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[ "jennifer hammock chose to hide data on\nacanthurus pyroferus kittlitz, 1834\n.\nnick hope added the english common name\nmimic tang\nto\nacanthurus pyroferus kittlitz, 1834\n.\nnick hope marked the english common name\nbit\nfrom\nacanthurus pyroferus kittlitz, 1834\nas untrusted .\nnick hope marked the english common name\nintermediate polypody\nfrom\nacanthurus pyroferus kittlitz, 1834\nas untrusted .\naquarium movies urltoken description of fish (language：japanese) クログチニザ chocolate surgeonfish acanthurus pyroferus スズキ目ニザダイ亜目ニザダイ科ニザダイ亜科クロハギ属 葛西水族園 tokyo sea life park copyright © 2014 - sasuke m tsujita all rights reserved .\ni just want to say thanks all of you for this complete information about saltwater fish, for example (acanthurus pyroferus). thank you again, i really appreciate your time on this .\ntable 1. states with nonindigenous occurrences, the earliest and latest observations in each state, and the tally and names of hucs with observations†. names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records. the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of acanthurus pyroferus are found here .\nschofield, p. j. , 2018, acanthurus pyroferus kittlitz, 1834: u. s. geological survey, nonindigenous aquatic species database, gainesville, fl, urltoken revision date: 12 / 31 / 2014, peer review date: 4 / 1 / 2016, access date: 7 / 10 / 2018\nsimilar species: juvenile blue tang (acanthurus coeruleus) distinguished in all yellow phase by the presence of thin blue edging on dorsal and anal fins, but not on caudal fin margin; also lacks dark opercular bar present on some specimens of a. pyroferus. no other adult atlantic surgeonfish display a yellow margin on caudal fin .\nrandall, j. e. , 1956. a revision of the surgeonfish genus acanthurus. pac. sci. 10 (2): 159 - 235. (ref. 1920 )\n( of hepatus pyroferus (kittlitz, 1834) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of acanthurus armiger valenciennes, 1835) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of acanthurus celebicus bleeker, 1853) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of acanthurus fuscus steindachner, 1861) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nindo - pacific: seychelles to the marquesas and tuamoto islands, north to southern japan, south to the great barrier reef and new caledonia. replaced by acanthurus trisits from the maldives and chagos islands to bali (ref. 37816) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nis widespread and occurs in a wide range of habitats and is found in deeper water. it is caught incidentally for food. juveniles are targeted for the aquarium trade. harvest is not considered a major threat. it occurs in a number of marine protected areas in its range of distribution. it is therefore listed as least concern .\nis widespread in the indo - pacific and is found from french polynesia (except rapa) and the line islands to wakayama prefecture, honshu, japan, southwards to new south wales, australia. in the indian ocean it is recorded from scott reef, western australia (allen and russell 1986), christmas island (allen & steene 1988) and cocos - keeling islands (allen and smith - vaniz 1994) .\namerican samoa; australia; brunei darussalam; christmas island; cocos (keeling) islands; cook islands; disputed territory (paracel is. , spratly is .); fiji; french polynesia; guam; indonesia; japan; kiribati (gilbert is. , kiribati line is. , phoenix is .); malaysia; marshall islands; micronesia, federated states of; nauru; new caledonia; niue; northern mariana islands; palau; papua new guinea; philippines; samoa; singapore; solomon islands; taiwan, province of china; thailand; timor - leste; tokelau; tonga; tuvalu; united states minor outlying islands (howland - baker is .); vanuatu; viet nam; wallis and futuna\nwas recorded as common in terms of relative abundance in milne bay province, northern bismarck sea, papua new guinea and raja ampat, indonesia (allen 2003, 2009, 2003b). it is occasional in guam and saipan (j. mcilwain unpub. data). in bali, indonesia it was recorded as abundant in tulamben (l. rocha pers. comm. 2010) .\nat moorea, french polynesia, spot satellite images allowed estimation of the surface area of fringing reef (1, 076 ha), barrier reef (3, 788 ha) and outer slope (493 ha). a total of 493 individuals was recorded in this area in fish visual surveys conducted from 1990 - 1993 (lecchini\n2006). it is common in the american samoa national park (national park of samoa checklist of fishes accessed 21 april 2010). it is common in the philippines (b. stockwell pers. comm. 2010), occasional in the calamianes islands and puerto princesa city and more commonly found in the northeast side of busuanga and offshore islands, philippines (werner and allen 2000, palawan council for sustainable development unpub. data) .\nis found solitary on coral reefs at depths from 2 to at least 60 m (randall 2001a). it feeds on detritus and sediment (choat\n2004). it is classified as a grazer / detritivore (choat and bellwood pers obs. in green and bellwood 2009). maximum age 28 years in the great barrier reef (choat and robertson 2002a). the sexes are separate among the acanthurids (reeson 1983). acanthurids do not display obvious sexual dimorphism, males assume courtship colours (j. h. choat pers. comm. 2010) .\n) at different locations throughout the geographic range of the surgeonfish, while adopting a common species - specific coloration as adults (eagle and jones 2004). juveniles exhibit a remarkable resemblance to\nappears to exemplify' competitive mimicry' (rainey and grether 2007, rainey 2009) .\nis collected for the aquarium trade. online prices range from $ 34. 99 - $ 69. 99 per fish (l. rocha pers. comm. 2010). it is incidentally caught as food .\nthough targeted for the marine aquarium trade, there are no indications of population declines from harvesting .\nsurgeonfishes show varying degrees of habitat preference and utilization of coral reef habitats, with some species spending the majority of their life stages on coral reef while others primarily utilize seagrass beds, mangroves, algal beds, and / or rocky reefs. the majority of surgeonfishes are exclusively found on coral reef habitat, and of these, approximately 80% are experiencing a greater than 30% loss of coral reef area and degradation of coral reef habitat quality across their distributions. however, more research is needed to understand the long - term effects of coral reef habitat loss and degradation on these species' populations. widespread coral reef loss and declining habitat conditions are particularly worrying for species that recruit into areas with live coral cover, especially as studies have shown that protection of pristine habitats facilitate the persistence of adult populations in species that have spatially separated adult and juvenile habitats (comeros - raynal\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species. however, its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek, akantha = thorn + greek, oura = tail (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; reef - associated; depth range 4 - 60 m (ref. 1602), usually 5 - 40 m (ref. 27115). tropical; 32°n - 24°s, 55°e - 138°w\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 29. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 90102 )\ndorsal spines (total): 8; dorsal soft rays (total): 27 - 30; anal spines: 3; anal soft rays: 24 - 28. purplish black in color; an orange diffused patch at edge of gill opening, just above pectoral fin base; a broad black band from upper end of gill opening to margin of gill cover down to isthmus; caudal spine socket with a narrow black margin. blackish lips; a trace of orange behind eye; a white line under chin extending slightly above rictus. gill rakers on anterior row 23 - 26; on posterior row 25 - 27. juveniles can exhibit 3 different color patterns mimicking centropyge species. caudal fin rounded in juveniles .\noccurs in lagoon and seaward reefs; prefers areas of mixed coral, rock, or sand at the base of reefs or ledges, ref. 48637. also on silty reefs (ref. 9710). found singly (ref. 9710). juveniles mimic centropyge spp. (in guam, juveniles mimic c. flavissimus but in palau where this species is absent, they mimic c. vrolikii), ref. 48637. presence of a venom gland could not be determined despite the presence of distinct anterolateral grooves; this may be due to the loss of venom glands in adults (ref. 57406). feeds on algae (ref. 89972) .\n): 25 - 28. 8, mean 27. 6 (based on 558 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 2. 0 ±0. 00 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (k = 0. 422; tmax = 28) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low to moderate vulnerability (29 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nmini reef aquarium guide. reef aquarium setup for large reef tanks, nano reef tanks, pico reef or micro reef aquariums with reef tank lighting, filtration, choosing coral reef animals, and problem solving !\nsetting up a saltwater aquarium. guide to marine supplies, putting the aquarium together, cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !\nthroughout the ages people of been fascinated, thrilled, frightened, and horrified by these creatures. they have been the subject of myths, novels, movies ...\nobservations and insights of a marine enthusiast. an in - depth explanation of what it takes to be a successful marine aquarist\nenter your freshwater aquarium enter parameters for your freshwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nenter your saltwater aquarium enter parameters for your saltwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nfish finder search our database for compatible pets! enter characteristics of what you are looking for and find them instantly .\ndr. jungle' s pets and animal speak - newsletter featured pet of the week and more ...\nwe would like to import some live zebra shark. contact me please. best regard, liu wei chung. email: s89186 @ urltoken\ni have a green moray eel that is just too big now, does anyone have a huge tank... . 400 + gallons ?\ni have one for two month a juvenile, probably 4 inches long. it is great addition so far, it helps control my alge and i feeds well from flakes and marine algae... (more) andres\nmost often the chocolate tang or mimic tang is available as a juvenile, and depending upon where it was collected, will look very much like the dwarf angelfish also living in that location. as this tang gets older it changes into its very pretty adult coloration shown in the picture above .\nthe chocolate tang or mimic tang is a good choice for the home aquarium. they go through an interesting color change from juvenile to adult and are favored because they don' t get as large as many others in the same genus. they are moderately easy to care for as long as they are provided with a good environment and their nutritional needs are met .\nlike all surgeonfish and tangs, the chocolate tang likes lots of water turbulence rather than a placid aquarium. it can be kept in a fish only tank as long as there is plenty of swimming room and plenty of rocks / corals with nooks and crannies to hide in. it is not too picky about foods once it gets settled, and like most surgeonfish this can be accomplished by initially offering a good macro algae. gracillaria works well as most tangs can' t resist it. though they can be kept with a variety of tank mates, they will be aggressive towards others of their own kind. they may also fight with other surgeonfish or tangs, especially new additions to their aquarium .\nchocolate tangs, also known as mimic tangs can mimic 3 different dwarf angelfish while still juveniles. this one is obviously mimicking the lemonpeel dwarf angelfish. in the wild, the chocolate tang juvenile will swim with the schools of certain dwarf angelfish for safety in numbers as they feed on algae. interestingly, they eat different foods from these angelfish, so they are not competing. once the juvenile grows larger than the dwarf angelfish they mimic in their area, they start acquiring their adult coloring .\nthis is the same fish as the other video, however this baby is imitating the halfblack angelfish instead of the lemonpeel dwarf angelfish. this happens in the wild when the yellow angel is not in the vicinity. these tangs will need a tank that is 120 gallons or larger and at least 6 feet long. make sure they have plenty of algae, good water movement, and do not house with peaceful tangs. while juveniles, do not house with large damselfish that eat the same foods or they will attack your chocolate tang. this is a great fish for a reef or fish only as long as there are places to hide !\nthis beautiful adult chocolate tang is what gains this fish it' s name! the colors are just gorgeous from infancy to adulthood! they do best as the only tang in a 120 gallon tank, however in hundreds of gallons, you can add other tangs that are similar in temperament, but different genus and color. avoid peaceful tangs like the bristletooth tang like the yellow eye kole tang because the chocolate tang will pick on them once they are all adults. this fish is easy to care for as long as you acquire a juvenile since adults have a hard time adjusting .\nthe chocolate tang or mimic tang was described by kittlitz in 1834. they are found in the indo - pacific from seychelles to japan, the community islands, the marquesas and tuamotu. it co - occurs with its close relative the\nas adults they are generally found singly inhabiting shallow lagoons and coastal reef slopes and crests, enjoying areas with corals, rock and sand at the base of reefs. they are found at depths between 13 to 196 feet (4 - 60 meters) .\nare initially quite wary, hiding in crevices among rubble and rocks. but soon the need for feeding draws them into small mixed groups where they seek the protection of numbers. the behavior of the mimic tang is similar, however as the juveniles are excellent mimics of dwarf angelfish, they are often seen in their company. beyond just protection, research has suggested another interesting purpose for this mimicry is to provide a way for this young surgeonfish to feed. basically surgeonfish have a much more restricted diet than that of the angelfish, and one that is very similar to damselfish. thus the damselfish will attack the surgeonfish unrelentingly, while the angelfish feed with fewer attacks. this mimicry deceives the damselfish so the mimic will suffer fewer attacks from the damselfish, allowing it to feed more freely .\nspecies as far as size and facial features. they have a disk like shaped body with a spine that is like a scalpel on either side of the caudal peduncle. the adult has a yellow to dark brown or purplish black body with an orange patch just above the pectoral fin base. there is a broad dark band starting at the top of the gill opening and arcing down to below the chin and there is a narrow white band encircling the chin. on the end of the caudal fin is a broad yellow band .\ntheir juvenile colors will look like that of the angelfish they are imitating. for example when mimicking the eibl' s angelfish\nthe juvenile has a cream colored body with vertical orange stripes and a black tail. when mimicking the herald' s angelfish it will be all yellow, and as a lemonpeel angel it will be all yellow with a blue ring around the eye and blue edging along the margins of the fins. looking like a pearlscale angelfish it will have a body that is light towards the front, getting very dark on the back third and on the fins, with grayish spotting .\nthere are some possible explanations given for this mimicry. one idea is that it provides protection while their caudal peduncle spine is immature. the small pygmy angelfish being copied are rarely preyed on; hence, the convenience of being misunderstood is a good thing for the young mimic. the other idea is that this mimicry will deceive damselfish as to their diet, giving them access to food supplies in the damselfish' s defended areas .\ndr. jungle asks, ...\nnow who are you... . really?'\nthe chocolate tang is called the' mimic' tang with good reason. it can imitate several of the dwarf angelfish, depending upon which one lives in the same area. in the photo to the left it mimics herald' s angelfish: centropyge heraldi in the photo to the right it mimics the pearl - scaled angelfish or half black angel centropyge vroliki .\nthe relatively small size of the chocolate tang lends itself to being a great addition to the marine aquarium. it is easy to acclimate and keep if you purchase a juvenile, adults are reportedly very hard to acclimate. once it is use to its environment it is quite hardy, adaptable to a wide variety of foods, and can handle a wide range of water parameters. however it will do best in an environment that provides consistency, not only in water conditions and quality, but also in decor and fellow inhabitants. it can be housed in a fish only tank or in a reef environment as it will not harm corals or invertebrates .\nmembers that are delicate and will require more specific care, but most will respond well if you employ a few technical considerations. all surgeonfish need an aquarium with plenty of aeration, a strong current will help to provide good oxygenation. provide plenty of space, especially for adult specimens, along with lots of rocks / corals with crevices for retreating and for sleeping. this decor will also lend itself to algae growth which surgeonfish enjoy grazing on, making them a valuable addition to a reef environment .\nsurgeonfish and tangs are continuous feeders and they need to be provided a proper diet. they are susceptible to nutritional disorders which may cause color loss and lld (lateral line disease). supplementing their diet with the addition of vitamin c to their food or adding a vitamin supplement directly to their water can help to avoid or aid in reducing these ailments. they are also susceptible to bacteria resulting from organic buildup which deteriorates water quality. consequently they will need vigorous filtration, protein skimming, and regular small water changes .\nmembers are very colorful, active, and attractive to aquarists. but they do not produce as much skin mucus on their bodies as other fish and can be susceptible to diseases such as marine ich and marine velvet. fortunately the chocolate tang is very tough and is are not as likely to develop marine ich as many of the other species. just the same, they are definitely a candidate for quarantine when you first receive them. surgeonfish are definitely a candidate for quarantine when you first receive them. they can be treated successfully with medical care or copper drugs, but because they have an important microfauna in their digestive system, prolonged or continuous use of a copper treatment is not advisable .\nsp .) will help them by taking parasites from their bodies, however these wrasses are extremely difficult to sustain in captivity. alternative fish such as neon gobies (\nsp .) or cleaner shrimp can help them by providing this cleaning service in the home aquarium .\n. in the wild they graze on benthic algae. in the aquarium the majority of their intake will be vegetable matter, but they do need some meaty foods as well. provide lots of algae, prepared frozen formulas containing algae or spirulina, frozen brine and mysis shrimp, and flake foods. japanese nori or other seaweed can be adhered to the aquarium glass with a vegetable clip. an occasional live rock with micro and macro organisms will be greatly appreciated. culturing macro algae like chaetomorphia in the tank is also a great idea. feed at least three times a day .\nproviding a vitamin supplement (including vitamin c) can help provide for their nutritional needs, and vitamin c can help prevent or reduce lateral line erosion (lle). this can be done by soaking dried pellets with liquid vitamins, adding vitamins to the food, or adding a liquid vitamin into the water. it is also said that pellets soaked in garlic may help fend off marine ich. some hobbyists also report success with supplemental foods such as previously boiled or frozen zucchini, broccoli, spinach, and leaf lettuce .\na quick and agile swimmer it will spend a good deal of its time in the open water and moving in and out of crevices. frequent water changes are not necessary, rather normal water changes at 10% biweekly or 20% monthly are fine .\nall surgeonfish / tangs are quick agile swimmers and need lots of open areas. to feel secure they also need rocks / corals with many nooks and crannies to hide in and to wedge themselves into at night for sleeping. this fish will not bother corals or inverts but it will graze on algae, so it highly useful in a reef environment .\nit can be kept under normal lighting conditions in the aquarium, but can also be kept under very bright light as long as some dimly lit spaces are provided .\nthis species lives in tropical areas. temperatures between 78 - 82° f (26 - 28° c) will serve them well .\nall surgeonfish and tangs thrive with good water movement, need lots of oxygen, and love to have the water rushing over their gills at times. provide strong movement in at least one area of the tank .\nit will spend time in the open water and darting in and out of the rocks / corals. it will sleep in crevices at night .\nthe great thing about the chocolate tang is that they are fine in a reef setting with inverts and corals, and they will graze on the algae. they can also be kept in a fish only aquarium and their personality is not overly aggressive with most tank mates. several juveniles can be kept together for a while, but become incompatible as they get older, so are best kept singly. they can handle themselves just fine with more aggressive fish like triggers, large wrasses, and puffers .\nsurgeonfish and tangs can be territorial, sometimes just with their own kind and sometimes with other species. introducing a new surgeonfish into an aquarium that already houses one or more is usually a problem. it is best to initially introduce several species together rather than adding a new one later on. though a large aquarium can help alleviate many problems, be aware of the social behaviors of any species you are considering to prevent compatibility problems. at times you may put surgeonfish and tangs together with different genus' as long as there are no similarities. for example a large tank can house a naso tang, yellow tang, and a hippo tang with out incident. adding them together initially works best. when adding a new member to an established group, changing the rock work will often alleviate any aggression to the\nnew guy\n. a little chasing will occur, but usually nothing detrimental .\nthe chocolate tang or mimic tang has not yet been bred in captivity. some species of surgeonfish have spawned in public aquariums and there have been a few scattered reports of spawning in home aquariums, but regular spawning and the rearing of the young has not yet been reported .\nthe chocolate tang or mimic surgeonfish is regularly available at retailers. they are priced around $ 45. 00 usd and up .\ni have one for two month a juvenile, probably 4 inches long. it is great addition so far, it helps control my alge and i feeds well from flakes and marine algae that i buy from my lfs. i keep him in a 55 gallon tank with 2 yellowtail damsels a ocellaris clownfish and a coral beauty. all get along well but occasionally they pick at each other especially at dawn when they retreat to their caves. between the 2 yellowtails there is more conflict at times, but they also swim together when they are in a good mood. my tang seems happy but when i get near he retreats to the live rock, he is shy ...\nwth that fish has the potiental to grow to 10 inches in caprtivity and needs a lot of swimming space. i reccomend 140 minimum you better plan on upgrading soon .\ni have a large pair of tomato clownfish and a small lemon peel mimic tang. today the female clown had the tang in her mouth. i had to thump her to get her to let go. why do you guys think the clown would attack the tang like that ?\ntomato or red clownfish, amphiprion frenatus, can be an agressive fish and have a tendency to become more agressive as they mature. if a fish will fit in another fishes mouth, chances are it will .\ni used to have 2 clowns that would nip tank - mate' s tails off and then drag them into their anemone, usually at night. it took us nearly a year to figure out where our fish were disappearing to. anyhow, damsels can be aggressive, especially toward a small, defensless mimic - tang. i suggest keeping everyone well fed. eventually, your mimic tang will grow it' s little tail spurs and the clown will quit .\ncopyright © [ animal - world ] 1998 - 2015. all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure. the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information. occurrences are summarized in table 1, alphabetically by state, with years of earliest and most recent observations, and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed. the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states, years, and drainages selected. references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .\ndorsal fin viii (27 - 31), anal fin iii (24 - 28), pectoral rays 15 - 16. juveniles exhibit three color patterns: 1) all yellow, 2) yellow with blue markings as mimics of lemonpeel angelfish (centropyge flavissima; see photo above), or 3) pale greenish - grey shading posteriorly to black with a blue caudal margin, a mimic of the pearlscale angelfish (centropyge vrolikii, see photo above). adults are dark brown in color, sometimes changing to yellowish tan anteriorly, with an orange bar just posterior to gill opening and pectoral fin base (see photo, above). prominent yellow band on posterior margin of caudal fin; yellow on pectoral fin (randall 2005) .\nin florida, a single individual was captured off blue heron bridge, near riviera beach in december 2014 (l. akins, personal communication) .\nfound in lagoons and seaward reefs, 4 - 60 m (allen et al. 2003). typically a solitary species that inhabits mixed coral, rock or sand at the base of reefs (myers 1999) .\nallen, g. , r. steene, p. humann, and n. deloach. 2003. reef fish identification: tropical pacific. new world publications, inc. , jacksonville, fl .\nmyers, r. f. 1999. micronesian reef fishes. coral graphics, davie, fl .\nrandall, j. e. 2005. reef and shore fishes of the south pacific. university of hawai' i press, honolulu, hi .\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision. it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science. the information has not received final approval by the u. s. geological survey (usgs) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u. s. government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy, scale, completeness, extent of coverage and origin. it is the user' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations. we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information: u. s. geological survey. [ 2018 ]. nonindigenous aquatic species database. gainesville, florida. accessed [ 7 / 10 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted. for queries involving fish, please contact pam fuller. for queries involving invertebrates, contact amy benson .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe last number at the end of the article numbers shows the size of the item. please take a good note of it before ordering .\nenglish version: de jong marinelife bv attaches great importance to the protection of yo... » read more\nfebruary 1958 we’ve opened our doors to supply the aquarium industry with livestock and aq... » read more\na legal path to citizenship for gramma dejongi last week the federal government’s... » read more\nbionieuws 14 januari 2017 | tropische vis te koop in bedrijf: d... » read more\ntwo new species in the spike - fin fairy - wrasse species complex (teleostei: labri... » read more\n' een ziek mens wordt bleek, een zieke vis flets' bioloog jeffrey de pauw (24) zorgt voor haaien... » read more\nbusiness trip may 2015 banyuwangi louella visited our own station in indonesia (java)... » read more\nthe european union of aquarium curators (euac) 2015 tenerife jeffrey gave a presentation about husb... » read more\nnational aquarium conference end of november 2015 / biaza the national sea life centre birmingham h... » read more\nin the beginning of august 2016 we finished a renovation project in ireland at exploris portaferry... . » read more\nde jong marinelife wins during presentation of company of the year the audience award an... » read more\na short time ago, a new fish was discovered. it is not just a fish; it' s a beauty as well. coming f... » read more\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information, no. 1, vol 1 - 3\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\ndescription occurs in lagoon and seaward reefs; prefers areas of mixed coral, rock, or sand at the base of reefs or ledges. juveniles ...\ndescription occurs in lagoon and seaward reefs; prefers areas of mixed coral, rock, or sand at the base of reefs or ledges. juveniles mimic @ centropyge @ spp. ; in guam, juveniles mimic @ c. flavissimus @ but at palau where this species is absent, they mimic @ c. vrolikii @. [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of hepatus celebicus (bleeker, 1853) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of rhombotides celebicus (bleeker, 1853) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of hepatus pyriferus (kittlitz, 1834) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission (ioc) of unesco. the ocean biogeographic information system (obis), available online at urltoken [ details ]\noccurs in lagoon and seaward reefs; prefers areas of mixed coral, rock, or sand at the base of reefs or ledges, ref. 48637. also on silty reefs (ref. 9710). found singly (ref. 9710). juveniles mimic centropyge spp. (in guam, juveniles mimic c. flavissimus but in palau where this species is absent, they mimic c. vrolikii), ref. 48637. presence of a venom gland could not be determined despite the presence of distinct anterolateral grooves; this may be due to the loss of venom glands in adults (ref. 57406). feeds on algae (ref. 89972) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you!" ]

{ "text": [ "acanthurus pyroferus is a species of fish in the family acanthuridae , the unicornfishes and tangs .", "its common names include chocolate surgeonfish , mimic surgeonfish , orange-gilled surgeonfish , pacific mimic surgeon , and yellowspot surgeon .", "this fish can be found in the indo-pacific , excluding hawaii .", "it lives primarily around steep , shallow slopes near the coast with clear sand and corals .", "it reaches 25 centimeters in length .", "this fish is occasionally kept in aquaria . " ], "topic": [ 22, 6, 20, 18, 0, 15 ] }

[ "acanthurus pyroferus is a species of fish in the family acanthuridae, the unicornfishes and tangs. its common names include chocolate surgeonfish, mimic surgeonfish, orange-gilled surgeonfish, pacific mimic surgeon, and yellowspot surgeon. this fish can be found in the indo-pacific, excluding hawaii. it lives primarily around steep, shallow slopes near the coast with clear sand and corals. it reaches 25 centimeters in length. this fish is occasionally kept in aquaria." ]

[ "this is the place for eclipsis definition. you find here eclipsis meaning, synonyms of eclipsis and images for eclipsis copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word eclipsis. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word eclipsis and, of course, eclipsis synonyms and on the right images related to the word eclipsis .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ equatorial guinea, bioko ], fernando po, 3000–4000 ft, vi. 1926, leg. t. a. barns .\nprout l. b. 1932c. new genera and species of sterrhinae (fam. geometridae). - novitates zoologicae 37: 229–251 .\n[ somalia n ], somaliland, mandera, 47 miles sw of berbera, 3000 ft, 06. iv. 1909, leg. w. feather .\nprout l. b. 1916b. geometridae. – in poulton, e. b. on a collection of moths made in somaliland by mr. w. feather. - proceedings of the zoological society of london 1916 (1): 91–182, pls. 1–2 .\npopular: trivia, history, america, television, tv, usa, geography, cities, ... more\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. world heritage encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the world public library association, a non - profit organization .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department." ]

{ "text": [ "chrysocraspeda eclipsis is a species of moth of the family geometridae .", "it is found in eastern madagascar .", "this species has a wingspan of 29 mm .", "forewings are dark grey , tinged with vinaceous , head and body are concolorous with the wings . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1 ] }

[ "chrysocraspeda eclipsis is a species of moth of the family geometridae. it is found in eastern madagascar. this species has a wingspan of 29 mm. forewings are dark grey, tinged with vinaceous, head and body are concolorous with the wings." ]

[ "have a fact about timbellus levii? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for timbellus levii? write it here to share it with the entire community .\n( of pterynotus guesti harasewych & jensen, 1979) rosenberg, g. ; moretzsohn, f. ; garcía, e. f. (2009). gastropoda (mollusca) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 579–699 in: felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. texas a & m; press, college station, texas. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex (timbellus) de gregorio, 1885) gregorio, a. de. (1884 - 1885). studi su talune conchiglie mediterranee viventi e fossili con una rivista del genere vulsella. bullettino della società malacologica italiana. 10: 36 - 128 [ 1884 ], 129 - 288 [ 1885 ], pl. 1 - 5. , available online at urltoken page (s): 275 [ details ]\nmerle d. , garrigues b. & pointier j. - p. (2011) fossil and recent muricidae of the world. part muricinae. hackenheim: conchbooks. 648 pp. page (s): 133 [ details ]\ngregorio, a. de. (1884 - 1885). studi su talune conchiglie mediterranee viventi e fossili con una rivista del genere vulsella. bullettino della società malacologica italiana. 10: 36 - 128 [ 1884 ], 129 - 288 [ 1885 ], pl. 1 - 5. , available online at urltoken page (s): 275 [ details ]\nmerle d. , garrigues b. & pointier j. - p. (2011) fossil and recent muricidae of the world. part muricinae. hackenheim: conchbooks. 648 pp. page (s): 128 [ details ]\nvokes e. (1964). supraspecific groups in the subfamilies muricinae and tritonaliinae. malacologia 2: 1 - 4 page (s): 15 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\npublisher: [ hattiesburg, miss. ? ]: [ american malacological union ]\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work .\nauthors: swainson, william, 1789 - 1855 bayfield, george dall, william healey, 1845 - 1927, former owner. dsi\nauthors: paleontological research institution (ithaca, n. y .); columbia university\npublisher: ithaca, n. y. , paleontological research institution [ etc. ]\ntcm - ligufl i; - i', ] -). uv% of branching corals, easl side of rio (uii. ih. ,. ilm. c the ford on ihc los yucniados - sabaneta road (loc. tu 1215) .\n...' ^' «f / w figs. 2 - 4. pterynotus laurae n sp. , philippine islands, sulu sea. 2 - 3. holotype mnhn, 46. 4 mm 4. paratype coll. r. houart, 45. 5 mm. figs. 5 - 6. pterynotus albobrunneus bertsch & d' attilio, 1980 5. india, trivandurum, coll. r. houart, 44. 6 mm. 6. seychelles, mnhn, 23. 1 mm 123\nfigures 1 - 3. 1. pterymarchia tripterus (born, 1778), central philippine ids, coll. rh, 55. 6 mm. 2. pterynotus elongatus (lightfoot, 1786), mactan id, philippine ids, coll. rh, 29. 3 mm (juvénile). 3. pterymarchia bipinnata (reeve, 1846), tuléar, madagascar, coll. rh, 19. 8 mm (juvénile). 128\ncorrections p. 123 figs 3 - 5. pterynotus laurae n. sp. , philippine islands, sulu sea. 3 - 4. holotype mnhn, 46. 4 mm. 5. paratype coll. r. houart, 45. 5 mm. figs 6 - 7. pterynotus albobrunneus bertsch & d' attilio, 1980 6. india, trivirandum, coll. r. houart, 44. 6 mm. 7. seychelles, mnhn, 23. 1 mm p. 124 fig. 8. pterynotus pinnatus (swainson, 1822), japan, coll. r. houart, 57. 2 mm. fig. 9. pterynotus pellucidus (reeve, 1845), japan, coll. r. houart, 54. 3 mm. geographical distribution of pterynotus albobrunneus and pterynotus laurae n. sp. a p. albobrunneus bertsch & d' attilio, 1980. â p. laurae n. sp .\n, select family and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by, 30. 11. 04, , php script by, 05 / 11 / 2010, last modified by kbanasihan, 06 / 28 / 2010" ]

{ "text": [ "timbellus guesti , common name : the guest 's murex , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "timbellus guesti, common name: the guest's murex, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails." ]

[ "html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nsmith, f. , 1858, catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the british museum. part vi. formicidae. , london: british museum, pp. - 1 - - 1: 48\nwilliams, d. j. , 2016, amendments to some scale insect names (hemiptera: sternorrhyncha: coccomorpha), zootaxa 4193 (3), pp. 588 - 589: 588\nrodrigues, everton nei lopes & brescovit, antonio domingos, 2012, linyphiid spiders of peru: description of a new species, complementary descriptions and new distribution records (araneae: linyphiidae), zootaxa 3506, pp. 77 - 86: 84\nneubauer, thomas a. , 2016, a nomenclator of extant and fossil taxa of the melanopsidae (gastropoda, cerithioidea), zookeys 602, pp. 1 - 358: 79\nwhitley, gilbert p. , 1936, a new species of lantern fish from new zealand, with remarks on the genus serpa (family myctophidae), australian zoologist 8, no. 3, pp. 160 - 163: 160\nfullaway, david t. , 1920, new species of sierola with explanatory notes. , occasional papers of the bernice p. bishop museum 7, no. 7, pp. 57 - 159: 141\nbrain, chas. k. , 1919, the coccidae of south africa. iii. , bulletin of entomological research 9, no. 3, pp. 197 - 239: 228\nwalker, francis, 1868, catalogue of the specimens of blattariae in the collection of the british museum, british museum, pp. - 1 - - 1: - 1\nbrunetti, e. a. , 1926, new and little - known cyrtidae (diptera), annals and magazine of natural history, including zoology, botany and geology, being a continuation of the' magazine of botany and zoology', and of louden and charlesworth' s' magazine of nat, pp. 561 - 606: 579\nwinnertz, johannes, 1867, beitrag zu einer monographie der sciarinen, w. braunmüller, pp. - 1 - - 1: 135\ntuthill, leonard d. , 1952, on the psyllidae of new zealand (homoptera), pacific science 6, no. 2, pp. 83 - 125: 87\nberlese, antonio, 1903, acari nuovi. manipulus i. , redia 1, no. 2, pp. 235 - 252: 250\nlikhitrakarn, natdanai, golovatch, sergei i. & panha, somsak, 2011, revision of the southeast asian millipede genus orthomorpha bollman, 1893, with the proposal of a new genus (diplopoda, polydesmida, paradoxosomatidae), zookeys 131, pp. 1 - 161: 1\nsasakawa, mitsuhiro, 2013, thailand agromyzidae (diptera) — 2, zootaxa 3746 (4), pp. 501 - 528: 522 - 523\nbravo, freddy, cordeiro, danilo & jocque, merlijn, 2014, a new genus of psychodinae (diptera, psychodidae) from phytotelmata in a honduran cloud forest, zootaxa 3841 (3), pp. 418 - 428: 421\nshi, li & yang, ding, 2014, supplements to species groups of the subgenus homoneura in china (diptera: lauxaniidae: homoneura), with descriptions of twenty new species, zootaxa 3890 (1), pp. 1 - 117: 54 - 55\nnegri, mauro pietro & corselli, cesare, 2016, bathyal mollusca from the cold - water coral biotope of santa maria di leuca (apulian margin, southern italy), zootaxa 4186 (1), pp. 1 - 97: 58\nsoares, isabel matos & bührnheim, cristina motta, 2016, a new species of moenkhausia eigenmann, 1903 (characiformes: characidae) from amazon basin, brazil, zootaxa 4208 (4), pp. 392 - 400: 393 - 396\nshi, li & yang, ding, 2014, supplements to species groups of the subgenus homoneura in china (diptera: lauxaniidae: homoneura), with descriptions of twenty new species, zootaxa 3890 (1), pp. 1 - 117: 21\ntelfer, angela c, young, monica r, quinn, jenna, perez, kate, sobel, crystal n, sones, jayme e, levesque - beaudin, valerie, derby, 2015, biodiversity inventories in high gear: dna barcoding facilitates a rapid biotic survey of a temperate nature reserve, biodiversity data journal 3, pp. 6313 - 6313: 6313\ndale - skey, natalie, askew, richard r. , noyes, john s. , livermore, laurence & broad, gavin r. , 2016, checklist of british and irish hymenoptera - chalcidoidea and mymarommatoidea, biodiversity data journal 4, pp. 8013 - 8013: 8013\njiang, nan, yang, chao, xue, dayong & han, hongxiang, 2015, an updated checklist of thyatirinae (lepidoptera, drepanidae) from china, with descriptions of one new species, zootaxa 3941 (1), pp. 1 - 48: 8\nben - dov, yair, 2010, on new taxa and some described armoured scale insects (hemiptera: diaspididae) living in the galleries of the ant melissotarsus insularis santschi (hymenoptera: formicidae) in madagascar, zootaxa 2368, pp. 49 - 58: 54\nmoore, matthew r. , cave, ronald d. & branham, marc a. , 2018, annotated catalog and bibliography of the cyclocephaline scarab beetles (coleoptera, scarabaeidae, dynastinae, cyclocephalini), zookeys 745, pp. 101 - 378: 154 - 155\ndenis, michael & schiffermu ̈ ller, ignaz, 1775, ankündung eines systematischen werkes von den schmetterlingen der wienergegend. ., augustin bernardi buchha ̈ ndler, pp. - 1 - - 1: 316\nguanilo, alberto daniel, moraes, gilberto josé de & knapp, markus, 2008, phytoseiid mites (acari: phytoseiidae) of the subfamilies phytoseiinae berlese and typhlodrominae wainstein from peru, with descriptions of two new species, zootaxa 1729, pp. 49 - 60: 54 - 55\nrédei, dávid & tsai, jing - fu, 2012, the assassin bug genus haematoloecha in taiwan, with notes on species occurring in the neighbouring areas (hemiptera: heteroptera: reduviidae: ectrichodiinae), zootaxa 3332, pp. 1 - 26: 16 - 17\npopular: trivia, history, america, television, tv, usa, geography, world, ... more\nright now the scientific names on some species do not show on the site - we are working to fix this problem which should be solved after the back - up this morning .\nwe don' t have any photo of this species. please upload yours !\nyour browser does not support canvas, please upgrade! east palaearctic (at least china (type locality pu - tsu - fong), russia and taiwan) .\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc.." ]

{ "text": [ "macrothyatira conspicua is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "it is found in china ( shaanxi , zhejiang , hunan , fujian , sichuan , yunnan ) and taiwan .", "the forewings are pale fuscous brown , traversed by faint wavy lines .", "there is an irregularly shaped white basal patch , marked with black spots and outlined with black .", "the stigmata is white , outlined with black and there is a large white patch at the middle of the costa traversed by short dark lines and another towards the apex preceded and followed by black lines .", "there are some smaller white spots with black outlines on the outer part of the inner margin .", "the hindwings are yellowish , with a blackish subterminal band , outwardly diffuse . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "macrothyatira conspicua is a moth in the drepanidae family. it is found in china (shaanxi, zhejiang, hunan, fujian, sichuan, yunnan) and taiwan. the forewings are pale fuscous brown, traversed by faint wavy lines. there is an irregularly shaped white basal patch, marked with black spots and outlined with black. the stigmata is white, outlined with black and there is a large white patch at the middle of the costa traversed by short dark lines and another towards the apex preceded and followed by black lines. there are some smaller white spots with black outlines on the outer part of the inner margin. the hindwings are yellowish, with a blackish subterminal band, outwardly diffuse." ]

[ "tetracamphilius notatus is known from the mainstream of the ubangui river, from several of its larger tributaries, and from one specimen from the kilwezi river, affluent of the lufira river in the congo river basin (roberts 2003) .\ndorsal spines (total): 1; dorsal soft rays (total): 6; anal spines: 2; anal soft rays: 7. a tetracamphilius species with non - serrate pectoral fin spines, spots instead of bands on the body, and olfactory organ not greatly enlarged (ref. 51287). number of caudal fin rays: 14 / 6 + 7 / 13 (ref. 51287) .\nthe trivial name pectinatus is latin for comb - like, in reference to the small serrations on the pectoral fin (ref. 51287 )\nafrica: ubangui river upstream of bangui in central african republic, and rivers luala (lower congo river basin) and lulua (kasai tributary, middle congo river basin) in democratic republic of the congo (ref. 51287, 78218) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 3. 4 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 51287 )\npresence of a serrated pectoral fin spine; the serrae are very small, and the pectoral fin spine does not possess a locking mechanism (ref. 51287). the color pattern consists of a series of bands with paler inner part and darkened margins (ref. 51287). in life, the dark narrow bands are a dark chocolate brown, the dorsum of the head and areas between the narrow bands tan or orangish tan, and the abdomen and other pale areas cream - colored (ref. 51287) .\nroberts, t. r. , 2003. systematics and osteology of leptoglaninae a new subfamily of the african catfish family amphiliidae, with descriptions of three new genera and six new species. proc. calif. acad. sci. 54 (5): 81 - 132. (ref. 51287 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5625 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00389 (0. 00180 - 0. 00842), b = 3. 12 (2. 94 - 3. 30), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 0 ±0. 4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (16 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nbrummett, r. , mbe tawe, a. n. , dening touokong, c. , reid, g. m. , snoeks, j. staissny, m. , moelants, t. , mamonekene, v. , ndodet, b. , ifuta, s. n. b. , chilala, a. , monsembula, r. , ibala zamba, a. , opoye itoua, o. , pouomogne, v. , darwall, w. & smith, k .\njustification: the species is widespread or without major threats throughout the central africa assessment region and is assessed as least concern .\nthreats to this species include fishing with poison, diamond and gold mining in the central african republic part of the ubangui system, deforestation, agriculture and the negative effects coming with the city of bangui. in the katanga region, mining for cobalt, copper, tin, uranium, dams and the use of toxic plants for fishing and overfishing form threats in this region .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nafrica: ubangui and mbomou drainages (middle congo river basin) in central african republic, and rivers uele (middle congo river basin) and lufira (upper lualaba drainage, upper congo river basin) in democratic republic of the congo (ref. 51287, 78218) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 3. 3 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 51287 )\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nubangi river at banzyville, democratic republic of congo, about 4°18' n, 21°11' e .\nfrom the greek tetra meaning four and akis meaning point, in reference to the multicuspid teeth, and amphilius a generical name for this group of catfishes .\n39mm or 1. 5\nsl. find near, nearer or same sized spp .\nafrica: ubangui river (middle congo river basin). possibly also present at wagenia falls near kisangani in democratic republic of the congo .\nproceedings of the california academy of sciences v. 54 (no. 5). annales du musee du congo (ser. zoology) v. 2 (fasc. 2) .\nget or print a qr code for this species profile, or try our beta label creator .\nhas this page been useful? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy! explore our youtube channel, facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n© 1996 - 2018 urltoken, part of the aquatic republic network group of websites. all rights reserved. cite this website. by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use. our privacy policy .\neschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. ; van der laan, r. (eds). (2017). catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. electronic version. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nformat summary genbank genbank (full) fasta asn. 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nfinds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions. the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences. more ...\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region. the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences. more ...\nwe don' t know when or if this item will be back in stock .\nlist & earn rs. 250 * extra. available in bangalore, mumbai, chennai, hyderabad .\nenter your mobile number or email address below and we' ll send you a link to download the free kindle app. then you can start reading kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no kindle device required .\nprime members enjoy unlimited free, fast delivery on eligible items, video streaming, ad - free music, exclusive access to deals & more .\nafter viewing product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in .\nthis genus differs from all other amphiliiids in having pedicellate jaw teeth with a fan - shaped distal end typically armed with two to six tiny flattened triangular cusps. triangular adipose fin, slender caudal peduncle, caudal fin deeply forked with the lower lobe slightly larger than upper .\nsmallest 20mm, largest 39mm, average 31mm, most commonly 39mm. all sl .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\npopular: trivia, history, america, television, tv, usa, world, geography, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "tetracamphilius is a genus of catfishes ( order siluriformes ) of the family amphiliidae .", "it includes four species .", "tetracamphilius catfishes are small fishes with the largest species growing to 3.9 cm in length . " ], "topic": [ 26, 26, 0 ] }

[ "tetracamphilius is a genus of catfishes (order siluriformes) of the family amphiliidae. it includes four species. tetracamphilius catfishes are small fishes with the largest species growing to 3.9 cm in length." ]

[ "list of different shrews long - tailed shrew information return to shrew information page .\namsel, sheri .\nshrew (long - tailed shrew) or rock shrew\nexploring nature educational resource ©2005 - 2018. july 9, 2018 < urltoken >\njackson, h. 1928. a taxonomic review of the american long tailed shrews .\nbecause of its habitat preferences, long - tailed shrews are also known as rock shrews .\nthe long - tailed shrew has a slender body, long snout, small eyes and a long, thick tail. its body averages to 2. 75 inches in length, and its tail can be between 2. 2 to 2. 5 inches long. the long - tailed shrew is dark gray with slightly paler under parts. these shrews are often confused with the smoky shrew, but the smoky shrew has a wider body and a shorter, bicolored tail .\nthe long - tailed shrew is a mid - sized shrew with a slender body and long tail. it lives in cool, rocky, forested areas and can be found year - round in the appalachian mountains .\nbreton island, nova scotia. it is often found near cool, rocky streams. as with the long - tailed shrew, the gaspé shrew' s tail is almost as long as its head and body .\nthe long - tailed shrew inhabits the appalachian mountains from maine to north carolina. it occurs throughout pennsylvania, except in the extreme southeast and west .\nlong - tailed shrews have relatively narrow skulls and incisors that stick out, adaptations designed to help remove invertebrates from rocky crevices .\nthe long - tailed shrew’s range extends from nova scotia, canada to eastern tennessee and north carolina. in the chesapeake bay watershed, they are particularly abundant in the appalachian mountains .\nlong - tailed shrew sorex dispar the long - tailed shrew, also known as the rock shrew for its habitat preference, can be found in the mountains of middle and eastern tennessee. description: a small, long - tailed mammal with a uniformly slate - gray, dense fur coat year round. it has a very long, pointed snout; a slender body; and tiny, black eyes. the long tail, which is slightly darker above than below, is thinly haired and is rather thick and rope - like. length: 4. 0 - 5. 3 inches tail: 1. 9 - 2. 6 inches weight: 0. 25 ounces similar species :\ndue to their small size and active lifestyles, long - tailed shrews need to eat almost constantly, often consuming twice their body weight in a day. above, a long - tailed shrew in woburn, mass. , on may 11, 2014. (photo courtesy sylvia scharf under a cc by - nc license )\nromeo mansueti, vagn f. flyger; long - tailed shrew (sorex dispar) in maryland, journal of mammalogy, volume 33, issue 2, 1 may 1952, pages 250, urltoken\nlong - tailed shrews are uncommon throughout their range, and deemed in need of management by both twra and tennessee department or environment and conservation .\nthe long - tailed shrew’s major predators include snakes, weasels, other small mammals and birds of prey. in order to avoid predators, long - tailed shrews tend to feed at night and remain under forest debris. since they are small and can be confused for mice, they also have a distinct musky odor that could serve as a deterrent for predators .\nat the present time there are four populations of the gaspé shrew in canada: one in the gaspé peninsula, two in new brunswick, and one in northern nova scotia. the size of these populations is not known. the gaspé shrew is considered closely related to the long - tailed shrew (sorex dispar) of the appalachian mountains area .\nlong - tailed shrews have relatively narrow skulls and incisors that stick out farther than normal (bucktoothed), which are adaptations designed to remove invertebrates from rocky crevices .\ntomasi, t. e. 1979. echolocation by the short - tailed shrew blarina brevicauda. j. mammal. 60: 751 - 759 .\nthe lesser long - tailed shrew tenrec (microgale longicaudata) is a species of mammal in the tenrecidae family. it is active at all hours of the day and night, but each individual maintains its own pattern of rest and activity .\n- tailed shrew is a medium sized shrew with slat gray fur with blackish tips. it has light gray under parts and white feet. the tips of its teeth are a dark chestnut color. it has a body length of four and a half inches with a tail that is two inches long. see\nalso known as the rock shrew, the long - tailed shrew uses its tail for balance when climbing rocks and slopes in deciduous and coniferous forests. they tunnel in rocky crevices between boulders and beneath moss covered logs and are found from new brunswick, canada south to tennessee and north carolina and in high elevations of the great smokey mountains .\nthe gaspé shrew is a small and slender insectivore with a long tail; it is light grey in colour. this shrew measures 95 - 115 mm in length, of which the tail is 47 - 55 mm, and weighs 5 g mm .\nshrews tend to have short lifespans, and it is estimated that long - tailed shrew live up to two years in the wild. they are active both during the day and at night throughout the year. they are generally solitary animals and spend almost all of their time foraging .\nmartin, i. g. 1981. venom of the short - tailed shrew (blarina brevicauda) as an insect immobilizing agent. j. mammal. 62: 189 - 192 .\nthe haitian solenodon produces a venom in a gland located in the mandible (lower jaw) then squirts it through a channeled bottom incisor. the southern short - tailed shrew (blarina carolinensis), the short - tailed shrew, and elliot' s short - tailed shrew (blarina hylophaga) have submaxillary glands that secrete venom as well. the toxicity of their saliva allows these tiny mammals to attack prey larger than themselves as their bites immobilize their victims. it is also thought that shrews use their venom to immobilize their prey for consumption at a later time .\nlong - tailed shrews live in cool, moist, rocky forests. they prefer higher elevations, and live primarily in mountainous environments. they can be found along mountain streams and amid the debris surrounding rock slides .\nthe northern water shrew (sorex palustris) may cause local damage by consuming eggs or small fish at hatcheries. the least shrew (cryptotis parva), also known as the bee shrew, sometimes enters hives and destroys the young brood (jackson 1961). the northern short - tailed shrew (blarina brevicauda) has been reported to damage ginseng (panax spp .) roots. short - tailed and masked shrews reportedly can climb trees where they can feed on eggs or young birds in a nest or consume suet in bird feeders .\nprefers cool and damp rocky slopes in coniferous and deciduous forests, sometimes areas with moss - covered rocks. long - tailed shrews spend most of their time in the deep crevices between rocks about a foot beneath the surface .\nbeyond the fact that it eats beetles and spiders, very little is known about the biology of the gaspé shrew. its appearance and preference for rocky habitats are similar to those of the larger, long - tailed shrew, to which it is very likely closely related. the gaspé shrew is found in three separate geographic locations, all in the far eastern coastal regions of canada: the gaspé peninsula region of quebec; north - central and western new brunswick; and on\nas its name implies, occupies the ecological niche filled by shrews in other parts of the world. the coat is short, but dense, and quite lacking in the spines so common in this family. the long tail is prehensile. its body is 5–15 cm long, with the tail being 7. 5–17 cm long .\nsmoky shrew is smaller with a shorter, thinner tail, and is paler below .\nconaway, c. 1952. life history of the water shrew (sorex palustris) .\nthe gaspé shrew prefers rock outcrops and talus slopes in highlands where there are steep slopes .\nsince long - tailed shrews are relatively rare, not much is known about their reproduction and development. what is known is that they reproduce between april and august, and they can have multiple litters each year. when born, long - tailed shrews have no fur and live in a nest made of grass and leaves. they stay there for about four or five weeks, until they are weaned. then they gain some independence, but spend the next several weeks foraging with their mother .\nit is an appalachian mountains endemic with a habitat that is not often suited for human use and development. due to the difficulty of trapping this species, there are probably more occurrences than are currently known. the long - tailed shrew is, therefore, apparently secure and likely stable over most of the range, but few population data are available .\nlike all female mammals, water shrew mothers provide their young with milk after they are born .\nthe ravenous shrew doesn' t let competition or darkness get in the way of a meal .\nthese long - tailed shrews are active both day and night and do not become seasonally inactive. they are primarily solitary animals and can be quite aggressive with one another when put in close proximity. almost all of their time is spent foraging (nowak, 1999) .\nrichmond, n. 1950. ecology and distribution of shrew * s. dispar * in pennsylvania .\nhabitat loss and fragmentation through conversion of forest to agricultural land, logging activities and fire may threaten this species in the long - term .\nwater shrews are short - lived. the typical life span of a water shrew is about 18 months .\ndue to their small size and active lifestyles, long - tailed shrews need to eat almost constantly. they often consume twice their body weight in a day. they feed mostly above ground, on plant materials and small invertebrates such as centipedes, beetles, spiders, flies and crickets .\nlong - tailed shrews are dark gray with slightly paler underparts in summer. and an overall slate gray in winter. total length, 3. 9 to 5. 3 inches: tail. 2 to 2. 3 inches: weight. 0. 14 to 0. 21 ounces. foods include small invertebrates and plant materials. little is known of the life history of this shy species, but it is probably similar to those of the masked shrew and smoky shrew, which often share the same habitat .\nchambers (1979) reviewed some aspects of shrew biology and folklore: at one time in europe it was thought that if a shrew ran across a farm animal that was lying down, the animal would suffer intense pain. to counteract this, a shrew would be walled up in an ash tree (a ‘shrew ash’), and then a twig taken from the tree would be brushed onto the suffering animal to relieve the pain. the ancient egyptians believed the shrew to be the spirit of darkness. the shrew has also been mentioned as a zuni beast god, providing protection for stored grains from raids by rats and mice (hoffmeister 1967) .\n, the smoky shrew. their appearance is quite similar and their ranges may overlap in some locations. however ,\nin order to get to the feeding grounds, the shrew has to cross a deadly border patrolled by assassins .\ncalder, w. 1969. temperature relations and under water endurance of the smallest homeothermic diver, the water shrew .\nthe etymology of the word shrew is also interesting. the old english form of the word was screawa, or shrew - mouse. the middle english form was shrewe, meaning an evil or scolding person. thus shrew has a double meaning. it defines the small mammal as well as an ill - tempered, scolding human (usually female) .\nadult long - tailed shrews breed from april to august and produce two to five young in nests made of finely shredded grasses and leaves. after eight days, the young leave the nest led by their mother, gripping the tail of the one in front in its mouth in search for food. they eat insects ,\nwilson, d. , s. ruff. 1999. water shrew, sorex palustris. pp. 38 - 39 in\nshrews are in the family soricidae. soricis is the genitive form of sorex, a latin word for shrew - mouse .\njunge, j. a. , and r. s. hoffmann. 1981. an annotated key to the long - tailed shrews (genus sorex) of the united states and canada, with notes on middle american sorex. univ. kansas, mus. nat. hist. , occas. papers 94: 1 - 48 .\nthere is no information on the reproduction or general biology of these shrews. the gaspé shrew seems to be a sedentary species .\n( scaly anteater). microgale also have a tail that is modified for prehension (grasping). the lesser hedgehog tenrec (echinops telfairi), on the other hand, has no external tail whatsoever. several shrew names denote the nature of their tails—shorttailed, pen - tailed—the other 300 plus have tails that range from short to long, thick to thin, hairy to sparse, and tubular to flat depending on the species. the giant otter shrew (potamogale velox) has an eel - like, lateral tail that allows it to swim like a fish while its keeps its hind feet glued to its flanks .\n, commonly called the masked shrew or common shrew, is the most widely distributed shrew found in north american. common shrews occur throughout the northern united states, most of canada, and alaska. they do not occur on vancouver island, the queen charlotte islands, in tundra habitats, arctic islands, or in extreme northern quebec. (nagorsen, 1996; van zyll de jong, 1983) .\nthey are slate gray on top and lighter below. they have a pointed face with small eyes and ears. they have a long tail. they reach up to about 4 inches (10cm) long including the tail and weigh less than ¼ ounce (7g). they have scent glands that give off a strong musky smell, probably to discourage predators .\nno fumigants are registered for use against shrews. it would be impractical to use fumigants because of the porous nature of typical shrew burrows .\ndue to their relative rarity, not much is known about specific ecosystem roles for this species. however, like many other terrestrial shrew species ,\nin 1758, when linnaeus published his taxonomy masterpiece, systema naturae —the bible for all past, present and undoubtedly future taxonomists—the organisms were classified according to their visible physical characteristics. the order insectivora was reserved for organisms observed eating insects. linnaeus listed three families in this category: talpidae (old world moles), erinaceidae (hedgehogs), and soricidae (long - tailed shrews) .\nfowle, c. d. , and r. y. edwards. 1955. an unusual abundance of short - tailed shrews, blarina brevicauda. j. mammal. 36: 36 - 41 .\nthe native long - tailed shrew is similar in appearance to the smoky shrew but they are leaner, uniformly slate gray and have a longer tail that is not bicolored. the total length is 124 mm (41 / 2 to 51 / 4 inches), with the tail being 4 / 5 the length of the body. little is known about the reproduction of this species. the reproductive season is from april to august and litters of 2 - 5 young are produced. they live in predominantly mountainous regions, and prefer nesting in recesses between boulders and in talus slopes, and are often found near coldwater streams. this shrew shares its habitat with blarina brevicauda, sorex cinereus, s. fumeus, s. palustris, s. hoyi, peromyscus maniculatus, clethrionomys gapperi, microtus chrotorrhinus and napaeozapus insignis. they are as active in daytime as they are at night .\nthe forest shrew is a mottled, medium - sized shrew. colouration is grey - brown to dark grey - brown. head and body length is about 83 mm, with a relative short tail of about 45 mm. weighs on average 12 grams. first described to science in 1832 from port elizabeth .\noverall length of the rock shrew is 102 - 135 mm (4 - 5. 3 in) which includes a 51 - 58 mm (2 - 2. 3 in) tail that becomes progressively scaly and less haired with age. the front portion of the skull is narrower than corresponding areas of other sorex, presumably for efficient foraging among rock crevices. unlike the smoky shrew (which it resembles), the rock shrew even in summer is slate - gray in color both above and below. its tail is proportionally longer than the smoky shrew’s being about 80 - 90% of the combined head - body length (verses 60 - 70% for the smoky shrew). an adult rock shrew weighs about 3 - 8 g (. 11 -. 29 oz). this species was first described from a specimen caught in the adirondacks on september 9, 1895 in keene township, essex county, new york by charles f. batchelder\nschmidt, r. h. 1984. shrew damage and control: a review. proc. eastern wildl. damage control conf. 1: 143 - 146 .\nmost shrew species prefer moist habitats. they live in shallow runways that they dig themselves or that are made by other animals, under decomposed leaves and twigs, and several species construct nests in hollowed out logs, under rocks, and in tunnels. solenodons tend to build nests only during the mating season. the short - tailed shrews (blarina brevicauda) build two types of leaf or grass nests in tunnels or\nmost species of shrews do not have significant negative impacts and are not abundant enough to be considered pests (schmidt 1984). shrews sometimes conflict with humans, however. the vagrant shrew (sorex vagrans) has been reported to consume the seeds of douglas - fir (pseudotsuga menziesii), although the seeds constitute a minor part of the diet. the masked shrew (sorex cinereus) destroyed from 0. 3% to 10. 5% of white spruce (picea glauca) seeds marked over a 6 - year period (radvanyi 1970). lodgepole pine (pinus contorta) seeds are also eaten by the masked shrew. radvanyi (1966, 1971) has published pictures of shrew, mouse (peromyscus, microtus, and clethrionomys spp .), and chipmunk (eutamias spp .) damage to lodgepole pine seeds, and describes shrew damage to white spruce seeds .\nhas a nocturnal activity pattern and resembles a shrew in terms of lifestyle. it uses its hind limbs and elongated prehensile tail for climbing and richochetting among tree branches in forest habitats .\nthe moonrat, (echinosorex gymnura) is the largest living insectivore, weighing as much as 4. 4 lb (2 kg) with a body measuring up to 16 in (40. 6 cm) and an 8 in (20. 3 cm) long tail. found on the malay peninsula, sumatra, and borneo this invertebrate and fruit - eating mammal keeps predators at bay by releasing a foul odor. the largest extinct member of insectivora is thought to be deinogalerix which means\nterrible hedgehog .\nthis 2 - ft - long (61 - cm - long) hairy mammal with elongated snout, sharp teeth, and short legs lived in europe during the middle miocene period about 15 mya .\nthe extent to which common shrew populations affect humans is unknown. however, they have a significant impact on populations of insect pests and are important members of communities (nagorsen, 1996) .\nanthony, h. e. , and g. g. goodwin, 1924. a new species of shrew from the gaspe peninsula. american museum novitates, 109: 1 - 2 .\nowls may reduce local populations of shrews in poor habitats, but this has not been documented. domestic cats appear to be very good predators of shrews, although they seldom eat them (presumably because of the shrew’s unpleasant odor). cats may be effective at temporarily reducing localized shrew populations living in poor cover around structures. cat owners may find dead, uneaten shrews brought inside the home. rather than reduce the shrew population outside to prevent this, simply monitor locations regularly used by your cat, and dispose of dead shrews by placing a plastic bag over your hand, picking up the dead animal, turning the bag inside out while holding the shrew, sealing the bag, and discarding it with the garbage. using a plastic bag in this manner reduces the potential for flea, tick, helminth parasite, or disease transmission .\nfossorial insectivores—moles, desmans, and a few species of tenrecs and shrews—spend much of their time digging burrows and tunnels for food and shelter. eastern moles (scalopus aquaticus) found in central and north america, dig up to 102 ft (31 m) per day. the short - tailed shrew digs tunnels through leaves, plant debris and snow. the yellow golden mole (calcochloris obtusirostris) is nicknamed\nsand swimmer\nbecause of the way it tunnels through the sand at an impressive speed .\nthe southern appalachian mountains are the southern limit of the shrew' s breeding range, where it is found in high - elevation deciduous and coniferous forest types in the southern appalachians (linzey and linzey 1971) .\ninsectivores make meaningful contributions to the environment. a majority of the species help keep insects under control. the short - tailed shrew, for example, keeps a check on insect crop pests, especially the larch sawfly, with its voracious appetite. this shrew, along with other insectivores, including sclater' s golden mole (chlorotalpa sclateri), destroy snails and mice that damage crops and are pests to humans. fossorial insectivores do a good job aerating the soil. the burrowing and digging done by desert - dwelling fossorial insectivores in desert areas helps the vegetation in harsh sandy areas to flourish. the hedgehog controls vermin and is a helpful scavenger. and let us not forget the insectivores' invaluable contribution to the food chain .\ncan be distinguished by several defining characteristics, including a more slender body and longer tail (whitaker and hamilton, 1998). they have a long snout and small eyes, with a long and thick tail. their length ranges from 46 - 100 mm. and their weight ranges between 4 - 6 g. , with a tail length that ranges between 25 - 82 mm (nowak, 1999). they have a dark grey pelage with slightly paler under parts. their teeth are sharp, pointed and often stained (pa game commission website, 2001) .\nthe offspring of the white - toothed shrew (crocidura leu - codon), and musk shrews (suncus murinus) or pygmy shrews (sorex hoyi) —anywhere from three to seven at a time—are led by their mother in line formation, also known as caravaning. the first young shrew grabs a mouthful of hair right above its mother' s tail with its teeth. the siblings follow the example with each other down the line .\nthe house shrew (suncus murinus) is an introduced species to guam. it has been reported as a host for the rat flea (xenopsylla cheopis) which can carry the plague bacillus (yersinia pestis) (churchfield 1990). compared to rat (rattus spp .) numbers, however, house shrew numbers are usually low, and risk of plague transmission is probably minimal. the house shrew is accustomed to living around humans and houses, which increases its damage potential. it is considered smelly and noisy, making incessant, shrill, clattering sounds as it goes along (churchfield 1990: 149). on occasion it destroys stored grain products .\nthis slender - bodied, slate gray insectivore named for its long tail or habitat, depending on which common name one chooses, holds center stage among some small mammal specialists. entire chapters of its basic life history remain unknown. the sketchy information that is available results from several hundred trapped specimens .\noverall there are no major threats to this species throughout its range. habitat destruction is a localised threat, but less so than for many rare species because the preferred habitat, talus, is often unsuitable for development, and provides a very uniform subterranean environment that is not highly vulnerable to disturbance. however, ski area expansion may be a threat to some populations, as in vermont (fichtel pers. comm. , 1992). highway construction may create more habitat than it destroys, as long - tailed shrews have been collected in the artificial talus slopes of road cuts (conway and pfitzer, 1952). logging is unlikely to adversely impact this shrew; kirkland (1979) showed that shrews persisted in recently clearcut red spruce stands in west virginia. shrews feed on invertebrates and may accumulate and concentrate pesticides and heavy metals in their tissues .\nmountainous, forested areas (deciduous or evergreen) with loose talus. rocky damp areas with deep crevices covered by leaf mold and roots are preferred. may occur along small mountain streams. will use artificial talus created by road construction and pit mines.' sorex dispar is probably the most stenotopic mammal in eastern north america...' (webster 1987). trapping results reported by richmond and grimm (1950) suggest that long - tailed shrews spend most of their time in the labyrinth of spaces between rocks about a foot beneath the surface. nest sites are usually associated with natural subterranean tunnels among boulder crevices .\nsorex dispar likes cool, damp forests, deciduous or mixed. it is also called the rock shrew, since its preferred habitat is rock - slides, where it lives in natural tunnels among the jumbled boulders. in pennsylvania, the species prefers mountain slopes .\npagels, j. , k. uthus, h. duval. 1994. the masked shrew, sorex cinereus, in a relictual habitat of the southern applachian mountains. pp. 103 - 109 in j merritt, g kirkland, r rose, eds .\nno studies concerning the economics of shrew damage and control are available. in finland, shrews appear to play a more important role as predators of conifer seeds than they do in north america. overall, the economics of damage by shrews is not considered great .\nthe forest shrew is an opportunistic feeder, taking a great variety of invertebrates like beetles, grasshoppers, termites, moths, spiders, millipedes and earthworms. in turn, it is preyed upon by the barn owl, water mongoose, african weasel and the striped polecat .\ncatania, k. c .\nepidermal sensory organs of moles, shrew - moles, and desmans: a study of the family talpidae with comments on the function and evolution of eimer' s organ .\nbrain, behavior and evolution 56 (2000): 146–174 .\nis slightly smaller. although similar in size, their coloration is quite different. there is no significant sexual dimorphism in common shrews. dorsal fur is brown, ventral fur is greyish - white. pelage tends to be darker overall in winter. the tail is brown above and pale underneath, with a blackish tip. average length of the tail is 39. 9mm, comprising over 40% of the total length. average length of adults is 99 mm. young are born hairless and with fused eyelids, they weigh from 0. 2 to 0. 3 grams and are 15 to 17 mm long including a 3 mm long tail (nagorsen, 1996; wilson and ruff, 1999; van zyll de jong, 1983) .\nhas an exceeding long, prehensile tail. the tail is usually is 1. 5 to 2. 6 times the length of the body. the tail is composed of 47 vertebrae, which is more than any other mammal besides the pangolins. the tail is used by these animals in their climbing and richocheting locomotion. to aid in their semi - arboreal and scansorial lifestyle ,\nfor a long time, insectivora was the order into which scientists put species of questionable lineage or those mammals that were characterized by the lack of distinctive features possessed by other mammals. as phylogenetics (identifying and understanding relationships between life forms) and other scientific dating methods improve, and as additional fossils are discovered, insectivora is becoming less of a catchall order but not necessarily less controversial .\nthe size of living insectivores ranges from a small mouse to a large house cat. savi' s pygmy shrew (suncus etruscus), is believed by many scientists to be the world' s smallest living mammal weighing 0. 04–0. 10 oz (1. 2–2. 7 g) and measuring 1. 4–2. 1 in (36–53 mm) without the tail. the 1998 discovery of a 65 million year old fossil jaw measuring 0. 3 in (8 mm) and belonging to the extinct batonodoides, suggests that some prehistoric insectivore mammals were even tinier than some savi' s pygmy shrew .\nrodent - proofing will also exclude shrews from entering structures. place hardware cloth of 1 / 4 - inch (0. 6 - cm) mesh over potential entrances to exclude shrews. the pygmy shrew (sorex hoyi) may require a smaller mesh. coarse steel wool placed in small openings can also exclude shrews .\nthe aquatic moles, desmans, shrews, and moonrats live right next to bogs, swamps, springs, rivers, and streams. some, eurasian water shrews (neomys fodiens) for example, even dig tunnels that open into bodies of water. these mouse - sized mammals make sure the diameter of their tunnels is small enough to squeeze the water from their fur as they exit the water. although most arboreal species appear in other orders, several insectivore species are known to seek refuge in trees when attacked or to forage (sylvisorex, the forest musk shrews). some shrews, such as the short - tailed shrew, are good climbers and have been observed scampering up several feet (meters) up trees to pilfer suet from a bird feeder .\nhabitat loss and degradation seems to be the major limiting factors for this species. in particular, fire and clear - cutting, which change the forest habitat of talus slopes, are major threats to gaspé shrews. several groups of the gaspé shrew live in small limited areas where any disturbance could be disastrous for the species .\nwater shrews are relatively large shrews with males tending to be longer and heavier than females. the total length of a water shrew can range between 130 and 170 mm, and the weight ranges from 8 to 18 grams. although the color of the fur may be variable, it is generally black or grey - black on the back and a silvery - grey on the belly, but appears more black in the winter and becomes more brown in the summer. water shrews can have tails varying from 57 to 89 mm in length. the tail is dark above and white or grey below. the hind feet (18 to 21 mm) are larger than the fore feet and have a trim of 1 mm long stiff hairs on the toes and the inner and outer sides of the feet. a fringe of smaller stiff hairs is also found on the fore feet .\nin the wild, insectivores are, for the most part, solitary animals whose social life is limited, for the most part, to mating and rearing of offspring. when hedgehogs gather during the breeding season; the animals establish a hierarchy. when solenodons meet, there may be some initial scuffling but they eventually tolerate each other. solenodons are among the more social species with the young remaining for long periods with their mother. the nomadic shrew moles travel in groups of up to 11. small - eared shrews (cryptotis), are known to be sociable, with several adults sharing a nest at the same time. outside of mating season, many insectivora species do not tolerate each other in the wild and become extremely aggressive and violent. when in captivity however, these same animals initially avoid each other or exhibit aggressive behavior but eventually learn to live together quite peacefully .\nthe traps and placement procedures described above are also effective for catching mice. note the identification characteristics given above for determining whether the captured animal is indeed a shrew. sometimes birds are captured in traps set for shrews. if this occurs, try placing a cover over the traps, a cover over the bait, moving the traps to another location, or omitting rolled oats from the bait mixture .\n, fungi and green vegetation. once it' s caught, the food is held by the fore feet and torn to pieces using the teeth through upward thrusting of the head. water shrews can live without food for up to 3 hours, but captive shrews have been found to feed almost every 10 minutes. the amount of food required by a water shrew has been estimated to be 0. 95 g / day .\nshrews have an acute sense of touch, hearing, and smell, with vision playing a relatively minor role. some species of shrews use a series of high - pitched squeaks for echolocation, much as bats do. however, shrews probably use echolocation more for investigating their habitat than for searching out food. glands located on the hindquarters of shrews have a pungent odor and probably function as sexual attractants. blarina brevicauda, and presumably b. carolinensis and b. hylophaga (the short - tailed shrews), have a toxic venom in their saliva that may help them subdue small prey .\nthe specific epithet frenata, which is latin for bridle, refers to the facial feature in the dark summer phase that resembles a pair of reins. in length this lithe little carnivore, weighing in at a mere 10 ounces at most, can be 22 inches in length, plus a three - to six - inch black - tipped tail, all carried close to the ground by legs only one or two inches long. its summer name is stoat; in winter it' s an ermine. its privileged black - tipped tails once were traditional trimmings on the robes of kings .\none of the mammals' most unusual skeletal structures is found among insectivora. the west african armored, or hero, shrew (scutisorex somereni), is believed to possess amazing strength. it has vertebrae with many interlocking spines as well as dorsal and ventral spines. the spines appear to allow it to bend considerably as well as bear phenomenal amounts of weight. the way in which the muscles are attached is complex and it seems that the extra joints allow additional flexibility .\nfood and feeding behavior: little information is available about the food preferences of the rock shrew, but what is known suggests a diet of insects, spiders, and centipedes. activity and movement: the seasonal and daily activity patterns are unknown. reproduction: only a handful of specimens offer clues about breeding habits. these indicate litter size may vary from 2 - 5, and that the reproductive season extends from early spring, april or may, until late summer, through august .\nshrews are not protected by federal scientific name common name laws, with one exception. the south - eastern shrew (sorex longirostris fischeri) is protected in the great dismal swamp in virginia and north carolina by the endangered species act of 1973. nowak and paradiso (1983: 131) list the following additional species or populations of concern: sorex preblei, sorex trigonirostri, and sorex merriami in oregon; sorex trigonirostri eionis in florida along the homossassee river; and sorex palustris punctulatus in the southern appalachians .\nshrews are in the taxonomic order insectivora. as the name implies, insects make up a large portion of the typical shrew diet. food habit studies have revealed that shrews eat beetles, grasshoppers, butterfly and moth larvae, ichneumonid wasps, crickets, spiders, snails, earthworms, slugs, centipedes, and millipedes. shrews also eat small birds, mice, small snakes, and even other shrews when the opportunity presents itself. seeds, roots, and other vegetable matter are also eaten by some species of shrews .\nwater shrews are aggressive and fighting is common between them. males and females are equally likely to fight. most encounters are short but may be intense. fights between two individuals usually start off with each giving off high pitched squeaks followed by standing on their hind legs to expose their light - colored bellies. if neither shrew retreats after these displays, they will begin to slash each other with their teeth as they wrap up into a tight ball. head and tail injuries often occur. these fights have not been proven to be territorial .\nshrews vary widely in habitat preferences throughout north america. shrews exist in practically all terrestrial habitats, from montane or boreal regions to arid areas. the northern water shrew (sorex palustris) prefers marshy or semiaquatic areas. regional reference books will help identify specific habitats. a word of caution is in order, however. distribution studies based on the results of snap - trapping research have a pronounced tendency to understate the abundance of shrews. studies using pit traps are more successful in assessing the presence or absence of shrews in a particular location .\ntoday, the order insectivora consists of seven families: the erinaceidae, with seven genera and 21 species of gymnures and hedgehogs; the chrysochloridae includes seven genera and 18 species of golden moles; the tenrecidae features ten genera and 24 species of tenrecs; the solenodontidae consists of one genera and three species of solenodons; the nesophontidae has one genus, nesophontes, and six species of extinct west indian shrews; the soricidae includes 24 genera and 311 species of shrews; and the talpidae features 17 genera and 41 species of moles, shrew moles, and desmans .\ninsectivore tail length and texture vary like most other physical characteristics belonging to this order. most talpids and hedgehogs have relatively short tails, some covered with vibrissae. several of the semi - aquatics, the desman for example, have stiff flat rudder - like tails. golden moles (chlrysochloridae) have no external sign of a tail. the star - nosed mole has a tail that is almost as long as its body. mole tails brushing against tunnel walls and roofs are able to pick up a variety of information including ground vibrations. the tail of the madagascar hedgehog (microgale longicaudata) is 1. 5 to 2. 6 times longer than its body and has 47 vertebrae. it is one of the longest mammal tails, second only to the pangolin\nshrews are among the world’s smallest mammals. the pigmy shrew (sorex hoyi) is the smallest north american mammal. it can weigh as little as 0. 1 ounce (2 g). because of their small size, shrews have a proportionally high sur - face - to - volume ratio and lose body heat rapidly. thus, to maintain a constant body temperature, they have a high metabolic rate and need to consume food as often as every 3 to 4 hours. some shrews will consume three times their body weight in food over a 24 - hour period .\none of nature' s little people, the weasel has a voice to match its size—a discreet little screech or squeal, a soft rippling trill, and even a wisp of a purr. its favorite fast food is a mouse or a vole, but on special occasions it will relish a rabbit, chipmunk, shrew, rat, snake, frog, bird, or even ordinary chicken. in northern latitudes, from late april to early october, it is brown with white underparts and brownish feet. from december to february it is pure white except fora its usual black eyes and nose, and the black tip on its tail. that' s when the weasel is known as an ermine. 1\nthere are some unusual reproductive and parenting habits among insectivorans. the female lesser hedgehog tenrec (echinops telfairi), for example, emits odors during the mating season that cause males to secrete a milky white substance from glands near the eyes. their mating ritual can last several hours, as it does among certain species of erinaceinae (spiny hedgehogs). the male hedgehog tenrec stays with his mate up to a few hours before young are born, then he leaves and stays away as long as the young are dependent on their mother. the male spiny hedgehog must be persistent in his courtship as he often ends up chasing after his mate for several hours before she allows him to mount. the female spiny hedgehog flattens its spines during mating, if she is receptive. because the spines are slippery, the male must hold on to his mate' s shoulder with his teeth. shrews are known for their antagonistic conduct towards one another, even during mating. among many shrews, exposure to a conspecific (member of the same species) immediately triggers aggressive behavior. the sexual odors emitted by both parties during courtship eventually overpower the tendency towards violence, allowing copulation to take place .\nlittle is known about the reproductive biology of most members of insectivora. those with short life spans, the majority of the shrew species for example, produce several litters a year while longer living insectivores, such as tenrecs, mate only once a year. insectivores produce as few as one offspring per litter but some tenrecs can have as many as 32 young at one time (the maximum offspring produced by mammals). gestation periods vary from two weeks to two months. the same is true for the length of time the young nurse. the number of teats ranges from two to 24 and their location on the body depends on the species. many male insectivores have testes in the abdominal cavity lying close to the opening of the perineum. moles and tenrecs have a baculum (penis bone). courtship and mating practices, which have seldom been observed but are probably polygynous, tend to be short and to the point lasting as little as a few seconds in some species, but lasting hours in other species. some young, such as certain tenrecs, are born with hair, able to run around immediately following birth and are totally independent within weeks. on the other hand, moles are born completely naked save for a few vibrissae and guard hairs. the latter are helpless and highly dependent on the mother for several months .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nnatureserve (whittaker, j. c. , hammerson, g. , master, l. & norris, s. j. )\njustification: listed as least concern because it is a widespread species with no major threats and its population is not declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species occurs in the appalachian mountains, from nova scotia (scott, 1987) and southeastern new brunswick, canada southward along the mountains to north carolina and tennessee in the united states (kirkland, in wilson and ruff 1999). recent data indicate that populations formerly recognized as sorex gaspensis actually should be included in s. dispar, so the range of s. dispar extends northeastward to the gaspe peninsula in quebec and cape breton island in nova scotia, canada (rhymer et al. , 2004) .\nmany populations are in national forests, parks, or other public lands, and many are in areas protected by their remoteness. protection of habitat from gross disturbance is the primary protection need. habitats for these shrews should be protected from contamination by heavy metals and pesticides .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\nnatureserve (whittaker, j. c. , hammerson, g. , master, l. & norris, s. j .). 2016 .\n( errata version published in 2017). the iucn red list of threatened species 2016: e. t41394a115183478 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\npeterson field guide to the mammals of north america north of mexico by william h. burt and richard p. grossenheider\nthe chesapeake bay program is a unique regional partnership that has led and directed the restoration of the chesapeake bay since 1983." ]

{ "text": [ "the long-tailed shrew or rock shrew ( sorex dispar ) is a small north american shrew found in atlantic canada and the northeastern united states .", "this shrew is slate grey in colour with a pointed snout , a long tail , and lighter underparts .", "it is found on rocky slopes in mountainous areas along the atlantic coast from gaspé peninsula , quebec , and cape breton island , nova scotia , to northern georgia .", "it eats insects and spiders .", "predators include hawks , owls , and snakes . " ], "topic": [ 12, 23, 18, 12, 10 ] }

[ "the long-tailed shrew or rock shrew (sorex dispar) is a small north american shrew found in atlantic canada and the northeastern united states. this shrew is slate grey in colour with a pointed snout, a long tail, and lighter underparts. it is found on rocky slopes in mountainous areas along the atlantic coast from gaspé peninsula, quebec, and cape breton island, nova scotia, to northern georgia. it eats insects and spiders. predators include hawks, owls, and snakes." ]

[ "this looks like 5020 pyrausta sartoralis based on images of pinned specimens at mpg and bold found at uv light near santee lakes .\npyrausta sartoralis barnes & mcdunnough, 1914; contr. nat. hist. lep. n. am. 2 (6): 242, pl. 1, f. 26; tl: loma linda, san bernardino co. , california\npyrausta tithonialis; sumpich & skyva, 2012, nota lepid. 35 (2): 177\npyrausta cajelalis holland, 1900; novit. zool. 7 (3): 590; tl: buru\npyrausta perlelegans hampson, 1899; proc. zool. soc. london 1899: 256; tl: colombia; peru\npyrausta lithosialis hampson, 1899; proc. zool. soc. london 1899: 263; tl: natal, northdene\npyrausta tetraplagalis hampson, 1899; proc. zool. soc. london 1899: 268; tl: mashonaland, salisbury\npyrausta (pyraustinae); hampson, 1899, proc. zool. soc. london 1899: 252; [ globiz ]\npyrausta phaeophoenica hampson, 1899; proc. zool. soc. london 1899: 268; tl: brazil, castro paraña\npyrausta subsequalis subsequalis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 122, pl. 5, f. 18, 22\npyrausta perrubralis perrubralis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 129, pl. 9, f. 49 - 51\npyrausta scurralis scurralis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 130, pl. 9, f. 59 - 63\npyrausta unifascialis unifascialis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 134, pl. 9, f. 73 - 80\npyrausta trizonalis hampson, 1899; proc. zool. soc. london 1899: 267; tl: mexico, cordoba, orizaba\npyrausta pyrocausta hampson, 1899; proc. zool. soc. london 1899: 264; tl: brazil, são paulo; paraña\npyrausta nubigena rothschild, 1915; novit. zool. 22 (2): 189; tl: algeria, guelt - es - stel\npyrausta cajelalis fortioralis rothschild, 1915; novit. zool. 22 (2): 227; tl: manusela, central ceram, 650m\npyrausta arenicola hampson, 1913; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 12 (67): 28; tl: algeria\npyrausta coccinea warren, 1892; ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 9 (50): 176; tl: california\npyrausta borealis packard, [ 1867 ]; proc. boston soc. nat. hist. 11: 53; tl: square island, labrador\n= pyrausta unifascialis subolivalis (packard, 1873); [ mna13. 2 ] (b), 133; [ nacl ], # 5068a\npyrausta aurea butler, 1875; ann. mag. nat. hist. (4) 16 (96): 414; tl: natal\npyrausta obtusanalis druce, 1899; biol. centr. - amer. ins. lep. het. 3: pl. 100, f. 12\npyrausta ploimalis dyar, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2050): 284; tl: trinidad r .\npyrausta flavibrunnea hampson, 1913; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 12 (67): 32; tl: cuernavaca, mexico\npyrausta subsequalis plagalis haimbach, 1908; ent. news 19 (6): 263; tl: miller' s canyon, huachuca mts. , arizona\npyrausta unifascialis arizonensis munroe, 1957; can. ent. 89: 93, f. 5; tl: wildcat creek, white mts. , arizona\npyrausta perrubralis saanichalis munroe, 1951; can. ent. 83: 166, pl. 1, f. 5; tl: ; duncan, british columbia\npyrausta perrubralis saanichalis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 129, pl. 9, f. 55 - 56; [ nacl ], # 5064a\npyrausta unifascialis subolivalis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 133, pl. 9, f. 66 - 72; [ nacl ], # 5068a\npyrausta unifascialis rindgei; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 134, pl. 9, f. 81 - 82; [ nacl ], # 5068b\npyrausta unifascialis arizonensis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 134, pl. 9, f. 83 - 84; [ nacl ], # 5068c\npyrausta scurralis awemealis munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 130, pl. 9, f. 64 - 65; tl: aweme, manitoba\npyrausta californicalis californicalis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 113, pl. 6, f. 16, 19 - 223, pl. t, f. 3\npyrausta perrubralis shastanalis munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 129, pl. 9, f. 52 - 54; tl: mt. shasta, california\npyrausta unifascialis rindgei munroe, 1957; can. ent. 89: 93, f. 6 - 7; tl: rancho la sierra, near arlington, riverside co. , california\npyrausta shirleyae munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 102, pl. u, f. 1 - 2, 5 - 7; tl: pensacola, florida\npyrausta retidiscalis munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 126, pl. t, f. 7; tl: the basin, big bend national park, texas\npyrausta andrei munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 127, pl. t, f. 8; tl: green gulch, big bend national park, texas\npyrausta socialis perpallidalis munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 141, pl. 9, f. 35 - 36; tl: kusshi canyon, yakima co. , washington\npachyzancla aurea hampson, 1913; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 11 (66): 515 (? preocc. pyrausta aurea butler, 1875); tl: presidio, mexico\npyrausta californicalis sierranalis munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 114, pl. 6, f. 17 - 18; tl: mineral spr. , tulare co. , california\npyrausta subgenerosa munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 118, pl. k, f. 2; tl: chipmunk flat, near sonora pass, tuolumme co. , california\npyrausta fodinalis monticola munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 139, pl. 9, f. 30 - 32; tl: mt. shasta, siskiyou co. , california\npyrausta corinthalis barnes & mcdunnough, 1914; contr. nat. hist. lep. n. am. 2 (6): 243, pl. 1, f. 27; tl: palmerlee, arizona\npyrausta pythialis barnes & mcdunnough, 1918; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (2): 164, pl. 23, f. 7; tl: cartwright, manitoba\npyrausta inveterascalis barnes & mcdunnough, 1918; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (2): 165, pl. 23, f. 6; tl: new brighton, pennsylvania\npyrausta tuolumnalis barnes & mcdunnough, 1918; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (2): 165, pl. 23, f. 11; tl: tuolumme meadows, california\npyrausta socialis socialis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 140, pl. 9, f. 33 - 34, 37, pl. k, f. 6, pl. t, f. 10\npyrausta arizonensis munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 131, pl. 9, f. 57 - 58 (preocc. munroe, 1957); tl: prescott, yavapai co. , arizona\npyrausta roseivestalis munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b), 94, pl. 8, f. 41, pl. j, f. 3, l. s, f. 5; tl: vidal, california\npyrausta zonalis barnes & mcdunnough, 1918; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (2): 164, pl. 24, f. 10; tl: palm sprs. , riverside co. , california\npyrausta ochreicostalis barnes & mcdunnough, 1918; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (2): 163, pl. 23, f. 8; tl: palm sprt. , riverside co. , california\npyrausta pilatealis barnes & mcdunnough, 1914; contr. nat. hist. lep. n. am. 2 (6): 242, pl. 1, f. 25; tl: loma linda, san bernardino co. , california\npyrausta subsequalis borealis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 122, pl. 5, f. 19 - 21, 23 - 25, pl. 9, f. 13 - 14, 17; [ nacl ], # 5060a\npyrausta pseudonythesalis munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 105, pl. 6, f. 28 - 29, pl. j, f. 5, pl. s, f. 7; tl: vidal, california\npyrausta pseuderosnealis munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 114, pl. 8, f. 9 - 13, pl. j, f. 8, pl. t, f. 4; tl: georgetown, texas\npyrausta subsequalis plagalis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 123, pl. 9, f. 4 - 6, 10 - 12, 15 - 16, 18, pl. k, f. 3; [ nacl ], # 5060b\npyrausta subsequalis petaluma munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 123, pl. 9, f. 1 - 3, 7 - 9, pl. t, f. 5; tl: petaluma, sonoma co. , california\npyrausta fodinalis septenrionicola munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 139, pl. 9, f. 27 - 29, pl. k, f. 5, pl. t, f. 9; tl: scandia, alberta\npyrausta klotsi munroe, 1976; :: mna13. 2: 108, pl. 6, f. 32 - 33, pl. j, f. 7, pl. t, f. 1; tl: ramsey canyon, huachuca mts. , arizona\npyrausta antisocialis munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 141, pl. 9, f. 38 - 39, pl. k, f. 7, pl. t, f. 11; tl: mcgaffey, zuñi mts. , mckinley co. , new mexico, 7500'\nnew york - to (arizona, texas), tropical america. see [ maps ]\nfrom (washington - montana) - to (california - texas). see [ maps ]\nwashington - california, w. arizona, n. mexico. see [ maps ]\nparaedis napaealis hulst, 1886; trans. amer. ent. soc. 13: 145; tl: california\nloxostege linealis fernald, 1894; insect life 6: 255; tl: argus mts. , california\ncalifornia (mojave desert, los angeles) - s. nevada, s. arizona - texas (big bend). see [ maps ]\nbotis lethalis grote, 1881; can. ent. 13 (2): 33; tl: [ havilah ], california\ntexas, colorado, arizona - mexico (chiapas). see [ maps ]\nbotis volupialis grote, 1877; bull. u. s. geol. surv. 3 (app .): 799; tl: hills w of denver, colorado\nwashington (yakima co .), california - texas, nevada (clark co .), mexico. see [ maps ]\nmetasia morenalis dyar, 1908; proc. ent. soc. wash. 10 (1 - 2): 58; tl: grapevine, california\nbotis atropurpuralis grote, 1877; can. ent. 9 (6): 104; tl: texas, belfrage\nfrom (quebec - british columbia) - utah, colorado, nevada, california. see [ maps ]\nwashington, california, utah, colorado, wyoming, arizona. see [ maps ]\nbotis augustalis grote, 1881; bull. u. s. geol. surv. 6 (2): 273 (preocc. felder & rogenhofer, 1874); tl: colorado\nfrom (british columbia - ontario) - to (north carolina, south carolina, texas, arizona). see [ maps ]\nbotys (rhodaria) vinulenta grote & robinson, 1867; trans. amer. ent. soc. 1: 17 (? repl. rhodaria signatalis walker, [ 1866 ]); tl: north america\nw. pennsylvania - s. ontario, illinois, missouri. see [ maps ]\nsyllythria rosa druce, 1895; biol. centr. - amer. ins. lep. het. 3: pl. 60, f. 19\nnova scotia - michigan - to (florida - texas). see [ maps ]\nendotricha julialis walker, 1859; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 17: 389 (part )\nbotys augustalis felder & rogenhofer, 1874; reise fregatte novara, bd 2 (abth. 2) (5): pl. 134, f. 26\npachyzancla xanthomela hampson, 1913; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 11 (66): 515; tl: purulha, guatemala\nflorida - na. georgia, iowa, kansas, oklahoma, texas. see [ maps ]\nbotys onythesalis walker, 1859; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 18: 734\ncalifornia, nevada, arizona, new mexico, texas. see [ maps ]\nsouth carolina - florida, west indies, ca, sa. see [ maps ]\nrhodaria insignitalis guenée, 1854; hist. nat. ins. , spec. gén. lépid. 8: 173; tl: [ rio maroni ], cayenne\nbotis flavofascialis grote, 1882; bull. u. s. geol. surv. 6 (3): 577; tl: new mexico\nflorida - south carolina, louisiana, e. texas. see [ maps ]\nna. georgia - florida, west indies, tropical, queensland. see [ maps ]\nlarva on hyptis capitata, dicerandra frutescens smedley, mccormick & eisner, 1990, j. lep. soc. 44 (3): 156\nbotys californicalis packard, 1873; ann. lyc. nat. hist. n. y. 10: 260; tl: california\nlarva on mentha sp. , (california) [ mna13. 2 ] (b), 114\ntexas, florida, louisiana, arkansas, missouri, illinois, oklahoma, mexico. see [ maps ]\nbotis dapalis grote, 1881; can. ent. 13 (1): 17; tl: california\n712x659 (~ 89kb) russia, moscow area (36°25' e, 56°00' n), 8. 8. 2009, photo © d. smirnov\n827x557 (~ 97kb) russia, moscow area, 26. 7. 2010 (36°25' e, 56°00' n), photo © d. smirnov\n980x598 (~ 109kb) russia, moscow area (36°25' e, 56°00' n), 1. 8. 2009, photo © d. smirnov\n673x646 (~ 110kb) russia, moscow area, 10. 8. 2010 (36°25' e, 56°00' n), photo © d. smirnov\n500x343 (~ 22kb) finland: ka: virolahti, 671: 53, 27. 7. 1973, markku savela leg .\nherbula? submarginalis walker, [ 1866 ]; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 34: 1286 (preocc. walker, 1866 )\nfrom (ontario - alberta) - florida, missouri. see [ maps ]\nbotys generosa grote & robinson, 1867; trans. amer. ent. soc. 1: 20, pl. 2, f. 10; tl: pennsylvania\nnewfoundland, s. canada - to (florida, new mexico, california). see [ maps ]\nlarva on satureia hortensis, monarda [ mna13. 2 ] (b), 120\nw. northwest territory, yukon, alaska? , rocky mountains. see [ maps ]\n500x318 (~ 18kb) finland: om: perho jänkä, 7020: 376, 10. 6. 1971, markku savela leg .\n500x339 (~ 21kb) finland: ka: virolahti, 20. 7. 1970, markku savela leg .\nherbula subsequalis guenée, 1854; hist. nat. ins. , spec. gén. lépid. 8: 177; tl: north ameria\n900x678 (~ 83kb) usa: pike national forest, sugar creek on cr - 67 (about 39°18' n 105°10' w), douglas co. , co, 29. 7. 2012, photo © markku savela\ns. nova scotia, s. ontario - to (illinois - n. florida, mississippi, e. texas )\n( deltoides & pyralides) pl. 8, f. 3 (repl .\nbotis tatalis grote, 1877; can. ent. 9 (6): 106; tl: [ texas, belfrage ]\nbotys perrubralis packard, 1873; ann. lyc. nat. hist. n. y. 10: 264; tl: california\nbotis scurralis hulst, 1886; trans. amer. ent. soc. 13: 155; tl: arizona\ns. british columbia - california, nevada, colorado, arizona. see [ maps ]\nbotys semirubralis packard, 1873; ann. lyc. nat. hist. n. y. 10: 263; tl: california\nbotys unifascialis packard, 1873; ann. lyc. nat. hist. n. y. 10: 261; tl: california\ns. new york - to (illinois - florida, texas), mexico - venezuela, west indies. see [ maps ]\nsyllythria idessa druce, 1895; biol. centr. - amer. ins. lep. het. 3: pl. 60, f. 20\nnew jersey - florida, missouri, texas, oklahoma, s. california. see [ maps ]\nfrom (nova scotia - ontario, missouri) - to (n. florida - texas). see [ maps ]\ns. canada - to (florida - colorado). see [ maps ]\nbotis niveicilialis grote, 1875; bull. buffalo soc. nat. sci. 2: 232; tl: new york\nbotys fodinalis lederer, 1863; wien. ent. monats. 7 (10): 369, (12): 461, pl. 8, f. 9; tl: california\nlarva on monardella villosa, (reared) [ mna13. 2 ] (b), 138\nbotis socialis grote, 1877; can. ent. 9 (6): 107; tl: canada\n= hapalia bicoloralis; whalley, 1963, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 13 (11): 446\nbotys tinctalis lederer, 1863; wien. ent. monats. 7 (10): 371, (12) pl. 9, f. 5; tl: venezuela\nbotys extinctalis lederer, 1863; wien. ent. monats. 7 (10): 372, (12) pl. 9, f. 18; tl: himalaya ?\nbotys catasemalis röber, 1891; tijdschr. ent. 34: 334; tl: key i .\nbotys aulicalis möschler, 1886; abh. senckenb. nat. ges. 14 (3): 75; tl: jamaica\nbotys villicalis möschler, 1886; abh. senckenb. nat. ges. 14 (3): 76; tl: jamaica\nbotys matronulalis möschler, 1886; abh. senckenb. nat. ges. 14 (3): 76; tl: jamaica\nbotys collustralis möschler, 1886; abh. senckenb. nat. ges. 14 (3): 76; tl: jamaica\nbotys hilaralis möschler, 1886; abh. senckenb. nat. ges. 14 (3): 77; tl: jamaica\nbotys meropialis möschler, 1886; abh. senckenb. nat. ges. 14 (3): 77; tl: jamaica\nbotys janiralis möschler, 1886; abh. senckenb. nat. ges. 14 (3): 78; tl: jamaica\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ spl ] varis, v. (ed), ahola, m. , albrecht, a. , jalava, j. , kaila, l. , kerppola, s. , kullberg, j. , 1995\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nhistoire naturelle des insectes. species général des lépidoptéres. tome huitiéme. deltoides et pyralites\nreise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b. von wüllerstorf - urbair. zoologischer theil. band 2. abtheilung 2. lepidoptera. rhopalocera\n- 120, (inhalts - verz .) 1 - 9 (pl. 1 - 74), (felder & rogenhofer, 1874), (5): pl .\nin uhler, p. r. report upon the insects collected by p. r. uhler during the explorations of 1875, including monographs of the families\na revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae. part 1\na revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae. part 2\nhistoire naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes. ouvrage faisant suite a l' histoire naturelle générale et particuliére, composée par leclerc de buffon, et redigée par c. s. sonnini, member de plusieurs sociétés savantes\ndescriptions of lepidopterous insects collected the late dr. f. stoliczka during the indian - government mission to yarkund in 1873\n( a): 1 - 78, pl. 1 - 4, a - h, (b): 79 - 150, pl. 5 - 9, j - u\nlist of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum. supplement\nwhalley, 1963 a revision of the world species of the genus endotricha zeller (lepidoptera: pyralidae) bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 13 (11): 395 - 454, pl. 1 - 37\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nmunroe, e. , 1976. moths of america north of mexico, fascicle 13. 2b, p. 93; pl. 8. 38 - 39. order\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy." ]

{ "text": [ "pyrausta sartoralis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by barnes and mcdunnough in 1914 .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california and arizona .", "the wingspan is about 14 – 17 mm .", "the forewings are deep creamy , suffused with brown .", "the hindwings are whitish , tinged with brown outwardly .", "adults have been recorded on wing from march to may and in july . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 8 ] }

[ "pyrausta sartoralis is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by barnes and mcdunnough in 1914. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from california and arizona. the wingspan is about 14 – 17 mm. the forewings are deep creamy, suffused with brown. the hindwings are whitish, tinged with brown outwardly. adults have been recorded on wing from march to may and in july." ]

[ "the bahamian pygmy boa constrictor (tropidophis canus) or simply the bahamian pygmy boa is a species of nonvenomous dwarf boa native to the bahamas .\non land, various species of amphibians exists like the cuba tree frog as well as reptiles including turtles, bahamian boa constrictor, pygmy boa and blind worm snake .\nmade a video on the largest endemic terrestrial predator in the bahamas... the bahamian boa constrictor\n[ i think there are two endemic boas in the bahamas: the pygmy boa and the bahamian boa ]. can anybody help us identify this snake ?\n99% of what you see in regular pet stores are boa constrictor imperator. hobbyist generally call these common boas, and reserve the term redtail for boa constrictor constrictor .\nboa constrictor (b. constrictor) is the scientific name for a large, heavy - bodied, new world boa species. there are 10 (i believe) subspecies .\ngreen sea turtles (chelonia mydas) are one of four marine turtle species found in bahamian waters .\nit is unlikely to spot nesting marine turtles here. they prefer the shores of remote bahamian beaches .\nboa constrictor is the species. there are 10 sub species which are all variants of the same species of snake. boa is a common name for animals in the the boidae family, but really the boa constrictor is it' s own species. the wikipedia article is explains this very well\nthe boa constrictor is a species of large, heavy - bodied snake. it is a member of the family boidae found in north, central, and south america, as well as some islands in the caribbean. a staple of private collections and public displays, its color pattern is highly variable yet distinctive. ten subspecies are currently recognized, although some of these are controversial. this article focuses on the species boa constrictor as a whole, but also specifically on the nominate subspecies boa constrictor constrictor .\nboa constrictor imperator tends to be cheaper, smaller, hardier, and to many slightly less attractive than boa constrictor constrictor (and i have to admit, a good, large bcc is an insanely cool snake). they' re still awesome and i like mine :) also, iirc, pretty much all morphs are bci or were crossed into other subspecies from bci .\nc' mon, some one who truly knows their bahamian reptiles has to comment here. i found this fact sheet from the high commission urltoken. it confirms there are a few endemic snakes including the pygmy boa and the bahamian boa. this link lists a few more snake species (but i can' t confirm they are actual different species or just\nthought to be\nseparate species. check out the photo of what they call a bimini boa, looks real close to the one we caught. this site states there are 3 distinct species of bahamian boa and 8 sub - species. urltoken my conclusion is we found a small bahamian boa. i saw a much larger specimen of what i believe is the same species eating a red shouldered hawk on andros' middle bight back in the 1980' s .\nthere' s a lot of subspecies (occidentalis, constrictor, imperator, longicauda, etc) .\nboa constrictors rarely, if ever, attack people, except in self - defense, according to the adw. people, even children are too big for a boa constrictor to swallow .\nthe red tail, constrictor constrictor, is the cream of the crop. think of it like sparkling wine - champagne is a subset that needs to come from a specific region but it' s still a sparkling wine none the less .\nas of late 2014, it appears that some subspecies and synonyms under boa constrictor … may need to be split out and allocated to one or more separate species. for example, there are indications that boa constrictor imperator … may represent a separate species, possibly to contain all the central american representatives; however, until more complete sampling and analysis (and examination of type specimens) have been completed, it remains unclear which subspecies and synonyms would belong under the proposed species boa imperator (or other species ?), and which would remain under boa constrictor .\nthe lodge ] squealed when she saw it. i hadn' t heard of the bahamian pygmy python (i had mentioned this as a possible identification option). now i have to research that. i thought the bahamas didn' t have any endemic snakes and they were all immigrants that came on boats and stuff .\nthe haitian dwarf boa (tropidophis haetianus) appears to be the most frequently available in captivity. other species occasionally seen in the pet trade include the largest, the cuban dwarf boa (t. melanurus), as well as the smallest species, the caicos island dwarf boa (t. greenwayi). feick’s dwarf boa (t. feicki) and the bahamian dwarf boa (t. canus) are available sporadically .\nthe tci’s second smallest snake species is the caicos islands pygmy boa (tropidophis greenwayi), locally called the chicken snake. this boa is endemic to the caicos islands, which means the entire species occurs only here and nowhere else on earth. at a typical length of under one foot, they are probably the smallest boa constrictor in the world, which may help in making them famous. (a nature documentary film crew came to north caicos to film these tiny snakes. )\npygmy boas (tropidophis spp .) are small ground - dwelling snakes seldom seen in the open, but a single endemic species, t. canus, is found on many of the islands .\nwhat species would it be accepted by the layman community to go\nthis is a boa constrictor\nand not be using an uncommon alternate name (eg. ball python / royal python )\nall boa constrictors are different from most snakes in that they are live - bearing. the bahama rainbow boa will give birth to 10 to 30 young at a time, but all we yet know about the breeding habits of the pygmy boa is that its young are very tiny – less than three inches long! after young boa constrictors are born, they are on their own and the mother takes no further notice of her offspring .\nhonestly i am so confused about boa constrictors. is there an actual species that everyone refers to as boa constrictors ?\nthere are at least nine subspecies of boa constrictors, according to the adw. the integrated taxonomic information system (itis) lists 10. the number changes regularly as scientists conduct research. in fact, a comment on the boa constrictor report on itis says :\nboa constrictor constrictor (b. c. c .) is sometimes referred to as the\ntrue red tail\nand is found in south america. while some people may refer to b. c. i. as a\nred tail ,\nthe name is believed to originate with b. c. c. this subspecies gets larger than b. c. i .\nthe turks & caicos national trust has an education animal collection that includes bahama rainbow boas and pygmy boas. we will gladly make an educational visit to your school, organization or social group about snakes if you would like to learn more .\nthe main food source for the caicos islands’ pygmy boa is the smallest lizards we have – the tiny reef geckos, small lizards usually seen under piles of wood or leaves. these snakes range in color from deep red brown to gray and black speckled, with a white and black checkerboard pattern on the belly. the head is usually black and the tail tip is often bright orange. our pygmy boas are too small to bite in defense – instead they curl up in a ball and wave the bright orange tail tip in hope of attracting the enemy’s attention away from their vulnerable head .\nthe zoogeography of bahamian herpetofauna is both interesting and complex. native species and subspecies are not distributed willy - nilly; species assemblages of the different banks of islands have distinct affiliations with different neighboring west indian islands .\nthe diversity of bahamian amphibians is modest due to the semiarid nature of many of the island groups, a number of coastal plant communities regularly impacted by seawater and the complete lack of available fresh water on many islands .\nwhen most people hear the words “boa constrictor, ” they usually think of the red - tailed boa, said heyborne. they have dark saddle - like markings on a tannish background. “the saddles become more prominent and more brightly colored (reddish) toward the tail end, giving the snakes their common name, ” he said .\ntropidophis melanurus is a non - venomous dwarf boa species found mainly in cuba .\ntropidophis pilsbryi, commonly known as pilsbry' s dwarf boa or the cuban white - necked dwarf boa, is a species of snake in the family tropidophiidae .\nlarge snakes are generally not considered to be good pets for small children. an adult boat constrictor can easily overpower a child. such a snake may bite if startled or mishandled. while boas are not poisonous, the bite can do damage in its own right. a child, especially a young child, should not be in any situation that could cause risk of being bitten or constricted by a boa constrictor. children should not handle boa constrictors - - because they are unlikely to be able to remove the snake if it constricts around them. a child who gets wrapped in a constricting boa may be seriously injured or killed .\nso far, three species of snakes are known from the turks & caicos islands. the two most commonly encountered by humans are both in the boa constrictor family. the third, rarely seen, is in the worm snake family and lives exclusively underground and out of sight .\nboa constrictors are not generally considered intentionally aggressive or vicious pets. snakes are more or less indifferent to their owners. they are not considered significantly capable of showing the type of affection that dogs and cats are known for. your pet boa constrictor relies on you to feed him and provide for his comfort, but he will generally not reward you with loyalty because you perform these duties .\nexiliboa is a monotypic genus created for the non - venomous dwarf boa species, e .\nthe most common subspecies in the pet trade is boa constrictor imperator (b. c. i .), which is found in central and the northern parts of south america. this subspecies is responsible for most of the morphs on the market. they get to a moderate - to - large size .\nthe bahamian archipelago straddles the tropic of cancer in the western atlantic ocean. both subtropical and tropical regions are represented. the island group is actually composed of two separate countries: the bahamas, and the turks and caicos islands (a british dependent territory) .\nbahamian snakes are an interesting group, and all are endemic. most species are nocturnal or fossorial, so they are not likely to be encountered during a casual visit. a number of them are restricted to specific islands well - removed from the main tourist areas .\nboa constrictors are not listed on the international union for conservation of nature' s red list of threatened species. however, they are on the convention on international trade in endangered species (cites) appendix ii, which means they are not currently under threat of extinction but that may change if trade is not carefully controlled. the subspecies boa constrictor oxidentalis is more endangered and on the cites appendix i list .\nungaliophis continentalis, or the chiapan boa, is a species of snake in the tropidophiidae family .\nbesides marine turtles, two taxa of freshwater turtles occur in the bahamas: the cat island turtle (trachemys terrapen) and the inagua slider (trachemys stejnegeri malonei). for decades the cat island turtle was thought to be endemic to a single island, but it has subsequently been discovered on a number of northern bahamian islands. the inagua slider represents an endemic subspecies confined to great inagua. related subspecies occur in puerto rico and hispaniola. both of these bahamian turtles are confined to areas that can be measured in acres, and their populations are very vulnerable .\ntropidophis haetianus, or the haitian dwarf boa, is a species of snake in the tropidophiidae family .\nungaliophis panamensis, or the panamanian dwarf boa, is a species of snake in the tropidophiidae family .\ntropidophis battersbyi, or the ecuadorian dwarf boa, is a species of snake in the tropidophiidae family .\ntropidophis paucisquanis, or the brazilian dwarf boa, is a species of snake in the tropidophiidae family .\nthe longest reported boa constrictor was 13 feet (4 meters) long, according to the university of michigan’s animal diversity web (adw). however, boa constrictors are generally between 6. 5 and 9. 8 feet (2 and 3 m) long. they can weigh more than 100 lbs. (45 kilograms), according to national geographic. females are often larger than males, according to a 2003 article published in the journal amphibia - reptilia .\nalso, op, to be a bit broader: there are a ton of other boas. boa constrictor is just one genus and species within the family boidae. some other examples are the nine subspecies of rainbow boas (epicrates cenchira), the four species of anacondas (genus eunectes) and tree boas (genus corallus). these would all be appropriate to call\nboas\nor\nboids ,\nbut none of them are\nboa constrictors .\ndavis, jen .\nare children safe around boa constrictors ?\naccessed july 09, 2018. urltoken\ntropidophis maculatus, or the spotted red dwarf boa, is a species of snake in the tropidophiidae family .\ntropidophis taczanowskyi, or taczanowski' s dwarf boa, is a species of snake in the tropidophiidae family .\ntropidophis caymanensis, or the cayman islands dwarf boa, is a species of snake in the tropidophiidae family .\ntropidophis nigriventis, or the black - bellied dwarf boa, is a species of snake in the family tropidophiidae .\ntropidophis feicki, or the broad - banded dwarf boa, is a species of snake in the family tropidophiidae .\ntropidophis semicinctus, or the yellow - banded dwarf boa, is a species of snake in the tropidophiidae family .\nsimilarly, the emerald tree boa is a brilliant green snake, also in the boidae family but not a subspecies of boa constrictor. true to their name, emerald tree boas (corallus caninus) are typically a stunning green color, though the shade can vary from bright as fresh grass to a duskier olive. emerald tree boas live in south america and range from venezuela to peru and bolivia to brazil. they get bigger the farther they are into the amazon basin, according to the smithsonian national zoological park .\ndavis, jen .\nare children safe around boa constrictors ?\nanimals - urltoken, http: / / animals. urltoken / children - safe - around - boa - constrictors - 2270. html. accessed 09 july 2018 .\nin general, the northern islands’ herpetofauna is affiliated with cuba’s, and the southern islands’ herps are affiliated with hispaniola. no native terrestrial species are shared with florida or other southeastern states. each bahamian bank and a number of larger islands support endemic species and subspecies. for such a limited land area the country exhibits outstanding diversity and endemism .\ndavis, jen. (n. d .). are children safe around boa constrictors? animals - urltoken. retrieved from http: / / animals. urltoken / children - safe - around - boa - constrictors - 2270. html\ntropidophis wrighti, or the gracile banded dwarf boa, is a species of snake in the tropidophiidae family endemic to cuba .\ntropidophis pardalis, or the leopard dwarf boa or spotted brown trope, is a species of snake in the tropidophiidae family .\nboa constrictors are non - venomous snakes famous for their method of subduing prey: squeezing, or constricting, it to death. though they are not as long as their relatives, anacondas and reticulated pythons, boa constrictors rank among the longest snakes in the world .\nboa constrictors’ diets are composed mostly of small mammals like rats and squirrels. according to the smithsonian national zoological park, bats are a favorite food, which boa constrictors catch while hanging from trees or the mouths of caves, snatching their prey as it flies by .\ndwarf boas display several interesting defensive behaviors. coiling in a ball is possibly the most commonly observed and is similar to that of the ball python (python regius), the burrowing python (calabaria reinhardtii) and the rubber boa (charina bottae). the snake, with its head positioned close to the center of the ball, will remain in this position until the perceived threat has passed. on the bahamian island of andros, the local name of “shame snake” is thought to be attributed to this coiling behavior .\nthough most of their prey is not astoundingly large, boa constrictors will eat anything they can get their enormous, stretchable jaws around. this includes monkeys, pigs and deer. according to the adw, it takes boa constrictors up to six days to digest a meal .\nsnakes grow throughout their lives and their growth rate depends on how much they eat. being cold - blooded, snakes do not need to expend energy on heating their bodies, so do not need to eat often (upwards of 60% of the calories humans eat are burned just to keep our bodies at 98. 6¼f). a meal can last a boa constrictor up to a month. some snakes have been known to go well over a year without eating anything !\ndwarf boas, like these neonate caicos island dwarf boa (tropidophis greenwayi lanthanus), can be found under palm fronds, rocks and boards .\nboa constrictors kill by wrapping their bodies around prey and constricting their muscles, effectively squeezing the life out of the animal they wish to eat. these snakes are essentially one long muscle. while even young children are generally too large for boa constrictors to eat, they may be at risk of being strangled or otherwise seriously injured if one of these snakes coils around them and constricts. boa constrictors may constrict during feedings even when the prey is being provided by a human. they may constrict around prey that is far too large to eat, such as a person, simply because that person may smell like prey. snakes will constrict if they become nervous or frightened, if they feel threatened or if they get otherwise excited by something in the environment. never let a boa constrictor coil around your body. if you have a large adult snake, it is not a good idea to be alone while feeding or handling him .\nalso when shedding, boa constrictors’ eyes cloud over as a lubricating substance develops under the old skin layer to shield the eye. this affects their vision and as a result, they often stay still for a few days until their vision returns to normal, heyborne said. when not clouded, boa constrictors have excellent vision. along with their tongues, which gather sensory information as they do for most snakes, boa constrictors’ eyes are the primary tools through which they perceive the world, especially since boa constrictors do not have heat - sensory pits like most other members of the boidae family do .\nsome populations of boa constrictors have come under threat from hunters seeking their attractive skins and meat. they have also faced habitat loss from both urban and agricultural development as well as increased danger from road vehicles. boa constrictors have also been overly collected for the pet trade, according to the adw .\nboa constrictors have small, hooked teeth that they use to grab and hold prey. if their teeth fall out or become damaged, they can regrow them. boa constrictors do not have fangs, but their jaws can stretch incredibly wide, allowing them to swallow large prey, according to national geographic .\nalthough pygmy boas eat tiny lizards, the lizards are still bigger than the boas’ heads. snakes cannot bite pieces of food off and they do not chew it. they swallow it whole, accomplishing this by having a jawbone made of two halves able to separate from the skull bone. their cheek skin is extremely flexible and by stretching their mouth over the prey animal, most snakes can swallow something four times the size of their head. that would be like an adult human swallowing an entire watermelon whole, in one gulp !\nthirty - three major islands, 670 smaller islands, and about 2, 400 named cays, inlets and rocks make up the bahamian archipelago. this west indian country’s islands and cays are grouped on 14 banks made of carbonate rock, and the islands are low lying. at about 210 feet above sea level, cat island is the highest. the archipelago is home to 57 native species of terrestrial reptiles and amphibians, and four species of marine turtles .\nboa constrictors are typically solitary, said heyborne. they are mostly nocturnal, though they will sometimes come out during the day to sun themselves in cooler temperatures .\nthe smaller abaco island boa (e. exsul) is confined to the little bahama bank (abaco and grand bahama islands), and the southern bahama boa (e. chrysogaster) is found from crooked island south to the caicos bank. other epicrates species occur in the greater antilles, and several get quite large .\nthe baby' s dead. our stupid snake got out in the middle of the night and strangled the baby ,\ncharles darnell told 911 operators in 2009. in 2011, darnell and his girlfriend, jaren hare, were sentenced to 12 years in prison for the death of hare' s child. boa constrictors and burmese pythons, another large type of constrictor, periodically do kill their owners or friends and family of their owners. the humane society of the united states claims 17 people have been killed by constrictors in the united states in between 1978 and 2012 .\nonce born, boa constrictors are fully independent. their appearance doesn’t change much as they age, though their colors might fade a bit. young boa constrictors tend to spend a lot of time in trees, said heyborne. “as they grow larger and heavier, they will spend more time on the ground. ” they reach sexual maturity around 2 or 3 years .\nboa constrictors also usually have marks on their heads, though the configuration can vary from species to species, said heyborne. typically, a stripe runs from the snout to the back of the head, and a dark triangle between the snout and the eyes continues behind the eyes, where it slopes down toward the jaw. boa constrictors sometimes have spots across their bodies .\nmost of the time, pet stores will refer to b. c. i. as\nboa constrictors .\nthese usually have a mixed locality bloodline, though columbian seems to dominate the pet trade. however, some stores will label b. c. c. as boa constrictors as well. this is problematic as there is a size difference between the subspecies .\nfour of the five species of marine turtles known to occur in the atlantic also occur in the waters of the bahamian banks. green sea turtles (chelonia mydas), loggerheads (caretta caretta) and hawksbills (eretmochelys imbricata) commonly occur in the region, and small numbers of each species nest seasonally on some of the less inhabited islands. they forage in the shallow waters of the banks, in bays and in tidal creeks. young and juvenile turtles are common, which suggests the waters surrounding these islands are important to these species .\nthe above two subspecies are responsible for almost all of the\nboa constrictors\non the market, as most of the other subspecies are referred to by different common names (ex: long tailed boa, pearl island boa, argentine boa, etc .) the complications come with\nlocality boas\n- boas that come from a very specific location or isolated bloodline. examples include colombian boas, hogg island boas, costa rican boas, crawl cay boas, etc. these are all technically b. c. i. , but are marketed under a different name because boas from the location they originated from have a unique appearance (color, pattern, size). there are also localities for b. c. c. (ex: suriname, guyana) .\npreviously, scientists thought that all members of the family boidae were new world snakes, but certain boa species have been discovered in remote areas such as mauritius and new guinea, according to the san diego zoo .\nboa constrictors are commonly sold in pet stores when they are between 18 and 22 inches long and still fairly young. adult boas can range from 6 to 14 feet in length; it is considered normal for adults to reach 13 feet by the time they are 25 to 30 years old. boa constrictors are predators who periodically do injure or kill humans, making them a poor choice of pet for children or households that have children .\nbahamian herpetofauna, which includes a number of endemic species and many others not found outside the bahamas or greater antilles, is reasonably intact. most islands still support their original fauna, and few species have gone extinct. several of these endemic species are large, spectacular reptiles, such as boas and rock iguanas. many small species of lizards are diurnal and easily observed. in addition, clear, shallow water permits easy observation of marine turtles, and several species are on exhibit in public aquaria and other tourist destinations. because of the large number of islands, many seldom visited, it is always possible to discover new island records of native species .\ndoug jeffries found this snake one morning on his recent bonefishing trip to long island in the bahamas with angling destinations' host bjorn stromsness. if anyone can make a positive identification of this little boa, please let us know .\nboa constrictors tend to be ambush predators that sit and wait for desired prey to pass from their tree perch or burrow, said heyborne. he noted that active foraging behaviors have been noted in places with less dense prey populations .\nseveral different snakes are called\nboas\nbut are actually not members of the boa genus. many of them are popular as pets. for example, the jamaican yellow boa, or simply the “yellow snake, ” is a member of a different boidae genus, epicrates subflavus. it is found only on the island of jamaica and is the island’s largest terrestrial predator, according to an article in molecular ecology. they can grow to be about 6 feet long .\nthe largest snake in the turks & caicos islands is the bahama cat boa or bahama rainbow boa, (epicrates chrysogaster). this snake lives only on the caicos islands and inagua and crooked and acklins islands in the bahamas. they reach an adult length of about five feet, but can get slightly larger. usually the color is a gray background with irregular brown - gray rings and spots, but sometimes specimens with a few brown stripes from head to tail show up. a brick - red color can appear on the feisty juveniles. the name “rainbow boa” comes from the reflective quality of the scales – they produce a sheen similar to the spectrum of colors reflected by a puddle of oil in the sunlight .\nthis kinda brings that snake you saw on mangrove cay full circle. that snake was probably not off a ship, but was a big bimini boa which is what i think you had on long island. danny thought this in an e - mail to me: the snake doug is holding looks like what we call a\nbimini boa\n. i' ve only seen a couple. a friend of mine in south florida had one growing up. i believe they are pretty rare. danny .\n“like all snakes, they must shed their skin in order to grow, ” said heyborne. when they’re shedding, boa constrictors “tend to become more easily stressed and thus more aggressive, ” though that tends to vary from snake to snake and across populations .\nboa constrictors have saddle - like markings running the length of their bodies. the markings are dark on a light tan or gray background, according to bill heyborne, a herpetologist and professor of biology at southern utah university. the saddle markings become more prominent near the tail .\none of the most peculiar defensive behaviors known in snakes is the dwarf boas’ ability to produce blood in the eyes, mouth and nostrils when disturbed. most commonly noted in horned lizards (genus phrynosoma), autohemorrhaging has been reported to occur in at least seven dwarf boa species .\nprobably the best - known characteristic of boa constrictors is their method of killing. boas are not venomous; rather, they kill their prey by constriction, or squeezing, it to death. there are, however, some common misconceptions about how that constricting works, said heyborne .\nthere are other alternatives, though some people may consider them a bit gross. a pinky can be dipped into a “lizard puree, ” or a severed lizard limb can be placed into a pinky’s mouth prior to being offered to a dwarf boa. or a patch of lizard skin can be placed over the pinky’s head. generally, by manipulating the pinky with forceps or hemostats and offering it headfirst, a dwarf boa can be tricked into thinking that it is a lizard. all the techniques mentioned here work just as well when using frogs. either way, it is very important to slowly approach dwarf boas while attempting to feed them because they are extremely timid .\nboa constrictors are new world snakes, meaning they live exclusively in the western hemisphere, according to the adw. they are found throughout the americas, ranging from northern mexico through central america and into peru on the west side of the andes and south to argentina on the east side. they are also found on islands in the caribbean and off the pacific coast .\nthough stories often depict boa constrictors living in jungles, their habitats are actually much more diverse. when they do reside in rainforests, they tend to stick to the edges or clearings. they can also be found in dry tropical deserts and semi - deserts, woodlands, scrub and agricultural areas. they are often found near streams or rivers, according to the adw .\nboa constrictors, like all members of the boidae family, have pelvic spurs. “boas possess spurs on either side of the vent [ cloaca ], at the posterior of the body, ” said heyborne. “the spurs connect internally to rudimentary leg and pelvic bones, and are in fact, the remnants of hind legs. ” the spurs are larger in males than females .\nboa constrictors are ovoviviparous, meaning they give birth to live young, said heyborne. inside the mother, individual clear membranes protect embryos by regulating temperatures. when they are born, the baby snakes have to push their way through the membranes. their gestation period is about five to eight months, depending on the local temperature. females give birth to litters that range from 10 to 64 young, with the average being around 25 .\none is that boa constrictors crush or break the bones of their prey. another is that they suffocate it, squeezing the prey’s lungs too tightly to work. scientists held this belief until quite recently, when a paper revealed what happens to prey animals during constriction. “it turns out that the squeezing overwhelms the circulatory system, ” explained heyborne. “blood cannot get to the brain, and the animal dies within seconds due to ischemia. ”\nrosy boas are relatively small snakes, and also are not true boa constrictors. they are members of the charinidae family named charina trivirgata. they grow to just over 3 feet. they are native to the united states, being found in eastern california and arizona as well as in northern mexico and baja california, according to urltoken. rosy boas live in deserts, scrublands and rocky hills. they are secretive snakes that live in burrows during the day .\ndwarf boas are found in habitats including pine and rain forests, hammock woods, swamps and scrub, as well as around areas of human habitation. they are most easily found under palm fronds, rocks and boards during the day. while predominately terrestrial, dwarf boas are known to occasionally climb and have been found in trees, vines, bromeliads, and even within the upper reaches of a cave. i read of one dwarf boa that was found on the roof of an outhouse, 8 feet above the ground .\nthese vacation destinations also lay claim to a tremendous variety of amphibians and reptiles. some of the earth’s smallest and largest lizards (sphaerodactylus spp. and cyclura spp .) occur here, giant sea turtles are not only found in the waters but also nest on the beaches, and both the largest hyla treefrog and smallest eleutherodactylus\nrain\nfrog species call these warm and sandy islands home. a variety of insular boas of the boa and epicrates genera are also found in assorted sizes and colors on many of the caribbean islands. leaving aside these big boys, however, the caribbean also lays claim to a little - known group of dwarf boas of the genus tropidophis .\nalthough most dwarf boas can be characterized as small (less than 2 feet), exceptions do occur. the cuban dwarf boa can exceed 3 feet in length. the majority are rather drab in coloration, with numerous dorsal spots or blotches, but a few of the cuban species exhibit a more striking coloration of dark spots or banding on an off - white to tan ground color. some possess a distinct, bright, yellow - to - orange tail tip. erythrism, or an unusual red - to - orange coloration, is known to occasionally occur in several species. scalation variation between species occurs, too, with some dwarf boas having keeled scales while others have smooth scales .\na hunting rainbow boa will curve its neck into an s shape to provide a sort of “spring” effect and strike at the prey animal, grabbing it with 100 tiny teeth. the snake will then wrap two or three coils of its neck and body around the animal and begin to squeeze. muscles running the length of the snake’s body act together to hold tightly, and every time the prey animal exhales, the snake can squeeze tighter. (you can get a feeling for how this works by squeezing your abdomen and exhaling, then trying to inhale again .) eventually, the snake’s action causes the prey to stop breathing. the snake will search out the head and begin to swallow its prey .\nwhen one thinks of a boa, the image that immediately comes to mind is a substantially sized constricting snake. however, caribbean dwarf boas, or “wood snakes” as they are sometimes known, are usually less than 2 feet in length. despite their smaller size, they do share some physical characteristics with their larger relatives, the most obvious being the possession of two spurs located on either side of the vent. considered vestigial limbs, spurs are found in most species of caribbean dwarf boas. while other anatomical characteristics are similar to those found in their larger cousins, they also share certain features with other snakes and thus, for taxonomic reasons, the caribbean boas occupy a distinct family known as the tropidophiidae .\ngestation periods may vary from four to six months depending upon a number of variables, such as species and gestation temperature. offer a potentially gravid female a thermocline, or a choice of several temperatures, and she’ll do the rest. females may or may not stop feeding during gestation, so don’t be alarmed if they do. parturition (the birthing process) may occur all at once or over a number of days. i once had a caicos island dwarf boa (tropidophis greenwayi) give birth over a period of several days. i found a couple of neonates and considered the birth complete, then was surprised over the next couple of days when i continued to find one or two newly born neonates .\n“boas tend to be solitary, until mating time, ” said heyborne. boa constrictors typically mate during the dry season, which in their range tends to be from april until september, according to a study published in the journal of herpetology. the same study found evidence suggesting that females do not mate every year, while males do. the researchers hypothesized that females may only decide to mate when in top physical condition. nevertheless, females can mate with more than one male per season. females are widely scattered, and males must work to find them; to help with this task, females emit a scent from their cloacas when they wish to mate. (cloacas are single openings found on the posterior of snakes used to access reproductive organs, urinary tracts and intestinal canals) .\nalthough larger species, such as t. melanurus, prey upon rodents and birds in the wild, most dwarf boas feed primarily on lizards and frogs. with patience, however, captive snakes can often be trained to take rodents. getting an obligatory lizard - or frog - eating snake to feed upon rodents can be accomplished by a technique known as “scent transfer. ” the first step is to get some pinkies. i favor frozen pinkies, because they are easy to obtain and store, they thaw fairly fast and simply don’t have the same maintenance issues as live rodents. next, get a small lizard, such as an anole or house gecko. wash a pinky with soap and water, which will help remove some of the mouse scent. then rub a pre - killed lizard on the pinky so the lizard’s scent is transferred onto it, and offer the pinky to the dwarf boa .\ndoug said ,\nit was a cool little snake, all curled up next to one of the coolers. samantha [ the manager of\na great story from an old friend' s honeymoon in be ...\nscott heywood has explored the world, not only as a world class mountaineer and an elite white water kayaker, but also as a fly fisherman, having always managed to conceal a travel rod somewhere in his gear. he was inducted into the explorers club in 1994. as an owner, trip host and photographer for angling destinations, inc. , scott has fished all over the world both in fresh and saltwater for the last 35 years in search of great fly fishing opportunities. from the seychelles to kamchata and from mongolia to french polynesia, scott has found great fishing, stunning scenery, a dazzling array of animal life and many great friends. these days, scott can be found traveling the world looking for new, remote water with big, naive fish .\nthe next time you plan a caribbean vacation, imagine yourself soaking up the sun’s rays on a beach in jamaica, or eating fresh seafood in the bahamas, or scuba diving off the turks and caicos islands. great beaches, warm tropical breezes, palm trees, great food — sounds pretty good, right? before you slip into a daydream, hold that thought for a minute .\nalthough dwarf boas, like these neonate feick’s dwarf boas (tropidophis feicki), are primarily terrestrial, they can occasionally be found in trees, vines and bromeliads .\nthe family is predominately insular in distribution, with 18 species occurring in the caribbean, and another three species in various parts of south america. cuba lays claim to the greatest diversity of tropidophis, with at least 14 species found on the island. in the past decade alone, at least four new species have been described from cuba .\ndwarf boas are excellent swimmers and have often been observed near swamps and man - made wells. their propensity to frequent these areas may be associated with their search for prey. like many other reptiles, they are often observed during periods of heavy rain. in the bahamas and on the island of jamaica, the names “thunder snake” and “water snake” used in reference to dwarf boas are thought to be attributed to the snakes’ activity during rainy periods. also supporting evidence of activity during rainy periods are reports of dor (dead on road) dwarf boas following morning rains on andros island in the bahamas .\ncaribbean dwarf boas have been observed to change color in relation to their activity patterns. this lightening and darkening of their external features is affected by photoperiod, temperature and feeding. during their nocturnally active hours, the snakes’ overall coloration tends to lighten, and a darkened phase occurs when they are inactive. i have observed this ghostlike phase when observing captive haitian dwarf boas in the evening. they displayed a somewhat muted coloration that made them look as though they were about to shed. this is made possible by the shifting of melanosomes (pigment granules) in a snake’s dermal layer. during the lighter phase, the melanosomes shift away from the upper layer of the epidermis, and the process is reversed during the darker phase. this unusual pigment shift has been noted to occur in other snake species as well .\nreproducing these island gems is not especially difficult, and they apparently react to environmental stimuli much like colubrid snakes. provided that specimens are healthy and feeding, breeding these little guys requires several steps. first, separate individual animals and discontinue the feeding regimen. at the end of approximately two weeks, begin to gradually lower the ambient temperature in their enclosures by several degrees a week, bottoming out somewhere in the mid - to upper - 60s. naturally, dropping the temperature is a lot easier during the winter months. when lowering the ambient temperature, continue to provide a slightly warmer area, at least during the day, using a small, incandescent spotlight or under - tank heating device. be sure it heats up only a small portion of the enclosure; that will continue to allow the snakes to thermoregulate .\nthe cooling - down period should be maintained for a minimum of two months. at the end of this period, reverse your steps and gradually increase the ambient temperature. as it returns to its pre - cooling setting, offer the snakes food. at this time i feed females as much as they will consume and the males sparingly .\ni introduce the female into the male’s enclosure, instead of the other way around, as other breeders practice. i believe that this way encourages more attention from the male to the female. if mating does not occur initially, separate and reintroduce the snakes on a periodic basis .\nfeeding neonate dwarf boas can present a problem. they generally don’t feed as readily as adults, and you will often need a good supply of hatchling geckos or anoles, at least for the first few months. if you live somewhere such as florida, where such lizards are prevalent, finding a steady supply is usually easier. by planning ahead, though, hatchling lizards can be obtained and immediately frozen, or adult lizards can be held long enough to lay their eggs, which can be incubated and hatched .\nwhen all is said and done, if you house these dwarf boas together year round, they may reproduce even if you do not manipulate the snakes and their temperatures in any way. breeding them is not an exact science .\nbecause of their size, most dwarf boas can be kept in escape - proof enclosures with the dimensions of a standard 10 - gallon aquarium. because of their secretive nature, a layer of bedding is preferable over substrates such as newspaper. i have found that cypress mulch works well, and i prefer it over aspen / wood shavings because of its moisture - retaining qualities. while these small snakes will burrow into the substrate, appropriately sized pieces of cork bark laid over the surface will give them an alternative place to hide. a sturdy water bowl that cannot be tipped over and which is large enough to allow a snake to totally submerge completes a basic cage setup .\nambient temperatures in the mid to upper 70 degrees fahrenheit are recommended for tropidophis species, with a warmer area in the mid - 80s to allow the snakes to thermoregulate. the “hotspot” can be accomplished using either an incandescent spotlight overhead or a heat pad or tape under the enclosure, beneath the hotspot. i strongly suggest investing in a rheostat to fine - tune the amount of electricity supplied to such heating devices, which further allows you to control the amount of heat they put out. rheostats are often available at shops that sell a large assortment of reptile supplies .\na third defensive strategy that dwarf boas share in common with many other reptiles is the propensity to discharge an unpleasant anal musk when alarmed .\nfollow these tips and you should have no problem caring for dwarf boas. if space is a consideration, and even if it isn’t, you will find that tropidophis species can make engaging captives .\nr. michael burger is a writer, artist, photographer and avid herpetoculturist with more than four decades of experience. his pen - and - ink drawings, photos and articles have appeared in a variety of american and european publications, including books and magazines .\nthis page requires javascript. it seems that your browser does not have javascript enabled. please enable javascript and press the reload / refresh button on your browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nalthough animals have coexisted with humans on the planet since we first met, only certain animals have made such an impact on the minds of humans that they are known around the world as a symbol of mystical or religious power. one such animal is the snake .\nalmost every culture of the world whose range overlaps with the range of a species of snake has elevated snakes to special symbolic status. in native american cultures they are known as symbols of rebirth and resurrection. chinese culture holds the snake as such an important symbol of compassion, clairvoyance, charm and vanity that it was awarded a position on the 12 year chinese zodiac calendar. ancient egypt saw snakes as the symbol of esteemed wisdom. the greek empire regarded snakes as the symbol of healing and to this day, the caduceus, a winged staff bearing two intertwined snakes, remains the symbol of modern medicine." ]

