three others. the bay stallion also won a notorious reputation at the track for being unruly, unpredictable and unmotivated .\na successful international runner on both dirt and turf, exceller won stakes races in the united states, canada, england and france and became the first horse to defeat two triple crown winners in the same race when he beat seattle slew and affirmed in the 1978 jockey club gold cup .\nthe deal to stand nasrullah at claiborne was announced in the fall of 1949 and called for him to stand the 1950 season at brownstown, after which he would be on his way to the famed kentucky nursery. nasrullah, who was a major winner in england for breeder / owner the aga khan, ranked third on the 1949 english / irish sire list and was seventh in 1950 before heading the list in 1951. his reputation on these shores underwent a sizable boost in 1950 when a runner from an overseas crop, noor, defeated the great citation in four consecutive california stakes and was named champion older male that year. noor also took home the title of the year' s leading money earner .\nuk horse of the year, one whose record mare earnings took ten years to surpass. a true legend of the turf - and another great mare to make her mark over the generations with her unraced daughter zahra the foundation mare of the aga khan' s prolific\nz\nfamily .\nmale descendants secretariat, bold ruler, nashua, never bend, seattle slew, mill reef, and blushing groom, to name just a few, have seen to that. more than anything, nasrullah supplied a new source of speed to the north american racehorse, and his blood, along with that of fellow claiborne stallion princequillo, provided an unbeatable combination .\nlittle wonder that australians have been keen to tap into the influence of this family and it was kia - ora stud, nsw who imported zariya' s irish bred granddaughter zarinia in 2005... and they struck gold early with her second foal being south african horse of the year igugu .\nthe son of nearco arrived from ireland with star status for the 1951 breeding season and did nothing to dispel that image during his nine seasons at the hancock family' s claiborne farm near paris, ky. nasrullah went on to sire a then - record 98 stakes winners, and today his name continues to evoke memories of breeding and racing at the highest levels .\nbred by josephine abercrombie' s pin oak stud and foaled at her versailles, kentucky farm, elocutionist was sired by multiple stakes winner gallant romeo, a son of u. s. racing hall of fame inductee gallant man. he was out of the mare strictly speaking, whose sire was the very fast fleet nasrullah, a multiple stakes winner who broke two track records .\nhancock tried twice to purchase nasrullah with no success. finally, in what bill nack called “a masterstroke in american breeding, ” hancock put together a syndicate in 1949 which purchased the irish stallion for $ 340, 000. its members comprised a “who’s who” of thoroughbred breeding: harry f. guggenheim, henry carnegie phipps of wheatley stable, marion du pont scott and several others .\nhe was bred and owned by calumet farm and owns the distinction as being the only triple crown hero to also win the travers stakes. nicknamed “mr. longtail” because his tail almost swept the ground, whirlaway earned championship honors for three consecutive years, as a two year old, three year old, and older horse .\n; to dodoma ii (by dastur), dam of 1949 english champion 2 - year - old filly diableretta (by dante) and three other stakes winners; and to bibibeg (by bahram), dam of three stakes winners. nasrullah' s dam mumtaz begum is a half sister to mah mahal (by gainsborough), dam of 1936 derby stakes winner mahmoud, and to rustom mahal\npersian gulf (1940–1964) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire, who raced during world war ii. he was a slow - maturing horse who did not race until he was three years old and failed to win in his first season although he finished fourth in both the derby and the st leger. as a four - year - old in 1944 he established himself as arguably the best horse in britain by winning four of his five races, culminating with an emphatic win in a substitute coronation cup. his racing career was ended by injury less than a month later. he later became a very successful breeding stallion, siring several major winners .\nthe first horse to win the american triple crown while undefeated, seattle slew possessed devastating speed with the ability to carry it at least 12 furlongs. he was a champion every year he raced and went on to become a champion sire and broodmare sire, successfully passing on the male line of his great - grandsire bold ruler .\nnorth american in 1950, nasrullah was sold for $ 370, 000 to arthur b. hancock, jr. he was exported to stand at stud in the united states at hancock' s claiborne farm in paris, kentucky. in the nine seasons he went on to sire a then - record 98 stakes winners, and today his name continues to evoke memories of breeding and racing at the highest levels .\nand designs on rome, hong kong horse of the year. as well as south american stars salto olimpico and maraton, hong kong mile winner beauty only, nz 1000 guineas winner rollout the carpet, oakleigh plate victor sheidel, american big race winner rich tapestry, uk 1000 guineas heroine homecoming queen and the, high class french galloper morandi .\nholy roman emperor' s grandam is northern dancer' s finest daughter fanfreluche - canadian horse of the year, us champion 3y0 filly. best remembered as the victim of a kidnap, she was saved by a family who found her wandering along the road! fortunately she was eventually returned to clairbone farm from where she proved a powerful breeding force .\nhowever, at the dawn of the 1920s, no athlete in the land was more revered than horse racing’s greatest marvel, the mighty man o’ war. ruth had charisma. dempsey had power. grange had speed. man o’ war had all of those attributes. but instead of being a galloping ghost, man o’ war was an equine freight train .\nthose are the facts. as for the reasons behind those facts, there are many. american improvement during the post - war period can be credited in large part to an unprecedented prosperity which enabled american owners to import european stallions like nasrullah, princequillo, heliopolis, khaled, migoli and tudor minstrel, spearheading a marked upgrade in the american breed from 1950 to 1980. there has been no such influx of european bloodstock in recent years .\nthere are lessons in this pedigree that we may apply to our sport horse breeding programs. mumtaz mahal is not inbred herself. she is out of two inbred parents. each side of the pedigree engages the background of the opposite side' s inbreeding. this is why she was a top sprinter herself, she improved and intergrated the bloodlines of the parents .\nnot impossible also has listed stakes winner impossible time out of a mare by pleasant colony, who most notably, is sire of pleasant tap (who would bring in never bend, a horse who is excellent with sadler’s wells) and pleasantly perfect. the second dam of impossible time is bred on a halo (hail to reason) / northern dancer cross, which is a reverse to sadler’s wells, and the same cross as southern halo (sire of more than ready). the roberto branch of hail to reason line has provided the dam of a stakes placed horse for perfect soul (out of a mare by lear fan, who brings in lt. stevens, giving linebreeding to the family of sadler’s wells) .\ncamelot' s female line is of solid quality as tarfah is out of fickle, a listed stakes winner over 10 furlongs. fickle' s dam fade, by prix lupin (fr - i) winner persepolis, did not race, but her dam one over parr (by the top miler reform) was a nice filly, winning the 1975 cheshire oaks and lancashire oaks (both eng - iii) before a broodmare career during which she produced multiple italian group iii winner tom seymour (by grundy). one over parr' s dam seventh bride (by the stakes - winning nasrullah horse royal record) was also a good racer, winning the 1969 princess royal stakes, and in addition to one over parr produced her full sister, the 1974 epsom oaks (eng - i) winner polygamy .\nnasrullah achieved a bit of stardom when three of his colts - - nashua, jean' s joe, and flying fury - - lined up in the field of 10 for the 1955 kentucky derby. nashua, the 6 - 5 favorite, gave it his best shot, but couldn' t overtake second - choice swaps in the stretch and finished second. jean' s joe and flying fury never threatened and ran fifth and sixth, respectively .\nnamed after a navigational intersection for airplanes by aerospace magnate allen paulson, cigar was foaled at country life farm near bel air, md. after enjoying modest success early in his career, cigar won back - to - back horse of the year awards, compiled a 16 - race win streak and retired with the all - time record for purse earnings in north america .\nbred in canada by jean - louis levesque, la prevoyante was a champion in her home country as well as the united states. undefeated in 12 starts as a juvenile in 1972, la prevoyante won the eclipse award for champion 2 - year - old filly, as well as the corresponding sovereign award that year, and was also named canadian horse of the year .\ntimes in the american triple crown races showed marked improvement from the post - war period until the' 90s, when they generally began to slow down. the kentucky derby these days is being run more slowly than it was in the 1950s. the preakness is back to its standards of the late ‘50s, while the belmont stakes, like the derby, is being run more slowly than it was in the ‘50s. of course, time is only one way of measuring the inherent value of a given horse or a given race, but if the underlying reason for horse racing is the improvement of the breed, and final times are a key gauge in evaluating quality, one could make the argument that american racing appears to be in decline .\non the night of april 6, 1954, two foals were born on claiborne farm, one about a half hour after the other. the first was round table, who later earned over a million dollars and was named horse of the year in 1958. the second was bold ruler, a skinny, accident prone colt who overcame numerous injuries to become a champion himself .\nelocutionist was cheduled to run in the third leg of the triple crown. however, a week before the race, paul adwell announced the colt had suffered an injury to his right foreleg and would not run in the belmont stakes. elocutionist never recovered from his injury and on september 8, owner cashman announced that the horse was being retired and would be syndicated to stud .\nmumtaz mahal was dubbed\nthe flying filly\nafter this daughter of the tetrarch proved herself one of the fastest two - year - olds ever. an early purchase for the aga khan, she also became one of his most important foundation mares. her descendants, which include mahmoud, nasrullah, royal charger, abernant, petite etoile, and shergar, spread her influence around the world, making her one of the most important broodmares of the 20th century .\ni don' t know much about wbs - but your chap' s sire is well bred. urltoken and nothing wrong with the damline either - i just had a quick look at some of the dam sire' s forebears and found some well worth boasting about - like nasrullah - urltoken with just a bit of work, i' ll bet you' d find your chap' s pedigree can be tracked back to both the darley arabian and the godolphin arabian .\noldest established still trading bloodstock agency in the world, founded in 1920 by the late mr bertie kerr. among the most famous horses traded by the company include champion u s sire nasrullah and 1959 kentucky derby winner tomy lee, the first european bred and purchased winner of the great race. a more recent purchase was mr medici, hong kong group 1 winner in 2010 following a successful racing career in ireland. we act for clients worldwide and trade thoroughbreds on an international scale\nsir archy, america’s first great thoroughbred stallion, was foaled in 1805 at capt. archibald randolph’s ben lomond plantation along the james river in virginia. in the hands of col. william r. johnson, sir archy became the champion four - mile horse of his day. upon retirement to stud, he sent out a succession of champions, which essentially established the breed of the american thoroughbred .\nin addition, mumtaz is a phenomenal broodmare, she and her sister are so prolific that they are considered part of the fabric of the modern thoroughbred. she has the three daughter lines of the broodmare sire hermit - - a filly factor. the full siblings from her sire and dam provided strong filly - colt factor combinations. this is a beautiful pedigree - - excellence for performance and for breeding. when building our sport horse lineages we want to try to have a pattern like this, not of course with sprinting lines, but with sport transmitters. when we have a horse that has good sport duplications close up, we will want to find a mate that connects to the background of that strength and / or provides an equally potent design in different beneficial bloodlines - - like you see here .\nretired to stud duty, elocutionist met with modest success as a sire. the best of his progeny was demons begone, who won the 1987 arkansas derby for loblolly stable. he was the heavy favorite going into the kentucky derby but began bleeding profusely during the race and had to be pulled up. through his daughter haute authorite, elocutionist is the damsire of 1993 american horse of the year kotashaan .