{ "text": [ "the bahamian pygmy boa constrictor ( tropidophis canus ) or simply the bahamian pygmy boa is a species of nonvenomous dwarf boa native to the bahamas .", "the snake 's total length ( including tail ) is short , averaging between 30 centimetres ( 12 in ) and 60 centimetres ( 24 in ) .", "bahamian pygmy boas have the ability to voluntarily bleed and coil into a tight ball as a defense mechanisms .", "four subspecies are recognized , and occur across many different bahamian islands . " ], "topic": [ 22, 0, 21, 5 ] }

[ "the bahamian pygmy boa constrictor (tropidophis canus) or simply the bahamian pygmy boa is a species of nonvenomous dwarf boa native to the bahamas. the snake's total length (including tail) is short, averaging between 30 centimetres (12 in) and 60 centimetres (24 in). bahamian pygmy boas have the ability to voluntarily bleed and coil into a tight ball as a defense mechanisms. four subspecies are recognized, and occur across many different bahamian islands." ]

[ "deep mtdna subdivision within linnean species in an endemic radiation of tiger beetles from new zealand (genus neocicindela) .\n1. | the thermal consequences associated with background matching were studied in two subspecies of the coastal new zealand tiger beetle neocicindela perhispida .\ndeep mtdna subdivision within linnean species in an endemic radiation of tiger beetles from new zealand (genus neocicindela). - pubmed - ncbi\ninsects in the genus neocicindela are ground beetles commonly called tiger beetles. their larvae live for several years in a hole in the ground anchored to their burrows – heads near the entrance, jaws open – waiting to seize any passing insects. adults are commonly seen on clay banks in summer, running around and making short flights as they hunt other insects. their powerful sickle - shaped mandibles and acute vision make them effective predators. a species of tiger beetle photographed in merrylands, new plymouth .\nmaintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort. therefore, we are forced to introduce a partially paid access. we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you, and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys, and more dynamic updates of the site .\nyour subscription will be activated when payment clears. view the status of your subscription in your account .\nthis project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide. contributions at any level help sustain our work. thank you for your support .\n© carabidae of the world, 2007 - 2018 © a team of authors, in in: anichtchenko a. et al. , (editors) 2007 - 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nflies, caddisflies, craneflies, damselflies dragonflies, gnats, mayflies. midges, mosquitoes\ninsects (ants, beetles, bugs, cicadas, cockroaches, centipedes, crickets, grasshoppers, lacewings, ladybirds, mantis, millipedes, scale, shield bugs, stick insects, wetas, weevils, etc .) .\nbug (shield bug) (brown shield bug) (dictyotus caenosus) .\nbug (shield bug) (brown marmorated stink bug) (halyomorpha halys) .\nbug (shield bug) (brown soldier bug) (cermatulus nasalis) .\nbug (shield bug) schellenberg' s soldier bug (oechalia schellenbergii) .\nbug (shield bug) (yellow spotted stink bug) (erthesina fullo) .\nbug (shield bug 5th instar (brown shield bug) (dictyotus caenosus) .\nreptiles (frogs, geckos, skinks, snakes, lizards, turtles) .\ntrees & shrubs (new zealand native) botanical names a to f with photo .\ntrees & shrubs (new zealand native) botanical names g to l with photo .\ntrees & shrubs (new zealand native) botanical names m to q with photo .\ntrees & shrubs (new zealand native) botanical names r to z with photo .\ntrees (new zealand) hebes and their hybrids & cultivars (photos) .\nweeds & escapee plants: a to f (common names with photo) .\nweeds & escapee plants: g to l (common names with photo) .\nweeds & escapee plants: m to q (common names and photo) .\nweeds & escapee plants: r to z (common names with photo) .\n© copyright 2008 - 2018 - t. e. r: r. a. i. n. all rights reserved. last update: 10 - apr - 18. site designed & hosted by smokeylemon .\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\n2. | the dark n. p. campbelli, which inhabits hot black ironsand beaches, experiences higher body temperatures because of increased absorptive and convective heat loads .\n3. | during midday, it must shuttle frequently between sun and shade to prevent body temperatures from exceeding optimal levels, thus reducing its foraging time .\n4. | the light n. p. giveni, which inhabits white quartz sand beaches, is active for longer periods during midday because of cooler habitat temperatures and its highly reflective elytral surface .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\npons j 1, fujisawa t, claridge em, savill ra, barraclough tg, vogler ap .\ndepartment of entomology, natural history museum, cromwell road, london sw7 5bd, uk .\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright © andre gorodinski. the insects from the palaearctic region. web design by mrs. l. gorodinski." ]

{ "text": [ "neocicindela is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae , containing the following species : neocicindela austromontana ( bates , 1878 ) neocicindela brevilunata ( w. horn , 1926 ) neocicindela dunedensis ( laporte de castelnau , 1867 ) neocicindela feredayi ( bates , 1867 ) neocicindela hamiltoni ( broun , 1921 ) neocicindela helmsi ( sharp , 1886 ) neocicindela latecincta ( white , 1846 ) neocicindela parryi ( white , 1846 ) neocicindela perhispida ( broun , 1880 ) neocicindela spilleri brouerius van nidek , 1965 neocicindela tuberculata ( fabricius , 1775 ) neocicindela waiouraensis ( broun , 1914 )" ], "topic": [ 12 ] }

[ "neocicindela is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae, containing the following species: neocicindela austromontana (bates, 1878) neocicindela brevilunata (w. horn, 1926) neocicindela dunedensis (laporte de castelnau, 1867) neocicindela feredayi (bates, 1867) neocicindela hamiltoni (broun, 1921) neocicindela helmsi (sharp, 1886) neocicindela latecincta (white, 1846) neocicindela parryi (white, 1846) neocicindela perhispida (broun, 1880) neocicindela spilleri brouerius van nidek, 1965 neocicindela tuberculata (fabricius, 1775) neocicindela waiouraensis (broun, 1914 )" ]

[ "day moth alcides zodiaca mating in a remarkable closeup video over a mating ritual of over 15mins actually sitting on my finger for some time .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nstatus: a rare species in papua. very similar to aruus but the blue pattern with iridiscent green and sometimes even pinkish coloration .\npapua localities: misool island; new guinea: beaufort bivak, etna bay, klamono oilfields, kloofbivak, miei (wandammen peninsula), prauwenbivak, yaniruma (digul). details in gazetteer .\nseitz, a, 1934. die gross - schmetterlinge der erde 10: spinner und schwarmer des indo - australischen gebiets, uraniidae: 93 - 96. a. kernen, stuttgart .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nto embed this image on your own website, please copy and paste the following code .\nscienceimage is an image library specialising in science and nature images. it is presented by csiro, australia' s major science research organisation .\nwas on tractor when saw mating occur in the air. had a camera with me so started videoing; midday had to try to video shade as fogging on camera can occur. with moth on left hand walked into house to get better camera and started videoing again with righthand moths resting luckily on my finger all that time .\npriviledged to video this encounter now on youtube: urltoken (length 4m52s) .\nalso don' t miss more great stories like this one. why not get our monthly newsletter ?\nplease check your inbox and click on the link in this email within the next 2 days to complete your subscription .\nif you don' t find the confirmation email in your inbox, please look in your' junk' mail folder (also sometimes called' spam') .\nwe' ve all wondered what it' d be like to hang out ...\nthank you for your comment to abc open! you will receive an email when your comment has been approved .\nwe have the white - lined sphinxes. we love our zebra - striped, ... read more\nin the 1960' s numbers of the white - faced heron expolded, ... read more\na tree in your backyard has died or become diseased... . read more\ncopyright © 2000 - 2018 dave' s garden, an internet brands company. all rights reserved .\nuse of this web site constitutes acceptance of the urltoken terms of use, rules, privacy policy, and cookie policy .\ndescription rare moth from north queensland australia from the family uraniidae. this adult moths colourations range from black with iridescent bands of yellow and / or pink on the viso and a beautiful sky blue colouring with black bands on the verso. the larvae feed on omphalea queenslandia and omphalea papuana. they can be seen feeding on nectar and rest with their wings out. stunning specimens .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "alcides metaurus is a moth of the uraniidae family .", "it is known from the tropical north of queensland , australia .", "the wingspan is about 100 mm .", "adults are black with iridescent bands of yellow and pink .", "the underside is iridescent pale green with black bands .", "they are on wing during the day and feed on flower nectar .", "they rest with their wings open and out flat .", "the larvae feed on various euphorbiaceae species , including endospermum medullosum , e. myrmecophilum , and omphalea queenslandiae .", "these plants contain poisons which might protect the larvae from predation .", "the various instars have colours varying from green with a black band , to black with white bands and a red thorax , to red with black bands and orange legs .", "pupation takes place in a cocoon made in a crevice or between dead leaves . " ], "topic": [ 2, 27, 9, 8, 1, 8, 23, 8, 8, 23, 11 ] }

[ "alcides metaurus is a moth of the uraniidae family. it is known from the tropical north of queensland, australia. the wingspan is about 100 mm. adults are black with iridescent bands of yellow and pink. the underside is iridescent pale green with black bands. they are on wing during the day and feed on flower nectar. they rest with their wings open and out flat. the larvae feed on various euphorbiaceae species, including endospermum medullosum, e. myrmecophilum, and omphalea queenslandiae. these plants contain poisons which might protect the larvae from predation. the various instars have colours varying from green with a black band, to black with white bands and a red thorax, to red with black bands and orange legs. pupation takes place in a cocoon made in a crevice or between dead leaves." ]

[ "species microcosmus psammiferus monniot c. , monniot f. , griffiths & schleyer, 2001\nmonniot, c. (1962). les microcosmus des côtes de france. vie milieu. 13: 397 - 492. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nintroduced species remark in mediterranean sea - western basin (iho sea area): microcosmus squamiger is a threat to mediterranean littoral communities, where it can monopolise all available space. [ details ]\n( of microcosmus claudicans exasperatus heller, 1878) van der land, j. (ed). (2008). unesco - ioc register of marine organisms (urmo). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of microcosmus distans heller, 1878) heller, c. (1878). beitrage zur nahern kenntniss der tunicaten. sitzber. acad. wiss. wien. 77 (1): 2 - 28. [ details ]\n( of microcosmus variegatus heller, 1878) heller, c. (1878). beitrage zur nahern kenntniss der tunicaten. sitzber. acad. wiss. wien. 77 (1): 2 - 28. [ details ]\n( of microcosmus affinis heller, 1878) heller, c. (1878). beitrage zur nahern kenntniss der tunicaten. sitzber. acad. wiss. wien. 77 (1): 2 - 28. [ details ]\n( of microcosmus miniatus verrill, 1900) verrill, a. e. (1900). addition to the tunicata and molluscoidea of the bermudas. trans. connecticut acad. sci. 10: 588 - 594. [ details ]\n( of microcosmus haemisphaerium sluiter, 1904) sluiter, c. p. (1904). die tunicaten der siboga - expedition. part 1. die socialen und holosomen ascidien. siboga - exped. 56a: 1 - 126. [ details ]\n( of microcosmus biconvolutus sluiter, 1898) sluiter, c. p. (1898). tuniciers recueilli en 1896, par la chazalie, dans la mer des antilles. mem. soc. zool. france. 11: 5 - 34. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of microcosmus spinosus lacaze - duthiers & delage, 1892) lacaze - duthiers, h. ; delage, y. (1892). faune des cynthiadees de roscoff et cotes de belge. mem. pres. acad. france, ser. 2. 45: 1 - 319. [ details ]\nrius, m. ; pascual, m. ; turon, x. (2008). phylogeography of the widespread marine invader microcosmus squamiger (ascidiacea) reveals high genetic diversity of introduced populations and non - independent colonizations. diversity and distributions. 14 (5): 818 - 828. , available online at urltoken note: genetic data [ details ]\nmicrocosmus squamiger is a solitary tunicate with a purple, leathery and tough tunic. it is native to the coasts of australia and has established introduced populations on the west coast of the united states, mexico, the mediterranean sea, the atlantic coast of spain, the canary islands, and south africa. it was likely spread as fouling on ship hulls and is found on both natural and artificial substrates in its introduced range. its introduction in bahia san quintin, baja california, mexico resulted in economic damage to oyster culture racks, ropes, and shells through fouling beginning in 2002. in other areas, competition may be a problem, for example it now outnumbers styela canopus, an earlier invader, in san diego bay and forms single - species patches at some locations, possibly crowding out other species in shallow water communities .\nshenkar, n. ; gittenberger, a. ; lambert, g. ; rius, m. ; moreira da rocha, r. ; swalla, b. j. ; turon, x. (2018). ascidiacea world database .\nmonniot, c. (2001). ascidiacea & sorberacea. in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels. 50: pp. 352 - 355. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nmastrototaro, m. ; tursi, a. (2006). ascidiacea. in: revisione della checklist della fauna marina italiana. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhayward, p. j. ; ryland, j. s. (ed .). (1990). the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe: 1. introduction and protozoans to arthropods. clarendon press: oxford, uk. isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1. 627 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nheller, c. (1878). beitrage zur nahern kenntniss der tunicaten. sitzber. acad. wiss. wien. 77 (1): 2 - 28. [ details ]\n( of ascidia cavernosa lesueur, 1823) lesueur, c. a. (1823). descriptions of several new species of ascidia. jour. acad. nat. sci. philadelphia. 3: 2 - 8. [ details ]\n( of ascidia variabilis lesueur, 1823) lesueur, c. a. (1823). descriptions of several new species of ascidia. jour. acad. nat. sci. philadelphia. 3: 2 - 8. [ details ]\nmonniot, c. ; monniot, f. (1976). ascidies de la côte du mozambique. [ ascidians from the mozambique coast. ]. rev. zool. afr. 90 (2): 357 - 392. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nstreftaris, n. ; zenetos, a. ; papathanassiou, e. (2005). globalisation in marine ecosystems: the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas. oceanogr. mar. biol. ann. rev. 43: 419 - 453. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nvan der land, j. (ed). (2008). unesco - ioc register of marine organisms (urmo). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nkott, p. (1985). the australian ascidiacea part 1, phlebobranchia and stolidobranchia. mem qd mus. 23: 1 - 440. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nzenetos, a. , m. e. çinar, m. a. pancucci - papadopoulou, j. g. harmelin, g. furnari, f. andaloro, n. bellou, n. streftaris & h. zibrowius. (2005). annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species. mediterranean marine science 6 (2): 63 - 118. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ncole, l. and g. lambert. 2009. tunicata (urochordata) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 1209–1216 in felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. biodiversity. texas a & m; press, college station, texas. [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nzenetos, a. ; gofas, s. ; verlaque, m. ; cinar, m. ; garcia raso, j. ; bianchi, c. ; morri, c. ; azzurro, e. ; bilecenoglu, m. ; froglia, c. ; siokou, i. ; violanti, d. ; sfriso, a. ; san martin, g. ; giangrande, a. ; katagan, t. ; ballesteros, e. ; ramos - espla, a. ; mastrototaro, f. ; ocana, o. ; zingone, a. ; gambi, m. ; streftaris, n. (2010). alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010. a contribution to the application of european union’s marine strategy framework directive (msfd). part i. spatial distribution. mediterranean marine science. 11 (2): 381 - 493. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nrocha, r. m. ; bonnet, n. y. k; baptista, m. s. ; beltramin, f. s. (2012). introduced and native phlebobranch and stolidobranch solitary ascidians (tunicata: ascidiacea) around salvador, bahia, brazil. zoologia. 29 (1): 39 - 53. page (s): 45 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nizquierdo - muñoz, a. ; díaz - valdés, m. ; ramos - esplá, a. a. (2009). recent non - indigenous ascidians in the mediterranean sea. aquatic invasions. 4 (1): 59 - 64. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pyura cavernosa (lesueur, 1823) ) sanamyan, k. (2007). database of extant ascidiacea. version of 2 november 2007. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of pyura variabilis (lesueur, 1823) ) sanamyan, k. (2007). database of extant ascidiacea. version of 2 november 2007. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nkatsanevakis, s. ; bogucarskis, k. ; gatto, f. ; vandekerkhove, j. ; deriu, i. ; cardoso a. s. (2012). building the european alien species information network (easin): a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data. bioinvasions records. 1: 235 - 245. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nmichaelsen, w. (1927). einige neue westaustralische ptychobranchiate ascidien. zoologischer anzeiger. 71, 193–203. [ details ]\nkott, p. ; bradford - grieve, j. ; esnal, g. ; murdoch, r. c. (2009). phylum tunicata: sea squirts, salps, appendicularians, in: gordon, d. p. (ed .) (2009). new zealand inventory of biodiversity: 1. kingdom animalia: radiata, lophotrochozoa, deuterostomia. pp. 409 - 430. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nocchipinti - ambrogi, a. ; marchini, a. ; cantone, g. ; castelli, a. ; chimenz, c. ; cormaci, m. ; froglia, c. ; furnari, g. ; gambi, m. c. ; giaccone, g. ; giangrande, a. ; gravili, c. ; mastrototaro, f. ; mazziotti, c. ; orsi - relini, l. ; piraino, s. (2010). alien species along the italian coasts: an overview. biological invasions. 13 (1): 215 - 237. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nzenetos, a. ; meric, e. ; verlaque, m. ; galli, p. ; boudouresque, c. ; giangrande, a. ; cinar, m. ; bilecenoglu, m. (2008). additions to the annotated list of marine alien biota in the mediterranean with special emphasis on foraminifera and parasites. mediterranean marine science. 9 (1): 119 - 165. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nrius, m. ; turon, x. ; ordóñez, v. ; pascual, m. (2012). tracking invasion histories in the sea: facing complex scenarios using multilocus data. plos one. 7 (4): e35815. , available online at urltoken note: invasion routes, genetic data [ details ]\n( of cynthia claudicans savigny, 1816) savigny, j. c. (1816). memoires sur les animaux sans vertebres. paris. 2: 1 - 239. [ details ]\nmuller, y. (2004). faune et flore du littoral du nord, du pas - de - calais et de la belgique: inventaire. [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord, pas - de - calais and belgium: inventory ]. commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais: france. 307 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nheller, camil. (1877). untersuchungen über die tunicaten des adriatischen und mittelmeeres. denkschriften der kaiserlichen academie der wissenschaften. mathematisch - naturwissenschaftliche classe, wien. 37: 241 - 275, plates i - vii. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ascidia sulcata coquebert, 1797) coquebert, c. a. (1797). mémoire sur deux espèces d' ascidies. bull. soc. phil. , paris, 2 (2): 1. [ details ]\n( of ascidia sulcata coquebert, 1797) sanamyan, k. (2007). database of extant ascidiacea. version of 2 november 2007. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of ascidia sulcatus coquebert, 1797) sanamyan, k. (2007). database of extant ascidiacea. version of 2 november 2007. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nthis page was last edited on 8 november 2016, at 21: 26 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis is some default tab content, embedded directly inside this space and not via ajax. it can be shown when no tabs are automatically selected, or associated with a certain tab, in this case, the first tab .\nfofonoff pw, ruiz gm, steves b, simkanin c, & carlton jt. . national exotic marine and estuarine species information system. urltoken. access date :\nevidence reported by scanner - liz - ridolfo for item microcosmusessay01lotzuoft on october 18, 2007: no visible notice of copyright; stated date is 1885 .\nthere are no reviews yet. be the first one to write a review .\nthick, leathery, wrinkled, bearing fine hairs with adhering sand, shells, etc .\nalder, j. & a. hancock 1907. the brithish tunicata: an unfinished monograph, volume ii, edited by j. hopkinson. ray scoiety, london .\nberril, n. j. 1950. the tunicata, with an account of the british species. ray society, london. 354 pp .\nknight - jones, e. w. & j. s. ryland 1990. hemichordata and urochordata. in: p. j. hayward & j. s. ryland (eds), the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe, vol. 2 molluscs to chordates, clarendon press, oxford: 872 - 904 .\nmillar, r. h. 1966. tunicata ascidiacea. marine invertebrates of scandinavia, 1: 1 - 123 .\nmillar, r. h. 1970. british ascidians. synopses of the british fauna, n. s 1, 1 - 92 .\nberril, n. j. , 1950. the tunicata, with an account of the british species. ray society, london. 354 pp." ]

{ "text": [ "microcosmus is a genus of tunicates in the family pyuridae , containing the following species : microcosmus albidus michaelsen , 1904 microcosmus anchylodeirus traustedt , 1883 microcosmus anomalocarpus millar , 1988 microcosmus arenaceus sluiter , 1904 microcosmus australis herdman , 1898 microcosmus bitunicatus monniot & monniot , 2001 microcosmus claudicans ( savigny , 1816 ) microcosmus curvus tokioka , 1954 microcosmus exasperatus heller , 1878 microcosmus glacialis ( sars , 1859 ) microcosmus hartmeyeri oka , 1906 microcosmus helleri herdman , 1881 microcosmus hernius ( monniot & monniot , 1973 ) microcosmus hirsutus sluiter , 1900 microcosmus longicloa monniot & monniot , 1991 microcosmus madagascariensis michaelsen , 1918 microcosmus miniaceus sluiter , 1900 microcosmus multiplicatus tokioka , 1952 microcosmus multitentaculatus tokioka , 1953 microcosmus nudistigma c. monniot , 1962 microcosmus oligophyllus heller , 1878 microcosmus pacificus monniot & monniot , 2001 microcosmus planus kott , 1975 microcosmus polymorphus heller , 1877 microcosmus propinquus herdman , 1881 microcosmus psammiferus monniot , monniot , griffiths & schleyer , 2001 microcosmus pupa ( savigny , 1816 ) microcosmus sabatieri roule , 1885 microcosmus santoensis monniot & monniot , 2003 microcosmus savignyi monniot , 1962 microcosmus senegalensis michaelsen , 1915 microcosmus squamiger michaelsen , 1927 microcosmus stoloniferus kott , 1952 microcosmus trigonimus millar , 1955 microcosmus tuberculatus kott , 1985 microcosmus vesiculosus monniot & monniot , 2001 microcosmus vulgaris heller , 1877" ], "topic": [ 20 ] }

[ "microcosmus is a genus of tunicates in the family pyuridae, containing the following species: microcosmus albidus michaelsen, 1904 microcosmus anchylodeirus traustedt, 1883 microcosmus anomalocarpus millar, 1988 microcosmus arenaceus sluiter, 1904 microcosmus australis herdman, 1898 microcosmus bitunicatus monniot & monniot, 2001 microcosmus claudicans (savigny, 1816) microcosmus curvus tokioka, 1954 microcosmus exasperatus heller, 1878 microcosmus glacialis (sars, 1859) microcosmus hartmeyeri oka, 1906 microcosmus helleri herdman, 1881 microcosmus hernius (monniot & monniot, 1973) microcosmus hirsutus sluiter, 1900 microcosmus longicloa monniot & monniot, 1991 microcosmus madagascariensis michaelsen, 1918 microcosmus miniaceus sluiter, 1900 microcosmus multiplicatus tokioka, 1952 microcosmus multitentaculatus tokioka, 1953 microcosmus nudistigma c. monniot, 1962 microcosmus oligophyllus heller, 1878 microcosmus pacificus monniot & monniot, 2001 microcosmus planus kott, 1975 microcosmus polymorphus heller, 1877 microcosmus propinquus herdman, 1881 microcosmus psammiferus monniot, monniot, griffiths & schleyer, 2001 microcosmus pupa (savigny, 1816) microcosmus sabatieri roule, 1885 microcosmus santoensis monniot & monniot, 2003 microcosmus savignyi monniot, 1962 microcosmus senegalensis michaelsen, 1915 microcosmus squamiger michaelsen, 1927 microcosmus stoloniferus kott, 1952 microcosmus trigonimus millar, 1955 microcosmus tuberculatus kott, 1985 microcosmus vesiculosus monniot & monniot, 2001 microcosmus vulgaris heller, 1877" ]

[ "the shortnose sturgeon salvage network was formed to improve documentation of endangered shortnose sturgeon found dead in the wild read more ...\ncurrent research projects on wild populations of shortnose sturgeon include read more ...\nfishing for, catching or keeping shortnose sturgeon as well as other forms of ‘take’ are illegal .\nnoaa national marine fisheries service held a three day workshop on atlantic and shortnose sturgeon conservation read more ...\nshortnose sturgeon are listed under the endangered species act (esa) as an endangered species throughout their range in the united states .\nyou’ll find sand whiting all over australia’s east coast, amongst the surf breaks and estuaries, especially over the summer months. when the weather gets colder the southern school, bay, shortnose and king george whiting are easier to catch, although pippies, peeled prawns and soft plastics are better bait than scraps .\natlantic and shortnose sturgeon can be found in major rivers, estuaries, bays and coastal waters along the eastern seaboard of the united states read more ...\nhakes / whiting are not typically targeted recreationally, but are legal to possess. there are currently no recreational possession, size, or gear restrictions for hakes / whiting caught in federal waters. there are also no specific areas designated for a whiting recreational fishery .\nshortnose sturgeon were originally listed as an endangered species by the u. s. fish and wildlife service (usfws) on march 11, 1967 read more ...\nwhiting, especially some of the smaller, less utilised species such as sand whiting and school whiting are a similar size to garfish and can be utilised in much the same way. their delicate white flesh remains moist and flakes beautifully when grilling, bbq' ing or panfrying .\nwhat are the primary markets for the whiting fishery? there is little to no separation of silver and offshore species in the market, and both are generally sold under the name “whiting. ” whiting are sold filleted, whole, and smoked. red hake, which is a larger fish than whiting, is usually sold filleted. hakes are sold for both human consumption and as bait .\nstandard names: there are many species of garfish, the most commonly marketed being southern garfish, snubnose garfish, eastern sea garfish, shortnose garfish and the three - by - two garfish .\nshortnose sturgeon are an anadromous bony fish that are distinguishable from other fish by five rows of bony scutes along the length of their body, a protrusible mouth, and heterocercal tail. they are slow growing and late maturing and have been recorded to reach ages up to 67 years. the shortnose sturgeon is the smallest of the three sturgeon species occurring in eastern north america, and typically do not exceed lengths of 4. 7 feet (1. 4m). shortnose sturgeon can be found in major rivers, estuaries, bays and coastal waters along the eastern seaboard of the united states .\nthe whiting fishery is not managed by a das system. please see the\nquotas\nand\ncommercial > limits / sizes\ntabs on this webpage for more information on effort control in the whiting fishery .\nthere are no closed areas specific to the small - mesh multispecies / whiting fishery; however, because the fishery operates primarily through exemptions from the northeast multispecies fishery, there are only specified areas where fishing for whiting may occur (typically exemption areas). see map below for areas where whiting are able to be fished in the region .\nseveral specific areas within the gulf of maine and georges bank regulated mesh areas (rmas) have established fishery exemptions for whiting, and whiting may be harvested throughout the entire southern new england and mid - atlantic rmas, under specific requirements .\noh, and go easy on the garnish. whiting has a subtle flavour profile, so choose something simple and earthy to bring out its best. simple and earthy? now that’s my boy to a tee! !! sand whiting and olive roti parcels\nwhat are other common names for the small - mesh multispecies fishery? this fishery is most commonly referred to as the whiting fishery, which includes three species: silver hake, red hake, and offshore hake. silver hake is almost always referred to as whiting. offshore hake, because they are similar in appearance to silver hake, and are not usually distinguished, are also referred to as whiting or black whiting. red hake is most commonly referred to as ling, but can also be called squirrel or mud hake .\ncommercial dealer / processor permit: whiting / small - mesh multispecies may only be sold to persons possessing a valid federal ne multispecies dealer permit .\nwho manages this fishery? whiting / small - mesh multispecies are managed by the new england fishery management council, with nmfs as the implementing body .\n1987 – amendment 1 (fr notice) decreased the area for the whiting exempted fishery, and made several other changes to the ne multispecies fishery .\n2000 – framework adjustment 32 (fr notice) modified the whiting mesh size / possession limit enrollment program and allowed the use of a net strengthener .\n1991 – amendment 4 (fr notice) incorporated silver hake and red hake into the ne multispecies fmp, and established the cultivator shoals experimental whiting fishery .\n1994 – framework adjustment 6 (fr notice) aimed to reduce catch of juvenile whiting in cultivator shoals by increasing the minimum mesh size from 2. 5” to 3” for that area .\n2003 – framework adjustment 38 (fr notice) established inshore gom whiting exemption area, required grate raised footrope trawl, and adjusted area possession limits, species for retention, and seasons .\nnote: whiting (combined silver hake and offshore hake) are also allowed as bycatch in the northern shrimp fishery up to an amount equal to the weight of shrimp on board, not to exceed 3, 500 pounds. whiting on board a vessel subject to this possession limit must be separated from other species of fish and stored so as to be readily available for inspection .\nwhat other species are caught when fishing for whiting? typically other small mesh species such as herring and squid. small amounts of other groundfish (ne multispecies) may be caught as well .\nwithin the gulf of maine (gom) and georges bank (gb) regulated mesh areas (rmas) there are five specific exempted fishing areas for small - mesh multispecies / whiting (see map at the bottom of the page), and whiting may be harvested throughout the entire southern new england (sne) and mid - atlantic (ma) rmas, under specific requirements .\nvessels fishing for whiting with small - mesh in the raised footrope trawl whiting exempted fishery areas must carry an loa issued by the regional administrator, valid for a minimum of 7 days. participating vessels may withdraw from the program no earlier than 7 days from the date of enrollment. loas and withdrawals may be obtained from the greater atlantic region permit office at (978) 281 - 9370 .\nwhiting in all its forms is a delightful fish to eat. moist, sweet and tender with the mildest briny aftertaste. it comes at a premium price, but once you’ve tried it you’ll understand why .\npermit categories: vessels fishing for whiting / small - mesh multispecies in an exemption program must possess either an open access (category k) or limited access (categories a - f) ne multispecies permit .\nalso in 2015, the average price of whiting (silver hake including offshore hake) was $ 0. 74 / lb, with the fishery landing 14. 23 million pounds worth $ 10. 49 million .\nwhat time of year does the whiting fishery take place? although the whiting fishery is technically open year - round, because this fishery primarily operates through exemptions from the northeast multispecies fishery management plan, the timing of most targeted fishing is highly dependent upon the seasons of specific exemption areas. there are several seasonal exempted fisheries for small - mesh species in the gulf of maine and georges bank, and more general, year - round exemptions in the southern new england and mid - atlantic regulated mesh areas for the whiting fishery. for more information on these exempted fishing areas, see the\ncommercial > areas\nand\ncommercial > exempted fisheries\ntabs on this page .\nwhiting should never be over - cooked. if anything, take it off the stove a fraction early. the dense flesh will continue cooking even out of the pan, so you needn’t be concerned about your dinner being underdone .\n: vessels participating in the raised footrope trawl whiting fishery may participate in other small - mesh exemption areas provided they adhere to the more restrictive gear, possession, and other requirements for the entire participation period specified in the loa .\nnote: vessels participating in the raised footrope trawl whiting fishery may participate in other small - mesh exemption areas provided they adhere to the more restrictive gear, possession, and other requirements for the entire participation period specified in the loa .\nnumber of permits in the fishery: in 2017, there were 1, 560 northeast multispecies permits (categories a - f and / or k) issued that were capable of participating in the whiting fishery. of these, there were 768 category k (open access small - mesh) permits, specifically, that were issued in 2017. however, because of the nature of the small - mesh multispecies fishery, it is likely that the number of active participants fishing for whiting in 2017 was significantly lower .\nwhat are the top whiting landing ports (2010)? the top five ports according to quantity of small - mesh multispecies landed are: gloucester, ma; provincetown, ma; point judith, ri; montauk, ny; and new bedford, ma .\nvessels may fish for whiting with small - mesh trawls only within the above designated exempted fishery areas, and provided they comply with the additional requirements and conditions specified in the regulations. see the' exempted fisheries' tab for more information on each area and their specific requirements .\n* note: southern whiting = southern silver hake + offshore hake. there is not enough scientific information to produce catch limits for offshore hake, which are most often landed mixed with southern silver hake. therefore, the southern silver hake abc is increased by 4 percent to account for offshore hake .\ni can still feel the excitement of that moment, as i proudly walked along the beach showing everyone and anyone who would listen the monster i’d hooked. and so it was that i looked on with genuine fondness when my three - year - old son paraded around with the whiting i caught in tasmania over christmas .\nwhat is the geographic extent of the whiting fishery? this fishery occurs in both new england and mid - atlantic waters, and small - mesh gear is used in both northern and southern areas. silver hake prefer water temperatures between 6 and 18 °c, and adult red hake prefer water temperatures between 5 and 12 °c .\nif the vessel has a limited access ne multispecies permit, fishing for whiting may be done while the vessel is not fishing under a day - at - sea (das) and while declared\nout of the fishery\n( dof), if the vessel is required to operate a vessel monitoring system (vms) .\nmckay, r. j. , 1992. fao species catalogue. vol. 14. sillaginid fishes of the world (family sillaginidae). an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the sillago, smelt or indo - pacific whiting species known to date. rome: fao. fao fish. synop. 125 (14): 87p. (ref. 6205 )\nwith 29 species, the genus sillago has the widest distribution of any smelt - whiting genus, spanning much of the indo - pacific. the genus ranges from the east coast of africa to japan in the east and southern australia in the south, with most species concentrated around south east asia, the indonesian archipelago and australia. many species have overlapping distribution, often making positive identification hard .\nwhat gear types are authorized and what gear types are primarily used in this fishery? specialized trawl gear referred to as raised footrope trawls are required when fishing for whiting. this fishery typically uses smaller mesh than standard multispecies vessels (hence the\nsmall - mesh\nmultispecies fishery). hakes are not typically targeting in recreational fisheries, but recreational gear can include rod and reel, handline, or spear .\npossession limits: the small - mesh multispecies fishery is managed as five stocks of three species of hakes: northern silver hake, southern silver hake, northern red hake, southern red hake, and offshore hake. silver hake and offshore hake are often grouped together and collectively referred to as\nwhiting. ” possession limits in this fishery can vary depending upon the stock, mesh size of the gear being used, and the exemption area being fished .\nthere are some standardized requirements for the raised footrope trawl that are required for four of the northern exempted fisheries (raised footrope trawl exempted whiting fishery (gom and / or adjacent to cape cod) and small - mesh areas 1 and 2). the trawl gear must be configured in such a way that, when towed, the footrope is not in contact with the ocean bottom. vessels are presumed to be fishing in such a manner if their trawl gear is designed as specified below :\nthe small - mesh multispecies fishery in the u. s. operates from maine to cape hatteras, north carolina. fishing in the directed small - mesh multispecies fishery is conducted with small - mesh trawl gear with a number of specific requirements to reduce bycatch of larger groundfish species. the small - mesh multispecies fishery consists of three species: silver hake (merluccius bilinearis), red hake (urophycis chuss), and offshore hake (merluccius albidus). there are two stocks of silver hake (northern and southern), two stocks of red hake (northern and southern), and one stock of offshore hake, which primarily co - occurs with the southern stock of silver hake. there is little to no separation of silver and offshore hakes in the market, and both are generally sold under the name “whiting. ” the market for small - mesh multispecies is human consumption and as bait .\nmarine; demersal; non - migratory; depth range 0 - 5 m (ref. 6205). subtropical; 31°n - 23°n, 47°e - 57°e (ref. 6205 )\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 15. 7 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 114978); max. published weight: 34. 20 g (ref. 114978 )\ndorsal spines (total): 13 - 14; dorsal soft rays (total): 224; anal spines: 2; anal soft rays: 22 - 24; vertebrae: 38 - 40. swim bladder without anterior extensions and with a single posterior extension. no irregular dark blotches .\ninhabit shallow coastal waters (ref. 6205). oviparous (ref. 205 )\n): 24. 7 - 27. 9, mean 26. 8 (based on 85 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00513 (0. 00302 - 0. 00870), b = 3. 20 (3. 05 - 3. 35), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 2 ±0. 4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (13 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nevi, an amazon company, was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge. the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe’re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon' s innovative cambridge development centre, alongside other amazon teams including prime air, core machine learning, amazon devices and amazon web services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nour kids remind us of different things. it’s not a matter of playing favourites, not at all, it’s just that their personalities are distinct and clear, and they resonate with different parts of us .\nmy daughter is kind and insightful, and she reminds me of everything i want to be. by comparison my boy finn is unsophisticated and carefree, reminding me of all the things i left behind on my journey to adulthood .\nhe’s like a little version of myself from before things got, well, complicated .\ni still remember being about his age, when i caught my first fish. it was up at port stephens, on jimmy’s beach. all i had was a fifty - cent reel, and some dinner scraps for bait. but for some extraordinary reason, i found the one fish silly enough to find that interesting .\nsomething so small, suddenly became something so big. he’d conquered the world .\naustralia' s largest commercial garfish fishery is the southern sea garfish fishery based off sa. various garfish species are caught using inshore netting methods in all the states. they are available year round, with the supply of southern garfish peaking from march to may .\ngarfish are a very difficult species to assess and should probably be eaten in moderation .\ngarfish are a small sweet fish with excellent, delicate flesh, though many people avoid them bacause they can be bony. ask your fishmonger to butterfly them for you if you are worried about this .\nhowever, garfish cooked whole flakes easily from the central bone structure. bbq, grill or panfry .\nif deepfrying, coat in a batter or crumb to protect the delicate flesh. very fresh garfish fillets make excellent sashimi, serve raw with a citrus and soy dressing .\ngoodfishbadfish is a website passionate about sustainable seafood. it’s a place for consumers to visit for up - to - date and interesting information on the area of sustainable seafood .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nindiseas (indicators for the seas) is a scientific program endorsed by ioc / unesco. it aims to evaluate the effects of fishing on the health status of marine ecosystems, using a panel of biodiversit…\n[ more ]\nwe investigated 16 fishing sites in order to gather local fish names. a total of 691 vernacular names were assigned to the 138 species considered. regarding the number of names, a great part of variability was of linguistic origin, and the patterns disclosed showed four groups of sites. names of spanish origin were predominant at the national level, and their proportion decreased southward for... [ show full abstract ]\nthe saharan bank (21–26°n) is a wide subtropical continental shelf and a highly productive upwelling ecosystem. the bottom communities are dominated by octopus and sparid fish, which are the main targets of bottom - trawl fishing fleets. to investigate resource partitioning within the bottom fish community, adult fish from 14 of the most abundant species were investigated for stomach content... [ show full abstract ]\ninvestigation of a subtidal fish community in a south - western mediterranean settlement area of moroc ...\nthe small - mesh multispecies fishery is managed primarily through a series of exemptions from the northeast multispecies fishery management plan, which is managed by the new england fishery management council .\nat what depths are small - mesh multispecies found? water depth varies by species. silver hake generally occur at depths less than 200 m, but can be found up to 900 m deep. offshore hake are found primarily along the 200 m depth contour (the deepest extent of nefsc survey coverage) during spring and autumn. red hake can be more widely distributed and are found at depths ranging from 11 m to 500 m .\nhow is the fishery managed? this fishery is primarily managed under a series of exemptions to the ne multispecies fishery management plan (fmp). specific possession limits, gear restrictions, and other management measures are often determined by the exemption or regulated mesh area being fished .\nthe small - mesh multispecies complex is composed of five stocks of three species of hakes (northern silver hake, southern silver hake, northern red hake, southern red hake, and offshore hake). the map to the right depicts the stock areas for the small - mesh multispecies complex .\nthe fishery is managed primarily through a series of exemptions from the provisions of the ne multispecies fmp. the fishery is executed largely according to the regulated mesh area (rma) regulations and specified exempted fisheries. please see the\ncommercial > areas\nand\ncommercial > exempted fisheries\ntabs for more information on rmas and exempted fisheries .\n1995 – framework adjustment 9 (fr notice) established small - mesh areas 1 and 2 and their seasons .\n1996 – amendment 7 (fr notice) established additional bycatch species in cultivator shoals exemption area, as well as many other catch limits and management measures within the ne multispecies fmp .\n2000 – amendment 12 (fr notice) established essential fish habitat (efh) designations, differential possession limits based on mesh size, a transfer - at - sea provision, year 4 default measures, and included offshore hake into the ne multispecies fmp .\n2000 – framework adjustment 35 (fr notice) established the cape cod bay raised footrope trawl area and season .\n2002 – modification to framework 35 modified boundaries and season of cape cod bay raised footrope trawl area, added another area east of cape cod, and adjusted area seasons .\n2003 – framework adjustment 37 (fr notice) eliminated the year 4 default measures, adjusted area seasons, possession limits and species allowed for retention, and clarified the transfer - at - sea provisions .\n2003 – advanced notice of proposed rulemaking (fr notice) established new small - mesh multispecies control date of march 25, 2003 .\n2006 – amendment 14 scoping measures (fr notice) included for consideration included: limited entry for commercial vessels, hard total allowable catch (tac), dedicated access privileges, and recreational measures .\n2006 – advanced notice of proposed rulemaking (fr notice) reaffirmed march 25, 2003, control date .\n2012 – secretarial amendment (fr notice) to establish annual catch limits and accountability measures for the small - mesh multispecies fishery .\n2013 – amendment 19 (fr notice) modified management measures in the small - mesh multispecies fishery; including the accountability measures, the year - round possession limits, and total allowable landings process .\nwhat are the recent landings and value of the commercial fishery? in 2015, the average price of red hake was $ 0. 50 / lb, with the fishery landing 1. 04 million pounds worth $ 515 thousand .\noverfishing occurs when f (derived from the latest three years of survey data) > f 0. 1\nother stock status information: the 2010 stock assessment concluded that information was not available to determine stock status for offshore hake because fishery data were insufficient and the survey data were not considered to reflect stock trends. thus, there are no reference points for offshore hake and the overfished and overfishing status of offshore hake is unknown .\nhow often do the quotas change for this fishery? quotas, catch limits, and other fishery management measures are reviewed annually and must be updated at least every three years .\nwhat if specifications are not in place at the start of the fishing year? existing specifications roll over .\nare there in - season adjustments (changes mid - fishing year) in this fishery? yes, possession limit adjustments may be made in - season. see the accountability measures section below for details .\n: if 90 percent of a silver / offshore hake or southern red hake tal (or 37. 9 percent of the northern red hake tal) is projected to be reached or exceeded, the possession limit of that stock shall be reduced to the incidental level for the remainder of the fishing year. the incidental level for red hake stocks is 400 lb per trip, and the incidental level for silver hake stocks is 2, 000 lb per trip .\n: if a small - mesh multispecies acl was exceeded in a given fishing year, the in - season accountability measure adjustment trigger for that stock will be reduced in subsequent fishing years by 1 percent for each 1 percent by which the acl was exceeded .\nfor example: if the in season adjustment trigger is 90 percent, and an acl is exceeded by 5 percent, the adjustment trigger for the stock whose acl was exceeded would be reduced to 85 percent for subsequent fishing years .\ncommercial operator permit: operator cards are required for any operator of a charter / party boat or a commercial vessel (including carrier and processor vessels) issued a vessel permit from the greater atlantic region and fishing for or in possession of fish .\nhow to obtain a federal fishing permit: anyone with a valid vessel operator’s permit can obtain a federal open access multispecies (small mesh) (ne multispecies category k) permit by submitting a permit application and supporting documentation to the greater atlantic regional fisheries office permit division. more information can be found here .\nrecreational anglers will need to obtain a general recreational fishing license either through your state or through nmfs to fish recreationally for marine species. more information can be found here. general information on all recreational fishing in our region can be found here .\nplease see the ‘exempted fisheries’ tab in the' commercial' section for trip limits within specific exemption areas .\nfish size limits: there are no size limits for the small - mesh multispecies complex (all hake species, all stocks) .\nfor the most part, the gear requirements for this fishery are determined by the exemption or regulated mesh area being fished. please see the' areas' and ‘exempted fisheries’ tabs for more information on these specific gear requirements .\nfloats with a minimum diameter of 8 inches; must be attached along the entire length of the headrope with a maximum spacing of 4 feet between each float .\nmust be all bare wire; not larger than 1 / 2 inch in diameter for the top leg, not larger than 5 / 8 inch in diameter for the bottom leg, and not larger than 3 / 4 inch in diameter for the ground cables .\ntotal length of the ground cables must not be greater than 40 fathoms from the doors to the wing ends .\nmust be longer than the headrope (but not more than 20 feet longer than the headrope), and must be rigged so that it does not contact the bottom while fishing .\nthe maximum size drop chain stock when used with a sweep is 5 / 16 inch; or 3 / 8 - inch stock when no sweep is used .\nonly bare chain may be used; cookies or additional weights on the drop chains are prohibited .\nmust be hung from the center of the footrope and each corner (the quarter, or the junction of the bottom wing to the belly at the footrope) .\nmust be hung at 8 - foot intervals along the footrope from the corners to the wing ends .\nsweep specifications and optional sweepless trawl the raised footrope trawl may be used with or without a chain sweep. the sweep, if used, must be rigged in the following manner :\nthe sweep must be bare chain, the same length as the footrope. (note: the required drop chains at the wing ends of the footrope effectively make the sweep 7 feet longer than the footrope. )\nthe maximum size of the sweep is 5 / 16 - inch stock chain .\nthe center of the sweep must be attached to the drop chain from the center of the footrope .\nthe attachment points of each drop chain on the sweep and the footrope must be the same distance from the center drop chain attachments .\nthe ends of the sweep must be attached to the drop chains at the end of the footrope .\nvessels fishing in the cultivator shoal, raised footrope trawl, or southern new england exemption areas, and are transiting through the gulf of maine and georges bank regulated mesh area (rma), with nets with mesh smaller than the minimum mesh size, and small mesh exempted species aboard, must obtain the gom / gb rma transiting letter of authorization (loa) by contacting the greater atlantic region permit office at (978) 281 - 9370 .\nexempted fisheries allow fishing vessels to fish for specific species without being subject to certain northeast (ne) multispecies regulations, including days - at - sea (das), provided the bycatch of regulated species is minimal. to be approved and implemented, exemption programs must have demonstrated that incidental catch of ne multispecies is less than 5 percent of the total catch, by weight, and that the exemption will not jeopardize fishing mortality objectives .\napplicants must submit a written request to the regional administrator, national marine fisheries service (nmfs), 55 great republic drive, gloucester, ma 01930 - 2298. the request should describe the area in which the fishery would operate, the period in which it would operate, the gear it would use, the approximate number of vessels likely to participate, and the species it would target, retain, and land .\nthose proposing that a fishery should be exempt should describe the fishery and present all information possible that helps determine that the fishery meets the bycatch standard. the regional administrator will investigate nmfs data sources, but proposals for exemptions should be complete and clear to facilitate the process. state agencies and universities, for example, may have additional data available and applicants may contact them for assistance .\nwhen a request for an exempted fishery is submitted, the request and any accompanying data are reviewed by the regional administrator to determine whether such a fishery would meet the exemption qualifying criteria. the regional administrator will also consult with the new england fishery management council on any exemptions requested. this process may take several months to complete .\nthe small - mesh multispecies fishery is primarily managed under a series of fishery exemptions to the ne multispecies fishery management plan (fmp). as a result, the majority of the fishery (specific possession limits, gear restrictions, and other management measures) is determined by the exemption or regulated mesh area being fished .\nmore specific details for each area can be found on the linked pages within the table below. a letter of authorization (loa) is required to participate in some of these exempted fishing areas. loas can be obtained from our permits office at (978) 282 - 8438 or here .\nit is illegal to harvest or possess protected species unless otherwise specified under the regulations implementing the endangered species act or marine mammal protection act. please see links below for more information or contact nmfs, greater atlantic regional fisheries office protected resources division at (978) 281 - 9328 .\natlantic salmon - the gulf of maine (gom) distinct population segment (dps) of atlantic salmon is endangered .\nrecreational anglers will need to get a general recreational fishing license either through your state or through nmfs to fish recreationally for marine species. more information can be found here .\nvessel monitoring system (vms) requirements: there are no specific vms requirements for vessels fishing in an exempted fishery for small - mesh multispecies. however, if the vessel has vms requirements because of other permits held by the vessel, the vessel must declare dof on their vms unit when fishing for small - mesh multispecies within an exempted fishery. in some cases, another appropriate vms code may be used, depending on the other permits and other species that may be landed on that trip or within the exempted fishery. for more information about vms in the small - mesh multispecies fishery or assistance with your vms codes, call our office of law enforcement vms team at (978) 281–9149, or visit the vms website, here .\ninteractive voice response (ivr) system requirements: there are no ivr requirements for the small - mesh multispecies fishery .\nobserver requirements: there are no observer requirements for the small - mesh multispecies fishery; however, all federally permitted vessels are obligated to carry an observer if randomly selected by the national observer program .\ncatch reporting and vessel trip reports (vtr): vtrs must be maintained on board the vessel and submitted to nmfs for all fishing trips, for regardless of species retained. instructions for completing the vtr can be found here. vtrs must be submitted monthly by tuesday of the week after the fishing trip ends. copies of vtrs must be retained on board the vessel for 1 year after the date of the last entry on the log and otherwise retained for 3 years after the date of the last entry on the log .\nreporting is not required for the recreational fishery, but the marine recreational information program (mrip) is a system of voluntary coordinated data collection programs designed to estimate recreational catch and effort .\noperators of noaa fisheries greater atlantic region permitted vessels are required to submit a vessel trip report (vtr) for every fishing trip regardless of where the fishing occurs or what species are targeted, with the exception of those vessels that possess only a lobster permit. vtrs are required in order to provide information on when and where catch occurred. operators of all federally permitted vessels must complete a vtr prior to landing. vtrs can be submitted either through the use of paper forms or through the use of electronic vtr software .\nrequests for paper vtr logbooks may be made by visiting fish online at urltoken or by calling the vtr office at (978) 281 - 9246 .\nselect an underlined link in the table below for more information about that species. pdf files may require adobe reader software (download here free) to view or print .\nalso see the commercial fishing page for recent and historical maine commercial catch data for many of these species .\ninformation on federally managed species is provided here by links to noaa' s northeast fisheries science center (nefsc), office of sustainable fisheries, office of protected resources (opr), fishwatch program, and the greater atlantic regional fisheries office (garfo) sustainable fisheries division, and by links to the atlantic states marine fisheries commission (asmfc) .\nif you need further regulatory information, please contact your local marine patrol officer or one of the three marine patrol offices .\nfor more information, other species, and identification keys, try leland w. pollock' s a practical guide to the marine animals of northeastern north america from rutgers university press, available in part here free via google books or the 1953 classic, bigelow and schroeder' s fishes of the gulf of maine, available here free via the gulf of maine research inst .\ncertain habitats are essential for the survival of many marine species. for example, cod and lobster thrive in cold water, and seagrass beds provide important shelter and sources of food for young summer flounder and other juvenile fish .\nnoaa fisheries habitat conservation division protects the habitats of fish and invertebrates, nationwide, for hundreds of species and their different life stages. we work with fishermen, partner and tribal organizations, and state and federal agencies to ensure that the impacts of human activities on fish habitats are avoided, minimized, or mitigated in some manner. through this federal consultation process, we provide advice to state and federal agencies, such as recommending that sensitive life stages and areas are avoided, work plans and methods be modified, and programs be established that monitor the effects of these projects on sensitive habitats .\nwhen you add in the complexities of climate change, protecting fish habitats becomes trickier. we expect climate change to exacerbate the impacts of human activities, such as poorly planned land - use practices, pollution, and dredging and filling of wetlands. what information do we need to protect coastal and marine habitats in a changing climate, and how can we apply it ?\nrapid changes in our region climate change is a global problem, but some conditions are changing more quickly along the northeastern u. s. coast than other parts of the world. for example, the average sea surface temperature in the northeast shelf ecosystem has increased by about 1. 3 ° c (2. 3 ° f) since 1854, with about half of this change occurring in the last few decades. sea surface temperatures are projected to increase by 2 to 4 ° c (3. 6 to 7. 2 ° f) by 2100. sea levels are also rising more quickly than the global average along some sections of the coastline in our region. between 1950 and 2009, sea levels rose three to four times more than the global average along a “hotspot” of about 1, 000 kilometers (621 miles) from cape hatteras to cape cod. this rise in sea level is due to a combination of water volume expanding as the oceans warm (thermal expansion), melting of glaciers and ice sheets, changes to atlantic ocean circulation, and land subsidence. some researchers estimate that sea levels along the northeastern u. s. coast could rise 25 percent more than the global average. fish are on the move\nas ocean waters warm, fish are moving. fishermen used to catch red hake, for example, off the coasts of new jersey and new york in the 1970s. now, fishermen find them more often in the gulf of maine .\nred hake distribution (shown by red, yellow, and green) has changed dramatically in the last 30 years (source: nye et al. 2009 )\nred hake are in good company; a study published in 2013 looked at more than 350 species of fish and found that the distributions of large numbers of marine species, such as lobsters, winter flounder, silver hake, and black seas bass have also shifted north. these shifts make managing fisheries a challenge. some fish may increase in some areas and disappear in others, affecting the ability of fishermen to harvest them. tracking fish populations is an increasingly important tool for habitat conservation staff and fishery managers .\nnoaa fisheries, with rutgers university, has developed the oceanadapt website, a tool for fishermen and fishery managers to track changes in fish species ranges .\nthe movement of fish is the tip of the iceberg—the visible result of many other changes that are harder to see and map. the warming water changes the distribution of important nursery and forage habitat like seagrasses, and can cause hypoxic zones (low oxygen zones) in places like chesapeake bay to grow, which can result in large - scale fish die - offs .\ntidal wetlands, which buffer coastal communities from the effects of flooding, erosion, and storm surges, are also vulnerable to the effects of climate change. sea level rise could cover 17 to 43 percent of our nation’s tidal marshes, which offer food and protection to young fish. rising sea levels also drive people to put up concrete sea walls to protect property— eliminating the possibility of the tidal wetlands migrating inland, so they just disappear .\nin addition, invasive species, like lionfish, can also take advantage of changing conditions, and out - compete the native species; new diseases can flourish; and toxic algal blooms can kill off fish and other marine animals, and close down fisheries .\nwith so many changes and interactions, evaluating how climate change may affect fish or fish habitats is no easy task. in some areas, sea level rise and the disappearance of wetlands might have the greatest impact on fish habitat; in others, warming water may change the locations of predator and prey species causing changes up the food chain. we continue to research and develop new tools to identify habitats and species that may be vulnerable to climate change. for example, this year we are developing guidance and tools to assist federal and state agencies in minimizing the impacts of their projects on habitats, while also adapting to the effects of climate change. these new tools will provide projections of how habitats may be affected based on expected responses to temperature, oxygen, salinity, acidity, and other factors. even with these tools, we cannot always be certain how species and habitats will respond to climate change .\nas we go through this period of rapid change, we will continue to study the effects and adjust the tools in our toolbox. the importance of protecting fish habitat remains the same, but how we go about it will continue to change, along with the climate .\nriver herring need a variety of habitats for spawning, rearing, and transitioning to and from saltwater. as adults, river herring reside in marine waters most of the year and move to freshwater rivers to spawn. the substrate preferred for spawning varies greatly and can include gravel, detritus, and submerged aquatic vegetation. blueback herring prefer swifter moving waters compared to alewives. nursery areas include freshwater and semi - brackish waters. little is known about their habitat preference in the marine environment .\nriver herring have seasonal spawning migrations that are cued by water temperature. depending upon temperature, blueback herring typically spawn from late march through mid - may. however, they spawn in the southern parts of their range as early as december or january, and as late as august in the northern portion of their range. alewives have been documented spawning as early as february in the southern portion of their range, and as late as august in the northern portion of the range. the river herring migration in canada extends from late april through early july, with the peak occurring in late may and early june. blueback herring generally make their spawning runs about 2 weeks later than alewives do. river herring conform to a metapopulation paradigm (e. g. , a group of spatially separated populations of the same species which interact at some level) with adults frequently returning to their natal rivers for spawning but with some limited straying occurring between rivers .\ndams are also known to impact river herring through various mechanisms, such as habitat alteration, fish passage delays, and entrainment and impingement. river herring can undergo indirect mortality from injuries such as scale loss, lacerations, bruising, eye or fin damage, or internal hemorrhaging when passing through turbines, over spillways, and through bypasses. nmfs has developed a primer outlining the critical information needs for planning and installing fish passage .\njohn catena, of noaa, supervises the crew as a fish ladder is being installed and fitted into the cut in the dam. massachusetts, byfield, essex county. november 21, 2000. picture credit: essex county greenbelt association, cindy mom\ninduced by human activities are likely to become more apparent in future years (intergovernmental panel on climate change (ipcc) ). climate variability rather than climate change is expected to have more of an impact on river herring from 2024 - 2030. impacts of climate change on river herring have been investigated in marine habitats and are ongoing in freshwater habitats. many observed changes in river herring biology related to environmental conditions have been noted, but few detailed analyses are available to distinguish climate change from climate variability .\nnutrient enrichment from non - point sources of pollution has become a major cumulative problem for many coastal waters; especially in the mid - atlantic and southeast regions of the u. s. . nutrient loading results from the individual activities of coastal development, marinas and recreational boating, sewage treatment and disposal, industrial wastewater and solid waste disposal, ocean disposal, agriculture, and aquaculture. excess nutrients from land based activities accumulate in the soil, pollute the atmosphere, pollute ground water, or move into streams and coastal waters. nutrient inputs are known to have a direct effect on water quality. for example, nutrient enrichment can stimulate growth of phytoplankton that consumes oxygen when they decay, which can lead to low dissolved oxygen that may result in fish kills; this condition is known as eutrophication .\nin addition to the direct cumulative effects incurred by development activities, inshore and coastal habitats are also threatened by persistent increases in certain chemical discharges. the effects associated with known contaminants (e. g. , polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), hydrocarbons, non - industrial waste) on river herring life history is largely unknown. recent studies have highlighted the possible effects of contaminants, such as deicing road salt and copper, on anadromous species’ egg development .\nthe physical characteristics of streams (e. g. , stream width, depth, and current velocity; substrate; and temperature) can be altered by water withdrawals. river herring can experience thermal stress, direct mortality, or indirect mortality when water is not released during times of low river flows and water temperatures are higher than normal. water flow disruption can also result in less freshwater input to estuaries, which are important nursery areas for river herring and other anadromous species .\ndredging can negatively affect alosine populations by producing suspended sediments and migrating alosines are known to avoid waters of high sediment load. fish may also avoid areas that are being dredged because of suspended sediment in the water column. filter - feeding fishes, such as alosines, can be negatively impacted by suspended sediments on gill tissues. suspended sediments can clog gills that provide oxygen, resulting in lethal and sub - lethal effects to fish) .\nnursery areas along the shorelines of the rivers in north carolina have been affected by dredging and filling, as well as by erection of bulkheads; however, the degree of impact has not been measured. in some areas, juvenile alosines were unable to enter channelized sections of a stream due to high water velocities caused by dredging .\nthe technical expert working group (tewg) habitat subgroup has considered issues specific to the impacts from various factors affecting river herring habitat including, , but not limited to, connectivity (e. g. , fish passage), water quality / quantity, and appropriate habitat characteristics. additional information on these discussions, including identified research needs to inform the topic and ongoing efforts can be found at:" ]

{ "text": [ "the shortnose whiting , sillago arabica , is a recently described and poorly known species of inshore marine fish of the smelt whiting family sillaginidae that inhabits only the persian gulf .", "s. arabica is similar in morphology to other sillaginids , although has a distinctive shortened snout which gives the species its common name .", "this species is of no current interest to local fisheries , although beach seines may take minor amounts of this species . " ], "topic": [ 15, 25, 15 ] }

[ "the shortnose whiting, sillago arabica, is a recently described and poorly known species of inshore marine fish of the smelt whiting family sillaginidae that inhabits only the persian gulf. s. arabica is similar in morphology to other sillaginids, although has a distinctive shortened snout which gives the species its common name. this species is of no current interest to local fisheries, although beach seines may take minor amounts of this species." ]

[ "emerald ash borer information network - about emerald ash borer emerald ash borer information network. see\neab locations\nsection, includes state maps\nemerald ash borer program - emerald ash borer early detection & rapid response minnesota department of agriculture .\nthe comprehensive web resource for emerald ash borer is available at the emerald ash borer information network website .\nemerald ash borer information network - moving firewood emerald ash borer information network. provides federal and state quarantine information .\nthe role of biocontrol of emerald ash borer in protecting ash regeneration after invasion .\ndon' t be fooled by emerald ash borer look - alikes! distinguish between these beetles that could be confused with emerald ash borer .\ntreecanada subsidy for treating ash trees against emerald ash borer is not available for 2017 .\nemerald ash borer larvae damage the ash trees they live in. chicago botanic garden hide caption\nsigns to look for when determining if an emerald ash borer is invading your ash trees .\nsigns and symptoms of the emerald ash borer updated december 2005 - photos showing signs of emerald ash borer. pros and cons of insecticide treatment options .\nthe areas in canada currently regulated for emerald ash borer can be found on the canadian food inspection agency’s website. a map showing the current north american distribution of the emerald ash borer is available from the cooperative emerald ash borer project .\nusda. 2009. emerald ash borer. [ retrieved 29 january, 2009 ]\nnew york invasive species information - emerald ash borer new york invasive species clearinghouse .\nforest disturbance processes - emerald ash borer usda. fs. northern research station .\ninvasive plants and insects: emerald ash borer pennsylvania state university. cooperative extension .\nthe emerald ash borer has been found in 60 of illinois' 102 counties .\nmore information about usda’s emerald ash borer biocontrol program can be found at urltoken .\nthe emerald ash borer threatens america' s ash trees. promise you won' t move firewood .\n, the emerald ash borer (eab), which has been destroying canada' s ash trees .\nemerald ash borer program manual (2015) (pdf; 7. 58 mb )\nforest invasive alien species - emerald ash borer natural resources canada. canadian forest service .\ncurrent pests & diseases: emerald ash borer kansas state university. kansas forest service .\npesticide safety education program: emerald ash borer iowa state university. extension and outreach .\nurltoken - emerald ash borer university of georgia. center for invasive species and ecosystem health .\nplantwise technical factsheet - emerald ash borer (agrilus planipennis) cabi. plantwise knowledge bank .\ninvaders factsheet: emerald ash borer ontario' s invading species awareness program (canada) .\npest alert - emerald ash borer usda. fs. northeastern area state and private forestry .\nwhere is emerald ash borer - this web page includes quarantine maps for states with eab .\nfactors affecting the survival of ash (fraxinus spp .) trees infested by emerald ash borer (agrilus planipennis )\neab regulations and quarantines - federal and state regulations and quarantines relating to the emerald ash borer .\nemerald ash borer - federal regulations and quarantine notices usda. aphis. plant protection and quarantine .\nyoutube - the lifecycle of the emerald ash borer google. youtube; minnesota department of agriculture .\nhungry pests: the threat - emerald ash borer usda. animal and plant health inspection service .\nemerald ash borer illinois department of agriculture. bureau of environmental programs. division of natural resources .\nemerald ash borer michigan technological university. forest resources and environmental sciences. center for exotic species .\nentomologist roy van driesche from umass gives an update and perspective on biocontrol for emerald ash borer .\nprincipal source: smitley and mccullough, 2004 how homeowners can protect ash trees from the emerald ash borer in southeastern michigan .\nwatch a clip about emerald ash borer and check out other clips on dec' s youtube channel .\nlook for and report eab - public involvement is vital to detecting infestations of the emerald ash borer .\nthis website is part of a multinational effort to bring you the latest information about emerald ash borer .\nemerald ash borer invasion of north america: history, biology, ecology, impacts, and management .\nregulatory & scientific information: emerald ash borer indiana department of natural resources. entomology and plant pathology .\ndetailing the physical features, habits, territorial reach and other identifying qualities of the emerald ash borer .\nvisit the michigan department of agriculture and rural development' s emerald ash borer webpage for more information .\nmanaging emerald ash borer: decision guide 2016 - a step - by - step guide to help you manage your ash trees .\nthe trees are being killed off by the fungal disease ash - dieback along with an invasive beetle called the emerald ash borer .\nmaryland department of agriculture. 2009. emerald ash borer in maryland. [ accessed 29 january, 2009 ]\nplant pests and diseases program: insects - emerald ash borer usda. aphis. plant protection and quarantine .\nfourth instar (full - grown) emerald ash borer larva. 1. 5 - 2 inches long .\nthe emerald ash borer poses a very serious threat to all species of ash trees throughout their range in the united states and canada .\nthe united states department of agriculture’s animal and plant health inspection services recently confirmed that baraga county is infested with emerald ash borer. the information was part of the final results of the 2016 emerald ash borer trapping program .\nbauer, l. s. , liu, h. & gould, j. 2007. progress on biological control of emerald ash borer. emerald ash borer research and development review meeting � 2007: 56 - 58 .\nthe first published description of the emerald ash borer, published in the journal revue d' entomologie in 1888 .\nthe emerald ash borer is smaller than a penny. photo: howard russell, mi state u. , urltoken\nprepupae of emerald ash borer. this is the stage in which most of the population overwinters in southern ontario .\ninvasive species pest risk maps - emerald ash borer usda. fs. forest health assessment & applied sciences team .\nif you think you have spotted signs of emerald ash borer please tell us immediately using our tree alert form .\nunwanted: emerald ash borer poster showing the life cycle of eab, healthy and damaged ash trees, s - shaped galleries, etc .\nsurveys conducted in pennsylvania during the summer of 2009 also detected the emerald ash borer in washington, armstrong, and indiana counties. juniata county was added late in 2009 to the list of pennsylvania counties that are under an order of quarantine for the emerald ash borer. in may 2010 the emerald ash borer was detected in bedford county. as of mid - june 2010 a total of 12 pennsylvania counties were under an order of quarantine for the emerald ash borer .\ncommon problems of ash trees / ash tree identification iowa state university extension, january 2011 this diagnostic guide is intended to help you distinguish emerald ash borer injury from other common problems of ash trees .\nlsj reporter matthew miller breaks down the saga of the emerald ash borer and how it was able to devastated ash trees across the united states .\nmonitoring the establishment and abundance of introduced parasitoids of emerald ash borer larvae in maryland, u. s. a .\nemerald ash borer is now in connecticut. currently there is a quarantine affecting the movement of ash materials and firewood out of the state of connecticut .\ncanadian food inspection agency, 2004. emerald ash borer. summary: available from: urltoken [ accessed 30 november 2004 ]\nemerald ash borer invasion of north america: history, biology, ecology, impacts, and management. - pubmed - ncbi\ninvasive species management - emerald ash borer college of menominee nation sustainable development institute. note: eab impacts on american indian communities\nthe small emerald ash borer beetle has a justifiably bad reputation for destruction, radically deforesting neighborhoods in just a few years .\nour contingency plan outlines the measures which would be taken if an outbreak of emerald ash borer were discovered in the uk .\nuse the emerald ash borer identification poster or the information below to determine if you have identified eab or eab tree damage .\nmccullough, d. g & roberts, d. l. , 2003. pest alert. (draft) emerald ash borer\nspending on emerald ash borer programs by the u. s. department of agriculture' s animal and plant health inspection service .\npest tracker - survey status of emerald ash borer usda. aphis. cooperative agricultural pest survey. national agricultural pest information system .\nmeans of introduction: the emerald ash borer most likely arrived in the united states via solid wood packing materials arriving from asia .\nmonitoring the establishment and abundance of introduced parasitoids of emerald ash borer larvae in maryland, u. s. a. - sciencedirect\nemerald ash borer insecticide treatment options. i nsecticide products available for use by homeowners are summarized in table 1. they include :\nwhite fringetrees in areas containing emerald ash borer should be inspected for this insect' s presence. if suspected emerald ash borers are found, contact your local extension office or illinois department of agriculture inspector for verification .\nthe authors conclude that communities can prepare for emerald ash borer and attempt to minimize a significant loss in canopy in a narrow window of time through the treatment of ash, the preemptive replacement (underplanting) of nonash before ash trees die, the removal of the worst condition ash first, and the development of an emerald ash borer management plan in advance .\na factsheet produced by aphis with common questions and answers about the emerald ash borer quarantine restrictions in the united states. available from urltoken\nmccullough, d. and r. usborne. 2015. frequently asked questions. michigan state university, emerald ash borer information network .\nemerald ash borer larva feeding on insecticide - treated artificial diet. tina ciarmitaro, u. s. department of agriculture forest service .\nmichigan department of agriculture. 2003. emerald ash borer michigan eradication strategy. summary: available from: urltoken [ accessed 30 november 2004 ]\nremember that it is illegal to move all hardwood firewood outside of eab quarantine areas. see map of emerald ash borer status in minnesota .\nyoutube - little things big problems - - emerald ash borer google. youtube; doi. national park service; great lakes restoration initiative .\nthe emerald ash borer is a highly destructive invasive beetle. it is a pest of ash trees. it was confirmed as present in canada in the summer of 2002 .\nif you are not in one of the areas regulated for the emerald ash borer and you suspect signs of infestation on your ash trees, contact a local cfia office .\nlearn to id and report signs of the emerald ash borer: a highly destructive, invasive beetle that kills every type of ash tree — even healthy, vigorous ones .\nmap of counties where the emerald ash borer has been discovered. zoom in or out on the map to see the areas nationwide where the borer has been found. source: usda / aphis\nget the most current information about emerald ash borer from our popular eab university webinars or follow us on twitter for the latest news about eab .\nlouisville slugger uses white ash harvested from northern pennsylvania and new york. the ash borer arrived in western pennsylvania in 2007 .\nas emerald ash borer spreads and kills ash trees across the u. s. , how much can we expect to spend on treating healthy trees or removing and replacing infested trees ?\nillinois dept of agriculture. , june 13 2006. emerald ash borer confirmed in illinois. summary: available from: urltoken [ accessed july 2006 ]\ndeep and caes will continue to provide direction and updates regarding the emerald ash borer as more becomes known about the extent and intensity of the infestation .\nphoto gallery, publication gallery and links to state and federal agencies all over north america pertaining to the control and eradication of the emerald ash borer .\nemerald ash borer planning simulator (eab - plans®) - beta version this program was developed to assist decision - makers in managing ash trees in urban and community forests challenged by eab .\nthe state has dropped its quarantine on the movement of firewood and ash trees within illinois, acknowledging that it' s too late to limit the spread of the emerald ash borer beetle .\ninsecticide options for protecting ash trees from emerald ash borer june 2014 - the most current, up - to - date information and research on if, when, and how to treat ash trees is available in this bulletin .\nemerald ash borer larvae are white and flat, with distinctive bell - shaped segments, and can grow up to 30 millimetres long (1 inch) .\nusda–aphis / ars / fs. 2017. emerald ash borer biological control release and recovery guidelines. usda–aphis–ars - fs, riverdale, maryland. 74 p .\nin north america, the emerald ash borer has been found to attack and kill all north american species of ash (fraxinus spp .). the mountain ash (sorbus spp .) is not related to ash trees and the insect does not attack that tree .\npurdue entomology extension, 2006. national map. emerald ash borer information, purdue university summary: national map available from: urltoken [ accessed 27 november 2006 ]\ndomestic quarantine notices (title 7: agriculture, part 301) - emerald ash borer u. s. government printing office. electronic code of federal regulations .\nif the insect sighting was not emerald ash borer, there is no need to file a report. find additional information about colorado insects from the csu extension .\nthe researchers also spent a great deal of time making sure that the parasitic wasp was host specific to emerald ash borer and wouldn’t impact any other similar species .\ndomestic movement requirements for ash products, as well as import conditions, are outlined in the cfia policy directive d - 03 - 08: phytosanitary requirements to prevent the introduction into and spread within canada of the emerald ash borer, agrilus planipennis (fairmaire). the directive also provides information on the voluntary emerald ash borer approved facility compliance program. the program has been developed to mitigate the spread of the emerald ash borer in canada while facilitating the domestic movement and importation of regulated articles from the continental united states .\npreventative treatment is not being recommended until more is known about emerald ash borer' s ability to attack healthy trees. imidacloprid (merit, imicide, others), dinotefuran (safari), and emamectin benzoate (tree - age) recommended for emerald ash borer treatment in ash are also labeled for application to white fringetree. (photo by phil nixon )\nemerald ash borer impacts on american indian communities emerald ash borer (eab) infestation is a major concern for american indian people. many american indian cultures and traditions rely on ash trees for the wood needed for making baskets, lacrosse sticks, pipe stems, flutes, and medicinal remedies. the ash tree is a central figure in some traditional and religious stories told by several american indian tribes .\nemerald ash borer (eab, agrilus planipennis) is an exotic beetle pest. it is a member of the beetle family buprestidae, and causes significant damage to ash trees (fraxinus species) .\nspathius galinae has been approved for release to help control the emerald ash borer, an invasive beetle that has devastated ash tree populations across the united states. photo by usda and university of delaware .\nthe emerald ash borer probably arrived in the early 1990s, they found, possibly as early as the late 1980s. larvae were likely carried along inside of wooden packing materials from the borer' s native range in china .\nheterospilus species are known to parasitize native wood - boring larvae, several of which are closely related to the emerald ash borer. davidson and rieske - kinney recovered at least two species of heterospilus in borer - infested logs .\nmountain ash is not true ash or a fraxinus species. mountain ash is actually part of the rose family .\nthe most common way for the emerald ash borer to spread is through people moving infested materials such as firewood, logs, branches, nursery stock, chips or other ash wood. the emerald ash borer also spreads naturally through beetle flight. research indicates the adult can fly up to 10 kilometres, but generally does not stray from the immediate area when it emerges .\nand the emerald ash borer will kill more trees. scientists have found many ways to slow it down, but no way to stop it on a large scale .\none of three because no one in china and other parts of its natural range cared much about the borer. they mostly didn' t have to. the manchurian ash and chinese ash and other asian species have an evolutionary history with the insect. they produce compounds toxic to emerald ash borer larvae .\nwhite fringetree is in the same family, oleaceae, as ash. several years ago after finding emerald ash borer in the u. s. , researchers screened numerous plants related to ash as hosts. the most suitable host found at that time was lilac, in which emerald ash borer larvae tunneled for a short distance over a few days before dying. i do not know whether white fringetree was tested .\nentomology researchers in the university of kentucky college of agriculture, food and environment have received encouraging results in their fight to protect kentucky ash trees from the emerald ash borer (eab), an exotic wood - boring invader that kills ash trees .\ninitial surveys in michigan indicated that few (< 1 %) native parasitoids from related species had made the shift to emerald ash borer. however, recent surveys in canada suggest that some native parasitoids are having an impact on emerald ash borer populations and may potentially be exploited as biocontrol agents. woodpeckers are the only native predators that feed extensively on the borer. three parasitoids from china that are highly specific and cause substantial mortality to emerald ash borer in asia have been imported, cultured and released in the united states. one of these species has been released recently at a single site in ontario. some native fungal pathogens (insect diseases) have also been recovered from emerald ash borer and these are also being tested as biocontrol agents .\nthe emerald ash borer was found in milwaukee in 2012, an infestation on private property that had begun at least four years prior. the ash trees lining the adjacent street were healthy. they still are .\nthe cfia believes there is continued merit in slowing the spread of the emerald ash borer within canada and protecting this country' s vast ash resource. to achieve this, the emphasis is on the following :\nwhen the emerald ash borer was first detected in canada, the cfia included tree removal as one control measure. the cfia has since decided to eliminate tree removal as a management option for the emerald ash borer because, from a national perspective, ash tree removal is not an effective way to prevent this pest from spreading to non - infested areas. more important issues include ;\nnixon, p. 2008. entomology fact sheet, nhe - 16: emerald ash borer insecticidal management. department of natural resources and environmental sciences, university of illinois .\nhe found the emerald ash borer in beijing, according to a brief description of the beetle by the french entomologist leon fairmaire published in the revue d' entomologiein 1888 .\nwe now know that asian longhorned beetle and emerald ash borer are very, very different plant pests in terms of their biology and ecology ,\nsaid paul chaloux, national policy manager for the emerald ash borer program at the u. s. department of agriculture' s animal and plant health inspection service, also known as aphis .\ndoes my tree have emerald ash borer guide? (pdf: 2. 46 mb / 2 pages) - en espanol (pdf: 423 kb / 1 página )\nthe emerald ash borer costs the city of milwaukee is $ 980, 000 a year, but ash trees are still very much part of the city' s streetscape. the money pays for insecticide treatments, 14, 000 ash trees each year .\nmost trees die within 2 to 4 years of becoming infested. the emerald ash borer is responsible for the destruction of hundreds of millions of ash trees in the u. s. since its discovery in michigan .\nin northeastern north america, five species of native ash have been attacked by emerald ash borer. all five of these species occur in canada and all but blue ash are highly susceptible. although attacked, blue ash, an uncommon species occurring in southwestern ontario, seems to be somewhat resistant .\nchen, y. ; ulyshen, m. d. ; poland, t. m. 2012. differential utilization of ash phloem by emerald ash borer larvae: ash species and larval stage effects. agricultural and forest entomology 14: 324 - 330 .\nthat' s because it may have been cold enough in some areas to freeze and kill some damaging invasive species of insects, including the tree - killing emerald ash borer .\nipm scouting in woody landscape plants - emerald ash borer michigan state university. integrated pest management program. see also: ipm scouting in woody landscape plants for more pests and diseases\nalong with these regulatory and surveillance activities, the cfia continues its efforts to raise public awareness of the emerald ash borer as part of the slow - the - spread strategy .\nbattle of the ash borer the ash borer has wiped out virtually every ash tree in southeast michigan. in much of the rest of the state' s lower peninsula, there are few trees left to fight for. check out this story on urltoken urltoken\nthe emerald ash borer is characterized as an invasive species that was accidentally imported into north america, probably via wooden packaging materials, and is causing both economic and ecological impacts. the distribution of emerald ash borer in canada will continue to increase from the natural spread of the insect through flight and by the human - assisted movement of infested ash commodities (firewood, nursery stock and wood products) .\ndeb mccullough, an msu entomologist and one of the worlds foremost expert on the emeral ash borer, inspects an ash tree at a research area on the msu campus filled with ash trees .\nfield guide: invasive - emerald ash borer missouri department of conservation. see also: for more information about invasive tree pests (insects and diseases) that are not native to missouri\nif you are in an area that is regulated for the emerald ash borer and you have recently trimmed or cut down your ash tree, please call your city, your municipality, or the cfia for directions on disposal .\nan adult female tetrastichus planipennisi. these parasitic wasps also co - evolved with emerald ash borer in china, are about the length of a sesame seed (3 - 4 mm long) and spend most of their lives on the bark of ash borer - infested ash trees searching for larvae developing under the bark. after locating an ash borer larva, the female drills thru the bark and lays an average of 40 eggs inside each eab larva .\nno. when the emerald ash borer was first detected in canada, the cfia' s control measures included cutting down infested trees. since then, however, the cfia has determined that removing infested host trees is not an effective tool in managing the emerald ash borer. the cfia only orders trees to be removed within regulated areas for the purpose of supporting research .\n“these wasps do not sting human beings, ” said duan. “they don’t even sting ‘naked’ emerald ash borer larvae dissected out of the bark. they simply lay eggs on it. ”\ntetrastichus planipennisi, a parasitoid wasp introduced from china to take on the emerald ash borer. researchers in kentucky recently found that native wasps may also be turning their attention towards the eab .\nemerald ash borer (eab), agrilus planipennis fairmaire, is an exotic asian beetle accidentally introduced into north america before 2002. its larvae feed on and kill ash trees, creating regulatory headaches and costing millions in control measures. in july 2008, a small eab infestation was discovered at a wappapello lake campground. since then, the beetle has been detected in several other areas in the state. you can help slow its spread by detecting it early in your area. use the emerald ash borer csi brochure below, and report signs of eab at missouri' s emerald ash borer program website .\nemerald ash borer (eab) was found in boulder, co, in september 2013. as a non - native insect, eab lacks predators to keep it in check. eab only attacks ash trees in the genus fraxinus (so mountain ash are not susceptible) .\nwhite fringetree is very susceptible to drought, and this region of ohio has had severe drought for several years. it is likely that these trees were in decline when attacked, so it is not known whether emerald ash borer attacks healthy white fringetrees. this area also has had a large emerald ash borer infestation with many dead ash trees. in this situation, adult beetles are likely to lay eggs into various hosts .\n– listed companies perform tree work in the quarantine area and have formally agreed to abide by all of the applicable regulations imposed by the emerald ash borer quarantine. the following businesses can provide various services ranging from tree evaluations, pesticide treatment options, structural management / care, wood / mulch / chip resources, waste disposal as well as emerald ash borer tree care management information .\nduan, jian j. ; bauer, leah s. ; van driesche, roy g. 2017. emerald ash borer biocontrol in ash saplings: the potential for early stage recovery of north american ash trees. forest ecology and management. 394: 64 - 72. urltoken\nmccullough, d. g. & siegert, n. w. 2007. estimating potential emerald ash borer (coleoptera: buprestidae) populations using ash inventory data. journal of economic entomology 100 (5): 1577 - 1586 .\nmdnr (michigan department of natural resources). 2004. emerald ash borer (agrilus planipennis). wildlife species & habitat. summary: available from: urltoken [ accessed 30 november 2004 ]\nit got cold enough in parts of minnesota to possibly wipe out up to 80 percent of the emerald ash borer population and significantly slow the advance of the invasive insect there, venette says .\nunl extension entomologist jim kalisch and kay kromm from the nebraska department of agriculture talk about the emerald ash borer. they show the damage it can do as well as it' s behavior .\nherms da, gandhi kjk, cardina j, long rp, knight ks, smith a, and mccullough dg. 2008. impacts of emerald ash borer – induced gap formation on forest communities. [ abstract ] in: proceedings, emerald ash borer research and development meeting. october 23 - 24, 2007. pittsburgh, pa. fhtet - 2008 - 07. p. 10 .\nmoving firewood and other ash wood materials in areas infested with emerald ash borer is regulated by the infested states and federal government. the following information should help you determine whether or not is it acceptable to move firewood within or between states .\nchen, y. ; poland, t. m. 2010. nutritional and defensive chemistry of three north american ash species: possible roles in performance by emerald ash borer adults. the great lakes entomologist. 43: 20 - 33 .\nduan, jian; bauer, leah; van driesche, roy; gould, juli. 2018. progress and challenges of protecting north american ash trees from the emerald ash borer using biological control. forests. 9 (3): 142\nthe quiet invasion: a guide to invasive species of the galveston bay area - emerald ash borer texas commission on environmental quality, galveston bay estuary program; houston advanced research center (harc) .\nash tree identification bulletin kimberly rebek and mary wilson - criteria to properly identify ash trees .\nemerald ash borer has been found in white fringetree, chionanthus virginicus, in the dayton and springfield areas of western ohio. part of a dead adult found in one of the trees has been positively identified by usda personnel along with larvae from the same tree whose anatomical characters are consistent with emerald ash borer. live larvae were found in single trees in each of four sites. many more dead larvae were found in the trees. it was estimated that emerald ash borers had been in the trees for at least four years .\nemerald ash borer (eab), agrilus planipennis fairmaire, is an exotic beetle that was discovered in southeastern michigan near detroit in summer 2002. the adult beetles nibble on ash foliage but cause little damage. the larvae (the immature stage) feed on the inner bark of ash trees, disrupting the tree' s ability to transport water and nutrients. emerald ash borer probably arrived in the united states on solid wood packing material carried in cargo ships or airplanes originating in its native asia .\nbefore the emerald ash borer was found in the united states, there was the asian longhorned beetle, an invasive killer of hardwoods found in new york and chicago in the latter half of the 1990s .\nfrom the start, the federal government' s efforts to combat the emerald ash borer included a trickle of money for what' s known as bio - control. it has since become the focus .\nweb sites with more information about emerald ash borer. including the national eab site, the pennsylvania eab site and other sites (michigan, ohio, maryland, usda forest service, bugwood) sites .\nemerald ash borer (agrilus planipennis) is a major threat to the ash species (fraxinus spp .) in hardwood forests. effects of emerald ash borer may be similar to those of chestnut blight or dutch elm disease. as ash trees in forests die, gaps form in the forest canopy, allowing light to reach understory vegetation. native trees may respond and fill in the gaps. ash seedlings that were too small to be infested during the first “wave” of emerald ash borer may grow larger and eventually become infested. invasive plant species may be facilitated by the increased light levels, allowing the plants to colonize new areas, grow rapidly, and reproduce. native herbaceous plants may be impacted by the loss of the ash trees and the responses of other vegetation. soil properties may change due to the disappearance of ash, a calcium accumulator .\nagresearch magazine - tiny wasps may rescue ash trees (may 2016) usda. agricultural research service. emerald ash borer (eab) is an invasive insect from asia that kills ash trees. eab was first detected in north america in 2002. several tiny wasp species are helping to control eab .\neab strictly attacks ash trees (fraxinus species) of all sizes, whether healthy or unhealthy. other trees with ash in their name such as mountain ash or prickly ash are not true ash trees and are not threatened by eab .\nmassachusetts introduced pests outreach project. undated. emerald ash borer. massachusetts dept. of agricultural resources and the umass extension agriculture and landscape program. summary: available from: urltoken [ accessed 30 november 2004 ]\nalas, the emerald ash borer is a visual bug. if humans had eyes of the same proportion to our bodies, they' d be the size of grapefruit. it has certain preferred colors, as reflected in the barney - the - dinosaur - purple now used for emerald ash borer traps, and it likes the silhouettes of trees, but visual cues don' t exert a long - distance pull .\nwe will quantify wide - ranging effects of emerald ash borer on forest ecosystems. understanding the conditions that facilitate invasive species will assist managers in taking action to prevent the spread of invasive species in infested forests .\nif you live in the lower peninsula, you no longer need to report eab. if you need additional information, please use the contact information under the\nemerald ash borer contact information\nsection below .\npoland, t. m. , and d. g. mccullough. 2006. emerald ash borer: invasion of the urban forest and the threat to north america' s ash resource. journal of forestry 104 (3): 118 - 124 .\nthe emerald ash borer has few natural enemies in north america - woodpeckers are an exception - and so in 2003 researchers from the forest service and aphis and colleagues from china began searching in the borer' s native range for parasites. they brought back three species of tiny stingless wasps .\neab only infests true ash trees (genus fraxinus). is your tree an ash tree ?\nhermes, a. a; stone, a. k; and chatfield, j. a. , 2003. emerald ash borer: the beginning of the end of ash in north america. summary: available from: urltoken [ accessed 30 november 2004 ]\nchen, y. ; whitehill, j. g. a. ; bonello, p. ; poland, t. m. 2010. feeding by emerald ash borer larvae induces systemic changes in black ash foliar chemistry. phytochemistry 72: 1990 - 1998 .\nlist of businesses with an eab compliance agreement - these companies that perform tree work in the quarantine area and have formally agreed to abide by all of the applicable regulations imposed by the emerald ash borer quarantine. the following businesses can provide various services ranging from tree evaluations, pesticide treatment options, structural management / care, wood / mulch / chip resources, waste disposal as well as emerald ash borer tree care management information .\npontius, j. , martin, m. , plourde, l. & hallett. 2007. ash decline assessment in emerald ash borer - infested regions: a test of tree - level, hyperspectral technologies. remote sensing of environment 112: 2665 - 2676 .\npureswaran, d. s. ; poland, t. m. 2009. host selection and feeding preference of the emerald ash borer, agrilus planipennis fairmaire (coleoptera: buprestidae) on ash (fraxinus spp .). environmental entomology 38: 757 - 765 .\nthe possibility that the emerald ash borer has already been introduced to many areas that do not appear to be infested, but that these infestations have not yet been discovered because infestations are difficult to identify and ash trees take a long time to develop symptoms of infestation .\nthe species now known as the emerald ash borer became known to the western world by way of a french priest and naturalist named armand david, who made three trips through imperial china in the 1860s and' 70s .\nfederal and state agencies pursued a strategy of eradication, chopping down infested trees by the thousands. when the fight against the emerald ash borer began, the methods used against the longhorned beetle seemed like an obvious template .\nemerald ash borer adults are very small, metallic green beetles. they are about the size of a cooked grain of rice: only 3 / 8 - 1 / 2 inch long and 1 / 16 inch wide .\nchen, y. ; ciaramitaro, t. ; poland, t. m. 2011. moisture content and nutrition as selection forces for emerald ash borer larval feeding behavior. ecological entomology 36: 344 - 354 .\n“we’re hoping that by releasing biocontrols like these, we can slow the spread and better manage the impacts of emerald ash borer in colorado, ” said john kaltenbach, biological control specialist for the colorado department of agriculture .\noobius agrili - bauer calls it\noobs\n- is the size of a poppy seed and lays its eggs inside borer eggs. the slightly larger tetrastichus planipennisi, or\ntets ,\nlays eggs inside borer larvae. the hatching larvae of spathius agrili feed and develop on ash borer larvae .\nsurveillance activities outside the regulated areas include surveying high - risk sites such as campgrounds, nurseries and woodlots. this will help prevent the spread of the pest to areas where the emerald ash borer is not known to occur .\nbut the trees that that supply her working materials are dying. different species of ash have different levels of susceptibility to the emeral ash borer. blue ash, named for the blue dye that can be extracted from its inner bark, is relatively resistant, white ash a little less so. green and black ash are the most vulnerable .\nthe emerald ash borer (eab) (agrilus planipennis) was first discovered in the u. s. in 2002 in southeastern michigan. it was also found in windsor, ontario the same year. this asian beetle infests and kills north american ash species (fraxinus sp .) including green, white, black and blue ash. thus, all native ash trees are susceptible .\nand, indeed, the book contained a description of the emerald ash borer, a page - and - a - half account of its life cycle and eating habits and the speed with which the larvae could kill a tree .\nemerald ash borer identification guide november 2008 – this guide has numerous photos of eab, and other insects that look like eab. it is a great companion piece to the other eab identification tools you will find on this website .\nno, the cfia will not remove infested trees nor provide compensation. the cfia is now focusing all its efforts related to the emerald ash borer towards surveillance, enforcement, and public awareness to prevent further spread of the pest .\nin addition, 6 nycrr part 575 prohibited and regulated invasive species (link leaves dec' s website) prohibits the movement of emerald ash borer, in any life stage, unless for management, control, identification or disposal .\nnzokou, p. , petrice, t. r. , haack, r. a. & kamdem, d. p. 2006. borate and imidacloprid treatment of ash logs infested with the emerald ash borer. forest products journal 56 (5): 78 - 81 .\nchen, y. ; whitehill, j. g. a. ; bonello, p. ; poland, t. m. 2011. differential response in foliar chemistry of three ash species to emerald ash borer adult feeding. journal of chemical ecology 37: 29 - 39 .\nthe ash borer has wiped out virtually every ash tree in southeast michigan. in much of the rest of the state' s lower peninsula, there are few trees left to fight for .\nsixty - one illinois counties were under state quarantine. it prohibited the removal of the emerald ash borer in any living stage of development; ash trees of any size; ash limbs and branches; any cut and non - coniferous firewood; bark from ash trees; wood chips larger than 1 inch from ash trees; ash logs and lumber with the bark or the outer one - inch of sapwood attached; any item made from or containing ash tree wood; and any article, product or means that presented a risk of spreading the beetle .\nash silvicultural prescription handout michigan dnr - 2011 great lakes restoration initiative grant - as the emerald ash borer (eab) outbreak spreads through various michigan counties, landowners are advised to prepare by working with forestry professionals to obtain a forest management plan that prescribes harvest practices designed to reduce but not eliminate the ash component of their upland hardwood stands .\nthe emerald ash borer is a bright green beetle that, like ash dieback, is native to asia. it' s not yet in the uk but is spreading west from moscow at a rate of 25 miles (41 km) a year and is thought to have reached sweden .\nmark abrahamson explains emerald ash borer management strategies and results in this eab university webinar. the eab university webinar series is funded by the usda forest service, and produced by michigan state university, ohio state university, and purdue university .\nemerald ash borer eggs are very small (1 mm), difficult to find and are rarely seen. female beetles deposit them in bark crevices and as larvae hatch from the egg, they immediately chew their way into the tree .\nscientists from our forest research agency have visited russia to study the pest there, and have co - written a scientific paper (external site) on the distribution, impact and rate of spread of emerald ash borer in the moscow region .\nduring the relatively short time that the emerald ash borer has been in north america, it is believed to have killed millions of trees in the united states and canada, with billions more across north america at risk of infestation and death .\nit' s bauer' s job to determine how the wasps establish themselves in the wild, what impact they have on emerald ash borer populations and how that matters for ash trees. she has been been observing populations at six sites in ingham, clinton, shiawassee, saginaw and gratiot counties .\n“one of the groups, atanycolus, has been recovered by researchers in northern states as well, ” rieske - kinney said. “the other genus, heterospilus, is a parasitoid that has never been associated with the emerald ash borer before. ”\njanuary 2011 - this document is an endorsement for ash tree conservation as part of integrated approach to managing emerald ash borer in urban areas, and is supported by university scientists with expertise in eab management, commercial arborists, municipal foresters, public works officials, and non - governmental organizations (ngos) .\nwhich wouldn' t have mattered even a year prior. but, in 2008, a massachusetts company called arborjet released tree - äge®, the first insecticide that really worked on the emerald ash borer. mccullough at msu did the testing. it killed more than 99 percent of emerald ash borer larvae in treated trees and 100 percent of the adult beetles that nibbled on their leaves. a silver bullet with limitations, among them the fact that it had to be injected directly into each tree .\nbauer, leah s. ; haack, robert a. ; miller, deborah l. ; petrice, toby r. ; liu, houping. 2003. emerald ash borer life cycle. in: mastro, victor; reardon, richard, comps. emerald ash borer research and technology development meeting; 2003 september 30 - october 1; port huron, mi. fhtet 2004 - 03. morgantown, wv: u. s. forest service, forest health technology enterprise team: 8 .\nhowever, according to a review led by dr peter thomas of keele university and published in the journal of ecology ,\nbetween the fungal disease ash dieback and a bright green beetle called the emerald ash borer, it is likely that almost all ash trees in europe will be wiped out - just as the elm was largely eliminated by dutch elm disease\n.\nusda program managers also told the gao that they were concerned about cuts in funding for the emerald ash borer program. without the resources to pursue the beetle aggressively, they said, it was likely to spread farther and cost more in long run .\nan adult emerald ash borer is a small metallic green insect, only 1 / 2 inch long and very narrow. these adult beetles are rarely seen because of their small size and because they are only present for 3 - 6 weeks each year .\nthe cfia continues to consult with federal, provincial and municipal partners and stakeholders on science - based strategies for detecting and controlling the emerald ash borer. biological control and natural tree resistance may play increasingly important roles in managing this insect' s populations .\ncredit valley conservation is working with its partners to monitor the spread of emerald ash borer (eab) throughout the credit river watershed. by 2009, eab was detected in the urban southern areas of the watershed, including mississauga, brampton and oakville .\nother emerald ash borer treatment options. homeowners may also contact a certified arborist or certified pesticide applicator to treat their trees. see urltoken for a list of certified arborists in wisconsin. professionals have access to some products that are not available to homeowners .\npoland, therese m. ; ciaramitaro, tina m. ; mccullough, deborah g. 2016. laboratory evaluation of the toxicity of systemic insecticides to emerald ash borer larvae. journal of economic entomology. doi: 10. 1093 / jee / tov381\nmargulies, elan; bauer, leah; ibáñez, inés. 2017. buying time: preliminary assessment of biocontrol in the recovery of native forest vegetation in the aftermath of the invasive emerald ash borer. forests. doi: 10. 3390 / f8100369\nrebek, e. j. , herms, d. a. & smitley, d. r. 2008. interspecific variation in resistance to emerald ash borer (coleoptera: buprestidae) among north american and asian ash (fraxinus spp .). environmental entomolgoy 37 (1): 242 - 246 .\nlingering ash. that' s what they call the survivors. herms and his colleagues have collected their buds, planted clones to be exposed to the emerald ash borer. they don' t know yet if the native resistance is real, but it would be\nthe ideal situation ,\nherms said .\nliu, h. & bauer, l. s. 2008 - b. microbial control of emerald ash borer, agrilus planipennis (coleoptera: buprestidae) with beauveria bassiana strain gha: greenhouse and field trials. biological control 45: 124 - 132 .\nnzokou, p. , tourtellot, s. & kamdem, d. p. 2008 - c. sanitizaiton of logs infested by exotic pests: case study of the emerald ash borer (agrilus planipennis fairmaire) treatments using conventional heat and microwave. usda\nthe emerald ash borer is native to china and eastern asia. it was found in north america in 2002. in may 2002, it was discovered in southeastern michigan in the united states and in july 2002 it was found in essex county in ontario .\n“our findings suggest that this genus may easily transition to eab, ” she said. “they also suggest that our native parasitoids may be learning the emerald ash borer is available and may be using it as a host, hopefully contributing to eab suppression. ”\nannual review of entomology since its accidental introduction from asia, emerald ash borer (eab), agrilus planipennis fairmaire (coleoptera: buprestidae), has killed millions of ash trees in north america. as it continues to spread, it could functionally extirpate ash with devastating economic and ecological impacts... current management is focused on biological control, insecticide protection of high - value trees, and integrated efforts to slow ash mortality .\nash management: emerald ash borer 2012 - michigan dnr - forest resources division - as stewards of michigan' s ash resources, a goal is to reduce the vulnerability of our forest resources to the emerald ash borer (eab). the goal is not to eliminate ash from the forest, but to create a more diverse forest resource that is resistant to catastrophic changes affecting a single species or genera. generally, the recommendation is to reduce the ash component of forest stands to a maximum10% of total stand basal area, and to promote tree species diversity. vigorous pole size and smaller ash should be targeted for retention. removing one large ash has a much greater effect on reducing eab population potential than does removing many saplings or a few pole size trees. the objective is to create a stand that will maintain a minimum or greater basal area, in the event that all ash is eventually lost to eab." ]

{ "text": [ "agrilus planipennis , commonly known as the emerald ash borer , is a green buprestid or jewel beetle native to northeastern asia that feeds on ash species .", "females lay eggs in bark crevices on ash trees , and larvae feed underneath the bark of ash trees to emerge as adults in one to two years .", "in its native range , it is typically found at low densities and does not cause significant damage to trees native to the area .", "outside its native range , it is an invasive species and is highly destructive to ash trees native to northwest europe and north america .", "prior to being found in north america , very little was known about emerald ash borer in its native range ; this has resulted in much of the research on its biology being focused in north america .", "local governments in north america are attempting to control it by monitoring its spread , diversifying tree species , insecticides , and biological control . " ], "topic": [ 29, 8, 13, 13, 29, 12 ] }

[ "agrilus planipennis, commonly known as the emerald ash borer, is a green buprestid or jewel beetle native to northeastern asia that feeds on ash species. females lay eggs in bark crevices on ash trees, and larvae feed underneath the bark of ash trees to emerge as adults in one to two years. in its native range, it is typically found at low densities and does not cause significant damage to trees native to the area. outside its native range, it is an invasive species and is highly destructive to ash trees native to northwest europe and north america. prior to being found in north america, very little was known about emerald ash borer in its native range; this has resulted in much of the research on its biology being focused in north america. local governments in north america are attempting to control it by monitoring its spread, diversifying tree species, insecticides, and biological control." ]