\nbold ruler quickly became mrs. gladys phipps favorite horse. she went as far as to have a st. christopher' s medal braided into his forelock before each race, and she wasn' t even catholic. when bold ruler won the futurity at belmont, it was not his winning performance that caught the attention of charles hatton, but rather his behavior. as he wrote in the daily racing form :\nmrs. phipps was out at the gap to get him [ bold ruler ] and lead him down that silly victory lane they had there. and she must have weighed all of ninety pounds, and here is this big young stud horse - and she walked right up to him and held out her hand, and he just settled right down and dropped his head so she could get ahold of the chin strap, and bold ruler just walked like an old cow along that lane and she wasn' t putting any pressure on him to quiet him down or make him be still. it was one of the most amazing sights i' ve ever seen. it was incredible to me because anyone else reaching for that horse - and he was hot! - you' d have had to snatch him or he' d throw you off your feet or step all over you. but not with her. for her he was just a real chivalrous prince of a colt. he came back to her and stopped all the monkeyshines, ducked down his head and held out his chin, and here was this little old lady with a big young stud horse on the other end and he was just as gentle as he could be .\nturn - to also sired sir gaylord of meadow stable, who was out of somethingroyal. (she, of course. gave the world secretariat when she was mated with bold ruler .) sir gaylord, a strong kentucky derby favorite in 1962, broke his sesamoid before the race and was retired. however his son, sir ivor, won the epsom derby and became british horse of the year and an important thoroughbred sire." ]

{ "text": [ "nasrullah ( march 2 , 1940 – may 26 , 1959 ) was a thoroughbred racehorse that was bred in ireland and trained in the united kingdom before becoming a champion sire in both europe and north america .", "as a two-year-old , he won the coventry stakes and finished second in the middle park stakes , ending the year as the top-rated colt of his generation .", "in the following season , he became increasingly difficult to manage , and his temperament compromised his racing career .", "he was the beaten favourite in the 2,000 guineas and finished a close third in the derby stakes before winning the champion stakes .", "as a breeding stallion he stood in england , ireland , and the united states and had great success in each location . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 14, 14, 14 ] }

[ "nasrullah (march 2, 1940 – may 26, 1959) was a thoroughbred racehorse that was bred in ireland and trained in the united kingdom before becoming a champion sire in both europe and north america. as a two-year-old, he won the coventry stakes and finished second in the middle park stakes, ending the year as the top-rated colt of his generation. in the following season, he became increasingly difficult to manage, and his temperament compromised his racing career. he was the beaten favourite in the 2,000 guineas and finished a close third in the derby stakes before winning the champion stakes. as a breeding stallion he stood in england, ireland, and the united states and had great success in each location." ]

[ "delias mandaya yamamoto & takei, 1982; tyô to ga 32 (3, 4): 160, f. 1 - 4; tl: tagubud mts. (1600m), se. mindanao\ndelias pulla talbot, 1937; monogr. gen. delias (6): 585\ndelias waterhousei talbot, 1937; monogr. gen. delias (6): 555\ndelias keda talbot, [ 1937 ]; monogr. gen. delias (6): 579\ndelias campbelli maria talbot, 1937; monogr. gen. delias (6): 588 (preocc. delias mariae joicey & talbot, 1916 )\ndelias acalis perakana talbot, 1928; monogr. gen. delias (1): 30; tl: perak, malaysia\ndelias patrua shan talbot, 1937; monogr. gen. delias (6): 266; tl: s. shan states, myanmar\ndelias klossi chrysanthemum; yagishita, 1993, in yagishita nakano & sadayuki, an ill. list of genus delias: pl. 129, f. 6\ndelias klossi chrysanthemun [ sic ]; yagishita, 1993, in yagishita nakano & sadayuki, an ill. list of genus delias: 271 (part )\ndelias dice mitisana f. leucana; [ baur ], 128, f .\ndelias hiemalis hiemalis; [ mastrigt ]: 49, f. 133 - 136\ndelias hiemalis flabella; [ mastrigt ]: 50, f. 137 - 141\ndelias autumnalis michiae; [ mastrigt ]: 56, f. 161 - 164\ndelias hyparete luzonensis f. mindanaensis; [ bor ], 139, f .\ndelias woodi is a species of pierine butterfly endemic to mindanao in the philippines .\ndelias woodi tboli schroder & treadaway, 1984 (mt. parket, mindanao )\ndelias sanaca atsukoae nakano, 1993; ill. list. delias world: 11, pl. 93, f. 3 - 4; tl: nan, thailand\ndelias nysa caledonica nieuwenhuis & howarth, 1969; ent. bericht. 29: 86\n? delias dice mitisana f. latoclavata; [ baur ], 129 (note )\ndelias leucobalia jordan, 1912; novit. zool. 18 (3): 585\ndelias nais maprikensis yagishita, 1993; in yagishita nakano & sadayuki, an ill. list of genus delias: 142, 143, pl. 60, f. 9\ndelias mesoblema jordan, 1912; novit. zool. 18 (3): 584\ndelias callista jordan, 1912; novit. zool. 18 (3): 582\ndelias luctuosa jordan, 1912; novit. zool. 18 (3): 584\ndelias hapalina jordan, 1912; novit. zool. 18 (3): 583\ndelias isocharis rothschild & jordan, 1907; dt. ent. zs 1907: 191\ndelias alepa jordan, 1912; novit. zool. 18 (3): 585\ndelias sigit; [ mastrigt ]: 25 - 26, f. 43 - 46\ndelias narses heller, 1896; ent. nachr. 22 (12): 178\ndelias alberti rothschild, 1904; novit. zool. 11 (2): 454\n? delias niasana var. amarilla kheil, 1884; rhopalocera ins. nias: ?\ndelias belladonna yukaae nakano, 1993; ill. list. delias world: 11, pl. 98, f. 1 - 4; tl: nan, n. thailand\ndelias itamputi hypomelas rothschild & jordan, 1907; dt. ent. zs 1907: 190\ndelias hallstromi sanford & bennett, 1955; entomologist 88 (no. 1100): 2\ndelias gilliardi sanford & bennett, 1955; entomologist 88 (no. 1100): 2\n= delias lativitta yunnana; huang, 2003, neue ent. nachr. 55: 79\ndelias menooensis menooensis; [ mastrigt ]: 19 - 21, f. 23 - 28\ndelias menooensis boschmai; [ mastrigt ]: 21 - 22, f. 29 - 32\ndelias bobaga bobaga; [ mastrigt ]: 22 - 23, f. 33 - 36\ndelias bobaga homeyo; [ mastrigt ]: 24 - 25, f. 37 - 42\ndelias walshae sanaeae; [ mastrigt ]: 28 - 30, f. 57 - 65\ndelias catocausta catocausta; [ mastrigt ]: 33 - 36, f. 75 - 81\ndelias catocausta eefi; [ mastrigt ]: 36 - 37, f. 82 - 85\ndelias roepkei roepkei; [ mastrigt ]: 42 - 44, f. 99 - 110\ndelias roepkei cieko; [ mastrigt ]: 44 - 46, f. 111 - 122\ndelias autumnalis autumnalis; [ mastrigt ]: 53 - 54, f. 147 - 153\ndelias nakanokeikoae yagishita, 1993; in yagishita nakano & sadayuki, an ill. list of genus delias: 1 - 2, 263; tl: west irian, ilu - mulia\ndelias nakanokeikoae jali; [ mastrigt ]: 58 - 59, f. 167 - 168\ndelias klossi chrysanthemum f. deluna mastrigt, 2000; neue entomologische nachrichten, 48: 64\ndelias aruna irma fruhstorfer, 1907; soc. ent. 21 (23): 179\ndelias doylei sanford & bennett, 1955; entomologist 88 (no. 1100): 4\ndelias nysa; [ ebw ]; [ bow ]: pl. 159, f. 21\ndelias albertisi; [ ebw ]; [ bow ]: pl. 158, f. 16\ndelias clathrata; [ ebw ]; [ bow ]: pl. 159, f. 7\ndelias mariae; [ ebw ]; [ mastrigt ]: 18, f. 19 - 22\ndelias ellipsis de joannis, 1901; bull. soc. ent. fr. 1901: 207\ndelias dohertyi rothschild, 1894; novit. zool. 1 (4): 661 (preocc. delias dohertyi oberthür, 1894); tl: timor, dili (fatunaba, 2500ft )\ndelias ladas; grose - smith & kirby, 1895, rhop. exot. [ 1 ] 2: (delias) 17, pl. 5, f. 4 - 6; [ ebw ]\ndelias caliban; grose - smith & kirby, 1897, rhop. exot. [ 1 ] 3: (delias) 26, pl. 7, f. 6 - 7; [ ebw ]\ndelias sphenodiscus roepke, 1955; nova guinea (n. s) 6 (2): 200\ndelias argentata roepke, 1955; nova guinea (n. s) 6 (2): 199\ndelias abrophora roepke, 1955; nova guinea (n. s) 6 (2): 193\ndelias toxopei roepke, 1955; nova guinea (n. s) 6 (2): 210\ndelias nais odilae gotts & ginn, 2004; aust. ent. 31 (2): 49\ndelias iltis; grose - smith & kirby, 1901, rhop. exot. [ 1 ] 3: (delias) 32, pl. 9, f. 1 - 3; [ ebw ]\ndelias surya mitis, 1893; dt. ent. z. iris 6 (1): 132\ndelias zelima mitis, 1893; dt. ent. z. iris 6 (1): 131\ndelias lativitta tongi mell, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: (? )\ndelias adelma mitis, 1893; dt. ent. z. iris 6 (1): 130\ndelias parthenia staudinger, 1892; dt. ent. z. iris 5 (2): 449\ndelias aruna f. seriata fruhstorfer, 1907; soc. ent. 21 (23): 180\ndelias parennia roepke, 1955; nova guinea (n. s) 6 (2): 252\ndelias palawanica staudinger, 1889; dt. ent. z. iris 2 (1): 24\ndelias chrysoleuca mitis, 1893; dt. ent. z. iris 6 (1): 138\ndelias periboea livia fruhstorfer, 1897; berl. ent. zs. 41 (4): 396\ndelias walshae walshae; yagishita, 1993, in yagishita nakano & sadayuki, an ill. list of genus delias: 272 - 273, figs; [ mastrigt ]: 27, f. 47 - 50\ndelias shirozui; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 106\ndelias chrysomelaena prodigialis fruhstorfer, 1911; ent. rundschau 28 (24): 185; tl: halmaheira\ndelias cuningputi ibelana roepke, 1955; nova guinea (n. s) 6 (2): 201\ndelias nais holophaea roepke, 1955; nova guinea (n. s) 6 (2): 213\ndelias alepa orthobasis roepke, 1955; nova guinea (n. s) 6 (2): 233\ndelias surprisa; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 106\ndelias taiwana; wileman, 1909, annot. zool. japon. 7 (2): 95 ♀\ndelias aglaia cyrania fruhstorfer, 1913; ent. rundschau 30 (16): 92; tl: hainan\ndelias catocausta nigerrima roepke, 1955; nova guinea (n. s) 6 (2): 238\ndelias dorimene avenda fruhstorfer, 1912; ent. rundschau 29 (1): 5; tl: ceram\ndelias kazueae; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 106\ndelias rothschildi holland, 1900; novit. zool. 7 (1): 81; tl: buru\ndelias nigidius miskin, 1884; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1884 (1): 93\ndelias stollii butler, 1872; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1872 (3): 32\ndelias hyparete domarana fruhstorfer, 1911; ent. rundschau 28 (24): 187; tl: domoran\ndelias fasciata rothschild, 1894; novit. zool. 1 (4): 662; tl: sumba\ndelias sambawana rothschild, 1894; novit. zool. 1 (4): 662; tl: sambawa\ndelias singhapura indistincta fruhstorfer, 1898; berl. ent. zs. 42 (3 / 4): 335\ndelias kuehni kuehni; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 105\ndelias kuehni prinsi; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 105\ndelias kuehni sulana; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 105\ndelias battana ariae; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 106\ndelias totila heller, 1896; ent. nachr. 22 (12): 177; tl: new britain\ndelias itamputi ribbe, 1900; insekten - börse 17 (42): 330; tl: aroa r .\ndelias fascelis jordan, 1912; novit. zool. 18 (3): 587; tl: mt goliath\ndelias bornemanni ribbe, 1900; insekten - börse 17 (39): 308; tl: aroa r .\ndelias nais maprikensis; funahashi, 2010, trans. lepid. soc. japan 60 (4): 241\ndelias nais odilae; funahashi, 2010, trans. lepid. soc. japan 60 (4): 242\ndelias weiskei ribbe, 1900; insekten - börse 17 (42): 329; tl: aroa r .\ndelias ligata; [ ebw ]; [ bow ]: pl. 159, f. 14 (text )\ndelias malayana pendlebury, 1933; j. fed. malay st. mus. 17 (2): 380\ndelias benasu benasu; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 105\ndelias ninus grisea fruhstorfer, 1896; soc. ent. 11 (17): 139; tl: nias\ndelias discus; [ ebw ]; [ bow ]: pl. 158, f. 16 (text )\ndelias neyi ribbe, 1900; insekten - börse 17 (39): 308; tl: aroa r .\ndelias gabia mavroneria fruhstorfer, 1914; ent. rundschau 31 (6): 32; tl: new guinea\ndelias timorensis gardineri fruhstorfer, 1904; stettin ent. ztg 65 (2): 345; tl: tenimber\ndelias belisama euanthes; fruhstorfer, 1916, archiv naturg. 81 a (11): 70 (note )\ndelias (pierinae); vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 105\ndelias battana fruhstorfer, 1896; soc. ent. 11 (2): 9; tl: battan, celebes\ndelias balimensis; orr & sibatani, 1985, tyô to ga 36 (1): 11, f. 16\ndelias bornemanni nais jordan, 1912; novit. zool. 18 (3): 587; tl: mount goliath\n= delias nais nais; funahashi, 2010, trans. lepid. soc. japan 60 (4): 241\ndelias nais denigrata joicey & talbot, 1926; encycl. ent. (b3) 2 (1): 3\ndelias castanea; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 20, pl. 30, f. 13\ndelias buruana; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 18, pl. 27, f. 3\ndelias belladonna endoi yagishita, 1993; in yagishita nakano & sadayuki, an ill. list of genus delias: 12, pl. 98, f. 5 - 6; tl: mt. lang - bian, s. vietnam\ndelias wilemani jordan, 1925; novit. zool. 32 (3): 281; tl: forosa, arizan\ndelias lativitta f. naga tytler, 1939; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. : (? )\ndelias aglaia curasena fruhstorfer, 1908; ent. wochenbl. 25 (9): 38; tl: lake candidius\ndelias aglaia balabaca fruhstorfer, 1911; ent. rundschau 28 (24): 186; tl: balabac i .\ndelias elongata; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 20, pl. 30, f. 12\ndelias niepelti; grose - smith & kirby, 1901, rhop. exot. [ 1 ] 3: (delias) 29, pl. 8, f. 3 - 4; [ ebw ]; [ baur ], 144\ndelias callistrate massinissa fruhstorfer, 1914; ent. rundschau 31 (6): 33; tl: yule i .\ndelias ethire doherty, 1886; j. asiat. soc. bengal 55 pt. ii (3): 262\ndelias niasana kheil, 1884; rhopalocera ins. nias: 35, pl. 4, f. 22 - 23\ndelias minerva fruhstorfer, 1896; soc. ent. 11 (14): 115; tl: lombok i .\ndelias? furvus; butler, 1872, proc. zool. soc. lond. 1872 (3): 36\ndelias rothschildi kenrick, 1909; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 4: 180, pl. 7, f. 2, 6 (preocc. delias rothschildi holland, 1900); tl: momi, 4000ft\ndelias singhapura singhapura; [ bor ], 122; [ bmp ]: 84, pl. 7, f. 1\ndelias tahanica rothschild, 1925; ann. mag. nat. hist. (9) 15 (90): 675\ndelias georgina zenobia; [ bmp ]: 84, pl. 7, f. 4; [ bor ], 124\ndelias georgina keda; [ bmp ]: 84, pl. 7, f. 3; [ bor ], 124\ndelias ganymedes filarorum; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 19, pl. 29, f. 1\ndelias schoenigi schoenigi; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 19, pl. 29, f. 10\ndelias nausicaa fruhstorfer, 1902; stettin ent. ztg 63 (1): 358; tl: kina balu, borneo\ndelias dumasi rothschild, 1925; ann. mag. nat. hist. (9) 15 (90): 671\ndelias ladas grose - smith, 1894; novit. zool. 1 (3): 585; tl: new guinea\ndelias microsticha microsticha; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 20, pl. 30, f. 3\ndelias argentata argentata; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 20, pl. 30, f. 5\ndelias caroli caroli; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 20, pl. 30, f. 4\ndelias flavistriga ilagaensis; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 21, pl. 31, f. 5\ndelias weiskei weiskei; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 21, pl. 31, f. 8\ndelias tessei conspectirubra; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 21, pl. 31, f. 7\ndelias leucias roepkei nieuwenhuis & howarth, 1969; (preocc .); tl: mandated new guinea, telefomin, 1700m\ndelias nieuwenhuisi poponga; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 21, pl. 31, f. 9\ndelias alepa orthobasis; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 21, pl. 31, f. 11\ndelias eximia rothschild, 1925; ann. mag. nat. hist. (9) 15 (90): 677\ndelias wollastoni bryophila; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 18, pl. 27, f. 6\ndelias belladonna malayana; [ bmp ]: 84, pl. 7, f. 7; [ bor ], 128\ndelias lativitta leech, 1893; butts china japan corea (2): 422, pl. 35, f. 1\ndelias subnubila leech, 1893; butts china japan corea (2): pl. 35, f. 7 - 8\ndelias distanti staudinger, 1889; dt. ent. z. iris 2 (1): 23; tl: malaysia\ndelias pasithoe parthenope; [ bor ], 130; [ bmp ]: 88, pl. 7, f. 8\ndelias pasithoe nigrescens talbot, 1928; bull. hill mus. 2 (1): 38; tl: cochin china\ndelias pandecta staudinger, 1889; dt. ent. z. iris 2 (1): 23; tl: palawan\ndelias acalis perakana; [ bor ], 132; [ bmp ]: 83, pl. 7, f. 9\ndelias ninus alluviorum fruhstorfer, 1905; ent. zs. 19 (14): 75; tl: w. sumatra\ndelias niepelti anamesa; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 21, pl. 31, f. 15\ndelias belisama var. erubescens staudinger, 1891; dt. ent. z. iris, 4 (1): 78\ndelias belisama balina fruhstorfer, 1908; int. ent. zs. 2 (38): 238; tl: bali\ndelias descombesi eranthos fruhstorfer, 1905; soc. ent. 20 (15): 113; tl: perak, malakka\ndelias oraia oraia; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 17, pl. 26, f. 1\ndelias oraia bratana; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 17, pl. 26, f. 2\ndelias diaphana diaphana; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 17, pl. 26, f. 3\ndelias eumolpe eumolpe; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 17, pl. 25, f. 4\ndelias aruna rona rothschild, 1898; novit. zool. 5 (1): 98; tl: roon i .\ndelias levicki rothschild, 1927; ann. mag. nat. hist. (9) 19 (113): 563\ndelias apoensis apoensis; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 19, pl. 29, f. 13\ndelias dormene avenda; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 19, pl. 28, f. 13\ndelias agostina annamitica fruhstorfer, 1901; soc. ent. 16 (13): 98; tl: s. vietnam\ndelias iere grose - smith, 1900; novit. zool. 7 (1): 87; tl: new guinea\ndelias hyparete despoliata; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 17, pl. 24, f. 10\ndelias aruensis mitis, 1893; dt. ent. z. iris 6 (1): 110; tl: aru\ndelias kuehni; [ ebw ]; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 105\ndelias angiensis; orr & sibatani, 1985, tyô to ga 36 (1): 14, f. 27 - 28\ndelias kenricki; orr & sibatani, 1985, tyô to ga 36 (1): 21, f. 22 - 24\ndelias bornemanni; [ ebw ]; [ bow ]: pl. 161, f. 1; [ baur ], 136\ndelias belladonna hedybia jordan, 1925; novit. zool. 32 (3): 286; tl: tenasserim; shan states\ndelias belladonna perspicua fruhstorfer, 1910; in seitz, gross - schmett. erde 9: 130; tl: n. myanmar\ndelias ottonia semper, 1890; reisen philipp. (5): 235, pl. 34, f. 7 - 9\ndelias walshae ilu mastrigt, 2000; neue entomologische nachrichten, 48: 28, f. 51 - 56; tl: mulia\ndelias descombesi adonarensis rothschild, 1925; ann. mag. nat. hist. (9) 15 (90): 677\ndelias splendida rothschild, 1894; novit. zool. 1 (4): 661; tl: timor, oinanissa; dili\ndelias aruna arovana fruhstorfer, 1913; ent. rundschau 30 (21): 124; tl: rossel or arova i .\ndelias agostina orita fruhstorfer, 1910; in seitz, gross - schmett. erde 9: 183; tl: n. vietnam\ndelias melusina staudinger, 1891; dt. ent. z. iris, 4 (1): 76; tl: celebes\ndelias xelianthe grose - smith, 1900; novit. zool. 7 (1): 86; tl: british new guinea\ndelias candida teuthrania fruhstorfer, 1913; dt. ent. z. iris 27 (3): 136; tl: obi\ndelias sacha grose - smith, 1895; novit. zool. 2 (2): 75; tl: obi i .\ndelias sacha gilolensis rothschild, 1925; ann. mag. nat. hist. (9) 15 (90): 673\ndelias hyparete panayensis rothschild, 1925; ann. mag. nat. hist. (9) 15 (90): 672\ndelias bagoe restricta rothschild, 1925; ann. mag. nat. hist. (9) 15 (90): 674\ndelias fragalactea; butler, 1897, ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 20 (116): 152\n? delias insularis rothschild, 1925; ann. mag. nat. hist. (9) 15 (90): 673\ndelias schoenbergi choiseuli rothschild, 1904; novit. zool. 11 (2): 453; tl: choiseul solomon is .\ndelias sambawana everetti rothschild, 1925; ann. mag. nat. hist. (9) 15 (90): 672\ndescriptions of some new species of the genus delias from north new guinea, recently collected by mr. c. e. pratt\ndelias prinsi martin, [ 1913 ]; dt. ent. z. iris 26 (4): 227; tl: celebes\ndelias stresemanni rothschild, 1915; novit. zool. 22 (1): 110; tl: manusela, central ceram, 650m\ndelias sagessa sagessa; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 21, pl. 32 / 33, f. 5\ndelias frater far; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 22, pl. 32 / 33, f. 7\ndelias catisa aurostriga; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 22, pl. 32 / 33, f. 6\ndelias callima callima; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 21, pl. 32 / 33, f. 2\ndelias persephone staudinger, 1895; dt. ent. z. iris 7 (2): 355; tl: waigeu i .\ndelias funerea buruana rothschild, 1899; novit. zool. 6 (1): 68; tl: mt. mada, buru\ndelias lativitta yunnana; [ mrs ], 234; huang, 2003, neue ent. nachr. 55: 79 (note )\ndelias benasu martin, [ 1913 ]; dt. ent. z. iris 26 (4): 225; tl: celebes\ndelias aglaia beata fruhstorfer, 1905; ent. zs. 19 (14): 76; tl: mergui, s. myanmar\ndelias clathrata limata jordan, 1930; novit. zool. 35 (3): 277; tl: edie creek on herzog mountain\ndelias hemianops; sakuma, 1999, futao 31: 14; [ mastrigt ]: 30 - 32, f. 66 - 70\ndelias descombesi eranthos; [ bor ], 133; [ bmp ]: 84, pl. 7, f. 11 - 13\ndelias cathara grose - smith, 1893; ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 12 (67): 34\ndelias candida candida; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 19, pl. 29, f. 2 - 3\ndelias hyparete metarete; [ bor ], 138; [ bmp ]: 83, pl. 7, f. 14 - 16\ndelias lucina distant & pryer, 1887; ann. mag. nat. hist. (5) 19 (112): 270\ndelias mitisi staudinger, 1895; dt. ent. z. iris 7 (2): 352; tl: sula is .\ndelias periboea alorensis fruhstorfer, 1899; berl. ent. zs. 44 (1 / 2): 64; tl: alor\ndelias lara; butler, 1897, ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 20 (116): 159 ;\ndelias agoranis grose - smith, 1887; ann. mag. nat. hist. (5) 20: 266; tl: burma\ndelias blanca uichancoi jumalon, 1975; tyô to ga 26 (2): 46, f. 3; tl: bilar, bohol\ndelias aroae yabensis f. brevifascia joicey & talbot, 1922; bull. hill mus. 1 (2) (2): 308\ndelias yabensis; orr & sibatani, 1985, tyô to ga 36 (1): 13, f. 2, 29 - 31\ndelias hyperapproximata; orr & sibatani, 1985, tyô to ga 36 (1): 17, f. 4 - 5, 11\ndelias approximata; orr & sibatani, 1985, tyô to ga 36 (1): 15, f. 3, 14 - 15\ndelias frater jordan, 1912; novit. zool. 18 (3): 585; tl: west irian (mt. goliath )\ndelias patrua var. formosana matsumura, 1909; ent. zs. 23 (19): 92; tl: formosa (horisha )\ndelias ab. fasciata dufrane, 1947; bull. ann. soc. ent. belg. 83 (1 / 2): 47\ndelias bobaga mastrigt, 1990; tijdschr. ent. 133: 200, f. 3, 7; tl: kamu valley, 1700m\ndelias diaphana semper, 1878; verh. ver. nat. unterh. hamburg 3: 114; tl: mt. kinuta, mindanao\ndelias rothschildi; [ ebw ]; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 19, pl. 28, f. 10\ndelias poecila [ sic ] güntheri kalis, 1933; tijdschr. ent. 76 (1 - 2): 75; tl: halmaheira\ndelias vidua joicey & talbot, 1922; bull. hill mus. 1 (2) (2): 304; tl: buru\ndelias georgina georgina; fruhstorfer, 1916, archiv naturg. 