[ "ethmia lassenella busck, 1908; proc. ent. soc. wash. 9 (1 - 4): 92; tl: redington, pima co. , arizona\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 35616 genus: ethmia species: lassenella sex: location: visalia county: tulare collector: coll _ date: in mar specimen _ loc: cdfa url: https: ... more\nethmia lassenella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 79; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 71, 216 (list), pl. 5b; [ nacl ], # 963; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia tyranthes meyrick, 1934; exotic microlep. 4 (15): 459\nethmia clytodoxa turner, 1917; proc. r. soc. qd 29: 89\nethmia falkovitshi; nupponen, 2015, shilap revta lepid. 43 (169): 127\nethmia vidua flavilaterella; shovkoon, 2010, nota lepid. 33 (1): 140\nethmia atriflorella viette, 1958; bull. soc. zool. fr. 83: 57\nethmia oberthurella viette, 1958; bull. soc. zool. fr. 83: 58\nethmia saalmullerella viette, 1958; bull. soc. zool. fr. 83: 54\nethmia shensicola amsel, 1969; beitr. naturk. forsch. südwdtl. 28: 75\nethmia palawana schultze, 1925; philippine j. sci. 28: 574; tl: palawan\nethmia befasiella viette, 1958; rev. franc. ent. 25 (2): 122\nethmia decui capuse, 1981; res. exp. biosp. cubano roum cuba 3: 132\nethmia melanocrates meyrick, 1923; bull. mus. hist. nat. paris 29: 565\nethmia paneliusella viette, 1958; commentat. biol. 17: 5; tl: cap verde islands\nethmia lecmima sattler, 1967; [ mp2 ], 60; tl: e. afghanistan, sarobi\ni have just assumed that the ethmia funerella funerella in [ mp2 ] is simply replaced by ethmia quadrillella quadrillella, and that all other ssp' s are not affectedother than by name. - - msa\nethmia candidella delicatella de lattin, 1963; beitr. naturk. forsch. südwdtl. 22: 53\nethmia pagiopa meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (6): 189; tl: kashmir\nethmia octanoma meyrick, 1914; suppl. ent. 3: 55; tl: formosa, kosempo\nethmia clarissa busck, 1914; insec. ins. menstr. 2: 56; tl: cuba\nethmia submissa busck, 1914; insec. ins. menstr. 2: 57; tl: cuba\nethmia sporadica turner, 1942; proc. r. soc. qd 53 (4): 94\nethmia pseustis turner, 1942; proc. r. soc. qd 53 (4): 94\nethmia austronamibiensis mey, 2011; esperiana mem. 6: 190, pl. 31, f. 2\nethmia bradleyi viette, 1952; mém. inst. sci. madag. (e) 1: 162\nethmia iphicrates meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (15): 473; tl: kenia colony\nethmia kabulica amsel, 1969; beitr. naturk. forsch. südwdtl. 28 (2): 119\nethmia namella mey, 2011; esperiana mem. 6: 189, pl. 31, f. 1\nethmia vulcanica kun, 2004; esperiana mem. 1: 104, pl. 7, f. 8\nnew moths of the genus ethmia hb. (lepidoptera, ethmiidae) from the ussr [ in russian ]\nethmia zygospila meyrick, 1934; exotic microlep. 4 (15): 459; tl: formosa, alikang\nethmia mansita busck, 1914; insec. ins. menstr. 2: 55; tl: tehuacan, mexico\nethmia sibirica zagulajev, 1975; nasekomye mongol. 3: 347; tl: buryatiya, tunkinskie belki, 2000m\n= ethmia abraxasella abraxasella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 217 (list )\nethmia hiramella busck, 1914; insec. ins. menstr. 2: 56; tl: santiago, cuba\nethmia gigantea busck, 1914; insec. ins. menstr. 2: 54; tl: zacualpan, mexico\nethmia similatella busck, 1920; insec. inscit. mentr. 8: 84; tl: cayuga, guatemala\nethmia linda busck, 1914; insec. ins. menstr. 2: 55; tl: caracas, venezuela\nethmia andranella viette, 1976; bull. mens. soc. linn. lyon 45 (7): 244\nethmia baronella viette, 1976; bull. mens. soc. linn. lyon 45 (7): 240\nethmia elimatella; [ nhm card ]; shovkoon, 2010, nota lepid. 33 (1): 144\nethmia linosella viette, 1976; bull. mens. soc. linn. lyon 45 (7): 239\nethmia novoryella viette, 1976; bull. mens. soc. linn. lyon 45 (7): 242\nethmia soljanikovi danilevski & zagulajev, 1975; nasekomye mongol. 3: 343; tl: mongolia, dzabhansky aimak\nethmia sotsaella viette, 1976; bull. mens. soc. linn. lyon 45 (7): 243\nethmia thoraea meyrick, 1910; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1910: 461; tl: queensland\nethmia crocosoma meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (6): 173; tl: sikkim, darjeeling\nethmia phoenicura meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (11): 346; tl: mexico, lower california\nethmia longimaculella longimaculella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 177, 218 (list )\nethmia elimatella danilevski, 1975; ent. obozr. 54 (3): 615; tl: azerbaijan, ordubad\nethmia epiloxa meyrick, 1915; bull. mus. hist. nat. paris 20: 121; tl: simba\nethmia oculimarginata diakonoff, 1948; mém. ins. sci. madagascar (a) 1 (1): 30\nethmia penyagolosella domingo & baixeras, 2003; nachr. ent. ver. apollo nf 24 (4): 184\nethmia pylonotella viette, 1956; bull. soc. zool. fr. 81 (2 - 3): 98\nethmia pylorella viette, 1956; bull. soc. zool. fr. 81 (2 - 3): 96\nethmia semitenebrella dyar, 1902; j. n. y. ent. soc. 10: 204; tl: arizona\nethmia subsidiaris meyrick, 1935; mat. microlep. fauna chin. prov. : 90; tl: china, nanking\nethmia afghana sattler, 1967; [ mp2 ], 104; tl: afghanistan, 10km nw v. kabul, 1900m\nethmia galactarcha; [ nhm card ]; kun, 2004, acta zool. hung. 50 (4): 347\nethmia cellicoma meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 89; tl: paraguay, chaco\nethmia transversella busck, 1914; insec. ins. menstr. 2: 53; tl: juan vinas, costa rica\nethmia argomicta meyrick, 1920; in alluaud & jeannel, voyage afr. orientale, ins. lép. 2: 90\nethmia cirrhosoma meyrick, 1920; in alluaud & jeannel, voyage afr. orientale, ins. lép. 2: 88\nethmia glabra meyrick, 1920; in alluaud & jeannel, voyage afr. orientale, ins. lép. 2: 89\nethmia hemicosma meyrick, 1920; in alluaud & jeannel, voyage afr. orientale, ins. lép. 2: 89\nethmia spyrathodes meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (18): 552; tl: spanish guinea, san thome\nethmia taxiacta meyrick, 1920; in alluaud & jeannel, voyage afr. orientale, ins. lép. 2: 90\nethmia bipunctella iranella zerny, 1940; zs. wiener entver. 25 (schluß): 43; tl: iran, elburs\nethmia wursteri amsel, 1956; beitr. naturk. forsch. südwdtl. 15: 61; tl: jordan valley, zerqa\nethmia dehiscens meyrick, 1924; exot. microlep. 3 (4): 120; tl :\nkwanshien, china\nethmia dentata diakonoff & sattler, 1966; ent. ber. , amst. 26: 189; tl: formosa, takow\nethmia subsimilis walsingham, 1897; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1897: 89; tl: west indies, jamaica\nethmia mnesicosma meyrick, 1924; exot. microlep. 3 (4): 119; tl: costa rica, san josé\nethmia striatella busck, 1913; ins. inscit. menstr. 1 (11): 141; tl: tehuacan, mexico\nethmia subnigritaenia powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 173, 217 (list); tl: mexico\nethmia catapeltica meyrick, 1924; exot. microlep. 3 (4): 119; tl: costa rica, san josé\nethmia glandifera meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 37; tl: transvaal, pretoria\nethmia judicialis meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 119; tl: rhodesia, umvuma\nethmia candidella farinatella de lattin, 1963; beitr. naturk. forsch. südwdtl. 22: 54; tl: turkestan, usgent\nethmia autoschista meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (11): 347; tl: china, szechwan, mt. omei\nethmia octanoma; [ nhm card ]; kun, 2002, ann. hist. mus. nat. hung. 94: 176\nethmia stojanovitsi kun, 2002; ann. hist. mus. nat. hung. 94: 170; tl: indonesia, seram\nethmia reposita; [ nhm card ]; kun, 2002, ann. hist. mus. nat. hung. 94: 177\nethmia nobilis; [ nhm card ]; kun, 2002, ann. hist. mus. nat. hung. 94: 178\nethmia argopa meyrick, 1910; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1910: 461; tl: malay states, padang rengas\nethmia dactylia meyrick, 1911; ann. transv. mus. 3 (1): 76; tl: roiiplaat, pretoria district\nethmia leucocirrha meyrick, 1926; ann. s. afr. mus. 23: 339; tl: sw. africa, otjituo\nethmia mariannae karsholt & kun, 2003; nota lepid. 25 (4): 208; tl: rhodos, kolombia, 40m\nethmia pullata meyrick, 1910; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1910: 461; tl: guadalcanar, solomon is .\ndie afghanischen ethmia - arten (lepidoptera: ethmiidae) ergebnisse der 1. und 2. deutschen afghanistan expeditions der landessammlungen für naturkunde karlsruhe\nethmia angarensis caradja, 1939; dt. ent. z. iris 53: 13; tl: china, shanis, mien - shan\nethmia candidella; [ nhm card ]; nupponen, 2015, shilap revta lepid. 43 (169): 127; [ fe ]\nethmia monachella busck, 1910; proc. ent. soc. wash. 12 (1): 53; tl: boulder, colorado\nethmia albitogata walsingham, 1907; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 33 (1567): 199; tl: california\nethmia aurifluella; [ nhm card ]; nupponen, 2015, shilap revta lepid. 43 (169): 127; [ fe ]\nethmia discrepitella; [ nhm card ]; nupponen, 2015, shilap revta lepid. 43 (169): 128; [ fe ]\nethmia asbolarcha meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 18; tl: china, n. yunnan, likiang\nethmia lineatonotella; [ nhm card ]; kun, 2004, acta zool. hung. 50 (4): 339 (note )\nethmia mulleri busck, 1910; proc. ent. soc. wash. 11 (4): 212; tl: tehuacan, mexico\nethmia flavicaudata; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 179, 218 (list); [ nhm card ]\nethmia coscineutis meyrick, 1911; ann. transv. mus. 3 (1): 76; tl: waterberg; durban, natal\nethmia penesella kun & szabóky, 2000; acta zool acad. sci. hung. 46 (1): (53 - 78 )\nethmia pseudozygospila kun & szabóky, 2000; acta zool acad. sci. hung. 46 (1): (53 - 78 )\nethmia susa kun & szabóky, 2000; acta zool acad. sci. hung. 46 (1): (53 - 78 )\nethmia candidella wiltshirei de lattin, 1963; beitr. naturk. forsch. südwdtl. 22: 53; tl: iran, fars, shiraz\nethmia brevistriga clarke, 1950; j. wash. acad. sci. 40 (5): 163; tl: bodega bay, california\nethmia dentata; diakonoff, [ 1968 ], bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 256; [ nhm card ]\nethmia reposita diakonoff, [ 1968 ]; bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 257; tl: mindanao, zamboanga\nethmia chalcodora meyrick, 1912; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1911 (4): 718; tl: argentina, la plata\nethmia acontias meyrick, 1906; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 17 (2): 409; tl: puttalam, ceylon\nethmia hamaxastra meyrick, 1930; exot. microlep. 3 (18 - 20): 563; tl: portuguese e. africa, shilouvane\nethmia pullata; diakonoff, [ 1968 ], bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 255; [ nhm card ]\nethmia albistrigella albistrigella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 82, 216 (list), pl. 6c - d\nethmia albolinella shovkoon, 2010; nota lepid. 33 (1): 146; tl: bana - dzhun, kam, valley of goluboy river\nethmia galactarcha meyrick, 1928; exot. microlep. 3 (14 - 15): 418; tl: java, tjibodas, mt. gede\nethmia proximella busck, 1912; proc. ent. soc. wash. 14 (2): 84; tl: tehuacan, puebla, mexico\nethmia pericentrota meyrick, 1926; ann. s. afr. mus. 23: 339; tl: sw. africa, ongka, mafa ovamboland\nethmia phricotypa bradley, 1965; br. mus. ruwensori exp. 1952 2 (12): 108; tl: uganda, bugoyc, 4500ft\nethmia coquillettella busck, 1907; proc. ent. soc. wash. 8 (3 - 4): 94; tl: los angeles, california\nethmia nykta shovkoon, 2010; nota lepid. 33 (1): 140; tl: bana - dzhun, kam, valley of goluboy r .\nethmia ubsensis zagulajev, 1975; nasekomye mongol. 3: 347; tl: mongolia, ubsu - nurskii aimak, 30km ne barun - turuna, peski\nethmia anatiformis kun, 2001; ann. hist. nat. mus. nat. hung. 93: 208; tl: nepal, 1750 - 1950m\nethmia trifida kun, 2004; acta zool. hung. 50 (4): 340; tl: malaysia, pahang, cameron highlands, tanah rata\nethmia nigroapicella; zimmerman, 1978, ins. hawaii 9 (2): 925; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; [ afromoths ]\nethmia lapidella; [ nhm card ]; kun, 2002, ann. hist. mus. nat. hung. 94: 173; [ afromoths ]\nethmia heptasema; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; kun, 2002, ann. hist. mus. nat. hung. 94: 176\nethmia ditreta meyrick, 1920; in alluaud & jeannel, voyage afr. orientale, ins. lép. 2: 88; tl: tanganyika, taveta\nethmia elutella busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 35; tl: porto bello, panama\nethmia zebrata powell, 1959; wasmann j. biol. 17 (1): 149; tl: mexico, 34 mi s of atlixco, puebla\nethmia conglobata meyrick, 1912; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1911 (4): 717; tl: colombia, san antonio, 5800ft\nethmia joviella walsingham, 1897; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1897: 90; tl: west indies, grenada (mount gay estate )\nethmia hammella busck, 1910; proc. ent. soc. wash. 12 (1): 53; tl: tuis, costa rica, 2400ft\nethmia ballistis meyrick, 1908; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1908: 732; tl: german east africa, dar - es - salaam\ninteresting records of ethmiinae from the former ussr, with description of ethmia ustyurtensis nupponen, sp. n. from kazakhstan (lepidoptera: gelechioidea, elachistidae )\nethmia nadia clarke, 1950; j. wash. acad. sci. 40 (5): 161; tl: mccloud, siskiyou co. , california\nethmia umbrimarginella busck, 1907; proc. ent. soc. wash. 8 (3 - 4): 94; tl: las cruces, new mexico\nethmia monticola monticola; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 104, 217 (list), pl. 1f, 8i - j\nethmia caliginosella busck, 1904; j. n. y. ent. soc. 12 (1): 44; tl: silverton, colorado, 12000ft\nethmia macelhosiella busck, 1907; proc. ent. soc. wash. 8 (3 - 4): 93; tl: st. louis, missouri\nethmia josephinella dyar, 1902; j. n. y. ent. soc. 10: 205; tl: dripping spring, organ mts, new mexico\nethmia ungulatella busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 34; tl: cambima; alhajuela, panama\nethmia cypraspis; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 140, 217 (list), pl. 12h; [ nhm card ]\nethmia chalcogramma powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 142, 217 (list), pl. 12j; tl: bolivia, boyuibe\nethmia coranella dyar, 1902; j. n. y. ent. soc. 10: 207; tl: kerrville, ; shovel mt. , texas\nethmia semiombra dyar, 1902; j. n. y. ent. soc. 10: 206; tl: san diego, texas; brownsville, texas\nethmia sattleri kun, 2007; ann. hist. mus. nat. hung 99: 106; tl: 100m, westl. shiraz, s. iran\nethmia submersa diakonoff, 1966; tijds. ent. 109 (3): 80; tl: w. celebes, paloe, mt. tompoe, 2700ft\nethmia pusiella deletella de lattin, 1963; beitr. naturk. forsch. südwdtl. 22: 50; tl: asia centr. , ili - gebiet, djarkent\nethmia crocosoma resignata diakonoff, [ 1968 ]; bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 256; tl: oriental negros, dumaguete, 390m\nethmia yeni kun, 2001; ann. hist. nat. mus. nat. hung. 93: 215; tl: china, hainan, wuchistan, 230m\nethmia didyma kun, 2002; ann. hist. mus. nat. hung. 94: 171; tl: nepal, 150 - 300m, terai, chitwan\nethmia nobilis diakonoff, [ 1968 ]; bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 258; tl: luzon, benguet, klondyke, 800ft\nethmia piperella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 102, 216 (list), pl. 7i; tl: jamaica, runaway bay\nethmia chemsaki powell, 1959; wasmann j. biol. 17 (1): 148, f. 4; tl: 34 mi s of atlixco, puebla\nethmia confusellastra powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 167, 217 (list), pl. 14h; tl: mexico, chichen itza\nethmia hieroglyphica powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 175, 218 (list), pl. 16h; tl: bolivia, incachaca cochabamba\nethmia prattiella busck, 1915; proc. ent. soc. wash. 17 (2): 85; tl: texas, zavalla co. , nueces river\nethmia zaguljaevi kostjuk, 1980; ent. obozr. 59 (4): 858; tl: altai, kuraisky hr. u. rund. aktash, 2600m\nethmia praeclara; diakonoff, [ 1968 ], bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 254; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]\nethmia falkovitshi shovkoon, 2010; nota lepid. 33 (1): 138; tl: kazakhstan, mangistau, n 43°44' 04\ne 53°37' 17\nethmia umbricostella caradja, 1927; mem. sect. stiint. acad. rom. (3) 4 (8): 421; tl :\nszetschwan tatsienlu\nethmia bisignata kun, 2002; ann. hist. mus. nat. hung. 94: 171; tl: sw. celebes, pangean, near maros, 2000ft\nethmia iridella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 131, 217 (list), pl. 11i; tl: mexico, puebla, tehuacan\nethmia janzeni powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 134, 217 (list), pl. 12b; tl: mexico, temescal, oaxaca\nethmia cypraspis meyrick, 1930; ann. naturhist. mus. wien 44: 263, pl. 1, f. 31; tl: taperinha, para, brazil\nethmia cubensis busck, 1934; 164, pl. 23, f. 2, pl. 26, f. 3; tl: cuba, sierra maestra, comaquey\nethmia duckworthi powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 165, 217 (list), pl. 14g; tl: panama, barro colorado island\nethmia julia powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 168, 217 (list), pl. 15b; tl: puerto rico, isabela substation\nethmia calumniella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 182, 218 (list), pl. 16d; tl: brazil, santarem, para\nethmia clava powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 205, 218 (list), pl. 18j; tl: mexico, cordoba, veracruz\nethmia cassiopeia meyrick, 1927; exot. microlep. 3 (12): 362; tl: belgian congo, nw. kivu, upper oso r. , 4000ft\nethmia turkmeniella dubatolov & ustjuzhanin, 1998; nota lepid. 21 (2): 101; tl: sw turkmenistan, sw. kopet - dag mts, kara - kala\nethmia papiella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 95, 216 (list), pl. 7j; tl: mexico, los mochis, sinaloa\nethmia notomurinella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 138, 217 (list), pl. 12f; tl: argentina, rio seco, cordoba\nethmia phylacops powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 143, 217 (list), pl. 13a; tl: mexico, chichen itza, yucatan\nethmia wellingi powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 158, 217 (list), pl. 14c; tl: mexico, chichen itza, yucatan\nethmia nigritaenia powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 172, 217 (list), pl. 15f; tl: mexico, chichen itza, yucatan\nethmia semiombra nebulombra powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 190, 218 (list), pl. 17d; tl: mexico, merida, yucatan\nethmia penthica walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 146, pl. 5, f. 9; tl: mexico, oaxaca\nethmia cordia powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 202, 218 (list), pl. 18d; tl: mexico, chichen itza, yucatan\nethmia discostrigella discostrigella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 92, 216 (list), pl. 7f; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia volcanella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 97, 216 (list), pl. 8a - b; tl: mexico, tehuantepec, oaxaca\nethmia hagenella hagenella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 109, 217 (list), pl. 9f; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia abraxasella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 125, 217 (list); [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia abraxasella abraxasella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 125, 217 (list), pl. 11d; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia cupreonivella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 137, 217 (list); [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia cellicoma; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 142, 217 (list); [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia phylacis phylacis; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 146, 217 (list), pl. 13c; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia farrella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 170, 217 (list), pl. 15a; tl: jamaica, nr farmouth, trelawny parish\nethmia antennipilosa wang & li, 2004; ent. news 115 (3): 135; tl: china, hengxian (22. 6°n, 109. 2°), guangxi\nethmia cribravia wang & li, 2004; ent. news 115 (3): 136; tl: china, lijiang (26. 8°n, 100. 2°e), yunnan\nethmia duplicata meyrick, 1914; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 23 (1): 130; tl: patipola (6200ft), maskeliya, puttalam, ceylon\nethmia ustyurtensis nupponen, 2015; shilap revta lepid. 43 (169): 126; tl: sw - kazakhstan, 43°24' 27\nn 54°33' 34\ne, 80m\nethmia albistrigella icariella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 83, 216 (list); tl: california, inyo co. , near mono pass, 12500ft\nethmia thomaswitti kun, 2004; acta zool. hung. 50 (4): 343; tl: s. sulawesi, puncak palopo (2. 55°s, 120. 05°e )\nethmia clarkei powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 117, 217 (list), pl. 10d; tl: mexico, quintana roo, isla de mujeres\nethmia scythropa walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 148, pl. 5, f. 13; tl: costa rica, banana river\nethmia phylacis walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 147, pl. 5, f. 12; tl: mexico, durango, presidio\nethmia phylacis ornata; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 147, 217 (list); [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia baliostola walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 144, pl. 5, f. 5; tl: costa rica, banana river\nethmia omega powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 182, 218 (list), pl. 16e; tl: brazil, pelotas, rio grande do sul\nethmia heptasticta walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 146, pl. 5, f. 8; tl: mexico, guerrero, tonalapa\nethmia ubsensis; [ nhm card ]; shovkoon, 2010, nota lepid. 33 (1): 148; nupponen, 2015, shilap revta lepid. 43 (169): 129\nethmia charybdis; powell, 1971, j. lep. soc. 25 (suppl. 3): 32; [ nacl ], # 972; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia hagenella; [ nacl ], # 989; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 109; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia perpulchra walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 146, pl. 5, f. 14; tl: mexico, vera cruz, orizaba\nethmia ornata busck, [ 1934 ]; ent. am. (n. s .) 13 (4): 168, pl. 35, f. 2; tl: cuba\nethmia cyanea walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 144, pl. 5, f. 4; tl: mexico, vera cruz, atoyac\nethmia scutula powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 203, 218 (list), pl. 18g; tl: mexico, 6 mi s of culiacan, sinaloa\nethmia powelli heppner, 1988; j. lep. soc. 42 (4): 281, f. 1 - 4; tl: 1mi sw islamorada, upper matecumbe key, florida\nethmia (ethmiinae); zimmerman, 1978, ins. hawaii 9 (2): 925; [ nacl ], 12; [ richard brown ]; [ afromoths ]; [ fe ]\nethmia orestella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 84, 216 (list), pl. 6h; tl: colorado, hall valley, 11500ft, park co .\nethmia plagiobothrae powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 77, 216 (list), pl. 5j, 22c; tl: california, cool, el dorado co .\nethmia vietmiella kun, 2001; ann. hist. nat. mus. nat. hung. 93: 213; tl: vietnam, vinh phu, tam dao, 55km nnw hanoi, 800m\nethmia linsdalei powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 116, 217 (list), pl. 10c; tl: mexico, 20 mi e of el camaron, oaxaca\nethmia sandra powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 166, 217 (list), pl. 3d, 14i; tl: el salvador, 13km n of san salvador\nethmia howdeni powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 176, 217 (list), pl. 15h; tl: mexico, 21 mi e of villa union, sinaloa\nethmia lichyi powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 180, 218 (list), pl. 2e, 4b, 16c; tl: venezuela, cuenca del rio borborata\nethmia hodgesella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 196, 218 (list), pl. 17i; tl: arizona, madera canyon, 4880ft, santa rita mtns\nethmia oterosella busck, [ 1934 ]; ent. am. (n. s .) 13 (4): 165; tl: estacion experimental agronomica, santiago de las vegas, cuba\nethmia epileuca powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 86, 216 (list), pl. 6j; tl: california, surprise canyon, panamint mtns, inyo co .\nethmia tricula powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 79, 216 (list), pl. 6a; tl: california, 3 mi ne of moreno, riverside co .\nethmia timberlakei powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 100, 216 (list), pl. 8g; tl: california, citrus experiment station, riversite, riversite co .\nethmia mimihagenella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 111, 217 (list), pl. 9h; tl: new mexico, gran quivira national monument, socorro co .\nethmia burnsella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 111, 217 (list), pl. 9j; tl: texas, palo duro canyon, 2800ft, randall co .\nethmia cypraeella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 124, 217 (list), pl. 11c; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia chalcodora; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 141, 217 (list), pl. 12i; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia gelidella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 149, 217 (list), pl. 13e; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia zebrata; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 151, 217 (list), pl. 13g; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia humilis powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 169, 217 (list), pl. 15c - d; tl: jamaica, constant spring, st. andrew parish\nethmia coronata; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 171, 217 (list), pl. 15e; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia conglobata; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 185, 218 (list), pl. 16i; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia cyanea; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 186, 218 (list), pl. 16j; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia baja powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 198, 218 (list), pl. 18b; tl: mexico, 26 mi w of la paz, baja california\nethmia pala powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 204, 218 (list), pl. 18h - i; tl: mexico, 6 mi s of culiacan, sinaloa\nethmia heptasticta; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 207, 218 (list), pl. 19b; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia joviella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 211, 218 (list), pl. 19f; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia comitella; [ nhm card ]; kun, 2002, insecta koreana 19 (2): (131 - 136); nupponen, 2015, shilap revta lepid. 43 (169): 129\nethmia sibirica; [ nhm card ]; dubatolov, ustjuzhanin & zintshenko, 1997, atalanta 28 (1 / 2): 164; shovkoon, 2010, nota lepid. 33 (1): 147\nethmia davisella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 115, 217 (list), pl. 10b; tl: mexico, 6 mi s of ciudad victoria, tamaulipas, 1050ft\nethmia abraxasella clarissa; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 127, 217 (list), pl. 11e; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia flavicaudata walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 145, pl. 5, f. 7; tl: mexico, vera cruz, san juan, 600ft\nethmia sphenisca powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 205, 217 (list), pl. 19a; tl: mexico, 10 mi w of el salto, durango, 9000ft\nethmia angustalatella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 214, 218 (list), pl. 19j; tl: mexico, 3 mi e of galeana, nueva leon, 5000ft\nethmia brevistriga aridicola powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 76, 216 (list), pl. 5h; tl: california, 2 mi ne of lakeside, san diego co .\nethmia ultima; [ nhm card ]; dubatolov, ustjuzhanin & zintshenko, 1997, atalanta 28 (1 / 2): 169; nupponen, 2015, shilap revta lepid. 43 (169): 129\nethmia geranella barnes & busck, 1920; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (3): 242, pl. 27, 34; tl: la puerta valley, california\nethmia subsimilis; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 117, 217 (list), pl. 10e - f; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia kirbyi; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 118, 217 (list), pl. 10g - h; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia nivosella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 129, 217 (list), pl. 2b, 11g; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia phoenicura; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 150, 217 (list), pl. 3b, 13f; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia paucella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 156, 217 (list), pl. 2c, 14b; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia semiombra semiombra; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 189, 218 (list), pl. 17b - c, 20g - h; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia punctessa powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 213, 218 (list), pl. 19h - i; tl: mexico 3 mi e of galeana, nueva leon, 5000ft\nethmia discostrigella subcaerulea; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 93, 216 (list), pl. 7g; [ nacl ], # 980a; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia scylla; powell, 1971, j. lep. soc. 25 (suppl. 3): 12; [ nacl ], # 966; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia brevistriga brevistriga; powell, 1971, j. lep. soc. 25 (suppl. 3): 17; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 75, 216 (list )\nethmia minuta; powell, 1971, j. lep. soc. 25 (suppl. 3): 30; [ nacl ], # 970; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia monticola; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 104, 217 (list); [ nacl ], # 987; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia monticola emmeli powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 106, pl. 9a; tl: arizona, fort valley, 7350ft, 7. 5 mi nw of flagstaf, coconin co .\nethmia timberlakei; powell, 1971, j. lep. soc. 25 (suppl. 3): 53; [ nacl ], # 984; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia longimaculella; [ nacl ], # 999; [ nhm card ]; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 177, 218 (list); [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia plaumanni powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 183, 218 (list), pl. 16f; tl: brazil, nova teutonia, santa catarina (27°11', 52°23' )\nethmia albicostella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 190, 218 (list); [ nacl ], # 1001; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia playa powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 197, 218 (list), pl. 18a; tl: mexico, rio del fuertte, 13 mi n of los mochis, sinaloa\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 35621 genus: ethmia species: discostrigella subcaerulea sex: location: road to johnsondale county: tulare collector: k. richers coll _ date: ... more\nethmia scylla powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 74, 216 (list), pl. 1d, 5f, 21a - d; tl: california, russelmann park, contra costa co .\nethmia szabokyi kun, 2001; ann. hist. nat. mus. nat. hung. 93: 212; tl: nepal, annapurna h, 1km n of syange, 1200m 84°25' e, 28°24' n\nethmia charybdis powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 80, 216 (list), pl. 1e, 6b; tl: california, big panoche creek, at san benito - fresno county line\nethmia rhomboidella walsingham, 1897; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1897 (1): 45, pl. 3, f. 15; tl: natal, malvern; french congo, kangwé, ogowé river\nethmia palawana; diakonoff, [ 1968 ], bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 253; [ nhm card ]; kun, 2004, acta zool. hung. 50 (4): 347\nethmia epilygella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 137, 217 (list), pl. 12e; tl: brazil, nova teutonia, santa cathrarina (27°11' s, 52°23' w )\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 35617 genus: ethmia species: coquillettella sex: location: fairview cmpgrnd county: tulare collector: k. richers coll _ date: mar 31 2001 sp... more\nethmia pyrausta; [ nhm card ]; dubatolov, ustjuzhanin & zintshenko, 1997, atalanta 28 (1 / 2): 165; nupponen, 2015, shilap revta lepid. 43 (169): 128; [ fe ]\nethmia nigripedella; [ nhm card ]; dubatolov, ustjuzhanin & zintshenko, 1997, atalanta 28 (1 / 2): 166; nupponen, 2015, shilap revta lepid. 43 (169): 128; [ fe ]\nethmia nigrimaculata; [ nhm card ]; dubatolov, ustjuzhanin & zintshenko, 1997, atalanta 28 (1 / 2): 167; nupponen, 2015, shilap revta lepid. 43 (169): 128; [ fe ]\nethmia macneilli powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 101, 216 (list), pl. 8d; tl: california, rock cree, 1 mi w of tom' s place, mono co .\nethmia persica kun, 2007; ann. hist. mus. nat. hung 99: 102; tl: iran, büyer ahmad, 3km n of sisaht, 2700m, 51°23' 21\ne, 31°09' 22\nn\nethmia apicipunctella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 88, 216 (list), pl. 7a; [ nacl ], # 978; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia euphoria kun, 2007; ann. hist. mus. nat. hung 99: 104; tl: turkey, agri, karasu - aras mts. 5 km se of sarican, 2000m, 39°47' n, 42°28' e\nethmia zelleriella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 112, 217 (list), pl. 9e; [ nacl ], # 992; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia mirusella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 192, 218 (list), pl. 17f; [ nacl ], # 1002; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia trifurcella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 193, 218 (list), pl. 17g; [ nacl ], # 1003; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 35620 genus: ethmia species: arctostaphylella sex: location: camp keep, poso park county: tulare collector: k. richers coll _ date: jun 23 9... more\nethmia minuta powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 78, 216 (list), pl. 3e, 5k - l, 21e - f; tl: california, 3 mi ne of moreno, riverside co .\nethmia hagenella josephinella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 110, 217 (list), pl. 9g; [ nacl ], # 989a; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 35623 genus: ethmia species: marmorea sex: location: camp wishon county: tulare collector: k. richers coll _ date: may 18 2001 specimen _ loc: ... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 5114 genus: ethmia species: semitenebrella sex: m location: camp keep, poso park county: tulare collector: k. richers coll _ date: jun 23 95... more\nethmia fritillella powell, 1973; smiths. contr. zool. 120: 136, 217 (list), pl. 12d; tl: brazil, nova teutonia, santa catharina, 300 - 500m (27°11' s, 52°23' w )\nethmia notatella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 154, 217 (list), pl. 4e, 13i; [ nacl ], # 995; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia marmorea; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 194, 218 (list), pl. 4a, 17h; [ nacl ], # 1004; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 35622 genus: ethmia species: monticola monticola sex: location: poso park, camp keep county: tulare collector: r. m. brown coll _ date: jul 5... more\nethmia monticola fuscipedella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 107, 217 (list), pl. 9b - c; [ nacl ], # 987b; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 35618 genus: ethmia species: plagiobothrae sex: location: 1 mi n posey county: tulare collector: c a toschi & amp; j powell coll _ date: lar... . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 35619 genus: ethmia species: nadia sex: location: fairview cmpgrnd county: tulare collector: p. a. rude coll _ date: apr 27 64 specimen _ loc: ... more\nethmia terpnota walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 147, pl. 5, f. 11; tl: costa rica, volcan de irazu, 6000 - 7000ft; san josé, 4000ft; tuis, 2400ft\nethmia confusella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 162, 217 (list), pl. 2d, 14d - e; [ nacl ], # 996; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia gigantea; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 63; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 187, 218 (list); [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia semiombra; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 127; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 188, 218 (list); [ nacl ], # 1000; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia mansita; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 87; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 90, 216 (list), pl. 7e; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia proximella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 117; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 122, 217 (list), pl. 11a; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia submissa; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 133; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 135, 217 (list), pl. 12c; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia mnesicosma; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 148, 217 (list), pl. 13d; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; phillips, powell, hallwachs & janzen, 2014, zookeys 461: 24, 10 (list )\nethmia cubensis; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 41; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 161, 217 (list), pl. 16b; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia striatella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 133; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 164, 217 (list), pl. 14f; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia penthica; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 108; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 200, 218 (list), pl. 18c; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia oterosella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 104; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 208, 218 (list), pl. 19c; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia phylacis; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 146, 217 (list); [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; phillips, powell, hallwachs & janzen, 2014, zookeys 461: 23, 10 (list )\nethmia soljanikovi; [ nhm card ]; dubatolov, ustjuzhanin & zintshenko, 1997, atalanta 28 (1 / 2): 164; shovkoon, 2010, nota lepid. 33 (1): 149; nupponen, 2015, shilap revta lepid. 43 (169): 127\nethmia zaguljaevi; [ nhm card ]; dubatolov, ustjuzhanin & zintshenko, 1997, atalanta 28 (1 / 2): 164; shovkoon, 2010, nota lepid. 33 (1): 142; nupponen, 2015, shilap revta lepid. 43 (169): 128\nethmia umbrimarginella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 142; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 70, 216 (list), pl. 5a; [ nacl ], # 962; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia brevistriga; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 27; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 75, 216 (list); [ nacl ], # 967; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia macelhosiella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 86; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 99, 216 (list); [ nacl ], # 982; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia hiramella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 69; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 155, 217 (list), pl. 3a, 13j, 14a; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia terpnota; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 130, 217 (list), pl. 11h; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; phillips, powell, hallwachs & janzen, 2014, zookeys 461: 16, 9 (list )\nethmia ungulatella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 139, 217 (list), pl. 12g; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; phillips, powell, hallwachs & janzen, 2014, zookeys 461: 19, 9 (list )\nethmia exornata; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 144, 217 (list), pl. 13b; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; phillips, powell, hallwachs & janzen, 2014, zookeys 461: 20, 10 (list )\nethmia chemsaki; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 154, 217 (list), pl. 13h; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; phillips, powell, hallwachs & janzen, 2014, zookeys 461: 25, 10 (list )\nethmia catapeltica; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 174, 217 (list), pl. 15g; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; phillips, powell, hallwachs & janzen, 2014, zookeys 461: 39, 10 (list )\nethmia bittenella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 217 (list); [ nacl ], # 994; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; phillips, powell, hallwachs & janzen, 2014, zookeys 461: 12, 9 (list )\nethmia albistrigella; powell, 1971, j. lep. soc. 25 (suppl. 3): 35; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 81, 216 (list); [ nacl ], # 973; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia discostrigella; powell, 1971, j. lep. soc. 25 (suppl. 3): 46; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 92, 216 (list); [ nacl ], # 980; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia monachella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 94; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 73, 216 (list), pl. 5e; [ nacl ], # 965; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia caliginosella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 28; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 108, 217 (list), pl. 9d; [ nacl ], # 988; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia prattiella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 116; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 209, 218 (list), pl. 19d; [ nacl ], # 1007; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia cirrhocnemia; [ nhm card ]; dubatolov, ustjuzhanin & zintshenko, 1997, atalanta 28 (1 / 2): 166; kun, 2002, insecta koreana 19 (2): (131 - 136); nupponen, 2015, shilap revta lepid. 43 (169): 128; [ fe ]\nethmia geranella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 62; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 99, 216 (list), pl. 8e - f; [ nacl ], # 983; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia bipunctella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 103, 216 (list); [ nacl ], # 986; [ nhm card ]; dubatolov, ustjuzhanin & zintshenko, 1997, atalanta 28 (1 / 2): 165; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; [ fe ]\nethmia semilugens; powell, 1971, j. lep. soc. 25 (suppl. 3): 40; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 85, 216 (list), pl. 6i; [ nacl ], # 976; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nethmia delliella; powell, 1973, smiths. contr. zool. 120: 114, 217 (list), pl. 10a; [ nacl ], # 993; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; phillips, powell, hallwachs & janzen, 2014, zookeys 461: 11, 9 (list )" ]

{ "text": [ "ethmia lassenella is a moth in the family depressariidae .", "it is found in the united states in california , arizona , nevada and utah .", "the length of the forewings is 7.8 – 8.3 mm .", "the ground color of the forewings is steel gray including the fringe .", "there are two bright red-orange spots and five smaller black spots .", "the ground color of the hindwings is white with a broad black , moderately well defined marginal band .", "adults are on wing from mid-march to mid-april . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 8 ] }

[ "ethmia lassenella is a moth in the family depressariidae. it is found in the united states in california, arizona, nevada and utah. the length of the forewings is 7.8 – 8.3 mm. the ground color of the forewings is steel gray including the fringe. there are two bright red-orange spots and five smaller black spots. the ground color of the hindwings is white with a broad black, moderately well defined marginal band. adults are on wing from mid-march to mid-april." ]

[ "have a fact about ekbletomys hypenemus? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for ekbletomys hypenemus? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhow can i put and write and define ekbletomys hypenemus in a sentence and how is the word ekbletomys hypenemus used in a sentence and examples? 用ekbletomys hypenemus造句, 用ekbletomys hypenemus造句, 用ekbletomys hypenemus造句, ekbletomys hypenemus meaning, definition, pronunciation, synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha. net .\nexplore what eol knows about\nekbletomys hypenemus\n( ray, 1962) (unavailable name) .\nekbletomys hypenemus\nis an extinct oryzomyine rodent from the islands of antigua and barbuda, lesser antilles .\nwhen clayton ray described\nekbletomys hypenemus\non the basis of abundant skeletal remains from both barbuda and antigua, he carefully distinguished it from\nm. audreyae\n, the only other native rodent recorded from those islands .\nm. audreyae\nis much smaller than\nekbletomys\n; for example, 72 specimens of the latter had the alveolar length of the lower molars ranging from 10. 3 to 12. 6 mm (mean 11. 6 mm, standard deviation 0. 49 mm; compare 8. 7 mm for\nm. audreyae\n) .\nhe suggested that\nm. audreyae\nmay in fact have come from barbados instead of similarly named barbuda, citing the occurrence of a different oryzomyine (\nekbletomys hypenemus\n) in other cave deposits on barbuda, circumstantial evidence for the occurrence of a native rodent on barbados, uncertainty whether gregory ever visited barbuda, and biogeographical considerations .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\niczn is supported by the lee kong chian natural history museum, national university of singapore (company registration no. 200604346e). iczn is an associate participant to the global biodiversity information facility (gbif) & a scientific member of the international union of biological science (iubs). correspondence to the iczn should be directed to the secretary (iczn @ urltoken / + 65 6518 8364) .\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecies bibliography: ray, c. e. (1962). the oryzomyine rodents of the antillean subregion. doctor of philosophy thesis, harvard university, 211 pp. turvey, s. t. , weksler, m. , morris, e. l. & nokkert, m. 2010 taxonomy, phylogeny and diversity of the extinct lesser antillean rice rats (sigmodontinae: oryzomyini), with description of a new genus and species. zoological journal of the linnean society 160: 748 - 772. urltoken\nyou must first create a username and login before you can post a comment about this entry. .\na database of\nmissing\nand recently extinct species of plants and animals .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nsorry, we just need to make sure you' re not a robot. for best results, please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nsamuel t. turvey, marcelo weksler, elaine l. morris, mark nokkert; taxonomy, phylogeny, and diversity of the extinct lesser antillean rice rats (sigmodontinae: oryzomyini), with description of a new genus and species, zoological journal of the linnean society, volume 160, issue 4, 1 december 2010, pages 748–772, urltoken\nextinct mammal, megalomys, nevis, pennatomys, st. eustatius, st. kitts, west indies, zooarchaeology\nthe neotropical sigmodontine rodent tribe oryzomyini (the rice rats) is one of the most species - rich new world mammal clades, with 28 extant genera and approximately 115 species currently recognized (weksler, 2006; weksler et al. , 2006). oryzomyines are also abundantly represented in the late quaternary fossil record and holocene pre - columbian archaeological sites throughout the main lesser antillean island chain (the windward and leeward islands) (steadman et al. , 1984a; pregill et al. , 1994; wing, 2001a, b; newsom & wing, 2004) (fig. 1). rice rats probably occurred on all of the lesser antillean islands from grenada northwards to the anegada passage, and the lack of records from a few islands in this chain (notably dominica) almost certainly represents a sampling artefact rather than a genuine absence from late quaternary faunas (evans, 1968; pregill et al. , 1994) .\nmap of the windward and leeward islands of the lesser antilles, showing the distribution of extinct rice rats in holocene archaeological sites (black stars) and late quaternary palaeontological sites (open circles), and islands from which rice rat species have been formally described. the modern - day sea level and 200 m isobath are both indicated, to show locations of shallow submarine banks that would have been exposed above water during late quaternary low sea - level stands, and which may have shared conspecific rice rat populations. data from pregill et al. (1994), crock (2000), newsom & wing (2004), and lefebvre (2007) .\nmartinique giant rice rat (‘le rat pilori, mus pilorides ’), possibly drawn from life, from gervais (1854: 411) .\nthese four species have been the subject of very little morphological or taxonomic investigation over the past century, making wider systematic comparisons difficult (friant et al. , 1940; friant, 1941; steadman & ray, 1982), and no new rice rat species have been described from the windward or leeward islands for over 80 years, despite the abundant material available in archaeological and palaeontological collections. different authors have proposed various hypothetical intra - island (steadman et al. , 1984b; lippold, 1991) and inter - island (woods, 1989; alcover et al. , 1998; turvey, 2009) species groupings for the lesser antillean rice rat radiation, but these remain impossible to evaluate without a better understanding of the extensive collections of currently undescribed rice rat material. because rice rats comprised an important component of amerindian diets, species concepts for extinct rice rats are further confused by the substantial evidence for prehistoric translocation of a wide range of land mammals and other vertebrates between different caribbean islands by amerindians (miller, 1929, 1930; newsom & wing, 2004; díaz - franco & jiménez vázquez, 2008; olson & maíz lópez, 2008). new taxonomic studies of west indian rice rats urgently need to be carried out, not only to clarify the diversity, systematics, ecology, and evolution of this largely ‘forgotten’ group of mammals, but also to understand the dynamics and magnitude of late holocene mammal extinctions at a global level .\n’ or ‘oryzomyini’ in the archaeological literature, have been recorded from late holocene midden deposits on st. eustatius, st. kitts, and nevis, three islands located close together on the shallow submerged st. kitts bank in the inner volcanic arc of the leeward islands (\nfirst noted that bones of a small mammal were extremely plentiful in a midden on st. kitts that was exposed by a road cut, and rice rat remains are also abundant on this island in the post - saladoid sugar factory / sugar factory pier (\n; j. e. robb, pers. comm .). they have also been reported on st. eustatius from the saladoid / post - saladoid golden rock archaeological site (80\nlarge samples of zooarchaeological rice rat specimens from all three islands on the st. kitts bank, differing markedly in body size and craniodental morphology from megalomys, were investigated, together with existing historical specimens and / or zooarchaeological or palaeontological material of all previously described extinct rice rat species from the windward and leeward islands. this forms the basis for a redescription of the region' s known rice rat taxa, a description of a new genus and species of extinct holocene rice rat from the st. kitts bank, and the cladistic analysis of these rice rats based on morphological character data to investigate their phylogenetic relationships within the oryzomyini and trends in insular evolution across the group .\ndental terminology follows reig (1987). measurements were made using dial calipers, accurate to the nearest 0. 1 mm. repositories of described or cited specimens are: mammalogy and palaeontology collections, the natural history museum, london, uk (nhm); environmental archaeology program, florida museum of natural history, gainesville, fl, usa (flmnh - eap). examined material is listed under the systematic summary for each taxon .\nwest indian rice rats were scored for the characters employed by weksler (2006) in previous phylogenetic analyses of oryzomyines. morphological characters were combined with the molecular data available for extant oryzomyines (irbp nuclear gene sequence; see weksler, 2003 and 2006 for details), and subjected to cladistic parsimony analyses. changes in taxonomic scope and in certain morphological characters from that of weksler (2006) were made as described elsewhere (weksler et al. , 2006; mccain et al. , 2007; voss & weksler, 2009). all characters were equally weighted. the irbp sequence characters were treated as unordered, but some morphological characters were ordered as described in weksler (2006). characters with intraspecific variation were treated using the ‘polymorphic’ coding of wiens (1995; ‘composite’ coding of weksler, 2006). morphological characters, including state descriptions and illustrations, can be viewed at the morphobank repository at urltoken .\nwe performed maximum parsimony phylogenetic analyses on the combined morphological and molecular matrix, and on the morphological matrix only. in the combined analyses, nine taxa (including all extinct taxa) lack the irbp sequence data, resulting in many missing entries in the data matrix. this caused decreased nodal support values (see below), but we could not detect any other potential effect of extensive missing data, such as a lack of resolution arising from wild - card taxa. a nexus file of the morphological and molecular matrices is available in appendix s1 .\nthe heuristic search algorithm implemented by paup * 4. 0b10 (swofford, 2001) was used in all parsimony analyses. each heuristic search employed 1000 replicates of random taxon addition with tree bisection–reconnection (tbr) branch swapping. only clades with at least one unambiguous synapomorphy (i. e. present in both acctran and deltran character reconstructions; wilkinson, 1995) were retained (commands pset collapse = min; filter best in paup *). nodal support was inferred via jackknife resampling and bremer support (bs) values. jackknife values (farris et al. , 1996) for the parsimony analysis were calculated using 1000 pseudoreplicates, with heuristic searches employed within each replicate (ten random addition replicates, tbr branch swapping, with no more than 20 trees saved per replicate). bremer support values (bremer, 1988, 1994) were calculated with the help of treerot 3 (sorenson & franzosa, 2007) and paup *. differences in tree length between the most - parsimonious unconstrained trees and trees constrained for alternative hypotheses of megalomys relationships were tested using the kishino–hasegawa test (kishino & hasegawa, 1989) .\nmegalomys desmarestii: nhm 55. 12. 24. 201 (skin and skull); nhm 50. 11. 30. 5 (skin), and nhm 50. 11. 30. 6 (skull and postcranial skeleton. - these represent the same individual .\nmegalomys luciae: nhm 53. 12. 16. 2 (holotype; damaged skin and skull) .\nmegalomys audreyae: nhm m7406a (holotype; left mandibular ramus lacking m1); nhm m7406b (upper incisor) .\nmegalomys can be differentiated from all other sigmodontine rodents by the combination of its extreme body size, oryzomyine synapomorphies (e. g. long palate, absence of both suspensory process of squamosal and alisphenoid struts), and several integumental, cranial, and dental traits, including nine synapomorphies (see below). important characters include: pes without well - developed natatory fringes and interdigital webs, and with interdigital pads large and fleshy; robust skull with interorbital region convergent anteriorly, with well - developed supraorbital crests and squared braincase; zygomatic plate lacks an anterodorsal spinous process; small incisive foramina, not extending posteriorly between m1 alveoli; large posterolateral palatal pits recessed in deep fossae; stapedial foramen and posterior opening of alisphenoid canal small, and squamosal–alisphenoid groove and sphenofrontal foramen absent. well - developed capsular process of lower incisor alveolus; and superior and inferior masseteric ridges joined anteriorly as an open chevron. molars are bunodont, with m1 anterocone divided by a shallow anteromedian flexus; accessory rootlets are present on m1 and m1; m2 and m3 have three roots .\ndorsal, lateral, and ventral views of megalomys skins. top, megalomys desmarestii (nhm 55. 12. 24. 201); bottom, megalomys luciae (nhm 53. 12. 16. 2). scale bar: 5 cm .\nplantar view of left hindfoot of megalomys desmarestii (nhm 50. 11. 30. 6). scale bar: 1 cm .\ncranium and mandible of megalomys. left to right: megalomys desmarestii (nhm 50. 11. 30. 6) and megalomys luciae (nhm 53. 12. 16. 2). scale bar: 1 cm .\nupper incisors with smoothly rounded enamel bands. maxillary tooth rows parallel. molars bunodont and with labial flexi enclosed by a cingulum; labial and lingual flexi of m1 and m2 meet at midline, enamel overlaps. m1 anterocone divided into anterolabial and anterolingual conules by shallow anteromedian flexus; anteroloph well developed and fused with anterostyle on labial cingulum, separated from anterocone by persistent anteroflexus; protostyle absent; mesolophs present on all upper molars; paracone connected by enamel bridge to anterior or middle moiety of protocone; median mure connected to protocone. m2 protoflexus absent; mesoflexus present as single internal fossette; paracone without an accessory loph. m3 with posteroloph and developed hypoflexus (the latter remaining excavated with moderate to heavy wear) (fig 6a, b). accessory labial root of m1 present .\nmaxillary molars of west indian rice rats. a, megalomys desmarestii (nhm 55. 12. 24. 201). b, megalomys luciae (nhm 53. 12. 16. 2). c, oligoryzomys victus (nhm 97. 12. 26. 1). scale bar: 1 mm .\nm1 anteroconid without an anteromedian flexid; anterolabial cingulum present on all lower molars; ectolophid absent on m1 and m2; anterolophid present on m2 and m3; mesolophid distinct on unworn m1 and m2; m2 hypoflexid short; posteroflexid present on m3 (fig. 7a). accessory lingual and labial roots of m1 present; m2 and m3 each with two small anterior roots and one large posterior root .\nmandibular molars of west indian rice rats. a, megalomys desmarestii (nhm 55. 12. 24. 201). b, megalomys audreyae (nhm m7406a) (reversed for comparison). c, oligoryzomys victus (nhm 97. 12. 26. 1). scale bars: 1 mm .\nfirst rib with double articulation. humerus without entepicondylar and supratrochlear foramina. twelve ribs (false thirteenth rib present in older adult specimen). fifth lumbar (seventeenth thoracicolumbar) vertebra with well - developed anapophysis. hemal arch between second and third caudal vertebrae, with posterior spinous process .\nconditions of soft anatomy (stomach, liver, and male accessory reproductive glands) and glans penis characters are unknown .\ntwo other large - bodied extinct insular cricetid rodents, megalomys curioi niethammer, 1964 from the galápagos islands and megalomys curazensis hooijer, 1959 from curaçao, were also originally referred to the genus. megalomys curioi has since been transferred to the new genus megaoryzomys (lenglet & coppois, 1979) and reinterpreted as a thomasomyine (steadman & ray, 1982). the southern netherlands antilles show little biogeographical affinity with the windward and leeward islands, and have close faunal and floral similarities to mainland south america (hooijer, 1959, 1966, 1967; trejo - torres & ackerman, 2001; vázquez - miranda et al. , 2007; voss & weksler, 2009), and it has been hypothesized that m. curazensis is derived from a different mainland oryzomyine ancestor (mcfarlane & lundberg, 2002). a redescription of m. curazensis will form the basis for a future study in this series, and it is not considered further herein .\noligoryzomys victus can be diagnosed by its small size, absence of jugal, absence of cranial crests, presence of large stapedial foramen and posterior opening of alisphenoid, absence of squamosal–alisphenoid groove and sphenofrontal foramen, presence of large sphenopalatine vacuities, presence of divided anterocone on m1, presence of two mesofossetti on m2, and presence of ectolophid on m1. this diagnosis, however, is similar to that for south american species of oligoryzomys, and differentiation between insular and continental species requires further study (see below) .\nvery small rodent (table 1) with brown / ochre dorsal coloration, greyish white ventral pelage, and soft fur without subauricular patches (fig. 8). hindfeet without well - developed natatory fringes and interdigital webs, and with tufts of ungual hairs at bases of claws on dii–dv. plantar surface densely covered with distinct squamae distal to thenar pad (smooth heel); hypothenar pad large, interdigital pads small and fleshy (pads 1 and 4 displaced proximally relative to 2 and 3). claw of di extends to first half of first phalange of dii; claw of dv extends to first interphalangeal joint of div. tail longer than combined length of head and body, sparsely haired, and covered with more or less conspicuous epidermal scales; it lacks a long tuft of terminal hairs, and is weakly bicoloured (dark above, pale below). the mammae are inguinal, abdominal, postaxial, and pectoral, and number eight .\ndorsal, lateral, and ventral views of oligoryzomys victus skin (nhm 97. 12. 26. 1). scale bar: 2 cm .\ncranium and mandible of oligoryzomys victus (nhm 97. 12. 26. 1). scale bar: 5 mm .\nthe upper incisors have smoothly rounded enamel bands, and the maxillary tooth rows are parallel. the molars are bunodont, with labial flexi enclosed by a cingulum, and longitudinal flexi not overlapping. m1 anterocone divided into anterolabial and anterolingual conules by deep anteromedian flexus; anteroloph well developed, separated from anterocone by persistent anteroflexus; protostyle absent; mesolophs present on all upper molars; paracone connected by enamel bridge to anterior moiety of protocone; median mure connected to protocone. m2 protoflexus absent; mesoflexus present as two internal fossetti; paracone without an accessory loph. m3 with posteroloph and large hypoflexus (fig. 6c). m1 anteroconid without anteromedian flexid, but with anteromedian fossettid; anterolabial cingulum present on all lower molars; anterolophid present on m1, but absent on m2 and m3; ectolophid present on m1 and m2; mesolophid distinct on unworn m1 and m2; posteroflexid present on m3 (fig. 7c) .\nthis species shares several characters with the other species of the genus oligoryzomys, such as: small size; absence of jugal; smooth and amphoral supraorbital margins; absence of cranial crests; caudad - oriented foramen magnum; divided anterocone on m1; presence of posteroloph on m3; presence of large stapedial foramen and posterior opening of alisphenoid, and absence of squamosal–alisphenoid groove and sphenofrontal foramen (carotid circulation pattern 2 of voss, 1988); and presence of large sphenopalatine vacuities. the last three characters are among the recovered synapomorphies for oligoryzomys listed by weksler (2006), and the present phylogenetic results (see below) provide the first cladistic corroboration of the placement of o. victus within that genus .\nfrom the latin ‘ pennatus ’, winged or feathered, combined with ‘ mys ’, the standard suffix for mouse. in honour of elizabeth s. wing, to commemorate her extensive contributions to caribbean zooarchaeology .\noryzomyine rodents with short and blunt nasals; dual articulation of lacrimal with maxillary and frontal; slightly convergent anterior interorbital region; subtle supraorbital crests; posterior margin of incisive foramen terminating immediately posterior to anterior margin of alveolus of m1; long bony palate (mesopterygoid fossa does not extend anteriorly between maxillary bones); well - developed capsular process in mandibular ramus; and single anterior masseteric crest. m1 with undivided anterocone and well - developed mesoloph, with anterior protocone–paracone crista; m2 without protoflexus, and mesoflexus with single internal fossette; m3 with developed mesoloph, but posteroloph absent or vestigial, and hypoflexus narrow and disappearing with moderate wear. m1 with enclosed anteromedian fossettids, but without anteromedian flexid; with small ectolophid and ectostylid. mesolophid and mesostylid present, connected to entoconid by lingual cingulum. all lower molars with anterolabial cingula. m1–m3 with three alveolar roots, m1 with four roots (including accessory), m2 with three roots, and m3 with two roots. additional morphological information is provided under the species description below .\nfrom the available material, pennatomys does not seem to possess any remarkable anatomical feature that is not also shared with other oryzomyines. the combination of several traits, however, differentiates this taxon from all other oryzomyines. pennatomys displays three synapomorphies for a ‘ nectomys ’ subclade within clade d of the oryzomyini (see weksler, 2006): absence of protoflexus and presence of single mesofossette on m2 (fig 10a, b), and single anterior masseteric crest (fig. 10j). pennatomys can be differentiated from all other members of the nectomys subclade, including megalomys, by a combination of the following characters: dual articulation of the lacrimal with the maxillary and frontal (other taxa have major articulation with the maxillary), absence of accessory root on m1 (labial accessory root present in other taxa), and absence of posteroloph (posteroloph present in other taxa). additional character differentiation among the three described oryzomyine taxa from the lesser antilles (pennatomys, megalomys, and o. victus) is shown in table 2 .\nmaxillary and mandibular tooth rows and cranial elements of pennatomys nivalis gen. et sp. nov. a–c, maxillary tooth rows. a, flmnh - eap 05270001 (st. eustatius). b, nhm m 82456 (nevis) (reversed for comparison). c, flmnh - eap 05270002 (st. eustatius). d–g, mandibular tooth rows. d, nhm m 82452 (holotype: nevis). e, nhm m 82460 (nevis). f, flmnh - eap 05270003 (st. eustatius) (reversed for comparison). g, flmnh - eap 05270004 (st. eustatius) (reversed for comparison). h–i, maxilla, flmnh - eap 05270002 (st. eustatius). j, mandible, labial view, flmnh - eap 05270003 (st. eustatius). k, paired frontals, flmnh - eap 05270005 (st. eustatius). scale bars: 1 mm .\npattern ii, stapedial foramen present, sphenofrontal foramen absent; pattern iii, stapedial foramen and sphenofrontal foramen absent .\nother species of oligoryzomys do not have a labial accessory root on m1, and have only two roots on m2 and m3 .\nnhm m 82452, right hemimandible with i1 and m1–3 (fig. 10d) .\nfor specific site details); st. george, gingerlands, nevis, federation of st. kitts–nevis .\nfour hemimandibles (nhm m 82453, m 82454, m 82459, and m 82460) from test pit 14, spit 4 / 2, context 1363, sample bs 5402; one maxilla (nhm m 82455) from test pit 14, spit 4 / 1, context 1362, sample bs 5344; one maxilla (nhm m 82456), and one humerus and one femur (nhm m 82458), from test pit 14, spit 2 / 2, context 1362, sample bs 5319; paired frontals with associated left nasal (nhm m 82457) from test pit 14, spit 2 / 2, context 1362, sample ds 5322; one premaxilla with associated incisor (nhm m 82461) from test pit 14, spit 5, context 1363, sample bs 5407; all from hichmans (fig 10b, e) .\nin addition to the type series, additional dissociated craniodental and postcranial rice rat skeletal material was also examined from the archaeological sites of sugar factory pier, st. kitts (flmnh - eap 02510001 - 02510008; see wing, 1973); and golden rock, st. eustatius (flmnh - eap 05270001–05270005; see van der klift, 1992) .\nknown from late holocene pre - columbian zooarchaeological sites on the islands of st. eustatius, st. kitts, and nevis .\nfrom the latin ‘ nivalis ’, snowy. in reference to ‘ nuestra señora de las nieves ’, ‘our lady of the snows’, the early spanish name for nevis, apparently so - called because of misidentification of the clouds surrounding mount nevis .\nno complete or partial skulls known; cranial morphology based on dissociated elements (fig. 10h–k). nasals short, terminating anterior to or extending slightly further than the maxillary–frontal–lacrimal suture, and with blunt posterior margin. premaxillaries extend posteriorly almost as far as nasals. interorbital region slightly convergent anteriorly, with subtle supraorbital crests. postorbital ridge apparently absent; frontosquamosal suture collinear with frontoparietal suture, dorsal facet of frontal not in contact with squamosal. zygomatic plate broad, with anterodorsal margin smoothly rounded and conspicuously anterior to superior maxillary root of zygoma, and posterior margin situated slightly anterior to alveolus of m1. posterior margin of incisive foramen terminates immediately posterior to anterior margin of alveolus of m1. bony palate long and relatively flat, with shallow lateral excavations; mesopterygoid fossa does not extend anteriorly between maxillary bones .\ncapsular process of lower incisor alveolus present in the mandible, situated either ventral to the coronoid process or between the coronoid process and the condyle process. superior and inferior masseteric ridges often conjoined anteriorly as single crest, which terminates ventral to anterior margin of m1 .\nupper incisors with smoothly rounded enamel bands. maxillary tooth rows parallel. molars bunodont and brachyodont, with labial flexi enclosed by a cingulum; labial and lingual flexi meet at midline, enamel overlaps. all upper molars with three roots (accessory labial root of m1 absent). m1 with two large roots and two central accessory roots, m2 with one large posterior and two smaller anterior roots, and m3 with one large anterior and one large posterior root (fig 10a–g) .\nm1 anterocone undivided and well developed (equal in length and width to protocone–paracone). internal fold of procingulum circular, medially situated, and eliminated by heavy wear in older specimens. anteroloph reaching labial margin, separated from anterocone by short anteroflexus, which extends to internal fold and disappears with slight wear. protostyle absent; protoflexus broad and deep, with large, gently squared apex. paraflexus transversely oriented from labial wall, deflected posteriorly close to crown midline, and extends along entire length of paracone. mesoloph well developed; mesoflexus short, transverse, with slightly expanded apex. paracone connected by enamel bridge to anterior or middle moiety of protocone; median mure connected to protocone. hypoflexus slightly deeper than protoflexus, with triangular apex. metaflexus deep, crescentic, extending over halfway across crown, almost reaching posterior wall, and reaching hypoflexus. posteroflexus small, obliquely anterolingual notch at posterior margin of metacone. very small internal fossette situated between posteroflexus and posterolabial margin of metaflexus, sometimes discernible on worn teeth .\nm2 protoflexus absent; mesoflexus present as single internal fossette; paracone without accessory loph. paraflexus slightly posterolinguad, extending halfway across crown. mesoflexus very reduced, defining small triangular mesoloph. mesoflexus internal fossette usually slightly anterolinguad and anteroposteriorly constricted medially. hypoflexus very deep, sometimes with slightly rounded, expanded apex, and anteroposteriorly shorter than on m1. metaflexus crescentic, deep and broad, extending well over halfway across crown. posteroflexus very small and faint, apparently apically bifurcated .\nm3 with developed mesoloph, but posteroloph absent (or vestigial; joined to metacone with little wear). hypoflexus narrow and extremely small in specimens with little wear, disappearing with moderate to heavy wear. paraflexus slightly posterolinguad, broad and deep on unworn teeth, becoming greatly reduced by wear; can form separate small internal fold adjacent to apex. mesoflexus large, transverse; can become isolated as an island. paracone transverse, anteroposteriorly short or triangular; almost isolated by paraflexus and mesoflexus. metaflexus posterolinguad, anteriorly convex, extending 75% of the distance across crown, often reaching hypoflexus region; can coalesce distally with diminutive posteroflexus to develop bifurcated apex .\nm1 with enclosed anteroflexid and anteromedian fossettids crowded together, each with an anterior extension close to the crown midline; coalescing into a single transverse fossettid with minor wear. anterolabial cingulum present, fused with anterolabial surface of protoconid. protoflexid narrowly compressed labially, with apex bifurcated, and obliquely anterolinguad, almost reaching anterior fossettids; can become isolated internal island with moderate wear. hypoflexid transverse broad, deep, and open, extending halfway across crown. small ectolophid and ectostylid present. metaflexid small, narrow, anteroposteriorly elongated or obliquely anterolinguad; becomes isolated island with slight wear, and absent with moderate wear. metafossetid deep and open, coalesced with deep and curved mesoflexid with slight wear, to almost completely outline the metaconid. mesolophid and mesostylid present, connected to entoconid by lingual cingulum. small entoflexid only present on unworn teeth. posteroflexid and posterofossetid coalesce with slight wear, and outline entoconid. posterofossetid deep, slightly expanded anteriorly; apex deflected posteriorly. posteroflexid relatively straight, obliquely anterolabial. metaconid and entoconid subquadrate; protoconid and hypoconid subtriangular .\nm2 with shallow protoflexid, occupying 30% of the crown width, and obliquely anterolinguad at 45°; defines shelf - like anterolabial cingulum. hypoflexid broad and deep, but without apical bifurcation. metaflexid small, becoming transverse island in anterolingual corner of metaconid. mesolophid present, joined to entoconid by lingual cingulum. mesoflexid almost completely circumscribes metaconid, very broad and deep, extending over half of the crown width, and widening gradually away from lingual wall; apex coalesced with transversely elliptical first internal fold. posteroflexid very deep, even with slight wear; extends to midline, becoming more transverse with wear. entoflexid slightly obliquely posterolabiad, with distinct short medial anterior extension, extends labially just beyond crown midline .\nanterolabial cingulum and protoflexid of m3 similar to condition in m2, but with protoflexid slightly more transverse and shallow. hypoflexid prominent, occupying over half of the crown width, but anteroposteriorly shorter than in m2; gently curved, or with anterior margin curved and posterior margin straight and obliquely anterolabial at 45°. metaflexid small, transverse island in anterolingual corner of metaconid; disappears with slight wear. mesoflexid long, deep, occupying 70% of the crown width, and curving around metaconid, with slight bifurcation at medial apex. entoconid very small and subtriangular. entoflexid and posteroflexid distinct only on unworn teeth, otherwise coalesced. entoflexid 50–60% of the crown width, and 35–40% of the crown length; obliquely posterolabiad at almost 45°; with anterior extension close to lingual margin. posteroflexid small and transverse .\nour description of a new genus for this taxon is based on the morphological distinctiveness of the new material, both in size (tables 1, 3) and in qualitative craniodental characters (table 2), and in the results of phylogenetic analyses. the corroboration of this hypothesis awaits the discovery of additional material that would allow for a more complete phylogenetic assessment .\ntooth row measurements of pennatomys nivalis gen. et sp. nov. populations from nevis, st. eustatius, and st. kitts (mm )\nalthough preliminary analysis of zooarchaeological material from hichmans suggested that two rice rat size morphs might be found at the site (nokkert, 2002), more detailed morphological and morphometric investigation indicates that only a single rice rat taxon is present (table 3). the slight variation in body size of some specimens (e. g. nhm m 82459; = ‘ megalomys ’ of nokkert, 2002) is associated with increased age and extreme tooth wear .\nalthough p. nivalis gen. et sp. nov. is an abundant component of saladoid and post - saladoid archaeological sites on the st. kitts bank, there are no confirmed records of its survival in the european historical period. the englishman george percy, who stopped at nevis around 1606, reported that his men went hunting on the island and ‘got great store of conies’ (wilson, 2006), but this record almost certainly refers to agoutis (dasyprocta), which had been translocated across the windward and leeward islands from mainland south america by amerindians in earlier centuries (newsom & wing, 2004). sir henry colt reported in 1631 that animals specifically identified as rats provided ‘good meat’ on st. kitts (harlow, 1925), and in 1720 the reverend william smith claimed that ‘in nevis some people do eat rats, wrapping them up in banano - leaves to bake them as it were under warm embers’ (merrill, 1958). however, black rats (rattus rattus) have also been eaten in many parts of the west indies during recent history (merrill, 1958; higman, 2008), and these historical records may conceivably also refer to exotic murids rather than endemic rice rats. intriguingly, there are several reports of unusual - looking rats occurring on nevis into recent times, and being eaten by inhabitants of the island until at least the 1930s (j. johnson, nevis historical and conservation society, pers. comm .) .\nwe scored m. desmarestii for 81 (83 %), m. luciae for 71 (72 %), o. victus for 73 (74 %), and p. nivalis gen. et sp. nov. for 49 (50 %) morphological characters. megalomys desmarestii and o. victus were scored for most external, cranial, skeletal, and dental characters, whereas m. luciae was scored only for dental and cranial characters, and p. nivalis gen. et sp. nov. was scored for dental, mandibular, and very few cranial characters. by comparison, other oryzomyines, previously scored in weksler (2006), ranged in completeness from 32% (amphinectomys) to 100% (two taxa) .\nparsimony analysis of the concatenated matrix of morphological and molecular (irbp) data sets resulted in four trees (1245 steps; consistency index, ci = 0. 37; retention index, ri = 0. 64), the strict consensus of which recovers the same overall phylogenetic structure of a previous analysis of the oryzomyine data set (weksler, 2006) with the addition of the newly scored west indian taxa (fig. 11). oligoryzomys victus is placed as the most basal scored member of the oligoryzomys clade, whereas megalomys is recovered as the sister group of sigmodontomys aphrastus. pennatomys is recovered as the sister group of the clade containing aegialomys, melanomys, sigmodontomys, nectomys, and amphinectomys. nodal support is high for megalomys (jackknife = 99% ; bs = 5), and lower for oligoryzomys including victus (jackknife = 56% ; bs = 2), but the placement of pennatomys is much less secure (jackknife < 50% ; bs = 1). there is a steep decline in nodal support involving the region on the tree leading to pennatomys, as expected from the fragmentary nature of the new material. west indian rice rats are never recovered as a monophyletic unit: trees constrained for pennatomys and megalomys are only five steps longer, a difference that is statistically not significant (p > 0. 05) in the kishino–hasegawa test .\nphylogenetic relationships of west indian oryzomyines. consensus cladogram of four most - parsimonious trees (tree length, l = 1245; consistency index, ci = 0. 37; retention index, ri = 0. 64) of combined molecular (irbp) and morphological characters. jackknife (> 50 %) and bremer (> 1) nodal support indices are shown above and below branches, respectively. clades a, b, c, and d are the same as those recovered by weksler (2006). out - groups include peromyscus maniculatus (neotominae), nyctomys sumichrasti (tylomyinae), and delomys sublineatus, thomasomys baeops, and wiedomys pyrrhorhinos (sigmodontinae). oryzomyine generic taxonomy follows that of weksler et al. (2006) .\nanalysis of the morphological data set resulted in five most - parsimonious trees (539 steps; ci = 0. 26; ri = 0. 63), the strict consensus of which (tree not shown) again recovers the same overall phylogenetic structure of a previous analysis of morphological characters (weksler, 2006) with the addition of the newly scored west indian rice rat taxa. megalomys is recovered as a sister group of the clade containing nectomys and sigmodontomys, whereas o. victus is recovered as the most basal scored member of the genus oligoryzomys. pennatomys is recovered as a sister group of the clade containing amphinectomys, aegialomys, nesoryzomys, melanomys, and the megalomys plus nectomys - sigmodontomys clade. nodal support for most clades in the tree is low (as also recovered by weksler, 2006), but is high for the m. luciae - m. desmarestii node (jackknife = 99% ; bs = 6). the placement of o. victus as the most basal scored member of oligoryzomys also received moderate support (jackknife = 62% ; bs = 2), but nodes in the tree area of pennatomys are uniformly low. trees constrained for inclusion of the new material in megalomys are six steps longer, a difference that is again not significant in the kishino–hasegawa test .\nprevious proposals for relationships of megalomys are rejected by our analyses. in the most comprehensive comparative study of west indian rice rat material available to date, the unpublished thesis of ray (1962), megalomys was considered to be closely related to mindomys hammondi (then assigned to oryzomys; see weksler et al. , 2006 for the current oryzomyine classification). in fact, ray (1962) included mindomys hammondi as a member of the subgenus megalomys within oryzomys (see also hershkovitz, 1970). however, this phylogenetic hypothesis is falsified by our analyses. mindomys is never recovered within clade d (see also weksler, 2006), where megalomys is robustly placed. trees containing mindomys and megalomys as sister taxa are nine steps longer than the most - parsimonious tree (the difference is not significant in kishino–hasegawa tests, but both taxa lack molecular data) .\nmcfarlane & lundberg (2002), in turn, rejected the close relationship between megalomys and mindomys hammondi on biogeographic grounds, and suggested that megalomys was more closely related to an oryzomyine taxon inhabiting the caribbean coast of south america. our results also do not corroborate this scenario, as s. aphrastus, the recovered sister taxon of megalomys, is a species known from scattered transandean localities in ecuador, panama, and costa rica (mccain et al. , 2007). the phylogenetic position of s. aphrastus is controversial (weksler, 2006; mccain et al. , 2007), and the present hypothesis of megalomys plus s. aphrastus needs corroboration from additional data. nevertheless, the recovered close relationship of megalomys to nectomys and related taxa (e. g. sigmodontomys and melanomys) has been suggested by several authors (e. g. allen, 1912; musser & carleton, 2005) .\nthe newly described genus pennatomys is also recovered within clade d in our analyses, but interestingly pennatomys and megalomys are not recovered as sister groups within this clade. this suggests that the lesser antillean island chain was colonized by multiple over - water dispersal events by representatives of clade d. however, support for the phylogenetic position of pennatomys within clade d is low, and a more detailed understanding of the morphological character state combinations displayed by other undescribed rice rat taxa from the windward and leeward islands is required to investigate this phylogenetic hypothesis further .\nour analyses corroborate the inclusion of o. victus in the genus oligoryzomys, as proposed by several researchers of oryzomyine systematics. its basal position in the genus indicates its distinctiveness from the other scored species, but further alpha taxonomy studies are necessary to corroborate its status in relation to continental oligoryzomys species from venezuela and panama (e. g. oligoryzomys fulvescens) .\nphylogenetic analysis of the extinct west indian rice rats also provides new insights into the nature of body size evolution in these insular oryzomyines, and challenges previously held assumptions about the evolution of megalomys. the body size of megalomys is among the largest of all sigmodontines, and this genus has been interpreted by several authors as a classic example of autapomorphic gigantism or ‘island gigantism’ derived from a small - bodied ancestor (e. g. steadman & ray, 1982; mcfarlane & lundberg, 2002). the closest relatives of megalomys, however, are also some of the largest living oryzomyines (weksler, 2006). sigmodontomys aphrastus, the sister taxon of megalomys, is a medium - sized rodent (head–body length = 152 mm; mccain et al. , 2007), but some specimens of nectomys are recorded as having a head–body length of 254 mm (weksler, 2006). this suggests that the alternative hypothesis of phyletic gigantism may also explain the large body size of megalomys, and emphasizes that phylogenetic analyses are required before making assumptions about body size evolution in insular taxa .\nand for undescribed taxa from grenada, guadeloupe, and marie galante using oxcal 4. 0 (\nis based on a direct radiocarbon date from subfossil rice rat material; all other radiometric last - occurrence dates are based on calibrated dates of stratigraphically associated material from archaeological sites .\n), and anthropogenic hunting pressures on rice rats and other species may also have increased during this period. some amerindian sites show decreases in rice rat abundance over time (e. g. mill creek, antigua ;\n) or reductions in rice rat body size over time (e. g. anse des pères, st. martin ;\n), supporting the hypothesis of prehistoric overexploitation and early preferential removal of larger individuals (cf .\nalthough the taxonomy and species status of the lesser antillean rice rats remains extremely confused, the windward and leeward islands alone have lost approximately 20 separate island populations of rice rats during the historical period, many of which may have represented distinct species. this dramatic level of extinction is equivalent in magnitude to the much more widely known historical - era loss of marsupials and rodents in australia (macphee & flemming, 1999; johnson, 2006; turvey, 2009), but comprises only a part of the much greater series of recent land mammal extinctions documented so far from the west indies. this highlights the vulnerability of insular mammal species, not only ancient ‘relict’ lineages (purvis et al. , 2000; isaac et al. , 2007), but also more evolutionarily recent insular radiations, and emphasizes the need for further investigation and description of the region' s poorly known extinct mammal fauna .\ndetailed investigation of historical, zooarchaeological and palaeontological rice rat museum specimens was made possible by irv quitmyer, sylvia scudder, and elizabeth wing (flmnh - eap), and by andy currant and louise tomsett (nhm). initial identification of rice rat material from st. eustatius was carried out by h. w. van der klift. further information and assistance with caribbean archaeology and historical data was provided by peter bellamy, john crock, andrew crosby, john guilbert, jen heathcote, jim johnson, quetta kaye, michelle lefebvre, john robb, and david watters. funding was provided for stt by a leverhulme early career fellowship and a nerc postdoctoral fellowship; and for mw by an alaska epscor fellowship and a nsf (atol) postdoctoral fellowship .\nhistoire naturelle des mammifères, avec l' indication de leurs moeurs, et de leurs rapports avec les arts, le commerce et l' agriculture. primates, cheiroptères, insectivores et rongeurs\nthe evolution of mammals on southern continents. vi. the recent mammals of the neotropical region: a zoogeographic and ecological review\nin search of the native population of pre - columbian saba (400–1450 ad). part two: settlements in their natural and social environment\nelka drukkerijen bv. publication of the st. eustatius historical foundation 2; publication of the foundation for scientific research in the caribbean region 131\ndescription du crane et de quelques ossements d' un genre nouveau éteint de cricetidae (mammalia - rodentia) géant des galapagos: megaoryzomys (gen. nov. )\non land and sea. native american uses of biological resources in the west indies\narchaeological investigations on st. martin (lesser antilles). the sites of norman estate, anse de pères, and hope estate, with a contribution to the ‘la hueca problem’\npaup *. phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (* and other methods), v. 4. 0b10\nthe taxonomic history of the south and central american cricetid rodents of the genus oryzomys. - part 2: subgenera oligoryzomys, thallomyscus, and melanomys\non the taxonomic status of oryzomys curasoae mcfarlane and debrot, 2001, with remarks on the phylogenetic relationships of o. gorgasi hershkovitz, 1971\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. it furthers the university' s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription .\nsorry, preview is currently unavailable. you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we' ll email you a reset link .\ndistribution of oryzomys gorgasi (brown) and the related o. couesi in northwestern south america .\noryzomys gorgasi, also known as gorgas' s oryzomys [ 2 ] or gorgas' s rice rat, [ 1 ] is a species of rodent in the genus oryzomys of family cricetidae. it is limited to the lowlands of northwestern colombia and northwestern venezuela and formerly occurred on the island of curaçao off northwestern venezuela .\noryzomys gorgasi was first found in antioquia department of northwestern colombia during an expedition by the u. s. army medical department and the gorgas memorial laboratory. although only a single old male was caught, field museum zoologist philip hershkovitz used it to describe a new species, oryzomys gorgasi. he named it after physician william crawford gorgas, in whose honor the gorgas memorial laboratory was named. [ 3 ] he considered the new species to be most closely related to oryzomys palustris, which at the time included north and central american populations now placed in the marsh rice rat (o. palustris), o. couesi, and other species. [ 4 ] the species was not recorded again until 2001, when venezuelan zoologist j. sánchez h. and coworkers reported on 11 specimens found in coastal northwestern venezuela, 700 kilometres (400 mi) from the colombian locality. [ 5 ]\nin 2001, donald mcfarlane and adolphe debrot described a new oryzomys species from the netherlands antillean island of curaçao off northwestern venezuela. for their description, they used subfossil material from owl pellets, including two partial skulls and several hemi mandibles. they referred the species to oecomys, [ 6 ] a group of arboreal, mainly south american rodents related to oryzomys. [ 7 ] o. curasoae has also been known as the curaçao rice rat [ 8 ] and the curaçao oryzomys. [ 2 ]" ]

{ "text": [ "\" ekbletomys hypenemus \" is an extinct oryzomyine rodent from the islands of antigua and barbuda , lesser antilles .", "it was described as the only species of the subgenus \" ekbletomys \" of genus oryzomys in a 1962 ph.d. thesis , but that name is not available under the international code of zoological nomenclature and the species remains formally unnamed .", "it is currently referred to as \" ekbletomys hypenemus \" in the absence of a formally available name .", "the species is now thought to be extinct , but association with introduced rattus indicates that it survived until after 1500 ce on antigua .", "it is known from abundant skeletal elements , which document it as the largest known oryzomyine , on par with megalomys desmarestii , another antillean endemic .", "its morphological features indicate that it is distinct from megalomys , which includes various other antillean oryzomyines , and derives from a separate colonization of the lesser antilles by oryzomyines .", "in the original description , it was placed close to a species now placed in nephelomys , but its relationships have not been studied since . " ], "topic": [ 3, 26, 25, 17, 27, 27, 6 ] }

[ "\" ekbletomys hypenemus \" is an extinct oryzomyine rodent from the islands of antigua and barbuda, lesser antilles. it was described as the only species of the subgenus \" ekbletomys \" of genus oryzomys in a 1962 ph.d. thesis, but that name is not available under the international code of zoological nomenclature and the species remains formally unnamed. it is currently referred to as \" ekbletomys hypenemus \" in the absence of a formally available name. the species is now thought to be extinct, but association with introduced rattus indicates that it survived until after 1500 ce on antigua. it is known from abundant skeletal elements, which document it as the largest known oryzomyine, on par with megalomys desmarestii, another antillean endemic. its morphological features indicate that it is distinct from megalomys, which includes various other antillean oryzomyines, and derives from a separate colonization of the lesser antilles by oryzomyines. in the original description, it was placed close to a species now placed in nephelomys, but its relationships have not been studied since." ]

[ "all fishing buy, northern pike fish, habitats, characteristics, fishing pike methods .\nthe northern pike is sometimes called other names: american pike, common pike, great lakes pike, jackfish, longhead, and snot rocket .\n) region and a 443 bp sequence of the d - loop, to evaluate the origin and dispersal of northern pike and amur pike using a circumpolar dataset for a northern pike .\nthe most popular lure to use to catch a northern pike is a spoon .\nnorthern pike are important as top predators in the aquatic systems where they live .\nand d - loop) found in northern and amur pike (grey) .\nsome states will have maximum or minimum limits on northern pike. this northern pike measures in at 28\n. photo by sachmet (pete krawcyzk) on flickr .\ncircumpolar phylogeography of the northern pike (esox lucius) and its relationship to the amur pike (e. reichertii )\nthe northern pike is truly a northern fish and is found at moderate - to high - latitudes throughout the northern hemisphere. the name “pike” is shared with a long medieval weapon similar to a spear. large pike are sometimes called “gators” and small pike can be called “hammer handles. ”\nmost pike are caught by anglers in northern waters when fishing for black - bass .\n]. however, recolonization of northern europe by northern pike from this refugium seems improbable. the second european pike lineage might be derived from a central european refugium located between the northern and alpine ice caps as previously suggested [\nthe relationship described in this section suggests that a 20 - inch northern pike will weigh about 2 pounds, while a 26 - inch northern pike will weigh about 4 pounds .\nliving in the northern part of the old world. in otherwords, europe and asia and northern africa .\nto learn more about fly - in fishing for walleye and northern pike please click here .\n]; this might also possibly be a refugium for the northern pike b - lineage .\nthis is a canadian pike fishing lodge that does it right. join us for a canada northern pike fishing trip you’ll never forget! ! visit our northern pike fishing photos page to see great pictures of the pike you can catch while fishing with us !\nfound in the freshwaters of the northern hemisphere, the northern pike is a voracious fish. hiding in the shadow ready to attack its prey, the pike displays to nature a fearless attitude .\ntj rank, age 10, caught this 33, 8 lb northern pike on farm lake .\nnorthern pike speared by wyatt lavigne, guided by garrett king, both of int' l .\nenlarge chris clark chrisclark @ urltoken a dead northern pike floats in dean lake in plainfield twp .\naguilar a, banks j, levine f. wayne rk. population genetics of northern pike (\nfarrell jm, mead jv. murry ba. protracted spawning of st lawrence river northern pike (\nnorthern pike are classified as secure in the current general status of alberta wild species report. see :\nalex saltzer caught this 13 - pound, 10 - ounce northern pike may 30 at turtle slough .\nnorthern pike are prized game fish throughout their range and are a commercial food fish in eastern europe .\ntwo kayakers on a lake in northern minnesota encountered an impressive sight over the weekend when they paddled up to a large muskie with a northern pike in its jaws .\n). estimated time of expansion for the amur pike and the b and e lineages of the northern pike was around 0. 1 myr (table\nreservoirs, lakes and ponds throughout the state. northern pike generally prefer coolwater habitats and do best in deeper\nmakes them even more popular during winter ice fishing. sportfishing for northern pike attracts a large number of anglers\ndistribution of northern pike across the continental united states. (credit: u. s. geological survey )\nthe northern pike - esox lucius, are typical of brackish and freshwaters of the northern regions, also known as common pike, great northern pike, jack or jackfish in canada, northern, pickerel, pike in britain, snake. they range from the interior to the arctic coast, from the canadian border to the seward peninsula, and southwest to the bristol bay drainages. a small isolated population is found near yakutat .\nnorthern pike is not currently threatened by extinction. the departments of natural resources in states where they occur keep a close watch on population levels and can increase populations by stocking streams with northern pike raised in hatcheries .\n), rejecting the suggestion of one single refugium for northern pike put forward by maes et al. [\nfarrell jm. reproductive success of sympatric northern pike and muskellunge in an upper st. lawrence river bay .\nmiller lm. senanan w. a review of northern pike population genetics research and its implications for management .\nvehanen t, hyvarinen p, johansson k. laaksonen t. patterns of movement of adult northern pike (\nnorthern pike fish taxidermy consisting of pike fiberglass fish replicas and reproductions. the excellent quality of our fish reproductions and replicas of the pike species accurately resembles the natural shape & coloration of each fish .\ncircumpolar phylogeography of the northern pike (esox lucius) and its relationship to the amur pike (e. reichertii) | frontiers in zoology | full text\nalthough pike are common in michigan, pike populations are sensitive to a variety of problems .\nfour - year - old donovan anton caught his first northern pike in rensselaer falls sunday, with cory reynolds .\nregion for both northern and amur pike. there were, respectively, 39 and 17 segregating sites in the cyt\nthe circumpolar northern pike is monophyletic and clearly differentiated from the amur pike. based on the observed haplotype diversity in the northern pike we infer that present day distribution is due to expansion from three different glacial refugia. one lineage was found throughout the holarctic suggesting dispersal from a common refugium, probably in asia. an eurasian origin of most of present day northern pike diversity is also supported by the higher overall diversity in eurasia relative to northern america .\nplease visit our faq page for more information on our canadian fishing packages, northern pike fishing, and more .\nthe northern pike is the largest predator in the northern waters. they are strong fighting game fish. the small to medium size pike are feeding on small minnows, bugs, frogs and each other. northern pike like to ambush their prey. the perfect place for a big northern to ambush walleyes or other fish is off rocky points, narrow sections of the lake or the mouth of a river .\nthe formula to calculate the weight for a northern pike that is 40 inches long and has a girth of 20 inches is as follows. northern pike have a shape factor of 1000 and a girth ratio of (. 52 )\nscreen grab from a facebook video showing a muskie biting into a northern pike in a lake at itasca state park .\nin alaska, the vast majority of northern pike populations appear healthy with most fisheries being sustainable. where development and northern pike coexist, threats such as oil and gas development, agriculture, and timber harvest may impact the local populations .\nhundreds of northern pike have died in southern wisconsin waters over the last several days, apparently due to heat stress .\nnorthern pike spawn immediately after the ice leaves the water in spring, typically when water temperature is around 40 f .\nnorthern pike are top predators in the systems they inhabit. however, the eggs, fry, and young of northern pike may be eaten by other predatory fish, aquatic birds, otters, or by the larvae of aquatic insects .\nthe amur - northern pike diversification was estimated to be ~ 4. 6 myr ago in the early pliocene (table\nbosworth a. farrell jm. genetic divergence among northern pike from spawning locations in the upper st. lawrence river .\nouellet - cauchon g, normandeau e, mingelbier m. bernatchez l. est - based microsatellites for northern pike (\nin south dakota, northerns are the first gamefish to spawn, usually during late march or early april. male northern pike\n]. the same arguments may hold for the amur pike and other pike species. we used published\nthe hayfield inn, a little hostelrie on the northern\npike ,\nis the scene of many a turkey - shoot .\nstate. to protect northern pike populations, the harvest of adult fish is regulated through a creel limit. each spring, the\nstrikes and startles of northern pike (esox lucius): a comparison of muscle activity and kinematics between s - start behaviors .\nand d - loop haplotypes shows that the northern pike haplotypes are divided into three lineages. the northern pike phylogeny was not consistent with deep - branching clades indicating long - term reproductive isolation, which is usually caused by isolation in multiple refugia (see figure\n] have indicated recent population expansion of northern pike. to test for this, we calculated the mismatch distribution of the different cyt\nmingelbier m, brodeur p. morin j. spatially explicit model predicting the spawning habitat and early stage mortality of northern pike (\nthe northern pike (esox lucius) gets it name from its resemblance of the pole - like weapon known as a pike used in the middle ages. its predation status makes it a fish to be feared by smaller fish. american expedition is proud to present information & interesting facts about the northern pike .\nthe formula to calculate the weight for a northern pike that is 40 inches long and has a girth of 22 inches is as follows. pike have a shape factor of 900 .\npike attacks & kills perch: studying pike hunting & feeding behaviour, ep. 3 щука атакует окуня .\nif you talk to anglers in southcentral alaska, you will inevitably hear stories about lakes that used to provide good fishing for rainbows and salmon – that is until northern pike were introduced. this is the problem with northern pike in southcentral. they destroy fisheries .\nhere, we assess the level and geographic distribution of genetic variation of the northern and the amur pike. amur pike has so far only been investigated in context of higher level phylogeny [\n]. furthermore, a median - joining network (mj) comprising both the northern pike and amur pike haplotypes was constructed by the program network 4. 2. 0. 1 (\ndepartment collects 10 to 20 million northern pike eggs to be hatched and raised in the state' s fish hatchery system. the fish\nangling opportunities for northern pike are popular during the open water months of may to september and hard water months of december and march .\n( π = 0. 0031) and d - loop (π = 0. 0052) for northern pike are in the low end of what has been reported for other freshwater fish species in northern latitudes [\nall fish are predators, but northern pike come dressed for the part: needle teeth, vacant eyes, thick slime, serpentine shape. their primeval morphology has changed little in 60 million years. pike belong to the northern wilderness, where they remain most common. but stocking has extended their range south. if your state has predictable ice cover, chances are you have a northern pike lake nearby .\n“ pike ” (us) / “ pike ” (uk) in oxford dictionaries, oxford university press .\nthe genetic diversity of the northern and amur pike was low. low levels of genetic diversity are expected for freshwater fishes at northern latitudes as a result of bottlenecks and reduced effective population sizes within refugia during glaciation periods [\nnorthern pike are cool - water game fish subject to current alberta sportfishing regulations. for details, see the my wild alberta website at :\ni decided to take my son on a trip to oliver lake wilderness lodge so that he cloud learn to catch northern pike with me .\non the northern side of the baltimore pike were newly mown fields, the grass springing fresh and green since the mower had swept over it .\ntypically mature at age two, and females at age three. a single large female may produce up to 600, 000 eggs. northern pike\nfound in freshwater throughout the northern hemisphere, this species is the most sought after in this family of fish on a world wide scale. as ambush predators, pike typically lie in wait for prey; holding perfectly still for long periods of time and exhibit remarkable acceleration as they strike. hard hitting strikes are what anglers love about the northern pike. similar in appearance to its cousin the musky, the northern pike is easily recognizable from their long bodies. generally green in colour with light spots covering its body and face, with yellow and dark green striped fins. similar to the musky, these fish also have large predator teeth that deserve respect. a more than formidable angling match, the northern pike makes a popular trophy to hang on any anglers' wall. with full throat and gill detail on the northern pike replicas here at advanced taxidermy, every client boasts larges smiles at their northern pike mounts hanging on their walls. the northern pike is definitely a client favourite here at advanced taxidermy .\n], and both lineage b and e expanded around that time. a late pleistocene holarctic expansion has earlier been suggested for the northern pike [\n]). the northern pike haplotype networks created by the tcs program were nested by hand according to the rules of templeton et al. [\nthe northern pike (esox lucius) is found throughout the northern hemisphere, including russia, europe and north america. it has also been introduced to lakes in morocco and is even found in brackish water of the baltic sea .\nyoung northern pike feed on small crustaceans and insects. by the time they reach 50 millimeters (2 inches) in length they may be eating smaller fish. adult northern pike eat other fishes (mostly whitefishes but also suckers, burbot, smaller northern pike and juvenile salmon). large adults can eat voles, shrews, red squirrels, and small waterfowl. a bald eagle chick, was found in the stomach of one large female .\nnorthern pike are loved by fishing enthusiasts because they put up a good fight, and it is rewarding to catch one. photo by theschulers09 on flickr\nthis is a picture of logan meyer, morristown, proudly displaying the northern pike she caught while ice fishing recently on rollaway bay, black lake .\nnorthern pike can grow to nearly 40 pounds in montana and north idaho so they provide a truly outstanding sport and food fish in the appropriate waters .\nnorthern pike are a predatory fish. they feed primarily on other fish, and are known to eat frogs, mice, young muskrats and ducklings .\nstrikes and startles of northern pike (esox lucius): a comparison of muscle activity and kinematics between s - start behaviors. - pubmed - ncbi\nlaikre l, miller lm, palmé a, palm s, kapuscinski ar, thoresson g, et al. spatial genetic structure of northern pike (\nnearly all states in the northern tier of the country have pike lakes. in new england, vermont has the best pike fishing of the whole region. with its great lake border, newyork is an excellent pike state, as are michigan, minnesota, and wisconsin. the dakotas and colorado have good pike fishing in reservoirs, and alaska has some fine pike fishing. the wilderness waters in the canadian provinces have the least fishing pressure—and the biggest pike .\nnorthern pike are native to north america and eurasia. they are found from labrador west to alaska, south to pennsylvannia, missouri and nebraska. in europe they are found throughout northern and western europe and south throughout spain and east to siberia .\nthroughout their range, northern pike are one of the top predators in any system they inhabit. they are voracious eaters, extremely hard fighters, and usually under - targeted by anglers. because of this, pike fishing is some of the most exciting and fast action you can get on a northern lake .\npublication of the northern pike fact sheet was funded by the south dakota department of game, fish and parks, division of wildlife, pierre, sd .\nmature northern pike have few natural predators, among them sea lampreys and humans. northerns skulking in nearshore shallows also put themselves at risk from bears, dogs or other land - roaming carnivores. but life spans for northern pike are not short, and they have been known to live up to 12 years .\ncucherousset j, paillisson jm, roussel jm. using pit technology to study the fate of hatchery - reared yoy northern pike released into shallow vegetated areas .\nas any musky fisherman knows, northern pike are notorious for having eyes bigger than their stomachs. as a rule, when targeting pike don’t be afraid to go bigger with your tackle selection. bigger baits can be seen from farther away, which means they draw pike from further away .\nportage' s pike give anglers a better - than - most - places chance of hooking a fish at or above that magic 40 - inch length that all pike anglers covet — the minimum length for a master angler award for northern pike in the catch - and - release category .\nlucentini l, palomba a, lancioni h, gigliarelli l, natali m, et al. (2006b) microsatellite polymorphism in italian populations of northern pike (\nsometimes called jackfish, northern pike are long, slender fish with sharp, backward - slanting teeth, duck - like jaws and a long, flat head .\nnorthern pike are broadcast spawners, with females and males swimming alongside each other releasing their eggs and milt (excretion of male sperm cells) into the water .\nand d - loop region for northern pike. nucleotide diversity for this species ranged from 0. 0052 (d - loop) to 0. 0031 (cyt\nmiller l, kallemeyn l. senanan w. spawning - site and natal - site fidelity by northern pike in a large lake: mark–recapture and genetic evidence .\nthe vast majority of northern pike fisheries in alaska are well off of the road system and far from human settlements. these remote populations are considered stable. in some fisheries where northern pike are easily accessible, reduction in the size composition as well as localized depletion of abundance can occur. there are only a handful of populations of naturally - occurring northern pike that are subject to overfishing, with most of these being in the interior (e. g. , harding and volkmar lakes) .\n]. the estimated genetic variation for the muskellunge (π = 0. 0078 ± 0. 0010) was larger than for the northern pike, but similar to what is observed for other freshwater fishes. this indicates that the top - predator hypothesis probably cannot explain the low level of genetic variation in northern and amur pike .\n). all amur pike haplotypes formed a monophyletic group. the limited distribution of this species compared to northern pike may be explained by the mountain ranges yablonovy and stanovoy enclosing the amur river and separating it from other eastern siberian rivers [\nduring the last 2 weeks, a 48 - inch northern pike was caught and, two days later, a giant 52 - inch pike was brought into rick le moine' s garden sport shop (906 - 644 - 2908) .\nthe northern pike is actually native to most of the state, but it does not naturally occur south of the alaska range except for a small population near yakutat. pike are top - level predators in aquatic food chains, and they reproduce quickly. in southcentral, populations of trout, salmon and other fish have not had time to adapt defenses against pike’s predatory tactics. here, the northern pike is an invasive species capable of causing tremendous amounts of ecological and economic damage .\nnorthern pike play an important role as predator fish in many water bodies. as voracious eaters, they snap at bait quite readily, making them a favorite among anglers. this appetite, fueled by fish one - third to a half their size, usually drives northern pike to become the top predators in many of the lakes they inhabit .\n). for example, in lake st. pierre within the lower slr, modeled northern pike suitable spawning habitat spatially differed for two extreme water level scenarios (fig .\nnorthern pike were first discovered in lake roosevelt in 2015, entirely in the northern part of the reservoir near kettle falls. the fish may have been introduced illegally by anglers who like to catch them, or they may have found their way downstream from infested waters upstream .\n( linnaeus, 1758); esocidae family; also called great northern pike, great northern pickerel, jack, jackfish this is a holarctic species, meaning that it occurs around the world in northern, or arctic waters. in north america it is found in the atlantic, arctic, pacific, great lakes and mississippi river basins from labrador to alaska and south to pennsylvania, missouri and nebraska, usa. in northern eurasia pike are found from france to eastern siberia and south to northern italy. like the muskellunge, esox masquinongy, and the pickerels, e. niger and e. americanus, it is a long, sleek, ...\nthis should be obvious, but if you’ve never fished for northern pike before, here’s your warning: don’t lip them. serious pike anglers carry long needle nose pliers, and a jaw spreader – as unhooking them can be a delicate process .\nthe number of juvenile northern pike, an invasive, voracious, predator species, is increasing in lake roosevelt. researchers are on top of it, though, identifying areas where pike like to spawn, and removing as many as they can catch .\n, lineage e and f). the oldest and most diverse northern pike lineage is most likely the haplo - group found in the danube watershed (the f - lineage). the high diversity and restricted distribution indicates most probably presence of a refugium in this region. two earlier studies on northern pike detected distinct branches connected to southern europe in general [\njaden gannott, 6, of marshall caught this northern pike on memorial day weekend while fishing at ten mile lake with his dad, jim, and his grandpa, lyle moseng .\nin south dakota, northern pike can grow larger than 40 inches (101. 6 cm) and 30 pounds (13. 6 kg). the state record fish, as\n). the further differentiation of the northern pike into the three different lineages was estimated to have taken place much later, 0. 2 - 0. 3 myr ago (table\nadditional file 1: sampling of northern and amur pike. sampling drainage, geographic location, sample sizes, haplotype names and genbank accession numbers are indicated. (docx 25 kb )\nthough spawning seasons vary depending on location, northern pike in the great lakes tend to spawn in april or may after winter ice leaves. this occurs in shallow waters, a favorite of northerns, where there is cover from vegetation and temperatures are warmer. newly spawned northern pike are commonly preyed on by perch, minnows and waterfowl, as well as older northerns .\nnorthern pike will go after almost anything that moves in the water, so it' s unimportant what type of lure you use. photo by msn678 (mike nielsen) on flickr .\n], and our results support this for the circumpolar lineage. however, the total northern pike variation seen today cannot have accumulated after the last glaciation (ended 14 kyr ago; [\nthe major difference in appearance of male and female pike is size. the female fish are naturally larger than the male. both genders grow continually with age. the average weight of a northern pike is between 3 - 7 pounds and 24 - 30 inches long. the largest pike ever caught was 58 inches long and weighed 68 pounds .\nnorthern pike range from the alaska’s interior to the arctic coast, from the canadian border to the seward peninsula, and southwest to the bristol bay drainages. there is a small, isolated population near yakutat. during recent years, illegally - stocked northern pike have established themselves in streams of the susitna river drainage south of the alaska range as well as on the kenai peninsula .\nuse the same techniques for catching northern pike throughout their range from the u. s. rivers to the canadian lakes. fish the flats and weed beds from fall to spring and find the cooler bottom depressions in the summer months for big pike fishing all year long .\ngreat slave lake and the surrounding area is home to an abundance of northern pike that offer great sport all season long. late june to mid - july is prime time for targeting pike, but our professional and experienced guides can put you on fish all season long .\nas for the northern pike [ 54 ], the southern pike occurs in clear vegetated water bodies as lakes and large rivers. it is solitary and territorial, voracious predator feeding mainly on fishes, but also on frogs, crayfish and often cannibalistic. males reproduce for the first time when one - year - old, females when two - years - old. as for northern pike, reproduction is closely related to the presence of submerged vegetation. spawns in late winter (february - march) in central italy and in early spring (march - april) in northern italy. it is a valuable game fish for recreational fishing and may be impacted by habitat alteration and by competition and / or hybridisation with the northern pike previously used for stocking local populations in italy .\nthe northern pike is subject to cancerous lymphosarcoma and to a disease called red sore. pike carry parasites known as yellow grub (in the flesh) and blackspot (on the skin) which cannot infect humans and are killed when the pike are properly cooked. in certain locations, pike carry the broad tapeworm, which can be transferred to humans. northern pike is a commercial fish as well as a sport fish. it ranks second, by weight, of fish taken annually in saskatchewan. in 1993, the total canadian commercial harvest was 2150 t, with a value to fishermen of $ 1. 5 million .\nnorthern pike can be variable in color: a fish from a clear stream or lake will usually be light green, while a pike from a dark slough or river will be considerably darker. males and females are similar in appearance but females live longer and attain greater size .\nnorthern pike is like a larger version of grass and chain pickerels. it was stocked in missouri reservoirs in part to effectively control the large stocks of carp and gizzard shad present in those waters .\nthe northern pike is montana' s lone representative of the pike family. it is native to montana only in the saskatchewan river drainage on the east side of glacier park. however, widespread introduction, both legal and illegal, now makes the northern pike a common gamefish statewide except for southwest montana. northern pike thrive in standing or slow - moving waters of lakes, reservoirs, and streams, especially where dense vegetation grows. because of their voracious fish - eating habits they can literally eliminate their food supply in only a few years, leaving a population of terminally - stunted\nhammerhandles .\nit is for this reason that widespread illegal pike introductions in western montana have become a fishery manager' s nightmare. and in the prairie streams of eastern mt, pike have caused widespread elimination of multiple native prairie minnow species (that did not evolve with predatory fish) in permanent and intermittent drainages. northern pike spawn in early spring just after ice - off. they broadcast their eggs over flooded shoreline vegetation. the eggs adhere to the vegetation until the young are ready to swim on their own. northern pike can grow to nearly 40 pounds in montana and provide a truly outstanding sport and food fish in the appropriate waters .\nall summer long, northern pike are among the easiest fish to catch. this is due to their voracious appetite and the fact that pike are keen impulse strikers. i believe they’ll lash out at a bait for the sole purpose of doing it harm. they’re just plain mean !\nat the = order =, the heel of the pike rests on the ground near the right toe, the right hand holding the pike in a vertical position .\nmcmahon, t. e. , and d. h. bennett. 1996. walleye and northern pike: boost or bane to northwest fisheries? fisheries 21 (8): 6 - 13 .\n). the northern and amur pike haplotypes each formed two strongly supported clades and the two species did not share any haplotypes. thus, the minimum spanning network revealed two separate, unconnected clusters (figure\nregion. in total, our data and analyses support the existence of multiple refugia for northern pike in the holarctic during the last glaciation, followed by expansions from these refugia leading to separate star phylogenies .\nphylogenetic analyses were performed on the concatenated mtdna alignments to assess whether we could detect distinct phylogenetic groups within the northern pike or amur pike, and to investigate the relationship between these two species. this was done using maximum likelihood (ml) and distance (neighbour - joining, nj [\nwith funding from the u. s. fish and wildlife service aquatic nuisance species program, adf & g recently completed a management plan for invasive northern pike which can be viewed online at urltoken the management plan explains adf & g’s protocol for pike eradication and describes some of the removal methods that may be considered. adf & g is encouraging public feedback and comment on the invasive northern pike management plan. you are welcome to read it over and let adf & g know what you think .\nlucentini l, palomba a, gigliarelli l, sgaravizzi g, lancioni h, et al. (2009a) temporal changes and effective population size of an italian isolated and supportive - breeding managed northern pike (\na study published in 2013 by researchers at the university of helsinki found that longer female northern pike seem to produce egg larvae that are less vulnerable to starvation during the early stages of life. the finnish scientists also looked at the effect of age on the health of northern pike eggs, and found that older females, even though they were long, yielded egg weights lower and even negatively correlated to their lengths .\nnorthern pike are carnivorous fish. because they are equipped with sharp teeth and very complex skull and jaw structures, they are able to feed on smaller fish, frogs, crayfish, small mammals and birds .\ninvariably, b is close to 3. 0 for all species, and c is a constant that varies among species. for northern pike, b = 3. 096 and c = 0. 000180 .\ncatch one big northern pike and you fall in love with these magnificent predators. their willingness to chase and crush baits is amazing. the fight for which they’re capable is thrilling. it’s no wonder that in europe where pike reach epic sizes, they’re commonly referred to as “water wolves. ”\nour results strongly support the existence of two distinct lineages: thus, we here describe a new species of pike and provide phenotypic and genetic features to identify it unambiguously. as a consequence, we recommend stopping the stocking of pike in southern europe using northern pike from other european countries, as this could greatly impact the survival of this newly discovered species in its native range .\nneither the male nor the female pike care for the eggs once they are laid .\nthe meat of a pike is white and flaky, but quite boney as well .\nshe is the us forest service forest supervisor for pike and san isabel national forests .\nwater temperatures above 82˚ f are lethal to pike, and several southern michigan lakes and rivers experienced pike die - offs during the summer of 2012 due to elevated temperatures .\nthe pike here average 5 to 10 pounds, but 20 - pound pike — those beautiful, olympic - sized fish - eating machines — are caught here every year .\npike attacks & tries to eat zombie fish. 动物与机器人观察派克如何攻击僵尸鱼. lucio ataca pez zombi .\nyou have been fishing ontario canada at a remote outpost lake all day, catching and releasing dozens of nice walleye and northern pike but the nagging question is, how much do these fish weigh. most everyone has access to an accurate way of recording the length of a fish when it is caught but few can record the weight accurately. to convert length to weight for walleye and northern pike the following is suggested .\nthe closest native range of the northern pike is in saskatchewan river drainage on the east side of glacier park in montana, but they have since spread throughout much of montana and parts of northern idaho. they arrived in idaho accidentally, emigrating downstream from waters in montana where they had been planted by agencies or stocked illegally by anglers .\nnorthern pike can be find in canada, europe, russia and other parts of the world. in the united states, they are spread throughout alaska, the upper midwest and large portions of the great plains :\n] has a narrow distribution essentially being restricted to the amur river basin in northeastern asia. some recent genetic evidence suggests that the northern pike originated in north american subsequently dispersing to eurasia over the bering land bridge [\naptly named pike bay, on the southwest corner of portage, is very near the town of chassel. it' s a great place to start a trophy pike quest .\nin addition to all the reasons northern pike are revered for their aggressiveness and tough attitude, they’re also wonderful table fare when they’re in that 3 - 4 pound class. with a little practice in removing the pesky y - bones, you’re left with a fresh, flaky fillet that’s tough to beat and northern pike are best to eat right after being caught. they just don’t seem to freeze as well as walleyes or perch .\nstates. northerns are also native to much of northern europe and the former soviet union. in south dakota, they were native\nsummer pike prefer cooler waters, and tend to cluster in prime areas that are generally six to twelve feet deep. look for pike where a river enters the lake or in shallow lakes that contain depressed bottoms from old river channels. rows of depressions contain cooler lake water where large pike gather. fish live bait on or near the bottom under a bobber for these summer northern' s .\ninterested in a challenge? looking for a ton of excitement? northern pike fishing in canada can give you exactly what you’re looking for. ferocious and bold, these predators provide almost constant, all - day action !\nthen to come from the nobler to an inferior species, we get to pike fishing .\nnear pike town was a small cultivated prairie, the first mr. birkbeck had seen .\nristorante marco 3801 kennett pike, wilmington, 254 - 5427 www. ristorantemarco. com .\nmichigan (february 2006): u. p. offers three lakes for top pike opportunity\nengström - öst j, lehtiniemi m. threat - sensitive predator avoidance by pike larvae .\nweird & crazy fishing: pike attacks robot fish. 奇怪和疯狂的钓鱼机器人攻击机器人鱼 pesca loco lucio ataca a robot\ncannibal shad minnow vs glitter bug. fishing pike attacks lure for muskie zander walley bass catfish\ngirls fishing wt lures: huge monster fish attacks pike. рыбалка: щука атакует щуку .\nrecently, two new species of pike were described from italy - with a limited distribution somewhat parallel to that of the amur pike. in two publications these species have been described as\nsabrina hudock of masontown, pa holds two northern pike she caught while ice fishing with her father joe hudock at high point lake. she caught the biggest fish, 26 - inch and 28 - inch on jumbo shiners .\nrecently, it was discovered that bioaccumulation levels of mercury by large predatory fishes (such as northern pike, burbot, arctic grayling, and pacific halibut) in some parts of northern and western alaska may be high enough that eating large quantities can be harmful. however, the data is limited and research is ongoing. the alaska division of public health (dph) is working with the u. s. fish and wildlife service (usfws) to learn more about mercury levels in northern pike, so that we can provide advice to alaskans about how much is safe to eat .\nwhether you’re looking to learn about and target a new species, or just want to salvage a day when other species aren’t biting – the following is a quick rundown on how to target northern pike, from location to presentation .\nnorthern pike spawn in april and early may. spawning occurs in shallow, slow waters of heavily vegetated areas in rivers, marshes, and bays of lakes. a larger female is usually attended by one or two smaller males .\n). these dams potentially impeded northern pike dispersal since their construction (1929, 1939 and 1979), although larvae and adults may still passively or actively disperse through in upstream / downstream direction. for instance, downstream dispersal of\nas pike grow older they become less tolerant of warm water. small pike can be found in shallow weed beds through the summer, but large pike head for deep water (if there is adequate oxygen) or seek cold springs, creek mouths and other connected great lakes habitats .\npike, three inches long, perfect pike in all parts, green tigering the gold. killers from the egg: the malevolent aged grin. they dance on the surface among the flies .\npike will eat insects, but as voracious predators they feed primarily on fish and other vertebrates .\nthen there are kinds known to every lover of angling, such as the perch and pike .\nmean number of prey captured per individual pike (n = 34) in the experimental treatments .\npike attack mike & ricky fishing lures. hechtangeln. gäddfiske. pesca del lucio рыбалка щука атакует\npike spawning / нерест щуки / tarło szczupaka. щука szczupak snoek muskie. underwater stock footage .\nnorthern pike are at home around any type of aquatic vegetation. their elongated body shape and large, toothy mouths make them extremely effective at chasing down and catching all types of prey fish in weedy confines. when pike fishing, focus on shallower, weedy areas like bays and flats. outside weed lines, pad fields, and reed or wild rice beds are also liable to hold a number of pike throughout the summer .\nbecause of its rarity in our state, the northern pike is of little importance as a game fish. it is more readily caught and is usually smaller than the muskellunge, but the sporting qualities of the two fish are similar .\n]. however, we cannot rule out the alternative possibility of a beringian refugium for the circumpolar lineage, as the anadyr river population also showed high diversity indices. beringia has previously been implicated as a northern pike refugium by bânârescu [\nbig northerns are commonly caught throughout manitoba, but the remote drive to, boat in and fly - in lakes and rivers of the northern region are the undeniable champions of gigantic pike. this vast landscape offers countless opportunities for the trophy pike enthusiast, with various fisheries consistently producing 50 inch plus specimens. welcome to the big leagues !\nnorthern pike seek areas of dense vegetation in streams, lakes, and large rivers. they tend to occupy the shallow waters near the shore with covering. they prefer cool water, and therefore will head to the deeper water around midsummer .\nbig northern pike in the lake feed on different sized fish - and require larger fishing lures to attract their attention. the best lures are big spoons, spinners and jerk - baits, but mostly pike will attack any artificial that looks real and big enough for a meal. one of the most effective baits is a big minnow fished under the float. once hooked, northern pikes typically leap or beat and splash the water surface, then make a series of powerful runs .\n] have suggested, on the basis of short fragments of mitochondrial dna, that the northern pike experienced a recent expansion across the holarctic from a single refugium. the geographic location of this refugium could not be inferred. a later study [\n, lineage b). notably, within this lineage the same haplotype showed a holarctic distribution as it could be detected in europe, asia and north america. almost all populations of northern pike also displayed site - specific haplotypes (additional file\nthey were armed with pikes, which were red with the blood of those they had just murdered. as mr. gurley was led toward them, they set up a shout: “o boys, here comes gurley, the heretic. pike him! pike him! pike the heretic dog! ”\nan arme pike which a weake man maye use or handle very reddily with such force as a man will not thincke, and the same pike will also become a very good shotte at all tymes .\nmost of the pike will average 17 to 22 inches, but there is no size limit .\nbry c, bonamy f, manelphe j, duranthon b. early - life characteristics of pike ,\nkaushik sj, dabrowski k, luquet p. experimental studies on some trophic relationships in juvenile pike ,\npike attack salmo underwater. fishing with lures hard - baits / strikes. рыбалка щука атакует воблер .\ncool: pike attacks dead bait underwater. gäddfiske. hechtangeln. pesca del lucio. рыбалка атака щуки\ncool: best fish attacks underwater. fishing lures for pike muskie zander perch. рыбалка атака щуки .\n]. here, we demonstrate that this is the case for the entire holarctic distribution of pike .\nwe' re not sure who shot this video from fairbanks, alaska, but we' re certain it shows the predator nature of a northern pike as the hungry fish sets its sights on a duckling that' s strayed away from its mother .\nnorthern pike average 46 to 51 cm (18 - 20 inches) in length. they can be identified by their single dorsal fin and light - colored spots along their dark body. they are also recognized by scales that cover their entire cheek and the upper half of their gill covers. the sides of northern pike vary from dark shades of green to olive green to brown, with 7 to 9 rows of yellowish, bean - shaped spots. the underside is white to cream - colored .\n) and genetic differentiation among the three lineages ranged from 0. 4 - 0. 6% . one lineage (seen for both markers) of northern pike consisted of closely related haplotypes with a circumpolar distribution implying recent dispersal across the holarctic (figure\npike is the common name for the group of 5 species of predaceous freshwater fish with elongated snouts, sharp teeth, cylindrical bodies and forked tails, belonging to family esocidae, order esociformes, class actinopterygii. northern pike (esox lucius) is circumpolar in distribution; amur pike (e. reicherti) is native to siberia and china; muskellunge (e. masquinongy) and pickerel (e. niger and e. americanus) are confined to n america. the northern pike occurs throughout canada, except in the maritimes, gaspé, most arctic coastal areas and all but the ne corner of bc. this species inhabits warm to cool lakes, rivers and large ponds, usually in association with aquatic vegetation .\nin the great lakes and other waterways, northern pike are commonly confused with muskellunge, who have a similar body shape, marking pattern and are also in the pike family. a good way to distinguish which species is which is to note spotting. muskellunge typically have dark markings on a light background, while northerns have light markings on a dark background .\nthe pike favorites are still or slow - moving lakes and rivers, where the water is warmer and vegetation is floating in the waters. pike habitat is largely determined by temperature, and food availability. as a cool water species, the pike prefers water of about 60°f (16°c). pike are found in sluggish streams and shallow, weedy places in lakes, as well as in cold, clear, rocky waters. the pike feeds voraciously throughout spring, summer and fall. during the summer as water getting warmer large northern pike move deeper cooler water with weed beds and water cabbage, in drop - offs, points, islands, and humps. they become lazy in warm water, eating little and even losing some weight. in extended high temperatures and low oxygen, northern pike getting starve; in the middle of the summer hunt reaches peak abundance and fishing is very pure in warm weather. in the spring after the spawn pike are fiercely hungry, but moving slower in the early morning, and they went back to deeper waters with submerged weed beds or other structures which offer cover, in the late afternoon .\nbeing aggressive to a fault, pike are also relatively easy to catch. this means that large pike can be fished out quickly by skilled anglers in some lakes. to complicate things for managers, other lakes are home to abundant slow - growing pike that actually benefit from high harvest. michigan’s fishing regulations for pike attempt to account for these differences by allowing for harvest of abundant small pike in lakes where stunting is a problem (where adult fish don’t grow as large as they can because of overpopulation and limited resources) .\nthe two species did not share haplotypes implying long - term isolation with no gene flow, and divergence of the taxa were estimated at 4. 55 myr. the northern pike mtdna haplotypes revealed three main lineages. one of the northern pike mtdna lineages was found throughout the entire holarctic region suggesting transcontinental dispersal from a single refugium. the three lineages exhibited a star phylogeny, indicating population expansion following isolation in separate glacial refugia. estimated time of divergence of these lineages was 0. 18 - 0. 26 myr." ]

{ "text": [ "the northern pike ( esox lucius ) , known simply as a pike in britain , ireland , most of canada , and most parts of the united states ( once called luce when fully grown ; also called jackfish or simply \" northern \" in the u.s. upper midwest and in manitoba ) , is a species of carnivorous fish of the genus esox ( the pikes ) .", "they are typical of brackish and fresh waters of the northern hemisphere ( i.e. holarctic in distribution ) .", "pike can grow to a relatively large size : the average length is about 40 – 55 cm ( 16 – 22 in ) , with maximum recorded lengths of up to 150 cm ( 59 in ) and published weights of 28.4 kg ( 63 lb ) .", "the igfa currently recognizes a 25 kg ( 55 lb ) pike caught by lothar louis in lake on grefeern , germany , on 16 october 1986 , as the all-tackle world-record northern pike . " ], "topic": [ 13, 13, 0, 13 ] }

[ "the northern pike (esox lucius), known simply as a pike in britain, ireland, most of canada, and most parts of the united states (once called luce when fully grown; also called jackfish or simply \" northern \" in the u.s. upper midwest and in manitoba), is a species of carnivorous fish of the genus esox (the pikes). they are typical of brackish and fresh waters of the northern hemisphere (i.e. holarctic in distribution). pike can grow to a relatively large size: the average length is about 40 – 55 cm (16 – 22 in), with maximum recorded lengths of up to 150 cm (59 in) and published weights of 28.4 kg (63 lb). the igfa currently recognizes a 25 kg (55 lb) pike caught by lothar louis in lake on grefeern, germany, on 16 october 1986, as the all-tackle world-record northern pike." ]

[ "subspecies babylonia perforata perforata (g. b. sowerby ii, 1870) represented as babylonia perforata (g. b. sowerby ii, 1870 )\nbabylonia perforata perforata (g. b. sowerby ii, 1870) · accepted, alternate representation\nbabylonia perforata perforata (g. b. sowerby ii, 1870): synonyms = eburna perforata g. b. sowerby ii, 1870\nworms - world register of marine species - babylonia perforata perforata (g. b. sowerby ii, 1870 )\nexplore what eol knows about babylonia perforata (g. b. sowerby ii, 1870) .\nbabyloniidae » babylonia perforata, id: 480966, shell detail « shell encyclopedia, conchology, inc .\nworms - world register of marine species - babylonia perforata (g. b. sowerby ii, 1870 )\nperforated babylon - babylonia perforata (g. b. sowerby ii, 1870) - overview - encyclopedia of life\n( of babylonia perforata perforata (g. b. sowerby ii, 1870) ) fraussen k. (2010). checklist of babyloniidae. pers. com. [ details ]\nbabylonia perforata (g. b. sowerby ii, 1870). retrieved through: world register of marine species on 12 august 2010 .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species: babylonia perforata (g. b. ii sowerby, 1870) - id: 1920454045\ngittenberger, e. (1981) the genus babylonia (prosobranchia: buccinidae). zoologische verhandelingen 188: 1 - 57. 11, pls\naltena c. o. van regteren & gittenberger e. (1981) the genus babylonia (prosobranchia: buccinidae). zoologische verhandelingen 188: 1 - 57, + 11 pls\naltena c. o. van regteren & gittenberger e. (1981) the genus babylonia (prosobranchia: buccinidae). zoologische verhandelingen 188: 1 - 57, + 11 pls. , available online at urltoken page (s): 32 [ details ]\naltena c. o. van regteren & gittenberger e. (1981) the genus < i > babylonia < / i > (prosobranchia: buccinidae). < i > zoologische verhandelingen < / i > 188: 1 - 57, + 11 pls .\n( of eburna perforata g. b. sowerby ii, 1870) sowerby ii, g. b. (1870). descriptions of forty - eight new species of shells. proceedings of the zoological society of london. (1870): 249 - 259. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfraussen k. & stratmann d. (2013) the family babyloniidae. in: g. t. poppe & k. groh (eds), a conchological iconography. harxheim: conchbooks. 96 pp. , pls 1 - 48. [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nvietnam. nha trang region. 20 - 35 m. from fishermem. circa 2000 .\nthis is a famous species, documented in rare shells of taiwan by lan (1979) .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 002 seconds. )\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nfraussen k. & stratmann d. (2013) < i > the family babyloniidae < / i >. in: g. t. poppe & k. groh (eds), a conchological iconography. harxheim: conchbooks. 96 pp. , pls 1 - 48 .\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. < em > china science press. < / em > 1267 pp .\nmerci de saisir vos informations de connexions. vous pouvez demander la création d' un compte directement en cliquant ici\nmot de passe oublié? saisissez votre adresse email ci - dessous. si vous ne retrouvez pas l' adresse email correspondant à votre compte merci de nous contacter directement\nthis shell has been added to your booking list. show my booking list continue browsing shell\nyou have to be logged to be able to book and buy shells. click here to log in or create an account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nfraussen k. (2010). checklist of babyloniidae. pers. com. [ details ]\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nsowerby, g. b. jr. (1870). descriptions of forty - eight new species of shells. proc. zool. soc. lond. (1870): 249 - 259\nfraussen k. & stratmann d. (2013) the family babyloniidae. in: g. t. poppe & k. groh (eds), a conchological iconography. harxheim: conchbooks. 96 pp. , pls 1 - 48\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp .\nthis page was last edited on 9 april 2018, at 21: 50 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\n- - - - - - family: babyloniidae k. h. o. , 1971 (sea) db counters = 63, genus = 2, subgenus = 0, species = 27, subspecies = 6, synonyms = 27, images = 33 db counters include fossil taxa: species = 6, subspecies = 0" ]

{ "text": [ "babylonia perforata is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family babyloniidae .", "it has been named after italian journalist piero angela . " ], "topic": [ 2, 25 ] }

[ "babylonia perforata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family babyloniidae. it has been named after italian journalist piero angela." ]

[ "not positive on this id - happy that it is autocharis but all the records on these in bowerbird and ala are much further north than here .\nthe adult moths of this species have pale brown forewings each with an irregular dark purplish - brown band along the margin. the wingspan is about 2 cms .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nlower, o. b. 1903 ,\ndescriptions of new australian noctuina, etc\n, transactions of the royal society of south australia, vol. 27, pp. 27 - 74\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 2d7c7071 - 9b70 - 4150 - bc80 - 3c90accc199c\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 6aff656d - d2da - 4fc4 - 900e - bed9d7a9f95e\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: ab1a11d0 - 0d92 - 4449 - 866b - 72a129ae6238\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 17ec28f0 - 1984 - 4db9 - a356 - fcf7396da238\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 355963\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nnoorda ignealis hampson, 1899; proc. zool. soc. london 1899: 221; tl: fergusson i. ; cooktown, queensland\nnoorda esmeralda hampson, 1899; proc. zool. soc. london 1899: 221; tl: mexico, jalapa; venezuela, aroa\nnoorda sinualis hampson, 1899; proc. zool. soc. london 1899: 221; tl: natal, weenen\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nhampson, 1899 a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae. part 2 proc. zool. soc. london 1899: 172 - 291\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\naustralian moths represent a diverse fauna of between 20, 000 and 30, 000 species. they have been studied nowhere near as much as have their butterflies of australia - of which there are less than 400 species. it can be extremely difficult to associate the larval and adult stages of moths as so little is known of there lifecycles. hopefully, this project with attract moth enthusiasts to share their images and knowledge .\nunknown moth in the tribe boarmiini (ennominae) - boarniini sp. (3 )\nthis is an unnamed moth in the tribe boarmiini, sub - family ennominae, designated boarmiini sp. (3) in moths of victoria part 7 by mariyn hewish et al," ]

{ "text": [ "autocharis mimetica is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from western australia , the northern territory and queensland .", "the wingspan is about 15 mm .", "the forewings are pale brown with a dark purplish-brown band along the margin . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1 ] }

[ "autocharis mimetica is a moth in the crambidae family. it is found in australia, where it has been recorded from western australia, the northern territory and queensland. the wingspan is about 15 mm. the forewings are pale brown with a dark purplish-brown band along the margin." ]

[ "nobody has covered a song of zarigani yet. have you seen someone covering zarigani? add or edit the setlist and help improving our statistics !\nnobody has covered a song of zarigani yet. have you seen someone covering zarigani? add or edit the setlist and help improving our statistics !\nno songs of other artists were covered by zarigani yet. have you seen zarigani covering another artist? add or edit the setlist and help improving our statistics !\nno songs of other artists were covered by zarigani yet. have you seen zarigani covering another artist? add or edit the setlist and help improving our statistics !\na zarigani (crayfish endemic to japan) found in the kukuri river, kani city, japan .\n2009. forth ep\nzarigani tv 1818... .\nreleased. tour in 3 cities .\nin december, 2014, zarigani $ 10th anniversary special event is due to be held in shin - daita fever .\nthere are no setlists by zarigani on urltoken yet. you could help us by adding a first setlist... or whatever you remember !\nthere are no setlists by zarigani on urltoken yet. you could help us by adding a first setlist... or whatever you remember !\nthe zarigani is a small diving robot belonging to the empire of the blazing sun. it combines extreme mobility with powerful close combat abilities, making it a unit to be feared .\nthe zarigani is an interesting unit, that may seem a bit underwhelming at first glance but becomes increasingly more attractive the more you realize how well all of its more subtle features come together. insane movement options including the ability to go submerged, combined with the ability to reliably throw down multiple raging fire and corrosive tokens per turn, and robot boarding on top of that, make the zarigani a unit worth considering .\non 2004 zarigani $ starting to perform and attracted attention about rare 2 piece girls band which is bassist & vocal; eri and drummer mizuki. zarizani $ call themselves\nalternative new wave rock\n. the concept is' parallel in the real world' under this they build up and creates their music. the band cites the hives, beastie boys and queen as their main inspirations. listening to the range of music and challenges fans to completely define their style. zarigani $ has a reputation for stage performance involving the audience in incredible vivid roar which is only by bass with drums and unique and cut a conspicuous figure by her arrange the songs with comical lyrics by unique sense of pop .\nbreaking the trend of sharp turn, the zarigani simply has a minimum movement of 0\n, however, this is combined with a 360º turn range, meaning you can go anywhere you want and not bother about pesky things like mines that most other units can' t avoid. throw in a 10\nmove, and it goes without saying that this is one slippery little crustacean. it especially appreciates this mobility, as it' s sole weapon is stuck on a fixed channel .\nthis café is located in a room on the first floor of the harajuku park mansion apartment building, right by nhk. the interior is populated with a jumble of seating pieces – sofas, pipe chairs, wooden seats – but it all comes together to make for a comfortable, easy - going atmosphere. it’s a perfect place for long chats with friends or relaxing with a good book. a ¥1, 050 lunch menu is available from midday until 5pm, with the zarigani curry particularly popular. smoking is allowed at all seats .\nthe offensive power of the zarigani isn' t immediately obvious, until one realizes all the little things it has going for it. 3 ad doesn' t seem like much at first glance, but given that flamethrowers combine instead of link, we' re looking at a not insubstantial 15 ad in rb1. now, as if the possibility of one to two raging fires wasn' t enough, the fact that these same flamethrowers are corrosive means you' re looking at one to two corrosion tokens as well. certainly a scary thought on its own... which only gets worse for your opponent, as you have 15 ap of reckless robot thrashing coming at them afterwards. this is enough to be a threat to large or massive vessels, small and medium units would do well to be wary of this arthropod. the only real downside to its offense is having a singular weapon stuck on a fixed channel, and no ability to fight outside of rb1. still, though, while the zarigani is definitely a specialized unit, it performs its function exceptionally well .\naiko makes a fishing rod using a branch, string, and squid (very mine crafty)! she then suffers through the heat and allergies to catch the cute zarigani (crayfish). video gear i use 📷 camera: urltoken 📷 wide lens: urltoken 📷 prime lens: urltoken 🎤 microphone: urltoken 📺 monitor: urltoken 📷 all the rest: urltoken connect 🗲patreon: urltoken 🗲life where i' m from x channel: urltoken 🗲website: urltoken 🗲facebook: urltoken 🗲instagram: urltoken 🗲twitter: urltoken for business & sponsorship enquiries only: talent @ urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nlivingston, f. , livingston, f. , soulsby, a. - m. , batchelor, a. , dyer, e. , whitton, f. , milligan, h. t. , smith, j. , lutz, m. l. , de silva, r. , mcguinness, s. , kasthala, g. , jopling, b. , sullivan, k. & cryer, g .\nhas been assessed as data deficient. while this species is threatened by competition with the invasive signal crayfish (\n), and associated crayfish plague, there is currently uncertainty over this species extent of occurrence and the number of locations in which it is found. with a restricted distribution and low number of locations this species could be classified under a threatened category; however further research is needed to determine the extent to which this species is impacted upon by the presence of the signal crayfish, and to determine its extent of occurrence before a more accurate assessment of conservation status can be made .\nthis species is indigenous to northern japan, and is found in hokkaido, aomori, akita, and iwate prefectures (t. kawai and y. machino pers. comm. 2009) .\nthere is no current population information available for this for this species. this species was considered common in hokkaido until the twentieth century; however following the introduction of the signal crayfish in the 1920s and habitat destruction since the 1960s c. japonicus populations have continued to decline, and the species is thought to be rare in hokkaido (y. machino pers. comm. 2010) .\nthis species inhabits swift or high gradient streams without fish, and is associated with abundant cover in dense broadleaf forests. this type of habitat serves as a conservation area, and consideration of riparian composition may facilitate conservation efforts (usio 2007). this species will carry 30 - 100 eggs and grow to approximately 8 cm (t. kawai and y. machino pers. comm. 2009) .\nthis species is commercially harvested for human consumption, both from wild and captive populations .\nthis species has been listed as an endangered species by the japanese fisheries agency in 1998 and the environmental agency in 2000 (nakata, tsutsumi, kawai and goshima 2005, usio 2007). protection measures, such as education and awareness, particularly in schools, have been initiated; however further efforts are necessary, such as new protection measures and policy to prevent further declines (y. machino pers. comm. 2010). further research on the threat from the signal crayfish, and monitoring of populations trends is recommended .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nbuild a large aquaponics system for $ 25. 00, farm crayfish and vegetables .\nhow japanese schools treat' international' kids (ft. life where i' m from & nihonjack )\n2004. first ep\nikarerock cafeteria\nreleased, tour in 8 cities. radio air - play in usa .\n2007. third ep\nthere is romance\nreleased, tour in 9 cities. event of the tour final\ntonight baby ...\n2007. third ep\nthere is romance\nreleased, tour in 9 cities. event of the tour final\ntonight baby\nrocked the house. it' s popular our masterpiece even now! !\n2010. fifth ep\ndevote the cell and talent for the king\nreleased. make first appearance on internet tv\ntake away show\nin france. recognition was growing by leaps and bounds from abroad .\n2011. first national distribution lp\navocado\nreleased. took many comments from the artists as suger yoshinaga (baffalo daughter / metalchicks) and yuka yoshimura (catsuomaticdeath / metakchicks). first headlining live show at shinjyuku jam, tokyo succeed then carry out the tour in 14 cities. get into the news each place. event of final tour at shindaita fever, tokyo achieved in a great success. play together the bands who are active in home and abroad like 385, moja, kiiiiiiiiii, fragment and sokorano group .\n2012. join the us. canada tour of the wedding presents with toquiwa. had 18 live shows in a month. also appear to sxsw as toqiowa' s supporting artist even during the tour. as a rare minority two - piece band in us, it was acclaimed in various place. perform as a opening - act at the show of the wedding presents in japan .\njanuary, 2013 our second lp, titleddeadbirdreleased nationwide circulation. it' s made for bring a taste of rock even don' t use any synthesizer sounds and in this main thema is revived live sounds. and it' s set a high valuation of this paper jacket from all quaters .\njune, 2013 sokoniarunoha romance released by cassette from love panic records in texas, u. s. a. it' s a topic of conversation in japan even u. s. a .\ndecember, 2013 we planning to have a event in cooperation with toquiwa who toured in us & canada together .\nustour limited single\nl\nwill be released in march, 2014. it will appear on sxsw2014 in march, 2014. the live was performed in metal & lacelounge; which is a formal showcase. the hall was no vacancy and was climax more than imagination .\nthen ,\njapan nite\nit participated in us tour, the live was performed at all the 8 places, and it became the center of attention in various places .\nthe first taiwan tour will be performed in may, 2014. the live house in taiwan was made hot together with a. a. w .\nseptember, 2014, 2nd taiwan tour. it appears on\nbeasti rock fes\n. the live in the main stage was carried out and 200 or more spectators were made to spring by first performance .\nit is companion determination to the japan tour of indigenous robot (from u. s. a .) which made friends by\nsxsw in november, 2014. a common event with the sworn friend toquiwa is also due to be held .\n© 2012 - 2018 sxsw, llc sxsw®, sxswedu®, sxsw eco®, and sxsw v2v™ and south by southwest® are trademarks owned by sxsw, llc. any unauthorized use of these names, or variations of these names, is a violation of state, federal, and international trademark laws .\nclocking in at dr 3 and cr 5, it' s perfectly average for a small naval vessel. one may bemoan the lack of the eotbs cr buff, but it' s still better off than the fujin in that regard. on top of that, it has both elusive target and small target. what really makes it shine in this category, however, is its status as a diving model. the ability to go submerged gives it a ton of survivability as both capital and non - capital will only hit it on 6' s (cc and torpedoes notwithstanding), and goes a long way to ensuring that it gets to rb1 where it can light up the enemy before sinking its pincers into them .\nability to dive, combined with elusive / small target, make it fairly survivable .\ncan' t find a community you love? create your own and start something epic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis product uses the instagram api but is not endorsed or certified by instagram .\nyou can track changes of setlists by this artist by selecting the option below .\nthis browser doesn' t support spotify web player. switch browsers or download spotify for your desktop .\nlisten to all your favourite artists on any device for free or try the premium trial .\nsome parts of this page won' t work property. please reload or try later .\nbuzzing comedies such as the spy who dumped me await you in our summer movie guide. check in for all the info you need." ]

{ "text": [ "zarigani ( cambaroides japonicus ) is a species of crayfish endemic to japan .", "it is small in size ( 6 cm ) and grayish in color .", "its front claws are much weaker than those of other crayfish .", "zarigani need low temperature and high water purity , so they live in upper streams of rivers or lakes in highland regions .", "the distribution of zarigani comprises hokkaidō and northern tōhoku ( the northern area of honshū ) .", "the environmental agency ( now ministry of environment ) of japan added it as a vulnerable species ( iucn category ) to the red data list in 2000 .", "it is thought that the causes of its decrease are corruption of water quality and the spread of the american crayfish pacifastacus leniusculus , which was imported in the 20th century and has steadily proliferated in northern japan .", "some suspect that this american crayfish carries some disease , such as the crayfish plague known in europe , that eliminates zarigani . " ], "topic": [ 3, 0, 28, 13, 11, 19, 17, 28 ] }

[ "zarigani (cambaroides japonicus) is a species of crayfish endemic to japan. it is small in size (6 cm) and grayish in color. its front claws are much weaker than those of other crayfish. zarigani need low temperature and high water purity, so they live in upper streams of rivers or lakes in highland regions. the distribution of zarigani comprises hokkaidō and northern tōhoku (the northern area of honshū). the environmental agency (now ministry of environment) of japan added it as a vulnerable species (iucn category) to the red data list in 2000. it is thought that the causes of its decrease are corruption of water quality and the spread of the american crayfish pacifastacus leniusculus, which was imported in the 20th century and has steadily proliferated in northern japan. some suspect that this american crayfish carries some disease, such as the crayfish plague known in europe, that eliminates zarigani." ]

[ "this is the place for obeliscoides definition. you find here obeliscoides meaning, synonyms of obeliscoides and images for obeliscoides copyright 2017 © urltoken\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species: krachia obeliscoides (j. g. jeffreys, 1885) - id: 1771853066\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word obeliscoides. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word obeliscoides and, of course, obeliscoides synonyms and on the right images related to the word obeliscoides .\ngofas, s. (2014). krachia obeliscoides. in: costello, m. j. ; bouchet, p. ; boxshall, g. ; arvantidis, c. ; appeltans, w. (2014) european register of marine species, accessed through pesi at\n( of cerithium obeliscoides jeffreys, 1885) jeffreys, j. g. (1878 - 1885). on the mollusca procured during the h. m. s .\nlightning\nand\nporcupine\nexpedition. proceedings of the zoological society of london. part 1 (1878): 393 - 416, pls 22 - 23; part 2 (1879): 553 - 588 pl. 45 - 46 [ october 1879 ]; part 3 (1881): 693 - 724, pl. 61; part 4 (1881): 922 - 952, pls 70 - 71 [ 1882 ]; part 5 (1882): 656 - 687, pls 49 - 50 [ 1883 ]. part 6 (1883): 88 - 115 pls 19 - 20; part 7 (1884): 111 - 149, pls 9 - 10; part 8 (1884): 341 - 372, pls 26 - 28; part 9 (1885): 27 - 63 pls 4 - 6. , available online at urltoken page (s): p. 55; pl. 6 fig. 4 - 4a [ details ]\ngofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca. in: costello, m. j. et al. (eds), european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. patrimoines naturels. 50: 180 - 213. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nbouchet p. & warén a. (1993). revision of the northeast atlantic bathyal and abyssal mesogastropoda. bollettino malacologico supplemento 3: 579 - 840 [ details ]\nsysoev a. v. (2014). deep - sea fauna of european seas: an annotated species check - list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering europe. gastropoda. invertebrate zoology. vol. 11. no. 1: 134–155 [ in english ]. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ngofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 180 - 213\nbouchet p. & warén a. (1993). revision of the northeast atlantic bathyal and abyssal mesogastropoda. bollettino malacologico supplemento 3: 579 - 840\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\n( jeffreys, 1885). accessed through: costello, m. j. ; bouchet, p. ; boxshall, g. ; arvanitidis, c. ; appeltans, w. (2018) european register of marine species at: urltoken; = 139095 on 2018 - 07 - 10\ncostello, m. j. ; bouchet, p. ; boxshall, g. ; arvanitidis, c. ; appeltans, w. (2018). european register of marine species .\ngofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca. in: costello, m. j. et al. (eds), european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. patrimoines naturels. 50: 180 - 213. (look up in ror) [ details ]\nsysoev a. v. (2014). deep - sea fauna of european seas: an annotated species check - list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering europe. gastropoda. invertebrate zoology. vol. 11. no. 1: 134–155 [ in english ]. [ details ] available for editors" ]

{ "text": [ "krachia obeliscoides is a species of sea snail , a gastropod in the family cerithiopsidae , which is known from european water .", "it was described by jeffreys , in 1885 . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5 ] }

[ "krachia obeliscoides is a species of sea snail, a gastropod in the family cerithiopsidae, which is known from european water. it was described by jeffreys, in 1885." ]

[ "this is the place for maoritenes definition. you find here maoritenes meaning, synonyms of maoritenes and images for maoritenes copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word maoritenes. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word maoritenes and, of course, maoritenes synonyms and on the right images related to the word maoritenes .\ntype - species: epagoge cyclobathra meyrick, 1907. trans. n. z. inst. 39: 113. [ bhl ]\nmaoritenes is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\ngenus: maoritenes dugdale, 1966. n. z. j. sci. 9: 760 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis genus, which differs from capua only by the absence of the costal fold in ♂, has not been hitherto known from new zealand, but is well represented in australia .\nantennæ in ♂ moderately biciliated. palpi moderate, porrected, rough - scaled above and beneath. thorax smooth. forewings with rough scales at base, in ♂ with costal fold; 2 from ⅔, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to termen, 11 from middle. hindwings with vein 4 absent, 6 and 7 stalked .\nallied to capua, from which it differs by the rough basal scales of forewings, and the absence of vein 4 of hindwings .\n♂. 18 mm. head, palpi, and thorax brownish irrorated with grey - whitish and dark fuscous. abdomen fuscous. forewings\nelongate, hardly dilated, costa slightly bent before middle, apex obtuse, termen faintly sinuate beneath apex, bowed, oblique; pale brownish, partially suffused irregularly with whitish, costa and dorsum strigulated with dark fuscous; outer edge of basal patch indicated by a blackish line in disc, obsolete towards extremities; an irregular incurved fuscous streak marked with black from ⅖ of costa to below middle of disc, followed by whitish suffusion; an irregular dark - fuscous spot above tornus, and some dark - fuscous strigulæ towards lower part of termen: cilia grey - whitish mixed with dark grey. hindwings fuscous, strigulated with darker; some undefined ochreous - yellowish suffusion in centre of disc and towards costa in middle; cilia pale grey, with dark - grey subbasal line .\ninvercargill, in august (philpott); one specimen. the whitish hindwings are a special characteristic .\ni have received from mr. philpott three examples of a curious melanic form of the male of this - species, stated to be common near invercargill. the forewings are mainly suffused with dark purplish - grey irrorated or strigulated with blackish, except some small variable whitish spots towards middle of dorsum and sometimes towards apex and termen; whilst the hindwings are densely irrorated with blackish. i at first thought it a distinct species, but after careful comparison with my long series of varieties of this extraordinarily variable species am satisfied that it is only a melanic southern form; i have not\nhowever, yet seen the corresponding females. several other species from invercargill show the same tendency to melanism, which should be borne in mind when considering insects from that region .\n♂. 19–21 mm. head and thorax brownish - ochreous or yellow - ochreous. palpi. 3, fuscous, externally suffused with ferruginous. antennal ciliations 1 ½. abdomen whitish - ochreous, beneath ferruginous, and tuft mixed with dark grey. forewings elongate - triangular, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, little oblique; whitish - ochreous or yellow - ochreous, with scattered blackish - grey strigulæ, basal ¾ more or less tinged or suffused with brown; costal edge ferruginous: cilia whitish - ochreous, on upper half of termen dark grey, on costa yellowish - ferruginous. hindwings ochreous - whitish, strigulated with pale grey, more distinctly towards base; cilia ochreous - whitish .\n♂. 22 mm. head and thorax whitish. palpi 3 ½, ochreous - whitish, externally fuscous - sprinkled. forewings more elongate than in ♂, ochreous - whitish, sprinkled with very pale fuscous; central fascia indicated by an undefined grey very zigzag shade; a small grey spot towards termen in middle: cilia whitish - ochreous, becoming fuscous on upper part of termen. hindwings as in ♂ .\ni took a male and female together at christchurch in september, but had not ventured hitherto to describe them; i have, now received four additional males from mr. philpott, taken at invercargill, where the species is common in october and november. it is allied to excessana, but quite distinct .\nexamples from invercargill sent by mr. philpott have the forewings much greyer than christchurch and wellington specimens, and the hindwings are also grey; they appear to constitute a geographical form only, and to afford an instance of the tendency to a darker colouring mentioned above .\n♂. 12 mm. head and palpi rather dark fuscous, palpi 2. antennal ciliation 1. thorax dark glossy leaden - fuscous. abdomen dark fuscous. forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen straight, rather oblique; rather dark glossy leaden - grey; markings blackish - fuscous; four small spots on costa alternating with principal markings; a stria marking outer edge of basal patch, strongly angulated in\nmiddle; a small spot of pale - yellowish projecting scales on dorsum neat base; upper half of central fascia well marked, lower half obsolete; a small triangular costal patch, from near which proceed two irregular striae to tornus and lower part of termen, edged with a few pale - yellowish scales: cilia dark fuscous, tips paler. hindwings dark fuscous; cilia pale - greyish, with dark - grey basal line .\nwellington (hudson); one specimen. very distinct; has some superficial resemblance to dipterina hemiclista, but easily distinguished by the short antennal ciliations .\ninvercargill, common on sandhills in january (philpott); three specimens. this species differs from the other two in having vein 7 of forewings present; but as it possesses the other characteristic structural points of the genus, and is obviously nearly allied in all respects, it seems unnecessary to form a new genus for its reception. the genus is a development of proselena, and the present species is an early form of it .\n♂. 15 mm. head whitish. palpi, thorax, and abdomen pale fuscous. forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, oblique; white; basal patch pale fuscous, marked with spots of blackish irroration; dorsal half from this to tornus marked with coarse grey strigulæ irrorated with black; an oblique grey patch on middle of costa; a smaller dark - grey spot on costa at ¾; a grey apical patch, marked with coarse blackish - grey strigulæ, and extended as an irregular subterminal stria to tornus: cilia whitish, round\napex greyish - tinged and spotted with blackish irroration. hindwings pale grey, veins partially dark grey; cilia grey - whitish .\ninvercargill, in january (philpott); one specimen. this, the second known species of the genus, is easily known from the other by the white ground .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nt @ rts: online world catalogue of the tortricidae (ver. 2. 0 )\nby gilligan, t. m. , j. baixeras, j. w. brown & k. r. tuck. 2012 .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nmetachorista is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\npalaeotoma is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\nepitrichosma is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\ndoridostoma is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\ntracholena is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\ncornuticlava is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\ndiactenis is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\nschoenotenes is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae." ]

{ "text": [ "maoritenes cyclobathra is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "it is found in new zealand .", "the wingspan is 16 – 18 mm .", "the forewings are fuscous , tinged with purplish and sprinkled with dark fuscous , as well as suffused with dark ashy fuscous towards the middle of the costa and towards the termen mixed with reddish ochreous and strigulated ( finely streaked ) with dark fuscous .", "the hindwings are light grey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1 ] }

[ "maoritenes cyclobathra is a species of moth of the tortricidae family. it is found in new zealand. the wingspan is 16 – 18 mm. the forewings are fuscous, tinged with purplish and sprinkled with dark fuscous, as well as suffused with dark ashy fuscous towards the middle of the costa and towards the termen mixed with reddish ochreous and strigulated (finely streaked) with dark fuscous. the hindwings are light grey." ]

[ " thanks for visiting katoa cellars. we are a botique winery in the northern sierra foothills. katoa strives to make balanced wines of the highest standard using premium, small batch grapes and techniques .\nkatoa, montoliva and solune. ​for more information and to learn about the other participants, visit urltoken\npenrith panthers is delighted to announce sione katoa has signed a new two - year deal with the club .\na former junior kiwis representative, katoa was appointed captain of the panthers intrust super premiership nsw side in 2017 .\nclosed for winter katoa hours, saturday and sunday - noon to 5pm. see you soon... ​ka kite ano\nkatoa is kalani' s spirit animal, a bottlenose dolphin. he is a great helper to her, and their bond is the strongest of kalani' s family .\nere all her pre school years .\nwe were only a part of the katoa whanau for one term and we loved it. thank you for being a great part of rilyn' s learning journey �\nenjoy a homestay at katoa country lodge bed & breakfast where a warm welcome awaits you. situated in the rural haven of manutuke, gisborne you can expect a slice of kiwi country life from hosts whata melissa and moera brown .\nthis page was last edited on 24 october 2017, at 02: 16 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnew from stanford university press:' tackling wicked problems in complex ecologies: the role of evaluation', edited by rodney hopson and fiona cram. you can also read a commentary about this book .\ncram, f. , lawton, b. a. , beard, a. & stone, p. (2017). implementing non - invasive prenatal testing into a publicly funded antenatal screening services for down syndrome and other conditions. bmc pregnancy and childbirth, 17: 344 .\nliamputtong (ed .), handbook of research methods in health and social sciences. springer international publishing, switzerland .\ncontact us if you' d like a copy of any of the papers mentioned .\nparents, caregivers and whānau are always very welcome to stay for all or part of the kindergarten s ...\nit was a lovely experience to have two gentlemen perform from the royal new zealand air force band .\ntamariki are excited to explore the new trikes that arrived today! this is another tool to extend their physical capabilities & negotiate turn - taking .\nhad my placement here and was blown away the entire time. amazing centre, i learnt a lot: )\nwe are currently sold out of wine and will be taking a short hiatus .\nthis is a preferred partner property. it' s committed to giving guests a positive experience with its excellent service and great value. this property might pay urltoken a little more to be in this program .\nfeaturing pool views, minwa house provides accommodations with a private beach area, around 2. 2 miles from kilifi boatyard .\nfeaturing a private beach area and a restaurant, mnarani club & spa is located in kilifi. the 3 - star hotel has air - conditioned rooms with a private bathroom and free wifi .\nlocated in kilifi, 11 miles from takaungu, old arabic settlement, vipingo beach house provides a living room with a flat - screen tv .\nfeaturing barbecue facilities, runarani comfort offers accommodations in kilifi, 0. 6 miles from muslim ruins and a 13 - minute walk from old ferry ramp s .\nkilifi bofa cottages enjoys a location in kilifi, just 1. 2 miles from maweni house and 1. 2 miles from bofa (lost) beach .\nlocated in kilifi, kilifi maghreb provides air - conditioned rooms with free wifi. featuring a shared lounge, this property also provides guests with an outdoor pool .\ntropical garden house is a detached villa with a garden, located in kilifi creek. the property is 1. 1 mi from kilifi boatyard and free private parking is featured .\nthe private residence maison müge is set in kilifi, 0. 7 mi from kilifi bridge .\nlocated in kilifi, kilifi floating house provides accommodations with a private pool. this vacation home is 5 miles from bofa (lost) beach .\nsurrounded by tropical gardens, makuti villas resort is located in kilifi and offers a large outdoor pool, conference facilities, a restaurant and a bar. kilifi creek is 0. 6 mi away .\nlocated in kilifi, 4. 5 miles from bofa (lost) beach, minwa house luxury villa has a living room with a flat - screen tv. it provides free wifi and a private beach area .\nlocated in kilifi, sunset villa eco friendly house offers an outdoor pool and a private garden. the villa will provide you with a terrace and a seating area .\nfeaturing lake views, baumontia is located around a 15 - minute walk from tusky' s supermarket. this vacation home has an outdoor swimming pool, barbecue facilities, as well as a garden .\nscarlet macaw home is located in kilifi. the property is 11 miles from takaungu, old arabic settlement. the property includes a living room with a flat - screen tv .\noffering an outdoor pool, sea front apartments is located in kilifi, 984 feet from kilifi plantations office. row boat ferry across takaungu creek. free wifi is available .\nfilters help our customers find the perfect place to stay. click the things that are most important to you, and we' ll show you what we' ve got .\nyou' re subscribed! your welcome email will arrive in your inbox soon .\nurltoken b. v. is based in amsterdam in the netherlands, and is supported internationally by 198 offices in 70 countries .\nurltoken is part of booking holdings inc. , the world leader in online travel and related services .\nwe have more than 70 million property reviews, and they' re all from real, verified guests .\nthe only way to leave a review is to first make a booking. that' s how we know our reviews come from real guests who have stayed at the property .\nwhen guests stay at the property, they check out how quiet the room is, how friendly the staff is, and more .\nafter their trip, guests tell us about their stay. we check for naughty words and verify the authenticity of all guest reviews before adding them to our site .\nif you booked through us and want to leave a review, please sign in first .\nby creating an account, you agree to our terms and conditions and privacy statement .\na text message with a 6 - digit verification code was just sent to the phone number associated with this account .\nthe contract extension means the 22 - year - old hooker will remain with the panthers until at least the end of the 2019 season .\ni am very excited about sione and the fact he has committed to panthers for another two years ,\npanthers executive general manager phil gould am said .\nsione has been in our development system here at panthers for some time .\nhe has shown tremendous potential and is definitely a regular nrl player of the future .\nhe achieved his nrl debut for the panthers in 2015 and made a second nrl appearance off the bench in round six this year .\ncan' t find a community you love? create your own and start something epic .\nhorton, t. ; lowry, j. ; de broyer, c. ; bellan - santini, d. ; coleman, c. o. ; corbari, l. ; daneliya, m. ; dauvin, j - c. ; fišer, c. ; gasca, r. ; grabowski, m. ; guerra - garcía, j. m. ; hendrycks, e. ; hughes, l. ; jaume, d. ; jazdzewski, k. ; kim, y. - h. ; king, r. ; krapp - schickel, t. ; lecroy, s. ; lörz, a. - n. ; mamos, t. ; senna, a. r. ; serejo, c. ; sket, b. ; souza - filho, j. f. ; tandberg, a. h. ; thomas, j. ; thurston, m. ; vader, w. ; väinölä, r. ; vonk, r. ; white, k. ; zeidler, w. (2018). world amphipoda database .\neither your web browser doesn' t support javascript or it is currently turned off. in the latter case, please turn on javascript support in your web browser and reload this page .\neurope pmc is a service of the europe pmc funders' group, in partnership with the european bioinformatics institute; and in cooperation with the national center for biotechnology information at the u. s. national library of medicine (ncbi / nlm). it includes content provided to the pmc international archive by participating publishers .\n1. gully restoration guide. bruce clarkson has had a long - standing interest in the restoration of gully vegetation. please refer to the linked talk for information on the launch of this guide. its full reference is :\nwall, k. and b. clarkson. 2001. gully restoration guide: a guide to assist in the ecological restoration of hamilton' s gully systems. hamilton city council, hamilton. 52 p .\n2. botany of the waikato: this list of plant species accompanies the book by professor clarkson, merilyn merrett, and theresa downs. to purchase this book, download a pdf of the order form .\nclarkson, b. d. 1999: comments on the otorohanga domain passive recreation areas. cber contract report 1. prepared for otorohanga district council, july 1999. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, the university of waikato, hamilton. 6pp .\nclarkson, b. d. ; downs, t. m. 1999: report on the swamp maire population at hammond bush. cber contract report 2. prepared for hamilton city council, july 1999. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, the university of waikato, hamilton. 7pp .\nstephens, d. w. ; clarkson, b. d. 1999: report on problem weeds at hammond bush. cber contract report 3. prepared for hamilton city council, november 1999. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, the university of waikato, hamilton. 13pp .\nstephens, d. w. ; clarkson, b. d. ; downs, t. m. 2000: a restoration plan for hammond bush. cber contract report 4. prepared for hamilton city council, april 2000. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, the university of waikato, hamilton. 9pp .\ndowns, t. m. ; clarkson, b. d. ; beard, c. m. 2000: key ecological sites of hamilton city. cber contract report 5. prepared for hamilton city council, june 2000. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, the university of waikato, hamilton. 3 volumes; 48pp, 77pp, 63pp .\nclarkson, b. d. ; stephens, d. w. 2000: utility of environmental domains as a framework for assessing representativeness of terrestrial and wetland natural areas – stage 1 report. cber contract report 6. prepared for environment waikato, june 2000. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, the university of waikato, hamilton. 21pp .\ndowns, t. m. ; clarkson, b. d. 2001: environmental protection overlay site assessments. cber contract report 7. prepared for hamilton city council, january 2001. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, the university of waikato, hamilton. 77pp .\nclarkson, b. d. ; downs, t. m. 2001: utility of environmental domains as a framework for assessing representativeness of terrestrial and wetland natural areas – stage 2 & 3 report. cber contract report 8. prepared for environment waikato, april 2001. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, the university of waikato, hamilton. 26pp .\nhicks, b. j. ; reynolds, g. b. ; jamieson, p. m. 2001. assessment of the stream conditions associated with the hudson street gully erosion control works. cber contract report 9. prepared for the hamilton city council, july 2001. unpublished report, centre for biodiversity and ecology research, university of waikato, hamilton. 10pp .\ndowns, t. m. ; clarkson, b. d. ; mc lean, d. a. 2001: definition of established plantings zone and proposed restoration zone within otorohanga domain. cber contract report 10. prepared for otorohanga district council, may 2001. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, the university of waikato, hamilton. 14pp .\nclarkson, b. d. ; downs, t. m. 2001. te ngae kahikatea stand – assessment of significance under section 6 (c) of the resource management act (1991) and possibilities for management to a defined height. cber contract report 11. prepared for rotorua district council, september 2001. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, the university of waikato, hamilton. 25pp .\nhicks, b. j. g. b. reynolds, and j. l. laboyrie. 2001. management of the university of waikato campus lakes: progress report number 2. cber contract report 12. prepared for the site committee of the university of waikato. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, the university of waikato, hamilton. 10 pp .\nhicks, b. j. g. b. reynolds, j. l. laboyrie, and c. d. h. hill. 2001. ecological and physical characteristics of the te awa o katapaki stream, flagstaff, waikato. cber contract report 13. prepared for cdl land (nz) limited. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, the university of waikato, hamilton. 19 pp. download as pdf .\nhicks, b. j. , g. b. reynolds, p. m. jamieson, and j. l. laboyrie. 2001 fish populations of lake ngaroto, waikato, and fish passage at the outlet weir. cber contract report 14. prepared for the waipa district council. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, the university of waikato, hamilton. 22 pp. download as pdf .\nhicks, b. j. , n. bryant, j. d. green, g. b. reynolds, and j. l. laboyrie. 2002. management of the university of waikato campus lakes: progress reports number 3 and 4. cber contract report 15. prepared for the site committee of the university of waikato. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, the university of waikato, hamilton. 14 pp .\nfraser, m. j. ; clarkson, b. d. 2002: te ngae kahikatea stand: sustainable management and mitigation plan of the kahikatea trees providing for the 2. 0% flight path height restrictions. cber contract report 16. prepared for rotorua district council by centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences. the university of waikato, hamilton. 10 pp + appendix .\nfraser, m. j. ; clarkson, b. d. 2002: te ngae kahikatea stand: management and restoration for te ngae kahikatea stand. cber contract report 17. prepared for rotorua district council by centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences. the university of waikato, hamilton. 16 pp + 2 appendices .\nhicks, b. j; 2002: macroinvertebrates and water quality: a teaching guide. cber contract report 18. prepared for the biotin teachers' evening by the centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences. the university of waikato, hamilton. 10 pp. download as pdf .\nhicks, b. j. , mccullough, c. d. , and bell, d. g. 2002. estimating the abundance of banded kokopu (galaxias fasciatus gray) in small streams by nocturnal counts under spotlight illumination. cber contract report 19. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and technology, the university of waikato, hamilton .\nhicks, b. j. 2002. a review of the report entitled\nproject aqua: environmental study - aquatic ecosystems: instream habitat and flow regime requirements\n. cber contract report 20. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and technology, the university of waikato, hamilton .\nhicks, b. j. , n. bryant. 2002. management of the university of waikato campus lakes: progress reports number 5: the effect of bore water additions to oranga lake. cber contract report 21, centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and technology, the university of waikato, hamilton .\nstevens, m. i. , clarkson, b. and mclean, d. a. 2002. rototuna ecological survey. cber contract report 22, centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and technology, the university of waikato, hamilton .\nhicks, b. j. and bryant, n. 2002. management of the university of waikato campus lakes: final report. cber contract report 23, centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and technology, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nstevens, m. i. , clarkson, b. 2002. eastern land options scoping study. cber contract report 24, centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and technology, the university of waikato, hamilton .\nstevens, m. i. , hogg, i. d. , cody, a. d. 2003. habitat characterisation of geothermally influenced waters in the waikato. cber contract report 25, centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and technology, university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\ncampbell, d. , clarkson, b. , clarkson, b. 2003. issues facing southland' s wetlands—recommendations for future management. cber contract report 26, centre for biodiversity and ecology research, school of science and technology, university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nhicks, b. j. 2003. effects of project aqua on the lower waitaki river, with emphasis on the flow recommendations. confidential client report prepared for kingett mitchell ltd. cber contract report 27, centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and technology, the university of waikato, hamilton .\nclarkson, b. d. , mcqueen, j. c. , walbert, k. 2003. eupatorium cannabinum invasion in ihupuku swamp, waverley. cber contract report no. 28. prepared for department of conservation, june 2003. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, the university of waikato, hamilton .\nmcqueen, j. c. and clarkson, b. d. 2003. an ecological restoration plan for waiwhakareke (horseshoe lake), scoping report for hamilton city council, september 2003. cber contract report no. 29. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, the university of waikato, hamilton .\nhicks, b. j. and d. g. bell. 2003. electrofishing survey of the manawatu, whanganui, and mokau rivers, and lake rotorangi, patea river. cber contract report no. 30. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nmcqueen, j. c. and b. d. clarkson. 2003. biodiversity on maungatautari: information required for funding request by the maungatautari ecological island trust to the ministry of economic development. cber contract report no. 31. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, the university of waikato, hamilton .\nhicks, b. j. and c. a. ring. 2004. boat electrofishing survey of te weta bay, lake rotoiti. cber contract report no. 32. client report prepared for the department of conservation, bay of plenty conservancy. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nhicks, b. j. , d. g. bell, c. a. ring, and g. w. tempero. 2004. boat electrofishing survey of apata pond and lake mclaren. cber contract report no. 33. client report prepared for the department of conservation, bay of plenty conservancy, and environment bay of plenty. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nhicks, b. j. 2004. flow evaluation for the manganui river, taranaki, downstream of tariki road, between the mangaotea and mangamawhete streams. cber contract report no. 34. confidential client report prepared for kingett mitchell ltd, christchurch. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, the university of waikato, hamilton .\nmcqueen, j. c. (complier) 2004. an ecological restoration plan for maungatautari. contributing authors: smuts - kennedy, c; collier, k; clarkson, b. d. ; burns, b. and macgibbon, r. cber contract report no. 35. prepared for maungatautari ecological island trust. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, the university of waikato, hamilton .\nhicks, b. j. 2004. cber contract report no. 36. confidential client report prepared for kingett mitchell ltd, christchurch. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, the university of waikato, hamilton .\nmcqueen, j. 2004. management plan for waiwhakareke (horseshoe lake) natural heritage park. cber contract report no. 37. prepared for the hamilton city council. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, the university of waikato, hamilton .\nmcqueen, j. and e. grove. 2004. ecological effects of a proposed road for land in national park. cber contract report no. 38. report prepared for st. peter' s school, cambridge. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, the university of waikato, hamilton .\nhicks, b. j. , n. ling, m. w. osborne, d. g. bell, and c. a. ring. 2005. boat electrofishing survey of the lower waikato river and its tributaries. cber contract report no. 39. client report prepared for environment waikato. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nhicks, b. j. , d. g. bell, c. a. ring. 2005. boat electrofishing survey of the waimapu and kopurererua streams, bay of plenty, waitara river, and a pond at mokoia, taranaki. cber contract report no. 40. client report prepared for environment bay of plenty and the department of conservation. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\ngrove, e. and clarkson, b. d. 2005. an ecological study of chinese privet (ligustrum sinense lour .) in the waikato region, cber contract report no. 41. prepared for environment waikato regional council. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf .\nmiller, d. c. and hicks, b. j. 2006. physical environment, nutrient budget, and ecology of lake moana - nui, tokoroa. cber contract report no. 42. client report prepared for south waikato district council and environment waikato. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\ngrove, e. and clarkson, b. d. 2006. weavers lake: landuse practices and landscape management. cber contract report no. 43. client report prepared for solid energy nz ltd. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton .\ngrove, e. , b. paris and b. d. clarkson. 2006. waiwhakareke restoration plantings: establishment of monitoring plots 2005 - 06. cber contract report no. 44. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\ncary, s. c. , b. j. hicks, n. j. crawford and k. coyne. 2006. a culture - independent approach to develop a sensitive genetic - based detection and enumeration capability for didymosphenia geminata. client report prepared for maf biosecurity new zealand. cber contract report no. 45. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nhamilton, d. , m. hamilton and c. mcbride. 2006. nutrient and water budget for lake tarawera. cber contract report no. 46. report prepared for the lake tarawera ratepayers association. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nhicks, b. j. , a. j. daniel, and d. g. bell. 2006. boat electrofishing survey of the lower waikanae river, ratanui lagoon, and lake waitawa. cber contract report no. 47. client report prepared for department of conservation, wellington conservancy. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf .\naldridge, b. m. t. a. and b. j. hicks. 2006. the distribution of fish in the urban gully system streams of hamilton city. cber contract report no. 48. client report prepared for environment waikato and hamilton city council. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf .\nling, n. 2007. a preliminary evaluation of uretiti beach sand mine borrow pits for native fish translocation. cber contract report no. 49. client report prepared for labonte coastal consultants ltd. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton .\nriceman, m. s. and b. j. hicks. 2007. the feasibility of using otolith microchemistry to trace movements of rainbow trout and common smelt in lakes rotoiti and rotorua. cber contract report no. 50. client report prepared for environment bay of plenty. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nallan, m. g, b. j. hicks, l. brabyn. 2007. remote sensing of the rotorua lakes for water quality. cber contract report no. 51. client report prepared for environment bay of plenty. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nclarkson b. d. , p. m. wehi and l. k. brabyn. 2007. bringing nature back into cities: urban land environments, indigenous cover and urban restoration. cber contract report no. 52. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nözkundakci, d. and d. hamilton. 2006. recent studies of sediment capping and flocculation for nutrient stabilisation. cber contract report no. 53. report prepared as part of the lake ecosystem restoration new zealand (lernz). centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nbeaton, r. , d. hamilton, m. brokbartold, c. brakel, and d. özkundakci. 2007. nutrient budget and water balance for lake ngaroto. cber contract report no. 54. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nduggan, i. c. 2006. the potential for inferring the trophic state of lake wairarapa using zooplankton community composition. cber contract report no. 55. client report prepared for wellington regional council. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\npilditch, c. 2007. independent review: ecological monitoring of the okura and whiford estuaries 2004 - 2005: temporal and spatial extension of regional models (ford & anderson 2005 (arc tp287) ). cber contract report no. 56. client report prepared for auckland regional council. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton .\npaul, w. and s. wood. 2007. university of waikato protocol for the analyses of freshwater phytoplankton samples. cber contract report no. 57. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton .\nclarkson, b. d. , b. r. clarkson, t. m. downs. 2007. indigenous vegetation types of hamilton ecological district. cber contract report no. 58. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nhicks, b. j. 2007. how many koi? preliminary estimates of koi carp abundance from boat electrofishing. cber contract report no. 59. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton .\nduggan, i. c. 2007. assessment of the water quality of ten waikato lakes based on zooplankton community composition. cber contract report no. 60. client report prepared for environment waikato. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nhicks, b. j. 2007. goldfish: the\nnew\npest fish. evidence presented in support of cber' s submission to environment waikato' s draft regional pest management strategy. cber contract report no. 61. a report prepared for environment waikato. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton .\ncary, s. c. , b. j. hicks, k. j. coyne, a. rueckert, c. e. c. gemmill, c. m. e. barnett. 2007. a sensitive genetic - based detection capability for didymosphenia geminata (lyngbye) m. schmidt: final report. client report prepared for maf biosecurity new zealand. cber contract report no. 62. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton, new zealand. download as pdf\nashraf, s. , l. brabyn, b. j. hicks. 2007. remote sensing of freshwater habitat for large rivers and lakes of waikato region using sub - pixel classification technique. cber contract report no. 63. a report prepared for environment waikato. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nhicks, b. j. d. g. bell, j. brijs, and w. powrie. 2007. boat electrofishing survey of five waitakere city ponds cber contract report no. 64. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf .\nhicks, b. j. s. c. cary, and c. m. e. barnett. 2007. field guide for didymo dna sample collection. cber contract report no. 65. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nbrijs, j. , hicks, b. j. , and d. g. bell. 2008. boat electrofishing survey of common smelt and common bullies in the ohau channel. cber contract report no. 66. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nbrijs, j. , hicks, b. j. , and d. g. bell. 2008. electrofishing survey of the fish community in the whangamarino wetland. cber contract report no. 67. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton .\nmcbride, c. , d. hamilton, m. gibbs, p. white, l. stewart. 2008. biofish survey of lake taupo, 2006. cber contract report no. 68. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nhicks, b. j. , j. brijs, j. heaphy, and d. g. bell. 2008. the use of boat electrofishing for koi carp (cyprinus carpio) control in the kauri point catchment. cber contract report no. 69. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nhicks, b. j. , d. hamilton, n. ling, and s. wood. 2007. top down or bottom up? feasibility of water clarity restoration in the lower karori reservoir by fish removal. cber contract report no. 70. report prepared for the karori wildlife sanctuary trust. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nhamilton, d. and t. uraoka. 2004. lake rotoiti fieldwork and modelling to support considerations of ohau channel diversion from lake rotoiti. cber contract report no. 71. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton .\nfaithfull, c. , and d. p. hamilton, 2008. comparisons of densities of phytoplankton, cyanobacteria and aulacoseira in the waikato, 1973 - 2006. cber contract report no. 72. a report prepared for environment waikato. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton .\nburger, d. f. , c. l. faithfull and d. p. hamilton, 2005. a coupled hydrodynamic - ecosystem model of the proposed mokau reservoir. cber contract report no. 73. a report prepared for ryder consulting. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton .\nbeyá, j. , d. hamilton and d. burger. 2005. analysis of catchment hydrology and nutrient loads for lakes rotorus and rotoiti. cber contract report no. 74. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nhamilton, d. , c. mcbride, l. chong and m. gibbs, 2005. variability of physical and biological parameters in lake taupo: biofish survey 2004 - 5. cber contract report no. 75. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nhamilton, d. , w. alexander, and d. burger, 2004. nutrient budget for lakes rotoiti and rotorua. part i: internal nutrient loads. cber contract report no. 76. a report for the lakes water quality society, centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nhamilton, d. p. , 2008. a brief review of recent cyanobacteria monitoring results in the waikato river. cber contract report no. 77. a report prepared for mighty river power. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nfaithfull, c. l. , d. p. hamilton, d. f. burger, and i. duggan, 2005. waikato peat lakes sediment nutrient removal scoping exercise. cber contract report no. 78. a report prepared for environment waikato. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nmcbride, c. , l. luo, d. p. hamilton, z. guangwei, q. boqiang, 2008. science to market conference, beijing, china: lake monitoring using wireless sensor buoys in new zealand and china. cber contract report no. 79. a report prepared for the new zealand ministry of research, science & technology. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton and nanjing institute of geography & limnology, chinese academy of sciences (niglas), nanjing, peoples republic of china\nduggan, i. c. 2008. zooplankton composition and a water quality assessment of seventeen waikato lakes using rotifer community composition. client report prepared for environment waikato. cber contract report no. 80. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\npaul, w. , özkundakci, d. and hamilton, d. p. 2008: modelling of restoration scenarios for lake ngaroto. cber contract report no. 81. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton .\nhamilton, d. p. , 2008. to be announced. cber contract report no. 82. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton .\nmcbride, c. g. 2008. lake taihu water quality monitoring station: technical manual. cber contract report no. 83. prepared for the nanjing institute of geography and limnology, chinese academy of sciences. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\npaul, w. , d. hamilton, 2008. sediment removal as a restoration measure for the campus lakes. cber contract report no. 84. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\ncornes t. , wehi p. , clarkson b. d. 2008. waiwhakareke restoration plantings: remeasurement of monitoring plots 2007 / 08. cber contract report no. 85. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton .\ncornes t. , wehi p. , clarkson b. d. 2008. waiwhakareke restoration plantings: establishment of experimental monitoring plots 2008. cber contract report no. 86. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton .\nashraf, s. , l. brabyn, b. j. hicks. 2008. evaluating remote sensing data classification techniques for mapping freshwater habitats in the tongariro river delta, lake taupo. cber contract report no. 87. a report prepared for environment waikato. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nling, n. , landman, m. 2008. bioaccumulation of toxic heavy metals in koura of the te arawa lakes: brief summary of findings (june 2006 - june 2008). cber contract report no. 88. client report prepared for the te arawa lakes trust. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. 8 pp .\nhicks, b. j. , m. r. roper, t. ito, j. a. t. boubee, and d. i. campbell. 2008. passage of inanga (galaxias maculatus) over artificial ramps as a means of restoring access to stream habitat. cber contract report no. 89. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton .\nknox, m. a. , b. j. hicks, j. c. banks, and i. d. hogg. 2008. fish biosurveillance by genetic methods: a feasibility study. cber contract report no. 90. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nhamilton, d. , c. mcbride and t. uraoka. 2005. lake rotoiti fieldwork and modelling to support considerations of ohau channel diversion from lake rotoiti. cber contract report no. 91. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton .\nzhang, c. , hamilton, d. p. , stewart, l. t. , white, p. and hakopa, w. 2008. phytoplankton biomass and composition, and nutrient concentrations in lake taupo outflow. cber contract report no. 92. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton .\nhicks, brendan j. , jeroen brijs, dudley bell. 2009. boat electrofishing survey of lake rotokaeo, hamilton. cber contract report no. 93. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\ngillon, n. , p. white and d. hamilton. 2009. groundwater in the okataina caldera: model of future nitrogen loads to lake tarawera. cber contract report no. 94. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\ncollier, k. j. , j. clapcott and r. j. young. 2009. influence of human pressures on large river structure and function. cber contract report no. 95. client report prepared for cawthron institute, nelson. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nhamilton, d. p. , w. paul, c. mcbride and d. immenga. 2009. water flow between ohau channel and lake rotoiti following implementation of a diversion wall. cber contract report no. 96. prepared for environment bay of plenty. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nbrijs, j. , b. j. hicks, and d. g. bell. 2009. boat electrofishing survey of common smelt and common bullies in the ohau channel in december 2008. cber contract report no. 97. prepared for environment bay of plenty. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nblair, j. m. , b. j. hicks. 2009. an investigation to determine origin: age and otolith chemistry of a brown bullhead catfish (ameiurus nebulosus) found at okawa bay, lake rotoiti. cber contract report no. 98. prepared for department of conservation. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\ncampbell, k. and b. j. hicks. 2009. review of gambusia (gambusia affinis: poeciliidae) from a new zealand perspective. cber contract report no. 99. prepared for department of conservation. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton .\nhicks, b. j. and j. brijs. 2009. boat electrofishing survey of the upper turitea reservoir, palmerston north. cber contract report no. 100. prepared for department of conservation. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nj. brijs, b. j. hicks, n. ling, and d. bell. 2009. pest fish survey of hokowhitu (centennial) lagoon, palmerston north. cber contract report no. 101. prepared for department of conservation. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nfloyd, c. 2009. identification of potential karst ecosystems in the waikato region: a report for the environment waikato significant natural areas programme. cber contract report no. 102. prepared for environment waikato. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton .\nashraf, s. , l. brabyn, b. j. hicks. 2009. remote sensing of freshwater environments: trial application in the lower waikato river. cber contract report no. 103. a report prepared for environment waikato. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nling, n. , o' brien, l. k. , miller, r. , lake, m. 2009. methodology to survey and monitor new zealand mudfish species. cber contract report no. 104. department of conservation and centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. 60pp. download as pdf\nblair, j. m. and b. j. hicks. 2009. movement of rainbow trout and common smelt between lakes rotoiti and rotorua determined by otolith microchemistry: a summary of analyses between 1 october 2005 and 30 june 2009. cber contract report no. 105. a report prepared for environment bay of plenty. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. 25pp. download as pdf\nling, n. and j. brijs. 2009. utuhina stream monitoring 2009: fish and aquatic invertebrates. cber contract report no. 106. client report prepared for environment bay of plenty. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. 17pp .\nbrijs, j. , b. j. hicks, and w. s. powrie 2009. spatial and temporal abundance of mysid shrimp (tenagomysis chiltoni) in shallow lakes in the waikato region. cber contract report no. 107. client report prepared for environment waikato. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nling, n. 2009. proposed monitoring of northland mudfish (neochanna heleios) in the waitangi forest wetlands: effects of increased sewage effluent discharge. cber contract report no. 108. client report prepared for department of conservation. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. 10 pp .\nbanks, j. c. and b. j. hicks. 2009. genetic identification of fish. cber contract report no. 109. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nblair, j. m. and b. j. hicks. 2009. otolith chemistry, stomach contents and stable isotope analysis of a snapper (pagrus auratus) caught in the waikato river at ngaruawahia. cber contract report no. 110. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nhicks, b. j. and j. brijs. 2009. boat electrofishing survey of lake ngaroto. client report prepared for waipa district council. cber contract report no. 111. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nbrijs, j. , b. j. hicks, and d. g. bell. 2010. boat electrofishing survey of common smelt and common bully in the ohau channel in december 2009. cber contract report no. 112. prepared for environment bay of plenty. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, school of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\ncornes, t. , b. d. clarkson. 2010. assessment of vegetation condition and health at claudelands bush (jubilee bush; te papanui). cber contract report no. 113. prepared for hamilton city council. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, faculty of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nhopkins, a. 2010. is there a lack of science resources and specialists for kaiako at kura reo o waikato? . cber contract report no. 114. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, faculty of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nhicks, b. j. , c. baker, r. tana, w. powrie, d. bell. 2010. boat electrofishing of the waikato river upstream and downstream of the huntly power station: spring 2010. cber contract report no. 115. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, faculty of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nhamilton, d. p. , paul, w. , mcbride, c. and d. immenga. 2010. water flow between ohau channel and lake rotoiti following implementation of the diversion wall. part b. cber contract report no. 116. prepared for bay of plenty regional council. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, faculty of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf\nhicks, b. j. and g. w. tempero. 2011. comparative boat electrofishing surveys of lake waahi in 2007 and 2011. cber contract report no. 117. prepared for genesis energy. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, faculty of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton .\npaul, w. , mcbride, c. , hamilton, d. p. , hopkins, a. and özkundakci, d. 2011. modelled restoration scenarios for lake hakanoa. cber contract report no. 118. centre for biodiversity and ecology research, department of biological sciences, faculty of science and engineering, the university of waikato, hamilton. download as pdf" ]

{ "text": [ "katoa is a genus of cicadas from southeast asia .", "the type species is katoa tenmokuensis .", "formerly placed in the tribe tibicinini , after detailed morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis , in 2012 lee placed the genus among the cicadettini , also of the subfamily cicadettinae . " ], "topic": [ 26, 29, 11 ] }

[ "katoa is a genus of cicadas from southeast asia. the type species is katoa tenmokuensis. formerly placed in the tribe tibicinini, after detailed morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis, in 2012 lee placed the genus among the cicadettini, also of the subfamily cicadettinae." ]

[ "katja schulz selected\nfigitidae\nto show in overview on\nfigitidae\n.\nkento furui added the japanese common name\nヤドリタマバチ科\nto\nfigitidae\n.\nphylogeny of the parasitic wasp subfamily charipinae (hymenoptera, cynipoidea, figitidae) .\nhartig, 1843 (hymenoptera: figitidae: anacharitinae) in the western palaearctic .\na world revision of pycnostigminae (cynipoidea: figitidae) with descriptions of seven new species .\nsexual functionality of leptopilina clavipes (hymenoptera: figitidae) after reversing wolbachia - induced parthenogenesis .\nthe phylogeny and evolution of figitidae (hymenoptera: cynipoidea). cladistics 23: 1–29 .\nrevisión del género myrtopsen rübsaamen, 1908 (hymenoptera: figitidae: thrasorinae). dugesiana16: 21–33 .\nsexual functionality of leptopilina clavipes (hymenoptera: figitidae) after reversing wolbachia - induced parthenogenesis. - pubmed - ncbi\na new subfamily of figitidae (hymenoptera, cynipoidea). zoological journal of the linnean society 133: 483–494 .\na revision of australian thrasorinae (hymenoptera: figitidae) with a description of a new genus and six new species .\nredescription of acanthaegilips ashmead, 1897, with characterization of the anacharitinae and aspiceratinae (hymenoptera: cynipoidea: figitidae) .\nfrom the north - western balkan peninsula with description of two new species (hymenoptera: figitidae: charipinae) .\ncharipinae (hymenoptera: figitidae) from australia: revision of the genus thoreauana girault, 1930 and description of dilapothor n. gen .\ndescription, circumscription and phylogenetics of the new tribe zaeucoilini (hymenoptera: figitidae: eucoilinae), including a description of a new genus .\nplectocynipinae, a new subfamily of figitidae and description of a new neotropical genus of thrasorinae (hymenoptera: cynipoidea). zootaxa1583: 1–13 .\nfirst valid records of figitinae (hymenoptera: figitidae) from australia: xyalophora mauri sp. n. and xyalophora australiana sp. n .\nreview of afrotropical figitinae (figitidae, cynipoidea, hymenoptera) with the first records of neralsia and lonchidia for the region. zookeys 453: 37–69. urltoken\nforshage, m. & nordlander, g. (2008 )\nidentification key to european genera of eucoilinae (hymenoptera, cynipoidea, figitidae) .\nbenoit, p. l. g. 1956. figitidae - aspicerinae nouveaux du congo belge. revue zool. bot. afr. 53: 195 - 204 .\nfontal - cazalla, f. m. , et al. (2002). phylogeny of the eucoilinae (hymenoptera: cynipoidea: figitidae). cladistics 18 154 - 99 .\ndescribed by cameron and fergusson (hymenoptera: figitidae: charipinae) and deposited in the natural history museum (london), including a key to the fauna of great britain .\nronquist, f. and j. l. nieves - aldrey. (2001). a new subfamily of figitidae (hymenoptera, cynipoidea). zoological journal of the linnean society 133 483–94 .\nthe description of euceroptrinae, a new subfamily of figitidae (hymenoptera), including a revision of euceroptres ashmead, 1896 and the description of a new species. journal of hymenoptera research17: 44–56 .\nferrer - suay, m. , selfa, j. , pujade - villar, j. 2013. a review of alloxysta species (hymenoptera: cynipoidea: figitidae: charipinae) from africa. african entomology 21: 255\nbuffington, m. l. 2012. description of nanocthulhu lovecrafti, a preternatural new genus and species of trichoplastini (figitidae: eucoilinae). proceedings of the entomological society of washington 114 (1): 5 - 15 .\nbuffington, m. l. ; j. a. a. nylander & j. m. heraty. 2007. the phylogeny and evolution of figitidae (hymenoptera: cynipoidea). cladistics 23: 403 _ 431. [ links ]\ncharacteristics of figitidae: mesosoma and head a trybliographa rapae (eucoilinae) b parnips nigripes (parnipinae) c euceroptres montanus (euceroptrinae) d phaenoglyphis sp. (charipinae) e anacharis sp. (anacharitinae) f aspicera sp. (aspicerinae) .\nparetas - martinez, j. ; melika, g. ; pujade - villar, j. 2009. description of four new species of dilyta förster (hymenoptera: figitidae: charipinae) from the afrotropical region. african entomology 17: 207 - 214 .\nquinlan, j. 1979. a revisionary classification of the cynipoidea (hymenoptera) of the ethiopian zoogeographical region. aspicerinae (figitidae) and oberthuerellinae (liopteridae). bulletin of the british museum of natural history (entomology) 39: 85 - 133 .\nparetas - martínez, j. , et al. (2011). systematics of australian thrasorinae (hymenoptera, cynipoidea, figitidae) with descriptions of mikeiinae, new subfamily, two new genera, and three new species. zookeys 108 21 - 48 .\nferrer - suay, m. , selfa, j. & pujade - villar, j. 2012. first record of alloxysta förster from madagascar, with descriptions of two new species (hymenoptera: cynipoidea: figitidae: charipinae). african entomology 20: 222 - 228 .\nbuffington, m. l and j. liljeblad. (2008). the description of euceroptrinae, a new subfamily of figitidae (hymenoptera), including a revision of euceroptres ashmead, 1896 and the description of a new species. journal of hymenoptera research 17 44 - 56 .\nbuffington, ml & copeland, r. s. 2015. muhaka icipe, an enigmatic new genus and species of kleidotomini (hymenoptera: figitidae: eucoilinae) from an east african coastal forest. journal of natural history 49: 1 - 11. doi: 10. 1080 / 00222933. 2015. 1042411\ncharacteristics of figitidae: forewing, leg and antenna a pycnostigmus rostratus (pycnostigminae) b emargo sp. (emargininae) c phaenoglyphis sp. (charipinae) d euceroptres montanus (euceroptrinae) e agrostrocynips diastrophus (eucoilinae) f hindleg, plectocynips pilosus (plectocynipinae) g female antenna, lonchidia sp. (figitinae) .\nparetas - martínez, j. , arnedo, m. a. , melika, g. , selfa, j. , seco - fernández, m. v. , fülöp, d. , pujade - villar, j. 2007. phylogeny of the parasitic wasp subfamily charipinae (hymenoptera, cynipoidea, figitidae) zoologica scripta 36: 153–172 .\nparetas - martinez, j. , restrepo - ortiz, c. , buffington, m. l. , pujade - villar, j. 2011. systematics of australian thrasorinae (hymenoptera: cynipoidea: figitidae) with a description of mikeiinae, new subfamily, and two new genera and three new species. invertebrate systematics. 108: 21 - 48 .\nmany animal species are still undiscovered, even in sweden. this thesis deals with the wasps of the subfamily eucoilinae (of figitidae, cynipoidea), a poorly known group of small parasitoids of dipteran flies. in this group, old classifications are chaotic, knowledge of old taxa is scant, phylogenetic work has recently started, and many new taxa remain to be described .\nfontal - cazalla, f. m. ; m. l. buffington; g. nordlander; j. liljeblad; p. ros - farré; j. l. nieves - aldrey; j. pujade - villar & f. ronquist. 2002. phylogeny of the eucoilinae (hymenoptera: cynipoidea: figitidae). cladistics 18: 154 _ 199. [ links ]\na new species of zamischus (hymenoptera, cynipoidea, figitidae) from brazil. a new species of zamischus from brazil is described and diagnosed. the species is closely related to z. brasiliensis but differs in the morphology of antennae and scutellum. z. aquilesi sp. nov. was collected via malaise trapping in a tobacco field in santa cruz do sul, rio grande do sul .\nfontal - cazalla, f. m. , buffington, m. l. , nordlander, g. , liljeblad, j. , ros - farré, p. , nieves - aldrey, j. l. , pujade - villar, j. & ronquist, f. (2002). phylogeny of the eucoilinae (hymenoptera: cynipoidea: figitidae). cladistics 18, 154–199 .\numa nova espécie de zamischus (hymenoptera, cynipoidea, figitidae) do brasil. uma nova espécie de zamischus do brasil é descrita e diagnosticada. a espécie é intimamente relacionada a z. brasiliensis, mas difere na morfologia da antena e do escutelo. z. aquilesi sp. nov. foi coletada com armadilha de malaise em uma lavoura de tabaco em santa cruz do sul, rio grande do sul .\nthe morphology of the metasoma is a very important character and is frequently used in all figitidae subfamilies to separate different genera. within thrasorinae, there are two main metasomal morphologies: t3 - t4 free (thrasorus, cicatrix), and t3 - t4 fused into a syntergum (palmiriella, scutimica, myrtopsen). the primary difference between thrasorus and cicatrix is the sculpturing of the mesoscutum. though the sculpturing on the mesoscutum can be variable in other groups of figitidae, in the ‘pool’ of genera treated in this paper, mesoscutal sculpture is useful and unique character. thrasorus is the only genus, not only among thrasorinae but also among all the genera previously included in this subfamily (plectocynips, pegascynips, euceroptres, mikeius), that aside from notauli, lacks sculpturing of any kind (microsculpture, carinae or parapsides) in the mesoscutum; we believe that this character is enough to justify the separation of thrasorus from cicatrix and the other thrasorines .\ncharacteristics of figitidae: mesosoma and metasoma a metasomal tergum 2 and 3, callaspidia sp. (aspicerinae) b metasomal tergum 2 and 3, figites sp. (figitinae) c metasomal tergum 2 and 3, melanips opacus (figitinae) d head and mesosoma, xyalaspis sp. (anacharitinae) e pronotum, antero - dorsal view, lonchidia sp. (figitinae), arrow indicating anterior half of pronotal plate f metasomal tergum 2 and 3 mikeius hartigi (mikeiinae) .\nthe thrasorinae from australia are one of the most poorly known groups of figitids. more field data and specimens would help to clarify the status of this group and some taxa described here. however, there is no single researcher in australia dedicated to the study of cynipoidea, and workers on figitidae wanting to study the systematics of this group must rely on ‘rare’ specimens coming from non - target collections while pursuing the sampling of other groups. the study we present here has been done with all the thrasorines and mikeius that have been collected, curated, and deposited in museums worldwide .\ndíaz, n. b. ; f. e. gallardo; a. l. gaddi; m. jiménez; p. ros - farré; j. paretas - martínez & j. pujade - villar. 2008. avances en el conocimiento de las figitidae neotropicales (hymenoptera, cynipoidea), p. 141 _ 158. in: j. llorente - bousquet, j. & a. lanteri (eds .). contribución taxonómica en órdenes de insectos hiperdiversos. mexico d. f. , las prensas de ciencias, unam, viii + 221 p. [ links ]\nfigitidae (hymenoptera: cynipoidea) are parasitoids of the larvae of other insects, principally cyclorraphous diptera (ronquist 1999; buffington et al. 2007). ronquist (1999) seperated the figitids into nine subfamilies: anacharitinae, aspicerinae, charipinae, emargininae, eucoilinae, figitinae, parnipinae, pycnostigminae, and thrasorinae; parnipinae was referred to in the study but formally described later by ronquist and nieves - aldrey (2001). two new figitid subfamilies, plectocynipinae (ros - farré and pujade - villar 2007) and euceroptrinae (buffington and liljeblad 2008), have been erected recently to include genera previously included in thrasorinae .\ntechnical abstract: a new systematics of australian thrasorinae is proposed herein. the genus mikeius is transferred from thrasorinae to mikeiinae paretas - martínez & pujade - villar n. subf and m. clavata pujade - villar & restrepo - ortiz n. sp. is described. two new genera of thrasorinae are erected: cicatrix paretas - martínez n. gen. including c. pilosiscutum (girault) n. comb. , c. schauffi (buffington) n. comb. and c. neumanoides paretas - martínez & restrepo - ortiz n. sp. , and palmiriella pujade - villar & paretas - martínez n. gen. including p. neumanni (buffington) n. comb. thrasorus rieki paretas - martínez & pujade - villar n. sp. is also described. a phylogenetic analysis including all these new taxa and all genera previously included in the thrasorinae is given. the key recently published by ros - farré and pujade - villar for the subfamilies of figitidae is modified to include the new subfamily and new genera described here .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nestimated 14, 000 spp. worldwide (mostly undescribed), only ~ 1600 spp. in ~ 150 genera are described\norder hymenoptera. in: zhang z - q (ed) animal biodiversity: an outline of higher - level classif. and survey of taxonomic richness aguiar ap, deans ar, engel ms, forshage m, huber jt, jennings jt, johnson nf, lelej as, longino jt, lohrmann v, mikó i, ohl m. 2013. zootaxa 3703: 51–62 .\nborror and delong' s introduction to the study of insects norman f. johnson, charles a. triplehorn. 2004. brooks cole .\ncontributed by eric r. eaton on 30 may, 2007 - 3: 47pm additional contributions by beatriz moisset, bbarnd, v belov last updated 22 april, 2017 - 6: 55am\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nparasitoids of larva of cyclorrhaphous diptera, or hemerobiidae and chrysopidae (neuroptera), or syrphidae (diptera), or parasitoids of cynipoid or chalcidoid gall inducers, or hyperparasitoids of hemiptera through braconidae or chalcidoidea .\nashmead, w. h. 1900. notes on some new zealand and australian parasitic hymenoptera, with descriptions of new genera and new species. proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales 25: 327–360 .\ncameron, p. 1904. descriptions of new genera and species of hymenoptera from dunbrody, cape colony. records of the albany museum 1: 125 - 160 .\n. a new genus and species of cynipidae from south africa, representing a new subfamily .\nquinlan, j. 1986. a key to the afrotropical genera of eucoilidae (hymenoptera), with a revision of certain genera. bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (entomology) 52, 243–366 .\nquinlan, j. 1988. a revision of some afrotropical genera of eucoilidae (hymenoptera). bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (entomology) 56, 171–229 .\nquinlan, j. & evenhuis, h. h. 1980. status of the subfamily names charipinae and alloxystinae (hymenoptera: cynipidae). systematic entomology 5: 427–430 .\n, a. j. 1993. superfamily cynipoidea (pp. 521 - 536). in goulet, h. & huber, j. (eds). hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. research branch, agriculture canada, ottawa, canada, 668 pp .\n1999. phylogeny, classification and evolution of the cynipoidea. zoologica scripta 28: 139–164 .\nvan noort, s, buffington ml & forshage, m. 2015. afrotropical cynipoidea (hymenoptera). zookeys\nmatt buffington (systematic entomology laboratory, usda / ars) and mattias forshage (swedish museum of natural history) both played an integral role in the development of the cynipoidea pages .\ncitation: van noort, s. 2018. waspweb: hymenoptera of the afrotropical region. url: urltoken (accessed on < day / month / year >) .\nthe full diversity of this wasp family is not yet known. for example, the largest subfamily ,\n, has over 1000 described species so far, but this is probably just 5 to 20% of its total diversity .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\nアブラタマバチ科\nto\ncharipidae\n.\njennifer hammock split the classifications by morphbank resource from new york elm yellows phytoplasma to their own page .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ni división entomología, facultad de ciencias naturales y museo, unlp, paseo del bosque s / n, 1900 la plata, buenos aires, argentina ndiaz @ urltoken ii laboratório de entomologia, universidade de santa cruz do sul, av. independência 2293, bairro universitário, 96815 _ 900 santa cruz do sul - rs, brazil andreas @ urltoken\none specimen (female) was studied. it is housed at coleção zoológica do departamento de biologia, universidade de santa cruz do sul, rio grande do sul, brazil. terminology used in descriptions follows fontal - cazalla et al. (2002). the photographs were taken with a canon powershot a 520 adapted to a leica stereomicroscope (s8apo) .\nzamischus ashmead 1903a: 221, 1903b: 60, 68; dalla torre & kieffer 1910: 101; rohwer & fagan 1917: 378; weld 1921: 437, 1952: 103, 189; yoshimoto 1971: 979; díaz 1974: 18 .\ndiagnosis. species of zamischus, as well as perischus weld, 1931 possess a propodeum that is produced posteriorly into a long tapering neck and the metasoma is attached to the propodeum via an elongate slender petiole; the result is an overall long and slender body. in zamischus, the pronotal plate has two teeth on posterior margin; mesoscutum is smooth, marginal cell of fore wing is open at base as well as on margin, and the petiole is sulcate. in perischus the posterior margin of the pronotal plate is shallowly emarginate, mesoscutum is transversely striate, marginal cell is closed, and the petiole dull and striate .\nremarks. zamischus + perischus lineage which is characterized by a series of striking autapomorphies have few characters providing reliable indications of their affinities to other eucoilines and is possible that many of the neotropical grade taxa, such as these, represent relictual, morphologically isolated south american linages and that many of the intermediate taxa are now extint, making it difficult to resolve relationships correctly (fontal - cazalla et al. 2002; buffington et al. 2007 )\nzamischus aquilesi díaz & gallardo sp. nov. (figs. 1 _ 7 )\nfemale (fig. 1). total length 5 mm. general coloration black; mandible reddish brown; fore leg yellowish brown, base of femur and apical tarsal segment darker; mid leg yellowish brown, base of coxa, trocanter, femur and apical tarsal segment darker; tarsal segments of hind leg, except last, yellowish brown; veins of wing yellow; base of syntergum and hypopygium reddish brown .\nhead (figs. 2, 3 e 4). smooth and polished with scattered setiferous punctures on face and genae, broader than thorax, slightly tilted forward and ovate in profile. gena not margined; malar groove present. antennae with 11 flagellomeres, filiform, inserted on prominence about middle of face; first flagellomere longer than scape plus pedicel, shorter than second flagellomere, slightly curved, distally swollen, smooth; flagellomeres 2 _ 11 subequal in length, cylindrical, ridged longitudinally, with rhinaria .\nmesosoma (figs. 5 _ 7). in lateral view longer than high. pronotal plate smooth, posterior margin with two triangular teeth, slanting anteriorly in diagonal plane (as seen in profile). sides of pronotum smooth and polished, depression of anterodorsal corner finely striate; highly setose behind genae. mesoscutum (fig. 6) smooth, in dorsal view longer than wide; notauli absent; with two pairs of setiferous punctures and a longitudinal depression in the posterior half; parascutal impressions present. scutellum (fig. 6) rounded behind; disk minutely punctuate; scutellar plate large, dorsal surface slightly convex, densely punctate, each puncture with single short seta, tapering anteriorly into septum between scutellar fovea, glandular release pit on posterior - facing slope; lateral bars longitudinally striate, length half of scutellum. mesopleuron smooth, mesopleural carina present. metapleuron longer than high, with two longitudinal carinae, area between carinae concave, anteroventral cavity conspicuous, setose. hind coxa cylindrical. fore wing (fig. 7) with a single longitudinal vein and basal cross vein; marginal cell long, narrow, open at base and margin; surface sparsely pubescent, margin ciliate. propodeum as long as the half of petiole; propodeal carinae running along dorsal margin, auxiliary propodeal carinae present; area between propodeal carinae minutely punctate .\nmetasoma (fig. 1). petiole very long (more than twice the length of the propodeum, 23: 10), longitudinally ridged, with two dorsal longitudinal carinae, lesser prominent carinae laterally; gaster short, ovate, laterally compressed, glabrous at base; syntergum present .\nmaterial examined. holotype. 1 female, unisc, brazil: rio grande do sul, santa cruz do sul, 14xii - 2009, malaise trap, dorfey coll .\netymology. dedicated to dr. carlos aquiles darrieu (facultad de ciencias naturales y museo, universidad nacional de la plata, buenos aires, argentina )\nremarks. female of z. aquilesi sp. nov. is more similar to z. brasiliensis than to z. elongatus. in both species, the petiole is very long and the gaster is short, but the species can be separated from one another by the antennae and scutellar morphology; z. aquilesi sp. nov. possesses antenna filiform and large densely punctate scutellar plate (antenna widened toward apex and small scutellar plate with peripheral row of setiferous punctures in z. brasiliensis). the female of z. elongatus is separated from z. brasiliensis and z. aquilesi by the presence of a short petiole and elongate gaster .\nwe thank marta loiácono, matthew buffington and an anonymous reviewer for the critical review of the manuscript, mariano lucía for to take the photographs, cecilia gorretta and paulina hernández for technical support (cic). consejo nacional de investigaciones científicas y técnicas (conicet), comisión de investigaciones científicas de la provincia de buenos aires (cic), universidad nacional de la plata (unlp) _ argentina and conselho nacional de desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico (cnpq) _ brazil, for their constant support .\nashmead, w. h. 1903a. classification of the gall - wasps and parasitic cynipoids, of the superfamily cynipoidea. ii. psyche 10: 59 _ 72. [ links ]\nashmead, w. h. 1903b. some new genera in the cynipoidea. proceedings of the entomological society of washington 5: 222. [ links ]\ndíaz, n. b. 1974. anotaciones sobre cinipoideos argentinos. i. (hymenoptera). neotrópica 20: 17 _ 20. [ links ]\nrohwer, s. & m. fagan. 1917. the type - species of the genera of the cynipoidea or the gall wasps and the parasitic cynipoids. proceedings of the united states national museum 53: 357 _ 380. [ links ]\nweld, l. h. 1921. notes on certain genera of parasitic cynipidae proposed by ashmead with descriptions of genotypes. proceedings of the united states national museum 59: 433 _ 451. [ links ]\nweld, l. h. 1931. additional notes on types with description of a new genus (hymenoptera: cynipidae). proceedings of the entomological society of washington 33: 220 _ 227. [ links ]\nweld, l. h. 1952. cynipoidea (hymenoptera) 1905 _ 1950. ann arbor, privately printed. 351 p. [ links ]\nyoshimoto, c. m. 1971. a new species of the genus zamischus and description of the male z. braziliensis (hymenoptera: cynipidae: eucoilinae). the canadian entomologist 103: 979 _ 982. [ links ]\ncaixa postal 19030 81531 - 980 curitiba pr brasil tel. / fax: + 55 41 3266 - 0502 sbe @ urltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\npannebakker ba 1, schidlo ns, boskamp gj, dekker l, van dooren tj, beukeboom lw, zwaan bj, brakefield pm, van alphen jj .\nsection of animal ecology, institute of biology, leiden university, leiden, the netherlands. pannebak @ urltoken\nfemales infected with parthenogenesis - inducing wolbachia bacteria can be cured from their infection by antibiotic treatment, resulting in male production. in most cases, however, these males are either sexually not fully functional, or infected females have lost the ability to reproduce sexually. we studied the decay of sexual function in males and females of the parasitoid leptopilina clavipes. in western europe, infected and uninfected populations occur allopatrically, allowing for an investigation of both male and female sexual function. this was made by comparing females and males induced from different parthenogenetic populations with those from naturally occurring uninfected populations. our results indicate that although males show a decay of sexual function, they are still able to fertilize uninfected females. infected females, however, do not fertilize their eggs after mating with males from uninfected populations. the absence of genomic incompatibilities suggests that these effects are due to the difference in mode of reproduction .\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nsystematics – phylogeny – evolution – origin – gall – cynipidae – papaver – mediterranean .\ncopyright © 2001 the linnean society of london. published by elsevier ltd. all rights reserved .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 3a8f7362 - 93a3 - 437c - 936a - f0f6f203d359\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: c2483dc4 - 1926 - 4774 - bdaf - d574eebc3b08\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: c88c0dbf - 6154 - 4ad7 - 8826 - 95375c42036e\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: d6302220 - 6466 - 4177 - a262 - b56b17bb140c\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: f7aef6a8 - 592e - 4c5d - 89b0 - 24eedb593cb2\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 253984\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nj. paretas - martínez, 1 c. restrepo - ortiz, 1 m. buffington, 2 and j. pujade - villar 1\n1 university of barcelona. faculty of biology. department of animal biology. avda. diagonal 645 - 08028 - barcelona. spain\n2 systematic entomology laboratory, usda, c / o nmnh, smithsonian institution, 10th & constitution ave nw. po box 37012 mrc - 168, washington dc 20013, usa\ncorresponding author: m. buffington (vog. adsu. sra @ notgniffub. ttam) .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\n) on various trees and bushes. they are parasitoids of the gall inducers or other hymenopteran inhabitants in the galls with which they are associated (\nas a whole, with its different life strategies of entomophagy and phytophagy. prior to this study ,\ndiagnostic characters of cicatrix sp. (thrasorinae): a cicatrix pilosiscutum; b–d and f cicatrix schauffi; e, cicatrix neumannoides a head, anterior view b mesosoma, dorsal view c metasoma, lateral view d head, anterior view e mesosoma, dorsal view f female antenna, dorsal view. ci, circumtorular impression .\ndiagnostic characters of palmiriella neumanni (thrasorinae), female a head, anterior view b mesosoma, dorsal view c mesosoma, lateral view d antenna, dorsal view e head and mesosoma, antero - dorsal view f metasoma, lateral view. ci, circumtorular impression .\nfollowing the examination of many undetermined specimens of thrasorinae in the australian national insect collection (anic) and the queensland museum (qm), as well as the type material of all species included in mikeius buffington, new questions arose regarding the taxonomy of thrasorinae. first, an undescribed species of mikeius was discovered (described herein); second, two species originally described in mikeius were determined to render the genus polyphyletic, and new generic assignments are required; and third, phylogenetic analyses determined that the inclusion of mikeius within thrasorinae renders the subfamily paraphyletic with respect to plectocynipinae. in response to these discoveries, mikeiinae is described as a new subfamily to accommodate mikeius, and species previously described in mikeius are moved into other genera. in two cases, no current genus concept could accommodate these species, and the two new genera cicatrix, gen. n. , and palmiriella, gen. n. , are herein described. the goal of this study is to bring clarity to the taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships of these unusual groups of figitid wasps .\nanic australian national insect collection, csiro, canberra, australia (j. lasalle) .\nspecimen illustration and observation. environmental scanning electron micrographs (esem) were obtained at barcelona university with the fei quanta 200 esem without any coating at 15 kv. additional esem images were obtained either with a hitachi tm3000 e - sem, or an amray 1810 sem under a vacuum, using a lanthanum hexaboride electron source (lab6) at 10 kv, both housed at the national museum of natural history, smithsonian institution. images were edited using adobe cs4 software (adobe, inc). the terminology for morphological structures comes from richards (1977), ronquist and nordlander (1989), ronquist (1995), ros - farré et al. (2000), and ros - farré and pujade - villar (2007), and the sculpture terminology follows harris (1979). measurements and abbreviations in the descriptions include: f1 - f12, first and following flagellomeres; t3 - t4, third and fourth abdominal tergites; antennal formula is given with the length: width ratio of each segment .\n, and all new taxa and combinations described in this work. three species of each genus were included (except for monotypic genera or those with less than three species), so as to capture the morphological diversity of each genus .\n; the character list can be found in appendix 1. these characters represent the variability in the external morphological diversity of all the species studied, excluding those characters present in only one species; characters utilized in previous phylogenetic studies are indicated. due to their rarity, some species were not dissected and examined internally; characters requiring dissection for coding were left as ‘? ’. the resulting data matrix (appendix 2), which included 79 parsimony - informative characters, was analyzed using paup * (swofford, 2002) employeing 10, 000 multiple random addition sequences, followed by tbr swapping with branches of maximum length zero collapsed and steepest descent set to ‘off’. for bootstrap analyses (\nas the reference taxon, followed by 1000 bootstrap replicates, each replicate employing 100 tbr swapping replications .\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 9a0f4deb - c4ce - 44e2 - baac - d86a88dc25ce\ndiagnostic characters of mikeius sp. (mikeiinae), female. a–d, f and g: mikeius hartigi; e, mikeius clavatus a head, anterior view b mesosoma, lateral view c mesosoma, antero - dorsal view d–e antenna, medial view f mesosoma, dorsal view g pronotum (mesosoma), antero - dorsal view .\n; ros - farre and pujade - villar 2007), a laterally compressed metasoma in females (ros - farre and pujade - villar 2007), and a long, exposed hypopygium (7th sternite) in females (ros - farre and pujade - villar 2007). differs from\n) and pronotal plate, having a complete ring of setae at the base of the metasoma and metasomal t4 much larger than t3. the\ndiagnostic table for mikeius (mikeiinae, n. subf .) and genera of thrasorinae .\ncharacters of thrasorus (a–g) and scutimica (h) a head, anterior view b mesosoma, dorsal view, thrasorus rieki c antenna, male, medial view d mesosoma, dorsal view, thrasorus schmidtae e head and mesosoma, lateral view f metasoma, lateral view g antenna, female, medial view h mesosoma, dorsal view, scutimica transcarinata .\ncharacters of scutimica and myrtopsen a head, scutimica transcarinata b head, myrtopsen luedervaldti c metasoma, myrtopsen sp. d mesosoma in dorsal view, scutimica flava e mesosoma in dorsal view, mikeius mimosae f mesosoma in lateral view, scutimica transcarinata g mesosoma in lateral view, mikeius punctuatus .\ncoloration. head and mesosoma dark brown to black, antenna and legs yellowish to brown. metasoma light brown to black .\n) frons and face with abundant setae. transverse carinae or strigae on face absent. clypeus distinctly projected ventrally, curved ventrally, clypeopleurostomal lines well developed. malar furrow absent; malar space coriaceous, striate. occiput and genae smooth without carinae. circumtorular impression absent .\n) filiform or clavate with 10–11 flagellomeres in females (last one larger, possibly fusion of two), 12 in males. males with f1 curved .\n) lateral margins of posterior part of pronotal plate short, not reaching scutum, not forming projected plate; lateral pronotal depressions open laterally. mesoscutum horizontally striate. notauli complete, uniformly wide along entire length, or gently widening posteriorly. parascutal sulcus marked only in basal half. lateral basal impressions weak. antero - admedian lines absent or weak. median mesoscutal line present, short or long. scutellum striate anteriorly and in center, rugose posteriorly; scutellar foveae round subtriangular or subquadrate, sometimes not delimited posteriorly; interfoveal carina absent. mesopleural furrow absent or present. propodeal carinae wide, almost straight. pronotum, mesoscutum, scutellum, mesopleural triangle and metapleura all covered with sparse / dense setae .\nforewing. short setae present on wing surface and along margins. radial cell closed along anterior margin, 2 to 2. 5 times longer than wide, r2 almost straight; areolet absent .\nlegs. metatibia with two spurs, sub - equal in length, not exceeding one - third the length of tarsomere 1 .\nmetasoma. base of t3 with a complete or incomplete ring of setae. tergite 3 smaller than t4; t4 large, covering almost entire metasomal surface; remaining terga short, telescoped within t4; entire metasoma shiny and smooth .\nassociated with chalcidoidea (hymenoptera: apocrita) that induce galls on species of acacia (fabaceae) and eucalyptus (myrtaceae), although most of these host records await verification through isolated rearing (buffington, 2008) .\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 8d74319a - 2a25 - 48a6 - b857 - 80e6abb2be9c\nin having the antenna strongly clavate with the six terminal segments 1. 5 times wider than previous segments (\ncoloration. head and mesosoma black, antenna yellowish, except scape, brown, metasoma pale brown. legs pale yellow, except coxae, brown .\nstrongly clavate, 11 flagellomeres, antennal formula: 8 (4): 4 (4): 5 (3): 3 (3): 3 (3): 3 (3. 5): 4 (5): 5 (6): 5 (6): 6 (5): 5 (6): 5 (6): 7 (4). placoid sensillae from f7 to terminal segment .\nmesosoma. mesoscutum slightly striate. notauli complete of uniform width. antero - admedian lines weak. median mesoscutal line very short. scutellar foveae round to subquadrate, not delimited posteriorly. mesopleural furrow absent .\nholotype ♀ (anic) with the following label data: “australia: vict. mt. donna buang, 1200m 11–17. i. 80, eucalyptus - nothofagus forest, a. newton, m. thayer” (white label), “flight intercept window / trough trap” (white label), “aust. nat. ins. coll. ” (green label), “holotype mikeius clavatus p - v & r - o” (red label). paratype ♀ (anic) with the following labels: “w side cobungra hill 20km wbyn, omeo vic. 27 feb. 1980, i. d. naumann j. c. cardale” (white label), “ex alcohol collection” (white label), “aust. nat. ins. coll. ” (green label), “paratype mikeius clavatus p - v & r - o” (red label) .\nby the absence of an areolet in the forewing and the absence of a lateral pronotal carina. additional characters that distinguish\nin the redescription of thrasorus, buffington (2008) erroneously described species of the genus as having 12 flagellomeres in the female antenna; the correct number is 11 .\ncicatrix, gen. n. ; myrtopsen rübsaamen, 1908; palmiriella, gen. n. , scutimica ros - farré, 2007; thrasorus weld, 1944 .\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: f831c129 - f846 - 4a87 - a668 - 524a2ea64e19\ncicatrix neumannoides, sp. n. , cicatrix pilosiscutum (girault), cicatrix shauffi (buffington), comb. n .\ncoloration. the entire body with the same coloration, light brown or chestnut depending on the specimen .\n). face and frons with abundant setae. face with transverse carinae, strong across entire face, or only marked at lateral sides of face, smoother, tending towards strigae. clypeus distinctly projected anteriorly, curved ventrally, clypeopleurostomal lines well developed. malar furrow coriaceous. occiput and genae smooth without carinae. circumtorular impression present .\n). pronotal carinae reaching anterior margin of mesoscutum, forming small plate, conspicuous but not projected, concave dorsomedially. mesoscutum horizontally striate. notauli complete, of uniform width to slightly wider posteriorly. parascutal sulcus wide only in basal half. lateral basal impressions conspicuous. antero - admedian lines weak. median mesoscutal line absent, short or long. scutellum rugose; scutellar foveae round, subtriangular or subquadrate; interfoveal carina absent. mesopleural furrow conspicuous. propodeal carinae wide, curved. pronotum, mesoscutum, scutellum, mesopleural triangle and metapleura all covered with sparse / dense setae .\nforewing. short setae present on wing surface and along margins. radial cell closed along anterior margin, two times longer than wide, r2 almost straight; areolet absent .\nlegs. metatibia with two spurs, sub - equal in length, not exceeding one - half length of tarsomere 1 .\n). petiole short. base of t3 with patches of setae or an almost complete hairy ring. tergite 3 smaller than t4; t4 four large, covering almost entire metasomal surface; remaining terga short, telescoped within t4; entire metasoma shiny, smooth. hypopygium and ventral spine visible .\nfrom the latin word cicatrix, meaning “scar”, refering to the carinae that resemble a scar through the face. gender is masculine .\ngirault (1929) described amblynotus pilosiscutum, and weld (1952) transferred the species to melanips. this species has the circumtorular impression and thus belongs to thrasorinae. however, the results of the phylogenetic analysis and the diagnostic characters summarized above indicate that this species cannot be accommodated by any currently recognized genus, thus we describe cicatrix, gen. n. , to contain cicatrix pilosiscutum (girault) as well as cicatrix neumannoides, sp. n. , and cicatrix schauffi (buffington), comb. n .\nas in generic description (see above) with the following specific characters: length. female 4. 4 mm. male unknown .\n) frons and face with piliferous punctures; strong transverse carinae crossing the entire face .\nantenna. female. 11 flagellomeres, antennal formula: 9 (4): 5 (3): 10 (3): 9 (2. 5): 8. 5 (2. 5): 8 (3): 8 (3): 8 (3): 7 (3): 5 (3): 5 (3): 4. 5 (3): 7. 5 (3). placoid sensillae absent on basal half of f1 to f4, scarce on dorsal half; abundant from f5 to f11 .\nholotype ♀ (qm) with the following labels: “25. 10. 23, national pk. , q. h. hacker. ” (white label), “holotype” (pink label), “\n( gir), e. f. riek det 1953” (white label, handwritten), qm reg. no .\naustralia. label data suggest the single specimen was taken in royal national park in sydney .\nas in generic description (see above) with the following specific characters: length. female: 3. 9 mm. male unknown .\n. 10 flagellomeres, antennal formula: 6 (2): 4 (3): 5 (3): 4 (3): 4 (3): 4. 2 (3. 1): 4. 2 (3. 1): 4. 3 (3. 3): 5. 2 (3. 3): 4. 6 (3. 3): 3. 5 (3. 3): 6 (4). placoid sensillae present from f4, abundant from f6 through terminal segment .\n) median mesoscutal impression long, one - third length of scutum. scutellar foveae irregular, subquadrate and not delimited posteriorly .\ntype material. holotype ♀ (anic) with the following label data: “23. 36s 133. 35e 32 km wnw of alice springs, nt 8 oct. 1978 j: c: cardale” (white label), “ex alcohol collection” (white label), “aust. nat. ins. coll. ” (green label). “holotype, mikeius schauffi, buffington” (red label), “ cicatrix schauffi p - m det - 2009” (white label) .\nthe circumtorular impression present in this species indicates that it belongs in thrasorinae, not in mikeiinae. we transfer this species to cicatrix gen. n. , because it possesses all the diagnostic characters of that genus .\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 1a6d286b - 94af - 43f8 - 945b - d9af124eec57\nhead. frons and face with piliferous punctures; face with a few carinae from internal margin of eye reaching center of face .\nantenna. female. 10 flagellomeres, antennal formula: 6 (2): 4 (2. 8): 6 (2. 5): 4. 1 (2. 8): 4. 1 (2. 8): 4 (3): 4 (3): 4 (3): 4. 8 (3. 1): 3. 8 (3. 3): 3. 5 (3. 3): 5. 6 (4). placoid sensillae starting from f4, f4 to f6 are scarce, abundant from f7 - f10 .\n) median mesoscutal impression short, only indicated basally, not reaching one - fifth length of scutum. scutellar foveae rounded .\nthe specific name neumannoides means “related to neumanni”, referring to the fact that the specimens used to describe this species were previously included in the type series of mikeius neumanni .\nholotype ♀ (anic) with the following labels: “australia: nsw peak hill range, braidwood, cooma road, at top of pass. 30 december 1994. a. sundholm & r de keyzer. on acacia dealbata ” (white label), “aust. nat. ins. coll. ” (green label), “ mikeius neumanni det. m. l. buffington 2008 ” (white label), “holotype cicatrix neumannoides p - m & r - o” (red label) ”. paratype ♀ (anic) with the following labels: “crowea st. for. nr pemberton w. a. nov. - dec. 1978 s. j. curry malaise trap open forest” (white label), “aust. nat. ins. coll. ” (green label), “paratype cicatrix neumannoides p - m & r - o” (red label) ” .\nalthough buffington (2008) recognized two specimens of mikeius neumanni in the collection at anic, he used only one specimen in his description of the taxon, designating it as the holotype. the species neumanni (based on the holotype) is transferred to palmiriella, gen. n. , below, and the second specimen, in addition to another specimen discovered in anic, belongs to cicatrix .\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 5f540007 - 4494 - 49bf - a619 - f0a54f5ce41e\npalmiriella neumanni (buffington), comb. n. , by present designation and monotypy .\nthe new genus is dedicated to our colleague and good friend palmira ros - farré, who has helped us for many years with our little wasps. gender is feminine .\ncladogram of euceroptrinae, mikeiinae, plectocynipinae, and thrasorinae. numbers above branches indicate bootstap support. ci = 0. 58; ri = 0. 73; rc = 0. 43. strict consensus of 2 trees, l = 190 .\ncoloration. head and mesosoma black, antennae yellowish except scape, brown, metasoma medium brown. legs light yellow except tibia and metatarsi, brown .\n). frons and face with piliferous punctures and abundant setae. no transverse carinae or strigae on face. clypeus distinctly projected anteriorly, curved ventrally, clypeopleurostomal lines well developed. malar space with conspicuous, coriaceous, striate band. vertex in dorsal view with small piliferous punctures. occiput and genae smooth without carinae. circumtorular impression present .\n. 11 flagellomeres; antennal formula: 7 (4): 4 (4): 4 (3): 4. 5 (3): 4. 5 (3): 4. 5 (3): 4 (3): 4 (3): 4 (3): 3 (3): 3 (3): 3 (3): 5 (4). placoid sensillae from f7 to terminal segment .\n). pronotal carinae reaching scutum, forming small plate, conspicuous but not projected, concave dorsomedially. mesoscutum horizontally striate. notauli complete of uniform width. parascutal sulcus wide only in basal half. lateral basal impression conspicuous. antero - admedian lines weak, reaching anterior one - third of mesoscutum. median mesoscutal impression short and weak. scutellum rugose; scutellar foveae triangular; interfoveal carina absent. mesopleural furrow present. propodeal carinae present. pronotum, mesoscutum, scutellum, mesopleural triangle and metapleura all covered with sparse / dense setae .\nforewing. short setae present on wing surface and along margins. radial cell closed, 2. 3 times longer than wide; r2 almost straight, basal vein distally widening; areolet absent .\n). petiole very short, almost not visible. t3 and t4 fused into a syntergum, not covering the entire metasomal surface; remaining terga short, telescoped within t4; entire metasoma shiny and smooth. hypopygium and ventral spine visible. base of syntergum with only some scattered setae .\nholotype ♀ (anic) with the following labels: “mt nebo, s. e. qld, 24. xi. 1970, s. r. monteith” (white label), “aust. nat. ins. coll. ” (green label). “holotype, mikeius neumanni, buffington” (red label), “ palmiriella neumanni p - v & p - m det - 2009” (white label) .\nthrasorus pilosus weld, thrasorus rieki, sp. n. , thrasorus schmitdae buffington .\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: bcd3677f - ea0d - 4d37 - b62b - f093cedf7b02\ncoloration. head and mesosoma black, antennae brown, and metasoma pale brown. legs pale yellow except coxae, brown .\n) frons and face with abundant setae and piliferous punctures; space between clypeus and compound eye with carinae. malar furrow conspicuous, coriaceous and striate. occiput smooth; genae with strong striae. vertex in dorsal view with small piliferous punctures. circumtorular impression present .\n) 11 flagellomeres, antennal formula: 6 (3): 2 (2): 5 (2): 4 (2): 4 (3): 4 (3): 4 (3): 4 (3): 4 (3): 3 (3): 3 (3): 3 (3): 5 (4). placoid sensillae from f4 to terminal segment .\n) 12 flagellomeres, antennal formula: 7 (3): 3 (2): 5 (2): 4 (3): 4 (3): 4 (3): 4 (3): 4 (3): 4 (3): 4 (3): 4 (3): 4 (3): 4 (3): 5 (3). placoid sensillae starting from f1 .\n). lateral margins of pronotal plate reaching the scutum, forming a small plate conspicuous but not projected, concave dorsomedially, with piliferous punctures. mesoscutum smooth and shiny, with piliferous punctures. notauli complete, very narrow anteriorly and much wider posteriorly. parascutal sulcus wide only in basal half. lateral basal impressions weak. antero - admedian lines very weak. median mesoscutal impression well defined but not clearly delimited anteriorly. scutellum smooth on anterior falf and centre, rugose posteriorly; scutellar foveae small subtriangular, not clearly delimited posteriorly; interfoveal carina absent. mesopleural furrow present but not conspicuous. propodeal carinae present. pronotum, mesoscutum, scutellum, mesopleural triangle and metapleura not very pubescent, only some sparse setae .\nforewing. short setae present on wing surface and along margins. radial cell closed, 1. 9 times longer than wide; r2 almost straight; areolet absent .\n) petiole short. base of t3 with an almost complete hairy ring. tergite 3 smaller than t4; t4 four large, covering almost entire metasomal surface; remaining terga short, telescoped within t4; entire metasoma shiny and smooth .\np - m & p - v det - 2009” (red label). paratypes: 4 ♂ and 1 ♀ (on the same pinned card as the holotype) with the same data as the holotype, “paratype\nspecimens) with the following labels: “out of acacia galls? ?? ? 19. 1. 16 qld” (handwritten below the label with the insects), “aust. nat. ins. coll. ” (green label), “paratype\np - m & p - v det - 2009” (red label); 1 ♀ (qm) with the following labels: “amblynotus berlesei ♀ girault types” (white label handwritten), “holotype” (pink label), “thrasorus berlesei (gir) ef riek det 1953” (white label handwritten), “qm reg. no .\np - m & p - v det - 2009” (red label) .\nnamed after e. f. riek, who worked before us on australian cynipoidea .\nin the qm, there is one specimen labelled as ‘ amblynotus berlesei ’ by girault. in anic, there are six specimens on one large card with a determination label placed by riek, stating that taxon is ‘ thrasorus berlesei (grlt) ’. but as buffington (2008) pointed out, this species was never published by girault nor riek. as this name is a nomen nudum after buffington (2008), we described it as a new species. in anic, there is another large card that has six specimens of thrasorus rieki, sp. n. , mixed with chalcidoidea specimens." ]

{ "text": [ "figitidae is a family of parasitoid wasps .", "the full diversity of this wasp family is not yet known , but about 1400 species have been described to over 130 genera .", "for example , the largest subfamily , eucoilinae ( previously considered as a separate family , the eucoilidae ) , has over 1000 described species so far , but this is probably just a fraction of the total diversity .", "figitid species occur throughout most of the world . " ], "topic": [ 2, 26, 5, 13 ] }

[ "figitidae is a family of parasitoid wasps. the full diversity of this wasp family is not yet known, but about 1400 species have been described to over 130 genera. for example, the largest subfamily, eucoilinae (previously considered as a separate family, the eucoilidae), has over 1000 described species so far, but this is probably just a fraction of the total diversity. figitid species occur throughout most of the world." ]