81 a (11): 70 (note); [ bor ], 124\ndelias simanabum hagen, 1894; dt. ent. z. iris 7 (1): 34, pl. 1, f. 3\ndelias blanca capcoi jumalon, 1975; tyô to ga 26 (2): 46, f. 2; tl: amlan, negros oriental\ndelias waterstradti rothschild, 1915; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 15 (85): 175; tl: halmaheira\ndelias momea; [ ebw ]; [ bow ]: pl. 159, f. 21 (text); [ bor ], 126\ndelias lecerfi joicey & talbot, 1922; bull. hill mus. 1 (2) (2): 307; tl: menoo valley\ndelias aroae pheres jordan, 1912; novit. zool. 18 (3): 588; tl: mt. goliath, 5 - 7000ft\ndelias nais; joicey & talbot, 1922, bull. hill mus. 1 (2) (2): 309; [ ebw ]\ndelias nais denigrata; [ baur ], 136; funahashi, 2010, trans. lepid. soc. japan 60 (4): 241\ndelias caroli; [ ebw ]; [ bow ]: pl. 161, f. 1 (text); [ baur ], 135\ndelias marguerita joicey & talbot, 1922; bull. hill mus. 1 (2) (2): 315; tl: menoo river\ndelias boyleae butler, 1885; ann. mag. nat. hist. (5) 15 (85): 58; tl: darjiling\ndelias kandha doherty, 1886; j. asiat. soc. bengal 55 pt. ii (3): 262; tl: eastern ghats\ndelias acalis shinkaii morita, 1998; wallace 4 (2): 28, pl. 12; tl: tam dao, n. vietnam\ndelias hiemalis nemangkawi mastrigt, 2000; neue entomologische nachrichten, 48: 52, f. 145 - 146; tl: irian jaya, tembagapura\ndelias belisama glauce; fruhstorfer, 1916, archiv naturg. 81 a (11): 70 (note); [ bor ], 134\ndelias descombesi lydia fruhstorfer, 1897; berl. ent. zs. 42 (1 / 2): 15; tl: s. flores\ndelias honrathi mitis, 1893; dt. ent. z. iris 6 (1): 134, pl. 3, f. 1\ndelias inferna butler, 1871; lepid. exotica (8): 63, pl. 24, f. 6; tl: cape york\ndelias hyparete hyparete; fruhstorfer, 1916, archiv naturg. 81 a (11): 70 (note); [ bor ], 138\ndelias metarete butler, 1879; trans. linn. soc. lond. (2) 1 (8): 550; tl: malaysia\ndelias hyparete diva fruhstorfer, 1899; berl. ent. zs. 44 (1 / 2): 61; tl: n. borneo\ndelias rosenbergi chrysoleuca; [ bor ], 138; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 107\ndelias mitisi mitisi; [ bor ], 140; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 107\ndelias mitisi banggaiensis; [ bor ], 140; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 107\ndelias schönbergi isabellae rothschild & jordan, 1901; novit. zool. 8 (4): 403; tl: isabel, solomon is .\ndelias nysa caledonica; [ baur ], 128 (text); holloway & peters, 1976, j. nat. hist. 10: 289\ndelias dice; butler, 1897, ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 20 (116): 157; [ ebw ]\ndelias enniana; butler, 1897, ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 20 (116): 157; [ ebw ]\ndelias chrysomelaena; butler, 1897, ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 20 (116): 155; [ ebw ]\ndelias caliban grose - smith, 1897; ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 19: 404; tl: fergusson i .\ndelias pheres angabungana talbot, 1928; bull. hill mus. 2 (1): 42; tl: papua new guinea, angabungana r .\ndelias hypomelas rubrostriata joicey & talbot, 1922; bull. hill mus. 1 (2) (2): 312; tl: mt kunupi\ndelias itamputi; grose - smith & kirby, 1901, rhop. exot. [ 1 ] 3: (delias) 30, pl. 8, f. 7 - 8; [ ebw ]; [ bow ]: pl. 159, f. 18; [ baur ], 132\ndelias kummeri; grose - smith & kirby, 1901, rhop. exot. [ 1 ] 3: (delias) 29, pl. 8, f. 5 - 6; [ ebw ]; [ bow ]: pl. 159, f. 14; [ baur ], 139\ndelias sanaca oreas; fujioka, 1970, spec. bull. lepid. soc. japan (4): 5; [ bor ], 126\ndelias aglaia goda ♀ f. flavifascia joicey & talbot, 1924; bull. hill mus. 1 (3): 566; tl: pajacombo\ndelias albertisi albiplaga joicey & talbot, 1922; bull. hill mus. 1 (2) (2): 318; tl: meno valley\ndelias hemianops sanaeae sakuma, 1999; futao 31: 14 - 15, pl. 2, f. 3 - 4; tl: pass valley\ndelias catocausta eefi mastrigt, 1990; tijdschr. ent. 133: 200, f. 4, 8; tl: irian jaya, tembagopura 2000m\ndelias mira excelsa jordan, 1930; novit. zool. 35 (3): 278; tl: edio creek, westside of herzog mts 6100ft\ndelias mira excelsa; parsons, 1998, butts. of papua new guinea: 320; [ mastrigt ]: 40, f. 92 - 96\ndelias oraia doherty, 1891; j. asiat. soc. bengal 60 pt. ii (2): 189; tl: sumbawa i .\ndelias madetes; butler, 1897, ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 20 (116): 150; [ ebw ]\ndelias aruna rana swinhoe, 1916; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 18 (108): 481; tl: amboina\ndelias harpalyce f. adina couchman, 1954; pap. proc. r. soc. tasmania 88: 76; tl: moe, vict .\ndelias callistrate grose - smith, 1897; ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 19: 403; tl: fergusson i .\ndelias echidna; butler, 1897, ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 20 (116): 155; [ ebw ]\ndelias isse; butler, 1897, ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 20 (116): 154; [ ebw ]\ndelias hypopelia hagen, 1898; ent. nachr. 24 (13): 194, pl. 1, f. 2; tl: mentawej\ndelias hyparete jataka fruhstorfer, 1906; ent zs. 20 (15): 99, (16): 106; tl: batu i .\ndelias salvini butler, 1882; ann. mag. nat. hist. (5) 10 (56): 153; tl: new britain\n? delias bagoe nusana fruhstorfer, 1905; ent. zs. 19 (17): 89, f. 1; tl: nusa - laut\ndelias poecilea; butler, 1897, ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 20 (116): 158; [ ebw ]\ndelias themis soteira; [ bor ], 122; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 18, pl. 28, f. 6\ndelias kühni var. ? sulana staudinger, 1895; dt. ent. z. iris 7 (2): 354; tl: sula is .\ndelias enniana obsoleta rothschild, 1915; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 15 (85): 178; tl: mysol island\ndelias enniana majoripuncta joicey & talbot, 1922; bull. hill mus. 1 (2) (2): 303; tl: mefor i .\ndelias blanca blanca; [ bor ], 126; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 18, pl. 28, f. 5\ndelias blanca nausicaa; [ bor ], 126; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 18, pl. 28, f. 2\ndelias momea hageni; [ bor ], 126; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 19, pl. 29, f. 6\ndelias chrysomelaena chrysomelaena; [ baur ], 129; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 19, pl. 29, f. 4\ndelias ladas levis joicey & talbot, 1922; bull. hill mus. 1 (2) (2): 306; tl: dutch new guinea\ndelias aroae angiensis talbot, 1928; bull. hill mus. 2 (1): 43; tl: angi lakes, arfak mts. , 6000ft\ndelias phaeres [ sic ] approximata f. rectimargo joicey & talbot, 1922; bull. hill mus. 1 (2) (2): 309\ndelias eudiabolus rothschild, 1915; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 15 (85): 179; tl: upper aroa river\ndelias nigropunctata joicey & noakes, 1915; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 15 (85): 59, pl. 4\ndelias iltis iltis; [ baur ], 136; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 20, pl. 31, f. 2\ndelias callista callipareia; [ baur ], 137; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 21, pl. 31, f. 4\ndelias luctuosa luctuosa; [ baur ], 137; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 21, pl. 31, f. 3\ndelias ornytion ornytion; [ baur ], 140; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 18, pl. 27, f. 4\ndelias sanaca perspicua; [ bor ], 126; huang, 2001; huang, 2003, neue ent. nachr. 