[ "garrard (garrett), george (1579 - at least 1650), of the strand, westminster; later of the charterhouse, clerkenwell, mdx .\nsecretary to dr griffin, prof. garrard, dr coeburgh, dr dilley and neuropsychology service :\ngarrard (garrett), george (1579 - at least 1650), of the strand, westminster; later of the charterhouse, clerkenwell, mdx. | history of parliament online\nthe person behind this business was frederick garrard, a former architect who became a master potter, garrard lived in greenwich and built up a successful business making wall tiles for the burgeoning art and crafts movement .\npeters t (2009) george iii: a new diagnosis. history today 59 .\ncannon j (2004–2013) george iii (1738–1820). oxford dictionary of national biography .\ncitation: rentoumi v, peters t, conlin j, garrard p (2017) the acute mania of king george iii: a computational linguistic analysis. plos one 12 (3): e0171626. urltoken\ngarrard also developed a line of floor tiles which was highly sought after and was used in christ church cathedral, dublin .\nblack j (2006) george iii: america' s last king: yale university press .\ndobrée b (1935) the letters of king george iii: cassell & company, limited .\nthe neurosciences research foundation funds a huge amount of research at st george' s hospital and st george' s university of london. your donation will help us to develop new life enhancing treatments for patients at st george' s. visit the neurosciences research foundation website for more details .\nbecause his tiles are so difficult to distinguish from the originals and the fact that they were not clearly marked has meant that frederick garrard has perhaps not received the credit for his wonderfully made wall tiles, however recently tile experts such as chris blanchett have undertaken a great deal of research into garrard’s work and even discovered that some tiles in st pauls with in the walls in rome originated from garrard’s millwall workshop .\n39. add. 70105 (garrard to sir robert harley *, 30 june 1643); csp dom. 1641 - 3, p. 497 .\ngeorge is an associate and advises on a wide variety of commercial, technology and data privacy matters. in particular, george provides advice to clients in the professional services; telecommunications; technology and it; e - commerce; and media sectors .\nhawthorne n, holm i, hytner n, mirren h (1994) the madness of king george: alan bennett .\nthe goal of our program is to improving the quality of life by using the sport of basketball as a tool. these basic fundamental life skills was introduce to the program by the 3 wise men, mr. george garrard, mr. frank marks and mr. kenny woods .\nfortescue js (1927–8) (ed) correspondence of king george the third. vols i - vi. london: macmillan .\nin june 1911, bowers, cherry - garrard and wilson started a hellish journey to collect eggs from an emperor penguin colony at cape crozier, more than 100 kilometres away .\nneuroscience research centre, molecular and clinical science research institute, st. george’s, university of london (sgul), london, united kingdom\nguttmacher ms (1941) america' s last king: an interpretation of the madness of george iii: c. scribner' s sons .\nthe isle of dogs and millwall is seldom seen as a part of the arts and crafts movement, however the work of frederick garrard deserves greater recognition as great examples of home made decorative art .\ntags: bletchley park, bournemouth. , charlton house, frederick garrard, john lewis james, millwall pottery ltd. , royal courts of justice, st swithuns church, tatton park, thomas james allen\nit is a little bit confusing but just behind the ferry house were what was called millwall pottery but it was a different number of firms from around 1850, the garrard firm sometimes was called millwall pottery but really wasn’t but worked in cottages in the same area. your family is interesting because garrard died in 1893, and a john lewis james took over the firm, he had previously been a worker for garrard. was he part of your family? it was a bit of a coincidence if not related. it might be worth looking into john lewis james he started to produce his own tile ie cricketers .\ngeorge studied english literature and philosophy at liverpool university before undertaking his training contract at osborne clarke’s london office, where he qualified into the commercial team in march 2015 .\npeters tj, beveridge a (2010) the madness of king george iii: a psychiatric re - assessment. history of psychiatry 21: 20–37. pmid: 21877428\nnamier lb, fortescue jw (1937) additions and corrections to sir john fortescue' s edition of the correspondence of king george the third: manchester university press .\ngarrard p, rentoumi v, gesierich b, miller b, gorno - tempini ml (2014) machine learning approaches to diagnosis and laterality effects in semantic dementia discourse. cortex 55: 122–129. pmid: 23876449\ngarrard p, maloney lm, hodges jr, patterson k (2005) the effects of very early alzheimer' s disease on the characteristics of writing by a renowned author. brain 128: 250–260. pmid: 15574466\ngeorge has spent time on secondment at kpmg, vodafone and yahoo! , and works for other key clients in the social - media, e - commerce and telecoms sectors .\nmacalpine i, hunter r (1966) the\ninsanity\nof king george 3d: a classic case of porphyria. british medical journal 1: 65. pmid: 5323262\npeters tj, wilkinson d (2010) king george iii and porphyria: a clinical re - examination of the historical evidence. history of psychiatry 21: 3–19. pmid: 21877427\nthis flask was used by cherry - garrard, wilson and bowers during their journey to cape crozier. flasks were primarily used to carry hot drinks or melted water, but were occasionally used to hold marine scientific specimens to stop them freezing .\nthis balaclava was used by apsley cherry - garrard during the winter journey. in his account of the trip, he described how they adapted their balaclavas by attaching a piece of fabric across the opening to protect their noses from the biting wind .\ngarrard’s tiles can be seen in a number of public buildings, country houses and churches all over the uk including royal courts of justice, bletchley park, tatton park, st swithuns church, bournemouth and cragside, the northumberland home of lord armstrong .\ncox tm, jack n, lofthouse s, watling j, haines j, warren mj. (2005) king george iii and porphyria: an elemental hypothesis and investigation. the lancet 366: 332–335 .\npeters t, beveridge a (2010) the blindness, deafness and madness of king george iii: psychiatric interactions. the journal of the royal college of physicians of edinburgh 40: 81–85. pmid: 20503691\nunfortunately, at the height of his success garrard developed diabetes and in 1893 he died aged 55. tile production on the site continued till at least 1911 with one of his workers john lewis james taking control of the works and developing a few lines of his own .\nit is well known that, in the course of his 60 year reign as king of great britain and ireland (1760–1820), george iii suffered from recurrent episodes of physical and mental ill health [ 1 ]. these illnesses compounded many of the great political issues of the day, and gave rise to at least one major constitutional crisis—the regency bill, which was debated during the king’s first documented period of mental derangement (1787–88). towards the end of his life king george became cognitively impaired, and authority was transferred to his eldest son, who acted as regent between 1811 and his accession as george iv in 1820 .\nplaywright, socialist, photographer, vegetarian, pacifist, boxing fan and tango dancer, george bernard shaw donated his ayot st lawrence home to the national trust before he died there in 1950. sandra deeble pays a visit\ngarrard probably though his contacts realised that the demand for art and crafts type tiles was considerable and began to manufacture copies of spanish cuenca style tiles which were popular in churches and copies of dutch delftware type tiles for many of the houses that were adopting the arts and crafts style .\nthe neurology department at st george’s benefits from hosting the atkinson morley regional neurosciences centre, based in the atkinson morley wing. there is also a neurology department based at queen mary’s hospital. we are the regional tertiary centre for specialist inpatient and outpatient neurosciences services for a population of 3 million people across south - west london, surrey and sussex. the department works closely with st george’s university of london in the delivery of specialist teaching, education and research .\nfounded in 1991 in paris kentucky by maurice garrard and kenny woods, the central kentucky storm takes great pride in using the sport of basketball to assist in teaching kids some of the basic fundamental life skills ie (team work, competing, ethics, honor, drive, character and hard work) .\nmacalpine i, hunter r, rimington c (1968) porphyria in the royal houses of stuart, hanover, and prussia. a follow - up study of george 3d' s illness. british medical journal 1: 7. pmid: 4866084\nalthough a blood relationship with the lancashire gerrards seems unlikely, garrard succeeded his late ‘uncle’ gerrard as member for wigan at a by - election in 1621. he used his parliamentary experience chiefly to enlarge his store of acquaintance and anecdote, 26 for during the course of the third jacobean parliament he was named only to a committee to consider three naturalization bills, two on behalf of scottish courtiers and the third for the daughter of a baltic merchant (22 march 1621). 27 on the death of lady carleton’s stepfather (sir) henry savile†, garrard was short - listed for the wardenship of merton but was defeated by nathaniel brent, who had married a niece of archbishop abbot. 28\nthere are 36 consultant staff members. all have clinical sessions at st george’s hospital, but many have a primary base elsewhere in the regional neurosciences network across south - west london and surrey. please see the clinicians listed on this page for further details of their secretaries and primary hospitals .\ngarrard sat in the short parliament as cottington’s nominee at hindon. 38 he remained in london during the civil war, with 48 chests of conway’s books in his care, and apparently not without danger. 39 in his will, drawn up on 14 apr. 1645, he expressed the hope that ‘the truly reformed protestant religion... will be established by the king and parliament in the church of england’. 40 he was allowed to retire in 1650 on a pension of £80. 41 his will was proved on 13 jan. 1655 by his only son, george, who died a bachelor and without parliamentary experience in northumberland’s household at petworth a few years later. 42\nscott’s hut at cape evans was not the only camp. at cape adare, about 700 kilometres north, stood a second hut. it was home to a smaller group – leader victor campbell, geologist raymond priestley, surgeon murray levick, petty officers george abbot and frank browning and able seaman harry dickason .\nshaw’s own photographs, including: polar explorer apsley cherry - garrard, who lived next door. gene tunney. tunney a boxer who became a great friend (his son, jay tunney, is involved with the international shaw society). charlotte on their honeymoon. it is said that they were companions rather than lovers. she was a great supporter of their biggest joint project, the fabian society .\ngarrard’s interest in virginia was rekindled by the 3rd earl of southampton, who sold him two shares in the company, and had him returned for newtown at the general election of 1624, together with (sir) gilbert gerard, to whom he may have been distantly related. 29 his four committees in the last jacobean parliament were concerned with the drainage of marshland in north kent (10 apr. 1624), the murder of bastard infants (29 apr .), the feltmakers of london (30 apr .) and the london brewers (19 may). 30 despite donne’s encouragement garrard had long disparaged and eschewed the state of matrimony; nevertheless he was married in may 1625 to a servant of salisbury’s some 20 years his junior. 31 he does not appear to have stood for charles’s first parliament .\naspinall a (1962) later correspondence of george iii: v. 1. dec. 1783 to jan. 1793. - v. 2. 1793–1797. - v. 3. jan. 1798 to dec. 1801. - v. 4. 1802–1807. - v. 5. 1808–1810: university press .\nthe current study addresses these questions by applying a computational approach based on machine learning (text classification and feature selection) to a text corpus consisting of king george iii’s handwritten letters. we set out to obtain measures derived from textual characteristics known to be sensitive to mental illness [ 12 ] and to plot their changes over time .\nthe department consists of a large team of over thirty consultant staff, including visiting consultants based primarily at other hospitals who provide specialist clinics at st george’s. as well as general neurology clinics, a wide range of specialist outpatient clinics are provided. there are also ten clinical nurse specialists who provide a range of outpatient clinics and domiciliary care .\nalthough the final analysis would take place once the expedition returned to britain, it was critical to start this work at the cape evans hut. the zoologists, wilson and cherry - garrard, preserved and examined zoological specimens they had collected, while one of the geologists, debenham, prepared thin sections of the rocks he had collected. with the help of a microscope, he could then classify many of the rocks collected while he was still in antarctica .\n‘i’m a bit of a shaw bore, ’ admits sue morgan, resident custodian of the national trust property shaw’s corner, the ayot st lawrence home of george bernard shaw for 44 years. ‘i would have loved to know him. i find him so inspirational. he wrote 56 plays, five novels and a quarter of a million letters. his output was phenomenal. ’\ni have only just discovered that this website has put up my photos and text about frederick garrard. i would be pleased to make contact with anyone who has any further info on him and / or his tiles as my research into his life and work is on - going. the original research is detailed in the journal of the tiles and architectural ceramics society, vol 19, 2013, and copies are available from myself. my email is buckland. books @ urltoken. chris blanchett tile historian\nit is from these feature selection results that we may potentially derive objective clues to the true clinical diagnosis of king george’s recurrent episodes of mental derangement. as outlined in the introduction, evidence for the once popular porphyria theory has been thoroughly discredited [ 9 ], and in the modern classification of mental illness acute mania now appears to be the diagnosis that fits best with the available behavioural data [ 17 ] .\nthe 1770–1771 period was politically stressful for king george owing to the falklands crisis, in which seizure by the spanish of a british settlement on the islands was averted by the aggressive mobilization of british naval power [ 22 ]. the period between 1780 and 1781 was selected as a politically stressful time because of the culmination of the american war of independence and subsequent resignation of lord north as prime minister [ 23 ] .\nneurology used to be based at the old atkinson morley’s hospital in wimbledon, where the world’s first ct scanner was developed by sir godfrey hounsfield and james ambrose. it was the regional neuroscience centre for south - west london and a large part of surrey and sussex. in 2003, the unit closed and moved to the new, purpose - built, atkinson morley wing at st george’s, sharing accommodation with the regional cardiothoracic unit .\n‘it has been total immersion therapy. i love it here. the story of george bernard shaw and his hinterland is absolutely fascinating. he was there at the beginnings of socialism. and he was around at the beginnings of photography. he had one of the first telephones. he was gadget man himself, let alone an amazing political thinker and philosopher. if he were around now he would have been an early adopter of iphones and digital photography .\nthese gaps and discrepancies in the literature prevent us from claiming that our own findings provide additional, independent evidence for a diagnosis of acute mania as the cause of king george’s mental derangement. we would, however, argue that our study indicates the importance and the nature of the further work that will be required to test this hypothesis. in terms of importance, we contend that the ability of an unbiased ml classifier to identify differences between texts written under conditions of mental health vs. mental illness (but not, crucially, between those written under conditions of mental stress vs. mental tranquility, or of one part of the year vs. another) indicate that there is an underlying set of regularities that is susceptible to further analysis. furthermore, a description of this ‘clinical phenotype’ may allow us, and others, to look for evidence of similar periods of mental instability—both documented and undocumented—during other periods of king george iii’s reign, and in other historically significant figures whose written output has been extensively archived .\nare the intra - individual language characteristics across specific intervals of king george’s lifetime stable? for instance, does a stressed or manic period, when examined separately, exhibit relative language stability, which could be indicative of a specific language pattern occurring in each period? demonstration of clear language distinctions between the alleged manic phase and other periods, in combination with the existence of language homogeneity within each period in isolation would be consistent with the notion that the king’s psychological pathology was indeed reflected in his language behaviour .\nbap. 9 nov. 1579, 1 3rd s. of sir william garrard (d. 1607) 2 of dorney court, bucks. and elizabeth, da. of sir thomas rowe, merchant taylor, of hackney, mdx. , ld. mayor of london 1568 - 9. 3 educ. merton, oxf. 1594, ba 1597, ma 1603, incorp. camb. 1607. 4 m. lic. 3 may 1625, 5 elizabeth (d. by 1635), 6 da. of thomas swallow, yeoman, of saffron walden, essex, 1s. 7 ordained 1635. 8 d. aft. 1650. 9\nby contrast, the period between october 1788 and april 1789 as well as the six months preceding and following it did not coincide with any events that could be seen as politically difficult for king george [ 1 ]. it should be noted that: i) in both cases the dates spanned intervals identical to the period of the manic episode; and ii) the (politically stressful) regency crisis of 1789 occurred during the period of mental illness but is considered to be a consequence, rather than a cause of it .\nbetween accession in 1760 and the beginning of his late life decline in 1810, king george iii was an assiduous letter writer. the majority of his letters to and from his various correspondents have since been transcribed and published [ 16, 19 ]. all the letters prior to 1806 (when visual deterioration forced him to use an amanuensis) were written in his own hand, and the details of where he wrote the letter, the date and even the time of writing to the nearest minute, were also usually recorded. nearly all letters were personally signed with a full signature, though some were just initialed. only a few letters (mostly those written to close associates) were left unsigned. having examined some 500 of his letters dating to the period between 1750 and 1810, we can confirm that all of these were written by king george himself, and that the published transcriptions are accurate and not significantly edited, other than with some minor and occasional editorial corrections of dates [ 20 ]. thus, we can confidently state that the letters used in this study have not been subjected to significant assistance or editorial alterations .\nin this study we conducted a series of machine - learning experiments to analyse the texts of letters written by king george iii to various correspondents during distinct periods of his life. we used a classification approach to show not only the differences between documents originating from these periods, but also the patterns that support the inference of a period on the basis of a document. as all features were assumed at the outset to be of equal importance), the classification method also revealed which specific features carried the greatest weight in the classification, and therefore which features of the language were predictive of mania .\nin order to confirm the differences and specify the sources of variation in king george' s written language during the onset of his manic episode compared to the periods that immediately preceded or followed it, the following comparisons were performed: a) acute mania vs pre - mania: letters written during the onset of the first manic episode between october 1788 and april 1789 [ 17 ] (acute mania set) were compared to those written during the six months before the beginning of the manic episode (pre - mania set); and b) acute mania vs post - mania: the acute mania set was compared to letters written during the six months after the manic episode (the post - mania set) .\nin the field of literary scholarship, the techniques of computer - based stylometry and automatic authorship attribution pioneered by burrows [ 15 ] have demonstrated measurable differences between individual authors, texts originating from the 18th and 19th centuries, and groups of male and female writers. in spite of the survival of large quantities of written language output from the 17 th century onwards these techniques have not previously been extended to the study of historical figures. written correspondence between king george and senior parliamentarians survives in manuscript form and transcripts of the majority have been published [ 16 ], the content for the most part suggesting an active engagement with political events. we hypothesised that it would be possible to identify and characterise changes in written language coinciding with known periods of mental disturbance using computer - based language analysis techniques .\nthe overall aim of the analysis was to identify a feature set that could correctly classify every text into a period of interest within the reign of king george iii. this involved three consecutive analytical stages, the output of each providing input for its successor. in the first stage (feature extraction) values associated with 29 features were obtained from each text. features, which are listed in detail in table 2 and further explained in section 3. 2, fell into two broad categories: i) features related to syntactic complexity; and ii) textual features. the latter included indices of lexical variation [ 24, 25 ], and measures derived from information theory. features were obtained using lu’s l2 syntactic and lexical complexity analyzers [ 26, 27 ], and keyplex (a textual analysis program that provides values for a range of statistical and lexical measures). in addition, a compression ratio feature was computed using the zlib library of the python programming language .\nwe used a computational linguistic approach, exploiting machine learning techniques, to examine the letters written by king george iii during mentally healthy and apparently mentally ill periods of his life. the aims of the study were: first, to establish the existence of alterations in the king’s written language at the onset of his first manic episode; and secondly to identify salient sources of variation contributing to the changes. effects on language were sought in two control conditions (politically stressful vs. politically tranquil periods and seasonal variation). we found clear differences in the letter corpus, across a range of different features, in association with the onset of mental derangement, which were driven by a combination of linguistic and information theory features that appeared to be specific to the contrast between acute mania and mental stability. the paucity of existing data relevant to changes in written language in the presence of acute mania suggests that lexical, syntactic and stylometric descriptions of written discourse produced by a cohort of patients with a diagnosis of acute mania will be necessary to support the diagnosis independently and to look for other periods of mental illness of the course of the king’s life, and in other historically significant figures with similarly large archives of handwritten documents .\nany study that imposes contemporary descriptive categories on historical phenomena is open to criticism. the debate surrounding the appropriateness of using modern medical terminology in historical contexts is well known and need not be rehearsed here. differences at the linguistic level, however, are relevant to our methodology, recognition of which may bring about incremental improvements in the analysis technology in the future. the first point to note is that contemporary orthography made frequent use of semicolons (as well as the marks listed in the footnotes to table 2) to mark sentence boundaries, leaving the definition of a sentence used by lu’s syntactic complexity analyzer in need of modification when applied to written discourse of this era. moreover, agreed definitions of any linguistic terms (‘clause’, ‘phrase’) may be so elusive as to preclude satisfactory implementation in a rule - based computational model. we would point out, though, that the motivation for this study was pragmatic rather than linguistic: we aimed to describe and test a method for characterising patterns of written language usage that reliably predicted the presence of known mental derangement, and could potentially be used to argue for the presence of similar, undocumented changes both in king george and other important historical figures. finally, we acknowledge the limitations imposed by the application of: i) a method of complexity measurement that was developed specifically for research into second language acquisition rather than to characterise native users’ responses to psychological influences; ii) tools developed for synchronic language research to characterise diachronic data, where their high levels of accuracy cannot be verified. comparative analyses of larger samples of diachronic material would help to define a control condition more accurately, but were beyond the scope of the present study. future refinements of our methods, to address the above shortcomings and improve the accuracy of this novel and potentially powerful historical data mining approach will benefit from the addition of a theoretical linguist to the established interdisciplinary collaboration .\n[ redgrave' s dict. of artists of the english school, 1878; sandby' s hist. of the royal acad. of arts, 1862, i. 396; royal acad. exhibition catalogues, 1781–1826. ]\nthis page was last edited on 6 september 2013, at 16: 50 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nwhen you read about osborne clarke on this site, we are either referring to our international organisation, osborne clarke verein (ocv), or one of its member firms. ocv is a swiss verein and doesn’t provide services to clients. the ocv member firms are all separate legal entities and have no authority to obligate or bind each other or ocv with regard to third parties. to find out more, please click here .\nwe have placed cookies on your device to give you the best experience. find out more\n, including how to change your cookie settings. if you continue to browse on this site, we’ll assume you’re ok to proceed .\nthis biography is from wikipedia under an attribution - sharealike creative commons license. spotted a problem? let us know .\nwe use cookies to understand how you use our site and to improve your experience. this includes personalizing content and advertising. to learn more, click here. by continuing to use our site, you accept our use of cookies, revised privacy policy and terms and conditions .\n© 1986 - 2018 invaluable, llc. and participating auction houses. all rights reserved .\nsvg public\n- / / w3c / / dtd svg 1. 1 / / en\nurltoken\nsubscribe to our newsletter and you' ll receive previews of our newest inventory, exclusive deals, tips for collecting and more .\ncan you tell us more about this person? spotted an error, information that is missing (a sitter’s life dates, occupation or family relationships, or a date of portrait for example) or do you know anything that we don' t know? if you have information to share please complete the form below .\nif you require information from us, please use our archive enquiry service. if you wish to license an image, please use our rights and images service .\nwe digitise over 8, 000 portraits a year and we cannot guarantee being able to digitise images that are not already scheduled .\nthere are occasions when we are unsure of the identity of a sitter or artist, their life dates, occupation or have not recorded their family relationships. sometimes we have not recorded the date of a portrait. do you have specialist knowledge or a particular interest about any aspect of the portrait or sitter or artist that you can share with us? we would welcome any information that adds to and enhances our information and understanding about a particular portrait, sitter or artist .\nhow do you know this? please could you let us know your source of information .\nthe national portrait gallery will not use your information to contact you or store for any other purpose than to investigate or display your contribution. by ticking permission to publish you are indicating your agreement for your contribution to be shown on this collection item page. please note your email address will not be displayed on the page nor will it be used for any marketing material or promotion of any kind .\nplease ensure your comments are relevant and appropriate. your contributions must be polite and with no intention of causing trouble. all contributions are moderated .\nif you tick permission to publish your name will appear above your contribution on our website .\ncontributions are moderated. we' ll need your email address so that we can follow up on the information provided and contact you to let you know when your contribution has been published .\npublished in the history of parliament: the house of commons 1604 - 1629, ed. andrew thrush and john p. ferris, 2010 available from cambridge university press\nfell. of merton 1598 - 1610; 10 master of the london charterhouse 1638 - 50; 11 j. p. mdx. 1638; 12 commr. piracy, london 1639, 13 oyer and terminer, mdx. 1639 - 44. 14\ngent. of the privy chamber extraordinary to prince henry 1610 - 12; 15 servant to william cecil *, 2nd earl of salisbury 1614 -? 28, 16 to algernon percy *, lord percy? 1628 - 35, chaplain 1635 - 8. 17\nin 1626 he was returned for preston, either as a result of lancashire connections he may have forged while representing wigan five years earlier, or through the influence of the chancellor of the duchy of lancaster, sir humphrey may *, with whom he may have been acquainted at court. his only committee appointment was for a bill to cancel a 5, 000 year lease of property in surrey, ‘unduly procured’ from his old college by the earl of leicester fifty years previously (16 feb. 1626). 32 re - elected for preston in 1628, he was again among those appointed to consider a bill to naturalize a scottish courtier (7 may). 33 his membership in the second session of the committee for the bill to confirm the endowment of the charterhouse (20 feb. 1629) may have drawn his attention to the desirability of the mastership, with ‘good lodgings, a collegiate diet, [ and ] £100 per annum ’, though he still lacked at least two of the necessary qualifications, being neither unmarried nor ‘a learned and grave divine’. 34\n11. c115 / 108 / 8623; strafforde letters ed. w. knowler (1739), i. 361; ii. 152; r. smythe, hist. charterhouse (1808), p. 236 .\n15. harl. 642, f. 241; (anon .) govt. of royal household (1790), p. 324 .\n17. a. j. taylor, ‘royal visit to oxf. 1636’, oxoniensia, i. 151 .\n23. r. c. bald, john donne, 159, 194, 227, 276, 501, 518; hmc 2nd rep. 79 .\n26. strafforde letters, i. 174, 335; oxoniensia, i. 155 .\n28. merton coll. oxf. reg. 1 / 3, p. 271; g. c. brodrick, memorials of merton (oxf. hist. soc. iv), 276 - 7; chamberlain letters ed. n. e. mcclure, ii. 430 .\n31. j. donne, letters (1651), pp. 283 - 4; sp14 / 415 / 65; hmc hatfield xxii. 195 .\n35. bl, microfilm of northumberland ms m390; northumberland household pprs. ed. g. r. batho (cam. soc. ser. 3. xciii), 132, 166 .\n36. strafforde letters, i. 174, 265, 358, 361, 468; ii. 153, 180 .\n38. m. havran, caroline courtier: lord cottington, p. 145 .\ncentral kentucky storm girls is now a member of adidas silver gauntlet series after signing the contract 2 - 21 - 2018. congrats\nall 3 of the wise men have passed to a better life and the program continues to assist young people along lifes way in the honor and vision of the 3 wise men .\nwelcome to simcoe. com, home to the most comprehensive news coverage in simcoe county, from local news and events to the arts and community life .\nyou can get the weather for wherever you want to in the uk. enter your postcode below to personalise your weather feed .\na shaw play on the front lawn. the venue will host two this summer (national trust images / david levenson )\nhaving lived at shaw’s corner now for seven years, and working in an office that was once lawrence of arabia’s bedroom, morgan is excited by the resurgence of interest in shaw. last year, ralph fiennes starred in man and superman at the national, directed by simon godwin, who grew up in st albans. godwin and fiennes were so exhilarated by shaw’s work that they are planning to work on further productions together .\n‘it was incredible, ’ says morgan, who saw the play several times. ‘each time we left the theatre the audience was uplifted. shaw’s wit and humour ran through it all. ’\nhearing shaw’s words read out loud is the best way of keeping him alive, morgan says. on the day of my visit, volunteers james and pat steadman were in the woodcutting area reading from mrs warren’s profession. it’s a part of the garden where shaw and his wife charlotte kept fit by chopping wood. listening to the words, i appreciate the author’s rapier wit, and that his writings are still relevant today .\n‘he wouldn’t back brexit. he would definitely want to stay in the eu, ’ says morgan, when i ask her what shaw would think about the european referendum. ‘and he would be campaigning against wars. he saw war as a massive waste of life and resources. ’\nshaw was hugely influenced by contemporary and arts and crafts luminary william morris. ‘it was a line of thought about working very hard in our lifetimes because we’ll be judged retrospectively on what we have achieved. shaw was interested in how we can use our life to make change. he believed in being useful. ’\nshaw was a supporter of the garden city movement, seeing it as a way of transforming lives for the better. ‘we have photographs of him out with (frederic) osborn looking for the land for welwyn garden city, ’ says morgan. ‘and i think he must have been instrumental in bringing shredded wheat to welwyn garden city. he knew kellogg in america. ’\nshaw left his home to the national trust before he died, and his wish was for the house to be a living record of his work .\nsomeone who promises to keep the house alive is phd student alice mcewan. working in collaboration with the university of hertfordshire, she is looking at shaw archives world - wide and one objectives is to furnish the guides with more insights and stories. one example is looking at charlotte’s household records that are part of a collection at the university of texas. it’s a case of every object in the house having an interesting tale. the more you look, the more you’ll learn about the man .\neveryone should visit shaw’s corner. even if you don’t want to become a shavian scholar, you can still enjoy an ice - cream in the gardens and inevitably you’ll find yourself being drawn in to the writer’s life. some people say that when you go to the house, it’s as if he’s just popped out .\ni ask sue morgan what she thinks shaw might say to her today if he were to come out of writing hut and walk across the lawn. she is quick to answer: ‘i think he’d tell me to stop cleaning and to start doing something more useful. ’\njohn harlow is a room guide, now in his third season as a volunteer. he has recently developed his own introductory talks for visitors. his fascination lies in the famous people who walked up the gravel path through the front garden, which in summer becomes a stage for outdoor performances of shaw’s plays .\n‘danny kaye walked across here. the astors walked across here. lawrence of arabia parked his brough superior here. on this very bit of path where we’re walking now .\n‘you get people coming here from all over the world. but sometimes when i ask people where they have come from, so many will say welwyn garden city, hatfield, or st albans. they know about the place but they’ve never been here. what makes it for me is meeting all these people and bringing the house alive for them. ’\ncentral to shaw’s writing life was his revolving shed at the bottom of the garden, designed to follow the sun. he called it ‘london’ and would escape from visitors to the hut where he wrote pygmalion, st joan, man and superman and major barbara. made by norwich manufacturer boulton & paul, you can still buy a refurbished one today - if you have a spare £13, 000 - from architectural antique company ukaa. last year, the hut was featured in channel 4’s amazing spaces shed of the year .\nshed enthusiast alex johnson features footage of shaw and his shed, together with danny kaye, on his website shedworking. co. uk. ‘i’m fascinated by the rotating mechanism. revolving summer houses were also used for people recovering in hospital. ’\nvisitors to ‘london’ included vivien leigh and stewart granger. according to their wishes, shaw’s and charlotte’s ashes were mixed together and scattered around the hut .\njaeger clothes in shaw’s wardrobe – he was obsessed with health, loved jaeger, and thought that wool was best for its ‘breathability’ .\nwalking stick in the entrance hall. a gift from william morris, it is inscribed with a norse proverb that shaw took to heart: ‘one thing never dies: the reputation of a dead man’ .\nshaw’s copy of pygmalion and a marked - up copy he adapted for my fair lady .\nsidney and beatrice webb with charlotte – founders of the london school of economics .\nbring a picnic, set up on the lawn. if it rains, the show goes on .\nplease log in to leave a comment and share your views with other hertfordshire visitors .\nonly people who register and sign up to our terms and conditions can post comments. these terms and conditions explain our house rules and legal guidelines .\ncomments are not edited by hertfordshire staff prior to publication but may be automatically filtered .\nif you have a complaint about a comment please contact us by clicking on the report this comment button next to the comment .\nsigning up is free, quick and easy and offers you the chance to add comments, personalise the site with local information picked just for you, and more .\nactor cath tyldesley surprised fans by quitting coronation street but she has a bucket list of plans that will keep her extremely busy. she shared them with lancashire life readers .\njane bailey is an author whose novels combine romance with intrigue; the mystery of what it is to be human, entwined with deep and dark secrets. fiction, she says, is entertainment. but it’s also a means of empathy – of putting yourself in someone else’s shoes – and of looking at your own problems through other eyes .\ncalling all self - professed clunatics! test your knowledge on doc martin with our quiz .\nevery hour or so during a blizzard i have to go out, mount a ladder to the roof of the hut, remove the vane head, clean out the snow, and replace it. with gusts reaching 70 miles an hour and the air full of drift, this is no pleasant matter .\nthe terra nova expedition is primarily remembered for scott and the polar party’s journey to the south pole, but there was also a large team of scientists that discovered new knowledge of the continent .\nthis was not the first antarctic expedition to undertake scientific investigation, but it was more wide - ranging than any previously. both the groups on shore and the ship’s crew were involved. they studied antarctic wildlife on land and in the sea, and collected thousands of zoological specimens. they surveyed new terrain, examined the geology and studied the formation of glaciers and land surfaces. they made observations of magnetism and atmospheric electricity, and recorded meteorological data in numerous locations .\nat this time, there were still many unanswered questions about antarctica, and the information accumulated by the expedition’s scientists would help to answer them .\nbeing a scientist in antarctica, carrying out scientific work in hostile conditions, was challenging. it was cold, windy and completely dark in winter .\nthe expedition’s scientists often travelled vast distances, spending weeks hauling heavy sledges loaded with equipment before they could start their actual work. using instruments in freezing cold temperatures was often slow and difficult, and with several layers of mittens they had to be careful to achieve the accurate measurements they needed. mittens could be removed, but with caution, as frostbite could strike in seconds. when physicist charles wright recorded observations of stars in temperatures of - 40˚c, he had to avoid putting his face too close to the telescope, or it would freeze to his skin .\ndr. atkinson in his laboratory. september 15th 1911 © h ponting photograph, pennell collection canterbury museum, new zealand\nthe cape evans hut provided working areas and laboratories for the expedition scientists. here, they wrote up notes and produced maps and illustrations from sketches they had made in the field. they analysed their observations and started to prepare and study their vast collection of specimens .\nthe expedition’s professional photographer, ponting, and the chief of scientific staff, wilson, who was a skilled artist, photographed and illustrated many details of the expedition, both for artistic and scientific purposes .\nponting was keen to capture most aspects of the expedition’s work and daily life. he also used his cameras for scientific documentation and filmed some of the earliest known footage of antarctic seals and penguins .\nwilson’s beautiful illustrations of antarctica mirrored its often vivid colours. on 28 july 1911, he wrote in his diary ,\nwe had for 3 hours the finest colour imaginable all over the sky. out all forenoon making sketches .\nwilson also made scientific illustrations of antarctic animals and recorded their appearance and behaviour in his drawings. these would be used later when the expedition’s zoological collections were analysed .\na victorian theory proposed that by studying the embryo of an organism, it was possible to learn about the evolutionary history of that species. wilson believed penguin embryos could shed light on the evolutionary link between birds and reptiles. but emperor penguins breed in the middle of the antarctic winter, when it is unimaginably cold and completely dark, and this would be the first substantial sledging journey ever made in these torturous conditions .\nfor five weeks, the three men battled ferocious winds and an average temperature of - 40˚c. they travelled in darkness with only scant twilight at midday and occasional moonlight. they came very close to death when their only tent blew away in a violent blizzard and it was pure luck that they found it again .\nwhen they finally reached the penguin colony, they collected five eggs with great difficulty. only three survived the journey back .\nback in britain, the study of the embryos was delayed by the first world war and the death of the embryologist who was assigned to analyse them. meanwhile, science had moved on and the theory of a link between embryos and evolutionary history was largely rejected .\ndespite this, the eggs and their embryos have scientific significance. they remain part of the natural history museum’s collections and, as some of the earliest examples of emperor penguin embryos, have important potential for future scientific research .\nthe horror of the nineteen days it took us to travel from cape evans to cape crozier would have to be re - experienced to be appreciated: and any one would be a fool who went again .\nedward wilson took a range of scientific equipment on the journey to cape crozier, some of which he had to abandon on the treacherous return journey back to camp. this set of glassware was recovered in the 1950s .\ntwo of the three embryos collected on the winter journey to cape crozier were carefully cut into thin sections and mounted onto 800 glass slides. these could be studied by scientists under the microscope. they remain valuable scientific specimens." ]

{ "text": [ "george garrard ara ( 31 may 1760 – 8 october 1826 ) was an english animal , landscape and portrait painter , modeller , sculptor , engraver and printmaker .", "he played a major role in lobbying parliament to introduce legislation to protect the copyright of works by modellers of animal and human figures . " ], "topic": [ 13, 28 ] }

[ "george garrard ara (31 may 1760 – 8 october 1826) was an english animal, landscape and portrait painter, modeller, sculptor, engraver and printmaker. he played a major role in lobbying parliament to introduce legislation to protect the copyright of works by modellers of animal and human figures." ]

[ "amphibia, arid zone, australia, cyclorana occidentalis sp. nov. , cyclorana platycephala\namphibia; arid zone; australia; cyclorana occidentalis sp. nov. ; cyclorana platycephala\nwater balance and arginine vasotocin in the cocooning frog cyclorana platycephala (hylidae) .\nspermatogenesis and plasma testosterone levels in western australian burrowing desert frogs, cyclorana platycephala, cyclorana maini, and neobatrachus sutor, during aestivation .\nspermatogenesis and plasma testosterone levels in western australian burrowing desert frogs, cyclorana platycephala, cyclorana maini, and neobatrac... - pubmed - ncbi\nwater balance and arginine vasotocin in the cocooning frog cyclorana platycephala (hylidae). - pubmed - ncbi\nrevision of the water - holding frogs, cyclorana platycephala (anura: hylidae), from arid australia, including a description of a new species .\nmeyer, e. & agnew, l. (2013) a range extension of the water holding frog (cyclorana platycephala) in queensland. queensland naturalist, 51, 19–22 .\ntyler, m. j. (1990) geographic distribution of the fossorial hylid frog cyclorana platycephala (gunther) and the taxonomic status of c. slevini loveridge. transactions of the royal society of south australia, 114, 81–85 .\nto cite this page: kierzek, m. 2000 .\nlitoria platycephala\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\nwithers, p. c. (1993) metabolic depression during aestivation in the australian frogs, neobatrachus and cyclorana. australian journal of zoology, 41, 467–473. urltoken\nfigure 8. vomerine teeth (top row), foot (middle row) and hand (bottom row) of cyclorana species. a, d, g: c. platycephala (eastern), a = sama 46801, d, c = ams r 152847; b, e, h: c. platycephala (northern), b = ams r 60331, e, h = sama 46608; c, f, i: c. occidentalis. c = wam r 165306, f, i = holotype, wam r 111826. bar represents 5 mm .\nloveridge, a. (1950) new frogs of the genera cyclorana and hyla from south - eastern australia. proceedings of the biological society of washington, 63, 131–138 .\nwithers, p. c. (1995) cocoon formation and structure in the aestivating australian desert frogs, neobatrachus and cyclorana. australian journal of zoology, 43, 429–441. urltoken\nloveridge, a. 1950 ,\nnew frogs of the genera cyclorana and hyla from south - eastern australia\n, proceedings of the biological society of washington, vol. 63, pp. 131 - 138\ntyler, m. j. & martin, a. a. (1976) taxonomic studies of some australian leptodactylid frogs of the genus cyclorana steindachner. records of the south australian museum, 17, 261–276 .\nvan beurden, e. & mcdonald, k. (1980) a new species of cyclorana (anura: hylidae) from northern queensland. transactions of the royal society of south australia, 104, 193–195 .\ntyler, m. j. , davies, m. & martin, a. a. (1982) biology, morphology and distribution of the australian fossorial frog cyclorana cryptotis (anura: hylidae). copeia, 1982, 260–264. urltoken\nvan beurden, e. (1982) desert adaptations of cyclorana platycephalus: a holistic approach to desert adaptation in frogs. in: barker, w. r. & greenslade, p. j. m. (eds .), evolution of the flora and fauna of arid australia. peacock publications, south australia, pp. 235–240 .\nthe zenith of amphibian' s adaptations to minimize their dependence on water under arid conditions is the water - holding frog, cyclorana which inhabits the central desert regions of australia. during the brief and infrequent periods of rain these frogs feed on the flush of insects, they mate and lay their eggs in tepid shallow pools of water, the eggs hatch and tadpoles rapidly develop into froglets. as the rain soaks away the frogs and froglets absorb as much water as possible and bury themselves deep into the sand where they secrete a membrane around themselves to prevent moisture loss. they remain in this condition until the first significant rains, which could be in several years time .\nthe water - holding frog prefers to live in grasslands, temporary swamps, claypans, and billibongs. their distribution is limited to southern australia (s. australian frogcensus 1999) .\nthe water - holding frog is characterized by a broad, flat head, completely webbed toes, and a stout body which is usually dull gray to dark brown or green. they also have small eyes that are placed somewhat laterally and forward - directed, enhancing vision downward and binocular perspective (cogger and zweifel 1998). the water - holding frog can also be characterized by its distinct call of a long drawn out\nmawww, mawww\n. the male frogs range in size from 42 - 64mm, where the females range from 50 - 72mm (s. australian frogcensus 1999) .\nthe water - holding frog only emerges from deep underground after it rains to breed. it lays large amounts of spawn in still water after floods. some eggs may be attached to vegetation, or spread in a thin film on the surface, thus ensuring adequate oxygen in warm waters suffering from oxygen depletion (cogger and zweifel 1998). tadpoles of the water - holding frog can reach a maximum length of 60mm (s. australian frogcensus 1999) .\nprefers to eat a diet consisting mainly of insects and small fish. the water - holding frog has the rare ability to catch their prey underwater. they do this by using their strong, muscular attributes and lunging at their prey, stuffing it in their mouths .\nbecause of their unique and unusual ability to retain large amounts of water, the water - holding frog has become the best example of a burrowing frog traditionally used by the aboriginies. as the water is stored in the bladder or in the pockets of skin, a slight pressure applied by hand causes the frog to release water. the aboriginal people dig up\nand enjoy the resource this frog has to offer. this water is very fresh and after the aboriginies drink, the frog is released unharmed (s. australian frogcensus 1999) .\nmegan kierzek (author), michigan state university, james harding (editor), michigan state university .\nliving in australia, new zealand, tasmania, new guinea and associated islands .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\na large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows. in insects ,\nincomplete metamorphosis\nis when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form, and\ncomplete metamorphosis\nis when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms. butterflies have complete metamorphosis, grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\na terrestrial biome. savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america, and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (> 23. 5° n or s latitude). vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nsouthern australian frogcensus, 1999 .\nsouthern australian frogcensus\n( on - line). accessed november 15, 1999 at urltoken .\nwithers, p. 1999 .\nresearch interests. aestivation\n( on - line). accessed november 15, 1999 at urltoken .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nthere are three separate populations. one in the central arid zone of western australia from winning pool east to lake disappointment and south to morawa and laverton. there is a small area in the north - western corner of the northern territory. another large area extends from northern south australia into new south wales and south - western queensland. the extent of occurrence of the species is approximately 1645500 km2. widely dispersed in habitat .\nbarker, j. , grigg, g. c. , and tyler, m. j. (1995). a field guide to australian frogs. surrey beatty and sons, new south wales .\ntyler, m. j. , smith, l. a. , and johnstone, r. e. (1994). frogs of western australia. western australian museum, perth .\ngrasslands, temporary swamps, claypans and billabongs across diverse country and including areas of impervious soil. it survives dry conditions by its ability to burrow up to 1m underground and store water. spawn is laid in large masses of up to 500 eggs in temporary pools and static waters such as those that occur during flooding .\nit occupies a wide range of habitat from forests of tropical swamp to intermittent pools and lowland grass country; all habitat is assumed to be of a low elevation. populations are assumed to be large from frequent reports and a broad range .\nthis range is assumed to overlap with national parks, but research has not been undertaken into the ecology and biology of the species .\nit buries itself in sandy ground in a secreted, water - tight, mucus cocoon with its external skin during periods of hot, dry weather. for additional nutrition and to save energy, the frog eats the external skin .\nthe water - holding frog is characterized by a broad, flat head, completely webbed toes, and a stout body which is usually dull gray to dark brown or green. they also have small eyes that are placed somewhat laterally and forward - directed, enhancing vision downward and binocular perspective (cogger and zweifel 1998 )\naustralian aborigines discovered a means to take advantage of this ability by digging up one of these frogs and gently squeezing it, causing the frog to release some of the fresh water it stores for itself in its bladder and skin pockets. this water can be consumed by the aborigine, who then releases the frog .\nno threats have been identified, research into the extent of habitat loss through land clearing and the associated salinity is yet to be undertaken. the species is given least concern status at the iucn red list [ red list link ] due to a wide range and large population .\ncogger, h. g. 2000. reptiles and amphibians of australia, sixth edition. reed new holland, new south wales .\njean - marc hero, john clarke, ed meyer, richard retallick, paul horner, dale roberts (2004) .\ntyler, m. j. , slack - smith, shirley (2012). field guide to frogs of western australia. perth: western australia museum. p. 164. isbn 9781920843915 .\nencyclopedia of reptiles and amphibians: a comprehensive illustrated guide by international experts .\n.\nvanderduys (2012). field guide to the frogs of queensland. melbourne: csiro publishing .\nhero, j m; et al. (2002 - 04 - 05) .\n.\nthere are three separate populations. one in the central arid zone of western australia from winning pool east to lake disappointment and south to morawa and laverton. there is a small area in the north - western corner of the northern territory. another large area extends from northern south australia into new south wales and south - western queensland. the extent of occurrence of the species is approximately 1645500 km². widely dispersed in habitat .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthere are three separate populations of this species in australia. one in the central arid zone of western australia from winning pool east to lake disappointment and south to morawa and laverton. there is a small area in the northeastern northern territory. these regions are very flat so the species is known only from low elevations. another large area extends from northern south australia into new south wales and southwestern queensland; including southeastern northern territory .\nthis species is found in grasslands, temporary swamps, clay pans and billabongs in arid and semi - arid areas and is usually associated with clay soils. it is able to survive extended dry periods (months to years) in aestivation underground. spawn is laid in large masses of up to 500 eggs in temporary pools and static waters such as those that occur during flooding; larvae are free - swimming .\nis likely to have suffered habitat loss / disturbance as a result of agro - industry farming; and might also be affected by secondary salinity associated with land clearing .\nthe range of the species most likely overlaps at least one protected area, but this is not confirmed .\njean - marc hero, john clarke, ed meyer, richard retallick, paul horner, dale roberts. 2004 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\ncogger, h. g. , in cogger, h. g. , cameron, e. e. & cogger, h. m. 1983 ,\namphibia and reptilia\n, ed. walton, d. w. (ed .), zoological catalogue of australia, vol. 1, pp. 313 pp. , australian government publishing service, canberra\ngünther, a. 1873 ,\ndescription of two new species of frogs from australia\n, annals and magazine of natural history, ser. 4, vol. 11, pp. 349 - 350\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 1855758b - 9f4e - 47ec - bdb5 - a6019b109b6a\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 38a67aac - 957c - 49cc - a41a - f3f10a2cf700\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 6c19e140 - e13b - 4df2 - 8c3d - ccd092ffa95f\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: ff58d097 - 2d2f - 429c - 9f8c - ecc937f1ad91\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 86e76d4c - 778e - 43fd - aece - 0f0d884c7bc6\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 410134\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthere are three separate populations. one in the central arid zone of western australia from winning pool east to lake disappointment and south to morawa and laverton. there is a small area in the north - western corner of the northern territory. another large area extends from northern south australia into new south wales and south - western queensland. the extent of occurrence of the species is approximately 1645500 km2. widely dispersed in habitat .\ngrasslands, temporary swamps, claypans and billabongs across diverse country and including areas of impervious soil. it survives dry conditions by its ability to burrow up to 1m underground and store water. spawn is laid in large masses of up to 500 eggs in temporary pools and static waters such as those that occur during flooding .\nbarker, j. , grigg, g. c. , and tyler, m. j. (1995) .\ntyler, m. j. , smith, l. a. , and johnstone, r. e. (1994) .\nj. - m. hero et al. (m. hero at mailbox. gu. edu. au), griffith university\n> university of california, berkeley, ca, usa. accessed jul 10, 2018 .\n> university of california, berkeley, ca, usa. accessed 10 jul 2018 .\na large robust frog with a flattened appearance. the eyes are perched on top of a depressed head, the mouth is large, limbs are short and there is extensive webbing between the toes. colouration ranges from pale grey to dark brown. males to 6 cm; females to 7 cm .\nresponds to cyclonic rains in summer and breeds in temporary water bodies. females lay large masses containing up to 500 eggs. large tadpoles (up to 8 cm) and sizes at metamorphosis (3. 5 cm) .\nwidely distributed across many habitat types. probably a top predator of other frog species that breed in temporary or permanent arid water bodies .\nthe placement of the eyes on top of the head and the extensive webbing between the toes areindicative of a highly aquatic lifestyle. it can form a' cacoon' by progressively shedding its skin in its burrow, and can then hibernate for months until rains come. the large body size and mouth suggests it feeds on other frogs, possibly frogs breeding in the temporary ponds it tends to inhabit .\na low - pitched' waah waah waah...' repeated 80 times per minute .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmarion anstis, luke c. price, j. dale roberts, sarah r. catalano, harry b. hines, paul doughty, stephen c. donnellan\nmarion anstis, luke c. price, j. dale roberts, sarah r. catalano, harry b. hines, paul doughty, stephen c. donnellan\nitems in dspace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated .\ntheir length from nose to rear end is up to 72 mm females) and 64 mm (males) .\nwater - holding frogs are a moderate - sized stout frog with a flat head and small eyes that point obliquely upwards. their skin is dull - grey to olive - grey or grey with light green patches, especially on the head. their upper body has scattered fine dark flecks and their belly and lower surfaces are white. their body' s upper skin is smooth, with a few low warts. their toes are fully webbed .\nthey are found in grasslands, temporary swamps or pools, claypans, creeks and billabongs. their distribution in south australia is limited to the north of the state .\ntheir call is a long, drawn out ‘maw - w - w - w…maw - w - w - w’ .\nlarge amounts of spawn are laid in still water after floods. tadpoles reach a maximum of 60 mm .\ninteresting facts: this is one of australia’s best known water - holding frogs. in dry periods, as surface waters disappear, it burrows into the ground into a waterproof cocoon - like chamber, lined with shed skin. water is stored in the bladder or in pockets under the skin, and the frog can reduce its metabolic rate and stay in this chamber for dry periods up to years in length. this process is called aestivation. the water may constitute up to sixty per cent of the weight of the frog. slight pressure can make the frog release this water without harming it, and there are documented accounts of aboriginal people in that area finding these frogs by spotting identifying marks on the ground, or tapping the surface, and using them as a source of drinking water .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nzoology, school of animal biology, mo92, university of western australia, crawley, western australia 6009, australia. vcartled @ urltoken\nshalan ag 1, bradshaw sd, withers pc, thompson g, bayomy mf, bradshaw fj, stewart t .\nschool of animal biology and centre for native animal research, the university of western australia, perth, wa 6009, australia .\nanstis, m. (2013) tadpoles and frogs of australia. new holland publishers, sydney, 832 pp .\nbandelt, h. - j. , forster, p. & röhl, a. (1999) median - joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies. molecular biology and evolution, 16, 37–48. urltoken\ncatullo, r. a. & keogh, j. s. (2014) aridification drove repeated episodes of diversification between australian biomes: evidence from a multi - locus phylogeny of australian toadlets (uperoleia: myobatrachidae). molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 79, 106 - –117. urltoken\ndepartment of the environment (2012) interim biogeographic regionalisation for australia v. 7 (ibra). available from: urltoken (accessed 26 april 2016 )\nde queiroz, k. (1998) the general lineage concept of species, species criteria and the process of speciation. in: howard, d. j. & berlocher, s. h. (eds .), endless forms, species and speciation. oxford university press, oxford, pp. 57–75 .\nfrost, d. r. , grant, t. , faivovich, j. , bain, r. , haas, a. , haddad, c. f. b. , de sa, r. o. , channing, a. , wilkinson, m. , donnellan, s. c. , raxworthy, c. , campbell, j. a. , blotto, b. l. , moler, p. , drewes, r. , nussbaum, r. a. , lynch, j. d. , green, d. & wheeler, w. (2006) the amphibian tree of life. bulletin of the american museum of natural history, 297, 1–370 .\nfrost, d. r. (2015) amphibian species of the world: an online reference. version 6. 0 (accessed 4 september 2015). american museum of natural history, new york, usa. electronic database accessible. available from: http: / / urltoken (accessed 26 april 2016 )\ngerhardt, h. c. & huber, f. (2002) acoustic communication in insects and anurans. university of chicago press, chicago, 542 pp .\ngrigg, g. c. & barker, j. (1983) frog calls of se australia, revised edition .\ngosner, k. l. (1960) a simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification. herpetologica, 16, 183–190 .\ngünther, a. (1873) description of two new species of frogs from australia. annals of the magazine of natural history, series 4, 11, 349–350. urltoken\nkatoh, k. , kuma, k. , toh, h. & miyata, t. (2005) mafft version 5: improvement in accuracy of multiple sequence alignment. nucleic acids research, 33, 511–518. urltoken\nkearse, m. , moir, r. , wilson, a. , stones - havas, s. , cheung, m. , sturrock, s. , buxton, s. , cooper, a. , markowitz, s. , duran, c. , thierer, t. , ashton, b. , mentjies, p. & drummond, a. (2012) geneious basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. bioinformatics, 28, 1647–1649. urltoken\nlanfear, r. , calcott, b. , ho, s. y. w. & guindon s. (2012) partitionfinder: combined selection of partitioning schemes and substitution models for phylogenetic analyses. molecular biology and evolution, 29, 1695–1701. urltoken\nlemckert, f. & mahony, m. (2008) core calling periods of the frogs of temperate new south wales, australia. herpetological conservation and biology, 3, 71–76 .\nlibardo, p. & rozas, j. (2009) dnasp v5: a software for comprehensive analysis of dna polymorphism data. bioinformatics, 25, 1451–1452. urltoken\nlleonart, j. , salat, j. & torres, g. j. (2000) removing allometric effects of body size in morphological analysis. journal of theoretical biology, 205, 85–93. urltoken\nroberts, j. d. (1997) call evolution in neobatrachus (anura: myobatrachidae): speculations on tetraploid origins. copeia, 1997, 791–801. urltoken\nrobinson, m. (1993) a field guide to frogs of australia. reed press, chatswood, sydney. 112 pp .\nronquist, f. & huelsenbeck, j. p. (2003) mrbayes 3: bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. bioinformatics, 19, 1572–1574. urltoken\nrosauer, d. , laffan, s. w. , crisp, m. d. , donnellan, s. c. & cook, l. g. (2009) phylogenetic endemism: a new approach for identifying geographical concentrations of evolutionary history. molecular ecology, 18, 4061–4072. urltoken\nsimpson, g. g. (1951) the species concept. evolution, 5, 285–298. urltoken\nstamatakis, a. (2006) raxml - vi - hpc: maximum likelihood - based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. bioinformatics, 22, 2688–2690. urltoken\nstamatakis, a. , hoover, p. & rougemont, j. (2008) a rapid bootstrap algorithm for the raxml web - servers. systematic biology, 75, 758–771. urltoken\ntamura, k. , peterson, d. , peterson, n. , stecher, g. , nei, m. & kumar, s. (2011) mega5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. molecular biology and evolution, 28, 2731–2739. urltoken\nthackway, r. & cresswell, i. d. (1995) an interim biogeographic regionalisation of australia. australian nature conservation agency, reserve systems unit, canberra, 88 pp .\nthorpe, r. s. (1976) biometric analysis of geographic variation and racial affinities. biological reviews, 51, 407–452. urltoken\ntyler, m. j. (1962) on the preservation of anuran tadpoles. australian journal of science, 25, 222 .\ntyler, m. j. & davies, m. (1978) species - groups within the australopapuan hylid frog genus litoria tschudi. australian journal of zoology, supplementary series number 63, 1–47. urltoken\nwithers, p. c. (1998) evaporative water loss and the role of cocoon formation in australian frogs. australian journal of zoology, 46, 405–418. urltoken\nzollinger, s. a. , podos, j. , nemeth, e. , goller, f. & brumm, h. (2012) on the relationship between, and measurement of, amplitude and frequency in birdsong. animal behaviour, 84, e1–e9 .\nauthor =\nm. anstis and l. c. price and dale roberts and s. r. catalano and h. b. hines and p. doughty and s. c. donnellan\n,\npowered by pure, scopus & elsevier fingerprint engine™ © 2018 elsevier b. v .\ncookies are used by this site. to decline or learn more, visit our cookies page\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyour browser does not support javascript. you should still be able to navigate through these materials but selftest questions will not work .\nin order to access this website, please configure your browser to support cookies .\n877. 705. 1878 (toll - free, u. s. & canada) 773. 753. 3347 (international )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nphysical characteristics: the water - holding frog is a chubby frog that has a round but flattened body. its head blends into its body and does not have an obvious neck. its eyes sit toward the top of the head. its legs are strong, but rather short, almost disappearing under the body when the frog is sitting still. each hind foot has a bump, or tubercle, that is shaped like the edge of a shovel blade. the toes are webbed. the frog is dark brown, gray, or green with dark blotches on its back. it usually becomes greener in the mating season. its underside is white. females are the larger sex. females grow to 2. 0 to 2. 9 inches (5. 0 to 7. 2 centimeters) in length, while males reach 1. 7 to 2. 6 inches (4. 2 to 6. 4 centimeters) .\ngeographic range: the water - holding frog lives in three parts of australia: a large area of the far west, a small spot in the north, and a large area in the middle of the continent from the center to the east .\nthe water - holding frog inflates its flexible body full of water after floods on the arid floodplain of the paroo river, australia. as the water recedes, the frog will burrow underground and live on its stored water. (photograph by wayne lawler. photo researchers, inc. )\nhabitat: it spends much of its life beneath the ground of deserts and dry grasslands. during the rainy season, males and females come to the surface to mate and have their young in new, small pools of water that have filled with the rain .\nbehavior and reproduction: the weather for most of the year is very dry where this frog lives, and the frog survives by digging with its hind feet and tubercles and burrowing backward into the soil to bury itself. once dug in, sometimes as much as 3. 3 feet (1 meter) deep, it sheds a few layers of skin, which harden into a cocoon that keeps its body from drying out. the frog enters a deep resting stage, called estivation, and remains in that state until the rainy season begins. in some years, even the rainy season is not wet enough, and the frogs stay underground for the entire year to wait for the next heavy rains .\nwhen the rains fall hard enough to make shallow pools on the ground, the frogs crawl out from underground. the males call with long, snore - like sounds. females find the males and mate with them. each female lays clumps of eggs—sometimes several hundred—in the pools. the eggs hatch into tadpoles, which must turn into frogs before the pools dry up. this can take as little as thirty days. as the rainy season ends, the frogs fill their bodies with water before digging back underground to wait for the next bout of wet weather .\nwater - holding frogs and people: native people, called australian aborigines (ab - or - rij - ih - neez), live in the same area as the frogs. the people sometimes dig the animals from their underground burrows and squeeze them to get a sip of water out of the frog .\nconservation status: the water - holding frog is not considered threatened or endangered. ∎\nplease include a link to this page if you have found this material useful for research or writing a related article. content on this website is from high - quality, licensed material originally published in print form. you can always be sure you' re reading unbiased, factual, and accurate information .\nhighlight the text below, right - click, and select “copy”. paste the link into your website, email, or any other html document .\nyour email address will be altered so spam harvesting bots can' t read it easily. hide my email completely instead ?\nby downloading this content you are agreeing to use it in accordance with the terms of use and any data provider terms associated with the data download. please provide the following details before downloading (* required) :\n× list name database of watering requirements of biota from floodplain wetlands of the murray - darling basin owner miles. nicholls @ urltoken list type species characters list description the climate change adaptation research program (ccarp) database of watering requirements holds information on the watering requirements of 170 flora and 190 fauna found in the murray - darling basin. the database was last updated in 2010. date submitted 2013 - 05 - 17 date updated 2016 - 06 - 14 is private no included in species pages no authoritative no invasive no threatened no part of the sensitive data service no region not provided metadata link urltoken\nbreed in a range of wetland habitats, including ephemeral creek systems, flooded wetlands and rain fed pools .\nwide range of settinsg and regarded as generalists. utilise temporary waterbodies and exhibit little tolerance for aquatic predators, such as fish .\nanstis m (2002) tadpoles of south - eastern australia: a guide with keys. reed new holland. booth dt (2006) canadian journal of zoology 84, 832 - 838. kayes sm, et al. (2009) j exp biol 212, 2248 - 2253. tracy cr, et al. (2007) copeia 4, 901 - 912 .\nwe’re happy to feature this guest post by meghan bartels from the panama amphibian rescue and conservation project in celebration of leaping frogs. don’t miss the wonderful song below by alex culbreth .\nthe real purpose of leap day may be to keep the calendar aligned with the seasons, but here at the panama amphibian conservation and rescue project, we’d like to believe the day is designed to honor our favorite leapers. to celebrate, we’ve put together some fun facts about frog leaping .\nnot all frogs can leap, or even hop. the desert rain frog (breviceps macrops) has legs that are too short to hop. instead, it walks .\nmale frogs of the genus pipa are known to defend their territory by jumping at and then wrestling other males .\nthe new guinea bush frog (asterophrys turpicola) takes jump attacks one step further: before it jumps at a strange frog, it inflates itself and shows off its blue tongue .\nstumpffia tridactyla are normally slow - moving critters, but when they’re startled they can abruptly jump up to 8 inches. that doesn’t sound very far, but these little guys are less than half an inch long !\nthe fuji tree frog (platymantis vitiensis) may be the leaping stuntman of the frog world. each time it leaps, it twists in the air—sometimes even 180 degrees—to throw predators off its trail .\nthe larut torrent frog (amolops larutensis) gets its name from a nifty leaping trick: it can jump into a fast - moving stream and back to its usual perch, the underside of a rock, without being affected by the current .\nsimilarly, the parachuting red - eyed leaf frog (agalychnis saltator) gets its name because it speeds to mating opportunities by jumping from trees with finger - and toe - webbing spread wide .\nthe record for longest jump by an american bullfrog (rana catesbeiana) recorded in a scientific paper is a little over 4 feet. but scientists who went to the calaveras county fair, which mark twain’s short story made famous for frog jumping, found that more than half the competitors bested that record—and one jumped more than 7 feet in one leap !\nthe guinness book of world records doesn’t include any frogs for their leaping ability. but it does track human performance in frog jumping (jumping while holding one’s toes). there are records listed for the longest frog jump and the fastest frog jumping over 10 and 100 meters .\nin honor of leap day celebrations being coordinated globally by amphibian ark, the panama amphibian rescue and conservation project made this video for a frog song written by alex culbreth .\nwe were happy to receive a guest post from alicia moore about how to teach children about amphibians. alicia has always loved to learn and is working toward earning a teaching degree. she is particularly interested in how the advent of the internet and technology are changing the educational landscape. when she is not exploring the future of education, alicia enjoys writing about literature, languages, and online resources for teachers .\nwhile it may sound surprising, the greatest threat to any animal on the planet is mankind. humans are perched solidly at the top of the food chain, and our nation’s youth must understand the incredible responsibility that comes with that power. this responsibility, however, doesn’t end at protecting magnificent animals like tigers and whooping cranes. even little creatures like amphibians are worthy of our help. luckily, you can easily teach kids about endangered or threatened frogs and amphibians by talking openly with your students about the threats frogs face and what can be done to help them .\naccording to the national wildlife federation, nearly thirty percent of all the amphibians in the world are facing extinction. many frogs species live in the united states, and you can easily teach your students about the choices made by man that have resulted in the near destruction of these animals. you can also discuss the fact that the damage has not always been intentional, making it even more important for people to carefully consider the full consequences of their choices on the environment .\none example is the sierra nevada yellow - legged frog, which has seen a 90 percent drop in numbers in recent years. part of the problem has been pesticides that wash in from surrounding farms and private properties. suggesting that people quit using chemicals on their yards may land you in trouble with parents, but you can safely mention that there are environmentally - friendly options available for lawn care. another issue harming the sierra nevada frog is the introduction of non - native trout to the lakes these frogs once called home. as the trout population has exploded, the frog population has plummeted. this provides your students with a clear example of why critters from one area should not be moved to another .\nanother is the dusky gopher frog, which could once be found along the gulf coast from alabama to louisiana. over the years, this frog’s territory range has decreased so much that it is now only found in a few breeding ponds located in southern mississippi. the biggest challenge faced by these frogs is that they depend on the burrows created by gopher tortoises to survive, but these animals are also an endangered species. thus, these frogs serve as a prime example of the circle of life, cascading results, and unintended consequences. as one seemingly insignificant animal is driven to extinction, another animal that depended on it will also perish .\nthere are also a few success stories among the endangered species of amphibians. the national wildlife foundation reports that the amargosa toad is one such example. the amargosa toad depends on springs and ponds in the oasis valley of nevada. most of these highly valued water resources are privately owned, a fact that could severely hamper conservation efforts. however, landowners in the region have willingly worked with wildlife agencies to preserve or create and maintain the toads’ habitats. the partnership has resulted in positive results for the toad, and the realization that private owners and conservation groups can work hand - in - hand to prevent the extinction of animals. this is a valuable lesson for students, as it teaches them to find ways to work together for the greater good and the benefit of creatures who are at man’s mercy .\nthese are just a few examples that you can use to teach students in the classroom about amphibians and the importance of protecting them. these critters are all native to different regions of the united states, and you can find wonderful pictures of them at the national wildlife federation’s website. the lessons can easily focus on habitat protection, not moving animals from one environment to another and finding ways to work as a team to help the animals .\nkeep in mind that it may be hard for your students to understand why frogs matter in the beginning. there may be many jokes about how slimy they are, and depending on the grade level, there may even be jokes about having frog legs for dinner. as a result, you must be prepared to teach your students about the importance of frogs and amphibians. you can find a variety of lesson plans and materials online, such as this one: frog unit study: hopping to learn. likewise, the amphibian rescue and conservation project is another excellent resource that can help you explain the importance of frogs to your students .\nif your students would like to get actively involved, you can provide them with an opportunity to do so as a class. in fact, pbs even has a website, give and get back! , dedicated to volunteering and offering suggestions for how children can get more involved and make a difference. this site can help you and your students turn the concept of volunteering and making a difference into a concrete reality .\nthe first step in educating students about endangered amphibians is to show them the pictures available online and talk to them about why the creatures are now struggling to survive. it’s important to connect the dots between the actions of man and the unintentional habitat destruction that can result. it’s important for children to know how different actions by humans could have resulted in a more favorable outcome for the creatures .\nit’s back - to - school time again, a time when teachers may be planning their life science classes. what better way to illustrate an animal’s life cycle than by teaching kids about the remarkable transformation of a tadpole into a frog? unfortunately teachers may decide to use grow - a - frog kits to teach children about metamorphosis .\ni have to admit i have mixed feelings about advising teachers not to raise live amphibians in the classroom. as a child, my love of animals was fostered by the various animals i kept at home, including fish and turtles. i probably would have enjoyed having a live frog in the classroom .\nbut the authors of an article in the herpetological review, “ considerations and recommendations for raising live amphibians in classrooms, ” remind us that the world is no longer a simple place: innocent acts like catching tadpoles and releasing them later into local ponds are much more complicated than they used to be .\nreleasing live frogs “grown” in the classroom into the wild can potentially harm native amphibians (even if the animals are native to the area) by possibly spreading infectious diseases, such as the deadly chytrid fungus, a disease that has wiped out entire frog populations. it may also introduce species (such as bullfrogs) that might become invasive and disrupt local amphibians .\nafter we wrote a few posts discouraging people from buying the frog - o - sphere kits, quite a few readers who owned the kits were distressed and emailed us, asking if they should “let the frogs go. ” we wrote back immediately, telling them not to release the frogs into the wild. instead we referred them to frog care sites and books. if you’ve already purchased a frog kit, it is your responsibility to take care of the frog. releasing it into the wild helps neither the frog nor the environment .\nthe problems with the classroom grow - a - frog kits are similar. after the tadpole grows into a frog, the children may become bored with it and the teacher may decide to release it into a local pond. or at the end of the school year, the teacher may give it to a family, who then releases it somewhere in the neighborhood. as advised in the article above: “this should never be done, and in fact, it is illegal in several states. no amphibian purchased or received from any commercial or informal (e. g. , a neighbor) source may be released into the wild. this recommendation applies whether the species is technically ‘native’ to the region of release, or not. ”\nif you decide to purchase a grow - a - frog kit (which we hope you don’t), you will be making a commitment to take care of the frog for its natural lifespan .\nhow can teachers and parents teach children about the life cycle of frogs without raising live frogs? we would suggest contacting a local nature center and setting up a field trip in the spring, where the children can see eggs and tadpoles in the wild. this past spring while hiking i frequently saw frog egg clusters in ponds and swamps, and it’s fairly easy to see tadpoles as well. a local naturalist will know where to look .\nthe amphibian project: classroom curricula, field projects and hands - on activities, fundraising ideas for students, and links .\namphibians. 35 min. (eyewitness dvd) describes amphibian life cycle and anatomy; behaviors and adaptations; and amphibian characteristics. grades 5 - 12\njoseph r. medelson iii et al. “considerations and recommendations for raising live amphibians in classrooms, ” herpetological review, 2009 .\nthe authors of the article above recommend this pamphlet, produced by partners in amphibian and reptile conservation (parc) entitled “ don’t turn it loose. ”\na couple of years ago, we received an email from a reader named marty who lives in in eastern pennsylvania (lehigh county) one hour south of the pocono mountains. here’s part of the email :\non of the best things i can do as a dad is to teach my children to preserve these treasures [ frogs and salamanders ] that are so dear to me. my grandfather taught me the love of wild places and i want to pass that on to them .\ni wish more dads were thinking about how they could introduce nature to kids. my sons are in their twenties and still love learning about wildlife and animals. i think most of this love of nature came from their dad. so i’m offering a few suggestions. but we’d like to open this up to readers of\nand get your ideas also. how did your father encourage your love of nature? what are you doing as a dad to instill a love of nature in your kids ?\n1. take them on short hikes or walks into the woods, starting when they are very young. (here is a list of state parks). young children need no encouragement to love nature—everything around them is still magical and interesting (bugs, stones, flowers). the key is to keep taking them on walks in the woods (or fishing, hiking, or whatever) throughout their childhood, even when they start saying it’s boring (the preteen years). you might have to add other incentives during the rougher times (a trip to an ice cream store afterwards or some other treat) .\n2. your child might start to like one animal and that may become their animal. encourage this by buying books about the animal, plush toys, trips to see the animal in the wild or in zoos or aquariums .\n3. adopting a wild animals from (from the world wildlife fund or other organizations, for for $ 25 or so will give your child a personal connection to animals .\n4. plan family vacations around national parks rather than amusement parks. we’ve visited a number of national parks over the years. these are fun because the trails through them are easy and well worn, there’s a certain familiarity to them (the park rangers, the gift shops, etc), and the scenery is spectacular. your child can become a junior ranger and collect badges and get certificates etc .\n5. share your enthusiasm about nature, but don’t be too heavy handed about it. if kids feel you are always teaching them, they might get turned off. instead, share your sense of wonder. point out a cardinal (look at that red bird !), but don’t turn it into a lesson about birds .\n6. the national wildlife federation has ideas about enjoying nature with children, including setting up a tent in your backyard and sleeping outside. you can join their great american backyard campout on june 25, 2011. i camped out a few times as a kid in my suburban backyard (without the tent), and loved it. if you’re lucky enough to live in a place far from cities, you can stargaze with your children, pointing out a few constellations." ]

{ "text": [ "cyclorana platycephala ( formerly litoria platycephala ) is a frog common to most australian states .", "it differs from most other members of the hylidae family as a ground dweller and the ability to aestivate . " ], "topic": [ 29, 26 ] }

[ "cyclorana platycephala (formerly litoria platycephala) is a frog common to most australian states. it differs from most other members of the hylidae family as a ground dweller and the ability to aestivate." ]

[ "chrysallida is a speciose genus of minute sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family pyramidellidae within the tribe chrysallidini. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]\nspecies within the genus chrysallida are commonly distributed in all oceans from the tropics to the polar regions, the arctic and the antarctic. it is mainly known from coastal areas, and is uncommon in deep elevations such as trenches in the sea .\nwarén, a. (1991). new and little known mollusca from iceland and scandinavia. sarsia 76: 53 - 124, available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca. in: costello, m. j. et al. (eds), european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. patrimoines naturels. 50: 180 - 213. (look up in imis) [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nwarén, a. (1991). new and little known mollusca from iceland and scandinavia. sarsia 76: 53 - 124\ngofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 180 - 213\nwarén, 1991. in: costello, m. j. ; bouchet, p. ; boxshall, g. ; arvantidis, c. ; appeltans, w. (2014) european register of marine species, accessed through pesi at\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nj\u0004ö4 + pâú\u000e } ˆë\u00131qÿìp— '·\u0002§â' 4 # 0y { rnc \\ j _ \u001b\u0006é왲% ´ ·î¶\u001a [ žrùä’ - —\u0011s÷ + \u00058± [ < ¡9âj\u0012Š„ß\u0019 ^ þ\u0012î®\u001aúinap% • \u0018þã¤ê\u000f”j7di\u0001è¶äp\u0014±„ ¿öߘ1\u0003ho\u0001ï\u0007¦ sìë1h + õ\u0007ùü (t“30¨t³¹é1™ðö¾ / é–\u0017Šµdúçcëz“ { ª } ti× > £â + * „†9ôŽ _ ñìoì\u0004 \\ ðp > 猋0ávïpk \u00075\u0015 $ ») p놫 çè\u0005 ] j /; ᒠ] î% ¼ & ãk÷zntï9„9\u0017þwç‚krtö»ïënî ­rñ7\u0007 > jmövfìúlýëþyø®\u0004ý ^ ¿‡¬ú€côoxþï10 ~ \u0001\b ç' ýàw¸úœºø«é | n¸ôþ% f; ð / 1vv±„㐸Ḽ¢¯1 æ\u0002\u0000â·í“ùé«ã\u0018 + \u000fêþle\u0013ì 'ï\u0006 [ ìíßflñôº1m”k * ‹ý - €) ›dòiìò¶6cÿl 7% p7lá: ~ ÿåé´v’ { ñˆ» } µ\u0006uõ–‘k䯒 - ñ zߒ«­ @ j8ó\u0018\u0007¯i\bcƒ±vt«ƒuc´ý4íl®én‹¸ê0¦€\u000eæú\u0016îxœã€a ¨ (žº‹€ û¥á× & ‘6üè & < - wh\u0010d\u0016\u0003àá­\n¤í˜ @ \u0012 * 7 [ s1¦; , ãèædñ£ '„Ÿ· # à & ¹iˆi = p¬odíê7ìâh\b5ü = smí㭏 $ ûî æb $ ¢ @ édŠ¥®ã\u0018f # $ ›¼º›ƒñèᖠ\u0006žêåh¿£’ê1 ^ 0\u0012à\u000eë­ûéd¨±s | t: ÷dã blüêçil»oê5ìc¬àú fú¡h†\u00016ps3)! ¤\u0001 ~ qþùql% \u0003j6»d§eìŒ ~ lvx: ©9âaþðó±) u³¸jïm\u00001˜: 4•‡¼ó¸œŠãl¤Šn ] ‘å‘ü£jz \\ \bòh7\u0002r * ñ˜•”0\u001a } 0f } ¯ð q\u0010öóŠà '×ýœòˆµëƒ¶7é > ñŽåáê\u0006ä·ô & r; “yô $ ‹»– (ëk & çò\u0010 $ v9 > íç\u001aack†î ‚r™á\u0016 ¶ðl‚j id› @ kè8§ˆq\u0015\u000fdƒçpízýù \u0014—읓ó„äj‰¡í¸ü; tŠ­œ $ u) 5\u001aðà\u0004\u0013í†ú \\ ⦠| Žhì\b\u0011a²\u0013ª\u0018Žuò v íxµãd\u0006 á§à´õ\u00113\u0006 [ Šbd' lh\u001bì' ñžúdõ0•e ôaebŒj\u0013 \\ ï\u0005óh\u0004‹5tø¯àëî췛 úîkê Œ' 2±œï («ø) 9øw [ ª3é4ö! túrø ~ ¹d® ñ–dmk\u0007ø% \u0016us‹? 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Žxuv³xji\u0018—¦²\u0000 ¤f7ðuï«è ú = ýëâ\u0007ôâ1íõŸæg\u0002\u0006o€fêéä‰va \\ vy 'l\u0005Šqá * àìzs¡ã­›ýãäã‹õâéjü > ¬nñûõ þ°úˆ—jus nÿ ¯6•g, ñ = q) ¯â\u001aêð\u001ap­. \u0017? õ¢\u0001 ] ó\u0006\u0014þýwõýâ 'µ\u0010\u0015ýߜ - \u0014wìzú\u0002n\u000e7ë\u0005s ^ ¢) tîîxåâ÷®râ0ë „8hgl \\ ö°qõq³”¼¾k–bôwx ú¸j–\u0000ც¯ãw›f©tý\u0001ïy½\u000e×3¼ºú < üŸ ‹†èó¸9üõ; ´ éfô®yšúïuxäéñû㫧oŸ\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about chrystalate? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for chrystalate? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nthe genus folinella had two preoccupied names - amoura de folin, 1873 not j. e. gray 1847, and funicularia monterosato, 1884 not forbes, 1845 .\nlittle is known about the ecology of the members of this genus. as is true of most members of the pyramidellidae sensu lato, they are most likely ectoparasites .\nbouchet, philippe; rocroi, jean - pierre; frýda, jiri; hausdorf, bernard; ponder, winston; valdés, ángel & warén, anders (2005) .\nclassification and nomenclator of gastropod families\n. malacologia. hackenheim, germany: conchbooks. 47 (1 - 2): 1–397. isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4. issn 0076 - 2997 .\ngofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 180 - 213\nspencer, h. ; marshall. b. (2009). all mollusca except opisthobranchia. in: gordon, d. (ed .) (2009). new zealand inventory of biodiversity. volume one: kingdom animalia. 584 pp\ncarpenter p. p. (1856) description of new species and varieties of calyptraeidae, trochidae, and pyramidellidae, principally in the collection of hugh cuming, esq. proceedings of the zoological society of london, 24: 166 - 171\nadams a. (1863). on the species of pyramidellinae found in japan. journal of the proceedings of the linnean society of london, 7: 1 - 6\nschaufuss l. w. (ed). 1869. molluscorum systema et catalogus. system una aufzählung sämmtlicher conchylien der sammlung von fr. paetel. 4 pp unpaginated, pp. i - xiv and 1 - 119. dresden\nde folin l. 1870. d' une méthode de classification pour les coquilles de la famille des chemnitzidae. annales de la société linnéenne du département du maine et loire 12: 191 - 202\nmonterosato t. a. (di) (1884). nomenclatura generica e specifica di alcune conchiglie mediterranee. palermo, virzi pp. 152 [ month of publication unknown, but later than february (the paper in naturalista siciliano, cited p. 57 )\ndall w. h. & bartsch p. 1909. a monograph of west american pyramidellid mollusks. bulletin, united states national museum, 68: i - xii, 1 - 258, 30 pl .\niredale t. (1915). notes on the names of some british marine mollusca. proceedings of the malacological society of london, 11 (6): 329 - 342\niredale t. 1917. molluscan name - changes, generic and specific. proceedings of the malacological society of london, 12: 322 - 330\ncorgan j. x. 1973. the names partulida schaufuss, 1869 and spiralinella chaster, 1901 (gastropoda, pyramidellacea). journal of conchology, 28: 9 - 10 .\ngofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 180–213\nspencer, h. ; marshall. b. (2009). all mollusca except opisthobranchia. in: gordon, d. (ed .) (2009). new zealand inventory of biodiversity. volume one: kingdom animalia. 584 pp\ncarpenter, p. p. (1856) .\ndescription of new species and varieties of calyptraeidae, trochidae, and pyramidellidae, principally in the collection of hugh cumming, esq\n. proceedings of the zoological society of london. 24: 166–171 .\ndall, w. h. ; bartsch, p (1904) .\nsynopsis of genera, subgenera, and sections of the family pyramidellidae\n. proceedings of the biological society of washington. 17: 1–16 .\nde folin, l. ; périer, l. (1867–1887) .\netudes internationale sur les perticularities nouvelles des regions sous - marines\n. les fonds de la mer. 1–4 .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors (here). text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 license; additional terms may apply. images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nthrice; the former is used assuming' björnson' (p. 101) is right .\nnew and little known mollusca from iceland and scandinavia sarsia 76 53 - 124. [ stated date: - - - - - 1991; true date: pre aug 26. ]" ]

{ "text": [ "chrysallida bjoernssoni is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family pyramidellidae , the pyrams and their allies .", "the species is one of many species within the chrysallida genus of gastropods . " ], "topic": [ 2, 26 ] }

[ "chrysallida bjoernssoni is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies. the species is one of many species within the chrysallida genus of gastropods." ]

[ "catching a 36\nfire eel in my 1500 gallon aquarium. huge fire eel !\nyou guys forgot the fire eel is probably the best looking fish of all the spiney eel family i have actually had a peacock and the fire eel together in one tank. i think the fire eel said something to him because shortly after i found the peacock in the filter. : (\nyou guys forgot the fire eel is probably the best looking fish of all the spiney eel family i have actually had a peacock and the fire eel together in one tank. i... (more) greg\nhas a very long history. it was recognized and described over 200 years ago by lacepède in 1800. it has been a favorite spiny eel kept by aquarium enthusiasts for many years. some other common names for this eel include tire track eel, spiny eel, white - spotted spiny eel, marbled spiny eel, giant spiny eel, giant mottled eel, car track spiny eel, and leopard spiny eel .\nappearance and care: the fire eel is a very long fish that resembles an eel. fire eels measure 20 - 25 inches from nose to tail when full grown; however, some can reach lengths of 40 inches. male fire eels are usually larger than female fire eels. fire eels are dark brown or black with light grey or brown underbellies and gold or vibrant red markings on their backs .\nhealth: fire eels are long - lived fish in comparison to many of the other types of pet fish. the average life span of a fire eel is about 20 years .\na wary and territorial creature, the fire eel should be kept singly. they should not be kept with conspecifics, as they tend to squabble with their own kind. any tankmates must be nonaggressive and too large for the fire eel to eat .\nis commonly available and reasonably priced. be aware when purchasing as this eel is often misidentified as the tire track eel\nthe aquarium should also contain plants or driftwood in order to provide the fire eel with places to seek shelter and provide them with a comfortable habitat. fire eels are not overly aggressive, but they should be kept with similarly sized semi - aggressive fish species as they will consume smaller fish species that will fit into their mouths. lastly, it is very important for an aquarium housing a fire eel to have a fully covered and secured top as the fire eel is very prone to escaping from an uncovered aquarium .\nfire eels are ominivorous, although they most readily take meaty foods in the aquarium .\nfire eels (mastacembelus erythrotaenia) can be amusing — but they’re not for beginners .\nhistory: the fire eel is a predatory tropical freshwater fish that is native to the rivers of south asia, particularly cambodia, laos, vietnam, indonesia, malaysia, thailand, and borneo. despite it’s name the fire eel is not actually an eel, instead it is an extremely long fish. fire eels are relatively new to the pet trade, only becoming available as a pet in the early 1990s; however, due to their unique appearance they have been gaining in popularity quickly. fire eels are best for experienced fish enthusiasts .\nphysical description: the fire eel is an eel - like fish, but is not truly an eel. they are usually brown, and have either red dots or red lines running on both sides of their body and, can be anywhere from ¼ an inch to several inches thick. yellow fire eels also occur, although it is more of a faded red .\nfire eels are generally peaceful towards tank mates, although they may be aggressive towards conspecifics .\n, these markings are strongest on the upper two thirds with the belly portion mostly plain. on this eel, the track eel\nthe fire eel is not a beginner’s fish. but with the right information as to their care, they make very interesting additions to an experienced aquarist’s collection .\ngeorge' s giant fire eel gets moved to aquatic kingdom. it' s about 3. 5 feet long and as thick as my arm! viewer discretion advised .\nthe fire eel (mastacembelus erythrotaenia) is one of the largest spiny eels. it has a brown / black elongated body with a pointed snout and is marked wi ...\nwhat' s the best tank set up for keeping a fire eel (mastacembelus erythrotaenia)? dr heok hee ng advises on how to provide the right conditions for these giant fish .\nthe spiny eels, family mastacembelidae (fire, tire track, peacock ...) by bob fenner ,\ntankmates and temperament: this fish does not do very well with other spiny eels, especially as adults. although it has been tried, very few have had success keeping fire eels with other eels and conspecifics. a fire eel will do well in a community tank with fish about the same size or slightly larger / smaller than it is. it is generally not a good idea to mix fire eels with larger aggressive cichlids due to aggression issues and battles for food. although usually a shy fish at first, it is not uncommon to find to find your fire eel swimming around, especially at night .\nwhile fire eels spend much of their time on and buried in the substrate, they will swim at any water level if they detect food. in fact fire eels are often sought after by aquarium enthusiasts as they are easily trained to hand feed and will actively interact with the aquarium keeper once they have settled into the aquarium environment. the fire eel is actually a large freshwater fish and not a true eel, its name is a common name that references the fishes body shape and overall appearance .\n. these two similar looking eels attain a much different adult size it is important to know which eel you are purchasing. the zig zag eel can grow to about 36\nin length while the tire track eel can reach up to 28\n.\noverview: the fire eel is a moderately advanced species to keep. it belongs to the spiny eel family, and is extra sensitive to medicines in the aquarium. due to the large adult size of this fish, larger aquaria are mandatory. a couple of things i feel i should mention are :\nas with other spiny eels, fire eels are great escape artists, so a tight - fitting tank cover is a necessity .\nto start with, this particular fire eel was gorgeous. i had to have it. the base body color was charcoal black (flat, not glossy) with fire engine red stripes running laterally. at points, these race - carlike stripes broke into spots but ran straight through from nose to tail. the pectoral fins and tail fin were also black, but circled with red around the margins. the eel’s belly was creamy white .\ni have a 40 gallon breeder with 2 sponge filters on each side of the tank lots of vegetation and 5 special eel hiding\nholes\n. 2 eels, a fire track eel, and a peacock eel. they get along great and do not argue over territory because there are lots of hiding places to choose from. we use the sponge filter so that there is no way to escape or get injured .\nspecificationsmpnl90 0022 0544manufacturerthat fish placecommon namefire eel - small scientific namemastacembelus erythrotaenia originsoutheast asia m ...\nwalker, braz. 1969. the tire track spiny eel. the aquarium 5 / 69 .\nthese eels like filters ie caves holes etc. i knew to look right into my internal filter when i could only find my fire eel and one of the spineys, lo and behold he is in the filter just loving it like a cave\nstokes, p. 1965. breeding the spiny eel, mastacembelus panculus. tfh 7 / 65 .\nhabitat: a single adult fire eel will require an aquarium that is at least 30 gallons, with length being more important than height or width. the bottom of the aquarium should be lined with about five inches of gravel, since fire eels will commonly bury themselves under it. fire eels enjoy having lots of hiding spots so the aquarium should include lots of caves, plants and other objects. the aquarium should include a good filtration system to help keep the water clean and a heater. the water in the aquarium should be between 75 - 81 fahrenheit. fire eels are skilled escape artists, so owners will need to have a secured lid on the aquarium all the time .\nfire eels should be housed in larger aquariums that are capable of comfortably supporting their adult size of approximately 2 feet in length. this species can be kept in smaller aquariums as a juvenile and moved to larger enclosures as they grow and mature. it is best to keep this species in an aquarium with a fine sandy substrate, as the fire eel prefers to burrow into the substrate. fire eels will also prone to scratches and abrasions on their underside with course or rough substrate, which can cause infections and threaten the overall health of the fish .\nthe fire eel (mastacembelus erythrotaenia) is one of the largest spiny eels to be encountered in the aquarium trade, reaching a maximum size of 80cm / 32”. sizes of 1m / 40” or more have been reported in the aquarium literature, although these remain unverified .\nelectric eel vs. 4 gold fish - mr unagi a. k. a .\njustice\nfights again\n. yet it has a uniquely different color pattern from the other asian spiny eels. rather than being a diamond or' zig zag' type patterning, its markings are roughly vertical. this give is more of a banded appearance, and thus its common name. other common names it is know by are belted spiny eel and large spiny eel. large spiny eel is kind of a misnomer, as it is actually a very small eel !\nthese eels are recognized and named for their distinct, irregular dark black markings. they both have' tire track' or' zig zag' type markings and both bear the common names of zig zag eel and tire track eel .\ndiet: fire eels are carnivores; in the wild they eat insects, shrimp and small fish. most pet fire eels are fed bloodworms, black worms, brine shrimp, mosquito larvae, and small fish such as tetras or guppies. care should be taken when feeding live food to ensure all the fish are healthy and disease free .\nthe fire eel is a great fish that would make an excellent addition to certain tanks. if provided with a large enough tank and proper covering and tankmates, this fish will grow to be a large, breathtaking specimen. it is a fish with a very unique personality, and many owners feed their fire eels by hand. a true oddball fish, it does require certain tank specifics and is very hardy once rooted in a healthy, well kept aquarium .\nan eel is a snakelike, scaleless fish with a slender elongated body and poorly developed fins, proverbial for its slipperiness .\nmacrognathus siamensis (gunther 1861), the peacock eel. southeast asia. to one foot in length. freshwater. urltoken\nspecial care: the fire eel is a very unique fish. it is a mainly nocturnal fish and usually only comes out at night to feed. when first introduced into an aquarium, a fire eel may not eat for several days or usually weeks. this is not uncommon. it is best to try and get it to feed at night when the tank lights are off at first, and then slowly adjust it to your feeding schedule. in addition to a large, well - covered tank with a soft substrate, one must not overfeed this fish; it could very well pass away due to gluttony .\nprince eel was seen briefly, laughing and talking with the rest of his family at the party just before the massacre occurred .\na member of the spiny eel family, which range across tropical asia and africa, mastacembelus erythrotaenia is one of the more common species available to the hobby, along with the peacock eel (macrognathus siamensis) and the tyre - track eel (mastacembelus favus). these species are all from asia but there are some members of the family from africa that are occasionally seen for sale. these majority of these species are from the afromastacembelus genus, with the most common representative being the tanganyikan spiny eel (afromastacembelus tanganicae\ni was somewhat familiar with this creature for some years through literature, but i had never seen a live fire eel. it was smaller than i imagined it would be but was still imposing, compared to other eels i had seen for sale. the tire track eels (mastacembelus armatus) and zebra eels (mastacembelus zebrinus) i have kept and seen for sale never exceeded 8 inches, with a girth of no more than 11 / 2 to 2 inches. this fire eel was longer than a foot in length and perhaps 4 inches in body circumference. and so began a long, exciting experience with this asian creature .\nis one of the smaller spiny eels. although not considered to be true eels, the body shapes of all members of the spiny eel family, mastacembelidae, are definitely eel - like. it has a long pointy snout at the end of a elongated body .\nbecause fire eels are typically found in large lowland rivers, they are less demanding with regards to water chemistry compared to some of the more habitat - specific species, such as macrognathus circumcinctus .\ngenerally peaceful community fish, although care should be taken to ensure tankmates are too large to be considered prey as this species does eat live fish in the wild. it is recommended to only keep one fire eel per tank as they may be aggressive to conspecifics. this can sometimes be avoided by keeping the fish in groups of five or more individuals .\ncaptive fish are unlikely to grow this big and usually reach about two - thirds this size in the aquarium. but even a fire eel at 50cm / 20” is a bruiser of a fish, so a minimum tank size of 400 l / 88 gal (approximately 120 x 60 x 60cm / 48 x 24 x 24”) is highly recommended for one .\ntemperament: fire eels are calm docile fish that can peacefully cohabitate with other fish that are similar in temperament to themselves and over 4 inches large; they will usually eat fish smaller than 4 inches. fire eels are usually best kept one per tank as they often do not get along with others of their own kind. as adults, they tend to be territorial fish and may nip other fish that come into their area; however, they usually do not cause serious harm. fire eels are nocturnal so are more active at night than day, and tend to hide a lot so are often not seen at all during the day .\nmany spiny eels show a tendency to burrow and fire eels are no exception. for this reason, it is best to keep rooted aquatic plants in the tank to a minimum, or to dispense with them altogether .\nthe common name spiny eel comes from the fish’s superficially eel - like appearance (it is not a true eel) as well as its conspicuous dorsal spines. its body is highly elongated and is increasingly laterally compressed toward its posterior end. its eyes are positioned far behind its long, tri - lobed snout. its mouth is well underslung. individuals as long as 1. 2 meters (3. 9 feet) have been observed in the wild .\nbreeding: breeding of fire eels has been achieved before, but due to large adult size, a tank size of several hundred gallons is needed, and it is usually only achieved by advanced breeders or extremely dedicated hobbyists .\nfinley, lee. 1983. mastacembelus brichardi (poll). a blind spiny eel from the rapids of the lower zaire basin. fama 1 / 83 .\nin the wild the fire eel consumes mostly insect larvae, insects, worms, small fish and some plant material. in the aquarium it is best to feed them bloodworms, tubifex worms and chopped fish or mussel as a juvenile. adult specimens will need larger meaty food consisting of large worms, tablet foods, krill and other large fresh, freeze - dried or frozen meaty preparations .\nis perhaps the more frequently imported. though it' s difficult to tell them apart, it is important to know which of these two spiny eels you are getting so you can prepare for their long term care. besides patterning discussed above, there is another primary difference between these two that is not readily apparent when purchasing. that is their adult size. the tire track eel can get up to about 28 inches (70 cm) long while this eel, the zig zag eel\n( français) le fire eel est le tout nouveau slug de la gamme delalande. il ressemble à s’y méprendre à une orphie (chère aux prédateurs méditerranéens) ou à un lançon (nourriture privilégiée des prédateurs d’atlantique ou de la manche). de part sa conception, sa nage frétillante est unique sur le marché! ce leurre longiligne a été spécialement étudié afin de ravir les prédateurs marins difficiles .\nsometimes - only keep more than one if you intend to breed, or if the tank is very large with enough room for each eel to have undisturbed territories .\nthe effects of predation on certain groups can be substantial. witman (1988) calculated that tissue predation by this worm on milleporid hydrocorals (fire coral) exposed 12. 9 cm 2 per 1 m 2 per day of skeleton to algal colonization .\nwhile fire eels require fish - keepers with experience, the investment of time and attention is returned in spades. these intelligent creatures with expressive faces and attentive eyes quickly build an emotional bond with their caretaker, from whose hands they often like to feed .\ntank (inside): fire eels are very sensitive to the substrate in tanks, and can be easily scratched by gravel or sharp rocks. a sand substrate is preferred, as this is a burrowing fish. although it is possible to keep one in a gravel - bottom tank, it will get scratched constantly and might get seriously hurt due to bacterial infections or other skin openings. keep in mind that any and all plants might be uprooted when it is burrowing, so it is very difficult to keep this fish in a planted tank. try to provide your fire eel with plenty of hiding places so it has a house and a place to go if it becomes stressed or scared .\nmastacembelus erythrotaenia bleeker 1850, the fire eel. asia; thailand, cambodia, indonesia. to forty inches in length (not a mis - print). cond. s: ph 6 - 8, dh 5 - 19, temp. 24 - 28 c. this species is a standard\nodd - ball\nin the aquarium field. easily lost on first arrival... from damage in collection, shipping, subsequent disease. urltoken\nthese eels are very shy when first introduced to a new tank and are known to be too shy to eat at times. it is wise not to have tank mates like catfish or loaches, at least not until your spiny eel is settled in. these fish will simply take any food offered too quickly and the eel will not get comfortable enough to feed freely .\nmoving on from the fire eel is where things get complicated. the tyre - track eel is usually identified as mastacembelus armatus in aquarium books, but in fact a different species, mastacembelus favus, actually seems to be the one that gets imported most often. both are light brown with dark brown markings, but on mastacembelus armatus the markings are concentrated on the top half of the body, leaving most of the belly bare, whereas mastacembelus favus is marked right down to the belly. otherwise, the biggest difference between the two species is size, with mastacembelus favus reaching up to 70 cm in length, but mastacembelus armatus up to 90 cm .\nfire eels have been harvested in the wild by pumping flooded areas dry. while the species has been reportedly overfished to some degree in certain areas, it appears to be abundant in its native habitat and has been categorized as a species of “least concern” (iucn red list) .\n, which is smaller reaching only 26 inches (70 cm) in length. these two are often confused as juveniles because they are so similar looking. but despite their very similar appearances, there are recognizable differences. overall their coloration is quite similar and they both have a series of irregular dark markings along the entire length of its body. but on this eel, the zig zag eel\nthank you for this information! it turns out my eel is a zig zag and not a tire track, which i doubt i would have learned anytime soon. considering there are differences in the optimal conditions for keeping each type of eel, i can begin slowly making any necessary changes. as mentioned, i bought mine when she (?) was much smaller, and the marks were not as distinct .\nrelated to demonstrated feeding, this is a note to beware of purchasing large specimens. big wild - collected fire eels in particular are notorious for refusing food on importation. better to purchase sub - adults and grow them up yourself, or seek ones that have been traded in from good homes .\nshy and secretive, the fire eel may bury itself completely beneath the substrate, or lie in rest with only its snout extending from the sediments. if alarmed, it can quickly retreat into the bottoms. all of the mastacembelid eels have some ability to breath air, a valuable adaptation for an animal in a warm, muddy, sometimes hypoxic environment; rather than using the air bladder for this purpose, they instead rely on gas exchange that takes place through a protective slime layer over their simple gills .\nnot only is the half - banded spiny eel relatively small, it is also quite hardy once acclimated. you may not always see it though as it is nocturnal and sometimes will hide for long periods of time .\nsometimes - generally spiny eels should be kept singly unless the aquarist is hoping to breed them or has a large tank with enough room for each eel to have undisturbed territories. then try to keep like sized fish together .\nit is also helps to add efficient bottom cleaning tank mates to keep the bottom free from decaying foods in between cleanings. be careful however, to add bottom cleaners after your eel is adjusted to its tank and is eating .\n35. 4 inches (89. 99 cm) - this fish should not be confused with its very similar looking relative the track eel m. favus which is smaller, reaching only 26 inches (70 cm) in length .\nthis fish is not considered to be a true eel, but like all members of the mastacembelidae family, known as the spiny eels, its body shape is definitely eel - like. it is very cute little fish when it is first acquired. it has an elongated body and a long snout, and is generally about 4 inches long. but be aware that this fish will grow, and could reach close to 3 feet in length. an adult will require a very large aquarium .\nby the way, don' t despair if you find your intended target has burrowed into the substrate. utilize a large - enough diameter mesh netting and scoop the eel and gravel up together. voila! gravel drops out, fish is caught !\nthere is some controversy as to the behavior of adult fire eels, probably because adults are not commonly kept, or they are individualistic in their behaviors. however, my personal experience with king arthur was that of a gentle giant. its tankmates were several cory cats and neon tetras. not only did it not make meals of the neons, it would not even compete for fish food. i used a kitchen turkey baster to squirt the eel’s food directly at it. it never squabbled with tankmates (or i certainly never noticed it) — that is, until i introduced some others of his own kind .\nfed very heavily with worms–the choice fare for a fire eel–a small individual can grow to over a foot in as little as a year. however, in most cases, it is a fairly slow - growing animal. fortunately, it has a long lifespan (reportedly to 20 years). over the months and years, it will overcome its shyness, sometimes even learning to take food from its keeper’s hand. indeed, it is the endearing personality of this primitive but uncannily smart fish that continues to hold the interest of aquarists. kept in the appropriate setting, it can provide any hobbyist with years of enjoyment .\nthe elvers began developing their adult coloration about six months after i purchased them. elvers’ initial coloration is a brownish - gray with two cream lines running from the eyes to the back of the head. another single line runs from the base of the neck to the back of the body. various dots and dashes of cream coloration run laterally down the elver’s body. these dots and dashes eventually will join to become complete lines, as does the one running the length of the spine. the brownish - gray color will turn black, while the cream color will transform into the vivid fire red that garnered the eel its colorful common name .\nmastacembelus zebrinus (blyth 1858), the zebra spiny eel. asia; burma, indonesia. to eighteen inches maximum length. rarely half this in captivity. cond. s: ph 7 - 7. 5, dh to 15, temp. 23 - 26 c .\nhow\nbuff\nis that spiny eel? these fishes can go on hunger strikes for a few to several weeks; obviously of benefit in situations where food is unavailable seasonally. still, you want a\nfull - bodied\nspecimen. healthy ones are definitely girthy .\ni' d like to remind you of this groups predilection for burrowing. arrange your rock work appropriately so it won' t fall on your spiny eel / s; and do give consideration to having suitable gravel, and / or adequate\ntube\nspaces for their comfort .\nthe term\ntire track eel' can get rather confusing, there are actually several spiny eels that are called tire track eels, and so are often mis - identified. this is a common name that is used for 3, sometimes 4 different species. besides being used for\ntank (outside): fire eels are well known for hopping the border. be sure that you have your whole tank covered, including the filter (s) intake (s) / output (s) if possible. if you have a bigger specimen, you will need to compensate for its strength by re - enforcing the top. many valuable eels are lost due to un - educated owners .\ni covered the bottom of the aquarium with fine - grained black aquarium gravel. on the gravel bed, i placed several pieces of sinking driftwood. do not use lava rocks, tufa stone or other abrasive materials. fire eels are burrowing fish, and they will easily abrade themselves on these materials. the scraping of the fish’s belly or finnage can possibly lead to secondary bacterial and / or fungal infections .\nonce the aquarium was properly cycled, i brought home my prized eel. the store owner encouraged me to handle the eel first, as we were going to try to direct it into a bag using our hands rather than netting it. king arthur was surprisingly docile and squirmed through my relaxed hand. it was surprisingly smooth, feeling much like a sausage - shaped water balloon. its stubby dorsal projections (not really finlike) are spines, but they are not sharp enough to cause any injury. i was able to eventually coax it into the bag for the journey home .\n3) for home hobbyists, should your spiny eel show signs of\nbreaking down\n( red marks at fin origins, white loose skin markings, unusual diffident behavior), i encourage you to remove it to a quarantine / treatment tank and treat it as above, post haste .\nthe year - old elvers continued to thrive, and i was able to coax them to eat frozen varieties of live fish foods, but never flake or pellets. fire eels, to my knowledge, have still not been bred in captivity. what is known of their breeding habits is that they are egg - scatterers, thrusting their fertilized eggs into plant thickets, with no parental care being given to the resulting fry .\nwater quality should be monitored and adjusted as needed. regular water changes will go far in maintaining the health of the fish in particular and of the tank in general. fire eels tolerate a fairly wide range of ph (6. 0 to 8. 0), but a value around 7. 0 is best. hardness should be 5 - 15 dgh. water temperature should be kept between 75° and 82°f (24° and 28°c) .\nover the four years i kept fire eels, i found their antics amusing at times. feeding time brought them to the surface for a first taste. they would follow the rest of their fish food to the aquarium floor. other times, they would seemingly relax by burrowing themselves in the soft gravel bed, with only their heads protruding. you can imagine my dismay the first time i saw three heads that appeared to be decapitated on the aquarium floor .\nthis is a sore topic with this family of fishes; having only small embedded scales and being otherwise soft - bodied does not help; they are susceptible to physical traumas, bacterial and parasitic infection. if you think your fishes are coming down with ich, look to your spiny eel / s to show it first .\nthe first clue as to these fishes not being anquilliform comes in their common appellation ,\nspiny\neels; as the true eels lack spines in their fins. they do have decidedly\neel - like\nelongated bodies, lack pelvic fins and their continuous dorsal and anal fins come together with or without a caudal / tail fin .\ni obtained what i believed to be 1 - year - old specimens. they were 8 inches in length and about an inch in girth. aside from a difference in size, they were identical in coloration to their senior counterpart. prior to these young fire eels, i had found even younger versions in the 4 - inch range, which i had introduced with no incident. they had more subtle coloration (most likely natural camouflaging), being brown where the stripes become red as adults .\nprince eel was a royal, male seawing and was shown in darkstalker (legends). he was an uncle of prince fathom and queen pearl, suggesting that he was manta' s brother, as well as the father of prince scallop and prince current. he was one of the 9 dragons killed by prince albatross during the royal seawing massacre .\nthe body of the half - banded spiny eel is elongated with a pointed snout. both the dorsal and anal fins are extended back to the caudal fin, which is very small. these fish will grow up to almost 8 inches (20 cm) and generally have a life span of 5 - 10 years, though they may live up to 15 years when given proper care .\nmastacembelus armatus (lacepede 1800), the zig zag (often sold as the tire track) eel. asia; pakistan, vietnam, indonesia. brackish to freshwater. buries in substrate. nocturnal feeder on insects, worms, algae. to three feet in length. cond. s: ph 6. 5 - 7. 5, dh to 15, temp. 22 - 28 c .\nthe body of the zig zag eel is elongated with a long snout. both the dorsal and anal fins are extended and joined to the caudal fin. these fish can reach just over 35 inches (90 cm) in length in the wild, though they will not generally exceed about 20 inches\n( 51 cm) in captivity. spiny eels have a lifespan of 8 - 18 years .\ndespite its size, the eel was not a voracious eater. it would only accept live bloodworms or brine shrimp. this could become problematic owing to the varying availability of the same. i could assume it was an adult by its size. more than likely, this would account for the fact that it was only accustomed to foods it had eaten in nature — these not being flake, pellet or frozen varieties .\ngulper eel (saccopharynx ampullaceus): species accounts swallowers and gulpers live in the atlantic, pacific, and indian oceans. swallowers and gulpers live in very deep, open water at depths greater than 3, 281 feet (1, 000 meters). larvae (lar - vee), a form of these fishes in the early stage of growth before becoming adults, and the young live in shallower waters. because of the extreme depth…\nthe most important thing for these eels is that they always have clean and well - oxygenated water. frequent water changes of about 30% a week are needed for this eel. with your weekly water change make sure to vacuum the gravel to remove all excess food and waster. but it' s best not to remove any bio film on rocks and decor. a magnet algae cleaner normally does a great job in keeping the viewing pane clear .\nits background coloration is a tan to light brown and it has a dark horizontal stripe running through the eye. along the entire length of its body, reaching vertically from its back to its belly, it is patterned with a series of irregular dark markings. these markings generally have a' tire track' or' zig zag' appearance which has been used as a common name for this fish as well as several other species of spiny eel .\neels are generally suggested for an aquarist with some experience rather than the beginner fish keeper. this eel can be a bit sensitive to change and usually takes awhile to get over its shyness. the first few weeks can be extremely difficult getting them to eat. these eels are very shy when first introduced to a new environment and often die of starvation. it is best to feed these fish at night and make sure food makes it to the bottom .\nmost eelpouts and their relatives are shaped like eels. they usually are less than 16 inches (40 centimeters) long, but some reach a length of 24 inches (60 centimeters). the wolf - eel is the largest fish in this group, reaching a length of 80 inches (2 meters). eelpouts are usually gray, brown, black, or purple and have spots of various colors. eelpouts and their relatives live all over the w…\nan eel in name only, m. erythrotaenia has a long, laterally - compressed filiform body. anterioraly, the body extends into a tri - lobed, pointed snout that over - archs the lower jaw. posteriorly, the distal - most third joins the ribbon - like caudal fin to become an extended tail. it' s considered one of the “spiny eels” due to the stubby, notched or spiny dorsal projections that run down it' s spine .\nobviously, one doesn’t want measurable ammonia in the aquarium. a ph level from acidic (6. 5) to just above neutral (7. 4) is fine for the eel. in their natural river and stream habitats of asian countries (thailand, cambodia, indonesia), these parameters are variable, and the fish is adaptable, as long as extremes are avoided. the same is true with water hardness. my tap water is slightly hard at 10 ppm, according to standard hardness test kits .\nthe most common disease that an eel is susceptible to is ich. ich is short for ichthyophthirius, also known as\nwhite spot disease\n. it is a parasite that can attack nearly all aquarium fishes, but you' ll find that eels are often the first to be attacked. take great care in treating ick as eels are very sensitive to the medications used to treat it. often the dose is half of what is normally used. if nervous or unsure about medications, use reef safe medications .\ni placed the eel in the aquarium, and it quickly swam to the bottom — disappearing underneath the driftwood labyrinth i constructed for it. after several hours, it reappeared to check out its new home. it was even more impressive - looking in this taller, wider aquarium than the 10 - gallon tank where it was held for me in the store. one sweeping stroke of its tail sent the fish right to the top of the aquarium, while its two smallish, oval pectoral fins waved vigorously for stability .\nif you' ve hesitated to purchase a spiny eel because of the size of your tank, this fish may be just what you are looking for. the maximum size for this handsome fish is just under 8 inches. juveniles up to about 3 inches in length can be kept in about 10 gallons, but larger specimens will need a bigger area. adults will need a tank that is 36 inches in length and about 35 gallons. make sure you have a tight fitting cover as these guys are escape artists .\nas this was a brand new aquarium that had to be established, i felt i needed a good month to cycle the aquarium and stabilize the water chemistry. i certainly did not want to put luck to chance and lose an amazing, expensive creature. in the aquarium business, space is money, so i was lucky that my relationship was solid enough for the store owner to hold the eel for that length of time (i did pay in advance, as well as buy most of my equipment from him) .\nmacrognathus aral is sometimes called the one - stripe spiny eel, though this name is somewhat misleading. its basic colour is olive to light brown, and while there is certainly a single band running horizontally along each flank, there is also a dark band along the dorsal surface. these bands are rather irregularly coloured, often being speckled or being darker on the edges and lighter in the centre. the dorsal fin bears a few (typically four) eyespots that are light brown around the edge and dark brown in the middle .\nzig zag eels will spend most of their time on the bottom of the aquarium. this species of spiny eel can eventually grow to be quite large so plan accordingly. that cute little 4 inch fish may eventually grow to over 2 feet long! keep small specimens up to 6 inches in a tank that is at least 36 inches long and about 35 gallons. larger specimens will needing an even bigger area, tanks that are 48 inches in length or longer and 55 gallons up to 100 gallons will be necessary as they grow .\nthe zig zag eel has not been bred in captivity. only a few spiny eels have been bred in the aquarium, possibly because they are generally kept singly rather than in a group where a male and female can find each other. though it is not documented what makes them spawn, trying to emulate the bounty of the flood season can help stimulate breeding behavior. feed more and higher quality food than you normally would and providing an influx of clean water. their courtship lasts for several hours, where they chase each other and swim in circles .\nan outbreak of disease can often be limited to just one or a few fishes if you deal with it at an early stage. when keeping these sensitive types of fish, it is common to catch deteriorating water conditions and disease before other fish are affected. the best way to proactively prevent disease is to give your zig zag eel the proper environment and give them a well balanced diet. the closer to their natural habitat the less stress the fish will have, making them healthier and happy. a stressed fish will is more likely to acquire disease .\nthe half - banded spiny eel has not been bred in captivity. only a few spiny eels have been bred in the aquarium, possibly because they are generally kept singly rather than in a group where a male and female can find each other. though it is not documented what makes them spawn, trying to emulate the bounty of the flood season can help stimulate breeding behavior. feed more and higher quality food than you normally would and providing an influx of clean water. their courtship lasts for several hours, where they chase each other and swim in circles .\nan outbreak of disease can often be limited to just one or a few fishes if you deal with it at an early stage. when keeping these sensitive types of fish, it is common to catch deteriorating water conditions and disease before other fish are affected. the best way to proactively prevent disease is to give your half - banded spiny eel the proper environment and give them a well balanced diet. the closer to their natural habitat the less stress the fish will have, making them healthier and happy. a stressed fish will is more likely to acquire disease .\nwhat disappointed me was the overall timidity i found the eel to possess. it would come out now and then, but never with any regularity that i could depend on. at the time, all reports on this species indicated that they prefer a temperature at or around 76 degrees fahrenheit. what i discovered by accident is that they truly prefer a temperature in the lower 80s. once i carefully regulated the aquarium temperature to that level, king arthur became more active — not quite like some aquarium fish, but at least i could enjoy watching it for longer stretches than before .\nwith the exception of the kuhli loaches, spiny eels are easily the most popular and widely sold eel - like fishes in the hobby. to their credit, they are relatively hardy and often attractively coloured creatures, but even so many aquarists' attempts at keeping these fish have met with failure. like many other' oddball' fishes, part of the problem is lack of information, with most aquarium books either saying little about them or nothing at all. in this article, we' ll look at the most commonly traded species and review their requirements in the home aquarium .\ntank should be well planted with floating plants also used. an abundance of hiding places should be provided as this species likes to hide away during the day. bogwood, rock caves and pvc piping are all suitable for this purpose. sand should be used as substrate as the spiny eels often like to bury themselves. dimmer lighting will encourage the fish to venture from its hiding places more often. a close - fitting hood is required as the eel can find its way through the smallest of gaps. water flow should be fairly gentle as the fish mainly inhabits areas of still water in the wild .\nafter recovering from the awe (then subsequent sticker shock), i carefully considered exactly how was i going to house this monster. luckily, i had a great relationship with the store owner (i highly recommend cultivating one with the best of shops), and he was willing to hold the eel while i prepared a suitable living arrangement for it, which i dubbed king arthur (i assumed it was a male for no good reason). i decided to purchase a 35 - gallon hexagon, thinking that this would suit my viewing pleasure the most. i later concluded that it was perhaps too small .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n48″ x 24″ x 24″ (120cm x 60cm x 60cm) 500 litres. (can be kept in smaller tank when juvenile )\nwild fish are omnivorous and consume a variety of smaller fish, aquatic invertebrates, plant matter and detritus. prefers meaty foods such as prawn, krill, and lancefish. live and frozen foods can also be fed, however these foods alone are unlikely to be enough to sustain larger fish. some specimens will also accept vegetable matter, although this is fairly rare .\nthe family is named ‘spiny eels’ due to the presence of spines running along the back of the fish. these are harmless to humans .\n, select family and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani, 30. 11. 04, , php script by cmilitante, 05 / 11 / 2010, last modified by cmilitante, 14 / 03 / 2013\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nkottelat, m. 2013. the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia: a catalogue and core bibiography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters, mangroves and estuaries. raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no. 27: 1 - 663 .\njustification: the species has a relatively wide distribution. whilst populations have declined in thailand, it is thought to still have good populations in other parts of its range and is assessed as least concern at present. populations trends and habitats should be monitored." ]

{ "text": [ "the fire eel ( mastacembelus erythrotaenia ) is a relatively large species of spiny eel .", "this omnivorous freshwater fish is native to in southeast asia but also found in the aquarium trade .", "although it has declined locally ( especially in thailand ) because of this trade and overfishing , it remains common overall . " ], "topic": [ 16, 15, 17 ] }

[ "the fire eel (mastacembelus erythrotaenia) is a relatively large species of spiny eel. this omnivorous freshwater fish is native to in southeast asia but also found in the aquarium trade. although it has declined locally (especially in thailand) because of this trade and overfishing, it remains common overall." ]

[ "c. michael hogan marked\nphrynobatrachus kinangopensis\nas trusted on the\nphrynobatrachus kinangopensis angel, 1924\npage .\nc. michael hogan selected\nsummary\nto show in overview on\nphrynobatrachus kinangopensis angel, 1924\n.\nc. michael hogan marked\nconservation actions\nas visible on the\nphrynobatrachus kinangopensis angel, 1924\npage .\niucn ssc amphibian specialist group 2016. phrynobatrachus kinangopensis. the iucn red list of threatened species 2016: e. t58121a17168074. urltoken\np. kinangopensis is found in the east african montane moorlands and ...\np. kinangopensis is recorded only in the east african montane moorlands ...\nlocal populations of p. kinangopensis are expected to suffer ongoing pressure ...\np. kinangopensis is endemic to kenya and is found only at ...\nc. michael hogan marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life: april 2013\nas preferred for\nphrynobatrachus kinangopensis angel, 1924\n.\np. kinangopensis is associated with rain - filled temporary pools in montane grassland, ...\nfrogs of this species were collected with phrynobatrachus acridoides juveniles from jozani forest (pickersgill, 2007) .\nphrynobatrachus graueri, p. kinangopensis, p. perpalmatus, and p. rouxi are of similar svl, but display digital discs and a visible tympanum (both absent in p. scheffleri). in addition, the foot of p. kinangopensis and p. perpalmatus is well webbed (versus rudimentary webbing in p. kakamikro). phrynobatrachus pallidus, p. rungwensis, p. ukingensis, p. ungujae and p. uzungwensis share similar svl with p. kakamikro\nphrynobatrachus leveleve is found on são tomé island (democratic republic of são tomé and príncipe) within the gulf of guinea .\narthroleptis adolfifriederichi (lc 1983 0. 254), arthroleptis lameerei (lc 1956 0. 248), arthroleptis wahlbergii (? 1923 0. 794), hyperolius marginatus (lc 1930 0. 922), mertensophryne lonnbergi (nt 1981 0. 252), phrynobatrachus bequaerti (v 1962 0. 521), phrynobatrachus kinangopensis (lc 1981 0. 543), phrynobatrachus minutus (lc 1971 0. 904), phrynobatrachus rouxi (dd 1926 0. 898), poyntonophrynus lughensis (lc 1975 0. 364). arthroleptis is taxonomically complex, so some identifications may be erroneous and others may be overlooked. all species except m. lonnbergi, p. kinangopensis, p. minutus, and p. rouxi range outside of the study area .\np. kinangopensis is endemic to kenya and is found only at mount kenya and aberdares national parks (msuya et al. , 2004) .\namiet, j. - l. 2004. phrynobatrachus hylaios. 2006 iucn red list of threatened species. downloaded on 23 july 2007 .\np. ukingensis, and p. uzungwensis exhibits extensive pedal webbing (vesus rudimentary webbing in p. kakamikro). phrynobatrachus breviceps, p. keniensis ,\nspecies description: uyeda jc, drewes rc, zimkus bm 2007 the california academy sciences gulf of guinea expeditions (2001, 2006) vi. a new species of phrynobatrachus from the gulf of guinea islands and a reanalysis of phrynobatrachus dispar and p. feae (anura: phrynobatrachidae). proc. calif acad sci 4 ser 58: 367 - 385\nphrynobatrachus kinangopensis angel, 1924, bull. mus. natl. hist. nat. paris, 30: 131. holotype: mnhnp 1924. 16, according to guibé, 1950\n1948\n, cat. types amph. mus. natl. hist. nat. : 46. type locality :\nprairies alpines du mont kinangop (altitude 3, 100 m )\n, aberdare mountains, kenya .\nphrynobatrachus ungujae is a miniature (snout–vent length < 16 mm) puddle frog species. type material includes males that range in svl from 12 - 13 mm, while females are larger at 13 - 16 mm (pickersgill, 2007) .\nphrynobatrachus ungujae is a miniature species (svl < 16 mm) of puddle frog restricted to coastal forest in kenya and on unguja island (zanzibar), tanzania. members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. phrynobatrachus ungujae is characterized by a warty dorsum, including snout and eyelids, and the presence of a small conical protrusion on the eyelid. small but distinct discs are present on the toes, often terminating in points .\nspecies description: schick s, zimkus bm, channing a, koehler j, loetters s 2010 systematics of' little brown frogs' from east africa: recognition of phrynobatrachus scheffleri and description of a new species from the kakamega forest, kenya (amphibia: phrynobatrachidae). salamandra 46: 24 - 36 .\nphrynobatrachus kakamikro is a miniature (snout–vent length < 19 mm) puddle frog species. snout - vent lengths vary from 17. 45 - 18. 98 mm (n = 3) in females; only a single preserved male with svl of 16. 2 mm was collected (schick et al. , 2010) .\nphrynobatrachus kakamikro is a small species (svl < 19 mm) of puddle frog known characterized by the absence of a number of characters present in closely related species, including a papilla on the tongue, digital discs, and femoral glands in males. pedal webbing is considered rudimentary, and adult males exhibit a grey throat .\nphrynobatrachus scheffleri is a miniature (snout–vent length < 20 mm) puddle frog species. snout - vent length varies from 10 - 16. 36 mm (n = 49) in males, and 13. 0 - 19. 11 mm (n = 18) in females (schick et al. , 2010) .\nthis species is distinguishable from other dwarf phrynobatrachus by its warty dorsum, including snout and eyelids, and the presence of a small conical protrusion on the eyelid. small but distinct discs are present on the toes, often terminating in points. males do not exhibit the baggy throat seen in other species (pickersgill, 2007) .\nmitochodrial sequence data from 12s rrna, valine - trna, and 16s rrna fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (rag - 1) genes indicate that p. kinangopensis is the sister species of group that contains the west african species p. tokba, p. intermedius and p. liberiensis (zimkus et al. , 2010) .\nphrynobatrachus scheffleri is a small species (svl < 20 mm) of puddle frog characterized by rudimentary webbing and lack of digital discs. adult males exhibit greyish brown throats and small femoral glands are present. minute asperities sparsely but evenly cover the dorsum and venter in males; asperities are restricted to the peri - anal region in females .\np. kinangopensis is found in the east african montane moorlands and east african montane forests ecoregion, and is restricted to kenya (hogan, 2013). this anuran is restricted to the kenyan highlands east of the rift valley. it is known from the aberdare mountains and mount kenya, south to nairobi. the taxon occurs up to 3100 metres above sea level (msuya et al. 2004) .\np. kinangopensis is associated with rain - filled temporary pools in montane grassland, where it is thought to breed (msuya et al. , 2004). the grasslands above 3000 metres in elevation are generally montane moorlands, which also have an assembly of herbaceous species and are lacking of true trees (hogan, 2013). the grasslands below 3000 metres in elevation are generally clearings in the montane forests .\np. kinangopensis is a small anuran endemic to the east african montane moorlands and east african montane forests ecoregions, strictly limited to occurrence in kenya. breeding occurs in rain - filled temporary pools in montane grassland and moorland. although this taxon is known to occur in two separate kenyan national parks, there are threats to the kinangop river frog from expanding human population pressures, agricultural land conversion, overgrazing and deforestation by native peoples .\nphrynobatrachus acridoides (ca. 25 mm), p. auritus (> 35 mm), p. bullans (ca. 25 mm), p. dendrobates (> 30 mm), p. irangi (> 50 mm), p. kreffti (> 35 mm), p. natalensis (> 24 mm), p. pakenhami (> 25 mm) and p. versicolor\nlocal populations of p. kinangopensis are expected to suffer ongoing pressure by livestock overgrazing by and smallholder agriculture (msuya et al. 2004). it is possible that reduction of moisture at higher elevations can be expected in the same fashion as at mount kilimanjaro, as suggested by pepin et al. (2010) and also by hogan (2013). this moisture reduction is generally driven by the ongoing deforestation associated with the smallholder agricultural land conversion and slash and burn activity at lower elevations .\nphrynobatrachus hylaios is a species of frog in the petropedetidae family. it is found in cameroon, republic of the congo, possibly angola, possibly central african republic, possibly equatorial guinea, possibly gabon, and possibly nigeria. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical swamps, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, swamps, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, rural gardens, heavily degraded former forest, and canals and ditches .\nphrynobatrachus scheffleri is a small species (svl < 20 mm) of puddle frog distributed in kenya and tanzania. members of this genus are identified by the presence of a midtarsal tubercle, elongate inner metatarsal tubercle, and outer metatarsal tubercle. p. scheffleri is characterized by rudimentary webbing and lack of digital discs. adult males exhibit greyish brown throats with minute asperities sparsely but evenly covering the dorsum and venter. in females, asperities are restricted to the peri - anal region .\nthis species was named for the kinangop pleateau in kenya, which lies between the kenyan rift valley to the west and the aberdare mountains to the east .\nnostrils are equidistant from the eye to the tip of the snout. the tibio - tarsal articulation may reach the tympanum (angel, 1924). pedal webbing is moderate to extensive with 1 - 2 phalanges free of webbing on digit iv (zimkus et al. , 2012). a dark band is present from the nostrils to the typanum, and a silvery streak may border it. dorsal asperities are present in both sexes. the underside has\nfine, dark, even stippling over the throat and abdomen\n( channing and howell, 2006). sexually mature males have small, white asperities on the posterior half of the body, and the throat is speckled .\nsnout - vents of the type material ranged from 14 to 19 mm (angel, 1924). channing and howell (2006) report that males reach up to 19 mm, while females are up to 24 mm in length .\nthe iucn regards the population trend of this species as fundamentally unknown as of 2004 (msuya et al. , 2004). however, more recent ecological and hydrological analyses suggest that human population pressures, agricultural land conversion, overgrazing and deforestation by indigenous peoples are placing downward pressure on this species (hogan, 2013) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda; use basic search (above) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl ...\nanywhere in a record: e. g. , hylarana, hyla, hylidae, hylinae, hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n... hyla\nanywhere in a record: e. g. , hyla, hylidae, plectrohyla, ptychadena hylaea, adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla: e. g. , hyla, hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e. g. , lithobates omiltemanus, hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record: e. g. , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nkinangop river frog (frank and ramus, 1995, compl. guide scient. common names amph. rept. world: 103) .\nkinangop puddle frog (channing and howell, 2006, amph. e. afr. : 282) .\nchanning and howell, 2006, amph. e. afr. : 282 - 283, provided an account. frétey, 2008, alytes, 25: 99 - 17, summarized the literature. in species group c of zimkus, rödel, and hillers, 2010, mol. phylogenet. evol. , 55: 883 - 900 .\nplease note: these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history. we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to vertnet .\ncopyright © 1998 - 2018, darrel frost and the american museum of natural history. all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nfrost, d. r. 2015. amphibian species of the world: an online reference. version 6. 0. new york, usa. available at: urltoken .\njustification: listed as vulnerable because its extent of occurrence (eoo) is estimated to be 16, 569 km 2, it is considered to occur in six threat - defined locations, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat .\nthis species is endemic to the kenyan highlands east of the rift valley. it is known from the aberdare mountains and mount kenya south to nairobi. it occurs from 1, 800 - 3, 100m asl. the localities are kikuyu (and limuru), kinangop plateau, aberdare mountains and mount kenya (six sites in total, with each site considered to be an individual threat - defined location). its extent of occurrence (eoo) is 16, 569 km 2 .\nthis is a rare species. it was last recorded approximately 10 years ago despite surveys in the area, which might be an issue of timing (surveys are done at the wrong time of the year) or its rarity (p. k. malonza and v. wasonga pers. comm. , june 2012). the population is inferred to be decreasing due to habitat loss and degradation due to intensive agriculture at all known sites, except sites within national parks .\nit is associated with rain - filled temporary pools in montane grassland and forest, where it presumably breeds by larval development similar to congeners. it might be able to tolerate low levels of disturbance (p. k. malonza and v. wasonga pers. comm. , june 2012) .\nthis species is probably adaptable but still facing some threats. intensive subsistence agriculture at the small scale occurs at all sites outside the national parks and is causing a decline in the quality and extent of the natural habitat. furthermore, agro - chemicals might be an issue, however this needs to be further investigated (p. k. malonza and v. wasonga pers. comm. , june 2012) .\nconservation actions it occurs in the mount kenya and aberdares national parks. conservation needed additional habitat protection is required outside of protected areas. research needed research is needed on its ecology, breeding, population and extent of occurrence (p. k. malonza and v. wasonga pers. comm. , june 2012) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nin: iucn 2012. iucn red list of threatened species. version 2012. 2\nevi, an amazon company, was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge. the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe’re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon' s innovative cambridge development centre, alongside other amazon teams including prime air, core machine learning, amazon devices and amazon web services .\nthe specific name is a free neologism that reflects the type locality (kakamega forest) and small size of the new species (greek mikro (s) meaning small) .\nit is only known from the type locality in semi - humid western kenya, 1, 650 m above sea level (schick et al. , 2010) .\nis almost absent and the throat of males is strongly suffused with dark grey pigment (largen, 2001) .\nis slightly smaller than the new species (mean svl 14. 5 and 16. 4 mm in males and females\nmales in breeding condition can be distinguished from this species by throat colour, i. e .\nand exhbit an indistinct tympanum, but differ through presence of well developed digital discs .\nthis species was found in a small temporary pond in anthropogenic grass land on the forest edge (schick et al. , 2010) .\nc from central tanzania (zimkus and schick, 2010; zimkus et al. , 2010) .\nthis species has not yet been assessed by the iucn, but schick et al. (2010) suggest that it be categorized as data deficient due to the limited information available .\nspecies description: channing, a. , and k. m. howell. 2006. amphibians of east africa. ithaca, new york: cornell university press .\nit is widely distributed in semi - humid eastern africa from coastal kenya and tanzania northwest up to the ugandan border (kakamega forest). according to channing & howell (2006), this species may extend into uganda. specimens previously identified as p. scheffleri on the island of zanzibar are most likely p. ungujae .\nit is associated with both open land (savanna or farm land) and secondary forest margins (schick et al. , 2010). it is found amongst herbaceous vegetation, leaf litter, rocks or mud at the swampy margins of lakes, rivers, streams and temporary pools in both moist grassland and forest clearings (stuart and cox, 2008). according to stuart and cox (2008), it occurs up to at least 1, 800m asl, while schick et al. (2010) record that it only occurs up to 1, 650 m asl .\nthey can be most easily found next to small streams and seepages in grassy streams, wooded areas and forest. they hop quickly about in the mud or sand at the side of the stream catching any flies or other small insects that might land there (text from measey et al. 2009, © sanbi) .\nthis species can be confused with arthroleptis xenodactyloides, except that it has distinctive raised marks forming a v pattern on its back (text from measey et al. 2009, © sanbi) .\nit is a poorly known species, and so there is little information on its abundance (stuart and cox, 2008) .\nmales call from concealed positions close to breeding sites with a series of short buzzes, ‘bzzz bzzz bzzz’ (text from measey et al. 2009, © sanbi) .\nit breeds in lake edges, rivers, streams and pools (stuart and cox, 2008) .\nthis species lays eggs singly floating in small puddles at the edges of streams, especially those that have formed during spates of rain (text from measey et al. 2009, © sanbi) .\nthe tadpoles grow within the puddles and metamorphose into juveniles which can also be found at the side of the stream (text from measey et al. 2009, © sanbi) .\nmitochodrial sequence data from 12s rrna, valine - trna, and 16s rrna fragment, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (rag - 1) genes indicate that p. inexpectatus and p. minutus are the sister clade to p. scheffleri (zimkus et al. , 2010). these species fall within a larger group of puddle frogs that are endemic to east african montane regions and also includes p. keniensis, p. kakamikro, p. mababiensis (c), and p. parvulus, p. rungwensis, and p. uzungwensis (zimkus et al. , 2010) .\neven though this species is considered somewhat poorly known, the iucn red list (2009) categorizes it as least concern given its relatively wide distribution, presumed large population, and apparent adaptability to habitat change (i. e. occurrence in farm land). the assessment notes that it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nit is likely to be impacted by habitat degradation, especially as a result of agricultural expansion, human settlement and overgrazing by livestock (stuart and cox, 2008) .\nthis species is endemic to the kenyan highlands east of the rift valley. it is known from the aberdare mountains and mount kenya south to nairobi. it occurs from 1, 800 - 3, 100m asl. the localities are kikuyu (and limuru), kinangop plateau, aberdare mountains and mount kenya (six sites in total, with each site considered to be an individual threat - defined location). its extent of occurrence (eoo) is 16, 569 km\nresearch is needed on its ecology, breeding, population and extent of occurrence (p. k. malonza and v. wasonga pers. comm. , june 2012) .\n, it is considered to occur in six threat - defined locations, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat .\nspecies description: clarke, b. t. , and j. c. poynton. 2005. a new species of stream frog, strongylopus (anura: ranidae) from mount kilimanjaro, tanzania, with comments on a' northern volcanic mountains group' within the genus. african journal of herpetology 54: 53–60 .\nstrongylopus kilimanjaro is known only from certain mid - slope locations on the flank of mount kilimanjaro in northern tanzania (stuart, 2006). this anuran species, observed most recently in 2005, has been collected at an elevation of approximately 3230 metres above sea level (clark & poynton, 2005) .\ns. kilimanjaro is thought to be associated with cold mountain streams in alpine african moorland and is believed to breed by larval development in these cold water streams (stuart, 2006) .\nthe marsabit clawed frog (xenopus borealis) is a near endemic anuran associate, which is also found in the upper elevations of the adjacent east african montane forests ecoregion. another near endemic amphibian is the molo frog (amietia wittei), which is found only in the kenyan central highlands and northern tanzania in the east african montane moorlands and slightly lower in elevation in the east african montane forests; therefore this species is not a true associate. the near endemic mountain reed frog (hyperolius montanus) is found only in the kenyan highlands of the ecoregion and also in the adjacent east african montane forests ecoregion, and therefore is not a true associate. the tigoni reed frog (hyperolius cystocandicans) is a vulnerable near endemic, found only in kenya in this ecoregion and the adjacent east african montane forests; thus this species is not a true associate .\nother associate amphibians present in the east african montane moorlands ecoregion include the subharan toad (amietophrynus xeros), cape river frog (amietia fuscigula), senegal running frog (kassina senegalensis), common reed frog (hyperolius viridiflavus), and keith' s toad (amietophrynus kerinyagae). (hogan. 2013 )\nthe chief threat appears to be reduction in flow and elevation in stream temperature due to glacial retreat on mount kilimanjaro. pepin et al. (2010) have analysed the cause of glacial retreat over the last century on mount kilimanjaro, and suggest that the chief driver of glacial reduction is the systematic deforestation on the lower slopes of kilimanjaro. this forest destruction by native peoples has led to a reduction in upslope air moisture flow, which appears to be the primary driver of glacial reduction here .\nthe entirety of the range of s. kilimanjaro lies within the protected area of mount kilimanjaro national park; however, the chief threat to this anuran appears to be secondary effects from deforestation on the lower slopes outside of the national park. moreover, in very recent years, some of the forested zone on these lower slopes has also become incorporated into the national park .\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life: april 2013 selected by c. michael hogan - see more .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthe african amphibian lifedesk is an authoritative, community - driven resource for information on african amphibians. the website serves as a gateway for contributors to submit information regarding african amphibian species, including writing and editing species pages, uploading images and maintaining bibliographic resources. last indexed september 29, 2015\nafrixalus dorsalis is a small to medium sized afrixalus, which is ...\nh. cystocandicans is found in two geographically limited ecoregions: (i) east ...\nh. cystocandicans exhibits pronounced sexual dismorphism, with adult males achieving a ...\nexternal colour in female adults: dorsum opaque mustard yellow to orange ...\nh. cystocandicans is quite similar to h. montanus but can be ...\nthe iucn deems the total population of h. cystocandicans as in ...\nh. cystocandicans is found in two protected areas: the mount kenya ...\nh. cystocandicans is classifed as vulnerable by the iucn (vulnerable b1ab (v) ), ...\nthis species was named for the kinangop pleateau in kenya, which ...\nsnout - vents of the type material ranged from 14 to 19 mm (angel, ...\nmitochodrial sequence data from 12s rrna, valine - trna, and 16s rrna fragment, ...\ns. kilimanjaro is thought to be associated with cold mountain streams ...\nstrongylopus kilimanjaro is known only from certain mid - slope locations on the ...\nthe entirety of the range of s. kilimanjaro lies within the ...\np. brongersmai has a preferred terrestrial habitat of semi - arid, hilly areas ...\nlearn more about the habitat of p. keniensis at the encyclopedia ...\nthe taxon has previously been classified as bufo mauritanicus, but this ...\nbreeding does not necessarliy take place every year throughout the range; ...\na. mauritanicus inhabits a gamut of habitat types, and is found ...\nthe distribution of a. mauritanicus overlaps with much of the range ...\nthis species exhibits sexual dimorphism, with mature adult females attaining a ...\na. mauritanicus exhibits large dorsal brown patches (sometimes grading to olive, ...\naccording to the iucn assessment, there are deemed no major threats ...\na. mauritanicus is found in several protected areas. this frog is ...\na. mauritanicus is classified as least concern by the iucn, by ...\nthis large anuran manifests dorsal spot patterns that are brown, olive ...\nthe adult snout - vent length may achieve 65 millimeters (mm) in the ...\nthe name is derived from the portuguese creole phrase, “leve leve, ” meaning “easy, easy” or “lightly lightly. ” the phrase has has also been translated by henrique pinto da costa, former minister of agriculture, as “calmly, surely. ”\ndorsum is a dark grayish - brown with indistinct dark splotches. two dark blotches over the front legs extend diagonally toward the eye. a faint light inter - orbital stripe is followed by a faint dark patch in the center of the dorsum behind the eyes. only one or two faint dark bars are found on either the thigh or the tibio - fibula of the hind limb. ventrum is pale cream - colored and clear except for the throat and a few darkly pigmented spots extending along the flanks to just beyond the front legs. distinct dark brown bars line the lower jaw. undersides of the hind limbs are clear, slight yellowish hue. males have small and sparsely distributed dorsal asperities, a darkened vocal sac and small spicules on the underside of the throat. most females lack dorsal asperities entirely (uyeda, drewes, and zimkus, 2007) .\nall specimens within the type series had snout–vent lengths less than 22 mm with females larger than males (uyeda, drewes, and zimkus, 2007). males range in size from 13. 0 - 18. 1 mm (15. 8 ± 1. 2 mm), while females range from 18. 1 - 21. 4 mm (19. 6 ± 1. 0 mm) .\nthis species is distributed from low to medium elevations (sea level - 1450 m) on são tomé island. it is present in primary forest, farm bush (heavily degraded former forest), and abandoned plantations where wet conditions prevail. it is generally not present close to human habitation (drewes, 2008) .\nthis species breeds in most types of water but does not favor drainage ditches (drewes, 2008) .\naquatic tadpoles are currently known but undescribed (r. drewes, pers. comm .) .\nfrom são tomé (uyeda, drewes, and zimkus, 2007). sequence divergence of\nranged from 0. 000–0. 009 (mean = 0. 004 ± 0. 001) for cytochrome b and 0. 001–0. 003 (mean = 0. 002 ± 0. 001) for the 12s rrna, valine - trna, and 16s rrna fragment. sequence data also demonstrate considerable divergence between\n. using a low estimate of divergence of 19% for the cytochrome b gene and a molecular clock estimate as high as 1. 4% sequence divergence per million years, a value considerably higher than estimated divergence rates found in other amphibians (caccone et al. 1997; veith et al. 2003), suggests a time of divergence that predates the estimated origin for são tomé of 13 million years ago (lee et al. 1994) .\nmitochodrial sequence data from the same mitochondrial 12s rrna, valine - trna, and 16s rrna, as well as combined sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear (rag - 1) genes support a sister relationship between p. dispar and p. mababiensis a (namibia), and in turn p. leveleve is sister to these two species (zimkus et al, 2010) .\nthe iucn red list (2009) categorizes this species as least concern, because although its extent of occurrence is much less than 5, 000 km 2, it is an adaptable species occurring human - modified habitats as well as in forest (drewes, 2008) .\nedited by peter r. crane, yale school of forestry and environmental studies, new haven, ct, and approved september 4, 2015 (received for review may 14, 2015 )\n) used by the international union for the conservation of nature (iucn) hazarded that anywhere between 9 and 122 amphibians might have gone extinct since 1980. another analysis (\n) suggested a range of 28–201. meanwhile, comprehensive reviews of threats to reptiles (\n) offered no estimate of the number of extinct species and sidestepped the matter of whether it might be large .\nthese sorts of questions are still wide open because (i) it is difficult to distinguish species that are highly endangered and rarely sighted from species that are actually extinct, and (ii) researchers have lacked a robust statistical protocol for estimating extinction tallies (6). a means of addressing these concerns is provided by a bayesian approach that involves computing probabilities of sightings (materials and methods), which like a recently published algorithm (6) yields highly accurate posterior extinction probabilities in simulations. as a result, the summed posteriors constitute reasonable estimates of the total number of species to have gone extinct in a particular area (tables 1 and 2). the probabilities are dependent upon the exact choice of bayesian priors and on other details of implementation, but the method is consistently conservative and it is optimal for detecting single - digit extinction percentages of the kind reported here (materials and methods) .\ncumulative extinction probability curves suggest that anuran extinction rates were negligible before the 1970s, and since then have been considerable and sustained (fig. 1). there is substantial decoupling among regions and between groups (table 1). for example, the number of extinctions in the southeastern united states and southern europe is apparently zero, in line with previously published expectations that tropical species are more threatened (1, 4, 5), and frog extinctions usually exceed squamate losses in the same regions. because most of the apparent squamate extinctions except those in mesoamerica, madagascar, and possibly south asia seem to represent either local extirpations or other confounding factors (supporting information), the data only provide clear evidence of extinction pulses of frogs and only in a few specific areas: mesoamerica, brazil, madagascar, and the sahul region. most of the apparent extinctions in sahul pertain to new guinea, where the dataset is of good quality (fig. s2) .\ncumulative numbers of inferred anuran extinctions in (a) mesoamerica and brazil and (b) madagascar and the sahul region (where extinctions are strongly concentrated in new guinea). figures are sums of individual extinction probabilities (see table 1 for frogs and table 2 for squamates) and are extremely conservative (materials and methods and figs. 4 and 5). global grand totals are 66. 1 frog extinctions and 54. 0 squamate extinctions .\nsize of the dataset representing new guinea. a square - root scale is used on the y axis to make smaller values more visible .\nthe figures for these regions weakly suggest an acceleration in extinction rates during the 1980s and early 1990s (fig. 1). if real, this pattern might relate to the batrachochytrium dendrobatidis epidemic, which has been strongly implicated in major population declines of anurans throughout central america (7) and australia (8) and is a potential factor in brazil (9). b. dendrobatidis also infects plethodontid salamanders and is thought to be responsible for central american salamander population declines (7). however, b. dendrobatidis is absent from new guinea (10) and madagascar (11), where the current data suggest there has been a substantial number of extinctions. the data also do not prove that there has been a truly catastrophic mass extinction in central america, even though numerous population crashes have been observed (7). furthermore, b. dendrobatidis has had little or no effect on populations in europe (12), asia (13), and mainland africa (14) despite being present. therefore, rates of anuran loss cannot yet be tied to b. dendrobatidis in a consistent manner .\nvariation among countries is also difficult to relate to their environmental and socioeconomic differences in a broad - brush manner. for example, the possible extinction pulse in madagascar may stem from the fact that its human population has more than doubled since 1985, at which point 66% of its rain forests had already been eliminated (15). high extinction rates in brazil and new guinea also might involve deforestation. however, deforestation in south asia and the sunda region appears to have had little or no impact .\nin sum, there are two major patterns in the regional data. first, despite spatial heterogeneity the number of frog extinctions seems to have been much higher in relative terms than the number of squamate extinctions (table 1 vs. table 2). second, a substantial extinction pulse in latin america is most plausibly related to the b. dendrobatidis epidemic, although it might involve other factors such as deforestation or the spread of invasive species .\nrelationship between the current extinction probability and the last year of collection for frogs from the mesoamerica (a), brazil (b), madagascar (c), and the sahul region (d) .\neven though the first point is straightforward, the fact that the analysis only recovers absolutely large anuran extinction pulses in selected regions (fig. 1 and table 1) raises the question of whether these pulses might simply reflect regional declines in sampling. this suspicion is hard to square with actual sampling trends (fig. 3). for example, extinctions are relatively common in both brazil and the sahul region but the data tallies go in opposite directions (fig. 3 a). meanwhile, little or no extinction is inferred for frogs from the southeastern united states or sunda region, and yet the former dataset shows a decline much like that in the sahul region, whereas the latter exhibits high variation with an overall upward trend (fig. 3 b). these patterns strengthen the argument that the figures reported in table 1 are absolute minima .\nsize of anuran datasets representing regions with high (a) and low (b) extinction estimates. (a) the sahul region (thin line) and brazil (thick line). (b) the sunda region (thin line) and southeastern united states (thick line) .\nanalyses were restricted to species listed as being valid by amphibiaweb (urltoken) or the reptile database (urltoken). lists of specimens were downloaded from herpnet (urltoken), the online zoological collections of australian museums (ozcam) website (urltoken), the american museum of natural history website (amnh: urltoken), the field museum of natural history website (urltoken), and the muséum national d’histoire naturelle website (urltoken). additional records for east africa were directly provided by the amnh and the natural history museum in london. data for brazil were retrieved from the specieslink network (urltoken). institutions providing large numbers of data records are listed in the supporting information .\nadditional data were drawn from the primary literature to make sure that undersampling was not responsible for high extinction count estimates (although the bayesian method actually tends to underestimate extinction when sampling is persistently poor). the literature search focused on papers published over the past 15 y and, respectively, yielded 53, 18, 48, 61, 95, 71, and 15 publications for the mesoamerican, southern european, east african, malagasy, south asian, sunda shelf, and new guinea datasets. the united states, brazilian, and australian datasets were deemed adequate without augmentation .\ninvalid names were corrected by referring to a list of synonyms and outdated genus - species combinations downloaded from the integrated taxonomic information system website (urltoken). records of 91 extralimital species, invasive species, and species found only on small islands were removed by hand. threat status was based on the iucn red list of threatened species (urltoken), with some updates drawn from the australian environment protection and biodiversity conservation act list (urltoken) .\nspecies sampled only in 1 y were omitted from the analysis. data records were grouped by collection year and location. sample locations were defined as states or provinces for brazil, india, indonesia, malaysia, mexico, the philippines, and the united states, interim biogeographic regionalization for australia regions for australia, and otherwise entire countries. for published data, locations were defined as reported by the authors .\nnumerous methods of evaluating individual species have been proposed (19, 20) but they perform poorly when evaluated using either empirical data (20, 21) or simulations (22). most of them also provide hypothesis test statistics (i. e. , p values) instead of actual extinction chances, and as such are categorically unusable for the present purpose of inferring extinction counts. posterior probabilities were instead computed using a simple bayesian method, which performs robustly in a variety of simulations similar to those previously published (6). the probabilities it generates are strongly related to the last year of sighting (fig. 2) but the correlation is erratic because other factors come into play .\nthe computation works by combining an agnostic, 0. 5 prior extinction probability with joint conditionals calculated separately for the two hypotheses that a given species has survived or gone extinct. it is assumed that extinction operates on a continuous basis, so the extinction probability declines exponentially through time and is therefore lowest in the most recent year. assuming a uniform distribution instead would make little difference to the results because the exponentially distributed per interval prior changes very slowly. varying the overall prior of 0. 5 uniformly over the range 0–1 would have no effect at all .\nthis method could be applied to simple presence–absence data. however, there is much additional information in the form of sighting frequencies within intervals. therefore, the calculations are based on counts of sightings of each focal species in each interval relative to counts of all sightings in each interval (fig. 3) .\nto make the analyses more realistic, the data are analyzed separately for each local geographic area (country or state / province) and the resulting posteriors are then multiplied to obtain an overall extinction probability for each species. this approach is highly conservative because poor data in any area will result in a low individual posterior and therefore a low product. for example, if a species found in three areas has posteriors of 0. 5, 0. 5, and 0. 1, the overall extinction probability is only 0. 025. in practice, the method almost never infers that a species found in multiple areas is extinct .\nthe computations must consider a fixed window of time. this window could equal the span between the first and last observation of the taxonomic group in a given region. however, using a fixed window across all regions seems more objective. the computation will yield higher extinction probabilities when the window is short. in principle, it would be admissible to assume that no extinctions could have taken place before about 1950 because the current analysis suggests that few or none occurred before the 1960s (fig. 1). to make the analyses more conservative, the window is defined to run from the year 1900 to the last observation of the group in the relevant region. imposing this rule has little effect in terms of truncating older data because there are few 19th century data records in most regions .\nthe samples of species (tables 1 and 2) are partial relative to total global diversity, making it important to estimate uncertainty in the counts. confidence limits are easy to compute using a bootstrap protocol in which posterior extinction probabilities are drawn with replacement from the empirical set, the values are summed, and the procedure is iterated 10, 000 times. tables 1 and 2 report the 95% confidence limits derived using this procedure .\nsimulated extinction proportions recovered by bayesian analysis in the presence and absence of extinction. data are for (a) mesoamerica, (b) brazil, (c) madagascar, and (d) the sahul region. upper lines (“real”) show actual values. lower lines (“random”) show data produced by randomizing collection dates, which obliterates any signal of true extinction .\nnumber of species sampled per year in the actual data for frogs from (a) brazil, (b) mesoamerica, (c) madagascar, and (d) the sahul region (thin black lines) and datasets in which the years of collection have been randomized (thick gray lines; see also fig. 4). small offsets and the lack of consistent trends demonstrate that collectors are not focusing more strongly on particular groups of species .\na poor method might infer many spurious extinctions because the data are truncated at the present. in other words, it might be fooled by the fact that many species have not been sighted recently simply at random, even though they will be sighted again in the future. to test for this bias, the global frog data were truncated at 1990 and then again at 1970 and the extinction probabilities were recomputed. the results suggest that censorship has virtually no effect on the running tally of inferred extinctions (fig. s4). there are also fair correlations between the through - 1970 and current probabilities (spearman’s rank - order correlation ρ = 0. 592, p < 0. 001) and between through - 1990 and current probabilities (ρ = 0. 612, p < 0. 001), which is noteworthy because the truncated probabilities are consistently low and therefore more subject to random sampling error .\n( a and b) effect of truncating the data records at either 1970 or 1990 .\nthe degree of conservativeness of the method when applied to real data can also be shown in a straightforward way by means of a monte carlo simulation analysis. the algorithm involves randomly adding a number of extinction events to an empirical dataset and seeing whether the analytical method recovers the correct extinction proportion. (i) extinction events are randomly produced on the basis of an assumed per year extinction probability. to reflect the fact that major extinction threats have increased through time, a zero probability is assumed for years before 1900. (ii) all actual presences of a species younger than the simulated extinction event are removed from the dataset. (iii) the number of species going extinct is divided by the total to produce a simulated proportion. (iv) bayesian computations are applied to the data and the sum of extinction probabilities is divided by the number of analyzed species to produce an inferred proportion. (v) the analysis is repeated after varying the assumed extinction probability .\ninterpreting the results would be difficult given a dataset suspected to include a significant number of real extinctions. therefore, two datasets seeming to only include a trivial number (table 1) were selected: those representing frogs from the southeastern united states and squamates from southern europe. the first is very densely sampled and includes relatively few species, so it amounts to a best - case scenario. the second is moderately sampled. the results suggest that bayesian probabilities are indeed extraordinarily conservative (fig. 5): the inferred extinction proportions are less than one - half as high as the simulated proportions .\nsimulated extinction proportions and posterior probability sums recovered after imposing artificial extinction events. proportions were generated by randomly adding events to real occurrence data for frogs from the southeastern united states (closed circles) and for squamates from southern europe (open squares). sums are based on bayesian calculations .\nbecause the simulations suggest such unusually conservative behavior, it is inferred that the number of false - positives hiding within table 1 (extant species flagged as likely extinct) is generally much smaller than the number of false - negatives (extinct species flagged as likely extant). again, the extinction proportions reported in this paper are likely to be substantial underestimates: the real proportions could be many times higher .\nanalyses of salamander specimen records from the southeastern united states (109 species) and mesoamerica (178 species) were also feasible. summed estimates for the two regions were, respectively, 0. 57 and 5. 77 extinctions, with probabilities > 0. 2 for three species (batrachosps nigriventris, a least - concern species well - known from the united states that was purportedly collected in panama in 1932 and 1936, which has a posterior of 0. 623; dendrotriton xolocalcae, a vulnerable mexican species last collected in 1966 that has a posterior of 0. 926; and oedipina paucidentata, a critically endangered costa rican endemic last collected in 1952 that has a posterior of 0. 381). the inferred 3. 63% extinction rate for mesoamerica is not a surprise because the b. dendrobatidis fungus does cause mortality in salamanders (7), but the dataset is too small to warrant detailed interpretation." ]