55: 78 (note )\ndelias apriate hübner, [ 1819 ]; verz. bek. schmett. (6): 91? [ = cramer: pl. 258 ] ♂\ndelias albertisi albertisi; [ baur ], 142; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 20, pl. 30, f. 15\ndelias mariae walshae roepke, 1955; nova guinea (n. s) 6 (2): 239, 258; tl: ibele valley, 2250m\ndelias belisama balina; [ bor ], 134; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 17, pl. 25, f. 2\ndelias madetes honrathi; [ baur ], 145; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 18, pl. 26, f. 4\ndelias madetes neohannoverana rothschild, 1915; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 15 (85): 179; tl: new hanover\ndelias levicki levicki; [ bor ], 134; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 19, pl. 29, f. 14\ndelias gabia zarate; [ baur ], 147; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 19, pl. 28, f. 8\ndelias echidna echidna; [ baur ], 146; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 19, pl. 28, f. 12\ndelias mavroneria mavroneria; [ baur ], 147; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 19, pl. 28, f. 9\ndelias isse isse; [ baur ], 148; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 19, pl. 28, f. 15\ndelias isse echo; [ baur ], 148; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 19, pl. 29, f. 1\ndelias ennia mysolensis rothschild, 1915; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 15 (85): 176; tl: mysol island\ndelias ennia saturata rothschild, 1915; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 15 (85): 177; tl: goodenough island\ndelias hyparete aurago; [ bor ], 138; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 17, pl. 24, f. 7\ndelias mindanaensis mitis, 1893; dt. ent. z. iris 6 (1): 139, pl. 2, f. 4 - 5\ndelias hyparete palawanica; [ bor ], 138; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 17, pl. 24, f. 11\ndelias hyparete ciris fruhstorfer, 1910; in seitz, gross - schmett. erde 9: 125; tl: siam; tonkin; cochin china; tenasserim\ndelias rosenbergii var. catamelas staudinger, 1891; dt. ent. z. iris, 4 (1): 77; tl: minahassa, celebes\ndelias rosenbergi salayerana rothschild, 1915; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 15 (85): 172; tl: salayer island\ndelias schoenbergi schoenbergi; [ baur ], 152; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 17, pl. 24, f. 3\ndelias schoenbergi choiseuli; [ baur ], 152; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 17, pl. 24, f. 4\ndelias timorensis moaensis rothschild, 1915; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 15 (85): 173; tl: moa island\ndelias timorensis romaensis rothschild, 1915; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 15 (85): 173; tl: roma island\ndelias timorensis ardesiaca rothschild, 1915; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 15 (85): 173; tl: dammer island\ndelias mysis rosselliana rothschild, 1915; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 15 (85): 174; tl: rossel island\ndelias sambawana minerva; [ bor ], 140; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 17, pl. 24, f. 2\ndelias poecila poecila [ sic, recte poecilea ]; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 16, pl. 24, f. 1\ndelias clathrata clathrata; talbot, 1937, monogr. gen. delias (6): 354; [ baur ], 142; parsons, 1998, butts. of papua new guinea: 320, pl. 38, f. 953 - 954; [ mastrigt ]: 11, f. 1 - 6\ndelias kühni [ = kuehni ] honrath, 1886; berl. ent. z. 30 (2): 295, pl. 6, f. 2\ndelias ladas waigeuensis joicey & talbot, 1917; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 20 (117): 217; tl: waigeu\ndelias subapicalis orr & sibatani, 1985; tyô to ga 36 (1): 16, f. 10; tl: new guinea, nondugl, 5500ft\ndelias nais aegle; [ baur ], 136 (text); funahashi, 2010, trans. lepid. soc. japan 60 (4): 241\ndelias nais holophaea; [ baur ], 136 (text); funahashi, 2010, trans. lepid. soc. japan 60 (4): 241\ndelias phippsi joicey & talbot, 1922; bull. hill mus. 1 (2) (2): 315; tl: menoo valley; mt kunupi\ndelias belladonna surprisa martin, 1913; dt. ent. z. iris 27 (2): 109, (3): 126; tl: celebes\ndelias pasithoe dione; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 16, pl. 20 / 21, f. 10, back f. 10\ndelias inexpectata; tuzov, 1995, actias 2 (1 - 2): 118; [ mastrigt ]: 46 - 48, f. 123 - 132\ndelias nakanokeikoae nakanokeikoae; mastrigt, 1996, neue ent. nachr. 38: 37; [ mastrigt ]: 57 - 58, f. 165 - 166\ndelias dorylaea var. altivaga fruhstorfer, 1895; stettin ent. ztg. 55 (4 - 6): 121, pl. 4, f. 8\ndelias sacha; grose - smith & kirby, 1896, rhop. exot. [ 1 ] 2: (delias) 21, pl. 6, f. 5 - 6; butler, 1897, ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 20 (116): 158; [ ebw ]\ndelias rosenbergi saleyerana [ sic ]; [ bor ], 138; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 107\n? delias maga grose - smith, 1897; ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 19: 405; tl: sud - est island\ndelias emilia rothschild, 1904; novit. zool. 11 (1): 314 (repl. tachyris weiskei ribbe, 1900); tl: aroa r .\ndelias aroa [ sic ] balimensis roepke, 1955; nova guinea (n. s) 6 (2): 204; tl: irian jaya, balim river\ndelias sinak mastrigt, 1990; tijdschr. ent. 133: 200, f. 1, 5, 17; tl: irian jaya, route mulia - sinak\ndelias rileyi joicey & talbot, 1922; bull. hill mus. 1 (2) (2): 306; tl: menoo valley, 6000 - 8000ft\ndelias yofona schröder & treadaway, 1982; ent. z. 92: (334 - 338); tl: danau paniai (wissel lakes), irian jaya\ndelias campbelli joicey & talbot, 1922; bull. hill mus. 1 (2) (2): 313; tl: menoo river, 3500 - 5000\ndelias hapalina conspectirubra joicey & talbot, 1922; bull. hill mus. 1 (2) (2): 312; tl: menoo river; mt kunupi\ndelias wollastoni abmisibilensis mastrigt, 1990; tijdschr. ent. 133: 202, f. 10, 14; tl: irian jaya; abmisibil 1920m; river oktanglap\ndelias belladonna hedybia; [ bor ], 128; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 16, pl. 20 / 21, f. 8\ndelias henningia henningia; [ bor ], 128; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 16, pl. 20 / 21, f. 11\ndelias acalis pyramus; [ bor ], 132; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 16, pl. 22 / 23, f. 6\ndelias dymas de nicéville, 1894; j. asiat. soc. bengal 63 pt. ii (1): 44, pl. 5, f. 7\ndelias discus honrath, 1886; berl. ent. z. 30 (1): 130, pl. 5, f. 4; tl: new guinea\ndelias catocausta jordan, 1912; novit. zool. 18 (3): 591 - 592; tl: mt goliath 5 - 7000ft, central dutch new guinea\ndelias mira reversa rothschild, 1925; ann. mag. nat. hist. (9) 15 (90): 675; tl: sattleburg inlands, 1500m\ndelias klossi gome mastrigt, 2000; neue entomologische nachrichten, 48: 60 - 62, f. 173 - 178; tl: ilaga, river namungun, 2350m\ndelias klossi chrysanthemum; tuzov, 1995, actias 2 (1 - 2): 119; [ mastrigt ]: 62 - 64, f. 179 - 187\ndelias descombesi descombesi; [ bor ], 133; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 17, pl. 25, f. 6, 8\ndelias eumolpe grose - smith, 1889; ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 3 (16): 312; tl: kina balu mtn\ndelias agostina agostina; [ bor ], 136; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 18, pl. 27, f. 13 - 14\ndelias dives de nicéville, 1897; j. asiat. soc. bengal 66 pt. ii (3): 562, pl. 1, f. 1\ndelias ennia limbata rothschild, 1915; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 15 (85): 177; tl: sud - est island\ndelias bagoe bagoe; [ baur ], 152; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 16, pl. 22 / 23, f. 9\ndelias argenthona argenthona; [ baur ], 153; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 16, pl. 22 / 23, f. 8\ndelias periboea periboea; [ bor ], 140; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 17, pl. 22 / 23, f. 13\ndelias mysis mysis; [ baur ], 151; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 16, pl. 22 / 23, f. 11\ndelias mysis maforensis rothschild, 1915; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 15 (85): 175; tl: suer, mafor island\ndelias caeneus caeneus; [ baur ], 150; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 16, pl. 22 / 23, f. 7\ndelias singhapura acuta rothschild, 1915; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 15 (85): 172; tl: karo, se. sumatra\ndelias zenobia pendlebury, 1939; j. fed. malay st. mus. , 18 (3): 382, pl. 6, f. 2, 6\ndelias ladas ladas; [ baur ], 130 (text); winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 20, pl. 30, f. 2\ndelias dives rothschild, 1904; novit. zool. 11 (1): 313, pl. 2, f. 14 (preocc .); tl: owgarra\ndelias pratti; [ ebw ]; [ baur ], 135; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 20, pl. 30, f. 14\ndelias bakeri; [ ebw ]; [ baur ], 137; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 21, pl. 31, f. 6\ndelias kummeri f. ligata rothschild, 1904; novit. zool. 11 (1): 313, pl. 2, f. 20; tl: new guinea\ndelias ligata dealbata; [ baur ], 139 (text); winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 21, pl. 31, f. 10\ndelias discus neyi; [ baur ], 142 (text); winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 20, pl. 31, f. 1\ndelias sigit mastrigt, 1990; tijdschr. ent. 133: 200, f. 2, 6; tl: irian jaya, central bergland, ilaga, river jila\ndelias aurantiaca [ sic, recte aurantia ]; [ ebw ]; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 17, pl. 25, f. 3\ndelias biaka; [ ebw ]; [ baur ], 147; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 19, pl. 28, f. 14\ndelias ennia nigidius; [ baur ], 149 (text); winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 18, pl. 28, f. 7\ndelias euphemia grose - smith, 1894; novit. zool. 1 (2): 334, pl. 12, f. 1 - 2; tl: biak\ndelias fasciata; grose - smith & kirby, 1895, rhop. exot. [ 1 ] 2: (delias) 12, pl. 4, f. 1; butler, 1897, ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 20 (116): 153; [ ebw ]; [ bor ], 140\ndelias singhapura; grose - smith & kirby, 1893, rhop. exot. [ 1 ] 2: (delias) 9, pl. 3, f. 1 - 2; butler, 1897, ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 20 (116): 156; [ ebw ]; [ bor ], 122\ndelias caliban satisbona rothschild, 1915; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 15 (85): 175; tl: goodenough island, 2500 - 4000ft\ndelias geraldina; grose - smith & kirby, 1895, rhop. exot. [ 1 ] 2: (delias) 16, pl. 5, f. 1 - 3; butler, 1897, ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 20 (116): 155; [ ebw ]; [ baur ], 131\ndelias pheres hyperapproximata rothschild, 1925; ann. mag. nat. hist. (9) 15 (90): 675; tl: rawlinson mts, inland huon gulf\ndelias pheres endela jordan, 1930; novit. zool. 35 (3): 279; tl: new guinea, weswt side of herzog mts, edie creek, 6100ft\ndelias cuningputi; grose - smith & kirby, 1901, rhop. exot. [ 1 ] 3: (delias) 30, pl. 8, f. 9 - 10; [ ebw ]; [ bow ]: pl. 159, f. 10; orr & sibatani, 1986, tyô to ga 37 (1): 6\ndelias oktanglap mastrigt, 1990; tijdschr. ent. 133: 201, f. 9, 13; tl: irian jaya; sterren gebergte; abmisibil 1920m; river oktanglap\ndelias pasithoe; moore, 1878, proc. zool. soc. lond. 1878 (4): 839; [ bor ], 130; [ mrs ], 232\ndelias crithoe bromo; [ bor ], 130; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 16, pl. 22 / 23, f. 1 - 2\ndelias ninus parthenia; [ bor ], 132; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 16, pl. 22 / 23, f. 4 - 5\ndelias klossi okse mastrigt, 2000; neue entomologische nachrichten, 48: 64, f. 188 - 189; tl: irian jaya, star mountains, abmisibil, river okse\ndelias niepelti arfakensis joicey & talbot, 1922; bull. hill mus. 1 (2) (2): 318; tl: dutch new guinea, arfak distr .\ndelias splendida; grose - smith & kirby, 1895, rhop. exot. [ 1 ] 2: (delias) 13, pl. 4, f. 4 - 5; butler, 1897, ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 20 (116): 149; [ ebw ]; [ baur ], 144\ndelias karo hagen, 1894; dt. ent. z. iris 7 (1): 33, pl. 1, f. 4; tl: mt. karo\ndelias omissa rothschild, 1915; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 15 (85): 179; tl: upper aroa river, british new guinea\ndelias salvini; grose - smith & kirby, 1889, rhop. exot. [ 1 ] 1: (delias) 2, pl. 1, f. 5 - 6; butler, 1897, ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 20 (116): 154; [ ebw ]; [ baur ], 152\ndelias periboea livia; [ bor ], 140; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 17, pl. 22 / 23, f. 14 - 15\ndelias mysis goodenovii rothschild, 1915; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 15 (85): 174; tl: goodenough island, 2500 - 4000ft\ndelias sambawana; grose - smith & kirby, 1895, rhop. exot. [ 1 ] 2: (delias) 12, pl. 4, f. 2 - 3; butler, 1897, ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 20 (116): 153; [ ebw ]; [ bor ], 140\ndelias manuselensis talbot, 1920; ann. mag. nat. hist. (9) 6 (34): 402, pl. 19, f. 13 - 17\ndelias klossi klossi; roepke, 1955, nova guinea (n. s) 6 (2): 243, 258; [ baur ], 143 (text); yagishita, 1993, in yagishita nakano & sadayuki, an ill. list of genus delias: 262; yagishita, 1993, in yagishita nakano & sadayuki, an ill. list of genus delias: 271; tuzov, 1995, actias 2 (1 - 2): 119; [ mastrigt ]: 59 - 60, f. 169 - 172\ndelias themis; butler, 1897, ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 20 (116): 156; [ ebw ]; [ bor ], 122\ndelias vietnamensis monastyrskii & devyatkin, 2000; atalanta 31 (3 / 4): 473; tl: c. vietnam, gia lai, kan ka kinh nature reserve, 1300m\ndelias blanca; butler, 1897, ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 20 (116): 166; [ ebw ]; [ bor ], 126" ]

{ "text": [ "delias mandaya is a species of pierine butterfly endemic to mindanao , in the philippines .", "the type locality is the tagubud mountains , mindanao .", "it may be a subspecies of delias levicki ." ], "topic": [ 2, 29, 5 ] }

[ "delias mandaya is a species of pierine butterfly endemic to mindanao, in the philippines. the type locality is the tagubud mountains, mindanao. it may be a subspecies of delias levicki." ]