{ "text": [ "phrynobatrachus kinangopensis is a species of frog in the family petropedetidae .", "it is endemic to the kenyan highlands east of the great rift valley .", "both the scientific name and its common names , kinangop river frog and kinangop puddle frog , refer to its type locality , mount kinangop . " ], "topic": [ 27, 27, 25 ] }

[ "phrynobatrachus kinangopensis is a species of frog in the family petropedetidae. it is endemic to the kenyan highlands east of the great rift valley. both the scientific name and its common names, kinangop river frog and kinangop puddle frog, refer to its type locality, mount kinangop." ]

[ "no one has contributed data records for septa flaveola yet. learn how to contribute .\nsepta flaveola (röding, 1798) tropical w. pacific, indo - malaysia borneo 48mm\nhow can i put and write and define septa flaveola in a sentence and how is the word septa flaveola used in a sentence and examples? 用septa flaveola造句, 用septa flaveola造句, 用septa flaveola造句, septa flaveola meaning, definition, pronunciation, synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha. net .\n\n' septa flaveola\n' is a species of predatory sea snail, a family ranellidae, the triton snails, triton shells or tritons .\nsepta hepatica (röding, 1798) e. africa to marquesas, japan to australia philippines 40mm\n( of tritonium flaveola röding, 1798) beu, a. (2010). catalogue of tonnoidea. pers. comm. [ details ]\nsepta occidentalis (mørch, 1877) f. beui florida to brasil, tropical indo - w. pacific, hawaii (beui) hawaii 31mm\nbeu, a. (2010). catalogue of tonnoidea. pers. comm. [ details ]\n( of tritonium limbatum röding, 1798) beu, a. (2010). catalogue of tonnoidea. pers. comm. [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 001 seconds. )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nneogene tonnoidean gastropods of tropical and south america: contributions to the dominican republic and panama paleontology projects and uplift of the central american isthmus .\nin: okutani, t. (ed .), marine mollusks in japan. tokai university press, tokyo, 285 - 291 (in japanese) .\noccurrence record in darwincore format (elements of obis schema and some of dwc1. 4 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser. some features of this site may not work without it .\nkeyword search - try again, but check your spelling, and / or use fewer search terms .\nif we don' t have it today, create a' want' and receive an automated email when the item is listed for sale .\nfind books from over 100, 000 booksellers worldwide, for easy searches and price comparison .\nby using the web site, you confirm that you have read, understood, and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions. copyright © 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc. & abebooks europe gmbh. all rights reserved .\ncabestana cutacea (linnaeus, 1767) azores and canaries to w. mediterranean, sénégal nw. italy 57mm – corsica 47mm\ncabestana dolaria (linnaeus, 1767) nw. mediterranean to s. africa g _ rane _ 029 ne. morocco 40mm – south africa 35mm\ncabestana dolaria (linnaeus, 1767) nw. mediterranean to s. africa morocco 35mm – south africa 27mm\ncabestana tabulata (menke, 1843) f. waterhousi australia to new zealand australia 38. 5mm\ncharonia lampas (linnaeus, 1758) channel to nw. africa, azores to mediterranean sw. ireland 205mm\ncharonia lampas (linnaeus, 1758) channel to nw. africa, azores to mediterranean w. france 170mm\ncharonia lampas (linnaeus, 1758) channel to nw. africa, azores to mediterranean nw. morocco 250mm\ncharonia lampas (linnaeus, 1758) channel to nw. africa, azores to mediterranean corsica 285mm\ncharonia lampas (linnaeus, 1758) channel to nw. africa, azores to mediterranean sénégal 195mm\ncharonia lampas (linnaeus, 1758) f. nodifera channel to nw. africa, azores to mediterranean sénégal 170mm\ncharonia lampas sauliae (reeve, 1844) s. japan, e. china sea, taiwan taiwan 125mm\ncharonia lampas sauliae (reeve, 1844) s. japan, e. china sea, taiwan zhejiang 195mm\ncharonia lampas rubicunda (perry, 1811) s. australia, new zealand g _ rane _ 019 australia 83 - 124mm\ncharonia lampas rubicunda (perry, 1811) f. capax new zealand new zealand 174mm\ncharonia lampas rubicunda (perry, 1811) s. australia, new zealand new zealand 106mm\ncharonia variegata (lamarck, 1816) mediterranean to st helena, se. usa to brasil haïti 290mm\ncharonia variegata (lamarck, 1816) f. seguenzae mediterranean, cape verde archipelago... crete 230 - 257mm\ngelagna succinta (linnaeus, 1771) indo - w. pacific, galapagos; gabon, brasil philippines 72mm\ngutturnium muricinum (röding, 1798) e. africa to w. pacific, florida to canaries, w. indies mauritius 42mm\ngutturnium muricinum (röding, 1798) e. africa to w. pacific, florida to canaries, w. indies florida 38mm\ngutturnium muricinum (röding, 1798) e. africa to w. pacific, florida to canaries, w. indies marshall 38mm\nlinatella wiegmanni (anton, 1838) w. mexico to peru w. mexico 85 - 90mm\nlinatella wiegmanni (anton, 1838) w. mexico to peru w. panama 90mm\nlinatella caudata (gmelin, 1791) n. carolina to brasil, canarias to cabo verde, e. indo - w. pac? venezuela 45mm\nlotoria lotoria (linnaeus, 1758) tropical indo - w. pacific philippines 130mm\nlotoria lotoria (linnaeus, 1758) tropical indo - w. pacific mauritius 138mm\nlotoria grandimaculata (reeve, 1844) tropical indo - w. pacific japan 82mm\nmonoplex lignarius (broderip, 1833) w. mexico to peru, galapagos w. panama 22 - 26mm\nmonoplex vestitus (hinds, 1844) california to peru g _ rane _ 030 w. panama 64mm\nmonoplex macrodon (valenciennes, 1832) w. mexico to w. panama w. panama 53mm\nmonoplex corrugatus (lamarck, 1816) n. spain to angola, mediterranean s. spain 68 - 70mm\nmonoplex vespaceus (lamarck, 1822) florida to brasil, red sea to natal, to w. pacific g _ rane _ 041 philippines 30 - 44mm\nmonoplex pilearis (linnaeus, 1758) red sea to polynesia, s. japan to australia philippines 98mm\nmonoplex pilearis (linnaeus, 1758) red sea to polynesia, s. japan to australia philippines 67mm\nmonoplex pilearis (linnaeus, 1758) red sea to polynesia, s. japan to australia florida 58mm\nmonoplex nicobaricus (röding, 1798) indo - w. pacific, florida to brasil, canarias, madeira réunion 38 - 62mm\nmonoplex nicobaricus (röding, 1798) indo - w. pacific, florida to brasil, canarias, madeira martinique 69mm\nmonoplex nicobaricus (röding, 1798) indo - w. pacific, florida to brasil, canarias, madeira lesser antilles 30mm\nmonoplex nicobaricus (röding, 1798) indo - w. pacific, florida to brasil, canarias, madeira marshall 39mm\nmonoplex amictus (reeve, 1844) w. mexico to w. panama, galapagos w. panama 44mm\nmonoplex mundus (gould, 1848) juv indian ocean to galapagos, to w. atlantic french polynesia 19, 5mm\nmonoplex gemmatus (reeve, 1844) e. africa to w. pacific rodrigues 20, 75mm\nranularia exile (reeve, 1844) red sea to w. pacific tanzania 60mm\nranularia sarcostoma (reeve, 1844) e. indo - w. pacific philippines 62. 5mm\nranularia cynocephalum (lamarck, 1816) s. carolina to brasil, caribbean, indo - w. pacific puerto rico 48mm\nranularia cynocephalum (lamarck, 1816) s. carolina to brasil, caribbean, indo - w. pacific brasil 73mm\nranularia pyrum (linnaeus, 1758) red sea to w. pacific g _ rane _ 064 philippines 104mm\nreticutriton pfeifferianum (reeve, 1844) red sea to n. australia, florida to ne. brasil queensland 36 - 38mm\nturritriton gibbosus (broderip, 1833) w. mexico to peru, galapagos w. panama 25mm\nturritriton gibbosus (broderip, 1833) w. mexico to peru, galapagos w. panama 26mm\nargobuccinum pustulosum tumidum (dunker, 1862) tasmania, sw. australia to new zealand new zealand 81mm\nfusitriton magellanicus murrayi (e. a. smith, 1891) namibia, south africa namibia 102mm operc. inverted\nfusitriton magellanicus murrayi (e. a. smith, 1891) namibia, south africa namibia 118mm\nfusitriton magellanicus retiolus (hedley, 1914) se. australia, new zealand new zealand 110mm\ngyrineum pusillum (broderip, 1833) indo - w. pacific, hawaii hawaii 13, 5mm\ngyrineum roseum (reeve, 1844) s. japan to australia, polynesia g _ rane _ 002 philippines 20mm\ngyrineum gyrinum (kuroda & habe, 1961) s. africa to new caledonia, s. japan to australia philippines 26mm\ngyrineum gyrinum (kuroda & habe, 1961) s. africa to new caledonia, s. japan to australia american samoa 30mm\nranella olearium (linnaeus, 1758) bermuda to med. sea, br. isles to w. africa, australasia s. spain 142mm\nranella olearium (linnaeus, 1758) bermuda to med. sea, br. isles to w. africa, australasia nw. france 116mm\nranella australasia (perry, 1811) new zealand to s. australia australia 83mm" ]

{ "text": [ "septa flaveola is a species of predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ranellidae , the triton snails , triton shells or tritons . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "septa flaveola is a species of predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ranellidae, the triton snails, triton shells or tritons." ]

[ "evergestis renatalis; rothschild, 1915, novit. zool. 22 (2): 189\nevergestis sophialis lupalis zerny, 1928; zs. öst. entver. 13: 50; tl: spain\nevergestis zernyi schawerda, 1924; verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 73 (s. b): 163\nevergestis nolentis heinrich, 1940; proc. ent. soc. wash. 42 (2): 36, pl. 6 - 7, f. 4 - 4b, 8; tl: san felipe wash, san diego co. , california\nevergestis - species dictionary - global: ispot nature - your place to share nature. ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature. once you' ve registered, you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\numbrosalis (fischer von röslerstamm, 1842); abbildungen schmettkde: 274, pl. 92, f. 2\npyralis desertalis hübner, [ 1813 ]; samml. eur. schmett. [ 6 ]: f. 171: europe\nnoctuelia desertalis; rothschild, 1915, novit. zool. 22 (2): 190\n752x547 (~ 90kb) russia, moscow area, 12. 06. 2007, photo © d. smirnov\nphalaena extimalis scopoli, 1763; ent. carniolica: 241, f. 614\n523x600 (~ 81kb) russia, moscow area, 16. 7. 2006 © d. smirnov\npolitalis (denis & schiffermüller, 1775); ank. syst. schmett. wienergegend: 121\nsubfuscalis (staudinger, 1871); horae soc. ent. ross. 7 (1870): 192, pl. 2, f. 9\naenealis (denis & schiffermüller, 1775); ank. syst. schmett. wienergegend: 123\norobena renatalis oberthür, 1887; bull. soc. ent. fr. (6) 7: 99; tl: bou saada, ...\nfunalis (grote, 1878); bull. u. s. geol. surv. 4: 670\nobliqualis (grote, 1883); trans. kansas acad. sci. 8: 56\npachyzancloides sexmaculosus matsumura, 1925; j. coll. agric. hokkaido imp. univ. 15: 190, pl. 11, f. 27 ♂; tl: sakhalin, ichinosawa\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nhistoire naturelle des insectes. species général des lépidoptéres. tome huitiéme. deltoides et pyralites\na revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae. part 2\nwalker, 1859 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum. supplement list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 16: 1 - 253 ([ 1859 ]), 17: 255 - 508 (1859), 18: 509 - 798 (1859), 19: 799 - 1036 (1859 )\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\na number of species are pests, including the cross - striped cabbageworm (e. rimosalis), a pest of cole crops such as cabbage." ]

{ "text": [ "evergestis borregalis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by munroe in 1974 .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california and new mexico . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "evergestis borregalis is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by munroe in 1974. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from california and new mexico." ]

[ "buy turquoise monitor rounded edge bar badge directly from badges plus, the uk & apos; s number 1 badge manufacturer. the turquoise monitor rounded edge bar badge is part of the rounded edge bar badges collection and is also available in purple, white, pink, orange, plus much more. the turquoise monitor rounded edge bar badge starts from as little as £1. 07 and it & apos; s dimensions are 41mm x 9mm .\nwhen will i receive my turquoise monitor rounded edge bar badge? our range of in stock rounded edge bar badges are usually sent out within 7 days, including this turquoise monitor rounded edge bar badge. during busy periods, please allow up to 21 days for delivery. how much will postage for turquoise monitor rounded edge bar badge be? due to the varying weight of our parcels, postage for turquoise monitor rounded edge bar badge will be calculated once you place your order. it is imperative that we offer a speedy, safe and cost effective delivery method and therefore we will either use royal mail or fedex when sending out our rounded edge bar badges .\nwhen will i receive my turquoise monitor rounded edge bar badge? our range of in stock { category name } are usually sent out within 7 days, including this turquoise monitor rounded edge bar badge. during busy periods, please allow up to 21 days for delivery. how much will postage for turquoise monitor rounded edge bar badge be? due to the varying weight of our parcels, postage for turquoise monitor rounded edge bar badge will be calculated once you place your order. it is imperative that we offer a speedy, safe and cost effective delivery method and therefore we will either use royal mail or fedex when sending out our { category name } .\nozeri cardiotech pro series digital blood pressure monitor with heart health who in ...\nselect the right omron scales or body composition monitor for your needs with our handy comparison chart .\nlvl is a wearable hydration monitor that gives you the complete picture of your health by also tracking activity, sleep, mood and hr .\nturquoise monitors have often been observed foraging in leaf litter, but dietary data on the species is sparse as it is a (relatively speaking) new discovery. stomach dissections have shown the species eats invertebrates such as mole crickets and earthworms\nthe species probably occupies a similar ecological niche to the members of the mangrove monitor species group, feeding on small vertebrates, eggs, and perhaps fruit and plant matter as well .\nweijola, v. s. a .\ngeographical distribution and habitat use of monitor lizards of the north moluccas .\nbiawak 4. 1 (2010): 7 - 23 .\nevery pledge to this tier will receive their own lvl hydration monitor including a band of their choice, and a lvl will be donated in their name to the kendrick fincher memorial foundation .\nthe turquoise monitor is a mid sized species, and while not very well studied, we have the measurements of the adult holotypes to go off of. the male holotype, a mature male, measured 295mm (11. 6in) in snout - vent length, and a total length of 765mm (30in); the female measured, 375mm (14. 7in) in snout - vent length, and a total length of 985mm (38. 7in\neverlast is the first choice for serious health and sport enthusiasts. the hr3 heart rate monitor accurately and effortlessly monitors your heart rate making it the perfect accessory for all of your activities, including rest and relaxation .\nword of mouth goes a long way, and we couldn’t have gotten where we are today without your passionate (vocal) support. so, to show our appreciation, we are going to give a free kickstarter edition turquoise sport band to every backer who shares this project on facebook or twitter. just click the button below to share !\nziegler, thomas böhme, and k. m. philipp .\nvaranus caerulivirens sp. n. , a new monitor lizard of the v. indicus group from halmahera, moluccas, indonesia .\nherpetozoa 12. 1 / 2 (1999): 45 - 56 .\nvery pleased, a composition monitor that’s not restricted to lower body like so many simpler scales. weight measurement is spot on with auto calibration, checks out perfectly with other digital scales i have. would have been even better i found there was a bluetooth facility to integrate with the apple health app, and provide the same info the app requires instead of me doing some simple maths .\ncontinent: asia distribution: indonesia (halmahera, moluccas, incl. morotai, bacan) type locality: halmahera, moluccas, indonesia .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou' re currently viewing our forum as a guest. this means you are limited to certain areas of the board and there are some features you can' t use. if you join our community, you' ll be able to access member - only sections, and use many member - only features such as customizing your profile and voting in polls. registration is simple, fast, and completely free .\n), in morphology, but has been recognized as its own species. aside from differing color patterning, the species can be distinguished from the mangrove based on greater scale counts, and a lightly pigmented tongue .\n. the largest recorded animal, an adult male measured 110cm (43. 3in) in total length\nthe species' type location is the halmehera region of indonesia, and is thought to be widespread in the surrounding area. it is semi - arboreal in nature, often being observed on the trunks of trees and near bodies of water .\nziegler, thomas, et al .\na review of the subgenus euprepiosaurus of varanus (squamata: varanidae): morphological and molecular phylogeny, distribution and zoogeography, with an identification key for the members of the v. indicus and the v. prasinus species groups .\nzootaxa 1472 (2007): 1 - 28 .\nsorry, we just need to make sure you' re not a robot. for best results, please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others. more information! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey' s business dictionary (german - english). thanks on that account! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome! questions and answers\ndouble - check spelling, grammar, punctuation. translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different, search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different, try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations, dictionary, verb conjugations, and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language. have a suggestion, idea, or comment? send us your feedback .\nyour browser doesn' t support javascript or has javascript switched off. to fully use this site please enable javascript or use an alternative, javascript enabled browser .\nplease note: the selected colour option is non - refundable, please tick to confirm .\nwarranty: 1 year limited warranty. to obtain a copy of the manufacturer' s warranty for this item, please call target guest services at 1 - 800 - 591 - 3869 .\nprices, promotions, styles and availability may vary by store & online. see our price match guarantee. see how a store is chosen for you .\nthank you to all of our backers and the kickstarter community for making our vision a reality. we look forward to bringing lvl to wrists all over the world .\nlvl simultaneously tracks your hydration, heart rate, and activity to help you optimize every workout, training set and race. it then prompts you in real - time, alerting to exactly how much fluid you need (based off of current levels and sweat rates) and what type of performance boost you can expect .\nsleep is one of the most important parts of your day. research shows that people who sleep better feel better and think fast, and that hydration is one of the keys to unlocking a better night’s sleep .\nlvl’s simple, clear interface provides the essential information at a glance on a rich full color oled touch screen, with side buttons for additional input. it connects via ble to your smartphone, sports watch, bike computer and other devices for a truly connected experience .\nthe story of our beginnings is one of equal parts passion and obsession. it was one of those moments that’s terrifying when you’re going through it, but inspirational when you look back on it. the video below is of our founder and ceo who describes his inspiration for lvl and his shocking medical emergency that produced his passion for hydration monitoring .\nlvl utilizes the same optical sensing technology that bsx developed for its first product, the bsxinsight, which measures lactate threshold in real time .\nwe' ve tested hundreds of athletes in our sweat lab for development of lvl–using gold standards in biometric sensing to refine the algorithms lvl uses to measure hydration .\nwe worked with frog, a world - renowned design and strategy firm, to translate lvl' s technology to the wrist with an elegant design that is primed for mass production .\nunlike traditional devices on the market that use green light to measure heart rate from the wrist, we have spent the past four and a half years developing a revolutionary red light technology (actually near infrared light) that for the first time ever can measure dehydration, while also providing industry leading heart rate accuracy at the same time. our red light sensor originates from the world of medical devices where accuracy is king. it can measure 10 times deeper into the body than green light can, which allows us to see more and measure it more accurate .\nit all started right here with these people—researchers, medical specialists, analysts, engineers, designers and most of all, serious athletes—who set out on a personal mission to make hydration a conscious part of our daily lives .\nwe know we can' t make a high quality finished product without strong relationships with our suppliers and manufacturing partners. we have already started to build that foundation with the successful launch of our previous product (also launched on kickstarter) and have spent the past three years nurturing and maturing those relationships along with our own expanding internal team. there will be some differences as we move into larger scale manufacturing of a mass market device and are building a comprehensive team of mentors, consultants, and industry advisors to help guarantee our success .\nwe are incredibly proud to have shipped our first kickstarter product on time. while there are always timeline risks with product development, we have fully validated lvl technology in functioning prototypes and are confident that we will deliver a high quality finished product on time and defect free .\nwill there be issues and concerns along the way? yes is the only real answer. our supporters will continuously be informed on the progress we' re making towards delivering their order. if an unforeseen issue poses a potential delay to our timing, then we will be transparent and timely in our communication to the people who are making our growth a reality .\nthe passionate supporters who support lvl on kickstarter are our most important asset. thank you for believing in us. we will do whatever it takes to exceed your expectations. thanks !\nthank you! every contribution brings us closer to our goal. you will receive a virtual high - five plus backer' s only updates .\nbe the first person in the world to measure your hydration in real time! we want to thank you, our passionate supporters, by rewarding you with our lowest price .\nbe among the first in the world to measure your hydration in real time! we want to thank you, our passionate supporters, by rewarding you with a limited 40% discount .\nbe among the first in the world to measure your hydration in real time! we want to thank you, our passionate supporters, by rewarding you with a limited 35% discount .\nbe the first person in the world to measure your hydration in real time! we want to thank you, our passionate supporters, by rewarding you with a limited kickstarter price of 40% off .\nbe among the first in the world to measure your hydration in real time! we want to thank you, our passionate supporters, by rewarding you with a limited time discount .\nsee the opportunity to integrate lvl functionality with your application? get the developer package including a set of pre - series prototypes (and the final product when we ship) plus access to the sdk and documentation .\nwe will list you on our partner page on urltoken when your application is finished .\namazon' s choice recommends highly rated, well - priced products available to dispatch immediately .\nclinically validated medical device offering full body composition hand - to - foot measurement that gives accurate insights on your body parameters .\nthe omron bf511 uses precise 8 - sensor bioelectrical impedance analysis technology ensuring high consistency of readings .\n6 dimensional overview: measures body fat% , resting metabolism, skeletal muscle% , visceral fat levels, weight and bmi .\nknowing resting metabolism can help you assess your daily calorie needs, which can be used as a reference for your weight management programme .\nmulti - user: 4 users and guest. for the whole family, can be used by children from 6 years onwards (for body fat% , bmi and weight) .\nrenpho bluetooth body fat scale - fda approved - smart bmi scale digital bathroom w ...\nbody scale, isenpenk bathroom scale with large backlit display, high accuracy, 180kg / ...\nterraillon mechanical bathroom scale, large rotating dial, compact, 120 kg / 19 st, t ...\nsalter doctor style mechanical bathroom scales – retro white + black accurate weigh ...\nrenpho fda approved bluetooth smart digital bathroom body fat composition scale mon ...\netekcity high precision digital body weighing bathroom scales weight scale with ste ...\nfat scale, vellepro bluetooth digital body fat scale analyzer, unlimited user, meas ...\nfat tester, [ 2 in 1 ] diyife personal body fat tester calipers with tape measure and ...\nsponsored products are advertisements for products sold by merchants on amazon. when you click on a sponsored product ad, you will be taken to an amazon detail page where you can learn more about the product and purchase it .\nplease make sure that you' ve entered a valid question. you can edit your question or post anyway .\nthere was a problem completing your request. please try your search again later .\nthis shopping feature will continue to load items. in order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading .\nvisit the delivery destinations help page to see where this item can be delivered .\njust fitter ketone test strips. lose weight, look and feel fabulous on a low carb k ...\nsaturo, original, nutritional shake with protein, 27 essential vitamins and mineral ...\nalpha lipoic acid 300mg 120 capsules - antioxidant and systemic health support - uk ...\nat the same time as buying these scales i took up baking and stopped running. i know that' s the wrong way around but with the help of these scales i' ve been, for the first time ever, able to control my portion size. i know exactly what i' ve eaten (myfitnesspal), how much i' ve exercised (fitbit) and how much i weigh. because i know what' s going on and what' s going out as well as what' s left in the tank i feel in control like never before. are these the most accurate scales in the world? i don' t care! !! they give me the sense of being in control like never before. that said, i only weigh myself in the morning, before breakfast and after the loo and a shower. this way i keep external variables to a minimum. the only thing these scales are missing is the ability to analyse the results over time. but you know what, i can type in excel as easily as anyone else so who needs wifi when a bar chart will do ?\nnot your regular scale but not that spectacular either. the bodyfat percentage is somehow switching 1 - 2% between just under a minute weighing nice functions: muscle percentage, body fat percentage, visceral fat (this is just a number, not percentage) there' s a guide on how to use it which is very easy to follow there' s a range in the book which shows where you are (fitness, obese, etc .) not that accurate but if you follow up with this you' ll know if you' re doing ok or not. i personally don' t believe it' s accuracy however nice to have (rather than your regular scale )\nit’s the best out there in the whole uk. this is the only machine that gives you an accurate reading, the rest are nonsense and based on algorithms and guessing instead of ...\nthis product has a lot of readings but they are only reliable against your previous readings. i get an absolutely absurd body fat percentage (i think my feet have too many ...\nvery good product! ! the weight very accurate, the fat percentage i do not know how accurate it is because vary very frequently but just a bit. i am really happy with it! !\nnot accurate at all. one minute you are fat one minute youre skinny. disgusting\ni put two 3 kilo weights on the scale and it displayed 4. 2k. so i' m returning it .\nprime members enjoy fast & free shipping, unlimited streaming of movies and tv shows with prime video and many more exclusive benefits .\nafter viewing product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in .\njavascript seems to be disabled in your browser. you must have javascript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website .\nall the latest and best offers delivered right to your inbox! subscribe now." ]

{ "text": [ "the turquoise monitor , varanus caerulivirens , is a species of monitor lizard found in indonesia .", "specifically , it is found on halmahera island and in the maluku islands . " ], "topic": [ 19, 20 ] }

[ "the turquoise monitor, varanus caerulivirens, is a species of monitor lizard found in indonesia. specifically, it is found on halmahera island and in the maluku islands." ]

[ "select a genera cossus fabricius - cossus kinabaluensis gaede - cossus verbeeki roepke - cossus chloratoides sp. n - cossus chloratus swinhoe - cossus javanus roepke - cossus speideli sp. n - cossus cinereus roepke - cossus vandeldeni roepke comb. n - cossus rufipecten sp. n - cossus cruciatus sp. n - cossus retak sp. n - cossus telisai sp. n - cossus seria sp. n azygophleps hampson - azygophleps nurella swinhoe zeuzera latreille - zeuzera indica herrich - schaffer - zeuzera caudata joicey & talbot - zeuzera conferta walker - zeuzera coffeae nietner - zeuzera lineata gaede - zeuzera borneana roepke xyleutes hubner - xyleutes strix linnaeus - xyleutes persona le guillou - xyleutes mineus cramer - xyleutes ceramica walker - xyleutes quarlesi roepke - xyleutes stenoptera roepke - xyleutes adusta roepke - xyleutes malayica roepke - xyleutes pardicolor moore - xyleutes lutescens roepke - xyleutes anceps snellen - xyleutes euphyes west - xyleutes distyograpta roepke - xyleutes maculatus snellen\nzeuzera leuconota walker, 1856, list specimens lepid. insects colln. br. mus. 1537: 70 xyleutes persona le guillou; roepke, 1957: 22 .\nxyleutes persona (le guillou, 1841) (cossidae: zeuzerinae), male - qld, kuranda, 22. feb. 1956, e. j. harris leg. (anic) .\n{ author1, author2... }, (n. d .). xyleutes persona le guillou, 1841. [ online ] india biodiversity portal, species page: { name of species field } available at: urltoken [ accessed date jul 10, 2018 ] .\nhoulbert, c. 1916 ,\nsur la distribution géographique des xyleutes (lep. zeuzeridae) et description de sept espèces nouvelles\nxyleutes dictyotephra clench, 1959; veröff. zool. staatsamml. münchen 6: (8 - 27); tl: okahandja, sw africa\nxyleutes forsteri clench, 1959; veröff. zool. staatsamml. münchen 6: (8 - 27); tl: okahandja, sw africa\nanarsia idioptila, archips micaceanus, buzura suppressaria, catopsilia crocale, catopsilia florella, catopsilia pomona, catopsilia pyranthe, cleora acaciaria, cryptophlebia illepida, cusiala raptaria, dasychira mendosa, diaphania conclusalis, ericeia inangulata, euproctis scintillans, fodina stola, hypanartia blanda, h. hecabe, hyposidra talaca, kotochalia doubledaii, nephopteryx rhodobasalis, omiodes surrectalis, phaleri raya, phalera sangana, pilocrocis milvinalis, selepa discigera, semiothisa emersaria, spatularia mimosae, stauropus alternus, stegasta variana, suana concolor, thosea cana, thylacoptila paurosema, trachylepidia fruticassiella, xyleutes persona, zeuzera coffeae .\nindian subregion, s. e. asia, sundaland, sulawesi, new guinea .\nduring the mulu survey the species was taken infrequently in all lowland forest types .\nroepke (1957) gave cassia (leguminosae) and durio (bombacaceae) as host - plants; arora (1976) also included premna (verbenaceae) .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 3326c9c4 - ef04 - 43db - afa3 - 9dd93bb5af08\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 49402da0 - aef3 - 4c80 - b4ad - f520be1145f0\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 45ef1e39 - ed49 - 4eda - 8f7b - b645365aea6f\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 320373\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nspecies found in mountain forests with elevation from 700 to more than 1000m. the species\nle guillou, 1841 was recorded the first time by yakolev & witt in 2009. 2 species of\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nnew version of the portal has been deployed, some features are still under development and may not work temporarily .\nwe would like to know your feedback and any ideas on making this group a more interesting and a happening place. we are thankful for your wonderful contribution to this group and would like to hear from you soon .\nare considered as crop or forestry pests. they are stem borers boring the branches and trunks of\nphalaena hyphinoe cramer, [ 1777 ]; uitl. kapellen 2 (9 - 16): 91, pl. 154, f. b; tl: amboina\nduomitus hyphinoe; rothschild, 1915, novit. zool. 22 (2): 222\nduomitus benestriata hampson, 1904; ann. mag. nat. hist. (7) 14 (81): 180; tl: abaco, bahamas\ndoratoperas xanthotherma hampson, 1919; ann. mag. nat. hist. (9) 4 (20): 62; tl: peru, yahuarmayo\npsychonoctua poam dyar, 1918; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 54 (2239): 366; tl: mexico\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum clases, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, symonymis, locis. tomis i. 10th edition\nrothschild, 1915 on lepidoptera from the islands of ceram (seran), buru, bali, and misol novit. zool. 22 (1): 105 - 144, (2): 209 - 227\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nidentification marks: palpi are minute; antennae are with proximal half bipectinate and distal half simple in male, wholly simple in female. legs are without spurs. head and abdomen being brownish black; last second abdominal segment covered with white scales; the thorax covered with erect white scales. wings are long and narrow. fore wing blackish; the reticulations not so close; the inner marginal area with irregular white conjoined patches; white patches on the costa towards the apex; a black streak beyond the cell. female with a large white patch sometimes developed at centre of costa of fore wing and those towards apex more developed. hind wing is blackish with black reticulations; a white patch on outer margin towards anal angle. (w. s. 105 mm) .\ngurule, s. a. (2013); taxonomic study of moths (lepidoptera: heterocera) from north maharashtra (india). phd thesis, university of pune, india\nenumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives. covers ranges, e. g. , a global range, or a narrower one; may be biogeographical, political or other (e. g. , managed areas like conservencies); endemism; native or exotic. does not include altitudinal distribution, which is covered under habitat .\nshubhalaxmi, v, r c kendrick, alka vaidya, neelima kalagi, and alaka bhagwat. 2011. inventory of moth fauna (lepidoptera: heterocera) of the northern western ghats, maharashtra, india. journal of the bombay … 108, no. 3: 183 - 205. urltoken\na preliminary checklist of moth species collected in north maharashtra is presented based on studie ...\ninventory of moth fauna (lepidoptera: heterocera) of the northern western ghats, maharashtra, india .\n| | best supported on google chrome, firefox 3. 0 +, internet explorer 8. 0 +, safari 4. 0 +, opera 10 +. powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform. technology partner strand life sciences\nsource: james a. duke. 1983. handbook of energy crops. unpublished .\nwidely planted as a handsome ornamental tree, the plant is being considered as a firewood source in mexico. the reddish wood, hard and heavy (spec. grav. 0. 9), strong and durable, is suited for cabinetwork, farm implements, inlay work, posts, wheels, mortars, etc. the bark has been employed in tanning, often in conjunction with avaram. the drug\ncassia fistula\n, a mild laxative, is obtained from the sweetish pulp around the seed .\naccording to roskoski et al (1980), studying mexican material, the seeds contain 5. 31% humidity, 4. 55% ash, 24. 00% crude protein, 4. 43% crude fat, 6. 68% crude fiber, and 50. 36% carbohydrates with a 81. 17% in vitro digestibility. the foliage contains 11. 21% humidity, 6. 39% ash, 15. 88% crude protein, 6. 65% crude fat, 20. 01% crude fiber, 39. 86% carbohydrates with a 88. 43% in vitro digestibility. in comparison, the fao (gohl, 1981) reports the leaves to contain, on a zero moisture basis, 17. 6 g protein, 7. 8% g fat, 66. 8 g total carbohydrate, 30. 2 g fiber, 7. 8 g ash, 3, 270 mg ca, and 330 mg p per 100 g. flowers contain ceryl alcohol, kaempferol, rhein, and a bianthroquinone glycoside, which on hydrolysis, yields fistulin and rhamnose. leaves contain rhein, rheinglucoside, and sennosides a and b. the rootbark contains tannin, phlobaphenes, and oxyanthraquinone substances, which probably consist of emodin and chrysophanic acid; also contains (bark and heartwood) fistuacacidin, barbaloin, and rhein. stembark contains lupeol, beta - sitosterol, and hexacosanol .\ndeciduous tree 10 m tall, the bole to 5 m, to 1 m dbh. leaves alternate, pinnate, 30 - 40 cm long, with 4 - 8 pairs of ovate leaflets, 7. 5 - 15 cm long, 2 - 5 cm broad, entire, the petiolules 2 - 6 mm long. flowers yellow ,\nin long drooping terminal clusters (racemes); petals 5, yellow; sepals 5, green, the individual flower stalks 3 - 6 cm long. stamens 10, three with longer stalks. fruits pendulous, cylindrical, brown, septate, 25 - 50 cm long, 1. 5 - 3 cm in diameter, with 25 - 100 seeds. seeds lenticular, light brown, lustrous .\nreported from the hindustani center of diversity, indian laburnum, or cvs thereof, is reported to tolerate mild drought, poor soils, and slopes. (2\nnative of tropical asia, widely cultivated and naturalized in the tropics including west indies and continental tropical america .\nranging from tropical thorn to moist through subtropical thorn to moist forest life zones, indian laburnum is reported to tolerate precipitation of 4. 8 to 27. 2 dm (mean of 96 cases = 14. 2), annual temperature of 18. 0 to 28. 5°c (mean of 94 cases = 25. 5), and ph of 5. 5 to 8. 7 (mean of 23 cases = 7. 1). hortus iii (1976) assigns it to zone 10 in the united states .\nalthough soaking the seeds in sulfuric acid results in highest germination, puncturing the seed coat proved to be the simplest, most effective method to break dormancy in mexican studies. seedlings planted in plastic bags containing 7 kg soil, survived transplant quite well. cuttings did not take readily in the mexican studies. according to nalawadi et al (1977) ,\nseeds were either soaked in concentrated h2so4 for 5 - 20 minutes and then soaked in water for 24 hours, or soaked in water alone for 24 hours. seeds soaked in water alone failed to germinate, but soaking in acid for 20 minutes resulted in 84% germination. additional soaking in water did not further improve germination .\ntimber or firewood can be felled as needed. it is usually more practical to harvest in the dry season, making it easier to suncure or airdry the timber or bark. besides other farm duties tend to be less pressing then, at least in the garden, once irrigation is accomplished .\namong the tanners of dindigul, coimbatore, and other places in south india, the bark, being favored by the tanners, was collected from the forests at the rate of 200 - 500 mt / year in south india alone .\nthe plant is being considered for fuelwood, weighing slightly over800 kg / m .\n. certain factors may militate against nodule formation. root hairs are uncommon; when present, they are sparse and thick walled. simple phenolic compounds, tannins, quinones and derivatives occur in the overlapping cortical root cells. it is assumed that these cell layers present a physicochemical barrier because of their role in thwarting nematode gall formation (allen and allen, 1981). agriculture handbook # 165 reports the tarspot ,\n, in maryland, near its northern limit. very susceptible to attack by scale insects. browne (1968) lists: fungi .\nacudaleyrodes rachipora, aonidiella orientalis, euphalerus vittatus, eurybachys tomentosa, otionotus oneratus, oxyrhachis formidabilis, oxyrhachis mangiferana, oxyrhachis tarandus, parlatoreopsis chinensis, pinnaspis aspidistrae, pinnaspis buxi .\nagriculture handbook 165. 1960. index of plant diseases in the united states. usgpo. washington .\nallen, o. n. and allen, e. k. 1981. the leguminosae. the university of wisconsin press. 812 p .\nbrowne, f. g. 1968. pests and diseases of forest plantations trees. clarendon press, oxford .\nduke, j. a. and wain, k. k. 1981. medicinal plants of the world. computer index with more than 85, 000 entries. 3 vols .\ngohl, b. 1981. tropical feeds. feed information summaries and nutritive values. fao animal production and health series 12. fao, rome .\nhartwell, j. l. 1967 - 1971. plants used against cancer. a survey. lloydia 30 - 34 .\nhortus third. 1976. a concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the united states and canada. macmillan publishing co. , inc. , new york .\nkirtikar, k. r. and basu, b. d. 1975. indian medicinal plants. 4 vols. 2nd ed. jayyed press, new delhi .\nnalawadi, u. g. , bhandary, k. r. , and chandrashekar, t. 1977. germination of\n( linn .) seeds could be improved by treatment with sulphuric acid for 20 minutes. current research. hort. abstr. 46. 3645: 1975. 4: 3: 42 - 43 .\nperry, l. m. 1980. medicinal plants of east and southeast asia. mit press, cambridge .\nroskoski, j. p. , gonzalez, g. c. , dias, m. i. f. , tejeda, e. p. , and vargas - mena y amezcua. 1980. woody tropical legumes: potential sources of forage, firewood, and soil enrichment. p. 135 - 155. in: seri: tree crops for energy co - production on farms. seri / cp - 622 - 1086. usgpo. washington .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 466aaf1d - 030f - 4de5 - bb75 - 95c5ca33c309\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: ba9d98be - 6b1d - 49b8 - a1e3 - 337e2309182c\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 60fa475c - b71f - 41fb - 90f8 - 9e35e6b5f6d4\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 251938\nthe ground colour is a dull orange, expressed on the wings adjacent to the veins and on the margins. the spaces between all the veins of the hindwing and the cubital and radial veins of the forewing are uniform grey; on the forewing the spaces of the costal and dorsal zones contain darker, broad striae .\nmaterial from the main sundanian islands is greyer than in the typical form and placed by roepke as a distinct subspecies grisescens roepke. the original description and illustration of ruficeps de joannis (1929, ann. soc. ent. france 98: 551, hanoi) suggests this taxon may be related to, or a senior synonym of, lutescens, though this did not occur to roepke (1957) who examined the type .\nthe species frequents lowland forest, particularly dry heath forest at telisai in brunei." ]

{ "text": [ "xyleutes persona is a moth of the cossidae family .", "it is found in the indian subregion , sri lanka , south-east asia , sundaland , sulawesi , new guinea and queensland .", "the habitat consists of lowland forests . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 24 ] }

[ "xyleutes persona is a moth of the cossidae family. it is found in the indian subregion, sri lanka, south-east asia, sundaland, sulawesi, new guinea and queensland. the habitat consists of lowland forests." ]

[ "ash pug (angle - barred pug) (eupithecia innotata f. fraxinata )\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nferris, c. d. , 2018. geometridae: larentiinae: eupitheciini (part). lepidoptera of north america, part 14. contributions of the c. p. gillette museum of arthropod diversity colorado state university (over 116 color plates of adult moths w / genitalia - accessed 3 / 9 / 2018 )\npowell, j. a. & p. a. opler, moths of western north america, pl. 33. 28m; p. 230. book review and ordering\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on image to enlarge .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence, all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times. this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur (or once occurred) in norfolk, with photographs, descriptions, flight graphs, latest records, distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site, and would like them displayed along with your name and comments... please send them in (any size. jpg images) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths. thank you: - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\npackard. 1876 report us geol. geog. surv. tert. (mon. geom. , moths us) 10 .\nour treatment follows ferguson (2008), and is not yet fully entered on the website .\ndescription: amnh nov. 1872: 8 (figures 5, 15 - 17 )\ntype location: paradise (chirichahua mts), redington (pima co), baboquivari mts .\ntype location: redington (pima co .), palmerlee (huachuca mts. )\nfernaldella fimetaria (g. & r. , 1870) [ mona 6420 ]\nrindge, fredrick h. 1965. a revision of the nearctic species of the genus\nrindge, fredrick h. 1973. a revision of the moth genera nepterotaea and chesiadodes. bull. am. mus. nat. his. 152 (4): 205 - 252, figs 1 - 64. pdf file (24 mb )\ndescription: amnh nov. 1872: 19 (figs 7, 18 - 20 )\n: rindge (1968) maps show only from w. texas, central nm .\ndescription: can. ent. 72: 91 (figured plate 7, fig. 4 )\n: rindge (1968) maps show only from central arizona, eastern nm .\ndescription: can. ent. 72: 91 (figured on plate 7, fig. 5 )\ndescription: contr. nat. his. n. amer. lep 4: 152 (figured plate 21, fig. 2 )\nron wielgus record from nw tucson, 7 january 2006. det. ron leuschner\ndescription: bull dep. ag. can. ent. brch 18: 18 (figured on plate 7, fig. 9 )\nday flier. cliff ferris record: cochise co. , ash cyn. , 12 oct. , 2007; also several records (paradise, barfoot park) from the chirichahua mts .\nrindge, fredrick h. 1990. a revision of the melanolophiini. bull. am. mus. nat. his. 199 (6): 1 - 147, figs. 1 - 174. pdf file (47 mb )\ndescription: am, mus. nat. his. nov. 1872: 16\nferris record for arizona (see photo). known only previously from holotype from sonora .\nanavinemina acomos rindge 1990 [ no mona ] description: bull. am. mus. nat. his. 199: 44 (figures 55, 56, 67) type location: fly' s peak (chirichahua mts. )\nferris, c. d. 2010. a new geometrid genus and species from southeastern arizona (ennominae: nacophorini). j. lep. soc. 64: 147 - - 153 .\nfrom the western united states. am. mus. novitates 1784: 1 - 19, figs. 1 - 19 .\npoole, robert w. 1987. a taxonomic revision of the new world moth genus pero. usda techincal bulletin 1698 .\na href =\nfigs / moths / geometridae / ennominae / i - adventaria. jpg ixala adventaria\nposted photo from richard brown. data: 4. 5 mi. s. w. portal, ix - 21 - 24 - 1981, cochise co. mont a. cazier leg\npero pima poole 1987 [ no mona ] description: tech. bull. usda 1698: 8 (figures 12, 448) type location: baboquivari mts .\nrindge, fredrick h. 1961. a revision of the nacophorini. bulletin of the american museum of natural history, 123: 87 - - 154. (covers the genus\nrindge, fredrick h. 1983. a generic revision of the new world nacophorini. bulletin of the american museum of natural history, 175: 147 - - 262. pdf file (26 mb )\ndescribed by comstock 1959 (bull so. cal. acad. sci 48; 101 - 106. )\ndescription: bull amer. mus. nat. hist. 123: 122 (figured plate 20, fig 7 - 8 )\ndescription: bull amer. mus. nat. hist. 123: 115 (figured plate 19, fig 11 )\nron wielgus record from nw tucson, 7 april 2006. det. ron leuschner\nc. d. ferris and b. c. schmidt. 2010. revision of the north american genera tetracis and synonymization of synaxis hulst with descriptions of three new species. zootaxa 2347: 1 - - 36. pdf file\n[ mona 6866 ]'' are the same species. j. g. franclement has plates of the types, and i saw them. if there is another similiar species, it has no name''\nan. inst. biol. univ. nal. auton. de mex. 54 (1983), ser. zool. (1): 141 - 151. the male ht is from cerro del ajusco, mexico df, 3000m, 9 june, 1981, and is placed in the coleccion entomologica del instituto de biologia de la universidad nacional autonoma de mexico .\n( mcguffin, 1987). smithsonian record from solider creek, mt graham 6 august 1974 .\nknown from only three specimens: the type (sierra madres, tepic, mexico) and two franclemont records for madera canyon (santa ritas): 5, 600 feet on 1 july 1960 and 5, 800 feet on 1 july 1963 .\nuntil recently, only two us records: the type location and one record from sunnyside canyon, huachuca mts. , july 1958. however, in july of 2010, john paulting found an actice colony on carr ridge in the huachuca mts .\ncheteoscelis pectinaria (grossbeck 1910) [ mona 7066 ] type location: redington (pima co. )\nlophochorista lesteraria [ mona 7069 ] description: j. ny ent. soc. 18: 203 originally known only from 4 specimens (santa catalinas, pinal co; baboquivari mts). very rare, i know of only four recent records (most recent brown canyon 20 aug 06, by tomas mustelin (not really fair that a noctuid guy would get the cool geo) howard byrne (in 1999) either took this or an undescribed species\nmcdunnough, james h. 1954. the species of the genus hydriomena occuring in american north of mexico (geometidae, larentiinae). bull. am. mus. nat. his. 104 (3): 237 - - 358. pdf file (35 mb )\ncliff ferris record: july 2007, cunningham ampground, mt. graham. confirmed by dissection .\nis slightly smaller, has darker markings above and below, and had an absence of bright red scales on the underside of both wings .\ndescription: amnh nov. 1872: 3 (figures 3, 4, 11, 12 )\ndescription: cont. nat. his. n. amer. lep. 4: 136 (figured in plate 23, fig. 1 )\nstamnoctenis rubrosuffusa (grossbeck 1912) [ mona 7358 ] description: j. ny ent soc. 20: 282 type location: palmerlee (huachuca mts. )\nzeniophleps pallescens looks a little different from our se arizona material. smithsonian image of typical zeniophleps pallescens .\nmcdunnough, james h. 1949. revision of the north american species of the genus\nof mississippi and louisiana. am. mus. novitates 2809: 1 - 18, figs. 1 - 38 .\nferris, c. d. 2007. the new species of eupitheica curtis from arizona and new mexico with discussion of associated species. zootaxa 1516: 49 - - 60. pdf\nrecord: upper pinery cyn. , chiricahuas, cochise co. , vii - 30 / viii - 2 - 99 (opler )\nrecord: onion saddle, chiricahuas, cochise co. , vii - 30 / viii - 2 - 99 (opler )\nupper pinery cyn. , chiricahuas, cochise co. , vii - 30 / viii - 2 - 99 (opler )\nrecord: onion saddle, chiricahuas, cochise co. , vii - 30 / viii - 1 - 99 (opler), ferris record, az cochise co\nc. ferris record, az cochise co, chirichahua mts, s. fk. cave creek canyon on 14. vi. 83. ferris states\nat least it appears to be that species as it looks like what i get here in wyoming. i have one specimen from s. fk. cave creek canyon on 14. vi. 83. i also have one april, 2001 specimen of the same moth from grant co. , nm. i don' t have specimens of 7638 c. anguilineata for comparison. i do have 7639, and the az moth is not that .\nbruce walsh. jbwalsh @ urltoken. comments, correction and additions most welcome. to get to my home page." ]

{ "text": [ "eupithecia flavigutta is a moth in the family geometridae .", "it is found in colorado and montane forest areas in eastern arizona and south-western new mexico .", "the wingspan is 16 – 20 mm .", "the forewings are dark , smoky violaceous with two ochreous , superimposed patches in the terminal area . " ], "topic": [ 2, 24, 9, 1 ] }

[ "eupithecia flavigutta is a moth in the family geometridae. it is found in colorado and montane forest areas in eastern arizona and south-western new mexico. the wingspan is 16 – 20 mm. the forewings are dark, smoky violaceous with two ochreous, superimposed patches in the terminal area." ]

[ "literally means hamlyn' s cercopithecine. hamlyn' s monkey or hamlyn' s owl - faced guenon are other common names for this monkey. these names are derived from a well known animal dealer who, in 1907, brought the first\nhamlyn' s monkey, also known as the owl - faced monkey, is a species of old world monkey that inhabits the bamboo and primary rainforests of the congo .\nhamlyn' s monkey is exceedingly rare and little is known about it. however what is known is that it tends to be widely dispersed throughout the eastern part of congo where it corresponds quite closely to another species of monkey, l' hoest' s monkey (c. lhoesti) .\nknight, t. 1999 .\nowl - faced or hamlyn' s monkey\n( on - line). accessed november 30, 1999 at urltoken .\nuakari @ discoverymail. com ,\nprimate behavior: hamlyn’s monkey (cercopithecus hamlyni )\n( on - line). accessed november 30, 1999 at urltoken .\nhamlyn' s monkey travels terrestrially and is thought that it may be nocturnal. the male hamlyn' s monkey is much larger than the female, with the average adult weighing 7 to 10 kilograms, while females weigh on average 4. 5 to 6 kilograms. it is thought to be a frugivore - folivore in diet .\nhamlyn' s monkey lives in small groups, of ten members or less, with one male and multiple females. hamlyn' s monkey has been found only in higher elevations, above 900 metres and up to 4600 metres. their colour is generally dark grey, with a characteristic white stripe which extends from the root of the nose to the upper lip, giving it an owl - like appearance. hamlyn' s monkey has scent glands on its chest with which it marks its territory .\nthe owl - faced monkey, or hamlyn' s monkey, is a sexually dimorphic species; the males are typically larger than the females. the average body length for an adult male is 50 - 65 cm with an average weight range from 7 - 10 kg. females have an average body length of 40 - 55 cm and an average weight from 4. 5 - 6 kg .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\nthe owl - faced monkey or hamlyn' s monkey inhabits the democratic republic of congo (previously known as zaire), rwanda (specifically in the extreme northwest part) and the extreme southwest part of uganda. the reason the monkey is only found in these areas is that the region is surrounded by lakes, rain forests, a volcano range and rivers. this also makes it unlikely that the species will expand its territory further. their primary habitat is in a dense bamboo forest at elevations that range from 2, 950 – 15, 000 ft (900 - 4, 554 meters) .\nas for their physical appearance, there is one simple thing that describes them best: a face that looks like an owl. that' s why their common name is more widely used than their other name (hamlyn' s monkey). the face features a vertical stripe which starts from its brow to the lip and to a horizontal stripe on their brow ridge, forming a “t”. these stripes can be in a range of light colors such as yellow cream to white .\nboth male and female have bare, blue buttocks, and the mature male has bright red and blue genitals. the juvenile colouration is a yellow - brown coat and a pink face. in captivity hamlyn' s monkey has a life span of 33 years. like others of this genus, it covers a wide area in its daily travels, mostly in a search for food .\nas for the newborns, they feature a yellow - brown coat which later turns into black, gradually changing and darkening as they grow and reach their adult stage. both the female and male hamlyn’s monkeys have bare and blue - skinned genital regions and buttocks. the male’s genitalia are typically the brightest because of their reddish - pink penis and blue scrotum. but this bright coloring also changes as it enters into the adolescent stage, so it can be an indication of sexual maturity .\nnowak, r. m. (1999) walker’s mammals of the world. sixth edition. johns hopkins university press, baltimore and london .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nthis omnivorous monkey feeds on fruit, insects and leaves (2). its fairly large incisors are perfect for biting into fruit, and the flatter molars are suited to crushing and grinding hard seeds. it also possesses cheek pouches, the advantages of which are twofold: in areas where competition for fruit is intense, the monkey can grab as much food as possible before being supplanted by another hungry monkey, and at the same time, enzymes in the saliva help break down toxic compounds in unripe fruits and seeds stored in the pouches (8) .\nthis diurnal monkey is described as both terrestrial and arboreal. their foraging strategy provides them with a unique ability for slow, vertical climbing, although they most commonly feed and travel by terrestrial means .\nspearman, l .\nbeaver college psychobiology and biology programs: owl - faced monkey * cercopithecus hamlyni * web site\n( on - line). accessed november 30, 1999 at urltoken .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nthe face of an adult owl - faced monkey is its most distinguishing feature. these primates have a horizontal stripe across their browridge and a vertical stripe from the center of the brow to the lip area. these two stripes range in color from yellow - cream to white and form a t - shaped facial marking .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nthe owl - faced guenon is thought to be largely terrestrial, spending most of its time on the ground (4) (6). it has two peaks of daily activity; one in the early morning, and then again in the late afternoon or evening (7). living in small groups with a single male (2), the owl - faced guenon is apparently territorial, but avoids serious conflicts with neighbouring groups (7). this omnivorous monkey feeds on fruit, insects and leaves (2). its fairly large incisors are perfect for biting into fruit, and the flatter molars are suited to crushing and grinding hard seeds. it also possesses cheek pouches, the advantages of which are twofold: in areas where competition for fruit is intense, the monkey can grab as much food as possible before being supplanted by another hungry monkey, and at the same time, enzymes in the saliva help break down toxic compounds in unripe fruits and seeds stored in the pouches (8) .\nmonkey, in general, any of nearly 200 species of tailed primate, with the exception of lemurs, tarsiers, and lorises. the presence of a tail (even if only a tiny nub), along with their narrow - chested bodies and other features of the skeleton, distinguishes monkeys from apes. most monkeys have a short, …\nthe birthing season for this species is during the months of may to october, with pregnancy lasting 5 to 6 months. typically, this monkey only gives birth to a single offspring but there are rare cases when twin births happen. births have a 2 - year interval between them. offspring are born with cute pink faces, which typically darken as they grow .\nthese monkeys live in groups of under ten individuals. within these small groups, there is one dominant male. because they live in small social groups in dense cover, their home range can be relatively small. this is possible due to the abundance of food present in this densely forested region. predators of the owl - faced monkey are leopards, golden cats, and human hunters .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\nthe owl - faced monkey is found in eastern africa, in the area formerly known as zaire and now called the democratic republic of congo. they are also found in the extreme northwest of rwanda and the extreme southwest of uganda. this region has natural borders (rivers and lakes, rainforests, and a volcano range) surrounding it on all sides making it unlikely that this species will ever expand its range .\nis both vocal and olfactory. in order to maintain their home ranges, owl - faced monkeys mark their territory with their own scent. an apocrine chest gland, present in both males and females, is the source of this personal scent. it is in this manner that owl - faced monkeys can identify each other' s territory. continual scent marking behavior is necessary due to the wet environment of this species .\nboth male and female adult owl - faced monkeys have bare, blue - skinned buttocks and genital regions. the male genitalia are usually very bright due to the blue scrotum and reddish - pink penis. adolescent males do not have as brightly colored genitalia as mature males. in captivity it has been observed that the brightness of male genitalia in owl - faced monkeys is indicative of the animal' s degree of sexual maturity .\nthe owl - faced guenon is an unusual - looking monkey whose large, round head, triangular face and large eyes give it a somewhat owl - like appearance. the name ‘guenon’ is given to a group of monkeys with distinctive ‘moustaches’, light nose spots or striped sideburns (4). the owl - faced guenon has a silky, olive coat, a black face with a yellowish patch above the brow, and a thin, white stripe running down the nose. the long tail is ash - grey and ends in a black tassel, and the rear end and scrotum of the guenon are bright blue (2) (4). two subspecies have been described in the past, cercopithecus hamlyni hamlyni and cercopithecus hamlyni kahuziensis (5), but the status of c. h. kahuziensis is now in doubt (1) (6), and, as such, it is not currently recognised as a distinct subspecies, pending further investigation (1) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\nmammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together. * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production. a valuable reference work and a vital tool, particularly for researchers. * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections. * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work, and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come. * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work. * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work. - - g. r. seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist, and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines. * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals. this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries. * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues, we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003... we can say that the wait was worth it. - - sergio solari and robert j. baker * journal of mammalogy *\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nmittermeier, r. a. , rylands, a. b. and wilson d. e. 2013. handbook of the mammals of the world: volume 3 primates. lynx edicions, barcelona .\ntwo subspecies have been named (see grubb et al. 2003, grubb 2005): c. h. kahuziensis, which lacks a prominent white nose stripe, is reported to be restricted to a small part of the bamboo forest of mount kahuzi, democratic republic of the congo; c. h. hamlyni is found throughout the remainder of the species' range. however, recent surveys in kahuzi - biega national park identified c. h. hamlyni, which has a prominent white nose stripe, in areas reported to represent the range of c. h. kahuziensis. in addition, the nose stripe appears to be variably present in populations in the lowlands (kaleme, hart and finch pers. comm .), and as such subspecies are not recognized here pending further investigation .\njustification: listed as vulnerable as the species has undergone past declines and continues to do so. the entire range of the species is in a region of intense conflict, which has exacerbated the identified threats. it is expected that these declines will continue in the face of ongoing political climates, resulting in an overall population reduction of more than 30% over a 30 - year time - frame (given a 10 - year generation period) .\nthis species ranges from the the eastern democratic republic of the congo, where it is found in lowlands from the congo / lualaba river to the ituri forest and into the albertine rift and nyungwe forest in rwanda. it occurs north to the lindi - nepoko river system and south to the southern tropical moist forest limit, where its range limit is poorly defined. although it is generally a lowland species, it also occurs in the mountains of albertine rift, where many records come from the bamboo zone. the easternmost highland populations of c. hamlyni are now isolated in fragmented habitat islands and some have been extirpated (e. g. , gishwati, rwanda, the virunga volcanos, and forest islands between kahuzi - biega national park and massisi). the species occurs above 3, 000 m in both tshiberimu and kahuzi, so it seems safe to assume that 3, 200 m is the upper elevation limit .\nwidespread, and apparently most common in the lowlands of kahuzi - biega national park (densities of 5 - 7 individuals per km²; hall et al. 2006). most extant populations in montane sites are small. a cryptic and quiet species, which is difficult to census .\na predominantly terrestrial species found in lowland and mid - montane tropical moist forest and montane bamboo forest. mean group size in kahuzi - biega lowlands and the ituri forest is 2 - 3 (hall et al. 2006; j. hart, unpubl .) .\nthis species is threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation in the montane areas (due to shifting agriculture). in addition, it is intensely hunted in some areas, particularly in lowland areas where snaring is common .\nthis species is listed on appendix ii of cites and on class b of the african convention on the conservation of nature and natural resources. it is present in the kahuzi - biega national park, okapi wildlife reserve, maiko national park, and virunga national parks in drc, and in nyungwe forest reserve in rwanda. presence in itombwe massif is not yet confirmed. additional research on population numbers and range is required, and this species would benefit from control of bushmeat trade .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nis dense bamboo forest. these monkeys exist at elevations of 900 - 4554m. they live in a rainforest region surrounded by natural borders. lakes and river systems, rainforests, and a volcano range define the edges of their range .\nis olive gray and black. the coat is darkest along the underbelly and along the underside of their hindlimbs and arms. it is black in these areas. an olive gray tint appears on the backs of adults. their nearly monotone coat aids in rendering them nearly undetectable to predators. the fur on these animals is long, dense, and fine .\nnewborns of this species initially have a yellow - brown coat and later develop a thin black ring of fur around their faces. gradually, the coloring of these newborn coats will darken and become like that of an adult .\nowl - faced monkeys have unique hands and feet in that they posses elongated phalanges. these allow them to have a strong grip, which is a useful adaptation for traveling on wet bamboo .\nis from may to october. the gestation period is around five to six months. these monkeys have one offspring at a time. twin births occur on rare occasions. there is generally a two year interval between births. young are born with pink faces, which darken as they mature .\nvocal communication serves as an orientation device and a source of affiliation within this dense habitat. predators are not alerted by these vocalizations because these calls are quiet relative to other species. owl - faced monkeys also use vocal communication to serve as mating calls .\nowl - faced monkeys feed on bamboo shoots. these grow well during the long wet seasons. also available for their consumption are leaves and shoots of other trees, scrubs, and herbs throughout the year, especially peucedanum (wild celery). these monkeys also eat fruits, including perennial blackberries, and a few other plants that produce seasonal fruits or seeds .\na refugee movement has occurred as a result of war and revolt. because of the geographic location of its range, this species exists in an area through which many refugees flee. these starving refugees hunt owl - faced monkeys for food .\nis also hunted throughout its range for money in the' bushmeat' trade .\nsurvives is vital to their existence. this area is unprotected from hunting and deforestation. with human hunters as their greatest threat, owl - faced monkeys are becoming increasingly vulnerable to extinction. another reason these animals are classified as vulnerable is due their slow birth rate .\nthere are owl - faced monkeys in many zoos including those in san diego, san francisco, philadelphia, and in europe. however, the possibility of their extinction is only magnified by the poor and unsuccessful reproduction rates that have been recorded in captivity .\ninto captivity at the london zoo. in french and german, these monkeys are described as being' owl - headed' .\nnita bharti (author), university of michigan - ann arbor, phil myers (editor), museum of zoology, university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in sub - saharan africa (south of 30 degrees north) and madagascar .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\noffspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc .) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nrainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\n1999 .\nchimps incorporated\n( on - line). accessed november 30, 1999 at urltoken .\nlindenfors, p .\nprimate data\n( on - line). accessed november 30, 1999 at urltoken .\nmommens, j. 1998 .\ntaxonomy: scientific\n( on - line). accessed november 30, 1999 at urltoken .\nprimate gallery archive ,\nsubfamily cercopithecinae - cercopithecus: guenons\n( on - line). accessed november 30, 1999 at urltoken .\nrose, a .\nwspa bush meat report\n( on - line). accessed november 30, 1999 at urltoken .\nthe primate gallery, july 29, 1998 .\nliving primate species\n( on - line). accessed november 30, 1999 at urltoken .\nthe zoological society of philadelphia, 1996 .\nowl - faced guenon\n( on - line). accessed november 30, 1999 at urltoken .\nto cite this page: bharti, n. 2000 .\ncercopithecus hamlyni\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\ntheir darkest coat shade is found on their underbelly, arms and hind limbs where the fur is completely black. the backs of the adults have dark fur with olive grey highlights. the dark fur makes them undetectable to their predators in some settings. the fur is fine, long and dense .\nowl - faced monkeys live in packs or groups with around 10 monkeys. each group has its own dominant male. males are larger than females and the average body length is about 20 – 26 inches (50 – 65 cm) and their average weight range from 15 - 22 lbs (7 to 10 kg). the females, on the other hand, feature an average body length of 16 – 21. 5 inches (40 - 55 cm) and average weight range of 10 – 13 lbs (4. 5 – 6 kg) .\nthis species features a unique pair of feet and hands with long finger and toe bones. this helps them to get a strong grip and is quite helpful for traveling on wet bamboo .\nthe owl - faced guenon is thought to be largely terrestrial, spending most of its time on the ground (4) (6). it has two peaks of daily activity; one in the early morning, and then again in the late afternoon or evening (7). living in small groups with a single male (2), the owl - faced guenon is apparently territorial, but avoids serious conflicts with neighbouring groups (7) .\nthe owl - faced guenon occurs in eastern democratic republic of the congo, northwestern rwanda, and uganda (1) (2) (6) .\nthe owl - faced guenon primarily inhabits dense montane rainforest, but can also occur in lowland forest (5) .\nclassified as vulnerable (vu) on the iucn red list (1), and listed on appendix ii of cites (3) .\nguenons are vulnerable to both the bushmeat trade and human disruption of forests. destruction of forest habitat throughout its range continues due to agricultural expansion and logging (7). logging operations result in an increase in workers in the area, causing an increased demand for bushmeat, and logging roads make remote forests more accessible to hunters seeking meat to sell in local markets. in central and west africa, a guenon carcass can fetch the equivalent of us $ 5 (8). forests surrounding mount kahuzi are under increasing pressure from rapidly rising human populations. an influx of rwandan refugees in 1994 and rebel soldiers from 1997 resulted in widespread forest clearance for agriculture and hunting (9). the year 2000 also saw a rush for the valuable industrial mineral coltan, which attracted more than 10, 000 miners to the kahuz - biéga national park in which mount kahuzi lies, and led to drastic deforestation and poaching (9) .\nthe owl - faced guenon can be found within a small number of protected areas, such as the okapi faunal reserve and the kahuzi - biéga national park in the democratic republic of congo (9) (10), but, as mentioned above, these generally offer only nominal protection. this species is likely to benefit from the increased protection and management of these areas, but at present, the situation in this volatile region is often too dangerous for action to be taken .\nmacdonald, d. w. (2006) the encyclopedia of mammals. oxford university press, oxford .\nauthenticated (26 / 03 / 09) by matthew richardson, primatologist and author .\nbushmeat the meat derived from wildlife of african forests, or ‘bush’. montane rainforest rainforest occurring in the montane zone, a zone of cool upland slopes below the tree line dominated by large evergreen trees. omnivorous feeds on both plants and animals. subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species, but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species. territorial an animal, a pair of animals or a colony that occupies and defends an area .\nalden, p. c. , estes, r. d. , schlitter, d. and mcbride, b. (1995) collins guide to african wildlife. harpercollins publishers, london .\nstrier, k. b. (2002) primate behavioural ecology. allyn and bacon, massachusetts .\nnature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel: + 44 (0) 117 911 4675 fax: + 44 (0) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - owl - faced guenon (cercopithecus hamlyni )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - owl - faced guenon (cercopithecus hamlyni )\ntitle =\narkive species - owl - faced guenon (cercopithecus hamlyni )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nmonkeyland primate sanctuary in plettenberg bay, south africa is the worlds first free roaming multi - specie primate sanctuary and aims to create awareness about the plight of primates and foster a greater understanding of our primate cousins .\n© copyright 2016 monkeyland primate sanctuary. all rights reserved. hosting by urltoken site development by handmade connections .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\njuovanaamamarakatti\nto\ncercopithecus hamlyni pocock, 1907\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nis greenish gray with black underparts and forelimbs; the lower back and base of the tail are silver - gray. it is named for the white streak running down the length of the nose, which gives it an owl - like appearance, but some individuals living at high altitudes, especially in the bamboo forest of mt. kahuzi ,\n( kinshasa), lack this streak. owl monkeys eat fruit and other vegetation and live in groups consisting of a male and several breeding females .\nguenon, (genus cercopithecus), any of 26 species of widely distributed african monkeys characterized by bold markings of white or bright colours. guenons are slim, graceful quadrupedal monkeys with long arms and legs, short faces, and nonprehensile tails that are longer than the combined head and body length of about 42–56…\ntropical rainforest, luxuriant forest, generally composed of broad - leaved trees and found in wet tropical uplands and lowlands around the equator. rainforests are vegetation types dominated by broad - leaved trees that form a dense upper canopy (layer of foliage) and contain a diverse array of vegetation. contrary to…\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. you can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclopædia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (internet urls are the best. )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you' ve submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\nhorse, (equus caballus), a hoofed, herbivorous mammal of the family equidae. it comprises a single species, …\nanimal, (kingdom animalia), any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms (i. e. , as distinct from…\ncorrections? updates? omissions? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article, you can go to edit mode (requires login) .\nour editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article." ]

{ "text": [ "the hamlyn 's monkey ( cercopithecus hamlyni ) , also known as the owl-faced monkey , is a species of old world monkey that inhabits the bamboo and primary rainforests of the congo .", "this species is exceedingly rare and known only from a few specimens ; little is known about it .", "however these specimens tend to be widely dispersed throughout the eastern part of congo , from the epulu river to the lukuga river and from the congo river to the kabale forest , with one example in northwestern rwanda .", "geographically it corresponds quite closely to another species of monkey , l'hoest 's monkey c. lhoesti .", "it travels on the ground , and researchers think that it may be awake primarily by night .", "schwarz ( 1928 ) grouped this species with c. l'hoesti , while elliot ( 1913 ) noted its distinctive cusp pattern on the third molar , and reassigned it to a separate genus , rhinostigma .", "this he believed to be an intermediate between cercopithecus and cercocebus .", "hamlyn 's monkey has one subspecies other than the nominate .", "in weight , the male is much larger than the female , with the average adult weighing 7 to 10 kg , while females weigh on average 4.5 to 6 kg .", "it is thought to be a frugivore-folivore in diet .", "some published reports indicated that hamlyn 's monkey lives in small groups , of ten members or less , with one male and multiple females , with no data to show them occurring in monogamous groups .", "the species has been found only in higher elevations , above 900m and up to 4600m .", "in color it is generally dark gray , with a characteristic white stripe which extends from the root of the nose to the upper lip , giving it an owl-like appearance , hence the name \" owl-faced monkey \" .", "the name \" hamlyn 's monkey \" and the scientific epithet \" hamlyni \" come from the animal dealer who first brought this species to the london zoo .", "it has scent glands on its chest with which it marks its territory .", "both sexes have bare , blue buttocks , and the mature male has bright red and blue genitals .", "the juvenile coloration is a yellow-brown coat and a pink face .", "in captivity it has been known to live for about 33 years .", "like others of this genus , it covers a wide area in its daily travels , mostly in a search for food . " ], "topic": [ 5, 27, 13, 5, 28, 26, 17, 5, 0, 17, 26, 20, 23, 25, 23, 0, 23, 15, 15 ] }

[ "the hamlyn's monkey (cercopithecus hamlyni), also known as the owl-faced monkey, is a species of old world monkey that inhabits the bamboo and primary rainforests of the congo. this species is exceedingly rare and known only from a few specimens; little is known about it. however these specimens tend to be widely dispersed throughout the eastern part of congo, from the epulu river to the lukuga river and from the congo river to the kabale forest, with one example in northwestern rwanda. geographically it corresponds quite closely to another species of monkey, l'hoest's monkey c. lhoesti. it travels on the ground, and researchers think that it may be awake primarily by night. schwarz (1928) grouped this species with c. l'hoesti, while elliot (1913) noted its distinctive cusp pattern on the third molar, and reassigned it to a separate genus, rhinostigma. this he believed to be an intermediate between cercopithecus and cercocebus. hamlyn's monkey has one subspecies other than the nominate. in weight, the male is much larger than the female, with the average adult weighing 7 to 10 kg, while females weigh on average 4.5 to 6 kg. it is thought to be a frugivore-folivore in diet. some published reports indicated that hamlyn's monkey lives in small groups, of ten members or less, with one male and multiple females, with no data to show them occurring in monogamous groups. the species has been found only in higher elevations, above 900m and up to 4600m. in color it is generally dark gray, with a characteristic white stripe which extends from the root of the nose to the upper lip, giving it an owl-like appearance, hence the name \" owl-faced monkey \". the name \" hamlyn's monkey \" and the scientific epithet \" hamlyni \" come from the animal dealer who first brought this species to the london zoo. it has scent glands on its chest with which it marks its territory. both sexes have bare, blue buttocks, and the mature male has bright red and blue genitals. the juvenile coloration is a yellow-brown coat and a pink face. in captivity it has been known to live for about 33 years. like others of this genus, it covers a wide area in its daily travels, mostly in a search for food." ]

[ "- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species: pomacea poeyana (h. a. pilsbry, 1927) - id: 5100000089\n( of pomacea (pomacea) poeyana (pilsbry, 1927) ) cowie r. h. & thiengo s. c. (2003) the apple snails of the americas (mollusca: gastropoda: ampullariidae: asolene, felipponea, marisa, pomacea, pomella): a nomenclatural and type catalog. malacologia 45 (1): 41 - 100. [ details ]\n» species pomacea (pomacea) avellana (g. b. sowerby iii, 1909) represented as pomacea avellana (g. b. sowerby iii, 1909 )\n» species pomacea (pomacea) castelloi (g. b. sowerby iii, 1894) represented as pomacea castelloi (g. b. sowerby iii, 1894 )\n» species pomacea (pomacea) catamarcensis (g. b. sowerby iii, 1875) represented as pomacea catamarcensis (g. b. sowerby iii, 1875 )\n» species pomacea (pomacea) dacostae (g. b. sowerby iii, 1909) represented as pomacea dacostae (g. b. sowerby iii, 1909 )\n» species pomacea (effusa) quinindensis (k. miller, 1879) represented as pomacea quinindensis (k. miller, 1879 )\npomacea canaliculata is primarily macrophytophagous, but is also known to be ...\nthe eggs of\npomacea urceus\nvary in color from pale green to orange .\nthe venezuelan malacofauna marina not primarily distributed throughout the entire venezuelan territory, but the greatest number of species and greater distribution has been reported for the river basin orinoco .\npomacea urceus\n( guarura) ,\npomacea glauca\n,\npomacea dolioides\n.\nhow can i put and write and define pomacea urceus in a sentence and how is the word pomacea urceus used in a sentence and examples? 用pomacea urceus造句, 用pomacea urceus造句, 用pomacea urceus造句, pomacea urceus meaning, definition, pronunciation, synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha. net .\n( of pomacea (pomacea) perry, 1810) cowie r. h. & thiengo s. c. (2003) the apple snails of the americas (mollusca: gastropoda: ampullariidae: asolene, felipponea, marisa, pomacea, pomella): a nomenclatural and type catalog. malacologia 45 (1): 41 - 100. [ details ]\n\n' pomacea urceus\n' is a species of freshwater gastropod in the family ampullariidae, native to south america .\n( of pomacea (effusa) jousseaume, 1889) cowie r. h. & thiengo s. c. (2003) the apple snails of the americas (mollusca: gastropoda: ampullariidae: asolene, felipponea, marisa, pomacea, pomella): a nomenclatural and type catalog. malacologia 45 (1): 41 - 100. [ details ]\nspecies pomacea bibliana w. b. marshall & bowles, 1932 † accepted as poteria (pseudaperostoma) bibliana (w. b. marshall & bowles, 1932) † represented as poteria bibliana (w. b. marshall & bowles, 1932) † (new combination )\ncowie r. h. & thiengo s. c. (2003) the apple snails of the americas (mollusca: gastropoda: ampullariidae: asolene, felipponea, marisa, pomacea, pomella): a nomenclatural and type catalog. malacologia 45 (1): 41 - 100. [ details ]\n( of pomella gray, 1847) cowie r. h. & thiengo s. c. (2003) the apple snails of the americas (mollusca: gastropoda: ampullariidae: asolene, felipponea, marisa, pomacea, pomella): a nomenclatural and type catalog. malacologia 45 (1): 41 - 100. [ details ]\n( of ampullaria cubensis reeve, 1856) cowie r. h. & thiengo s. c. (2003) the apple snails of the americas (mollusca: gastropoda: ampullariidae: asolene, felipponea, marisa, pomacea, pomella): a nomenclatural and type catalog. malacologia 45 (1): 41 - 100. [ details ]\n( of ampullaria (limnopomus) dall, 1904) cowie r. h. & thiengo s. c. (2003) the apple snails of the americas (mollusca: gastropoda: ampullariidae: asolene, felipponea, marisa, pomacea, pomella): a nomenclatural and type catalog. malacologia 45 (1): 41 - 100. [ details ]\n( of pomella (pomella) gray, 1847) cowie r. h. & thiengo s. c. (2003) the apple snails of the americas (mollusca: gastropoda: ampullariidae: asolene, felipponea, marisa, pomacea, pomella): a nomenclatural and type catalog. malacologia 45 (1): 41 - 100. [ details ]\n( of pomella (surinamia) clench, 1933) cowie r. h. & thiengo s. c. (2003) the apple snails of the americas (mollusca: gastropoda: ampullariidae: asolene, felipponea, marisa, pomacea, pomella): a nomenclatural and type catalog. malacologia 45 (1): 41 - 100. [ details ]\ncowie r. h. & thiengo s. c. (2003) the apple snails of the americas (mollusca: gastropoda: ampullariidae: < i > asolene, felipponea, marisa, pomacea, pomella < / i >): a nomenclatural and type catalog. < i > malacologia < / i > 45 (1): 41 - 100 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\n- note: several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes. they are not for sale. - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock, except when only one specimen is offered. we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted (gamma correction) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nperry g. (1810 - 1811). arcana: or the museum of natural history. pls. 1 - 48 (= 1810), pls. 49 - 84 (= 1811), unnumbered text pages. london: james stratford. , available online at urltoken page (s): sgn. g5, pl. 12 [ details ]\n( of pomella gray, 1847) hayes k. a. , cowie r. h. , thiengo s. c. & strong e. e. (2012) comparing apples with apples: clarifying the identities of two highly invasive neotropical ampullariidae (caenogastropoda). zoological journal of the linnean society 166: 723–753. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of limnopomus dall, 1904) hayes k. a. , cowie r. h. , thiengo s. c. & strong e. e. (2012) comparing apples with apples: clarifying the identities of two highly invasive neotropical ampullariidae (caenogastropoda). zoological journal of the linnean society 166: 723–753. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ampullarius (limnopomus) dall, 1904) parodiz, j. j. (1969). the tertiary non - marine mollusca of south america. annals of carnegie museum. 40: 1 - 242. page (s): 110 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nthe type species is ampullaria neritoides (pomella neritoides (d' orbigny, 1835), which ...\nall ampullariids (apple snails) are dioecious (i. e. have separate sexes). fertilization ...\nan interesting species with a very reduced (nearly absent) ca ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "pomacea poeyana is a species of large freshwater snail with gills and an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family ampullariidae , the apple snails . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "pomacea poeyana is a species of large freshwater snail with gills and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family ampullariidae, the apple snails." ]

[ "the razor shells of the eastern atlantic, part 2. pharidae ii: the genus\nworms - world register of marine species - pharidae h. adams & a. adams, 1856\n[ please cite as follows: moore, e. j. , 2002, family pharidae, in tertiary marine pelecypods of california and baja california, chapter f: urltoken 4 p. , 1 pl. ]\ncosel r. von (1993). the razor shells of the eastern atlantic. part 1: solenidae and pharidae i (bivalvia: solenacea). archiv für molluskenkunde 122 (zilch festschrift): 207 - 321 [ details ]\ncosel r. von (1993). the razor shells of the eastern atlantic. part 1: solenidae and pharidae i (bivalvia: solenacea). < i > archiv für molluskenkunde 122 (zilch festschrift) < / i >: 207 - 321\n( of pharus leach in brown, 1844) cosel r. von (1993). the razor shells of the eastern atlantic. part 1: solenidae and pharidae i (bivalvia: solenacea). archiv für molluskenkunde 122 (zilch festschrift): 207 - 321 [ details ]\nthe most parsimonious explanation for our data is an evolutionary scenario in which the linkage happened only once, in a common ancestor to all the pharidae species studied. subsequently, there were duplications involving either the entire linked unit, or any of the rna coding regions explaining why we have found the different genomic organisations recorded in figure 1. sequences started to accumulate mutations and diverged, but purifying selection and, perhaps, other homogenising mechanisms, maintained the integrity of the functional regions. finally, different units continued to be duplicated and / or deleted across the different pharidae lineages .\nalthough it was not possible to align all ensis ntss at once, we were able to align the 100 nt upstream the transcription start site of 5s rdna of ensis species. these stretches were the last part of either nts or igs sequences. we failed to include the other pharidae species in this alignment, as sequences were not conserved among genera .\nin order to study whether the linkage happened once or more throughout the evolution of the pharidae lineages, we have constructed several phylogenies and carefully studied the alignments performed. by mapping the 5ss from mixed clones on the phylogenetic trees and on the network performed (supplementary file s7), we tried to detect whether the linkage between the multigene families emerged once or more throughout the evolution of razor shells, but unfortunately, the phylogenies were not resolved .\nsome authors (e. g. winckworth, 1932; nordsieck, 1969) put all species that are shaped like a knife in the family of solenidae lamarck, 1809. then two subfamilies can be distinguished: the cultellinae davies, 1935 [ now accepted as pharidae adams & adams, 1856 ] and the soleninae lamarck, 1809. later on the two subfamilies were regarded seperate families (e. g. mckay & smith, 1979; janssen et al. , 1984) .\nthe alignment of the igs region supports that the linkage between both multigene families is homologous in these pharidae species, with the exception of e. macha type a u1. in this case, as we did not sample its downstream igs, we do not know how similar it would be compared with the other ensis igss. the origin of this clone is unclear, as it could represent a new linkage between both multigene families, or it could be a descendant of the original linkage in which the nts was replaced .\nin the survey by marz et al. (2008), discernible paralogs of spliceosomal sndna multigene families were not uncommon within genera or families, but no dramatically different paralogs were found. we should take into account that we have only searched for tandemly repeated u1 sndna (not found) or u1 sndna linked to 5s rdna. this means that dispersed u1 sndna and u1 sndna linked to other multigene families may occur in the genomes of pharidae species, and these (hypothetical) copies and the ones linked to 5s rdna would be paralogs .\nthe jackknife clams (solenidae and pharidae) have small, smooth shells that are long, narrow and very fragile. the hinges occur near the anterior end of the shell. the edges of their shells can be razor sharp. they have a strong muscular foot that allows then to burrow quickly into sandy bottoms and are generally found in the intertidal and high subtidal zones. some have hemoglobin - like oxygen storing molecules, similar to some arks, that contain a red pigment that resembles blood. all of these clams are edible. there is one species in each family found in texas waters .\nbieler r. , carter j. g. & coan e. v. (2010). classification of bivalve families. pp. 113 - 133, in: bouchet p. & rocroi j. - p. (2010), nomenclator of bivalve families. malacologia 52 (2): 1 - 184. [ details ]\ncoan, e. v. ; valentich - scott, p. (2012). bivalve seashells of tropical west america. marine bivalve mollusks from baja california to northern peru. 2 vols, 1258 pp. [ details ]\n( of cultellidae davies, 1935) vaught, k. c. ; tucker abbott, r. ; boss, k. j. (1989). a classification of the living mollusca. american malacologists: melbourne. isbn 0 - 915826 - 22 - 4. xii, 195 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of cultellidae davies, 1935) bieler r. , carter j. g. & coan e. v. (2010). classification of bivalve families. pp. 113 - 133, in: bouchet p. & rocroi j. - p. (2010), nomenclator of bivalve families. malacologia 52 (2): 1 - 184. [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information: family, species, author, date, and full locality .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 433 seconds. )\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (3. 036 seconds. )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright 2012 - 2018. created by brenda bowling, texas parks and wildlife department .\ncultellus maximus (gmelin, 1791) indian ocean... b _ phrs _ 003 myamar 124mm\nensiculus cultellus (linnaeus, 1758) indo - w. pacific b _ phrs _ 017 philippines 63, 5mm\nensis arcuatus (jeffreys, 1865) norway to spain b _ phrs _ 015 nw. france 118 - 153mm\nensis ensis (linnaeus, 1758) norway and baltic to morocco, mediterranean b _ phrs _ 019 s. spain 100mm\nensis minor (chenu, 1843) norway to morocco, mediterranean b _ phrs _ 006 nw. france 201mm\nensis siliqua (linnaeus, 1758) norway and baltic to morocco, mediterranean b _ phrs _ 005 n. france 140 - 155mm\npharus legumen (linnaeus, 1758) norway to sénégal, mediterranean b _ phrs _ 003 w. france 90mm\npharus legumen (linnaeus, 1758) norway to sénégal, mediterranean b _ phrs _ 004 nw. france 120 - 122mm\npharus legumen (linnaeus, 1758) norway to sénégal, mediterranean b _ phrs _ 010 nw. spain 95mm\nsiliqua radiata (linnaeus, 1758) e. india to s. china b _ phrs _ 013 thailand 66mm\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nbeaks terminal or nearly so, dorsal margin slightly curved; 2 cardinal teeth or cardinal chevrons present; anterior adductor scar elongate .\n( moore, 1969, p. n611 )\nshell very elongate, gaping at both ends; dorsal margin slightly to very concave; ventral margin convex. umbones terminal. left valve with two horizontal teeth separated by a groove, and two vertical teeth; right valve with one horizontal tooth and one vertical tooth. anterior adductor scar very elongate .\n( coan, scott, and bernard, 2002, p. 446 )\nensis californicus dall. oldroyd, 1924, p. 189, pl. 49, fig. 6. not ensis californicus dall, 1899 .\nensis myrae s. s. berry, 1953, p. 398 - 399, figs. 3, 4. hertlein and grant, 1972, p. 309 - 310 .\nholotype. - - cas / su 7582; (cas 0644. 60, new number) .\ntype locality. - -\nsan pedro bay, california; mainly cast up by storms in the vicinty of terminal island .\nholocene .\ncomparison. - -\nthis species [ myrae ] was described as differing from e. californicus dall in the greater size, less slender outline, greater arcuation, squarish rather than rounded anterior end, the pallial line nearer the margin, and in minor details of the hinge .\nensis myrae, at times, has been mistaken for solen rosaceus. the nearly straight anterior end of the pallial line and the gently obliquely sloping anterior retractor muscle impression are features which aid in separating even fragments of the anterior end (when the interior is exposed) from carpenter' s species. the corresponding muscle impression on s. rosaceus is wider and parallel to the dorsal margin of the valve .\n( hertlein and grant, 1972, p. 310 )\noccurrence in california. - - pliocene: san diego formation (hertlein and grant, 1972) .\nhabitat. - - 14 to 46 m (hertlein and grant, 1972, p. 309); 5 to 25 m in sandy mud of bays and protected foreshsores. (e. v. coan, p. h. scott, and f. r. bernard written commun. , 1994). living middle to southern california .\nthin - shelled, moderately large, with internal rib; pallial sinus widely rounded, fairly deep .\n( moore, 1969, p. n613 )\nshell elongate, compressed and thin, gaping at both ends, smooth * * * interior with a flattened radial rib extending ventrally from beaks. hinge plate weak, with four small cardinal teeth in left valve and two cardinals in right valve, but they are often broken or lost in adult specimens. anterior adductor muscle scar rounded .\n( e. v. coan, p. h. scott, and f. r. bernard written commun. , 1994 )\nsiliqua (patula dixon var ?) oregonia dall, 1900, p. 957 .\nsiliqua patula dixon var. oregonia dall. weaver, 1942, p. 230, pl. 54, fig. l .\nsiliqua (coyote) oregonia dall. roth, 1979, p. 336 - 339, pl. 7, figs. 10 - 12 .\noriginal description. - -\na somewhat imperfect specimen from the miocene shales collected by mr. diller; differs from s. nuttallii by its strong and straight clavicle, its proportionately wider shell, and its somewhat rostrate posterior extremity. it appears to be adult, and if so is much smaller than s. patula, which also has a more rounded posterior end. i await better material before figuring this interesting form, which is probably the same as that referred to by gabb as s. patula from the astoria miocene. the shell measures about 65 mm long and 25 wide. the pallial sinus appears to be decidedly deeper and narrower than in s. nuttallii .\ntype locality. - - two mile creek, south of bandon, oregon. port orford formation, pliocene .\nsupplementary description. - -\nthe very young shells of siliqua are donaciform and hardly recognizable as blonging to the same group as the adults .\n( dall, 1900, p. 957 )\nthe shape of the posterior end is usually the best character for quick recognition of s. oregonia. the holotype * * * is an incomplete internal mold of both valves with shell material preserved only around the margins. it clearly shows, however, the distinctive characters of narrowed, truncate posterior margin and vertical internal rib .\n( roth, 1979, p. 3370 )\noccurrence in california. - - pliocene and pleistocene: merced (roth, 1979) and rio dell formations, wildcat group (roth, 1979); pleistocene: scotia bluffs sandstone (roth, 1979) .\ns [ olecurtus ]. lucidus conrad, 1837, p. 231, pl. 17, fig. 8 .\nsiliqua lucida (conrad). clark, 1915, p. 420, pl. 44, fig. 3. oldroyd, 1924, p. 189, pl. 52, fig. 2. grant and gale, 1931, p. 389, pl. 21, fig. 6. adegoke, 1969, p. 133. hertlein and grant, 1972, p. 311, pl. 49, fig. 2. morris and others, 1980, p. 386, fig. 15. 64 .\n( conrad, 1837). coan, scott, and bernard, 2000, p. 448, pl. 94 .\noriginal description. - -\nshell oblong, oval, compressed, thin, fragile, translucent; posterior extremity nearly direct, truncated; colour blueish, with purple concentric zones, and two oblique pale rays on the posterior side; interior rib nearly direct .\ntype locality. - -\ninhabits the sand - beach, near sta. barbara; uncommon .\ncalifornia, holocene .\nsupplementary description. - -\nshell thin; anterior end short; posterior end truncate; internal rib vertical to slightly directed anteriorly. * * * length to 55 mm .\n( coan, scott, and bernard, 2000, p. 448. )\ncomparison. - -\nthe shell of siliqua lucida is separable from that of s. patula in that it is smaller and much more elongate, the ventral margin is more arcuate, and anterior end is shorter and the posterior end is somewhat more truncated .\n( hertlein and grant, 1972, p. 311 )\noccurrence in the californias. - - miocene: briones formation (hertlein and grant, 1972) and cierbo and neroly sandtones, san pablo group (weaver, 1949; hall, 1960), and santa margarita (nomland, 1917; adegoke, 1969) formations; miocene and pliocene: etchegoin (nomland, 1916) and purisima (arnold, 1906) formations; pliocene and pleistocene: fernando (kennedy, 1975) and san pedro (arnold, 1903) formations; pleistocene: unnamed strata, southern california (kanakoff and emerson, 1959) and baja california norte (valentine, 1957; emerson, 1959; valentine and rowland, 1969) .\nhabitat. - -\nuncommon, in burrows on exposed sandy beaches and in loose muddy sand in bays, low intertidal zone and subtidal to 50 m * * *\n( morris and others, 1980, p. 386 )\nin the low intertidal zone to 50 m, in mud and sand on exposed forshores .\n( coan, scott, and bernard, 2000, p. 448 )\nsiliqua patula (dixon). conrad, 1868, p. 25. oldroyd, 1924, p. 190, pl. 48; pl. 52, fig. 1. grant and gale, 1931, p. 387 - 388. morris and others, 1980, p. 386, fig. 15. 65 .\nsiliqua patula (dixon, 1789). coan, scott, and bernard, 2000, p. 448, pl. 94 .\noriginal description. - -\nshell large, altitude about four - ninths the length, beaks at about the anterior third, dorsal margins sloping away from them slightly, the anterior more than the posterior, anterior end strongly curving, posterior end somewhat truncated, both ends gaping, ventral margin nearly straight, sometimes bent in the middle, the posterior end of the shell sometimes slightly narrower; surface covered with a greenish epidermis, thin and yellow - green on smaller and more southerly specimens, heavy and brownish - green on old specimens or specimens that have lived in exposed or northerly localities, marked by concentric growth lines which show annual rings of different color or frequency, the northern specimens adding a narrower ring each year but living longer; hinge normal, the interior rib broad, low, sloping diagonally forward .\nholotype. - - in the swainson collection according to oldroyd (1924, p. 190) .\ntype locality. - - from cook' s river, alaska. holocene .\nsupplementary description. - -\nshell thin; anterior end proportionately longer than in other eastern pacific species. * * * internal radial rib anteriorly directed, becoming wider from umbones. length to 190 mm .\n( coan, scott, and bernard, 2000, p. 448 )\noccurrence in the californias. - - miocene and pliocene: purisima formation (arnold, 1906; faustman, 1974); pliocene and pleistocene: fernando (eldridge, 1907), merced (arnold, 1906; weaver, 1949; yancey, 1978), and rio dell (faustman, 1964) formations; pleistocene: unnamed sediments in baja california norte (valentine, 1957) .\nhabitat. - -\ncommon in sand on open, flat beaches receiving strong wave action. low intertidal zone to shallow subtidal depths * * *\n( morris and others, 1980, p. 386). on exposed sandy beaches (coan, scott, and bernard, 2000, p. 448 )\nliving: alaska to oregon; fossil: middle california to baja california norte .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nclick on photo to enlarge. scale line in photo equals 1cm unless otherwise specified .\nthis shell is a common species. it lives in the sand and mud of sheltered bays. it is our only\nspecies in the northwest and can' t be mistaken for any other species .\nthis is more likely to be seen only subtidally. it is more robust than\nand the internal rib is nearly vertical. grows much smaller in its southern range .\nthis is a common open coast species and is highly prized by clam diggers, although its harvest season is strictly regulated. it has a highly polished periostracum. its internal rib is angled .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nfm (u) otw (aolcb) is the web version of the mussel project database. follow the links to browse the data or use the search fields. either way, you win !\nthe mussel project — home page urltoken. site developed and maintained by dan graf & kevin cummings. hosted by the university of wisconsin - stevens point. funded by the national science foundation .\nmaking the world a better place, one mollusk at a time .\nthank you for visiting nature. com. you are using a browser version with limited support for css. to obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer). in the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .\nthe 5s ribosomal rna molecule (5s rrna) is a component of the large subunit of ribosomes, encoded by the 5s ribosomal dna (5s rdna) and transcribed by rna polymerase iii. the eukaryote 5s rdna is a multigene family, typically composed of hundreds of repeats of an approximately 120 nucleotides (nts) rna coding region (hereafter, 5s) and an intergenic spacer (igs) usually referred to as nontranscribed spacer (nts). the first nts downstream the 5s are transcribed as part of the primary rna and deleted during rna maturation (sharp et al. , 1984; sharp and garcia, 1988), but they are considered as part of the nts .\nthe 5s rdna is characterised by a flexible organisation, as it has been found in clusters composed of similar or divergent tandemly arranged repeats (differences mainly occur within the nts; for example, shippen - lentz and vezza, 1988), and in clusters of 5s rdna repeats tandemly linked to other multigene families (for example, cross and rebordinos, 2005; freire et al. , 2010; cabral - de - mello et al. , 2010). a dispersed organisation of 5s rdna has also been reported (morzycka - wroblewska et al. , 1985 and references therein), and some species were found to have more than one type of organisation within the genome (little and braaten, 1989) .\nthe evolution of spliceosomal sndna has been recently studied in two different surveys, covering insect species (mount et al. , 2007) and several other metazoan groups (marz et al. , 2008), and appears not to be a simple issue. in insects, it is governed by several concurrent forces, namely purifying selection, unequal crossing - overs, gene conversions and birth - and - death processes (mount et al. , 2007). distinguishable u1 sndna paralogs differentially expressed throughout development have been described in some species (for example, lo and mount, 1990), but the sndna paralog groups seem not to be stable over a long evolutionary time, although they appear independently in several clades (marz et al. , 2008) .\nin order to search for putative regulatory conserved elements, sequences upstream and downstream the 5s and u1 regions were analysed. searches were performed considering the first 100 nt upstream and downstream the rna coding regions. in the case of u1 upstream analyses, two sequences from the gastropod molluscs aplysia californica and lottia gigantea (provided by manja marz, philipps - universität, marburg, germany) were selected and included in the analyses. conserved motifs were identified by meme (bailey and elkan, 1994) and they were manually compared with published regulatory elements .\n5s and u1 sequences were folded in rnastructure 5. 02 (reuter and mathews, 2010) at 15 °c, and we used the efn2 function (mathews et al. , 1999) to recalculate the δg values. the consensus secondary structures were obtained from the rnaalifold webserver (hofacker, 2003) .\nwe used palm (chen et al. , 2009) to select nucleotide substitution models and to infer maximum likelihood phylogenies. the best - fit model of nucleotide substitution was directly selected using modeltest 3. 7 (posada and crandall, 1998), applying the akaike information criterion. phylogenies were constructed by palm using phyml (guindon and gascuel, 2003). starting trees were obtained by the bionj algorithm (gascuel, 1997) and gaps were treated as unknown characters. the number of substitution rate categories employed was eight, and the bootstrap test (felsestein, 1985) was used to estimate node support (1000 replicates). maximum parsimony phylogenies were obtained from paup * 4. 0b10 (swofford, 2002) as detailed in vierna et al. (2010). following marz et al. (2008), we calculated phylogenetic networks in addition to phylogenetic trees, using the neighbour - net algorithm (bryant and moulton, 2004), implemented as part of the splitstree4 package (huson and bryant, 2006) .\ndifferent gene tandem arrangements were drawn using pdraw32 (acaclone sofware, urltoken) and we edited all phylogenetic trees in figtree 1. 2. 2 (andrew rambaut, urltoken) .\nthe identification of 5s, u1 and spacer sequences was performed by comparing them against the ddbj / embl / genbank nucleotide collection databases, as explained above. for the sake of clearness, all spacer sequences downstream a 5s will be referred to as nts, and all spacers downstream a u1, as igs. all complete 5s sequences were 120 nts and nts ranged between 283 and 986 nts. all complete u1 sequences were 164 nts except the ones obtained from s. patula, that had a nucleotide insertion at position 37. igs ranged between 222 and 422 nts. the ddbj / embl / genbank accession numbers of the sequences studied are listed in table 1 .\naverage gc contents were 55. 1% for the 5s region, 54. 8% for the u1 region, 38. 8% for the nts and 41. 9% for the igs. the number of polymorphic sites in the rna coding regions was s = 32 for the 5s region and s = 20 for the u1 region .\nhereafter, clones containing partial or complete repeats of both multigene families will be referred to as mixed clones .\nan initial alignment of the nts region showed that the ntss of razor shells were highly divergent, so sequences had to be grouped separately, according to their similarity. after performing several combinations, we divided the ntss into seven supergroups and 17 groups. each supergroup was named using a roman numeral and each group was denoted by a greek letter following vierna et al. (2009). supergroups and groups contained sequences belonging to one or more species. similarily, igs sequences were divided into two groups, one containing all ensis and ensiculus and the other one containing pharus and siliqua igss. the species composition, lengths and mean p - distances for each spacer group and supergroup were recorded in table 3 .\nlet' s now consider only the spacer sequences from mixed clones. we were able to align all igss from ensis, ensiculus, pharus and siliqua individuals, but the divergence among them was evident; however, the last part of the alignment (containing the upstream region of the next 5s repeat) revealed a more conserved region. quite the opposite, the analysis of the ntss from mixed clones (upstream u1 sequences) revealed that these spacers were less conserved than the igss and could not be aligned at once. in this case, we were able to align all ensis sequences (from supergroup ii), except an nts from the species e. macha (from supergroup v). the ntss from the species p. legumen and s. patula, belonging to supergroup iv, could also be aligned together. however, e. cultellus ntss could not be aligned to ensis, p. legumen or s. patula sequences .\nin the alignment of ensis u1–u1 clones (supplementary file s1), all ensis igss displayed a region of similarity with δ - and γ - ntss, from the species e. directus (conrad, 1843). this region was located at the end of the igs (just upstream the 5s region) and resembled the last portion of δ - and γ - ntss. downstream this 5s region, in the nts, we found another region of similarity with δ - and γ - ntss, and downstream of it there was a fragment resembling a 5s (probably an old pseudogenised copy). even though this pattern was only found in ensis species, the first portion of the alignment that corresponded to the u1–igs–5s sequence (positions 1 to 427, supplementary file s1), could be aligned to e. cultellus clones, and with more difficulties, to p. legumen and s. patula ones (as explained above) .\none or more tttt stretches (required for 5s rdna transcription termination, bogenhagen and brown, 1981; huang and maraia, 2001; richard and manley, 2009) occurred within the first 20 nt of all ntss, except for those belonging to the δ - group, for which the first perfect tttt was located at positions 96–99. all ntss except those from the α - group had a ttt motif within the first six nts, and 124 / 125 sequences had a t residue in the first position .\nthe analysis of the first portion of the igs revealed that a taaaa motif occurred in all ensis species and e. cultellus, contiguous to the 3′ end of the u1. sequences from s. patula had a tccat and those from p. legumen, an atata motif. all sequences displayed between two and four aat stretches within the first 88 sites downstream the u1 region. however, no other evidence of conserved regions that could be involved in the formation of the 3′ end (as the 3′ box, hernandez, 1985) were found. the first 50 sites downstream the u1 region were very rich (44. 5 %) in adenines .\ndifferent 5s ribosomal dna and u1 small nuclear dna tandem arrangements sampled from razor shell species. for each species, drawings were constructed using sequences retrieved from the same individual. drawings are done to scale (except dash lined boxes). (a) grey igss are very similar (identities = 90% , gaps = 2% , e value = 1 × 10 −93); yellow ntss are similar but the darker one has a deletion of 160 nts (identities = 90% in both aligned regions, gaps = 4% in the first region and gaps = 1% in the second region, e value = 4 × 10 −58). blue and yellow ntss are very divergent and could not be aligned. blue, o - nts; light yellow, π - nts; dark yellow, ρ - nts. (b) ntss are very divergent and could not be aligned. grey, ν - nts; brown, ξ - nts. (c) both igs (same colour) are identical. the three nts are very divergent and could not be aligned. red, λ - nts; light blue, μ - nts; orange, κ - nts. (d) green ntss (both η) are very similar (identities = 82% , gaps = 9% , e value = 0), red igss are also very similar (identities = 92% , no gaps, e value = 1 × 10 −93). yellow nts corresponds to ζ - group. 5s, 5s ribosomal rna coding region; u1, u1 small nuclear rna coding region; nts, nontranscribed spacer; igs, intergenic spacer. (+) reconstructed by overlapping clones from the same individual (see main text) .\none of the two 5s–u1 clones from the species e. macha (supplementary file s4) was different from all other ensis clones. it consisted of a partial 5s followed by a divergent nts (from group ι, supergroup v). this nts contained a region of similarity with ɛ - 2 ntss (from the species e. macha), a 50 nts truncated 5s copy, 95 nts very similar to the previous ɛ - 2 - similar region and a region that matched to a sequence associated to a taenia solium spliced leader and spliced leader mini - exon (from brehm et al. , 2002) that appeared to be a silent dna (klaus brehm, personal communication). at the end of the clone, we found the type a u1 sequence (see u1 predicted secondary structures) that was somewhat divergent, with respect to the other ensis u1s (see phylogenetic trees and networks) .\nfourteen different sequences that contained a complete 5s after excluding the primer - annealing regions were considered for the secondary structure prediction. the predicted structures of 11 sequences (supplementary file s5 a - k) were consistent with the general secondary structure of 5s rrna (barciszewska et al. , 2000). the presence of two fixed thymines (uracils in the rna molecule) in positions 80 and 96 caused the formation of an additional mini - loop in helix iv (figure 2, supplementary file s5) .\npredicted consensus secondary structure of razor shell 5s ribosomal rna. helices are named with roman numerals and letters correspond to loops, following barciszewska et al. (2000). red indicates one type of base pair and ochre indicates two types of base pairs. pale colours indicate pairs that cannot be formed by all sequences .\nthe other three sequences (from the species e. ensis, e. siliqua and e. directus) may be pseudogenised sequences, because they displayed abnormal secondary structures (supplementary file s5 l - n). the δg values (table 4) of these putative pseudogenes were the most positive ones, indicating that the structures are less stable .\ncompensatory changes c–g → a–t occurred at paired positions 8–111 in the e. cultellus sequence (supplementary file s5 i). a c → t change in position 45 (supplementary file s5 j and k) made helix iii to be one nt smaller in both p. legumen predicted structures .\npredicted consensus secondary structure of u1 small nuclear rna. stem - loops are indicated by roman numerals, following lo and mount (1990). red, ochre and green indicates one, two and three types of base pairs, respectively. pale colours indicate pairs that cannot be formed by all sequences. (a) including razor shell and gastropod sequences. (b) including only razor shell sequences .\nphylogenetic trees were constructed both under maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony criteria and the resulting tree topologies were consistent in all cases. all trees shown were constructed with no outgroups .\nthe phylogenetic trees and the network performed with the 5s sequences of razor shells did not show a clear clustering by species. however, they also failed to show a well - supported clustering by 5s variants (supplementary file s7) .\nwe were able to align the upstream region of ensis 5s rdna, and the phylogenies performed showed that 5s rdna can be divided into four different groups according to their upstream sequences (see figure 4) .\nmaximum likelihood phylogenies of the nontranscribed spacers (ntss) downstream the 5s ribosomal rna coding regions of razor shell species. numbers on the trees correspond to nonparametric bootstrap supports (1000 replicates) and they are reported only for nodes with values 50. ntss groups (table 3) are indicated. asterisks (*) indicate nts sequences retrieved from mixed clones of 5s ribosomal dna and u1 small nuclear dna. (a) phylogeny of supergroup i ntss reconstructed by the tvm + g model. (b) phylogeny of supergroup ii ntss reconstructed by the tvm + g model. (c) phylogeny of supergroup iii ntss reconstructed by the k81uf + g model. (d) phylogeny of supergroup iv ntss reconstructed by the gtr + g model .\nsequences considered for the u1 secondary structure prediction were subjected to phylogenetic analyses, excluding putative pseudogenised copies (figure 6). ensis u1 sequences were included in a nonsupported clade, and all of them, except the divergent e. macha type a u1 were recovered as monophyletic with a bootstrap support of 70. however, if the divergent sequence was excluded from the analysis (tree not shown), then the clade containing all remaining ensis u1s decreased its bootstrap value. european ensis sequences were grouped together with a bootstrap value of 91. razor shell and gastropod sequences were reciprocally monophyletic with the highest support .\nmaximum likelihood phylogeny of the u1 small nuclear rna coding region of the razor shell and gastropod species, reconstructed using the k81 + i model. sequences analysed correspond to putative functional copies on the basis of their predicted secondary structures and free energies. numbers on the tree correspond to nonparametric bootstrap supports (1000 replicates). they are reported only for nodes with values 50. ensis macha type a and e. directus sequences were completed with the last 23 nts of the e. magnus sequence (see main text) .\ntwo different phylogenies of igs sequences were performed (figure 7), one including supergroup ensis — ensiculus sequences, and another one including supergroup pharus — siliqua ones. the phylogeny of supergroup ensis — ensiculus (figure 7a) recovered american and european ensis sequences, as reciprocally monophyletic with high bootstrap support; the same happened with ensis and ensiculus sequences. in this tree, igss from the species e. macha were the ones located downstream type b u1s (no igs downstream the type a u1 was sampled). the phylogeny of supergroup pharus — siliqua (figure 7b) also recovered sequences from each species as monophyletic .\nmaximum likelihood phylogenies of the intergenic spacers (igs) downstream the u1 small nuclear rna coding region. numbers on the tree correspond to nonparametric bootstrap supports (1000 replicates). they are reported only for nodes with values 50. (a) phylogeny of supergroup ensis — ensiculus igss reconstructed following the hky + g model. (b) phylogeny of supergroup pharus — siliqua igss reconstructed following the hky + g model. for igs types, see table 3 .\nwe should be cautious regarding u1 sndna long - term evolution because the number of repeats we obtained from each species was small. in any way, it is clear that duplication events and purifying selection have been involved .\nthe upstream elements, the internal regulatory regions and the termination signals are essential in 5s rdna transcription, but epigenetic mechanisms were also found to be involved in transcription regulation (douet and tourmente, 2007). a tata - like motif located at around –30 to −25 nt is essential for efficient transcription in vitro in caenorhabditis elegans and c. briggsae (nelson et al. , 1998), neurospora crassa (tyler, 1987) and d. melanogaster (sharp and garcia, 1988). in razor shells, the tata - like −25 region that we found upstream the 5s rdna transcription start site is likely to be analogous to that of the mentioned organisms. among the 5s internal regulatory regions, the icr ii was the most conserved one in the comparisons with d. melanogaster icrs .\nthe transcription termination signal of 5s rdna has been studied in various organisms and seems to be quite conserved (a tttt stretch). we have found this element in almost all razor shell ntss, in agreement with previous findings in other eukaryotes (bogenhagen and brown, 1981; huang and maraia, 2001) .\nthe internal regulatory regions within the u1 seemed to be somewhat more conserved than the ones within the 5s, as some of them were identical in the bivalve, gastropod, crustacean and insect species considered. our data is consistent with the results by marz et al. (2008), except in the positions 86, 131 and 132 (from the reference sequence, see internal regulatory regions) that were not conserved in molluscs .\n( 1994). fitting a mixture model by expectation maximization to discover motifs in biopolymers .\nnature is part of springer nature. © 2018 springer nature limited. all rights reserved .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nbenton, m. j. (ed). (1993). the fossil record 2. chapman & hall, london, 845 pp .\nbieler r. , carter j. g. & coan e. v. (2010). classification of bivalve families. pp. 113 - 133, < i > in < / i >: bouchet p. & rocroi j. - p. (2010), nomenclator of bivalve families. < i > malacologia < / i > 52 (2): 1 - 184 .\ncoan, e. v. ; valentich - scott, p. (2012). bivalve seashells of tropical west america. marine bivalve mollusks from baja california to northern peru. 2 vols, 1258 pp .\nmillard, v. , 1997: null. classification of mollusca: a classification of world wide mollusca. 1 - 544 .\nturgeon, d. d. , j. f. quinn, jr. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, f. g. hochberg, w. g. lyons, et al. , 1998: common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks, 2nd ed. . american fisheries society special publication 26. 526 .\nsolenidae, commonly called\nrazor shells ,\nis a family of marine bivalve mollusks in the unassigned euheterodonta .\noriginally razor shells were all classified as solenidae. then the genera were grouped into two sub - families, the cultellinae and soleninae. later, the two subfamilies were recognized as separate families, with cultellinae accepted as\nmount desert island is home to 2 species in 2 genera. click on a link below or scroll down for more information. ensis (1 species) ensis directus - atlantic jackknife siliqua (1 species) siliqua costata - atlantic razor\ntaxonomy established without included species (nomen nudum) by gray, 1840 in\nsynopsis of the contents of the british museum, ed... .\ntaxonomy established without included species (nomen nudum) by gray, 1840 in\nsynopsis of the contents of the british museum, ed. 42, first printing\n. hence, often attributed to leach in brown, 1844. however, vokes (1980) cites gray, 1840 [\nsynopsis of the contents of the british museum, ed. 42a, second printing\n] as the first valid use. [ details ]\n( of ceratisolen forbes in forbes & hanley, 1848) forbes e. ; hanley s. c. (1848 - 1853). a history of british mollusca and their shells. london, van voorst. vol. 1: i - lxxx [ 1853 ], 1 - 486 [ 1848 ], pl. a - w, aa - zz, aaa - zzz [ dates uncertain ]; vol. 2: 1 - 480 [ 1 dec. 1849 ], 481 - 557 [ 1850 ]; vol. 3: 1 - 320 [ 1850 ], 321 - 616 [ 1851 ]; vol. 4: 1 - 300 [ 1852 ], pl. 1 - 114f [ dates uncertain ]. , available online at urltoken page (s): vol 1, p. 255 [ details ]\nvokes, h. e. 1980. genera of the bivalvia: a systematic and bibliographic catalogue (revised and updated). paleontological research institution. ithaca. us. [ details ]\n( of pharus leach in brown, 1844) vaught, k. c. ; tucker abbott, r. ; boss, k. j. (1989). a classification of the living mollusca. american malacologists: melbourne. isbn 0 - 915826 - 22 - 4. xii, 195 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of pharus leach in brown, 1844) gofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca. in: costello, m. j. et al. (eds), european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. patrimoines naturels. 50: 180 - 213. (look up in imis) [ details ]" ]

{ "text": [ "pharidae is a taxonomic family of saltwater clams , marine bivalve molluscs , currently classified in the unassigned euheterodonta .", "this family of clams is related to the razor shells ( solenidae ) , a family which is considered to include pharidae by some authorities . " ], "topic": [ 3, 26 ] }

[ "pharidae is a taxonomic family of saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs, currently classified in the unassigned euheterodonta. this family of clams is related to the razor shells (solenidae), a family which is considered to include pharidae by some authorities." ]

[ "figure 4: the small milkweed bug is a seed feeding bug that resembles the boxelder bug .\nterro ® offers a number of boxelder bug killers that can help you eliminate your boxelder bug problem indoors and out .\n... the boxelder bug (boisea trivittata, aka maple bug) infests maples and ashes .\nfigure 4–13g. predatory assassin bug, a true bug in the order hemiptera .\ncreate a perimeter – use this boxelder bug treatment to create a protective, bug - killing perimeter around your home .\nfigure 5: goldenrain tree bug is sometimes confused with the boxelder bug. (photo by w. cranshaw. )\nfigure 4–13e. chinch bug (blissus insularis), a true bug in the order hemiptera .\nfigure 1: boxelder bug. (photo courtesy of clemson university extension. )\nfigure 3: boxelder bug nymph. (photograph by f. peairs. )\nfigure 4–13a. southern green stink bug (nezara viridula), a true bug in the order hemiptera .\nfigure 4 - 13f. a damsel bug, predatory beneficial insect, a true bug in the order hemiptera .\nnever squash a boxelder bug; this can stain the surface on which it is killed .\nfigure 2: boxelder bug eggs on leaf. (photograph by w. cranshaw. )\nkill boxelder bugs on contact – this ready - to - use boxelder bug killer kills on contact and provides residual protection for up to four months .\nwestern boxelder bug (boisea rubrolineata) visiting flower head. adult size is about 1 / 2 - inch long .\nif a boxelder bug infestation is suspected, a licensed pest control professional should be contacted to evaluate and assess the problem .\ntreat cracks and crevices – use this two - way aerosol spray of boxelder bug killer to hit them where they’re hiding .\nsmith, r. , b. shepherd. 1937. the life history and control of the boxelder bug in kansas .\nthe boxelder (acer negundo, a type of maple) is named for the resemblance of its wood to the wood of the boxwood (buxus sempervirens, et al). the boxelder bug (boisea trivittata, aka maple bug) infests maples and ashes .\nthe bug overwinters as an adult in protected places such as houses or other buildings .\nif large numbers of boxelder bugs are present or you have a history of boxelder bug invasions, you can supplement non - chemical control methods with an insecticide treatment around the outside of your home .\nbouldrey, s. , k. grimnes. 1995. an allometric study of the boxelder bug, boisea trivittata (heteroptera: rhopalidae) .\nour pest management professionals will fully evaluate your home or office, and create a custom solution to safely and effectively eliminate any boxelder bug infestation .\nklass, c. 2009 .\nboxelder bug\n( on - line). cornell university library. accessed february 01, 2012 at urltoken .\ncotinis, 2012 .\nbugguide\n( on - line). species boisea trivittata - eastern boxelder bug. accessed february 23, 2012 at urltoken .\nmiller, d. , a. wyman, k. grimnes. 2004. egg production in the boxelder bug boisea trivittata (hemiptera: rhopalidae) .\nindoor protection – this boxelder bug spray can be applied inside your home to establish a long - lasting residual barrier that’s also effective against dozens of other insects .\nconservation commission of missouri. 2012 .\nmissouri department of conservation\n( on - line). boxelder bug. accessed february 24, 2012 at urltoken .\nkay, m. 1940. two new amoebae from the box elder bug, leptocoris trivittatus say .\nboxelder bugs are susceptible to drowning, so wash boxelder bugs off walls or tree trunks with a forceful stream of water .\nconsider washing boxelder bugs from your home exterior with water. boxelder bugs, especially the young ones, can be drowned .\nyoder, k. , w. robinson. 1990. seasonal abundance and habits of the boxelder bug, boisea trivittata (say), in an urban environment .\nu. s. department of agriculture. boxelder bug. fidl # 95. department of agriculture: edward wollerman. 1971. accessed february 24, 2012 at urltoken .\nlet' s review some of the most commonly asked questions about this bug and how to control it .\nduring winter, boxelder bugs are generally inactive. however, during mild, sunny days indoors, boxelder bugs become mobile with warmer temperatures .\nfor most people, the boxelder bug needs no introduction. this bug is about 1 / 2 inch long as an adult, black with three red lines on the thorax (the part just behind the head), a red line along each side, and a diagonal red line on each wing. the immature forms (figure 3) are smaller and are easily distinguished from the adults (figure 1) by their red abdomens and lack of wings. the small milkweed bug (figure 4) and the goldenrain tree bug (figure 5) are local insects that are sometimes confused with boxelder bugs. boxelder bugs become a nuisance in and around homes from fall through early spring .\nboxelder bugs feed on a variety of plants, but their favorite food is boxelder seed pods, which are found only on the female boxelder tree, and occasionally maple seeds. these bugs seldom develop in sufficient numbers to be a nuisance unless a female boxelder tree is in the neighborhood .\nremove boxelder bug food sources – if possible, remove the trees that they are feeding on, which will deter the insects from remaining in your yard. since boxelder bugs are only attracted to “female” maples that develop seed pods, you can just eliminate those trees .\nthe most permanent solution to the boxelder bug problem is the removal of female boxelder trees from a neighborhood, although this may not be practical or desirable. because boxelder bugs usually overwinter near the trees that they feed on, the removal of one or two problem trees may help. screening or sealing cracks or other entrances into the dwelling is important. once boxelder bugs have entered the home, control becomes more difficult .\nboxelder bugs are true bugs (order: hemiptera) in the family rhopalidae. they are sometimes confused with other true bugs including squash bugs (anasa spp. , family coreidae); the bordered plant bug (largus cinctus, family largidae); small milkweed bug (lygaeus kalmii, family lygaeidae); leaffooted bugs (leptoglossus spp. , family coreidae); and the red - shoulder bug (jadera haematoloma, family rhopalidae). the three lengthwise red lines on the pronotum distinguish boxelder bugs from these other species .\nboxelder bugs can sometimes be confused with other similar looking insects. consider contacting your\nboxelder bugs are a nuisance in and around homes from fall through early spring .\nb. trivittata adult on acer negundo (boxelder) in davenport, iowa .\ngunn, d. , e. bechinski. 2008 .\nuniversity of idaho extension\n( on - line pdf). boxelder bug: nuisance management for homeowners. accessed march 24, 2012 at urltoken .\nabout 0. 5 inch long and dark color with red longitudinal lines on the back. annoying when they cluster on and migrate into dwellings. boxelder bug populations vary considerably from year to year depending on environmental conditions .\nthe boxelder bug frequently becomes a nuisance pest around homes and buildings near plantings of the boxelder, acer negundo. in heavily infested areas, they sometimes are associated with ash (fraxinus spp .) and maple (acer spp .). this insect species is distributed throughout eastern united states west to nevada .\nin minnesota, boxelder bugs emerge during spring as the weather starts to warm up .\noverwintering adult boxelder bugs emerge from hibernation in late march to early april when the boxelder buds open. during this time, the adults leave their overwintering sites to return to their host trees for the warmer months. they first feed on fallen boxelder seeds and later move to the female boxelder trees or maple trees where they eat newly developing leaves. occasionally, boxelder bugs will feed on the fruits of plum and apple trees .\nconfirm their identity. boxelder bugs can be confused with other bugs that look similar .\nmoth balls, soapy water, bug bombs... i' m sure you' ve heard all sorts of wives' tales on how to get rid of boxelder bugs. so, what' s the truth? ?\nstarting in mid‑july, they move to female seed - bearing boxelder trees where they lay eggs on trunks, branches and leaves. they are rarely found on male boxelder trees .\nif i put moth balls in my attic will they kill boxelder bugs? besides smelling awful, these will do absolutely nothing to control boxelder bugs. wah wahhhhh ...\nboxelder bugs eat by sucking the juices out of plants. in particular, they feed upon the juice contained in the seeds of boxelder trees and other trees in the maple family. even in large numbers, boxelder bugs seem to do little damage to these trees .\nolder houses with vinyl siding may have too many gaps to keep out boxelder bugs completely .\nwhen boxelder bugs are active, they do not live indoors more than a few days .\nspraying with insecticides or removing boxelder trees in your yard is not a good way to manage boxelder bugs. adult boxelder bugs can fly up to a couple miles from their source of food so they don’t need to be near the trees in order to infest your house .\nmost outdoor boxelder damage is minor and, most years, won’t require treatment most years. some years will produce more boxelder bugs than others. dry years may encourage the bugs to seek out fruit. wind plays a great role in the dispersal of flying boxelder bugs .\nboxelder bugs found inside your home can also be handpicked or swept up and discarded outdoors .\n, which are known as scentless plant bugs. however, boxelder bugs are extremely redolent .\nif your pet is prone to eating bugs, try to steer them clear of tasting a boxelder bug. as a defense against predators, these insects are said have an extremely foul taste. if your dog does eat a boxelder bug, expect that it may vomit in a short time and take preparations for that to happen by taking it outside or confine it to a room with tile floor. some dogs, however, may have a different reaction – they may salivate excessively for a short time. cats seem a little more likely to snack on and tolerate boxelder bugs. still, they may suffer the same effects: vomiting and / or excessive salivating. if you’re still concerned about the well - being of your cat or dog after it consumed a boxelder bug, contact your veterinarian for additional guidance .\nas autumn begins in the north temperate zone, many residents will find boxelder bugs (boisea trivitatta or boisea rubrolineata) taking sanctuary on or in house. a quick search online will lead to various\nhow to\nguides for bug removal .\nhit boxelder bugs at a distance – are there boxelder bugs congregating just out of your reach? blast them with an insect killing spray that reaches up to 10 to 15 feet away .\nboxelder bugs are native to the western and southwestern united states. boxelder bugs were introduced into all other regions of the united states as well as southern canada, mexico, and guatemala .\nboxelder bugs start to leave the trees where they were feeding to find protected areas for the winter. adult boxelder bugs can fly several blocks, and may travel as far as two miles .\nboxelder bugs like warm areas and are attracted to buildings with a large southern or western exposure .\nthe best way to manage boxelder bugs is prevention—keep them from entering your home from the start .\nhere’s how to safely and effectively rid your home of boxelder bugs and prevent them from returning .\neliminate wood piles, landscape debris and other places boxelder bugs will gather to survive the winter .\nthe easiest way to remove boxelder bugs, once they are indoors, is a vacuum cleaner .\nboxelder bugs are able to fly 3 to 4 kilometers in search of a site to overwinter .\n). adult boxelder bugs are host to many parasitic flagellates in the intestinal tract. specifically ,\nwhat made you want to look up box - elder bug? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\nif you have one of these trees in your yard and it happens to be a female, you' re most likely going to attract more boxelder bugs than the neighbor down the road with no trees in his yard. this does not whatsoever mean that you should cut that tree down. it just explains why these boxelder bugs are swarming to your property. let' s face it. even if you don' t have a boxelder tree in your yard, there could be other factors making your house look more awesome to a boxelder bug. and besides, there are ways to kill boxelder bugs before they even become a nuisance .\nwill bug bombs get rid of boxelder bugs in the house? boxelder bugs can leave marks on your curtains and walls, they smell bad and they' re so creepy and annoying! bombs are a mess though. and the truth is, bombs will push them further into wall voids where they' re just going to spend time reproducing. fail .\nbecause it’s the chosen habitat and breeding ground of the bug, female boxelder trees are sometimes removed to decrease the insect’s number. this seems a rather radical move and is a mostly fruitless one as well, especially in areas where boxelder trees are numerous. the insects’ eggs disperse on seed pods — the “helicopters” produced by boxelder trees — and adults will fly as far as two miles seeking new sources of food and breeding grounds. tree removal is not recommended, unless yours is the only boxelder tree for miles around and the bugs have been a persistent problem .\nboxelder bugs like warm areas and are attracted to buildings with a lot of southern or western exposure .\nthe best way to manage boxelder bugs is to keep them from entering your home from the start .\nboxelder bugs get their common name from the fact that they are often found on and around boxelder trees. this species is native to the western states, but can be found from eastern canada throughout the eastern united states, and west to eastern nevada, wherever boxelder trees are found. boxelder bugs are primarily a nuisance pest as they they enter structures, including homes, sheds and garages to overwinter .\nbreeding interval depending on their location, boxelder bugs breed once, twice, or three times yearly .\nas the weather cools, boxelder bugs will begin looking for shelter. nothing is as inviting to the boxelder than a warm, sunny home or commercial building. in order to keep boxelder bugs from invading your building, it’s important to take a few steps during the summer months to secure your home .\nesquivel jf, mowery sv (2007) host plants of the tarnished plant bug (heteroptera: miridae) in central texas. environ entomol 36: 725–730 pmid: 17716463\nwomack cl, schuster mf (1987) host plants of the tarnished plant bug (heteroptera: miridae) in the northern blackland prairies of texas. environ entomol 16: 1266–1272\nschwarz, j. 2008 .\nthe chemical ecology of host foraging, aggregation, and prophylactic microbial defense in the western boxelder bug, boisea rubrolineata (barber) (heteroptera: rhopalidae )\n( on - line). proquest. accessed february 01, 2012 at urltoken .\nthis video by andrew falconer shows boxelder bugs swarming on wood posts in the vicksburg recreation area parking lot .\ncaulk or seal cracks and crevices around your home. boxelder bugs seek shelter wherever they can find it .\nboxelder bugs feed on boxelder trees, maple trees, and ash trees. nymphs feed on the juices found inside the seeds of host plants. adults eat the leaves, flowers, twigs, and seeds of host plants. prior to the development of seeds, they eat low vegetation and old seeds found on the ground. boxelder bugs may eat other boxelder bugs or eggs during molting. fruits including apples, pears, peaches, plums, and grapes are eaten as well. boxelder bugs have been reported eating dead insects such as\nmillar, j. 2006 .\ninvestigations of possible chemical and acoustic communication in boxelder bug, leptocoris (= boisea) spp. (hemiptera: rhopalidae )\n( on - line pdf). pear pest management research fund project report. accessed march 24, 2012 at urltoken .\nboxelder trees, as well as maple and ash, are common in yards and public spaces and are potential sources of boxelder bugs. the benefits of having these trees in a landscape outweigh the problem of occasional infestations .\nboxelder bugs may also feed on maple or ash trees. there is no noticeable feeding injury to these trees .\nthe western boxelder bug (boisea rubrolineata) is often a nuisance pest around and in homes. boxelder bugs usually feed on the leaves, flowers, and seedpods of the female or seedbearing box elder tree (acer negundo), although they may also subsist on male box elder trees and occasionally occur on maple and ash trees. they may feed on the fruits of almond, apple, cherry, peach, pear, and plum trees, and on grapes, where their feeding punctures cause the fruit to become deformed. large numbers of the bug usually occur only on female box elder trees .\nduring spring and summer, boxelder bugs reside on boxelder trees, maple trees, and ash trees. boxelder bugs usually live in deciduous and mixed forests and meadows. in late fall, boxelder bugs seek shelter for hibernation. shelters often include buildings and windows around ground floors. they are found gathering in areas of sun because they prefer higher temperatures. this leads them to cluster on the south and west sides of buildings, where the surfaces are heated by sunlight. when not overwintering in or around buildings, boxelder bugs seek shelter under the bark of trees .\nsince the box elder tree is the main source of food for the boxelder bug, removing the trees, especially the female or pod - bearing trees, is the most effective way of controlling the pest. be careful not to plant or allow the establishment of new box elder trees in your yard .\nboxelder bugs are considered by many to be a pest, but they have not been deemed a commercial pest. they invade homes and various shelters in the winter, and do so in large numbers. there have been reports of boxelder bugs biting humans, though this is not common. they are not harmful to property, but have been known to stain walls, curtains, or other indoor surfaces with their excrement. many different pesticides may be recommended in order to keep these insects out of buildings. the main economic impact of boxelder bugs on humans lies in prevention from entering homes or buildings. it is recommended that humans seal buildings in any areas vulnerable to bug entry. also, pesticides available to the public that are recommended for boxelder bug prevention include bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, lambda cyhalothrin, permethrin, and tralomethrin .\ngetting rid of boxelder bugs requires some no - nonsense preventative measures (see above) and the application of low - impact, but effective, insecticide or insect repellent. bain pest control’s home protection plan will offer protection from boxelder bugs (and many other pests), and we can also offer single treatments for boxelder bugs, as well .\nremoving female boxelder trees is the most permanent solution to the problem, although this may not be practical or desirable .\ninside, boxelder bugs are primarily a nuisance pest, however their fecal material can cause a red stain on curtains, drapes, clothing, etc. when crushed or handled roughly, boxelder bugs can also produce a strong, disagreeable odor .\npanizzi ar, saraiva si (1993) performance of nymphal and adult southern green stink bug on an overwintering host plant and impact of nymph to adult food - switch. entomol exp appl 68: 109–115\nas the weather cools, boxelder bugs push into cracks and spaces around homes. they are often found inside around windows .\nthe best time to spray is late summer and early fall when boxelder bugs are first clustering around the outside of buildings .\nif you have ever had boxelder bugs invade your home, you' ve probably sought information on their identification and control .\nconsider caulking or sealing any cracks and crevices around your home and installing screens and weather - stripping to exclude boxelder bugs .\nindoor and outdoor boxelder control are interrelated. destroying boxelder colonies outdoors means few bugs looking for a way into our home come fall. denying places in your home for boxelders to overwinter means fewer numbers laying eggs in your trees next spring and summer .\nsome boxelder bugs end up in sheltered areas in walls, attics and other places inside where they stay until it warms up .\nif your home has a prior history of boxelder bugs, find and seal as many exterior cracks as possible during the summer .\nyou can also use an insecticide spray around the baseboards and window seals on the interior of the home to further control the bugs. interior spray should be the last line of defense however because it won' t stop the bugs from coming into the home. the boxelder bug will eventually die after it comes into contact with the insecticide .\nan entomologist may find the red edging of its black wings to be rather pretty, but when boxelder bugs invade your home, they can become quite a nuisance! although this red and black bug does not cause damage, few people enjoy having large insects crawling out of cracks, onto their walls, windows, lights, or furniture .\nif you are looking for additional information, utah state university has produced a very informative video covering everything from boxelder bug biology to their removal. utah has an entire' box elder county', so they know what they are talking about. additionally, university of california davis has a wonder guide regarding integrated pest management of box elder bugs .\nby spring, all the surviving boxelder bugs that overwintered inside buildings become active. they try to move outdoors but many remain trapped inside. they do not reproduce in homes. all the boxelder bugs seen inside during winter and spring entered buildings the previous fall .\nboxelder bugs are not a serious problem every year. they are most abundant during hot, dry summers when followed by warm springs .\nwood stacks, leaf and rock piles, and overgrown plants near your home may provide shelter for boxelder bugs. consider removing them .\nduring their normal activity, boxelder bugs don’t emit any odor. however, when disturbed or smashed, they will release a pungent (and bad - tasting) compound to discourage predators. this, along with their orange or red markings, makes it easy for most predators to remember to avoid eating these bugs. their defensive capabilities also explain another boxelder bug habit – since they have no concern about predators, they can gather in huge, conspicuous groups without the fear of being eaten .\ndavis, c. s. , and j. j. joos. 1975. box elder bug. oakland: univ. calif. div. agric. nat. res. leaflet 2790. (out of print )\nsnodgrass gl, scott wp, smith jw (1984) host plants and seasonal distribution of the tarnished plant bug (hemiptera: miridae) in the delta of arkansas, louisiana, and mississippi. environ entomol 13: 110–116\nfigure 4–38. chewing damage to a kale leaf, likely from the chewing mouthparts of a beetle (left), and stippling on a bean leaf from the piercing - sucking mouthparts of a lace bug (right) .\nthe boxelder bug overwinters as an adult in protected places such as houses and other buildings, in cracks or crevices in walls, doors, under windows and around foundations, particularly on south and west exposures. in the spring when tree buds open, females lay small, red eggs on leaves (figure 2) and stones and in cracks and crevices in the bark of female boxelder trees. the eggs later hatch into young nymphs that are wingless and bright red with some black markings. these young bugs usually are found on low vegetation near boxelder trees until seeds are formed on the tree, on which they start to feed .\nwhen full grown, the boxelder bug is about 1 / 2 inch long and one - third as wide. adults are mostly black and have three red lines on the pronotum of the thorax (one down the middle and on each margin) and several fine red lines on each wing. the wings lie flat on the bug’s back when it is at rest. the abdomen is red. the young nymphs are bright red and when approaching adulthood, become marked with black and begin to develop black wing pads. eggs are yellow when first laid but become red as nymphs develop inside .\nthe most permanent control of boxelder bugs is the removal of boxelder and silver maple trees near the home, as these are a source of food and place of breeding for the bugs when they are active during spring and summer, but this is not always practical or possible .\nboxelder bugs are primarily folivores. it is thought that the red markings on the back of boxelder bugs warns prey that they are distasteful. however, they are still prey to some grasshoppers, rodents, birds, praying mantises, and spiders. they feed mostly on seeds or trees, but do not cause harm to the trees or environment within which they feed. trees that host boxelder bugs include bigtooth maples (\nalthough they live and breed in boxelder and silver maple trees and feed on the leaves, flowers, and seed pods, they do not cause damage. boxelder bugs in and around houseplants are generally in search of moisture. rarely will they cause any damage to these plants either .\nsprinkling borax or diatomaceous earth at the bottom of window sills and around door jambs will discourage their entry. crack and crevice sprays — like don’t bug me — will break down quickly in the environment and are also good for this use .\nlu yh, wu km, jiang yy, xia b, li p, et al. (2010) mirid bug outbreaks in multiple crops correlated with wide - scale adoption of bt cotton in china. science 328: 1151–1154 pmid: 20466880\nvacuum or sweep up boxelder bugs. discard the bugs or vacuum bag promptly. you can also freeze the vacuum bag overnight to kill the bugs .\ncitation: pan h, liu b, lu y, wyckhuys kag (2015) seasonal alterations in host range and fidelity in the polyphagous mirid bug, apolygus lucorum (heteroptera: miridae). plos one 10 (2): e0117153. urltoken\nboxelder bugs won’t bite, but on rare occasions, they may prick you with a sharp mouthpart. as they are considered “true bugs, ” they have evolved to suck nutrients from their food, rather than biting and tearing it with mandibles. boxelder bugs do not have the ability to sting, either .\ninsecticide sprays are generally not recommended for boxelder bug management. they are often no more effective than vacuuming and hosing, and repeated applications may be required. insecticidal soap applied in a forceful spray of water may reduce populations on tree trunks. pyrethroid insecticides are available for treating foundation walls around the perimeter of buildings. if required, these applications are best done by a professional. special care must be taken to avoid runoff of pesticides from walls and foundations into storm drains, because they lead directly into creeks and rivers. do not use sprays for boxelder bugs inside the house .\nboxelder bugs are considered strong and agile fliers, sometimes traveling several miles from the trees where they hatched as they seek out food sources and places to overwinter .\na residual insecticide can be sprayed on the exterior walls of the home where the bugs are found. this is most effective in the spring or fall when the boxelder bugs are just beginning to emerge (spring) or shelter (fall). the residual will help to deter the bugs from landing, it will not remain effective once cold weather sets in. for do - it - yourselfers, there are retail products labeled for boxelder bug control. be sure to purchase and use only products that are specifically labeled for this pest, read and follow all label directions, and use safety equipment .\nbuildings standing taller than surrounding structures or standing alone on flat ground can also attract large numbers of boxelder bugs. the color of the building doesn' t matter .\nwell, now of course i' m all curious about the etymology of boxelder trees (and bugs). a quick search didn' t disclose anything helpful .\nduring spring, you may see boxelder bugs on the outside of homes. these insects are coming out from where they spent the winter and are moving away from buildings .\nit is unnecessary to spray these insects as they are not entering homes. treating them does not have any impact on the number of boxelder bugs found the following fall .\nif you’re fighting an infestation of boxelder bugs, we would love to see pictures! visit terro ® on facebook to post your pictures. got any more questions about boxelder bugs? post them on facebook, and we’ll answer them. for more articles like this, as well as helpful links to terro ® products, subscribe to our enewsletter .\nboxelder bugs are not known to bite, but their piercing - sucking mouthparts can occasionally puncture skin, causing a slight irritation and producing a red spot similar to a mosquito bite. when crushed or handled roughly, boxelder bugs may leave a reddish orange stain from their fecal material that can result in discoloration of curtains, drapes, clothing, etc .\nif boxelder bugs are inside your home, consider vacuuming them up and disposing of the bag promptly. the vacuum bag can also be frozen overnight to kill the bugs inside .\nboxelder bugs do not reproduce inside homes, but find their way inside through windows, doors, ceiling lights, soffit and dryer vents, outdoor faucets, and along siding .\nboxelder bugs are black with reddish or orange markings on their back. adult boxelder bugs have a body shape that is a somewhat - flattened and elongated oval and is about half an inch long. they have six legs and two antennae that are typically half of their body length. nymphs look similar to adults but lack wings and are bright red in color .\nboxelder bugs are not known to bite, but their piercing - sucking mouthparts can occasionally puncture skin, causing a slight irritation and producing a red spot similar to a mosquito bite .\nhahn, j. , m. ascerno. 2012 .\nuniversity of minnesota extension\n( on - line). boxelder bugs. accessed february 23, 2012 at urltoken .\nas their name implies, boxelder bugs are attracted to boxelder trees. if you have these, or silver maple trees to which they are also attracted, around your home or neighborhood, you are very likely to have boxelder bugs. in the fall, as they begin to seek shelter for the upcoming cold months of winter, they are attracted to the warm, sunny sides of homes. from there they slip between cracks and gaps in the siding, around doors and windows, etc. , often ending up inside the home during the winter .\nboxelder bugs are\ntrue bugs\nand belong to the same family as stink bugs, cicadas and other insects with piercing and sucking mouthparts. they release a bad odor when crushed .\nboxelder bugs are common pests over much of the united states. adults are about 1 / 2 inch long. they are bright red or black with narrow reddish lines on the back .\nsometimes your best weapon when facing colonies of boxelder bugs is a shop - vac. vacuum colonies from the sides of houses and around window sills into a bagless, wet - dry vac canister with a quarter to half inch of soapy water in the bottom which will suffocate the bugs. if you find and can access boxelder colonies behind walls, remove them with the vacuum .\nthe females lay clusters of straw - yellow eggs on stones, eaves, grass, shrubs and trees – especially in the bark crevices of boxelder trees. the eggs turn red as the embryos develop and hatch about two weeks later. the nymphs feed on fallen boxelder seeds and later on new leaves. there are two generations per year in the warmer regions of the united states .\nin some years, the sheer number of boxelder bugs can make the task of controlling them seem daunting. still, several simple steps can be taken to limit their ability to get inside .\nchemical pesticides are a poor option for boxelder infestations. their use indoors can pose a hazard. dusting of colonies may kill thousands of bugs but will only encourage other insects and rodents who feed on the dead bodies. the common and troublesome carpet beetle is attracted to dead boxelder remains. there it feeds and lays egg, guaranteeing another generation of increased numbers to damage in your home .\nhowever, elimination of trees on your property won’t always completely resolve the problem. winged adults can fly for distances of several blocks, so boxelder bugs may also migrate in from a neighbor’s tree .\nboxelder bugs breed seasonally. after hibernation, they feed for approximately 2 weeks before looking for a mate. to find a mate, boxelder bugs use their long, segmented antennae, which are their primary sense organs. males secrete an exocrine compound from abdominal scent glands during copulation which stimulates or claims the female. males are smaller than females and are often passively carried by females during mating. mating between males and females occurs with a rear - to - rear body contact. males and females may have multiple mates. males of other members of the subfamily to which boxelder bugs belong (\npreventing boxelders from entering your home is the single most important defense. seal around window frames, where utilities enter the house, cracks in the foundations and under eaves. make sure doors are weather stripped at the bottom, leaving no space. screen off vent pipes and other roof openings with fine screen to prevent the bug’s entry .\ninside homes, insecticides have limited value and are not recommended. use a vacuum cleaner to pick up bugs in building interiors. prevent bug entry by repairing screens and caulking around windows and doors, screen soffit, corner trim and attic vents, etc. sealing is best done during the summer months when the bugs are not present .\nboth nymphs and adults remove plant fluid from newly developing leaves that may result in distortion of the foliage. severely infested foliage may appear chlorotic (yellow). in addition to foliar feeding, boxelder bugs may also damage flowers, tender twigs, and seeds of boxelder. populations of this pest have been reported to prefer development on the female trees; thus, monitor for this species on these trees. it is, however, because of the boxelder bugs propensity to enter homes that causes the most alarm. although the insects cause no direct damage to the structure, contents or the occupants, their presence is a nuisance. in heavily infested areas, thousands of boxelder bugs may enter the living quarters of buildings. contrary to popular belief, over - wintering insects such as these do not reproduce within buildings .\nin some areas of the country, boxelder bugs are a major nuisance for homeowners. these bugs swarm all over homes in the fall and make their way inside. and when we say “swarm, ” we really mean it! they gather by the dozens all over the house, totally unconcerned by the presence of people, pets and any other potential predators. so what is it that makes these audacious bugs tick? why do they try to get inside our homes? and most importantly, how do you get rid of boxelder bugs? find out as we explore the most common questions people have about boxelder bugs !\nseal gaps in your home – boxelder bugs can fit in spaces as small as 1 / 8 - inches, so seal such spaces with caulk or foam. also install door sweeps on exterior entry doors .\nbauernfeind, r. 2005 .\nkansas state university agricultural experiment station and cooperative extension service\n( on - line pdf). boxelder and red - shouldered bugs. accessed march 24, 2012 at urltoken .\ncheck outside surfaces for spaces and cracks that may allow insects easy entry, sealing any openings 1 / 8th inch or larger. this will not eliminate all boxelder bugs but it can significantly reduce the number entering buildings .\nin order to prevent boxelder bugs from invading homes, repair holes in window and door screens, seal cracks and crevices with a good quality silicone or silicone - latex caulk and install door sweeps to all exterior entrances .\na bug infestation of any sort is harder to control once it' s in full swing. a lot of our customers know when to expect their house to become inundated with these annoying boxelder bugs. we have designed a program around that to treat the exteriors of their houses before the bugs get bad. the products we use last up to three months and will continue to repel all kinds of bugs that try to land on the house. it works so well for boxelder bugs and asian beetles, spiders, flies, and pretty much any other creepy crawler that tries to invade your home. without doing major repairs on your house, this is the next best thing. it' s cost effective, will keep the bugs out for the most part and will give you peace of mind .\nadults survive the winter sheltered beneath loose tree bark, in plant debris, or in homes, garages and outbuildings. they emerge as the weather warms in spring. staying close to the ground, they feed for two weeks on boxelder seeds and other vegetation before starting the mating cycle. female bugs fly up female boxelder trees and lay eggs on seed pods and the undersides of leaves. they will also leave eggs on stems and branches. eggs take 10 - 14 days to hatch. during the summer, all stages of the boxelder can be found in and around host trees. while nymphs continue to develop into the fall, only adults survive cold weather .\nonce boxelder bugs are found inside the best option is to remove them with a vacuum or a broom and dust pan. it is not practical to try to treat wall voids and other hiding places to prevent them from emerging .\nwhen the bugs begin to congregate on building exteriors, these areas (including all resting and hiding places) may be sprayed with residual insecticides. however, most insecticides registered for treatment of building exteriors are not that effective against boxelder bugs. laundry detergent and water mixes are cheap, safe and effective when applied directly to boxelder bugs. drawbacks of detergent sprays are that they will kill only if they contact the insect directly, and they may damage vegetation .\na: it is from an old welsh word, bwg (pronounced boog), which means evil spirit or hobgoblin and may also be the origin of boogeyman, the imaginary creature that haunts little children. the first bug was probably the bedbug, since it terrorized folks at night by feeding on them. bedbugs belong to an order of insects called heteroptera, or true bugs .\nwhen a common name includes the type of insect, the name is two words, for example “honey bee. ” however, if the common name includes the name of another order (not the one in which the insect is classified), the name is one word—for example, “ladybug” (also called “lady beetle”) because the insect is actually a beetle rather than a true bug .\nif numerous bugs are entering the living areas of the home, attempt to locate the openings where the insects gain access. typically, boxelder bugs will emerge from cracks under or behind baseboards, around window and door trim, and around exhaust fans or lights in ceilings. seal these openings with caulk or other suitable materials to prevent the insects from crawling out. both live and dead boxelder bugs can be removed from interior areas with the aid of a vacuum cleaner .\nthe bedbug was the first to get the name, and the other members of the order adopted it, hence we have plant bugs, seed bugs, boxelder bugs, assassin bugs, etc. , all relatives of the bedbugs .\ntrees can be sprayed with horticultural oil early in the season as boxelder bugs begin to emerge. cover thoroughly making sure to get under loose bark as best possible. spray only while the tree is still dormant or in green bud stage .\nboxelder bugs do not cause significant damage to landscape plants, and management need only be directed at keeping them out of homes, where they may become a nuisance. if boxelder bugs frequently invade homes, seal up entry points such as cracks and screen windows and doors. sanitation practices such as vacuuming can be used to reduce population numbers, but vigilance may be required during fall migration. outdoors, eliminate hiding places and debris and consider removing female box elder trees. insecticide use is rarely justified .\nboxelder bugs reside in large, gregarious groups. because of this tendency, they are described as semi - social. these groups have no structure and are a random aggregation of individuals. they hibernate together during the winter season in sheltered, dry places. when the temperature increases, they become active and look for food. they feed constantly throughout the spring and summer and prefer to aggregate in warm areas, usually in the sun. boxelder bugs often fly onto host trees to mate or lay eggs .\nboxelder bugs normally feed on leaves, flowers and seed pods of boxelder trees and other trees of the maple family. they cause little damage to their host plant, usually only distorted leaves or damaged seeds. they are considered a pest because they congregate in large numbers, trying to get into homes and structures in the fall, and trying to get out of homes and structures in the spring. they produce no odor and do not damage or injure wood, cloth, fruits, vegetables, humans or pets .\nbefore bugs enter a building: mechanical exclusion is the best method to keep boxelder bugs from entering homes and buildings. cracks around windows, doors, siding, utility pipes, behind chimneys, and underneath the wood fascia and other openings should be sealed with good quality silicone or silicone - latex caulk. damaged screens on doors and windows should be repaired or replaced. exterior applications of insecticides may offer some relief from infestations where the task of completely sealing the exterior is difficult or impossible. applications should consist of a synthetic pyrethroid (i. e. deltamethrin, cyfluthrin, lambda - cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, sumithrin or tralomethrin) and should be applied by a licensed pest control operator in the fall just prior to bug congregation .\nboxelder bugs generally become a problem when they invade homes, sheds and garages in the fall and when they emerge in the spring. like many overwintering pests, homeowners may see evidence of these bugs as the winter ends and they leave their overwintering site to go back outdoors .\nexclude boxelder bugs during the summer months. concentrate on the south and west exterior walls. avoid excluding them during the months when they are mostly likely inside so you do not seal them inside. if you seal them inside, they may enter interior rooms in large numbers .\nafter boxelder bugs have entered the structure: it is not advisable to use an insecticide inside after the insects have gained access to the wall voids or attic areas. although insecticidal dust treatments to these voids may kill thousands of bugs, there is the possibility that carpet beetles will feed on the dead boxelder bugs and subsequently attack woolens, stored dry goods or other natural products in the home. although aerosol - type pyrethrum foggers will kill boxelder bugs that have amassed on ceilings and walls in living areas, it will not prevent more of the insects from emerging shortly after the room is aerated. for this reason use of these materials is not considered a good solution to long - term management of the problem. spray insecticides, directed into cracks and crevices, will not prevent the bugs from emerging and is not a viable or recommended treatment .\nboxelder bugs are considered nuisance pests: only doing minor damage to the plants they feed on, but often invading buildings and yards in large numbers. while they can release some odor when disturbed, they are not “ stink bugs ” and their scent is usually not considered offensive .\nwill soapy water kill boxelder bugs? sorry folks. this will make them fall off of your house and may drown a few, but it' s not going to solve the problem. they' re still going to keep flying onto your house if the sun' s out .\nboxelder bugs lay their eggs on the trunks, branches and leaves of their food source. they do not lay eggs in or on houses or other structures. after hatching as nymphs 10 to 14 days later, they will molt five times throughout the spring, summer and fall months .\nprevention is key to getting rid of boxelder bugs. spray the exterior walls of your home in the fall with a residual insecticide to stop them from over - wintering if you have not sprayed earlier. if you treat earlier (early summer months), you have the best chance to control the immature stages of boxelder bugs. ideally spray twice, once in the spring - early summer months when they emerge and once in the fall when they seek shelter. once they have come inside to overwinter, total control is close to impossible as locating all infested voids is difficult." ]

{ "text": [ "the boxelder bug ( boisea trivittata ) is a north american species of true bug .", "it is found primarily on boxelder trees , as well as maple and ash trees .", "the adults are about 12.5 millimetres ( 0.49 in ) long with a dark brown or black colouration , relieved by red wing veins and markings on the abdomen ; nymphs are bright red . " ], "topic": [ 29, 28, 8 ] }

[ "the boxelder bug (boisea trivittata) is a north american species of true bug. it is found primarily on boxelder trees, as well as maple and ash trees. the adults are about 12.5 millimetres (0.49 in) long with a dark brown or black colouration, relieved by red wing veins and markings on the abdomen; nymphs are bright red." ]

[ "what type of species is ondina anceps? below, you will find the taxonomic groups the ondina anceps species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of ondina anceps species? below, you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species ondina anceps .\nhow to identify ondina anceps marine species? below, you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species ondina anceps. for each identification criteria, the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species ondina anceps are marked in green .\nwhere is ondina anceps found in the world? below, you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species ondina anceps can be found .\nondina is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies .\ngofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca. in: costello, m. j. et al. (eds), european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. patrimoines naturels. 50: 180 - 213. (look up in imis) [ details ]\ngiannuzzi - savelli r. , pusateri f. , micali, p. , nofroni, i. , bartolini s. (2014). atlante delle conchiglie marine del mediterraneo, vol. 5 (heterobranchia). edizioni danaus, palermo, pp. 1 - 111 with 41 unnumbered plates (figs. 1 - 363), appendix pp. 1 - 91. page (s): 50, appendix p. 10, 57 [ details ]\nde folin l. 1870. d' une méthode de classification pour les coquilles de la famille des chemnitzidae. annales de la société linnéenne du département du maine et loire 12: 191 - 202\ngofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 180 - 213\nrolán e. , 2005. malacological fauna from the cape verde archipelago. part 1, polyplacophora and gastropoda .\nhowson, c. m. ; picton, b. e. (ed .) (1997). the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas. ulster museum publication, 276. the ulster museum: belfast, uk. isbn 0 - 948150 - 06 - 8. vi, 508 (+ cd - rom) pp .\nde folin, 1870. in: costello, m. j. ; bouchet, p. ; boxshall, g. ; arvantidis, c. ; appeltans, w. (2014) european register of marine species, accessed through pesi at\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nimpact factor: 0. 566 ​5 - year impact factor: ​0. 711 journal citation reports® 2015\n1 ege university, faculty of fisheries, dept. hydrobiology, bornova, izmir, turkey 2 via papiria 17, i - 61032 fano (pu), italy\nthe thin shell has an oval shape. the whorls of the teleoconch are smooth or spirally striated. the columellar tooth is obsolete .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nde folin l. 1870. d' une méthode de classification pour les coquilles de la famille des chemnitzidae. < i > annales de la société linnéenne du département du maine et loire < / i > 12: 191 - 202\nnomenclator zoologicus. a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. digitised by ubio from vols. 1 - 9 of neave (ed .), 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume. urltoken (as at 2006) .\nvan aartsen, j. j. (1984). the pyramidellid genera described by the marquis l. de folin. < em > bollettino malacologico. < / em > 20: 5 - 8 .\nsono gradite, anzi richieste, segnalazioni di errori ed omissioni... . grazie\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by, 30. 11. 04, , php script by, 05 / 11 / 2010, last modified by kbanasihan, 06 / 28 / 2010" ]

{ "text": [ "ondina anceps ( gaglini , 1992 ) is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family pyramidellidae , the pyrams and their allies . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "ondina anceps (gaglini, 1992) is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies." ]

[ "english: flashlightfish, great flashlightfish, indian flashlightfish, lanterneye fish; twofin flashlightfish; german: lanternenfisch .\nsplitfin flashlightfish and people: splitfin flashlightfish are used in the aquarium business. sometimes they are used for bait .\nlittle is known about the reproductive biology of the splitfin flashlightfish, but they probably do not guard eggs .\ngeographic range: splitfin flashlightfish live in the western part of the pacific ocean from the great barrier reef to southern japan. habitat: splitfin flashlightfish live in reef areas 66 to 1, 300 feet (20 to 400 meters) deep. more\ngeographic range: splitfin flashlightfish live in the western part of the pacific ocean from the great barrier reef to southern japan .\n* splitfin flashlightfish, anomalops katoptron, found in the warm waters of the western pacific ocean, sometimes in the very deep ocean trenches. more\nsearch splitfin flashlightfish [ anomalops katoptron ] and thousands of other words in english definition and synonym dictionary from reverso. you can complete the list of synonyms of splitfin flashlightfish [ anomalops katoptron ] given by the english thesaurus dictionary with other english dictionaries: wikipedia, lexilogos, oxford, cambridge, chambers harrap, wordreference, collins lexibase dictionaries, merriam webster ...\nflashlightfish .\nshedd aquarium. urltoken (accessed on october 12, 2004) .\nsplitfin flashlightfish use their large light organ during feeding, which is done primarily at night. one of these fishes has its light off. (©fred mcconnaughey / photo researchers, inc. reproduced by permission. )\nbehavior and reproduction: splitfin flashlightfish have a light - producing organ and control it with muscles that rotate the organ either to allow the glowing bacteria to shine forth or to hide the glow from view. the fish use the light to communicate with one another. splitfin flashlightfish often travel in schools of twenty - four to forty - eight fish. little is known about the reproduction of these fish except that they probably do not guard eggs .\nfrom japan to ottawa via california: our new live specimens have come a long way to get to the museum! angela desjardins presents the splitfin flashlightfish that you can see in the exhibition creatures of light as of may 3, 2014 .\nthe splitfin flashlightfish gets its name from its two glowing patches that are caused by bioluminescent bacteria in organs below each eye. the body is black with a blue tinge along the dorsal and caudal fins. the adult grows to a length of 35 centimetres (14 in) tl .\nsplitfin flashlightfish gets its name from its two glowing patches that are cause by bio - luminescent bacteria in organs below each eye. this fish have a black body with a blueish tint on their caudal and dorsal fins. this species grows to a length of 35 centimetres (14 in )\nthis fish is known as splitfin flashlightfish and the correct latin name is anomalops katoptron. it belongs to the lanterneye fish family. (e) it' s origin is east asia and australia. (e) character and suggestions regarding care this species is peaceful towards it' s tankmates. more\nhabitat: splitfin flashlightfish live in reef areas 66 to 1, 300 feet (20 to 400 meters) deep. during the day these fish remain hidden from sunlight, either in deep water or in dark caves. in winter, the fish gather in the warm, shallow waters of the philippines .\nsplitfin flashlightfishes often travel in schools of 24 to 48 fish. feeding ecology and diet uses its large light organ during feeding, which is primarily a nocturnal activity. more\ndiet: splitfin flashlightfish use their large light organ during feeding, which is done primarily at night. these fish shun even dim light, searching for food before or after the moon has risen and set or on nights of a new moon. their diet is mainly animal plankton. plankton are microscopic plants and animals drifting in water .\nphysical characteristics: splitfin flashlightfish are 4 to 12 inches (10 to 30 centimeters) long. these fish have large eyes with light - producing organs below them. they have two dorsal (door - suhl) fins, which are the fins along the midline of the back. the rear dorsal fin is triangular and much larger than the front one .\nthis fish can be found in the aquarium trade. it can be kept with other nocturnal fish, including pinecone fish, glasseye squirrelfish, and cardinalfish. this species requires plenty of hiding places and low lighting in the aquarium. spawning of the related flashlightfish\na flashlight fish with a bean - shaped light organ under the eye that produces a bluish light, presumably to locate planktonic prey, communicate with others of the same species and avoid predators. the light organs are densely settled with luminous symbiotic bacteria that grow in tubular structures and produce a constant bluish light that is enhanced by a reflector on the back of the light organ (hellinger et al. 2017). the light, produced by symbiotic bacteria living within the organ, is\nturned off\n( cannot be seen) when the fish rotates the organ inwards. the twofin flashlightfish shelters in caves and crevices during the day, emerging at night to feed on zooplankton. video of twofin flashlightfish in the dark in a small cave in the solomon islands. twofin flashlightfish at the hong kong ocean park .\na school of twofin flashlightfish, anomalops katoptron, in the banda islands, indonesia. source: fig 1b, in hellinger et al. 2017 plos one 12 (2): e0170489. doi: 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0170489. license: cc by attribution\nfishes in this species have a light - producing organ, and regulate it using a muscular attachment that rotates the gland, either to allow the bioluminescent bacteria to shine forth or to hide the glow from view. the fishes can control the light, which they use to communicate with conspecifics. splitfin flashlightfishes often travel in schools of 24 to 48 fish .\na school of these megawatt fish are said to produce the brightest glow of any living organism – they can be seen from over 100 feet away. their “flashlights” are large photophores, light producing organs, powered by symbiotic light - emitting bacteria. the flashlightfish can rotate their photophores to “turn off” their “flashlights. ” they use these bright lights to signal to other flashlight fish, to attract prey, and also to evade predators by flashing their light in one direction then turning it off and swimming in another .\nbioluminescence is a fascinating phenomenon occurring in numerous animal taxa in the ocean. the reef dwelling splitfin flashlight fish (anomalops katoptron) can be found in large schools during moonless nights in the shallow water of coral reefs and in the open surrounding water. anomalops katoptron produce striking blink patterns with symbiotic bacteria in their sub - ocular light organs. we examined the blink frequency in a. katoptron under various laboratory conditions. during the night a. katoptron swims in schools roughly parallel to their conspecifics and display high blink frequencies of approximately 90 blinks / minute with equal on and off times. however, when planktonic prey was detected in the experimental tank, the open time increased compared to open times in the absence of prey and the frequency decreased to 20% compared to blink frequency at night in the absence of planktonic prey. during the day when the school is in a cave in the reef tank the blink frequency decreases to approximately 9 blinks / minute with increasing off - times of the light organ. surprisingly the non - luminescent a. katoptron with non - functional light organs displayed the same blink frequencies and light organ open / closed times during the night and day as their luminescent conspecifics. in the presence of plankton non - luminescent specimens showed no change in the blink frequency and open / closed times compared to luminescent a. katoptron. our experiments performed in a coral reef tank show that a. katoptron use bioluminescent illumination to detect planktonic prey and that the blink frequency of a. katoptron light organs follow an exogenous control by the ambient light .\ngreek, anomalos = uneven, irregular + greek, ops = shape (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; reef - associated; depth range 2 - 400 m (ref. 1602). tropical; 32°n - 24°s, 117°e - 143°w (ref. 57368 )\npacific ocean: philippines and indonesia to the tuamoto islands, north to southern japan, south to the great barrier reef .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 35. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 9710 )\ndorsal spines (total): 6 - 7; dorsal soft rays (total): 14 - 15; anal spines: 2; anal soft rays: 9 - 11 .\nhides during the day and venture out at night to feed, tending to occur along steep drop - offs near caves on dark, moonless nights. feeds on zooplankton. the large, deep water form is occasionally collected by fishing at depths of 200 to 400 m. caught with cast nets in shallow waters of the philippines. forms aggregations (ref 90102) .\nmccosker, j. e. and r. h. rosenblatt, 1987. notes on the biology, taxonomy, and distribution of flashlight fishes (beryciformes: anomalopidae). jap. j. ichthyol. 34 (2): 157 - 164. (ref. 5004 )\n): 17. 9 - 27. 8, mean 24. 1 (based on 244 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 1. 0020 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01122 (0. 00514 - 0. 02450), b = 3. 04 (2. 87 - 3. 21), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 4 ±0. 45 se; based on food items .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (19 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nrecorded in australia from the northern great barrier reef and the coral sea off queensland. the species occurs elsewhere in the tropical, indo - west pacific. the species is nocturnal and occurs in large schools in near surface waters at night .\nheterophthalmus katoptron bleeker, 1856, acta soc. scient. indo - neerland 1: 43. type locality: manado, makassar, indonesia .\nbleeker, p. 1856. beschrijvengen van nieuwe of weinig bekende vischsoorten van menado en makassar grootendeels verzameld op eene reis naar den molukschen archipel in het gevolg van den gouverneur - generaal duymaer van twist .\n( 2017) the flashlight fish uses bioluminescent light to detect prey in the dark .\njohnson, g. d. & rosenblatt, r. h. 1988. mechanisms of light organ occlusion in flashlightfishes, family anomalopidae (teleostei: beryciformes), and the evolution of the group .\nmccosker, j. e. & rosenblatt, r. h. 1987. notes on the biology, taxonomy, and distribution of the flashlight fishes (beryciformes: anomalopidae) .\npaxton, j. r. & johnson, g. d. 1999. family anomalopidae. pp. 2212 - 2213 in carpenter, k. e. & niem, t. h. (eds) .\nthe living marine resources of the western central pacific. fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes .\nreef and shore fishes of the south pacific. new caledonia to tahiti and the pitcairn islands\n, a new anomalopid fish from the eastern tropical pacific and the evolution of the anomalopidae .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nwelcome to the fish index! we are maintaining a growing encyclopedia of fish species listed from a - z! choose from our categories or browse the fish featured along the sides by clicking their pictures. each fish includes detailed information, pictures, video and user comments! with over 30, 000 different species in the world, our team of fish experts are constantly being challenged to discover new species. sample\nthe fish of the day\nor browse our impressive selection of aquarium fish !\nthe flashlight fish or anomalops katoptron gets its name from its glowing smile that is cause by bio - luminescent bacteria in organs below each eye. this glow will often be white, but will also turn a blue or yellowish coloration depending on the fish. the flashlight fish actually has the ability to turn this light on and off when needed! they will use their light to attract prey, to communicate with one another, and to cause a diversion for potential predators. this remarkable attribute makes this\nalso known as the lantern fish and the twofin flashlight fish they have a black body with a blueish tint on their caudal and dorsal fins. growing to about 9\nin length, this fish requires an aquarium of at least 125 gallons with the following water conditions, 72 - 78° f, dkh 8 - 12, ph 8. 1 - 8. 4, sg 1. 020 - 1. 025. they can be kept with other\nand low lighting to set the mood. you can check out the flashlight fish underwater in the video below .\nif you have any additional information about the flashlight fish please leave us a comment below .\naww fishy fishy lol i love fishes. i only hate stone fish. i think it is ugly. so are the monk fishes lol\nyou can help the fish index by submitting your fish pictures to us right here! this website claims no credit for any images posted on this site unless otherwise noted. images on this wenite are copyright to its respectful owners. if there is an image appearing on this website that belongs to you and you do not wish for it appear on this site, please e - mail us with a link to said image and it will be promptly removed. thanks for visiting !\njoin the clan - - - urltoken predatory fish keepers forum - - for clan discussions covering rare predatory fishes to exotic bottom feeders... and all other peace - able ones in between\n35. 0 cm tl (male / unsexed; (ref. 9710) )\ndescription: characterized by dark grey color to nearly blackish with white margin on soft dorsal, anal, caudal and pelvic fins; lateral - line nearly straight; well developed and continuous midventral scutes; light organ turned off by rotating inward; large eye, 2. 5 - 2. 7 in head length; depth of body 3. 0 - 3. 3 in sl (ref. 90102) .\ndescription: characterized by dark grey color to nearly blackish with white margin on soft dorsal, anal, caudal and pelvic fins; lateral - line nearly straight; well developed and continuous midventral scutes; light organ turned off by rotating inward; large eye, 2. 5 - 2. 7 in head length; depth of body 3. 0 - 3. 3 in sl (ref 90102) .\ndepth range based on 4 specimens in 1 taxon. water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 2 samples. environmental ranges depth range (m): 6 - 280 temperature range (°c): 17. 969 - 27. 219 nitrate (umol / l): 0. 263 - 5. 251 salinity (pps): 34. 289 - 35. 557 oxygen (ml / l): 4. 418 - 4. 558 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 225 - 0. 505 silicate (umol / l): 2. 657 - 3. 898 graphical representation depth range (m): 6 - 280 temperature range (°c): 17. 969 - 27. 219 nitrate (umol / l): 0. 263 - 5. 251 salinity (pps): 34. 289 - 35. 557 oxygen (ml / l): 4. 418 - 4. 558 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 225 - 0. 505 silicate (umol / l): 2. 657 - 3. 898 note: this information has not been validated. check this * note *. your feedback is most welcome .\nreef - associated; marine; depth range 2 - 400 m (ref. 1602 )\ndepth: 2 - 400m. from 2 to 400 meters. habitat: reef - associated .\nfound in inshore waters (ref. 75154). hides during the day and venture out at night to feed, tending to occur along steep drop - offs near caves on dark, moonless nights. feeds on zooplankton (ref. 5004) .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. there are 6 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (coi or cox1) from a member of the species .\npaxton, j. r. and g. d. johnson 1999 anomalopidae. flashlight fishes. p. 2212 - 2213. in k. e. carpenter and v. h. niem (eds .) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes. the living marine resources of the wcp. vol. 4. bony fishes - part 2. (mugilidae to carangidae). fao, rome .\nand in deep waters from depths of 200 to 400 metres (660 to 1, 310 ft) .\n. this species requires plenty of hiding places and low lighting in the aquarium .\nif starved, the fish slowly lose the ability to emit light (6). spawning of the related flashlight fish photoblepharon palpebratus in the aquarium was observed by meyer - rochow in 1976 (7) .\nfroese, rainer and pauly, daniel, eds. (2012) .\nanomalops katoptron\nin fishbase. october 2012 version .\nmeyer - rochow, v. b. 1976\nsome observations on spawning and fecundity in the luminescent fish photoblepharon palpebratus\n. mar. biol. 37: 325 - 328\nmeyer - rochow, v. b. 1976\nloss of bioluminescence in anomalops katoptron due to starvation\n. experientia 32: 1175 - 1176\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ndue to availability and individuality of each species, colors and sizes may vary .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou' re currently viewing our forum as a guest. this means you are limited to certain areas of the board and there are some features you can' t use. if you join our community, you' ll be able to access member - only sections, and use many member - only features such as customizing your profile and voting in polls. registration is simple, fast, and completely free .\nthis species is nocturnal, seeking prey in dark areas. it feeds on zooplankton. if starved, the fish slowly loses the ability to emit light .\nthe flashlight fish is one of the few marine animals that can be kept in an aquarium. stefan herlitze (left) and jens hellinger study its luminescence\nthe researchers thus identified the purposes of bioluminescence in this fish species. the same question still remains open for many other glowing marine creatures. the researchers published their report in the current plos one edition .\nflashlight fish, also referred to as lantern - eye fish, live in swarms of eight to 50 animals that hunt plankton on coral reef roofs at night. during the day, the fish withdraw to a depth of up to 400 metres, where they presumably rest in underwater caves. they have light organs below their eyes which can be rotated backwards and which contain bioluminescent symbiotic bacteria. by rotating their light organs, the fish generate flash patterns in different frequencies. to date, researchers could only speculate about the light organs function .\ndeploying methods of behavioural biology, we have now successfully demonstrated that\nuses its light organs while foraging, and it adjusts the flash frequency to the context in which it operates ,\nas stefan herlitze and jens hellinger explain. for their analysis, the researchers utilised watertight infrared spotlights, developed in collaboration with the faculty workshop for this specific purpose .\nthey observed that the fish blink 90 times per minute on average during the night. once the researchers add zooplankton to the water, the animals promptly reduce their flash frequency and emit an almost continuous glow while feeding. non - glowing control animals of the same species hardly ever caught any prey. they didn' t exhibit any changes to blink frequency in the presence of zooplankton, either. the blink frequency in non - glowing fish can be determined by monitoring light organ rotation .\nthe results clearly indicate that\nrelies on its light organs while foraging for food ,\nconclude stefan herlitze and jens hellinger .\nmoreover, the researchers have demonstrated that the animal' blink frequency is also regulated by the lighting conditions in their environment. during the day, the animals rest in the reef aquarium in a dimly lit cave, keeping their light organs closed for the most part, interrupted only by brief blinks. during their active phase at night, on the other hand, the fish exhibit a high blink frequency. the precise function of that blink pattern is not yet fully understood. additional analyses will reveal whether the fish use blink patterns to communicate or whether they confuse predators by blinking in a swarm .\nanatomical thin - section analyses that the researchers performed on light organs of luminescent and non - luminescent fish have revealed marked differences in the macroscopic and microscopic structures: light organs of luminescent fish contain tightly packed tubules which house living, glowing bacteria; once the light organs stop glowing and lose the bacteria, holes form in the tubule structure. the structural transformation following the loss of luminescence suggests a close symbiosis between fish and bacteria. the loss of luminescence is caused by food shortage .\ngeneration of light by organisms is common in nature. the by far most instances of luminescent organisms occur in marine habitats and can be found in numerous systematic groups. approx. 90 per cent of all deep - sea animals are bioluminescent. among vertebrates, fish are the only ones to display bioluminescence. fish either possess photophores where they generate light, or they accommodate symbiotic bacteria that emit light. that light may be used for communication, for luring in prey organisms, or for defence; in many instances, the precise function is not obvious, and it is difficult to analyse it in deep - sea organisms .\ndue to extreme pressure differences, it' s virtually impossible to bring the fish to the surface without harming them ,\nsay stefan herlitze and jens hellinger. the flashlight fish anomalops katoptron is an exception. as it lives in relatively shallow waters, it can be kept in an aquarium .\nruhr - university bochum .\nbehavioral biology: the firefly among fish .\nsciencedaily. urltoken (accessed february 10, 2017) .\njens hellinger, peter jägers, marcel donner, franziska sutt, melanie d. mark, budiono senen, ralph tollrian, stefan herlitze .\nplos one, 2017; 12 (2): e0170489 doi: 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0170489\nthe _ flashlight _ fish _ anomalops _ katoptron _ uses _ bioluminescent _ light _ to _ detect _ prey _ in _ the _ dark. pdf (1. 7 mb )\npicture of anomalops katoptron has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial. original source: fishbase permission: some rights reserved\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nformat full report (text) gene table (text) summary (text) tabular (text) asn. 1 xml ui list\nchromosome: mt; nc _ 008128. 1 (7937. . 8104 )\nmajor patterns of higher teleostean phylogenies: a new perspective based on 100 complete mitochondrial dna sequences .\nmiya m, et al. mol phylogenet evol, 2003 jan. pmid 12470944\nthe following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. explain\nthis section includes genomic reference sequences (refseqs) from all assemblies on which this gene is annotated, such as refseqs for chromosomes and scaffolds (contigs) from both reference and alternate assemblies. model rnas and proteins are also reported here .\ndouble - check spelling, grammar, punctuation. translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different, search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different, try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations, dictionary, verb conjugations, and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language. have a suggestion, idea, or comment? send us your feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncfm script by eagbayani, 28. 08. 01, php script by cmilitante, 04 / 03 / 10, last modified by cmilitante, 11 / 12 / 12\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n臺灣魚類誌 (沈等, 1993); the live marine resources of the western central pacific, vol. 4 (fao, 1999); fishes of japan (nakabo, 2002 )\ntwo dorsal fins with v and i spines, and 14 - 15 soft rays; anal fin with ii spines and 10 - 11 soft rays. body black brown, and all fins light, outside of all fins dark, excet for pectoroal fin .\nhides during the day and venture out at night to feed, tending to occur along steep drop - offs near caves on dark, moonless nights. feeds on zooplankton. the large, deep water form is occasionally collected by fishing at depths of 200 to 400 m. caught with\ngeneral characteristics the flashlight fish (aka eyelight fish) is distinguished by lime - green light organs below the fish’s eyes. its maximum length is 12 cm (5 in). the fish is black with a blunt snout, large mouth and a forked tail .\ndistribution / habitat this flashlight fish is found from the philippines to society islands, north to marshall islands, south to great barrier reef. the fish occurs along seaward reefs at depths of 7 to 25 m (23 to 82 ft) and near or along steep drop - offs with caves. the flashlight fish is only observed on “moonless” nights and hides in caverns during the day .\ndiet in the wild the flashlight fish feeds on zooplankton, small fish, crabs, and shrimp. the fish usually feeds in large groups away from the reefs at night. the light attracts the zooplankton and the\nzooplankton attract other small fish, which see only the flashlight fish’s glow, not the fish itself. so obscured, the flashlight fish dines on unsuspecting prey .\nreproduction flashlight fish live in pairs during reproduction, defending a small territory on the reef. the larger female protects the male and is known to startle unwanted intruders to retreat with a sudden flashing of her light. the bacteria shine only in the light organs\nremarks the lime - green light in the light organ is produced biochemically by symbiotic bacteria that live within the light organs below the fish’s eyes. in this symbiotic relationship, the bacteria get a safe home and nutrients and the oxygen necessary to bioluminescent; the fish gets a multi - use light. the photophore of flashlight fish produces the brightest glow of nearly all aquatic bioluminescent organisms. their light is visible to over 30 m (100 ft) .\nthe light attracts prey. the light may also allow this fish to observe prey, confuse predators and be a means of conspecific communication. (the function of bioluminescence is very much a hot\na flap of skin moves over the light organ to “turn it off or on. ”\nmccosker, then director of the steinhart aquarium as well as a research curator, discovered this fish species on a trip to the comoros islands in 1975. the primary purpose of the trip was to bring back a coelacanth. after days and nights of diving, his team never captured a\nliving coelacanth, but they captured and returned to san francisco with living specimens of the intriguing photoblepheron. steinhart aquarium was the first in the world to display flashlight fish .\nok this is not the red sea and these are not israelites fleeing egypt .\nthese are flashlight fish leaving the hull of the mv pacific gas to feed at night (the set up is in the two previous shots). this is an amazing spectacle to witness and even more difficult to photograph. only a hand full of people a year see this and to the best of my knowledge it has never been photographed .\ni removed the strobes from the ultra lite arms and used them as a stand for the underwater camera. everything else was a crap shoot for setting it up in total darkness. i' m amazed this turned out as well as it did .\nall sketches are done by myself. standard # 2 pencil typically ticonderoga. fish seems to be my main interest to draw, but i am capable of any animal. all free handed no computer editing .\nin 1985 the mv pacific gas was intentionally sunk near port moresby png. the top of her bow set in 60 feet of water while her stern lies at 120 feet .\nover the years she has become inhabited by a species of flashlight fish (photoblepharon palpebratus) that reside in her haul during the day. but at dusk a remarkable event occurs when these creatures leave mv pacific gas through the port shown in the upper right. i am told by craig dewit that the event that follows has never been captured on film .\nthe following images were taken in total darkness without any type of artificial light .\nresident bacteria use a chemical reaction to make the\nflashlights\nunder this fish' s eyes. flashlight fish often lurk along steep drop - offs near caves. they venture from hiding at night to feed .\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\nconceptualization: jh rt sh. data curation: mdm sh. formal analysis: jh md fs. funding acquisition: sh. investigation: jh pj md fs. methodology: jh md. project administration: bs sh. resources: jh bs mdm. software: jh pj. supervision: jh bs sh. validation: jh bs sh. visualization: jh md. writing – original draft: jh mdm rt sh. writing – review & editing: jh mdm rt sh .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know. thanks for your help !\nthe order beryciformes encompasses 7 marine families, 29 genera, and about 140 species. the seven families are :\nthe order beryciformes falls at the base of a large grouping of fishes collectively known as percomorphs. these advanced fishes include the order perciformes, which comprises a great diversity of fishes including cichlids, perches, blennies, and barracudas. like all other percomorphs, the beryciforms have a characteristic linked arrangement of the pelvic and pectoral girdles. they differ from other percomorphs in the number of rays in the tail fin. caudal rays in most percomorphs number 17, but fishes in the beryciformes order have 18 or 19. systematists believe that as the fishes advanced evolutionarily, the number of tail - fin rays decreased. the fact that the beryciformes have a greater number of caudal rays places them at the base of the percomorph lineage .\nat one time, the order beryciformes was larger and included the beardfishes, whalefishes, gibberfishes, and pricklefishes. systematists once classified beardfishes as primitive beryciforms, but have now placed them in their own order, the polymixiiformes, which precedes the evolution of the beryciformes. the whalefishes, gibberfishes, and pricklefishes are in the order stephanoberyciformes, and accompany the beryciformes at the base of the percomorph lineage. the genera of beryciform fishes have also undergone some changes in classification. for example, the squirrelfishes have at one time or another been classified under the genera adioryx, flammeo, holocentrus, sargocentron, and neoniphon, but the latter three are currently used .\nthe fossil record indicates that beryciform fishes occurred at least as far back as the late cretaceous period, and were abundant. the group has persisted and is still quite common .\nthe beryciformes are small - to medium - sized, spiny - rayed fishes, 3–24 in (8–61 cm) long. they have big eyes, some have colorful scales, and some have light organs beneath the eyes. the order is also defined partly by the number of softer, flexible rays in the ventral fin .\nthe holocentridae is the largest family within the beryciformes. encompassing both the squirrelfishes and soldierfishes, fishes in this family are typified by a reddish color from head to tail and a noticeably forked tail. the trailing edges of their scales often have spines (called spinoid scales); some have spines on their gill covers .\nunder each eye. these fishes and the bioluminescent bacteria that generate the light have developed a symbiotic relationship that offers the bacteria a place to live, while giving the fishes illumination, perhaps for attracting zooplankton during night feeding and for intraspecific communication. light organs are also seen in other beryciform fishes, including those in the family monocentridae .\nthe monocentrids' whimsical common names of the pineapple and pineconefishes come from their beautiful, large scales. usually yellow, each scale has its own dark outline, further accentuating an armorlike appearance. like the holocentrids, species of the monocentridae have spines poking backward from each scale .\ntrachichthyids are known mostly from one species, the orange roughy (hoplostethus atlanticus). this somewhat primitive - looking fish, as well as other members of this family, are distinguished by mucous cavities just beneath the skin of the head. this trait accounts for their less - than - flattering alternate common name of slimeheads .\nas a group, the beryciform fishes are found in tropical, subtropical, and temperate waters nearly around the globe. the holocentrids occur worldwide in tropical waters, although some venture further north or south. the alfoncinos and redfishes, spinyfins, and fangtooths prefer tropical to temperate waters worldwide. the pineapplefishes share this affinity, but remain in the indian and pacific oceans. the flashlightfishes occur in the tropical seas from the western atlantic to the pacific; the roughy family favors the waters around australia .\nberyciform fishes cover a range of habitats. some species, such as many of the squirrelfishes, gravitate toward shallow, tropical reefs. others, such as the roughies, spend their lives in deep, dark, ocean waters. most roughies inhabit continental - shelf and slope waters almost 5, 280 ft (1, 609 m) deep. certain spinyfins and fangtooth species share this preference for deep waters, and live along the sea bottom 6, 600 ft (2, 012 m) down .\nberyciforms that live in shallow waters shun the light, usually tucking themselves under a coral overhang, backing into a cave, or hiding below another structure during the day. during daytime excursions, divers frequently encounter squirrelfishes poking out from some type of dark sanctuary. shallow - dwelling species sometimes maintain a daily routine of descending into deep waters and remaining mostly inactive during the day, then rising into the shallows at night to feed. a few, such as the flashlightfishes, further avoid the light by limiting their shallow - water forays to nights of a new moon, or to the periods before the moon rises and after it sets .\nperhaps the most notable characteristic of the beryciform fishes is their ability to produce light, and in some cases, readily control it. the light is the result of bioluminescent bacteria that take up residence in pockets just below the skin of various species, including the flashlight, pineapple, and pineconefishes. other beryciform fishes also have light organs, including members in the genera sorosichthys and paratrachichthys. as well as using the light to find and / or to attract\nprey during their nocturnal feeding forays, in some cases these fishes apparently employ the illumination as a means of communication between members of the their own species and as a method of confusing potential predators. this assumption is based on observations of alterations in the blinking pattern of the light when conspecifics approach one another or when a predator swims nearby. the eyelight fish (photoblepharon palpebratus) can control its light production by lifting or dropping a flap of skin over the light organ. other species have other ways of controlling the light .\nseveral beryciform species also make noises, either when interacting with members of their own species or with other fishes. the squirrelfishes are noted for their grunting and clicking sounds, which they produce with the swim bladder .\nberyciformes feed on small fishes and various invertebrates. the shallow - dwellers are primarily nocturnal feeders, although some will feed on invertebrates passing through their diurnal retreats. for example, squirrelfishes primarily dine on the small fishes, various crabs, shrimps, and other crustaceans and zooplankton they find in the reef at night, but will take an invertebrate during the day if one happens to wander nearby .\nfishes in this order are known by their large eyes, which allow them to see in low - light conditions. some have the added advantage of light organs, which assist in finding and perhaps attracting prey. species in the monocentridae and anomalopidae use their light organs to fill their diet of crustaceans. the australian pineapplefish (cleidopus gloriamaris) has light organs near the mouth and uses them like bluish spotlights at night when it ventures out from its cave hideout to find food. the similar - appearing pineconefish (monocentris japonica) is believed to use its light organs to lure light - responsive prey after it has seen them rather than to find them in the first place .\npredators for these fishes may include sea birds for shallow - dwelling species, as well as many of the larger, piscivorous fishes of their habitat .\nlittle is known about the reproductive biology of the beryciformes. no observations or studies have shown hermaphroditism\nor sex reversal among the species; they are born male or female and remain that way throughout their lives. scientists believe that all beryciform fishes have external fertilization .\nmore is known about the reproduction in squirrelfishes, because these fishes are common in reefs where they are frequently observed by divers. during mating in the hawaiian squirrelfish (sargocentron xantherythrum), a male and female grunt and click, align themselves side by side, and place their tails together while fanning out their heads to the left and right .\nthe mating of the red soldierfish (myripristis murdjan) in the holocentridae, has also been observed. the male and female courtship ritual involves an inward - spiraling swimming pattern between the two, followed by a quick, adjacent rise through the water when both eggs and sperm are ejected for fertilization .\nvarious members of the beryciformes are important in the pet trade. the colors of the pineapplefishes and squirrelfishes and the glowing organ of the flashlightfishes all draw interest from aquarium keepers. divers also appreciate the reds of the shallow - dwelling squirrelfishes, even if they are mostly viewed in dark crevices and other hiding spots during the day. several beryciforms, including the orange roughy, are commercially harvested as food .\nanomalops katoptron bleeker, 1856, manado, sulawesi [ celebes ], indonesia .\nreaches length of nearly 12 in (about 30 cm). the smaller splitfins average about 4 in (10. 2 cm) and live in shallower areas. color brownish black. has the typical large eye of the beryciforms. they have two dorsal fins; the hindmost fin is triangular and much larger than the front dorsal fin. two light organs are noticeable just beneath each eye .\nwestern south pacific, from malaysia east to the tuamotu archipelago, and from the great barrier reef up to southern japan .\nprefers deeper reef areas of 650–1, 300 ft (200–400 m), but is also seen in depths as shallow as 65 ft (20 m). during the day, it remains hidden from sunlight, either in deep water or in dark caves. in winter months, the species aggregates in the warmer, shallower waters of the philippines .\nuses its large light organ during feeding, which is primarily a nocturnal activity. these fishes shun even dim external light, opting to search for food before or after the moon has risen and set, or on nights of a new moon. their diet is mainly zoo - plankton .\ncan reach up to 6 in (15. 2 cm) in length. their huge head, large mouth opening, and long, sharp teeth combine to give these fishes a rather frightening appearance. with long spines on their heads, the light - gray juveniles look quite different from adults, and were identified as a separate species for many years .\nprefers deeper waters of 1, 650–6, 600 ft (500–2, 000 m), but some occur as far down as 16, 100 ft (4, 900 m). juveniles will venture almost to the surface .\nadult fangtooths are mainly piscivores, feeding by opening their large mouth to draw in prey. the young primarily subsist on crustaceans .\nengages in external fertilization, and provides no parental care to eggs or young. the larvae are planktonic .\nenglish: common squirrelfish, longjaw squirrelfish, french: marignan coq; spanish: candil gallito .\na reddish, sometimes blotched, fish with a large dark eye. typically grows to about 12 in (30. 5 cm), although reports exist of specimens twice that size. has a double dorsal fin, with the front fin comprising sharp spines and taking a yellowish hue. the back fin is much taller, with flexible rays .\ngulf of mexico and the western atlantic ocean from new york to brazil, and east to bermuda. eastern atlantic in\ngabon, angola, st. paul' s rocks, st. helena, and ascensión island .\nsubtropical reefs with suitable structures for hiding during the day. commonly seen by divers in very shallow waters, but also found at depths down to 590 ft (180 m) .\nremains hidden from view during the day, either in deeper waters or in shallow - water crevices. may occur alone or in aggregations of up to a few dozen fish. this species makes grunting and clicking noises .\nmainly nocturnal feeders, consuming crustaceans and other invertebrates. predators include sea birds and other fishes, such as the common dolphinfish (corphaena hippurus), mutton snapper (lutjanus analis), and yellowfin tuna (thunnus albacares) .\nmating behavior includes a pairing of male and female, during which they bring their tails together while their heads face away from one another. the eggs are pelagic. the larvae often venture far out to sea, and return to the reefs as adults .\nenjoyed by divers in their natural habitat, squirrelfishes are also part of the aquarium trade .\nmyripristis jacobus cuvier, 1829, martinique island, west indies; brazil; havana, cuba .\nenglish: bastard soldierfish, roundhead conga; french: marignon mombin; spanish: candil de piedra .\ngrow up to 10 in (25 cm) in length. somewhat similar in appearance to the squirrelfish, they are red with a large eye, double dorsal fin, and forked tail, but also sport a brownish black, vertical bar behind the gillcover that extends to the pectoral fin .\ngulf of mexico and the eastern atlantic, north to north carolina and south to brazil .\nreefs and other structures, including piers. commonly seen by divers in very shallow waters, but also found at depths to 330 ft (100 m) .\nusually a solitary species, but small groups of up to 36 individuals sometimes school. under stress, blackbar soldierfishes will make clicking and grunting noises with the swim bladder .\ndivers have seen an occasional blackbar soldierfish swimming upside down, and they commonly swim upside down in caves .\nnocturnal feeder. eats shrimp and zooplankton. predators include such fishes as the horse - eye jack (caranx latus), west atlantic trumpetfish (aulostomus maculatus), and nassau grouper (epinephelus striatus) .\nengage in external fertilization on days following a full moon. while the adults prefer shallower reefs, the larvae may travel well out to sea .\nenglish: dick bridegroom fish, japanese pineapplefish, knight fish, pine sculpin; french: poisson ananas; german: japanischer reuterfisch / tannenzapfenfisch .\ncan reach 6. 5 in (16. 5 cm) in length. has large scales bordered in black. the scales are armed with spines that point toward the tail. the light organ is located near the mouth .\nsouthern japan, spreading down to southern australia, and west to the red sea .\nprefers rocky reefs. the young are found in shallow waters of 10–20 ft (3 to 6. 1 m); the adults inhabit depths of 60–700 ft (18–213 m) .\nusually solitary or in pairs, but individuals sometimes congregate in schools of 50–100 .\nnocturnal feeder. searches sandy sea bottoms for prey, which includes small fishes, shrimps, and other invertebrates .\nhoplostethus atlanticus collett, 1889, florés, azores, sta. 203, 1557 m .\namong the largest of the beryciform fishes, and possibly the largest, with some specimens up to 29. 5 in (75 cm) in length. has vivid orange - red coloration and a slightly jutting lower jaw .\nprefers deep waters 590–5, 900 ft (180–1, 800 m) deep over steep or rough structures, particularly seamounts .\napparently sedentary rather than migratory. remains in deep waters most of its life. little is known about the young, but they are believed to primarily inhabit deep waters, too .\ndiet is made up of small fishes, shrimps, squids, and other invertebrates. predators include other fishes of their habitat, such as basketwork eels (diastobranchus spp .) .\nlarge groups of orange roughies congregate in annual mating schools. the schools may last one to two weeks, during which mature adults (30 years old and more) spawn and then leave the area. females produce 10, 000–90, 000 eggs, which are fairly large at 0. 08 in (2 mm) and spherical. the eggs drift toward the surface, where they hatch about two weeks later .\nalthough the orange roughy is not listed by the iucn, catches have been restricted to help ensure a continued commercial harvest .\nbest known as a commercial food fish, providing millions of pounds of harvest each year. commercial harvests are now restricted, but past annual harvests have topped 100 million pounds (45 million kg) in the waters off australia and new zealand .\ndeloach, ned. reef fish behavior. jacksonville, fl: new world publications, 1999 .\nhelfman, gene s. , bruce b. collette, and douglas e. facey. the diversity of fishes. malden, ma. : blackwell science, 1997 .\nmichael, scott w .\nfamily anomalopidae: flashlightfishes; family monocentridae: pineapple fishes; subfamily holocentrinae: squirrelfishes; and subfamily myripristinae: soldierfishes .\nin reef fishes: a guide to their identification, behavior and captive care, vol. 1. shelburne, vt: microcosm ltd. , 1998 .\nnelson, joseph s. fishes of the world. new york: john wiley sons, inc. , 1994 .\npaxton, john r .\nsquirrelfishes and their allies .\nin encyclopedia of fishes. 2nd edition, edited by john r. paxton and william n. eschmeyer. san diego: academic press, 1998 .\nsnyderman, marty, and clay wiseman. guide to marine life: caribbean, bahamas, florida. new york: aqua quest publications, 1996." ]

{ "text": [ "the splitfin flashlightfish or two-fin flashlightfish ( anomalops katoptron ) is a species of beryciform fish in the family anomalopidae .", "it is found in warm waters in the central and western pacific ocean near shallow reefs 200 – 400 m ( 660 – 1,300 ft ) in depth .", "it can grow to a length of 35 cm ( 14 in ) tl .", "it is the only known member of its genus . " ], "topic": [ 16, 18, 0, 26 ] }

[ "the splitfin flashlightfish or two-fin flashlightfish (anomalops katoptron) is a species of beryciform fish in the family anomalopidae. it is found in warm waters in the central and western pacific ocean near shallow reefs 200 – 400 m (660 – 1,300 ft) in depth. it can grow to a length of 35 cm (14 in) tl. it is the only known member of its genus." ]

[ "html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence, all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nyou are currently seeing a feature reduced version of this site, please use a javascript enabled browser for full functionality to be unlocked .\nion contains the organism names related data gathered from the scientific literature for clarivate analytics' zoological record ® database. viruses, bacteria and plant names will be added from other clarivate databases such as biosis previews ® .\nnumber of names appearing only in this repository: 2511782 (61. 20% )\ndescription: ion will ultimately contain all the organism names related data found within the thomson reuters life science literature databases .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word exactella. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word exactella and, of course, exactella synonyms and on the right images related to the word exactella .\nthis is the place for exactella definition. you find here exactella meaning, synonyms of exactella and images for exactella copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word guilinella. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word guilinella and, of course, guilinella synonyms and on the right images related to the word guilinella .\nthis is the place for guilinella definition. you find here guilinella meaning, synonyms of guilinella and images for guilinella copyright 2017 © urltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "elachista fasciocaliginosa is a moth in the elachistidae family .", "it was described by sugisima in 2005 .", "it is found in japan ( honshu ) .", "the length of the forewings is about 2.8 mm for males and 2.9-3.1 mm for females .", "the forewings are black-brownish with two white - silvery fascia .", "there are probably multiple generations per year .", "the larvae feed on miscanthus sinensis .", "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "the mine starts as a purplish linear gallery and later becomes greenish and elongate blotch-like .", "pupation takes place outside of the mine . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 15, 8, 11, 11, 11 ] }

[ "elachista fasciocaliginosa is a moth in the elachistidae family. it was described by sugisima in 2005. it is found in japan (honshu). the length of the forewings is about 2.8 mm for males and 2.9-3.1 mm for females. the forewings are black-brownish with two white - silvery fascia. there are probably multiple generations per year. the larvae feed on miscanthus sinensis. they mine the leaves of their host plant. the mine starts as a purplish linear gallery and later becomes greenish and elongate blotch-like. pupation takes place outside of the mine." ]

[ "levmoss park (the gallops), leopardstown, dublin 18, south co. dublin\nlevmoss park emma mccormick the gallops dublin co. dublin (01) 6761602 e. mccormick @ urltoken\nlevmoss park is set amidst extensively landscaped grounds to the rear of the gallops, on levmoss avenue. the development was named after levmoss, the irish racehorse who won the ascot gold cup and prix de l' arc de triomphe in 1969. the thoroughbred was trained at the site of the scheme by the late séamus mcgrath before park developments began building there a quarter of a century ago .\nlevmoss was a bay horse bred in ireland by the mcgrath trust company, a breeding organisation run by his owner and trainer seamus mcgrath. his sire was the mcgrath - owned le levanstell, who won the sussex stakes and the queen elizabeth ii stakes in 1961 before a successful stud career. levmoss' s dam, feemoss came from a strong staying family, being a daughter of the yorkshire oaks winner feevagh and a half - sister of the queen alexandra stakes winner laurence o. after, levmoss, feemoss went on to produce the prix de diane winner sweet mimosa and the champion stayer le moss .\nin 1968, the magnificent colt sir ivor was defeated in the race by vaguely noble but a year later, there was an irish winner as the stayer levmoss outpointed park top in a thrilling finish .\n, 1 at levmoss, & 1 at wyckham point; a further 3 units will be available in the sandyford business park area during 2013 – either under rent to buy or the affordable housing scheme .\nlevmoss park is the latest phase in the gallops. the development includes a large mix of residential units from 1, 2 bedroom apartments to 4 and 5 bedroom houses located close to the leopardstown shopping centre .\nbecause levmoss park is more than a decade old, its energy efficiency is a tad lower than that of freshly - built schemes, so the properties have a ber of b3 to b1 and the central heating is by natural gas. the leopardstown shopping centre, which has a dunnes stores, costa coffee, pharmacy, dry cleaners, hairdressers and crèche, is just a five - minute walk away from levmoss park, as is the nearest luas stop and the holy trinity national school. to the left of the green space at the front of levmoss park are tennis courts, a playground and an open - air gym. the m50 is very close to the development and can be accessed via exits 14 and 15 .\nbuilt to exacting standards levmoss park comprises a mix of 267 superbly designed and exceptionally spacious one, two, three, four and five bedroom houses, apartments and duplexes. the very best of construction materials and fittings are used to create luxurious and comfortable homes .\nin 1964 there was no gold cup on account of waterlogging but fighting charlie won the next two renewals. in 1969 levmoss achieved a remarkable treble as he won the gold cup, the prix du cardan (france’s equivalent) and the prix de l’arc de triomphe .\nsinndar' s win in the prix de l' arc de triomphe at longchamp was the fourth by an irish - trained horse in the race known as the middle - distance championship of europe. the colt joins ballymoss (1958), levmoss (1958) and dual winner alleged (1977 and 1978) in this exclusive club .\nonce a sleepy backwater on the edge of the dublin mountains, the gallops in leopardstown was one of the longest running residential schemes in south dublin, with michael cotter' s park developments first selling three - bed semis there in 1990. but the timing of construction on the final phase of the site, levmoss park, was inauspicious .\nthe five - bed homes at levmoss park come with 2, 115 sq ft of space laid out over three floors. unusually, the front door is to the first floor, up a flight of steps. on this level, there is a living room with space for a formal dining area, an ensuite double bedroom and a main bathroom .\nin his three remaining starts in 1969, blakeney failed to reproduce his derby - winning form. in the irish derby at the end of june he finished fourth of the fifteen runners behind prince regent. blakeney did not have a particularly clear run in the st leger in september, but his fifth place behind intermezzo was a disappointment. on his final start he ran unplaced behind levmoss in the prix de l' arc de triomphe. [ 5 ]\nlooking back, though, piggott confesses he should have won a fourth arc, and blames himself for his failure to win on park top in 1969. the duke of devonshire' s filly flew home in the final furlong, but could not catch the ascot gold cup winner, levmoss.' it was my fault. she needed to be held up until the last minute, and i left it too late. if i' d moved sooner i' d have won.'\ncup to levmoss i ondon. 1 i by australian bu william *. gold cup. tli. race in hip four - dij meet ing yesterday. levni (& amp; gt; . ss. the 15 - & amp; gt; favourite, yrored by four lengtlis from torpid in the 2i - mile rare vervain nm tli & # 171; king ed. iid vii st & # 223; ke & # 187; o \\ er 12f trim paddy & # 39; s progrr. ss .\nalthough it’s been 47 years since a reigning ascot gold cup winner landed the arc (levmoss in 1969), absolute top - quality stayers have factored in the intervening years. the legendary ardross missed by a head (1982), oscar schindler placed third (1996) and fourth (1997), and westerner was second (2005). marienbard doesn’t quite fit the category, since he wasn’t up to their level as a stayer, but he improved for turning back in trip and won the 2002 arc – with dettori at the helm .\nhenry was associated with many great stayers such as le moss (1975 le levanstall ex feemoss by ballymoss), ardross (1976 run the gauntlet ex le melody by levmoss) and buckskin (1973 yelapa ex bete a bon dieu by herbager). he trained a lot of other horses who also made names as national hunt stallions such as gunner b (1973 royal gunner ex sweet councillor by privy councillor), moscow society (nijinsky ex afifa by dewan). in addition to the previously mentioned leading jumps sire old vic, he also trained the king george winner king’s theatre (1991 sadler’s wells ex regal beauty by princely native) who became champion nh sire .\nwhile he was riding out for mcgrath, joe sat on the talented miler, le levanstell (le lavandou – stellas sister). le levanstell would go on to win both the queen elizabeth ii and sussex stakes (both of which are now classified as g1 races) during an illustrious racing career. le levanstell would also leave his mark at stud, siring the brilliant siblings arc winner levmoss, dual gold cup victor le moss and french oaks winner sweet mimosa (granddam of successful south african sire, casey tibbs). he also sired irish st leger winner allangrange and champion 2yo my swallow (one of only two horses ever to defeat the mighty mill reef) .\namong the first tranche launched at levmoss park in 2006 were five - bed terraced houses with eye - watering price tags of €1. 15m. those that weren' t sold were rented out during the ensuing property crash and the passage of time has seen the five - beds relaunched at half the price of their boom - era launch. eight of these five - beds, priced from €520, 000 to €550, 000, go back on the market this weekend, though three have already been snapped up. while the selling agent says the houses are in good condition and have been touched up for sale, some buyers may choose to update interior finishes. the most likely purchasers will be trader - uppers or affluent first - time buyers, the agent added .\nall modern descendants of rouge rose sampled by bower et al. 2012 exhibited the expected haplotype for family 1. analysis of remains alleged to be those of bend or yielded a distinctly different haplotype .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurltoken uses cookies to give you the best possible experience when using our service; to offer additional functionality, to personalise content and advertising, to analyse our traffic, and to provide social media features. we also share information about your use of our service with our partners. by continuing to use our site we' ll assume that you are happy to receive all cookies on urltoken. please read our\nfor more information on how we use cookies and how you can manage your preferences .\nireland - - - - - - - dublin city galway city cork city belfast city limerick city waterford city - - - - - - - co. antrim co. armagh co. carlow co. cavan co. clare co. cork co. derry co. donegal co. down co. dublin co. fermanagh co. galway co. kerry co. kildare co. kilkenny co. laois co. leitrim co. limerick co. longford co. louth co. mayo co. meath co. monaghan co. offaly co. roscommon co. sligo co. tipperary co. tyrone co. waterford co. westmeath co. wexford co. wicklow\nthe orchid is the largest house yet in clay farm measuring 161 sqm / 1, 733 sq ft. this house contains a large separate living room on the ground level featuring a lovely bay window... .\n* please note all our bilberry house types are currently sale agreed please register for cancellations through savills new homes. the bilberry house is our largest 3 bedro ...\nthe elder house type is a double fronted house type featuring the stairs in the middle of the property. it measures approximately 113 sqm / 1, 216 sq ft. this house type contains a a ...\nthe juniper house type measures approximately 158 sqm / 1, 701 sq ft and is laid out over three levels. the ground floor contains a separate reception room, large open plan kitche ...\n* please note all our fern house types are currently sale agreed please register for cancellations through savills new homes. the fern house type is a traditional single fr ...\nsavills is delighted to announce the next release of the clay farm development in leopardstown, dublin 18. please note all of three bedroom properties are sale agreed. there is ...\nthe second floor has a master ensuite - depending on the property chosen, this room commands views over the vast communal green and towards the dublin mountains. also on the top floor are two double bedrooms, a single bedroom and another bathroom. on the ground floor, there is a sitting room up front and an open - plan kitchen / dining room to the rear with double doors leading out to a private garden. also located on this level is a separate utility, a downstairs wc and some clever storage space. there is a separate entrance on the ground floor for tasks like unloading shopping. outside, there are two designated parking spaces for each house .\nthe kitchens were custom designed and have an integrated oven, hob, microwave, extractor hood, dishwasher and fridge - freezer, as well as floor and wall tiling and recessed ceiling downlighters. there are built - in ivory and beech wardrobes in the bedrooms, while the bathrooms and ensuites feature white sanitary ware with chrome fittings and extensive wall and floor tiling .\nresidents of beresford in the north dublin coastal town of donabate don' t have far to go to cool off in the heatwave - the development is just a five - minute drive from donabate beach .\nbroadmeadow vale, a new development within walking distance of the co meath commuter town of ratoath, will especially appeal to couples and families priced out of dublin .\nseasoned house - hunters may recognise comyn manor in swords - its developer also built cluny manor on the grounds of st joseph of cluny' s girls school in killiney in 2016 and emulated many elements from that scheme in its latest project .\nindian nurse at beaumont hospital alleges racial discrimination after she was passed over for ...\n' i had all my belongings in my van' - dad - of - five hit by redundancy overjoyed ...\n' it’s her choice but there are myths about it' - language expert on maura derrane' s ...\n' the whole world of make - believe for kids seems to be gone' - clare garrihy on how ...\nmount hamilton is a scheme of family homes on dundalk' s carrick road, developed ...\nhollywood a - lister colin farrell once spent a couple of years living at embassy court, ...\noldgrange wood is a development situated on the northern edge of the historic town of monasterevin and is designed to ...\nin 1780, while on sick leave from the military arm of the east india company, sir ...\nthe park at hansfield is so named because it centres around a five - acre park that' s ...\nkenler, located in the heart of sandyford village, is a new enclave of ...\nthe young first - time buyers who acquired homes around the west dublin village of ...\ndubliners priced out of the capital' s market typically account for a decent chunk of sales at new developments ...\nwell - heeled downsizers and young professionals are the target market for the ...\nthe votes are in! here are ireland' s top 10 ...\nnew york is the greatest three - day town on earth. when ...\nis the tiger back in d4? acclaimed architects return with black terrace for €2. 4m\nfrom super - connies and concordes to jumbo jets and dc - ...\nafter two years of construction and restoration, belfast' s titanic hotel has officially ...\nwatch:' i call him my little buddha' - couple who run dublin tattoo parlour ...\nwatch: did you know there' s a' little venice'? it' s on the greek island of mykonos ...\nwith the tennis season upon us, here' s a twist of the ...\nwatch: take a look inside these luxurious millionaire' s row apartments in ...\nthe big green egg - a hand - made ceramic egg which is made in the same factory as a ...\nbe careful: we have noticed that javascript is currently disabled by your browser. this might cause problems on the website. more info\nby using this website you consent to our use of cookies. for more information on cookies see our\nsavills is synonymous with a high quality service offering a premium brand, our unique combination of sector knowledge and entrepreneurial flair gives clients access to expertise of the highest calibre .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience with savills. by continuing to visit our site you agree to our use of cookies. more info .\nwhether buying a townhouse or selling a country cottage, leasing corporate office space or renting farmland, our experts make it their business to understand your needs and help you find the right property .\nget expert advice for residential, commercial or rural property, grounded in our experience and knowledge of local, regional and international markets .\nwith a uk wide and regional auction teams, we offer a large selection of residential and commercial property for sale by auction .\nfrom mergers and tenure types to land and policy, housing sector personnel reveal the key challenges they face on housing delivery .\nwhether you' re planning to sell, rent or are undecided, we have an expert who can help .\nget specialist advice for residential, commercial or rural property, grounded in our experience and knowledge of local, regional and international markets .\nsavills offers a wide range of specialist services from financial and investment advice to valuation, planning and property management .\nwe provide a full range of property - related services across a range of sectors – from retail and rural through to healthcare and the public sector .\nwith over 35, 000 people working across 60 countries around the world, we' ll always have an expert who is local to you .\nfounded in the uk in 1855, savills is one of the world' s leading property agents. our experience and expertise spans the globe, with 600 offices across the americas, europe, asia pacific, africa and the middle east .\nwe' ve grown a lot in 160 years. through many monarchs and several economic cycles, we' ve become the international adviser of choice across every aspect of property .\nour integrity, honesty and professionalism is what gives our clients, colleagues, investors and business partners the confidence to work with us .\nwe believe in continuous improvement. we’re committed to reducing our corporate impact on the environment and raising staff awareness of the issues .\nover the years we have been recognised as ‘best in class’ in a diverse range of disciplines .\nwe support a number of charities and other community - related activities both locally and internationally .\nsavills plc is listed on the london stock exchange within the ftse250 index. our annual reports and investor updates can be found online .\na fundamental review may well be needed if we are to really tackle the housing shortage .\ninsight & opinion is our hub for residential, commercial and rural articles and research from experts offering industry - leading advice and analysis .\nin - depth research and analysis into property market trends, forecasts from our specialist research teams, and market - leading commentary to help you make the right property decisions .\nthe latest uk and international property market news and opinions, plus helpful guides and top tips from our renowned industry experts .\nup - to - the - minute news from our press teams providing the latest developments within savills, and across the property industry .\nmarkets need to be more accessible to young farmers and food innovators who will restore energy and passion .\nat savills, our most valuable resource is our people. we are known for our positive, entrepreneurial culture, and for attracting some of the most innovative, dedicated and knowledgeable people in the business .\naddressing the country' s high levels of uig must be one of the industry’s top priorities .\ndiscover why savills is the right choice when selling your next property locally or internationally .\ndetached 5 bed single story home on approx. 0. 30 ha / 0. 75 ac\nall content © copyright 2018 savills. all rights reserved. savills plc, incorporated and registered in england and wales. registered office: 33 margaret street, london, w1g 0jd. registered number: 2122174. savills plc is a holding company, some of whose subsidiaries are authorised and regulated by the financial conduct authority (fca )\n• excellent transport links incl. luas, m50 and n11 closeby. • double glazed windows. • designated basement car parking space and additional visitors car parking space. • extensive professionally landscaped areas with water feature and interesting tree lined streetscapes. • gas fired central heating. • burglar alarm system .\nber: b3 ber no. 100017250 energy performance indicator: 129. 94 kwh / m² / yr\nreception hall: with video intercom, recessed lights, large shelved hot press / store room & main bathroom. kitchen / living: (7. 02m x 5. 05m) very spacious living room overlooking private gardens with abundance of natural daylight and door to a large patio. kitchen: modern fitted white gloss kitchen with a range of floor and wall cupboards, fully integrated appliances to include hob, oven, extractor hood, dishwasher and fridge / freezer, tiled floor and recessed down lighting. utility / laundry room: (2. 10m x 1. 39m) washing machine with shelving for storage. master bedroom ensuite: (5. 68m x 3. 27m) generous sized master bedroom with plenty of built in wardrobes, ensuite bathroom and door leading from bedroom to private terrace. en - suite: large tiled shower, whb, w / c, recessed lights, built in vanity mirror cabinets and tiled floor. bedroom 2: (3. 75m x 2. 83m) double bedroom with built in wardrobes. main bathroom: (1. 71m x 2. 29m) bath with a shower attachment over, whb, wc, recessed lights, built in vanity mirror cabinets and tiled floor. terrace: (3. 10m x 2. 9m) large private covered terrace overlooking manicured grounds .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyankee white... yankee white is an administrative nickname for a background check given in the united states of america for department of defense personnel and contractor employees working with... obtaining such clearance requires, in part, a single scope background investigation (ssbi) which is conducted under the manuals of the u. s... individuals having yankee white clearances undergo extensive background investigation ...\n44 liquormart, inc. v. rhode island - background... in 1985, a liquormart brought a suit against the liquor control commissioner, arguing, among other things, that the first regulation, which prevented the liquormart from advertising its prices, was unconstitutional... the rhode island supreme court, however, held that the regulation did not violate the first amendment, the commerce clause, the equal protection clause, or the sherman anti - trust act ...\nturbografx - 16 - technical specifications - display - color... colors available 512 colors onscreen maximum of 482 (241 background, 241 sprite) palettes maximum of 32 (16 for background tiles, 16 for sprites) colors per palette 16 per background palette (color ...\neddie chapman - background... well along into his criminal career he was arrested in scotland and charged with blowing up the safe of the headquarters of the edinburgh co - operative society... let out on bail, he fled to jersey in the channel islands where he attempted unsuccessfully to continue his crooked ways ...\nyoung, gifted and black - personnel... piano, vocals donny hathaway - organ, electric piano billy preston - organ sammy turner - background vocals hubert laws - alto flute chuck rainey - bass j. r... bailey - background vocals carolyn franklin - background vocals erma franklin - background vocals the memphis horns - ensemble the sweet inspirations - background... clark - background vocals cornell dupree - guitar jimmy douglass - engineer tom dowd - arranger, producer chuck kirkpatrick - engineer eric gale - bass lewis hahn - engineer dan hersch ...\n. he was a great public hero, and anything i did that someone didn’t approve of, they would always feel that president kennedy wouldn’t have done that .\nof tradition, early impressions, reminiscences and other things dear to one, is not enough to make sensitive human beings feel at home .\ntúath housing association is a company limited by guarantee, incorporated in the republic of ireland under registered no. 326944\nsorry, but the page you are looking for has not been found. try checking the url for errors, then hit the refresh button on your browser .\nthis site uses cookies to improve your experience and to provide services and advertising. by continuing to browse, you agree to the use of cookies described in our cookies policy. you may change your settings at any time but this may impact on the functionality of the site. to learn more see our cookies policy .\nproperty description: spacious modern apartment located on the second floor of mimosa hall. bright open plan kitchen / living room with a fitted kitchen including all appliances. the bathrooms are fully fitted and include attractive wall and floor tiling, recessed downlighters and built in vanity unit with granite work top. the bedrooms boast large floor to ceiling windows and generous built in wardrobes in the bedroom .\nmimosa hall is set in the surroundings of beautiful landscaped gardens, which includes an attractive water feature. they overlook large open greens, mature trees and with the mountains in the background these apartments wonderfully blend the traditional mature development with modern living and local convenience. built to exacting standards by the park developments group. the development comprises a mix of superbly designed and exceptionally spacious one, two and three apartments. the very best of construction materials and fittings are used to create luxurious and comfortable homes .\nclimate change is having a severe impact on the most vulnerable in the world, writes paul healy from trócaire .\nirish farmers and food producers don’t need bord bia to try and persuade vegetarians and vegans to eat meat, writes eva dowling .\n' the brexit dream is dying... we' re headed for the status of a colony': turmoil in uk as boris resigns\ncontent copyright © journal media ltd. 2018 registered in dublin, registration number: 483623. registered office: 3rd floor, latin hall, golden lane, dublin 8 .\nurltoken is a full participating member of the press council of ireland and supports the office of the press ombudsman. this scheme in addition to defending the freedom of the press, offers readers a quick, fair and free method of dealing with complaints that they may have in relation to articles that appear on our pages. to contact the office of the press ombudsman lo - call 1890 208 080 or go to urltoken or urltoken\nplease note that urltoken uses cookies to improve your experience and to provide services and advertising. for more information on cookies please refer to our cookies policy .\nnews images provided by press association and photocall ireland unless otherwise stated. irish sport images provided by inpho photography unless otherwise stated. wire service provided by associated press .\njournal media does not control and is not responsible for user created content, posts, comments, submissions or preferences. users are reminded that they are fully responsible for their own created content and their own posts, comments and submissions and fully and effectively warrant and indemnify journal media in relation to such content and their ability to make such content, posts, comments and submissions available. journal media does not control and is not responsible for the content of external websites .\nthe page you were looking for may have been moved, updated or deleted .\nwelcome to tedxpaloalto tedxpaloalto will take place on sunday, april 2, 2017 from 10: 00 am–2: 30 pm at the oshman family jcc in palo alto, california. our theme is identity. we have curated a diverse range of voices to speak on the topic including scientists, artists, authors and technology experts. some of the world' s greatest minds will be on stage at tedxpaloalto and we invite you to be a part of this inspiring journey. ​\nidentity at tedxpaloalto qualities, beliefs, dna, environment, experiences and choices make an individual or group unique. commonalities and variances are established largely through identity and its possible interpretations. speakers will explore these different facets of identity in their various areas of expertise .\nin the spirit of ideas worth spreading, tedx is a program of local, self - organized events that bring people together to share a ted - like experience. at a tedx event, tedtalks video and live speakers combine to spark deep discussion and connection in a small group. these local, self - organized events are branded tedx, where x = independently organized ted event. the ted conference provides general guidance for the tedx program, but individual tedx events are self - organized (subject to certain rules and regulations) .\nrhythmic circus is a band of dancers; it is a dance company of musicians; it is a fraternity of class clowns, art majors and jazz poets. the group started as a passion project in northeast minneapolis in 2008. half the group was a funk band, the other half was a street performing tap dance group. they started off with a bang; their first work became their most celebrated: the internationally critically acclaimed theatrical production\nfeet don' t fail me now !\nthey also created a touring holiday production titled\nred and green\nand several other independent pieces .\nour company' s mission is more about reaching people with our energy and vibe than it is about the technical elements of music and dance ,\nsays artistic director ricci milan... for their full bio please visit urltoken\nwatsonville taiko group (wtg), founded by jim hooker in 1991, is a taiko drumming community of performers and supporters. ikuyo conant, artistic director since 1992, sets the group’s goal to strive through exploration of taiko to develop an art that combines drumming with folklore, mythology and symbolism. taiko as folk art is emphasized because it places value on joining with others to keep tradition alive. important values and social meanings are found in the context of full participation and understanding of cultural traditions. by working together, the group learns that each person is valued as an important member of the community. for more info please visit urltoken\nheatbox is a one - man beatboxing sensation from minnesota who has been singing since the age of ten. he describes his music as sounding like “a funky a’cappella group from outerspace. ” he built a reputation for himself while performing with twin cities’ band root city (voted best blues band of the twin cities by the readers of city pages in 2006), as well as a one man band, heatbox (1st place at the 2007 “yo! the music” minneapolis beatbox battle .) in addition to performing with rhythmic circus, heatbox is constantly touring internationally with top acts, appearing at the most popular musical festivals in the world and opening for famous musicians such as cee - lo, boyz ii men and george clinton. for more info please visit urltoken\ndavid crane is a lecturer in public policy at stanford university and president of govern for california. from 2004 - 2010 he served as a special advisor to governor arnold schwarzenegger and from 1979 - 2003 he was a partner at babcock & brown, a financial services company. crane also serves as a director of building america’s future and the university of california’s investment advisory group. formerly he served on the university of california board of regents and as a director of the california state teachers retirement system, california high speed rail authority, california economic development commission, djerassi resident artists program, environmental defense fund, legal services for children, jewish community center of san francisco, society of actuaries... for his full bio please visit urltoken\ndavid hochschild was appointed by governor jerry brown in february 2013. he fills the environmental position on the five - member commission where four of the five members by law are required to have professional training in specific areas - engineering or physical science, environmental protection, economics, and law. commissioner hochschild’s career has spanned public service, environmental advocacy and the private sector. he first got involved in the solar energy field in 2001 in san francisco as a special assistant to mayor willie brown where he launched a citywide $ 100 million initiative to put solar panels on public buildings. he went on to co - found the vote solar initiative, a 60, 000 - member advocacy organization promoting solar policies at the local... for his full bio please visit urltoken\ndesmond richardson was the first african american principal dancer of american ballet theater, received a tony award nomination for his role in the original cast of\nfosse\non broadway and performed as the principal character tony in twyla tharp’s broadway production\nmovin out\n. he made his broadway singing debut in the burt bacharach / hal david / ann reinking / scott ellis broadway production\nthe look of love\nand was a standout in the recent tony award winning broadway production “after midnight\n. richardson recently graced the january 2016 cover of dance teacher magazine. with his technical virtuosity and statuesque expressive demeanor, richardson has been hailed by the ny times as among the great dancers of his time. lara hartley poetically described him... for his full bio please urltoken\ndr. alicia jackson is currently cto and co - founder of drawbridge health, a new medical technology company focused on making the blood testing process convenient and accessible for patients, doctors and clinical testing labs. the company' s mission is to make predictive care a reality by bridging diagnostic testing from sample to delivery to decision. dr. jackson launched and served as the deputy director of the biological technologies office at the defense advanced research projects agency (darpa), the pentagon’s principal engine for disruptive innovation, managing an annual investment portfolio of > $ 340mm. in her role dr. jackson oversaw investments across neurotechnologies, therapeutics and vaccines, human performance enhancement, diagnostics and... for her full bio please visit urltoken\ndr. harry j. saal is the executive chair of retrotope, inc. a pharmaceutical startup, based here in silicon valley. he is confident that the compounds under development stand an excellent chance of revolutionizing the treatment and prevention of a wide variety of untreatable neurodegenerative diseases of aging. dr. saal has served as director of several private and publicly traded high technology firms. ernst & young named him the bay area 1990 software entrepreneur of the year and he is also the recipient of the adl torch of liberty award, the acm / computer museum 1994 computer bowl mvp, and the jnf tree of life award. he is active in philanthropy and community affairs, serving as chair of the arthritis foundation northern california chapter for 2010 and 2011, among... for his full bio please urltoken\njonathan d. trent, ph. d is the founder and director of the omega global initiative (ogi), a non - profit dedicated to expanding global access to potable water, food from the ocean, and alternative energy, while improving coastal environments, promoting circular economies, and adapting coastal cities to climate change. he is also currently an adjunct professor at uc santa cruz and a civil servant scientist at nasa ames research center. he has published and lectured on topics in sustainability, marine microbiology, astrobiology, and nanotechnology. jonathan earned a phd at scripps institution of oceanography and conducted research at the max planck institute for biochemistry, copenhagen university, university of paris, boyer center for molecular medicine at... for his full bio please visit urltoken\nleila takayama is a human - robot interaction researcher. in 2016, she founded hoku labs and joined the faculty at the university of california, santa cruz, as an acting associate professor of psychology. prior to uc santa cruz, she was a senior user experience researcher at googlex, and was a research scientist and area manager for human - robot interaction at willow garage. she is a world economic forum global future council member and young global leader. in 2015, she was presented the ieee robotics & automation society early career award. in 2012, she was named a tr35 winner and one of the 100 most creative people in business by fast company. with a background in psychology, cognitive science, and human - computer interaction, she examines human encounters with new... for her full bio please urltoken\ndr. mehret mandefro is an award - winning film producer / writer who draws from her background as an anthropologist, harvard - trained physician, and health policy expert to craft textured narratives that explore the social determinants of health. she uses her interdisciplinary training as the foundation to approach social issues she has chosen to tackle as an artist and filmmaker and create what she calls “visual medicine”. dr. mandefro’s work stems from a shared belief that storytelling is the most powerful tool we can use to bridge societal divides in our world. her goal is to create art that engages the public in a deeper conversation about cultural change and challenges audiences to rethink the way they see the world. integral to her work is the development... for her full bio please visit urltoken\nibtihaj muhammad is a member of the united states fencing team and currently ranks no. 2 in the united states and no. 7 in the world. named to time magazine’s 100 most influential list, ibtihaj is an important figure in a larger global discussion. her voice continues to unite both the sports and non - sports world. ibtihaj is a 2016 olympic medalist, 5 - time senior world medalist, including 2014 world champion in the team event. in august 2016, she became the first american woman to compete in the olympics in hijab. muhammad was a 3 - time all american and graduated from duke university with a dual major in international relations and african studies, and minor in arabic. in 2014, muhammad launched her own clothing company, louella, which aims to bring modest fashionable... for her full bio please visit http: / / www. tedxpaloalto. com .\nmarci bowers, m. d. of burlingame, california, is acknowledged as a pioneer in the field of genital reassignment surgery and is the first woman worldwide to hold a personal transgender history while performing transgender surgery. she is also the first us surgeon to learn the technique of functional clitoral restoration after female genital mutilation (fgm). ​ dr. bowers is a pelvic and gynecologic surgeon with more than 26 years’ experience. she is a university of minnesota medical school graduate and former class and student body president. her ob / gyn residency was at the university of washington. she continued in seattle as an obstetrician / gynecologist at the polyclinic and swedish medical center, then joined dr. stanley... for her full bio please visit urltoken\nnina simon has been called a “museum visionary” by smithsonian magazine and a silicon valley business journal “40 under 40” for her audience - centered approach to design. she is the executive director of the santa cruz museum of art & history, where she led an institutional turnaround based on grassroots community participation. nina is the best - selling author of the participatory museum (2010), the art of relevance (2016) and the popular museum 2. 0 blog. previously, nina worked as an independent consultant and exhibition designer with over one hundred museums and cultural centers around the world. nina began her career at the international spy museum in washington, d. c. she lives off the grid in the santa cruz mountains with 14 people, 27 chickens, 5 dogs, and 1 zipline. for more info please visit urltoken\nmy name is oak. i have done things. broadway: hamilton, rocky, cyrano de bergerac. off - broadway: hamilton (the public), luce (lct3), neighbors (the public), young jean lee’s the shipment. first national tour: american idiot. regional: the brothers size, the royale (the old globe), ruined (berkeley rep, huntington theatre, la jolla playhouse). film / tv: blue bloods, ny 22, thank you for sharing. i studied at the william esper studio with karen chamberlain. her voice reminds me to\ngo limp with anger\nin my work and in life. i have achieved all things through the kindness of strangers and faith from loved ones. i strive to be like water in every sense. shake and bake. @ oaksmash. for more info please visit urltoken\nsorry, we' re currently having trouble processing new newsletter signups. please try again later .\nif you want to get even more from ted, like the ability to save talks to watch later, sign up for a ted account now .\nurltoken translations are made possible by volunteer translators. learn more about the open translation project .\njoe brocklebank is a recognizable face and name to many in the south african racing industry. a bloodstock agent in north america, brocklebank runs erin - american bloodstock, a kentucky based company .\nhe has worked with the form organization over many years in selecting potential stallions for this country. among the sires brocklebank has been involved with is the mighty western winter (gone west – chilly hostess). not only has western winter been champion sire three times, he also has a number of sons standing at stud here (argonaut, lion tamer, warm white night, etc). western winter has also become a highly successful broodmare sire, being maternal grandsire of former j & b met winner past master as well as the top - class us 3yo howe great .\njoe also assisted form in finding trippi, who is currently standing at drakenstein stud. a former champion sire in florida, trippi (end sweep – jealous appeal) has made a great start to his south african stud career, with his first runner being the stakes winning filly, agra !\nborn in ireland, joe has been interested in all things equine from an early age. he was working with horses from the age of eight. brocklebank served his apprenticeship as a jockey under local trainer, seamus mcgrath, before immigrating to north america in 1963 .\njoe arrived in north america in the mid 1960’s. he embarked on a jockeys career, which saw him win over 400 races .\namong his riding highlights was partnering the great stallion danzig to an easy debut win for trainer woody stephens. when asked about that legendary horse, joe simply says, ” he was a horse with superior intelligence. he was a push - button ride, and had many gears. danzig was a spitting image of his sire, northern dancer. ”\nbrocklebank re - iterates the talent shown by danzig, by stating, ” he was by far the best i ever sat on. ”\ndanzig went onto head the us general sires list on three occasions, and became a huge influence on the modern day thoroughbred through sons danehill, green desert and chief’s crown, to name but a few .\nwhile enjoying plenty of success as a jockey, joe was eventually forced to retire in 1982. he says, ” the weight became too much of an issue, and i was simply not getting enough mounts to make a decent living. ”\nbecoming a bloodstock agent was a logical choice for joe, following his retirement from the saddle .\n“i have always been involved in the buying and selling of horses, ” joe comments, in his irish brogue .\njoe formed the erin - american bloodstock company in 1982. he has been involved with a number of top - class racehorses over the years, with past erin american bloodstock stars including three breeders cup winners, one of which, black tie affair, was named us horse of the year in 1991 after he won the breeder’s cup classic .\nshortly after his forming of his company in 1982, brocklebank and fellow bloodstock agent, michael stanley, met both jehan malherbe and charles faull of form bloodstock. they decide to work together to procure likely stallion prospects for south african clients .\nthe first two stallions joe and form collaborated over were singh (bold ruler –sari’s song) and dancing champ (nijinsky ii – mrs peterkin). they stood at saratoga and excelsior studs respectively. unfortunately singh died after just four seasons at stud, but he left behind such g1 winners as coolstar, bold chieftain and bluffing .\ndancing champ enjoyed great success at stud in south africa, where he sired seven individual g1 winners, including champions olympic duel, dancing duel and golden taipan. he latter became a superb broodmare sire, with his daughters producing the likes of international g1 winners perfect promise and irridescence, as well as south african horse of the year, yard - arm to name but a few .\na devoted family man, joe has been married to antoinette for 45 years. the couple have three children and two grandchildren. antoinette also works in the horse racing industry, as she is involved with the making of racing silks. she owns the thoroughbred racing silks company .\nof the current trainers in north america, brocklebank rates graham motion (trainer of the 2011 kentucky derby winner animal kingdom) especially highly. “i think he is the best trainer in the united states. ”\nchampion at two, numbered account won eight of ten as a juvenile. her wins included romps in the matron stakes (by six and a half lengths), frizette stakes (by seven) and selima stakes (by six) .\nhaving seen a number of outstanding racehorses over the years, both in ireland and in north america, two fillies stand out for joe in particular. “i rate numbered account (buckpasser – intriguing) as the best filly i have seen, with susan’s girl (quadrangle –qaze) not far behind her. ” she went onto enjoy great success at stud, producing world leading sire private account among others .\nsusan’s girl, in contrast, improved with age. she won championships at 3, 4 and 5 years old. remarkably, she won or placed in 54 of 63 career outings – and was the first mare ever to win $ 1 million in prize money .\nbrocklebank personally enjoys attending some of north america’s 2yo sales, particularly in ocala .\njoe has some strong words for anyone potential bloodstock agent, ” you must attend all the sales, and gain as much information as possible. it is also important that you work hard and are diligent. ”\njoe brocklebank has amassed plenty of experience and knowledge during his decades in the thoroughbred business. he is a pleasure to listen to and learn from .\nsince riding his first winner in 1948, lester piggott has been a racing icon and famously taciturn. but now he can talk about his favourite horses, his reputation for ruthlessness - and even manage a chuckle about nijinsky' s surprise defeat\nis as cool and collected as he was in the saddle, the composed exterior concealing an extravagant genius that dominated british racing for almost half a century, an icon recognised simply by his christian name. only once since his second retirement six years ago has lester ridden in public, a veterans' race in australia last november, six days after he had qualified for a state pension.' yes, i enjoyed it, and i' d consider doing it again, given the right circumstances. i' d been riding out for william [ haggas, his son - in - law ] to get myself into shape, but i wasn' t 100 per cent fit. nowhere near.' his mount, bay scenery, finished third.' the horse was outpaced after 100 yards and got a long way behind,' he says curtly.' he wanted a lot further.' piggott returned to the unsaddling enclosure with a face like a thundercloud; winning has been the haemoglobin of his life .\nthe generous room, furnished in shades as sober as its owner, would be sombre from the gloom outside but for the kaleidoscope of colour on the walls ü paintings, prints, photographs, a gallery of glory celebrating a career that yielded a record 30 classic winners, including nine derbies." ]

{ "text": [ "levmoss ( 1965 – 1977 ) was an irish thoroughbred racehorse whose career lasted from 1967 to 1969 .", "he was the leading stayer in europe in 1969 , when he won the premier long-distance races in england ( ascot gold cup ) and france ( prix du cadran ) .", "in october of that year he moved down to middle distances to win europe 's most prestigious weight-for-age race , the prix de l'arc de triomphe . " ], "topic": [ 14, 14, 14 ] }

[ "levmoss (1965 – 1977) was an irish thoroughbred racehorse whose career lasted from 1967 to 1969. he was the leading stayer in europe in 1969, when he won the premier long-distance races in england (ascot gold cup) and france (prix du cadran). in october of that year he moved down to middle distances to win europe's most prestigious weight-for-age race, the prix de l'arc de triomphe." ]

[ "dioryctria pineae (staudinger, 1859) (cf .) - pyralidae phycitinae phycitini\noggetto del messaggio: dioryctria pineae (staudinger, 1859) (cf .) - pyralidae phycitinae phycitini\nforum entomologi italiani • leggi argomento - dioryctria pineae (staudinger, 1859) (cf .) - pyralidae phycitinae phycitini\ntriggiani, o. 1986, observations on the biology and behaviour of dioryctria pineae (stgr .) (lepidoptera: phycitidae) and on its parasitoid elachertus geniculatus (ratz .) (hymenoptera: chalcidoidea). entomologica, bari 21: 141 - 153\ndioryctria caesirufella blanchard & knudson, 1983; proc. ent. soc. wash. 85 (1): (116 - 120); tl: texas, kerr co. , kerrville state park\ndioryctria taedivorella neunzig & leidy, 1989; proc. ent. soc. wash. 91 (3): 321, f. 1 - 6; tl: n. carolina, lenoir co. , kinston\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for. the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard. e. g.' papilio *'. keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature. unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance. meanwhile, please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr. 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail: fauna - eu (at) mfn - berlin. de website: urltoken\n431x699 (~ 86kb) russia, moscow area, 26. 7. 2008, photo © d. smirnov\nabietella (denis & schiffermüller, 1775); auth. , (part )\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ spl ] varis, v. (ed), ahola, m. , albrecht, a. , jalava, j. , kaila, l. , kerppola, s. , kullberg, j. , 1995\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n14. iv. 2011 - italia - sardegna - ca, loc. mela murgia quartucciu\nambienti costieri (spiagge sabbiose, scogliere, foci, paludi costiere, stagni salmastri etc. )\nforum entomologi italiani viene aggiornato in maniera casuale e assolutamente non periodica. pertanto, ai sensi della l. 7 marzo 2001, n. 62 sull' editoria, questo portale non può essere in alcun modo una testata giornalistica .\ncopyright © 2009 - 2017 forum entomologi italiani, ove non diversamente specificato. tutti i diritti degli autori sono riservati .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken, dr erik j. karsholt, dr ole & by speidel, w. & segerer, a. nuss, m .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyefremova, z. ; ebrahimi, e. ; yegorenkova, e. 2007, the subfamilies eulophinae, entedoninae and tetrastichinae in iran, with description of new species (hymenoptera, eulophidae). entomofauna 28 (30): 331\nboucek, z. ; askew, r. r. 1968, hym. chalcidoidea. palearctic eulophidae (excl. tetrastichinae). index of entomophagous insects 3: 21 (eds: delucchi, v. ; remaudière, g .) le françois, paris\nherting, b. 1975, lepidoptera, part 1 (microlepidoptera). a catalogue of parasites and predators of terrestrial arthropods. section a. host or prey / enemy. 6: 190 commonwealth agricultural bureaux, commonwealth institute of biological control\nyefremova, z. a. 2015, an annotated checklist of the eulophidae (excl. tetrastichinae) (hymenoptera: chalcidoidea) of israel. zootaxa 3957 (1): 13\nbrockerhoff, e. g. ; kenis, m. 1996, parasitoids associated with cydia strobilella (l .) (lepidoptera: tortricidae) in europe, and considerations for their use for biological control in north america. biological control 6 (2): 202 - 214\nbrokerhoff, e. g. ; kenis, m. 1996, parasitoids associated with cydia strobilella (l .) (lepidoptera: tortricidae) in europe, and considerations for their use for biological control in north america. biological control 6 (2): 202 - 214\nskrzypczynska, m. 2001, parasitoids of seed cone insects of conifers in poland. abstracts of papers. international symposium: parasitic hymenoptera: taxonomy and biological control. 14 - 17 may, 2001, köszeg, hungary. pp. 57 (eds: thuróczy, c. ; eke, i. ; káldy, j. ; melika, g .) systematic parasitoid laboratory, köszeg, hungary\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative. it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education, university of michigan museum of zoology, and the detroit public schools. this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151. copyright © 2002 - 2018, the regents of the university of michigan. all rights reserved." ]

{ "text": [ "dioryctria pineae is a species of snout moth in the genus dioryctria .", "it was described by otto staudinger in 1859 and is known from the iberian peninsula , france , italy , croatia and greece .", "the wingspan is 36 – 37 mm . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 9 ] }

[ "dioryctria pineae is a species of snout moth in the genus dioryctria. it was described by otto staudinger in 1859 and is known from the iberian peninsula, france, italy, croatia and greece. the wingspan is 36 – 37 mm." ]

[ "chen, f. q. , song, s. & weng, c. s. (2006) .\na review of the genus scirpophaga treitschke, 1832 in china (lepidoptera: pyralidae )\nzootaxa 1236: 1 - 22 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nuganda, ruwenzori range, ibanda, 4700 ft, 01–12. ix. 1952, leg. d. s. fletcher .\nbleszynski s. 1964. revision of the world species of the family crambidae (lepidoptera). part 2. genera: pseudocatharylla blesz. , classeya blesz. , pseudoclasseya blesz. and argentochiloides blesz. - acta zoologica cracoviensia 9 (11): 683–760, pls. 45–46 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nscopoli (1763). ent. carniolica, exhibens ins. carnioliae indigena: 198 .\ntreitschke (1832). die schmetterlinge von europa 9 (1): 55 .\nwang p, li, c. & chen, x. (1986) acta entomologica sinica 29 (2): 208 - 210 .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers, open access publishing, and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act (fastr), wikimedia foundation, inc. , public library of science, the encyclopedia of life, open book publishers (obp), pubmed, u. s. national library of medicine, national center for biotechnology information, u. s. national library of medicine, national institutes of health (nih), u. s. department of health & human services, and urltoken, which sources content from all federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government publication portals (. gov, . mil, . edu). funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u. s. congress, e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. world heritage encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the world public library association, a non - profit organization .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\npalpi porrect, extending from once to twice the length of head, slightly hairy, and with downcurved third joint. maxillary palp rather short and dilated with scales. a slight rounded frontal projection can be seen. antennae of male minutely serrated, and ciliated. patagia of male with spreading upturned hair. tibia with outer spurs about half the length of inner. abdomen long, where in female expanding at extremity and with very large anal tuft. wings long and narrow. fore wings with vein 3 from before angle of cell. veins 4, 5 from angle and vein 7 straight and well separated from veins 8, 9. veins 10 and 11 free, or vein 11 becoming coincident with vein 12. hind wings with vein 3 from near angle of cell. veins 6, 7 from upper angle." ]

{ "text": [ "scirpophaga occidentella is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by walker in 1863 .", "it is found in angola , the democratic republic of congo , ivory coast , madagascar , malawi , mozambique , nigeria , senegal , sierra leone , south africa and tanzania .", "the wingspan is 16 – 22 mm for males and 20 – 30 mm for females .", "the fore - and hindwings are white .", "females have a pale ochreous white anal tuft .", "the larvae feed on oryza sativa . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 9, 8 ] }

[ "scirpophaga occidentella is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by walker in 1863. it is found in angola, the democratic republic of congo, ivory coast, madagascar, malawi, mozambique, nigeria, senegal, sierra leone, south africa and tanzania. the wingspan is 16 – 22 mm for males and 20 – 30 mm for females. the fore - and hindwings are white. females have a pale ochreous white anal tuft. the larvae feed on oryza sativa." ]

[ "nematocampa brehmeata is a moth of the geometridae family. it is found in california .\nnematocampa brehmeata which is very similar, but is restricted to central and northern califonia west of the sierra nevada .\nferguson (1993) revised the na species of nematocampa and was the author who revised the status of the species commonly called n. limbata to n. resistaria .\na revision of the species of nematocampa (geometridae: ennominae) occurring in the united states and canada douglas c. ferguson. 1993. journal of the lepidopterist society, 47: 60 - 77 .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nferguson, d. c. , 2008. moths of america north of mexico, fascicle 17. 2: p. 32; pl. 1. 8 - 11. order\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ngrossbeck (1907) stated\ni take pleasure in naming this beautiful geometer after my friend mr. h. h. brehme, of newark, n. j. , who has generously given me the specimen .\nferguson (1993) revised description of the adult including genitalia is available in pdf or view online .\nholotype ♀ collected\ncazadero, sonoma county, california, july 18th\nin amnh .\nferguson (2008) reported the flight period is june to august. he based this on a sample of 35 specimens .\n. the wedge entomological research foundation. p. 32; pl. 1, figs. 8 - 11 .\ngrossbeck, j. a. , 1907. notes on certain described species of geometridae, with descriptions of a few new species .\nnotes on certain described species of geometridae, with descriptions of a few new species john a. grossbeck. 1907. transactions of the american entomological society philadelphia, 33: 335 - 343 .\nthe moths of america north of mexico, fascicle 17. 2, geometroidea, geometridae, ennominae. douglas c. ferguson. 2008. the wedge entomological research foundation .\ncontributed by maury j. heiman on 20 november, 2013 - 9: 22pm last updated 22 november, 2013 - 2: 07pm\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nyellowish with distinctive pattern - - see photo. note especially the single am line and the double pm line - - the latter far apart at costa, almost touching below it, then separating again. dark coloration beyond pm line variably purple to brown\na dimorphic species, both between sexes (sexual dimorphism) and within the males; dimorphism in females rare .\nferguson (1993) describes this species as follows “this widespread nearctic species is distinguished by the whitish ground color of nearly all females (with rare exceptions) to the more yellowish males. ” bugguide image # 40816 is a female :\nto having none - described by ferguson as “brown markings well developed to obsolescent”. such markings are geographically variable that has led to them being named as separate subspecies and species .\nstrange! eversible tentacles extend from the dorsal surface of a2 and a3. in the first photo (below, left) they are in the' relaxed' condition; when the caterpillar is alarmed these tentacles can be extended to 2x their resting length (below, right). these same structures probably occur in other species in the genus; but otherwise i believe they may be unique .\n. reasonably common in nb, seen every year in fredericton. also found in eurasia, depending on taxonomic treatment (see remarks) .\nnova scotia to vancouver island, south to florida and west to texas and colorado. utah and oregon but not california. the california species is\none generation in north, double brooded in middle states; more than double brooded in south .\n( geometridae; ennominae) occurring in the united states and canada. j. lep. soc 47 (1): 60 - 77 .\npeterson field guides: eastern moths charles v. covell. 1984. houghton mifflin company .\nmacromoths of northwest forests and woodlands jeffrey miller, paul hammond. 2000. usda forest service, fhtet - 98 - 18 .\ncaterpillars of eastern north america david l. wagner. 2005. princeton university press .\nwe do not yet have descriptive information on this species. please try the buttons above to search for information from other sources .\n. you can download select species by searching or when you' re on a taxa page like class, order, and family .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges, r. w. et al. , eds. 1983. check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico. e. w. classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation, london. 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\ndistribution data for u. s. states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nferguson, d. c. 2008. moths of america north of mexico. fascicle 17. 2. geometroidea, geometridae, ennominae (part: abaxini, cassymini, macariini). the wedge entomological research foundation. 430 pp .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness, completeness, or accuracy of any specific data. natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility, fitness for a particular purpose, and non - infringement. natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server. in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special, indirect, incidental, consequential damages, or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, under any theory of liability used. natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice; however, natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein. since the data in the central databases are continually being updated, it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt. the data provided is for planning, assessment, and informational purposes. site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies. if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site, the appropriate state natural heritage program (s) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area (see visit local programs) .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nyou can copy this taxon into another guide. if you are one of the editors of this guide it should copy everything, but if you' re not, it will only copy the licensed content .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge." ]

{ "text": [ "nematocampa brehmeata is a moth of the family geometridae .", "it is found in california .", "the length of the forewings is 12 – 14 mm for males and 13 – 14 mm for females .", "the shape and pattern of the wings is similar to nematocampa resistaria , but the dark , purplish-brown shading on the outer third of the wings in males tends to appear reduced , narrowed , or otherwise broken up .", "the dark shading of the outer third of the wings is lost entirely in females .", "the ground colour varies from light yellow to orange yellow in both males and females .", "adults are on wing from june to august . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 23, 1, 1, 8 ] }

[ "nematocampa brehmeata is a moth of the family geometridae. it is found in california. the length of the forewings is 12 – 14 mm for males and 13 – 14 mm for females. the shape and pattern of the wings is similar to nematocampa resistaria, but the dark, purplish-brown shading on the outer third of the wings in males tends to appear reduced, narrowed, or otherwise broken up. the dark shading of the outer third of the wings is lost entirely in females. the ground colour varies from light yellow to orange yellow in both males and females. adults are on wing from june to august." ]

[ "be the first to review “red - and - yellow barbet” click here to cancel reply .\nmales of red - and - yellow barbet have distinctive black (spotted white), red, and yellow plumage. females are similar, but less brightly colored .\nrange of the red & yellow barbet: se sudan into central ethiopia and nw somalia, ne uganda, and n and e tanzania .\nred - and - yellow barbets have strong red bills that are long, thick and pointed. they are 9 inches (23 cm) long (woodpecker - like in appearance) and strongly patterned with blotches and spots of red, yellow, black and white. they have large red to red - orange heads .\ndescription: at about 18 - 21 cm, it is larger than its close cousin, d' arnaud' s barbet which also lacks the red in the face. the upperparts are spotted and streaked with red, yellow, white, and black, and the underparts are yellow. the tail is black. the red - and - yellow barbet has a bright red or orange beak. the female' s crown is red cwith black spots, when the male' s is all black and slightly crested .\nthough it sings duets from the treetops, the red - and - yellow barbet is more likely to be seen feeding, nesting and quarreling on the ground .\n20–23 cm; 40–75 g. very distinctive barbet. male nominate race has black cap and slight crest, and black throat patch; spotted and streaked red, yellow, white and ...\na close relative, the pied barbet (tricholaema leucomelaina) is distinguished by a black - and - white striped head, red forehead and black neck, though it appears mainly black and white. at 7″ it is smaller than the red - and - yellow barbet. at home in acacia woodlands from zambezi south to the cape town area, it is occasionally found in pairs, but more often lives alone, searching for fruits, nectars and insects. unlike its noisy cousin, the pied barbet rarely socializes. with no “helpers, ” pied barbet parents excavate, incubate and feed their nestlings alone. red - and - yellow barbet\nthe order piciformes contains six families and includes jacamars, puffbirds and toucans, which are all found only in latin america. the barbets, honeyguides and woodpeckers are also found in africa. almost half of the 81 species of barbet live in africa. i the genus trachyphonus [ includes the red - and - i yellow barbet and d’arnaud’s barbet, trachyphonus darnaudii .\nhabitat: the red - and - yellow barbet is locally common in dry bush, open woodland, acacia scrub, grassland and edges of deserts. it is found at altitudes reaching 1500m and seems to avoid moist areas .\ndescription: sexes alike but female usually paler yellow and less red. immature birds have duller plumage overall. 23cm, 57 - 74g .\nthe red - and - yellow barbet prefers semiarid brush country and thornbush areas throughout its east african range. anthills, termite mounds and stream beds from ethiopia to tanzania attract this african species; it is more likely to be seen on the ground than its forest barbet cousins, which rarely descend from treetops. the red - and - yellow barbet excavates its nest holes in mud or sandbanks, rotting trees or termite mounds. nests near ant and termite colonies are protected by the biting insects, which do not attack the barbet. reciprocally, the red - and - yellow barbet rarely eats its tiny neighbors. sitting pretty the colorful barbet has a good view of its territory. the species name erythrocephalus comes from the greek words erythro and cephalos meaning “red head. ” a dueting pair occupies the topmost position in a tree or bush and forces away other singers that attempt to move upward or in between them .\nthe red and yellow barbet have a beak that is long and sharp. they usually have a bill that is approximately 9” (23 centimeters) and it is strong and hard. the bill resembles that of the common woodpecker. the feathers of the main body are colored with spots of black, white, yellow and red. and the plumage on top is a vibrant orange - red. from front top to tail is a race of gloss black .\nred - and - yellow barbets cooperate with family members to excavate and incubate a nest, forming a united front to staunchly defend their territory against uninvited company .\nwhat they look like: these kaleidoscopic birds have brilliant black and white speckled wing and tail feathers, a bright yellow breast and red cheeks with a white spot on either side. males have a black crown whereas the female’s is red .\nthe red and yellow barbet can readily live along with man if not pressured. it has been known for the massai tribe of africa to use the plumage of the barbet to make decoration to wear. the barbet’s song sound like that of the name they are called. it is a beautiful sound that resembles somebody saying “red and yellow” in the english language. the song is usually sung by the alpha pair of the flock but the rest of the family will join in to sing the fanciful tune .\nred - and - yellow barbets are omnivores, feeding on seeds, fruit, and invertebrates. they live in not very opened areas, such as riverbeds and cliffs or termite mounds .\nvisual traits: the red and yellow barbet have a beak that is long and sharp. they usually have a bill that is approximately 9” (23 centimeters) and it is strong and hard. the bill resembles that of the common woodpecker. the feathers of the main body are colored with spots of black, white, yellow and red. and the plumage on top is a vibrant orange - red. from front top to tail is a race of gloss black. the sides of their heads have spots of white with a lace of black and yellow going around their neck. the front of the chest is a hue of red and orange. and the male of the species has a dark line under the neck .\nthe red - and - yellow barbet is also called: barbican à tête rouge [ french ]; flammenkopf - bartvogel [ german ]; barbudo cabecirrojo [ spanish ]; rödgul skäggök, markskäggök [ sweedish ]; barbetto giallorosso [ italian ] .\nfeeding habits: the red - and - yellow barbet are omnivorous, feeding on insects, spiders, fruits (especially figs) and their seeds, lizzards, small birds and eggs. they may also take food discarded by people, such as bread, cereal, hamburger, and fruits .\nred - and - yellow barbets are found in low woodlands, savannas and scrubby areas where terrain is rugged and semi - arid. their range is from central ethiopia south through kenya, in north and central tanzania and southwest somalia .\nall members of a small family group of red and yellow barbets help feed and raise the young. to defend their territory, the dominant breeding pair sings a synchronized duet, which sounds like a repeating “red’n yell - ow”. they will also mob hawks or other intruders .\nfairly common and widespread, the red - and - yellow barbet is not endangered and is quite tame around humans that feed it. some people take advantage of the barbet’s friendly nature, and capture or kill the bird when it ventures near. tribes, such as the masai, use the barbets’ feathers for ornamentation. no bother termites don’t bite barbets, which often build their nests near termite mounds .\nunlike other barbet species, the red - and - yellow barbet is more of a ground forager than arboreal. as a result, they eat more insects than other barbets, but also feed on fruits and seeds. in the wild they nest and roost in cavities often near termite mounds. in this symbiotic relationship, the barbets rarely eat the termites, and the termites don' t bite the barbets !\nall members of a barbet family help feed and raise young chicks. dominant breeding pairs are known for their highly synchronized duets, which they deliver from treetops to defend territory. the loud medley, according to some listeners, sounds similar to\nred' n’ yellow” repeated over and over .\nbehavioral traits: red and yellow barbets will live in flocks that range from three to ten birds in the flock. the barbet will find the majority of its diet on the savanna floor, under bushes or at the base of trees that can give protection while they feed .\ncommon across eastern and southeastern africa, this barbet subspecies is distinctive for its red, yellow and white - spotted black plumage—the latter of which adorns its wings and tail. females have similar but duller coloration. males can also be identified by a black chin stripe. the name “barbet” derives from the barb - like bristles surrounding their reddish beaks. this species can grow to about nine inches long .\nremaining in family parties that do not migrate, the red - and - yellow barbet moves only in search of food. boldly territorial, it may also be quite tame in areas where humans feed it. the alternating calls of the male and female produce a well - known duet, though the source of the sound often seems to be a single bird. the loud medley sounds much like the barbet’s english name, “red ‘n’ yellow, ” over and over used as territorial and breeding calls, the different song notes rhythmically synchronize, and the duet sometimes becomes a chorus of the combined efforts of the entire family party .\nrange of the d' arnaud' s barbet: ne uganda, se sudan, central ethiopia and s somalia and kenya .\na trio of red - and - yellow barbets have added a vibrant splash of color to the dry thorn forest exhibit at regenstein african journey. the three males are\nhatchmate\nbrothers from the same clutch .\nthe red - and - yellow barbets usually occur in pairs or groups of 3 to 10 birds. these birds will mostly forage on or near the ground often near bushes or under trees that can provide cover .\nfeeding… nesting near a termite mound, a family party of barbets forages together for berries, locusts and beetles. squabbling… almost half as big and not as aggressive, a willow warbler is no match for the territorial red - and - yellow barbet. attracting… sensing the commotion, a snake, attracted to one of the other barbets, is preparing to strike, but… mobbing the barbet sounds an alarm call, rapidly bringing other birds together to mob the hastily retreating snake .\nwe have raised lots of doves before, but not such a special bird as a crested barbet .\nthe omnivorous red - and - yellow barbet forages on open ground and in bushes in search of fruits, berries and buds. the most insectivorous of all barbets, it also hunts for locusts, beetles and small birds. it depends more on insects than other barbets because of its terrestrial, rather than tree - dwelling, adaptations. insect wings and legs are regurgitated as pellets, similarto those of owls; however, the skins and seeds of grapes, berries and other fruits are passed in the feces. searching for sweets the barbet looks for berries while foraging on the ground .\nbarbets are small, stocky - bodied birds with rather large heads which gives the appearance of a stubby neck. the majority of barbets are multicolored in striking plumage. the asian and american species are predominantly green with red, blue and yellow markings, usually around the head. african barbets are mainly yellow, black or red and are heavily spotted or streaked. their bills are stout and have bristles or tufts of feathers that lay forward over the nares, gape and chin region of the face. they possess zygodactylous toes (two forward and two backward) and with the exception of three species are arboreal .\nrange of the crested barbet: central angold, sw and e zaire, sw uganda, s and e rwanda, n tanzania, n and e south africa, s mozambique .\nlarge heads, short tails, stocky builds and thick beaks surrounded by bristles at the base have led some to describe barbets as “odd” or even “clumsy - looking”. i prefer “unique”, and in any event the brilliant colors of most make up for any lack of “grace” in their body - plans. the toucan barbet (semnornis ramphastinus), for example, exhibits light and dark blue, black, yellow, copper and bright red in its plumage .\ntheir forehead to hind crown are jet black ending in a slight crest. they have white ear patches and the upper part and necklace are black with round white spots. the breast is orange to red - orange, the lower part of the body and sides are bright yellow. the male has a black chin stripe .\nthe world’s 75 - 85 barbet species are classified in the order piciformes, along with toucans (their closest relatives), honey guides and woodpeckers .\nthe red - and - yellow barbets usually occur in pairs or groups of 3 to 10 birds. these birds will mostly forage on or near the ground often near bushes or under trees that can provide cover. they will also forage along the walls of native huts and will also clean the remains of insects from auto tires and radiator screens .\ndescription: females and immatures have overall duller plumage with bill a light grayish - yellow as opposed to the male' s black bill. 12cm, 11 - 15g .\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndescription: 25cm long; 80 - 108g. although many barbet species have hair - like feathers over their bill, the bearded barbet' s bristles are the most pronounced, especially from under the bill, giving them a' beard like' appearance. their plumage is dominated by black on their head, back, wings, tail and lower chest. the upper breast is red as is most of the lower breast, although the lower is mixed with white. a band of black feathers separates the two areas. yellow skin surrounds their eyes. the only difference between sexes is the female' s black spots on their shared white flank patch. like many barbets, the bearded barbet has a strong bill with' teeth' or grooves .\nbearded, gilded, double - toothed, white - headed, crested, yellow, d’arnaud’s and several other species are kept in the usa; please write in for specific information .\nshort, l. l. & horne, j. f. m. (2018). red - and - yellow barbet (trachyphonus erythrocephalus). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nrange of the yellow - rumped tinkerbird: senegal, gambia, s west africa, s nigeria, s cameroon and s sudan, uganda, kenya, n angola, n and e zambia, e south africa, s mozambique and zanzibar .\nrange of the double - toothed barbet: across africa from guinea - bissau, sierra leonone and n liberia, through central cameroon and central african republic, s sudan and central ethiopia, southward to cabinda, n angola, congo, n and ne zaire, burundi, nw tanzania and w kenya .\nfrank, i live in south africa. i just found a baby crested barbet. i saw on the website that i can feed him eathworms. how much and often and must i give him the worm whole ?\nhabits and diet: lives in pairs or small groups and searches for foods in dense foliage (usually below 10m). roosts communally in the same hole. perches quietly in dense foliage. consumes ants, temites, beetles and others as well as papayas, avocados, figs, and umbrella tree fruits; also palm nuts and red peppers .\nbarbets combine gorgeous coloration and a unique body plan. related to woodpeckers and toucans, barbets somehow bring both to mind. i’ve always enjoyed working with them, although a “barbet incident” gave me quite a scare early - on in my career…\ngeneral habits: this bird usually lives in groups that include one breeding pair, several young\nhelpers\n, and sometimes one or two other adults. red - and - yellow barbets can be very aggressive, notably when defending their territories from other groups of barbets or woodpeckers. they are also known to mob hawks or other predators to chase them out of the territory. they are often seen around termite mounds .\nlocation and ecosystem: the barbet are found in africa across from ethiopia and on south past kenya. they also have habitats in tanzania and in somalia. they live in the areas that are hard to survive and thrive in areas that are short on water. they do however still require wooded areas to live .\ndescription: female lacks black forehead and crown (marked yellow - orange instead, and rarely black lightly mottled in with y - o coloring) as well as throat patch that male has. she is also less bright overall. immature birds less vibrant reds and yellows and also male immature black around face and throat is grey. 23cm, 40 - 72g .\nfruits, berries, buds, flowers, nectar, insects; larger species such as the lineated barbet have been known to consume tree frogs, lizards and even other smaller birds. certain genera may be more frugivorous or insectivorous .\nhi sir! an injured coppersmith barbet had fallen in front of our home. . u think it has some injuries on her leg. . cud u pls suggest wat shud i do. . ?\nbearded barbet range: senegal and gambia, guinea - bissau, s. mali, burkina, faso, sw niger, n nigeria, n cameroon, nw central african republic, guinea, ivory coast, c ghana, s togo, n benin .\nhi james, we have rescued a baby crested barbet that was blown out of his tree during a storm, and abandoned. he is feathered, and can flutter, and we are hoping to release him in the garden when he can fly. what to feed him? pawpaw and banana seem to go straight through him! mealworms and earthworms? what about mincemeat? please help, would hate to get it wrong. thank you .\ncall: breeding pairs sing a synchronized duet that sounds like\nred' n yell - ow\nrepeated many times. while other group members, perch below them, form a chorus, calling, turning in circles, and jumping over each other as the pair sings .\nthey have an investigative and confiding nature and will readily enter houses or cars looking for food .\nloud duets with a long bubbling medley are a characteristic sound of the bush land habitats. the duet sounds like it’s english name, red ‘n yellow, repeated over and over. duets are usually sung by the dominant pair, however other members of the group may join in for a short time. the singing pair occupy the uppermost branches and if other members move up or in - between the two singers, they will be forced back down. the duet also serves as a territorial song to other outside groups. once you hear this bird sing you never forget it .\nhartlaub, 1882 – ne uganda and se south sudan to s & ce ethiopia and n kenya .\nin central and south america: panama, costa rica and nw south america. status in the wild\ndescription: 22 - 25cm, 72 - 120g. sexes alike but red sides on female have a series of short, fine black streaks that overlap onto the white mark on the side. immature birds same as adult but overall duller plumage .\nmost barbets are birds of forest interiors although some, such as the coppersmith barbet, inhabit city parks and gardens. the call of this 6 - inch - long asian native sounds like a hammer striking metal. the coppersmith barbet’s habit of issuing the call 80 - 100 times per minute, during the hottest part of the day, has earned it the nickname “brain fever bird” (see video below). elsewhere, various birds are given similar names…i must say that one dove species did annoy me during afternoons spent working in the hot venezuelan sun !\ncrickets, mealworms and other invertebrates are essential to the health of many species, and are indispensible for pairs with chicks; many also relish chopped pink mice. i maintain insect traps, such as the zoo med bug napper, to help meet the needs of the insectivorous birds under my care. canned invertebrates are a convenient means of adding variety to barbet diets .\nthe nest is made by tunneling about 16″ (40 cm) into a termite mound, stream bank or road cut. at the end of the tunnel is a chamber which will contain a few pieces of grass and several barbet feathers. they usually lay 4 or 5 eggs which are incubated by the parents and helpers. in captivity the males does much of the incubating .\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nhabits and diet: seen in pairs, family groups and small flocks feeding loosely in areas but will come together for interaction and mobbing predators (especially terrestrial ones). this species feeds on or near the ground hopping to food items and carryng them to cover. consumes ants, temtes, grasshoppers and other insects as well as fruits and berries .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: trachyphonus erythrocephalus. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nhabits and diet: forages on the ground, in trees and shrubs and on termite mounds. moves along tree trunks pecking and searching for termites or other insects. found in pairs; roosts in excavated holes. in trees and shrubs they hang from foliage while foraging. crested barbets consume figs, berries and guavas as well as seeds; also eats a wide variety of insects including: grasshoppers, locusts, beetles, larvae, wasps and termites .\nalthough certain barbet species have bred in captivity little is known about the courtship process in the wild. generally the male pursues the hen; in ground barbets the male will posture and raise its crown feathers while strutting around her. duetting is common in barbets though its function isn' t exactly known. because it is done throughout the year it is probably a territorial announcement .\nhi sorry i have a bearded barbet and about two months ago i put a plant in the cage she seems to like it. but i have been looking for a rufous - tailed jacamar it seems they dont have them in captivity would you know if thay are available and do you know any thing about them i read a lot on them i just love them thanks james ps i do have a out door aviary with lots of small birds in it\nbecause the bill of the barbet is not as' chisel - like' as a woodpecker they often dig their nesting holes into softer wood or plant materials; an african species digs into a dirt bank. they have been known to use old woodpecker holes also. generally the holes are usually high above the ground. the hole is just large enough for a single bird to pass in and out of and is often placed under a branch to shelter from direct inclement weather .\nhabits and diet: it utilizes all levels of the forest foraging and moving about from one area to another. it eats a variety of insects including: ants, termites, flying insects and soft - bodied insects. it also feeds on fruits from mistletoe, lantana, figs and muhesu .\ni always take care of injured or orphaned birds, and today somebody brought me a fully feathered young crested barbet. because he is fully feathered i will keep an eye on his progress over the next 2 or 3 days and if he can fly, i will release him. we stay in botswana and i love my bird population, but believe that wild birds belong in the wild so i try to release every one of them. the doves are the easiest to take care of and they get very naughty and also very territorial about the one that feeds them. i never keep them in cages, they have the run of my house. they will fight with anybody that tries to get close to me, and slap them with the wing. it is to funny for words. the birds is such a fun thing to do, and you learn every time you find a new one and they all have different personalities .\nnests are commonly made near large ant or termite mounds. while termites are aggressive territorial defenders against other potential predators, these insects do not attack the nesting birds; the reason is unknown. both the mature adults and juvenile helpers, which have not yet reached sexual maturity, excavate the 16″ nesting tunnel. during courtship the male chases the female, strutting and posturing around her with his bristled crown feathers raised. both parents and helpers incubate 4 - 5 eggs and feed the nestlings insects. the barbet breaks up large insects into pieces against a rock or crevice in a tree, which may be used again and again. with wings and legs removed, the insects are carried directly to the young, rather than being regurgitated and fed to the them as is the case with many birds. a courtship crown the male’s colorful crown feathers are raised during courtship postures .\nthe problem however is that people remove babies from parents and also sometimes think that the baby was abandoned and then it becomes a problem. people should stop for a while and smell the roses. if they really care, they will wait a while and be patient and then see the parents approach the babies and still feed them and take care of them even if its on the ground or on a roof or where ever. do not remove just because you think its abandoned. first observe for a day or few hours! !! !\nour drivers are all fluent in english and all have at least a decade of safari experience. our guides are chosen to be personable and knowledgeable, and with no limit on drive distance – you can game drive from dawn until dusk .\nhabitat: prefers forest with dense understorey at or near clearings and forest edges, dense forest thickets, dense woodlands, riverine woods, and some arboreal cultivation .\nthey' re very active and constantly fly back and forth, ” says zoo keeper caitlinn o' brien. “they also sing to each other all the time, and the sound of their calls travels really far in the building. ”\nthe barbets took an eternity to find, but they were in the exhibit. other keepers had been dispatched to the director’s house, but the bird flew off before they arrived. the director was not known for practical jokes or drinking to excess, so i do believe that he saw a fire - tufted barbet (even though they are not often kept as pets here …) .\nhabitat: found in most habitats of its range, but especially forest patches, dense woods, riverine woods, wooded grasslands, tree and coffee plantations and gardens .\nthreats: they are sought after for their beautiful feathers and are popular as pets .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nwith offices in the us, europe, tanzania, and australia, you can make payment to whichever is most convenient. we also accept payments via credit card and paypal .\nbarbets require a large, well - planted aviary, and are sensitive to cold temperatures and damp conditions. males may attack non - receptive females, and even larger birds of other species may not be safe. they are best kept alone or in pairs, although i had no problems housing fire - tufted barbets with jay thrushes, bulbuls and argus pheasants .\nmany individuals become quite bold in time, and will approach closely when offered favored treats .\nhabitat: frequents thicket woodlands, termite mounds, streamside vegetation with sufficient cover and plantations .\nmost fare well on a diet comprised of a wide variety of fruits, berries, figs and dates. the fruit should be coated with a mixture of insectivorous bird food, softbill select and egg food. hard boiled egg and some cooked ground beef should be offered regularly .\nurltoken - & nbspthis; website is for sale! - & nbspchishima; resources and information .\nsongs “erupt” from greeting ceremony and chorus of all group - members, but only primary ...\nthey have an investigative and confiding nature and will readily enter houses or cars looking for food. they will easily adapt to humans if not harassed. the masai often used their beautiful feathers for ornamentation .\nstatus: the global population size has not been quantified, but it is believed to be large as the species is described as' common' in at least parts of its range. global population trends have not been quantified, but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the iucn red list (i. e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). for these reasons, the species is evaluated as least concern .\nabout 40cm in is the nest chamber where four or five eggs are incubated by parents and younger helpers .\nhi frank, thanks very much, he has done much better without the fruit, we have done the egg, and bought some crickets. he has spent yesterday and today outside sitting in a creeper growing over the verandah, coming down to us for food, and exploring without flying off, still in a cage overnight .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nwe specialize in tailor making your tour to ensure you get the perfect safari itinerary for you tastes and budget .\nour safari fleet is made up of specially customised 4x4 toyota land cruisers equipped with large windows, pop up roof, phone charging stations, comfortable seats, and a fully stocked supply of water, coffee, and tea .\nthe average clutch is 2 - 4 whitish eggs. both parents generally incubate and both also spend the night in the nest hole. incubation lasts 13 - 15 days in some species and 18 - 19 days in others. the young are altricial and possess heal pads like toucans. fledging occurs differently within the family; from 20 - 21 days, 24 - 26 days and 33 - 35 days respectively. second clutches can occur in certain species .\nhabits and diet: seen in flocks of 2 - 10 (usually a pair with subadult helpers) foraging on the ground in or near cover. roosts in holes they dig in termite and ant mounds or even dry banks and cliffs. common around villages. aggressive towards other birds, especially around food sources. consumes various berries, figs, seeds, as well as a wide variety of insects, larvae, spiders, lizards, eggs and small nestlings .\nwhere they live: south - east sudan, ethiopia, somalia, kenya, uganda and north - east tanzania .\nwe are shadows of africa, an international team dedicated to sharing the beauty and wonder of africa with the world .\nhabitat: common in scrub, savanna, streambeds, cliffs and open woodland of arid to semi - arid habitat .\nhabitat: bearded barbets live in dry, arid areas throughout western africa in trees like acacia, baobabs and figs. they prefer thickets, open woods and secondary undergrowth. suitable habitat must include dead trees, branches or stumps for nesting .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. and fishpool, l. d. c. 2014. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 1: non - passerines. lynx edicions birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\nk. m. d: hi frank, i have 2 peach faced love birds and they have been ...\nthey are omnivorous, eating fruits, seeds, small birds, insects such as centipedes, beetles, grasshoppers, locusts termites and ants. if the bird is tame it will eat bread, cereal and ground beef; readily trying most prospective food items .\ndiet: they are omnivorous, eating fruits, seeds, small birds, insects such as centipedes, beetles, grasshoppers, locusts termites and ants. if the bird is tame it will eat bread, cereal and ground beef; readily trying most prospective food items .\nstatus and conservation: bearded barbets are not globally threatened and may be common throughout range, especially in the reserves within its range. while clearing of trees, especially dead ones, could be detrimental to its population, the planting of fruit trees may actually help .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nwe seek accommodation with friendly owners, helpful staff, great food, amazing pastime options, spectacular views, pleasant atmosphere and clean facilities .\nwe specialize in tailor - making your tour to suit your tastes and budget. we can customize everything from routes to accommodation to optional activities .\nthe young are fed mostly insects. the parents and helpers will smash larger insects such as centipedes or grasshoppers and will remove the legs and wings before feeding them to the young. once fledged, the family group will stay close together while the helpers will feed alone or in twos at some distance from the main family until the young are completely independent. they will all still come together quickly if an alarm call is given .\nyoung: once the chicks hatch, all group members help to feed them. they catch insects for the chicks, removing the legs and wings from the larger ones and presenting them to the chicks. after the chicks fledge, they will become helpers for their parents' next clutch .\ndescription: 14 - 17cm, 19 - 30g. sexes alike. immature birds overall duller as well as crown less spotted and yellows paler .\nalthough typically thought of as fruit - eaters, many barbets are skillful hunters and nest - raiders as well. i’ve observed them capture anoles, spiders and other animals that were established in their exhibits. understanding the natural history of the barbets you keep is essential if you are to succeed .\nthe chinese painted quail (button quail, blue - breasted quail), conturnix chinensis, and the japanese quail, c. japonica – part ii\nclose to t. margaritatus, with which sometimes considered conspecific; both rather closely related to t. darnaudii, less so to t. vaillantii. proposed races gallarum (sc ethiopia) and jacksoni (s ethiopia to nc kenya) probably represent intergrades of races shelleyi and versicolor. three subspecies currently recognized .\nfigs, other fruits and their seeds, as well as spiders, various insect larvae, beetles, mantids, grasshoppers, locusts, harvestmen, ...\nfeb–jul in n, also in s, where may breed sept–jan; mainly during and after rains. male of group hops about primary female, male ...\nwonderful birds but i’ve not often seen them offered in the trade. in the usa, softbills for sale and urltoken would be worth looking into. best, frank\nbreeding: nest holes are excavated into the ground usually hidden by grass and in the open, hence the reason for their preference for dry areas. season is generally mar - june. pairs will duet. both sexes excavate a tunnel 45 - 90cm downward, then to one side above the bottom of the tunnel a chamber is dug and lined with pieces of grass. this practice allows rain and debris to trickle past the chamber to the bottom of the tunnel (short / horne) .\ncourtship may include food offering, nest log drilling, and vocalizations. these usually occur one to two months prior to breeding season. copulation may occur after feeding or allopreening. clutch size is 2 eggs, with incubation lasting at least 16 days. chicks develop slowly on a diet of insects and fruit. chicks fledge at approximately 40 days .\nwe are on the east coast of south africa, quite near durban, we have crested, black collared, white eared barbets and golden rumped tinker barbets visiting the garden .\nrecording amplified in audacity and converted from m4a to mp3, otherwise unaltered. two birds interacting in an exposed treetop. recording on iphone se with no additional microphone. just after rain .\ni couldnt find someone, but its been 3 days and he is looking well. one vet told me that i can give him soft canned cat food. what is your opinion ?\ndid you know: the barbets get their name from the bristles which fringe their heavy bills. some local tribes use their feathers to decorate clothing, and they are sometimes kept as pets .\nthere are 43 species of barbets and tinkerbirds that span the african continent from south of the sahara. they inhabit a broad range of biomes from thick jungle where they spend time in the canopy to the open scrub where some species prefer the ground. likewise there diets are just as varied as their habitat; birds of the forests prefer fruits where some species in scrub areas may consume termites and ants, primarily .\nthe zoological society of london is incorporated by royal charter - registered charity in england and wales no. 208728. principal office england - company number rc000749 - registered address regent' s park, london, england nw1 4ry\nbirds of eden in plettenberg bay, south africa is a world - class free flight bird sanctuary that aims to create a safe environment in which to release a large collection of free - flight african birds and miniature monkeys .\nbreeding: season spans from may - august. allopreening occurs and male will tap nest entrance to coax female to it. pair and helpers will defend nest hole, even leading up to copulation / egglaying. nests are generally excavated (by both) 2 - 20m from the ground in rotten trees or branches. the entrance hole is about 5cm with a cavity depth of up to 46cm. it is noted that insect remains sometimes line the nest .\nbreeding: in courtship there is allopreening as well as basic strutting displays by the male then a food gift offered. nest holes are constructed into earthen banks where 2 - 6 white, smooth and slightly glossy eggs are laid. male incubates more than the female and it is not known whether helpers incubate or not. exact incubation periods are not known but it is presumably 14 - 17 days. parents and helpers feed insects to the young. fledging occurs around 35 - 40 days at which time the young follow the group begging for food. some of the young are aloud to stay in the territorial group whereas others are eventually depart or are forced out of the area .\nwater for bathing is a must. food sometimes collects among the bristles at the base of the bill and must be manually removed. be careful when doing so, as barbets are capable of inflicting serious wounds with their powerful bills .\nbreeding: territories are maintained to a greater or lesser extent all year, but the extent to which paired birds remain together is unknown (short / horne). season spans from almost year round depending upon the area. these territories are usually centered on a nest cavity arund 3m from the ground. both sexes excavate the hole, usually in the underside of a dead or decaying branch. the opening is about 2. 5cm in diameter and the tunnel and chamber combine to a 40 - 100cm length. the chamber is lined with wood chips. 2 - 5 white eggs are laid and are incubated by both parents for 12 days. insects are fed to the young. fledging occurs around 18 days .\ngenetic data place this as basal to all other african barbets # r. previous studies suggested it was: basal to all barbets, on morphological grounds # r; or, using cytochrome b, basal to new world capitonidae and ramphastidae # r .\ndistribution: this species has a large range, with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 1, 100, 000 km. it is an east african bird, living in south eastern sudan, ethiopia, somalia, kenya and north eastern tanzania .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nyoungsters feed entirely upon insects, which is likely why the fruit is not being digested (they take fruit as they mature). mealworms, earthworms, and other non - stinging insects, meat and hard - boiled eggs would work well. they need a great deal of food, so stock up! if you have a food grinder, try grinding up the egg with the shell, as this is a good calcium source. if not, mix in some reptile calcium powder or bird vitamin / mineral supplements if available, or powdered cuttlebone. he may get enough calcium from earthworms and wild - caught insects, but mealworms do not provide much; crickets if available from mealworm source can be gut - loaded with calcium also…let me know if you need details .\n) and other asian birds. my supervisor rushed in to say that one of my barbets was perched on a fence outside the zoo director’s kitchen window (he lived on the grounds). the director, an internationally - known ornithologist, was rumored to question the curators more closely about the death of “little brown birds” than giraffes. unlike most exhibits, that housing the barbets did not have a double door, and i had often worried about escapes. so, i thought, there goes my dream job… .\nbreeding: season begins in march. males will courtship feed female. nest hole is 4 - 18m from ground, usually on the underside of a dead limb. in rural areas, garden nestboxes have been used. the cavity entrance is 6. 4 by 3. 8cm and the cavity itself is 15 - 100cm deep and lined with wood chips. 3 - 4 glossy, white eggs are laid. female generally incubates at night and both parents during the day. hatching occurs around 13 - 17 days. nestlings are fed mostly insects. fledging occurs 17 - 31 or more days (prozesky 1966, maclean 1985). the young follow the parents for a period of time; they remain in the territory if there is a second brood but are not permitted near the nest .\npairs often have several sub adult helpers of either or both sexes. the group may contain as many as 4 adults and 5 younger birds, with the average group size being 3 to 5 individuals. helpers will roost with the main pair or excavate holes nearby .\nwith offices in tanzania, kenya, rwanda, the usa, europe, and australia, you have access to shadows of africa personnel 24 / 7. we’ re with you from the planning stages all the way through to dropping you off at the airport at journey’ s end .\nthis species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\n2 - 4 white eggs are incubated for 13 days by both parents. chicks are fed insects in the beginning but are later switched to mainly fruits. the young fledge around day 37 and are fed for a while by the parents. in the evening the parents entice the young back to the nest hole for roosting .\nbreeding: very little is known about wild breeding behaviors of barbets. they require a dead tree in which to excavate a nest. bearded barbets tend to be territorial and will aggressively defend the nesting site. breeding in the wild occurs in nearly every month depending on range location, but most commonly between the months of may thru september .\nbarbets reach their greatest diversity in africa, where 42 species (family lybiidae) have been described. twenty six species, belonging to the family magalaimidae, are found in asia. most of the 14 species dwelling in central and south america (family capitonide) are fantastically colored. the toucan barbets, (family semnornithidae) are also native to latin america; 2 species have been described .\nhi jane…my pleasure, glad it is going well…good that the bird is well - along already, less concerns over calcium, etc. , as it was parent - fed for some time. i’m jealous! …especially now as winter sets in in ny! please keep me posted…i and readers would enjoy any bird - watching notes you have time to share…can post here, no need to look for a related article, best, frank\nhabits and diet: bearded barbets are primarily frugivorous. they will obtain their food from wild or cultivated trees. groups forage from tree to tree while dispersing seeds along the way. barbets use their thick bill to collect fruit. smaller barbets often forage with bearded barbets, because they take different sized fruits. insects may also be a part of their diet. they will drink at nearly every chance, usually from tree crevices." ]

{ "text": [ "the red-and-yellow barbet ( trachyphonus erythrocephalus ) is a species of african barbet found in eastern africa .", "males have distinctive black ( spotted white ) , red , and yellow plumage ; females and juveniles are similar , but less brightly colored .", "the species lives in broken terrain and nests and roosts in burrows .", "omnivorous , the species feeds on seeds , fruit , and invertebrates .", "where not hunted , they are tame , but their feathers are used by certain tribes , such as the maasai . " ], "topic": [ 5, 23, 28, 8, 11 ] }

[ "the red-and-yellow barbet (trachyphonus erythrocephalus) is a species of african barbet found in eastern africa. males have distinctive black (spotted white), red, and yellow plumage; females and juveniles are similar, but less brightly colored. the species lives in broken terrain and nests and roosts in burrows. omnivorous, the species feeds on seeds, fruit, and invertebrates. where not hunted, they are tame, but their feathers are used by certain tribes, such as the maasai." ]

[ "cyllogenes janetae de nicéville, 1887; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1887 (3): 454; tl: bhutan\n[ vietnam ] cyllogenes janetae orientalis; monastyrskii, 2005: 25, pl. 2, figs. holotype 2a♀, 2b♀ (un). (na hang, tuyen quang )\ncyllogenes butler, 1868; ent. mon. mag. 4: 194; ts: melanitis suradeva moore\ncyllogenes suradeva; [ bow ]: pl. 162, f. 11; [ bor ], 430\non: cyllogenes janetae orientalis monastyrskii, 2005 od: atalanta 36 (1 / 2): 143, pl. 6, figs. 3♀, 4♀ (un), holotype. tl: na hang, tuyen quang, n. vietnam. (bmnh) distribution: vietnam .\n( 1) polyommatus stoliczkanus janetae evans, 1927 – karakoram meadow blue (2) polyommatus stoliczkanus stoliczkanus felder & felder, 1865 – ladakh meadow blue (3) polyommatus stoliczkanus arene fawcett, 1904 – chumbi meadow blue this was given as common meadow blue by smith (1989) .\nbranded evening brown cyllogenes suradeva is a brown butterfly that is found in the himalayas. = = range = = the butterfly is found in the himalayas in sikkim and bhutan. = = status = = as per evans it is 'rare `. the branded evening brown is 75 to 85 mm in wingspan and broadly resembles the melanitis evening browns, with a strong purple tinge above. the... . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\n♂, 2012. 03. - -. di linh, lam dong, vietnam. (photo by k. saito )\nholotype ♀, 2003. 06. 10. na hang, tuyen quang, n. vietnam. (bmnh )\n[ vietnam ] lam dong, di linh (alt. 700m). 2012. 03. - - 1♂ local catcher (ks )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncorbet, a. s. , pendlebury, h. m. , eliot, j. n. 1992. the butterflies of the malay peninsula. malayan nature society, kuala lumpur .\nmiller, l. d. 1968. the higher classification, phylogeny and zoogeography of the satyridae (lepidoptera). mem. amer. entomol. soc. 24: 1 - 174 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v. z. brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nthe following types of ranges of the vietnamese butterflies are considered: 1) narrow ranges of endemic taxa, 2) continuous and mosaic ranges, 3) disjunct ranges, and 4) vicariant ranges. the endemic butterfly taxa mostly concentrate in isolated mountain areas of central vietnam and show relationships with the sino - himalayan, malayan, and local indo - burmese faunas. the ranges of most vietnamese butterflies, both eury - and stenobiont species, combine the traits of continuous and mosaic distribution. disjunctions in the ranges of vietnamese butterflies vary from dozens to thousands kilometers. similar habitats in different parts of vietnam may have different though allied butterfly species. the origin of the recent butterfly fauna is hypothesized .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\noriginal russian text © a. l. monastyrskii, 2009, published in entomologicheskoe obozrenie, 2009, vol. 88, no. 3, pp. 553–580 .\narnol’di, k. v. , “on the theory of a distribution range in relation to ecology and origin of populations, ” zool. zh .\naveryanov, l. v. , phan ke loc, nguyen tien hiep, and harder, d. k. , “phytogeographic review of vietnam and adjacent areas of eastern indochina, ” komarovia\ncotton, a. and rachelli, t. , “preliminary annotated checklist of the papilionidae of laos with notes on taxonomy, phenology, distribution and variation (lepidoptera, papilionoidea), ” fragmenta entomol. roma, no. 38, 279–378 (2007) .\neliot, j. n. , “an analysis of the eurasian and australian neptini (lepidoptera: nymphalidae), ” bull. brit. mus. nat. hist. (entomol .) suppl .\n, ed. by r. hall and j. holloway, ” (backhuys publ. , leiden, 1998), pp. 99–131 .\nhirowatari, t. , “a generic classification of the tribe polyommatini of the oriental and australian regions (lepidoptera, lycaenidae, polyommatinae), ” bull. univ. osaka pref. ser. b suppl .\nholloway, j. d. , “a numerical investigation of the biogeography of the butterfly fauna of india and its relation to continental drift, ” biol. j. linn. soc .\nholloway, j. d. , “the affinities within four butterfly groups (lepidoptera: rhopalocera) in relation to genera patterns of butterfly distribution in the indo - australian area, ” trans. r. entomol. soc. london\n( dr. w. junk publishers, the hague, 1974), pp. 473–499 .\nholloway, j. d. and hall, r. , “se asian geology and biogeography: an introduction, ” in\n, ed. by r. hall and j. holloway, ” (backhuys publ. , leiden, 1998), pp. 1–23 .\n( masson et cie, paris, 1967; progress, moscow, 1976) [ in russian ] .\n( harvard univ. press, cambridge, 1970; mir, moscow, 1974) [ in russian ] .\nmiller, l. d. , “the higher classification, phylogeny and zoogeography of the satyridae (lepidoptera), ” mem. amer. entomol. soc. , no. 24, 1–174 (1968) .\n( geos, moscow — hanoi, 2003), pp. 188–218 [ in russian ] .\nmonastyrskii, a. l. , “fauna, ecology and biogeography of butterflies in vietnam, ” butterflies, no. 44, 41–55 (2006) .\nmonastyrskii, a. l. , “ecological and biogeographical characteristics of butterflies (lepidoptera, rhopalocera) of vietnam, ” entomol. obozr .\nmonastyrskii, a. l. and devyatkin, a. l. , “new taxa and new records of butterflies from vietnam (lepidoptera, rhopalocera), ” atalanta\nmonastyrskii, a. l. and kotlobai, a. a. , “some biological characteristics and laboratory rearing of\nosada, s. , uemura, y. , and uehara, j. ,\n, ed. by y. nishiyama (mokuyo - sha, 1999) .\n( cambridge univ. press, london, 1952; inostr. liter. , moscow, 1961) [ in russian ] .\n( akad. nauk sssr, moscow, 1962) [ in russian ] .\n( len. gos. univ. , leningrad, 1965) [ in russian ] .\nvane - wright, r. i. and boppre, m. , “adult morphology and higher classification of\nvoris, h. k. , “maps of pleistocene sea levels in southeast asia: shorelines, river systems and time durations, ” j. biogeogr .\nyamaguchi, s. and aoki, t. , “studies on the butterflies of the semi - dried tropical forest in east thailand iii. butterflies collected during the survey in the provinces of mukdahan and ubon ratchathani, august and september 1999 (insecta: lepidoptera: rhopalocera), ” evol. sci. , no. 11, 41–59 (2005) .\n( nauka, leningrad, 1970), pp. 29–88 [ in russian ] .\nfelder & felder, 1865 – himalayan meadow blue. kunte, k. , s. sondhi, and p. roy (chief editors) .\nif mentioning specific images please give media code (s). for misidentifications please list reasons to assist in diagnosis .\ncopyright © 2018, all rights reserved. national centre for biological sciences (ncbs) holds copyright for all the original material and compilations on this website, although contributing writers and photographers may hold copyright for their material as cited. material from this website can be used freely for educational, basic research and conservation purposes, provided that this website is acknowledged and properly cited as the source. contact us to obtain prior permission for any other use, including for large data downloads and collaborative research .\nwe have kept jott a free peer - reviewed scientific journal to promote conservation. we have not put up a paywall to readers, and we do not charge for publishing. but running a monthly journal costs a lot. while we do have some partners, we still require support to keep the journal alive. if our readers help fund it, our future will be more secure .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nforest entomology division, forest research institute, p. o. new forest, dehradun, uttarakhand 248006, india\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: pub: f4f4f2d7 - 7ec8 - 4843 - aafd - 6e7a767f5a34\n. creative commons attribution 4. 0 international license. jott allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication .\nis currently working as a scientist with the forest research institute, dehradun. his experience pertains to the conservation and ecology of butterflies and birds across the himalaya, over the last two decades .\n2b / 2s2 eastern alluvial secondary semi - evergreen forests - (15 species) and (iv) 3 / 1s2 (b) terminalia - duabanga (3 species), respectively. the relative number of species and individuals sampled were the highest at altitudes below 500m, and gradually declined as the altitude increased to 2, 000m, and above 2, 500m species richness declined sharply. the number of species and their relative abundance were the highest during july–august (monsoon - first peak) and then again in november - december (autumn - second peak), while the numbers were lowest during winter. these findings suggest that these four forest types are important both for the purpose of ecotouri\nm as well as conservation of endemic and rare taxa found in the eastern himalaya and northeastern india at altitudes below 2, 000m. a complete list of all the taxa sampled is given along with relative abundance status during sampling, indian wildlife (protection) act, 1972 status, and distribution in different forest types in the state. ten potential butterfly ecotourism zones are suggested for the state. planning land - use for biodiversity conservation based on butterfly - forest type associations, by taking forest sub - types as units of conservation, is suggested as an option for the eastern himalaya\nm, endemicity, indo - burma biodiversity hotspot, lepidoptera, northeastern india, protected species, rare, semi - evergreen forest .\nthe world wide fund for nature (wwf) has identified the entire eastern himalaya as a priority global 200 eco - region while conservation international has upscaled the eastern himalaya hotspot to the himalaya hotspot. the indian state of arunachal pradesh is located\narunachal pradesh is one of richest states in india in terms of biodiversity, with over 4, 200–5, 000 species of flowering plants of which 243 species are endemic to the state (chowdhery 1999; baishya et al. 2001; chatterjee et al. 2006), over 545 species of orchids (baishya et al. 2001; rao 2010), 61 species of rhododendrons (mao et al. 2001) and over 50 species of bamboos (haridasan 1987; naithani 2008). faunal richness is equally diverse with over 650 avian species identified in 28 important birding areas (iba’s) (zafar - ul - islam & rehmani 2004). perhaps this is the only region in the world known to harbor all the three extant species of goral :\npocock, 1914 (red goral). both chinese and red gorals have been recognized as vulnerable in the international union for conservation of nature’s (iucn) red list of threatened species (paul et al. 2005). new taxa are still being discovered in the state, e. g. ,\nstudies on butterflies in arunachal pradesh started as early as 1845 by doubleday (1845) followed by moore (1857), evans (1912), south (1913), betts (1950). recent records are by arora & mondal (1981), gupta & shukla (1988), varhsney & shukla (1988), radhakrishnan (1988) ,\nhere is no information available on the association of butterflies with different forest types as per champion & seth (1968) classification in arunachal pradesh state. in this study, the associations / linkages between butterflies and 11 forests sub - types are examined across the state\nfor the first time and zones identified for conservation and ecotourism in the state .\nrandom sampling surveys for collecting data on butterflies were carried out covering all the seasons of the year (january–february: winter; march–april: spring; may–june: pre - monsoon; july–august; monsoon; september–october: post monsoon; & november–december: autumn) for three years from 17 december 2011 to 15 december 2014 and also from 3–4 june 2015 (fig. 1). a total of 196 transect walks were undertaken besides random point sampling on survey routes covering 11 major forest types (table 1) for individuals of each species of butterflies. two - thousand -\n- hundred - and - sixteen (2, 916) gps point locations in 16 districts of the state (fig. 1) were thus covered. the routes and locations, dates and forest sub - types covered during the survey are given for each trip in appendix 1 .\nidentification of butterflies was carried out on the spot at the sampling site. most species were photographed and only a few specimens of unidentified species were collected. for identification field guides (evans 1932; wynter - blyth 1957; d’abrera 1982, 1985, 1986; smith 1989; haribal 1992; smith 2006, kehimkar 2008; singh 2011; gogoi 2012, 2013; sondhi et al. 2013; sondhi & kunte 2014; smetacek 2015) were used along with web resources\nomparison of images / specimens was also done with the specimens at the national forest insect collection at forest research institute, dehradun, uttarakhand, india. nemonclature followed using the website urltoken insecta / lepidoptera / ditrysia / papilionoidea / .\nthe relative abundances of all the species were pooled and ranked from lowest to the highest. all the taxa were then divided into four equal classes or categories with equal number of species .\nbased on the quartile divisions of their relative abundances, all the taxa sampled were ranked into four categories (i) uncommon = q1 (minimum abundance), (ii) fairly common = q2; (iii) common = q3 and (iv) very common = q4 (maximum abundance) respectively .\na total of 415 taxa (413 species + 2 subspecies) of butterflies were recorded and identifed in the state during the three year’s sampling period. based on the quartile divisions of their relative abundances, 415 taxa were ranked as uncommon (q1 = 1; minimum abundance); fairly common (q2 = 2 - 4); common (q3 = 5 - 14); and very common (q4 = 15 - 238; maximum abundance) (median value = 4) (\nby analyzing relative abundance data of 415 taxa of butterflies found in these forests (fig. 2) .\nit is evident that the butterfly community of 2b / 1s1 sub - himalayan light alluvial semi - evergreen forests, which is the dominant forest sub - type in the state, was most unique as it lay at one extreme of the dendrogram showing most dissimilarity with the rest but being closely linked to 2b / c1 (a) assam alluvial plains semi - evergreen forests, followed by 2b / 2s2 eastern alluvial secondary evergreen forests, 3 / 1s2 (b) terminalia - duabanga, 2 / 2s1 secondary moist bamboo brakes and others, respectively .\nhighest number of species were also recorded in 2b / 1s1 sub - himalayan light alluvial semi - evergreen forests followed by 2b / 2s2 eastern alluvial secondary evergreen forests, 2b / 1c1 (a) assam alluvial plains semi - evergreen forests, 3 / 1s2 (b) terminalia - duabanga, 12 / c3 (a) east himalayan mixed coniferous forests, 2 / 2s1 secondary moist bamboo brakes, 1b / c2 (a) kayea forests, respectively (fig. 3) .\nrelative abundance of butterflies (fig. 4) followed the same pattern in different forest sub - types as of species richness, except that\namongst the major forest sub - types the maximum proportion of the number of species in total was found in 2b / 1s1 sub - himalayan light alluvial plains semi - evergreen forests, which also occupy the maximum proportion of land area under forest cover in the state (fig. 5) .\namongst the forest type specialists, species which were restricted to single or two forest sub - types (figs. 6 & 7; blue bars), the most preferred habitat was 2b / 1s1 sub - himalayan light alluval plains semi - evergreen forests, followed by 2b / c1 (a) assam alluvial plains\n, 2b / 2s2 eastern alluvial secondary semi - evergreen, 3 / 1s2 (b) terminalia - duabanga, 12 / c3 (a) east himalayan mixed coniferous forests, 14 / c2 east himalayan sub - alpine forests, respectively. other forest sub - types had less than 10 individuals of less than 10 species, i. e. , 1b / c2 (a) kayea forests, while other forest sub - types had only a few species and individuals .\nspecies which preferred three or more forest sub - types, generalists, were also abundant in 2b / 1s1 sub - himalayan light alluvial semi - evergreen forests followed by 2b / c1 (a) assam alluvial plains semi - evergreen forests, 2b / 2s2 eastern alluvial secondary semi - evergreen forests, 3 / 1s2 (b) terminalia - duabanga, 12 / c3 (a) east himalayan mixed coniferous forests respectively, while other habitats had only few species and individuals .\nspecies richness of butterflies was higher at lower elevations in the state and gradually declined and reduced significantly above 2000m (fig. 8). the major 4 forest types 2b / 1s1 sub - himalayan light alluvial plains semi - evergreen forests, 2b / 2s2 eastern alluvial secondary semi - evergreen forests, 2b / c1 (a) assam alluvial plains semi - evergreen forests and 3 / 1s2 (b) terminalia - duabanga are represented mainly below 2000m elevation (fig. 9) .\narunachal pradesh receives heavy rainfall of 2, 000–4, 100 mm annually, mostly between may and september .\nthe relative humidity (fig. 9) and temperature (fig. 10) were both high from june to november during the study period (2013–2014). the maximum temperature was recorded during august–september (monsoon and post monsoon) while maximum relative humidity was recorded during june–september (pre - monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon seasons) .\nthe number of species of butterflies in flight was highest during monsoon season (fig. 11) (first peak - 253 species) followed by autumn (second peak - 220) while it was lowest during post monsoon and winter (79) in arunachal pradesh. however, the number of species was never low in any season, suggesting that butterflies are in flight all year round in the state, mainly at lower elevations .\nsimilarly, the relative abundance of butterflies was also highest during monsoon season (fig. 12) and autumn while it was lowest during winter in arunachal pradesh .\n. many species that prefer this forest type are either uncommon, rare or endemic to the eastern himalaya and northeastern india. these are ,\nin the second forest sub - type, 2b / c1 (a) assam alluvial plains semi - evergreen forests (fig. 13b) which is mainly restricted to the western part of the state, typical species endemic and rare are ,\n2b / 2s2 eastern alluvial secondary semi - evergreen forests” (fig. 13c) which lies intermixed with the first forest type in the eastern part of the state but extends at higher elevation than the former. the typical species in this forest type are ,\nthere were very few species typical to 3 / 1s2 (b) terminalia - duabanga forests (fig. 13d), however. rare or uncommon and endemic species sampled in these forests were\ndoubleday, 1846 (red - spot sawtooth), as these occupy mainly small pockets at lower elevations .\nendemic to bhutan, has now recently been recorded in eaglenest sanctuary, eastern arunachal pradesh, though yet to be specified .\nbased on logistics and connectivity of road networks with the indian mainland to arunachal pradesh and the existence of the four major forest types supporting major butterfly diversity in the state as seen in this study, 10 major butterfly inclusive ecotourism zones are identified (fig. 14) in the state that can be taken up independently as follows :\n13 / c6 east himalayan dry temperate coniferous forests; 1b / c2 (a) kayea forests .\nmajor threats to forest habitats and biodiversity in arunachal pradesh today are still prevalent mainly from degradation of primary forests, destruction of habitats due to human activities like construction of roads, hydroelectric power projects, shifting cultivations and loggings; however, the threat from urbanization and pollution in this state is still minimal due to low population, unlike other areas in india. owing to its rich biological diversity, 10, 074. 59km\narea (12. 03% of the geographical area of the state) has already been brought under protected area networks comprising 13 national parks and wildlife sanctuaries representing diverse ecosystems and wildlife habitats (paul et al. 2005; borang\n2008) (fig. 15). as most part of the state is still under forest cover, the primary focus of conservation should be protection of larger areas that are still under different forest sub - types each having unique biodiversity. establishing a network of protected areas of forest sub - types by interlinking them with the help of corridors and filling the gaps by identification of conservation sites by including more areas would be more useful for long term conservation at landscape level in the state. further, interlinking the protected / forest areas of arunachal pradesh with adjoining forest areas of bhutan, myanmar, china and adjoining states of assam and nagaland in india will ensure long - term conservation at the landscape level for this himalayan hotspot, before development takes its toll in the coming years .\non the papilionidae (papilionidae: lepidoptera) from arunachal pradesh & adjoining areas of assam in north - eastern india .\na new species ofliocichla (aves: timaliidae) from eaglenest wildlife sanctuary, arunachal pradesh, india .\non collection of butterflies from blipura frontier tract and the subansiri area (nothern assam) .\nbutterflies of dihang - dibang biosphere reserve of arunachal pradesh, eastern himalaya, india .\narunachal pradesh, pp. 547–614. in: mudgal, v. & p. k. hajra (eds .). floristic diversity and conservation strategies in india 2. botanical survey of india, calcutta .\ndoubleday, e. (1845). description of new or imperially described diurnal lepidoptera .\nforest survey of india, ministry of environment and forests, govt. of india, dehradun, 210pp .\nforest survey of india, ministry of environment and forests, govt. of india, dehradun ,\nbutterflies (lepidoptera) of dibang valley, mishmi hills, arunachal pradesh, india .\na preliminary checklist of butterflies recorded from jeypore - dehing forest, eastern assam, india .\nmoore, 1872 (lepidoptera: nymphalidae: nymphalinae) from tawang district, arunachal pradesh, india .\n. occasional paper no. 109: 115pp + i - xxii + 1map .\nbutterflies of sikkim himalaya and their natural history. sikkim nature conservation foundation, gangtok, sikkim, india ,\nrhododendrons, pp. 2167–2202. in: singh, n. p. & d. k. singh (eds .) .\na catalogue of the lepidopterous insects in the museum of the hon. east - india company in horsfield & moore. 1 :\nbiodiversity and conservation of rhododendrons in arunachal pradesh in the indo - burma biodiversity hotspot .\non a collection of butterflies from tipi, west kameng district, arunachal pradesh .\nroy (lepidoptera: nymphalidae: satyrinae) recorded near mayodia pass in lower dibang valley, arunachal pradesh, india .\nnekrutenko, 1968 (lepidoptera: pieridae: coliadinae) from arunachal pradesh, india: an addition to indian butterfly fauna erroneously placed in southeastern tibet earlier .\ntitle trust (dehradun), and indian foundation for butterflies (bengaluru), vi + 202pp .\ntytler, 1915 (lepidoptera: nymphalidae: calinaginae) from arunachal pradesh, india .\n. a list of butterflies collected by capt. f. m. bailey in western china, south - eastern tibet and the mishmi hills, 1911 .\nstudies on the butterflies of arunachal pradesh and adjoining areas (lepidoptera: acraenidae, satryidae, nymphalidae, riodinidae and lycaenidae) .\nzafar - ul - islam, m. & a. r. rahmani (eds .) (2004) .\nseijosa - khari - upper dekorai - rhino camp (01–03 / 02 / 2012) .\nseijosa - duna nala - khari - upper dekorai - rhino camp - sukhna nala - i (04–06 / 02 / 2013) .\nseijosa - duna nala - khari - upper dekorai - rhino camp (18–20 / 12 / 2013) .\ntipi – khuppi – seppa - itanagar road - seppa - pulsang village - sanchi - morang village) (10–15 / 12 / 2014) .\ntippi (dazling rf) - sessa orchid sanctuary - nechi phu - tenga - eaglenest wls - lama camp – sunder view - bomphu. (04\nmiao - mpen - deban - haldibari - hornbill; deban - camera point; miao - noa - dehing - devpuri road (17–22 / 12 / 2011) .\nmiao - mpen - deban - haldibari - hornbill; deban - camera point; miao - noa - dehing - devpuri road (10–15 / 12 / 2012) .\nmiao - mpen - deban - haldibari - hornbill; deban - camera point; miao - noa - dehing - devpuri road (18–22 / 03 / 2013) .\nmiao - mpen - deban - haldibari - hornbill; deban - camera point; miao - noa - dehing - devpuri road (26–29 / 11 / 2013) .\nziro - daporijo - lime king –daporijo - along - menchuka - along - boleng - yingkiong - boleng - pasighat (09–15 / 08 / 2012) .\ntezu - parshuram kund - roing - tiwari gaon - mayodia pass - hunli - elatin - anini - mippi (06–11 / 06 / 2014) .\ndihing patkai - deomali – borduria –pullung - khonsa – khetti - thinsa –sanlium - lazu rd. (10 - 14 / 09 / 2014) .\nthe journal of threatened taxa is an open access and print, peer - reviewed, monthly, international journal on conservation and taxonomy. the aim of the journal is to promote wildlife research and conservation action worldwide at no cost to authors, no subscription or membership cost, and no hidden cost, on a regular basis without compromising on ethics, standards and pre - requisites of scientific publications .\nthis site is run on the open journal system (ojs). this work is licensed under creative commons attribution 4. 0 international license .\nmelanitis suradeva moore, 1857; in horsfield & moore, cat. lep. ins. mus. east india coy 1: 225; tl: darjeeling\n[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not. i don' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\na catalogue of the lepidopterous insects in the museum of the hon. east - india company in horsfield & moore ,\nriley, 1923 new rhopalocera from borneo entomologist 56 (2): 35 - 38, pl. 1\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nopen access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. to date our community has made over 100 million downloads. it’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. as phd students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new open access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. how? by making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers .\nwe are a community of more than 103, 000 authors and editors from 3, 291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including nobel prize winners and some of the world’s most - cited researchers. publishing on intechopen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too .\nour team is growing all the time, so we’re always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing .\n© 2013 the author (s). licensee intechopen. this chapter is distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution 3. 0 license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited .\na. l. monastyrskii and j. d. holloway (april 24th 2013). the biogeography of the butterfly fauna of vietnam with a focus on the endemic species (lepidoptera), current progress in biological research marina silva - opps, intechopen, doi: 10. 5772 / 55490. available from :\nwe are intechopen, the world' s leading publisher of open access books. built by scientists, for scientists. our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. we share our knowledge and peer - reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate r & d departments and government entities." ]

{ "text": [ "cyllogenes janetae , the scarce evening brown is a brown ( satyrinae ) butterfly that is found in the himalayas .", "subspecies cyllogenes janetae orientalis monastyrskii , 2005 is found in vietnam . " ], "topic": [ 20, 20 ] }

[ "cyllogenes janetae, the scarce evening brown is a brown (satyrinae) butterfly that is found in the himalayas. subspecies cyllogenes janetae orientalis monastyrskii, 2005 is found in vietnam." ]

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(2018). red - tailed bristlebill (bleda syndactylus). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\n• haruko ando, hiroko ogawa, shingo kaneko, hajime takano, shin - ichi seki, hajime suzuki, kazuo horikoshi, yuji isagi, 2014. genetic structure of the critically endangered red - headed wood pigeon columba janthina nitens and its implications for the management of threatened island populations. ibis. 156 (1), 153–164 .\n• borja milá, ben h. warren, philipp heeb, christophe thébaud, 2010. the geographic scale of diversification on islands: genetic and morphological divergence at a very small spatial scale in the mascarene grey white - eye (aves: zosterops borbonicus). bmc evolutionary biology. 10: 158, (13 pp .) .\n• graham r. scott, patricia m. schulte, stuart egginton, angela l. m. scott, jeffrey g. richards, william k. milsom, 2011. molecular evolution of cytochrome c oxidase underlies high - altitude adaptation in the bar - headed goose. molecular biology and evolution. 28 (1), 351–363 .\n• pierre - andré crochet, junjian z. chen, jean - marc pons, jean - dominique lebreton, paul d. n. hebert, françois bonhomme, 2003. genetic differentiation at nuclear and mitochondrial loci among large white - headed gulls: sex - biased interspecific gene flow? . evolution. 57 (12), 2865–2878 .\n• fasheng zou, haw chuan lim, ben d. marks, robert g. moyle, frederick h. sheldon, 2007. molecular phylogenetic analysis of the grey - cheeked fulvetta (alcippe morrisonia) of china and indochina: a case of remarkable genetic divergence in a “species”. molecular phylogenetics and evolution. 44 (1), 165–174 .\n• josselin cornuault, boris delahaie, joris a. m. bertrand, yann x. c. bourgeois, borja milá, philipp heeb and christophe thébaud, 2015. morphological and plumage colour variation in the réunion grey white - eye (aves: zosterops borbonicus): assessing the role of selection. biological journal of the linnean society. 114 (2), 459–473 .\n• josselin cornuault, boris delahaie, joris a. m. bertrand, yann x. c. bourgeois, borja milá, philipp heeb and christophe thébaud, 2015. corrigendum: morphological and plumage colour variation in the réunion grey white - eye (aves: zosterops borbonicus): assessing the role of selection. biological journal of the linnean society. 116 (4), 986–987 .\n• chaoju qian, xia yan, zhichun guo, yuanxiu wang, xixi li, jianke yang, and xianzhao kan, 2013. characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of the grey - backed shrike, lanius tephronotus (aves: passeriformes): the first representative of the family laniidae with a novel caa stop codon at the end of cox2 gene. mitochondrial dna. 24 (4), 359–361 .\n• mariana bulgarella, cecilia kopuchian, adrián s. di giacomo, ricardo matus, olivia blank, robert e. wilson and kevin g. mccracken, 2014. molecular phylogeny of the south american sheldgeese with implications for conservation of falkland islands (malvinas) and continental populations of the ruddy - headed goose chloephaga rubidiceps and upland goose c. picta. bird conservation international. 24 (1), 59 – 71 .\n• kevin g. mccracken, christopher p. barger, michael d. sorenson, 2010. phylogenetic and structural analysis of the hba (αa / βa) and hbd (αd / βa) hemoglobin genes in two high - altitude waterfowl from the himalayas and the andes: bar - headed goose (anser indicus) and andean goose (chloephaga melanoptera). molecular phylogenetics and evolution. 56 (2), 649–658 .\n• fasheng zou, haw chuan lim, ben d. marks, robert g. moyle, frederick h. sheldon, 2008. corrigendum to ‘‘molecular phylogenetic analysis of the grey - cheeked fulvetta (alcippe morrisonia) of china and indochina: a case of remarkable genetic divergence in a ‘species’ ” [ mol. phylogenet. evol. 44 (2007) 165–174 ]. molecular phylogenetics and evolution. 49 (1), 410 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8. 2g: 8. 2\nis a recently described species (woxvold et al. 2009). it is sister to\nfrom\nblack - crested bulbul\nto\nblack - capped bulbul, with split of multiple species. (rasmussen & anderton 2005, fishpool & tobias 2005 )\nthe rare blue - wattled bulbul may be a hybrid (williams 2002), but more evidence needed (dickinson and dekker 2002) .\nis in prevailing usage. based on\nturdoïde de gourdin\nof homblon & jacquinot, 1844 referenced in gray, 1847. see mayr & greenway, 1960 (peters checklist, ix )\nnigeria to s sudan, w kenya. s drcongo, nw zambia and n angola\nnow considered to be a plumage variant of icterine greenbul (collinson et al. 2017 )\nrwenzori mts, itombwe and mt. kabobo (e drcongo), w uganda, w rwanda and n burundi\nmontane tiny greenbul is split from { lowland ] tiny greenbul [ fuchs et al. 2011a ]\nbased on genetic studies. but genetic divergence may support species status. manawatthana et al. 2017\nas a junior synonym. fishpool & tobias, 2005. the population from sabah is vocally and genetically distinct and likely represents an unnamed taxon. the subspecies epithet\n( type speciemen from e kalimantan) has been erroneously applied to this population. eaton et al 2016, rheindt in. litt. (see manawatthana et al. 2017) .\nkuroda, 1922 as a synonym. permanently invalid. dickinson & christidis, 2014 .\ndalupiri, calayan and fuga is. (n of luzon in n philippines )\nis a member of the afrotropical clade of bulbuls (pycnonotidae (johansson et al. 2008, zuccon & ericson 2010 )\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\ndaniêl jimenez, johannes pfleiderer, matt slaymaker, adam riley, tomasz doroń .\ntwo birds singing. stormy weather. front bird is the same as in xc343781 .\nat first, not certain about id, but loaded as bleda canicapillus after discussion with james bradley .\ntwo birds singing back and forth for about five minutes then one moving towards the other in clear view over the trail .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. , fishpool, l. d. c. , boesman, p. and kirwan, g. m. 2016. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 2: passerines. lynx edicions and birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is described as generally common. the population in liberia has been estimated as 240, 000 individuals (del hoyo et al. 2005). trend justification: the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: bleda canicapillus. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 331, 186 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group (polytypic) group (monotypic) species split life sp. ssp. intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records (accepted, rejected, pending). to filter / search please enter a phrase. e. g. to filter rejected records, type rejected into the search box, all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n© 2018 birdguides, warners group publications plc. all rights reserved. company registered in england no. 2572212 | vat registration no. gb 638 3492 15\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nclick on the links below to view or download complete pdfs for each issue of bulletin 134 and individual pdfs for each paper .\nthe avifauna of mt. karimui, chimbu province, papua new guinea, including evidence for long - term population dynamics in undisturbed tropical forest\nblack, a. b. , jansen, j. j. f. j. , van der mije, s. & fisher, c. t .\nthe taxonomic status of rwenzori nightjar caprimulgus ruwenzorii ogilvie - grant, 1909, and benguela nightjar c. koesteri neumann, 1931\nnew avian records along the elevational gradient of mt. wilhelm, papua new guinea\nfirme, d. h. , pinto de assis, c. , graves, g. r. & raposo, m. a .\nlees, a. c. , moura, n. g. , silva de almeida, a. & vieira, i. c. g .\nperplexing siskins: a review of the the spinus pinus - s. atriceps problem\nlecroy, m. , gouraud, c. & van der mije, s .\nsign up for the boc email newsletter to receive the latest news, updates, and reminders of upcoming events .\nview the table of contents, selected abstracts, full text or pdfs of individual papers from the latest boc bulletin .\nview videos of talks presented by dr nigel collar and justin jansen at recent boc regular meetings .\nthis website uses cookies. by continuing to browse the site, you are agreeing to our use of cookies .\nairy shaw hk (1947) the vegetation of angola. j ecol 35: 23–48\nbirdlife international (2008) threatened birds of the world 2008 (cd - rom). birdlife international, cambridge\ncalvo l, blake j (1998) bird diversity and abundance on two different shade coffee plantations in guatemala. bird conserv int 8: 297–308\nclarke kr (1993) non - parametric multivariate analysis of changes in community structure. aust j ecol 18: 117–143\ncollar nj, stuart sn (1988) key forests for threatened birds in africa. icbp monograph no. 3. international council for bird preservation monographs, cambridge\ncrisp md, arroy mtk, cook lg, gandolfo ma, jordan gj, mcglone ms, weston ph, westoby m, wilf p, linder hp (2009) phylogenetic biome conservatism on a global scale. nature. doi :\ncrowe tm, crowe aa (1982) patterns of distribution, diversity and endemism in afrotropical birds. j zool (lond) 198: 417–442\ndean wrj (1974) breeding and distributional notes on angolan birds. durban mus novit 10: 109–125\ndean wrj (2000) the birds of angola. bou checklist series 18. british ornithologist’s union, tring\ndean wrj (2001) angola. in: fishpool ldc, evans mi (eds) important birds areas in africa and associated islands: priority sites for conservation. birdlife conservation series no. 11. pisces publications and birdlife international, newbury, pp 71–91\nfjeldså j (2007) how broad - scale studies of patterns and processes can serve to guide conservation planning in africa. conserv biol 21: 659–667\nfjeldså j, bowie rck (2008) new perspectives on the origin and diversification of africa’s forest avifauna. afr j ecol 46: 235–247\nfry ch, keith s, urban ek (eds) (2000) the birds of africa, vol vi. academic press, london\ngill f, wright m, donsker d (2009) ioc world bird names (version 2. 0) .\ngossweiler j, mendonça fa (1939) carta fitogeográfica de angola. república portuguesa ministério das colónias, lisbon\ngreenberg r, bichier p, angon ac, reitsma r (1997) bird populations in shade and sun coffee plantations in central guatemala. conserv biol 11: 448–459\nhall bp (1960) the faunistic importance of the scarp of angola. ibis 102: 420–442\nhawkins f (1993) an integrated biodiversity conservation project under development: the icbp angola scarp project. in: wilson rt (ed) proceedings of the 8th pan - african ornithological congress. annales musée royal de l’afrique centrale (zoologie), tervuren, pp 279–284\nheinrich g (1958) zur verbreitung und lebensweise der vögel von angola. systematischer teil iii (hirundinidae - fringillidae). j ornithol 99: 399–421\nhole dg, willis sg, pain dj, fishpool ld, butchart shm, collingham yc, rahbek c, huntley b (2009) projected impacts of climate change on a continentwide protected area network. ecol lett 12: 420–431\nhuntley bj (1974a) outlines of wildlife conservation in angola. s afr j wildl res 4: 157–166\nhuntley bj (1974b) ecosystem conservation priorities in angola. ecologist’s report no. 28. servicos de veterinaria, luanda\nhuntley bj, matos em (1994) botanical diversity and its conservation in angola. stelitzia 7: 53–74\nmace gm, purvis a (2008) evolutionary biology and practical conservation: bridging a widening gap. mol ecol 17: 9–19\nmas ah, dietsch tv (2004) linking shade coffee certification to biodiversity conservation: butterflies and birds in chiapas, mexico. ecol appl 14: 642–654\nmayr e (1942) systematics and the origin of species from the viewpoint of a zoologist. columbia university press, new york\nmayr e (1963) animal species and evolution. belknap press of harvard university, cambridge\nmills msl (2007) vocalisations of angolan birds, vol 1 (cd - rom). birdsangola and birding africa, cape town\nmills msl (2009) vocalisations of angolan birds: new descriptions and other notes. bull abc (in press )\nmills msl, dean wrj (2007) notes on angolan birds: new country records, range extensions and taxonomic questions. ostrich 78: 55–63\nmills msl, franke u, joseph g, miato f, milton s, monadjem a, oschadleus d, dean wrj (2009) cataloguing the lubango bird skin collection: towards an atlas of angolan bird distributions. bull abc (in press )\nokasen j (2009) analysis of similarities. in vegan: r functions for vegetation ecologists via university of oulo website .\nperfecto i, rice ra, greenberg r, van der voort me (1996) shade coffee: a disappearing refuge for biodiversity. bioscience 46: 598–608\nprice t (2008) speciation in birds. roberts and company, greenwood village\nprimer - e ltd (2001) primer 5 for windows. primer - e ltd, plymouth\nrand al (1957) two new species of birds from angola. fieldiana zool 41: 41–45\nryan pg, sinclair i, cohen c, mills msl, spottiswoode cn, cassidy r (2004) the conservation status and vocalisations of threatened birds from the scarp forests of the western angola endemic bird area. bird conserv int 14: 247–260\nşekercioğlu ch, riley a (2005) a brief survey of the birds in kumbira forest, gabela, angola. ostrich 76: 111–117\nsinclair i, ryan p (2003) birds of africa south of the sahara. struik, cape town\nstattersfield aj, crosby mj, long aj, wege dc (1998) endemic bird areas of the world. birdlife conservation series no. 7. birdlife international, cambridge\n) in western angola. newsletter of the patridge, quail and francolin specialist group, vol 17, pp 3–5\n• jacinta abalaka, noraine s. hudin, ulf ottosson, paulette bloomer, bengt hansson, 2015. genetic diversity and population structure of the range restricted rock firefinch lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis. conservation genetics. 16 (2), 411–418 .\n• cathryn l. abbott, michael c. double, 2003. phylogeography of shy and white - capped albatrosses inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences: implications for population history and taxonomy. molecular ecology. 12 (10), 2747–2758 .\n• cathryn l. abbott, michael c. double, 2003. genetic structure, conservation genetics and evidence of speciation by range expansion in shy and white - capped albatrosses. molecular ecology. 12 (11), 2953–2962 .\n• cathryn l. abbott, michael c. double, john w. h. trueman, anna robinson, andrew cockburn, 2005. an unusual source of apparent mitochondrial heteroplasmy: duplicate mitochondrial control regions in thalassarche albatrosses. molecular ecology. 14 (11), 3605–3613 .\n• stefan abrahamczyk, daniel souto - vilarós, jimmy a. mcguire and susanne s. renner, 2015. diversity and clade ages of west indian hummingbirds and the largest plant clades dependent on them: a 5–9 myr young mutualistic system. biological journal of the linnean society. 114 (4), 848–859 .\n• zoltán ács and dávid kováts, 2013. phylogenetic patterns of a nightingale population in a contact zone of luscinia megarhynchos and l. luscinia in hungary. north - western journal of zoology. 9 (2), 365–373 .\n• rv adams and tm burg, 2015. influence of ecological and geological features on rangewide patterns of genetic structure in a widespread passerine. heredity. 114, 143–154 .\n• marie aggerbeck, jon fjeldså, les christidis, pierre - henri fabre, knud andreas jønsson, 2014. resolving deep lineage divergences in core corvoid passerine birds supports a proto - papuan island origin. molecular phylogenetics and evolution. 70, 272–285 .\n• carlos eduardo agne, 2012. filogenia molecular de chiroxiphia e antilophia (aves: pipridae). dissertação, universidade católica do rio grande do sul, porto alegre .\n• juan rivero - de aguilar, elske schut, santiago merino, javier martínez, jan komdeur & helena westerdahl, 2013. mhc class ii b diversity in blue tits: a preliminary study. ecology and evolution. 3 (7), 1878–1889 .\n• celestino aguilar, luis fernando de léon, josé r. loaiza, w. owen mcmillan, and matthew j. miller, 2014. extreme sequence divergence between mitochondrial genomes of two subspecies of white - breasted wood - wren (henicorhina leucosticta, cabanis, 1847) from western and central panama. mitochondrial dna. in press .\n• maría fernanda gómez ahumada, 2009. evolucion de marcadores microsatélites en aves rapaces diurnas (accipitridae). tesis, pontificia universidad javeriana .\n• zachary aidala, leon huynen, patricia l. r. brennan, jacob musser, andrew fidler, nicola chong, gabriel e. machovsky capuska, michael g. anderson, amanda talaba, david lambert, mark e. hauber, 2012. ultraviolet visual sensitivity in three avian lineages: paleognaths, parrots, and passerines. journal of comparative physiology a. 198 (7), 495–510 .\n• zachary aidala, leon huynen, patricia l. r. brennan, jacob musser, andrew fidler, nicola chong, gabriel e. machovsky capuska, michael g. anderson, amanda talaba, david lambert, mark e. hauber, 2012. erratum to: ultraviolet visual sensitivity in three avian lineages: paleognaths, parrots, and passerines. journal of comparative physiology a. 198 (11), 847 .\n• zachary aidala, nicola chong, michael g. anderson, luis ortiz - catedral, ian g. jamieson, james v. briskie, phillip cassey, brian j. gill, mark e. hauber, 2013. phylogenetic relationships of the genus mohoua, endemic hosts of new zealand’s obligate brood parasitic long - tailed cuckoo (eudynamys taitensis). journal of ornithology. 154 (4), 1127–1133 .\n• a. akimova, e. haring, s. kryukov, a. kryukov, 2007. first insights into a dna sequence based phylogeny of the eurasian jay garrulus glandarius. русский орнитологический журнал. 16, экспресс - выпуск 356, 567–575 .\n• tamer albayrak, javier gonzalez, sergei v. drovetski, michael wink, 2012. phylogeography and population structure of krüper’s nuthatch sitta krueperi from turkey based on microsatellites and mitochondrial dna. journal of ornithology. 153 (2), 405–411 .\n• victor a. albert, kåre bremer, 1993. flying kiwis and pattern information in biogeographic hypotheses. current biology. 3 (5), 324–325 .\n• miguel alcaide, joaquin muñoz, josué martínez - de la puente, ramón soriguer & jordi figuerola, 2014. extraordinary mhc class ii b diversity in a non - passerine, wild bird: the eurasian coot fulica atra (aves: rallidae). ecology and evolution. 4 (6), 688–698 .\n• miguel alcaide, elizabeth s. c. scordato, trevor d. price & darren e. irwin, 2014. genomic divergence in a ring species complex. nature. 511 (7507), 83–85 .\n• fernando alda, javier garcía, jesús t. garcía, and susana suárez - seoane, 2013. local genetic structure on breeding grounds of a long - distance migrant passerine: the bluethroat (luscinia svecica) in spain. journal of heredity. 104 (1), 36–46 .\n• pau aleixandre, julio hernández montoya, borja milá, 2013. speciation on oceanic islands: rapid adaptive divergence vs. cryptic speciation in a guadalupe island songbird (aves: junco). plos one. 8 (5): e63242, (12 pp .) .\n• alexandre aleixo, 2002. molecular systematics, phylogeography, and population genetics of xiphorhynchus (aves: dendrocolaptidae) in the amazon basin. dissertation, louisiana state university .\n• alexandre aleixo, 2002. molecular systematics and the role of the\nvarzea\n-\nterra - firme\necotone in the diversification of xiphorhynchus woodcreepers (aves: dendrocolaptidae). the auk. 119 (3), 621–640 .\n• alexandre aleixo, 2004. historical diversification of a terra - firme forest bird superspecies: a phylogeographic perspective on the role of different hypotheses of amazonian diversification. evolution. 58 (6), 1303–1317 .\n• alexandre aleixo, dilce de fátima rossetti, 2007. avian gene trees, landscape evolution, and geology: towards a modern synthesis of amazonian historical biogeography? . journal of ornithology. 148 (suppl 2), s443–s453 .\n• alexandre aleixo, tibério c. t. burlamaqui, m. paula c. schneider, evonnildo c. gonçalves, 2009. molecular systematics and plumage evolution in the monotypic obligate army - ant - following genus skutchia (thamnophilidae). the condor. 111 (2), 382–387 .\n• alexandre aleixo, carlos eduardo b. portes, andrew whittaker, jason d. weckstein, luiz pedreira gonzaga, kevin j. zimmer, camila c. ribas, and john m. bates, 2013. molecular systematics and taxonomic revision of the curve - billed scythebill complex (campylorhamphus procurvoides: dendrocolaptidae), with description of a new species from western amazonian brazil. in j. del hoyo, a. elliott, j. sargatal & d. christie (eds), handbook of the birds of the world. special volume: new species and global index, pp. 253 - 257. lynx edicions, barcelona. . 253–257 .\n• mansour aliabadian, mohammad kaboli, roger prodon, vincent nijman, miguel vences, 2007. phylogeny of palaearctic wheatears (genus oenanthe) —congruence between morphometric and molecular data. molecular phylogenetics and evolution. 42 (3), 665–675 .\n• mansour aliabadian, mohammad kaboli, marc i. förschler, vincent nijman, atefeh chamani, annie tillier, roger prodon, eric pasquet, per g. p. ericson, dario zuccon, 2012. convergent evolution of morphological and ecological traits in the open - habitat chat complex (aves, muscicapidae: saxicolinae). molecular phylogenetics and evolution. 65 (1), 35–45 .\n• mansour aliabadian, mohammad kaboli, marc i. förschler, vincent nijman, atefeh chamani, annie tillier, roger prodon, eric pasquet, per g. p. ericson, dario zuccon, 2012. erratum to: convergent evolution of morphological and ecological traits in the open - 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{ "text": [ "the grey-headed bristlebill ( bleda canicapillus ) is a species of songbird in the bulbul family , pycnonotidae .", "it is found in west africa .", "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , and subtropical or tropical swamps . " ], "topic": [ 27, 20, 24 ] }

[ "the grey-headed bristlebill (bleda canicapillus) is a species of songbird in the bulbul family, pycnonotidae. it is found in west africa. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, and subtropical or tropical swamps." ]

[ "phassodes bethune - baker, 1905; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1905 (1): 89; ts: phassodes odorevalvula bethune - baker\nphassodes vitiensis female. october 2014, near sigatoka, fiji, by kirk williams. image courtesy of kirk williams and benny de groof .\nphassodes vitiensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 859 (list )\nphassodes (hepialidae); [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 859 (list )\nimmature stages unknown. in the absence of evidence of stem boring, larvae are probably subterranean and feed either on roots or surface ground plants or detritus .\nmonophyly of the latin american genera cibyra, druceiella, pfitzneriella, and trichophassus (lepidoptera: hepialidae) .\nbulletin of the buffalo society of natural sciences 39, 43 - 63. heads, m. j. 2014. biogeography of australasia: a molecular analysis. cambridge university press, cambridge\n=; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 859 (list )\nrothschild, 1895 on two new moths and an aberration novit. zool. 2 (4): 482\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nevi, an amazon company, was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge. the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe’re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon' s innovative cambridge development centre, alongside other amazon teams including prime air, core machine learning, amazon devices and amazon web services." ]

{ "text": [ "phassodes is a monotypic moth genus of the family hepialidae .", "the only species is considered to be p. vitiensis which is found in fiji and possibly samoa .", "it is very variable and in the past the genus has been split into up to seven species .", "the life cycle is unknown but the larva is presumed to feed underground on the roots of plants or decaying matter . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 5, 8 ] }

[ "phassodes is a monotypic moth genus of the family hepialidae. the only species is considered to be p. vitiensis which is found in fiji and possibly samoa. it is very variable and in the past the genus has been split into up to seven species. the life cycle is unknown but the larva is presumed to feed underground on the roots of plants or decaying matter." ]

[ "this is the place for enixa definition. you find here enixa meaning, synonyms of enixa and images for enixa copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word enixa. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word enixa and, of course, enixa synonyms and on the right images related to the word enixa .\nscholarspace at university of hawaii at manoa: insects of hawaii. volume 9, microlepidoptera .\nzimmerman ec. 1978. insects of hawaii. volume 9, microlepidoptera. hawaii: university of hawaii press .\nplease email libraryada - l @ urltoken if you need this content in an ada - compliant format .\nitems in scholarspace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated .\nscholarspace is the institutional repository for the university of hawai' i at manoa and is maintained by hamilton library. built on open - source dspace software .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3. 2 final / / en\nlinks to images of terrestrial arthropods of hawaii on the internet found by google image searches. click on\ngoogle images\nto view images. click on\nbish info\nto view information from bishop museum about that species .\n[ arthropods of hawaii google image search homepage ] [ organisms of hawaii google image search homepage ] [ usgs - brd - hale ] [ hear ] comments? questions? e - mail webmaster @ urltoken. page created march 17, 2003. last updated march 21, 2003 by starr .\ngrubbia gracilis\n,\ngrubbia hirsuta\n, and\ngrubbia pinifolia\nhad all been recognized, at least by some authors, at species rank, but carlquist treated them as subspecies or varieties of\ngrubbia rosmarinifolia\n.\ngrubbia gracilis\n,\ngrubbia hirsuta\n, и\ngrubbia pinifolia\n, некоторыми авторами выделяемые в ранг вида, он записал как подвиды или вариации вида\ngrubbia rosmarinifolia\n.\n= = = ornamental = = = a few species in the genus, such as\nmarsilea crenata\n,\nmarsilea exarata\n,\nmarsilea hirsuta\n, and\nmarsilea quadrifolia\n, are grown in aquaria .\nнекоторые виды рода, такие как\nmarsilea crenata\n,\nmarsilea exarata\nи\nmarsilea quadrifolia\nиспользуются как аквариумные растения .\nсведения об источнике - компьютерные переводы являются сочетанием результатов нашего статистического машинного переводчика и переводчиков google, microsoft, systran и worldlingo .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc.." ]

{ "text": [ "hyposmocoma enixa is a species of moth of the family cosmopterigidae .", "it is endemic to kauai .", "the type locality is kaholuamano , where it was collected on an altitude of 4,000 feet . " ], "topic": [ 2, 0, 29 ] }

[ "hyposmocoma enixa is a species of moth of the family cosmopterigidae. it is endemic to kauai. the type locality is kaholuamano, where it was collected on an altitude of 4,000 feet." ]

[ "elachista pusillella is a moth in the elachistidae family. it was described by sinev and sruoga in 1995. it is found in south - eastern siberia and japan .\nelachista laetella rebel, 1930 (sometimes in e. subalbidella; tentatively placed here )\nelachista infuscata frey, 1882 (sometimes in e. exactella; tentatively placed here )\nelachista juliensis frey, 1870 = e. freyi staudinger, 1871 (type of biselachista )\nelachista baltica e. hering, 1891 (sometimes in e. freyerella; tentatively placed here )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence, all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nedit your maps. learn and tell what a subject is about by adding or removing correlations between topics .\nknowledge gamification. play and test knowledge discovery between two topics - (alpha version) .\nengage your friends to explore how world knowledge is interconnected. start a map and share it with # chainletterknowledge hastag: get your friends to take the call and extend your discovery, and see where your kick - start will lead !\nengage your friends to extend your story: follow where your kick - start leads .\nenter the forbidden forest: take the challenge to find a fastest path through world knowledge .\nphylogeny and classification of the elachistidae s. s. (lepidoptera: gelechioidea) .\nhindwings characteristic of their family. they are essentially found worldwide, except in very cold places and on some\nhowever. they usually have at least one, sometimes as many as three light bands running from leading to trailing edge of their forewing uppersides. some\nof this large genus have been discovered yet, let alone validly described and named. several small genera, e. g .\nof the present genus) than other species commonly placed here, if not actually closer. in addition ,\npractice (i. e. using as namesake the group - member which was described first). some of these groups are placed in either of the two large\nif accepted as distinct, but seem too unlike them to warrant placement in either .\n. version of 2008 - oct - 09. retrieved 2010 - may - 01 .\n( vol. 6: microlepidoptera) [ in german ]. landwirtschaftskammer für oberösterreich .\n. version of 2004 - nov - 05. retrieved 2010 - may - 01 .\n. version of 2008 - jul - 19. retrieved 2010 - may - 01 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word plagiaula. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word plagiaula and, of course, plagiaula synonyms and on the right images related to the word plagiaula .\nthis is the place for plagiaula definition. you find here plagiaula meaning, synonyms of plagiaula and images for plagiaula copyright 2017 © urltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "elachista pusillella is a moth in the elachistidae family .", "it was described by sinev and sruoga in 1995 .", "it is found in south-eastern siberia and japan .", "the larvae feed on carex pauciflora .", "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "the mine has the form of a linear full-depth mine . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 8, 11, 11 ] }

[ "elachista pusillella is a moth in the elachistidae family. it was described by sinev and sruoga in 1995. it is found in south-eastern siberia and japan. the larvae feed on carex pauciflora. they mine the leaves of their host plant. the mine has the form of a linear full-depth mine." ]

[ "this is the place for oenochyta definition. you find here oenochyta meaning, synonyms of oenochyta and images for oenochyta copyright 2017 © urltoken\nthis is the place for leuronoma definition. you find here leuronoma meaning, synonyms of leuronoma and images for leuronoma copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word oenochyta. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word oenochyta and, of course, oenochyta synonyms and on the right images related to the word oenochyta .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word leuronoma. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word leuronoma and, of course, leuronoma synonyms and on the right images related to the word leuronoma .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ south africa, limpopo ], woodbush village, xii. , leg. c. j. swierstra .\nmeyrick e. 1911c. descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera. . - annals of the transvaal museum 3 (1): 63–83 .\nagassiz d. j. l. & bidzilya o. v. 2016. gelechiidae (lepidoptera) bred from acacia in kenya with description of eight new species. - annals of the ditsong national museum of natural history 6: 116–145 .\njanse a. j. t. 1949a. the moths of south africa. v. gelechiadae. - — 5 (1): 1–60, pls. 1–32 .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n[ zimbabwe ], rhodesia, umtali [ mutare ], i. 1918, leg. a. j. t. janse .\nmeyrick e. 1921b. descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera. - annals of the transvaal museum 8 (2): 49—148 .\nbidzilya o. v. 2007. gelechiidae (lepidoptera: gelechioidea). - esperiana memoir 4: 91—118 .\nvári, l. , kroon, d. m. , & krüger, m. 2002. classification and checklist of the species of lepidoptera recorded in southern africa. simple solutions, chatswood australia .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about leurochilus? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for leurochilus? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation." ]

{ "text": [ "leuronoma oenochyta is a moth of the family gelechiidae .", "it was described by meyrick in 1921 .", "it is found in zimbabwe and namibia .", "the wingspan is about 14 mm .", "the forewings are dull rosy-purplish irrorated with dark fuscous and with a blackish subcostal dash from the base followed by a yellow-ochreous elongate mark .", "there is a yellow-ochreous streak along the fold from the base to beyond the plical stigma , interrupted by a blackish elongate spot midway between the plical stigma and the base , and by the plical stigma .", "the stigmata are moderately large and blackish , the plical obliquely before the first discal , the discal interrupting a yellow-ochreous longitudinal streak beginning some little way before the first and extending to just beyond the second .", "there are opposite cloudy yellow-ochreous spots at three-fourths of the costa and tornus and a small ochreous-yellow apical spot , as well as one on the termen beneath it .", "the hindwings are grey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "leuronoma oenochyta is a moth of the family gelechiidae. it was described by meyrick in 1921. it is found in zimbabwe and namibia. the wingspan is about 14 mm. the forewings are dull rosy-purplish irrorated with dark fuscous and with a blackish subcostal dash from the base followed by a yellow-ochreous elongate mark. there is a yellow-ochreous streak along the fold from the base to beyond the plical stigma, interrupted by a blackish elongate spot midway between the plical stigma and the base, and by the plical stigma. the stigmata are moderately large and blackish, the plical obliquely before the first discal, the discal interrupting a yellow-ochreous longitudinal streak beginning some little way before the first and extending to just beyond the second. there are opposite cloudy yellow-ochreous spots at three-fourths of the costa and tornus and a small ochreous-yellow apical spot, as well as one on the termen beneath it. the hindwings are grey." ]

[ "the evolutionary phylogeny of the armadillidae requires further study. as presently defined, the genus pseudolaureola kwon, ferrara & taiti is comprised of just four species with a remarkably disjunct distribution across humid forests of the tropical afro - australasian zone; in addition to the atlantic outpost occupied by p. atlantica, the other taxa are found in madagascar, new caledonia and western australia (schmalfuss, 2003). related genera (e. g. laureola barnard) have a predominantly southern african distribution but extend as far as south - east asia .\n( of laureola atlantica vandel, 1977) schmalfuss, h. (2003). world catalog of terrestrial isopods (isopoda: oniscidea). stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde. serie a, 654: 1 - 341. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of laureola atlantica vandel, 1977) schotte, m. , b. f. kensley, and s. shilling. (1995 - 2017). world list of marine, freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda. national museum of natural history smithsonian institution: washington d. c. , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ]. [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\none of the rarest invertebrates in the world, the spiky yellow woodlouse is only found on st helena, a 47 square mile remote island in the south atlantic ocean .\nst helena has been dubbed the ‘galapagos of the south atlantic’, on ac­count of its unique biodiversity. a wealth of weird and wonderful plant, bird and invertebrate life has evolved following the island’s volcanic birth, some 14 million years ago. many of the species found here are global endemics – found nowhere else on earth, including more than 400 invertebrate species .\nsimilar in size to the channel island of jersey, st helena is tropical - and is populated by uk citizens. st helena is one of the uk’s ‘overseas territories’, which means the uk government is partly responsible for looking after its wildlife and now that wildlife needs our help .\nvery little is known about the biology of the spiky yellow woodlouse, but we do know that woodlice, which are isopods, are closely related to shrimps and other crustaceans. unlike the woodlice we’re all familiar with, that forage largely on the ground and feed on dead organic matter, the 1cm long spiky yellow woodlouse climbs trees. they spend their time scrambling amongst dripping wet tree fern thicket and black cabbage tree woodland, possibly feeding on spores .\nunfortunately their unique habitat in the high altitude cloud forests, are drying out and so now only a small area of suitable habitat for the spiky yellow remains .\naccidentally introduced european woodlice are potential competitors; these ‘brits abroad’ throng the leaf litter and could potentially be competing with the spiky yellow. introduced mice and rats are also likely to be feeding on the native invertebrates .\nthe st helena national trust is working with partners including buglife, on a project called bugs on the brink. our aim is to explore the ecology and current distribution of endemic invertebrates, in a bid to direct conservation action and bring the spiky yellow woodlouse, and others back from the brink .\nvandel, a. (1977) la faune terrestre de l' ile de sainte - helene, quatrieme partie. 1. isopodes terrestres. annales du musee royale afrique centrale, tervuren (serie in octavo), sciences zoologiques 220: 385 - 426. [ details ]\nboyko, c. b; bruce, n. l. ; hadfield, k. a. ; merrin, k. l. ; ota, y. ; poore, g. c. b. ; taiti, s. ; schotte, m. & wilson, g. d. f. (eds) (2008 onwards). world marine, freshwater and terrestrial isopod crustaceans database .\nschotte, m. , b. f. kensley, and s. shilling. (1995 - 2017). world list of marine, freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda. national museum of natural history smithsonian institution: washington d. c. , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ]. [ details ]\nschmalfuss, h. (2003). world catalog of terrestrial isopods (isopoda: oniscidea). stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde. serie a, 654: 1 - 341. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nyou might be surprised to read that our work is far broader than nature reserves and big garden birdwatch. read more about what else we do .\nthe need for species conservation has never been greater. despite notable successes in improving the fortunes of a number of bird species, more are being forced onto the list of those that need attention, both globally and in the uk. if we want to have a\nuntil recently, this species was thought to number a mere 50 individuals – a scarily small number, especially for an invertebrate where populations often are comprised of millions, or millions of millions. these woodlice live in a tiny patch of natural habitat no bigger than a tennis court on the uk overseas territory of st helena (an island of 47 square miles, in the south atlantic far off the coast of southern africa). in the photo below, the woodlouse' s preferred black cabbage trees can be seen to the right of the shade canopy (an area called the dell) .\nobviously, such small numbers and extremely restricted distribution makes the' spiky' highly vulnerable to extinction, especially in a landscape that has changed radically over the past few centuries and where the pristine natural environment is reduced to a few pockets. two st helena emblematic invertebrates (the giant earwig and giant ground beetle) have not been seen for over 40 years, and may have gone forever from the island, and therefore from the world. for the woodlouse, it would only take a disaster such as high winds felling a few trees to destroy this population, despite the st helena national trust working tirelessly to restore habitats for native plants, invertebrates and fungi (with darwin initiative and fauna and flora international funding) .\nhowever, some good news! several years ago, a second patch of spikies was reported on the cliffs at high peak by mike thorsen, but in the intervening time, the area could not be found again. but recently on a day with decent weather, local conservationists andrew darlow and phil lambdon roped - up and abseiled down the cliffs to investigate further. and in a very inaccessible part they found a small patch of heavily shaded black - scale fern with a new population of woodlice – probably about 40 individuals, but maybe as many as 100 .\nso the great news is that the global population has just been doubled, as has the number of sites where the spikies live – a wonderful result. hopefully the future will bring more finds, and there are plans afoot for captive breeding, so we will bring you news of this exciting conservation work in the future. congratulations to the st helena national trust and island environmentalists for giving spiky a home !\n© the royal society for the protection of birds. charity registered in england and wales no 207076, in scotland no sc037654. contact us terms & conditions\nthe spiky yellow woodlouse: a population you could fit in a pint glass. photograph: phil lambdon\nn the flank of high peak, one of the highest hills on the island of st helena in the south atlantic, there is a tiny scrap of land known as the dell. the size of a tennis court, it is the island' s most important terrestrial habitat and one of the world' s most precious ecological niches .\nthe dell is the last fragment of black cabbage tree woodland that once covered the island' s peaks. with its flat crowns of leathery leaves that form a dense, dark protective canopy, the black cabbage tree provides a warm, moist home for several local creatures, including the spiky yellow woodlouse, which is found nowhere else on the planet .\nhowever, st helena' s rugged slopes were largely stripped of black cabbage trees, which were chopped down to make way for the large - scale planting of flax, a plant that has sustained the island' s rope manufacturing companies, an industry that in turn reflects st helena' s importance as a key stop - over for ships sailing to and from the far east via cape town .\nflax farming first devastated the black cabbage tree and in its wake threatens to destroy the spiky yellow woodlice that make their homes there. only 50 or so survive. you could put the planet' s entire population in a beer glass. unusually for woodlice, the spiky yellow does not feed on dead organic matter, or forage among leaf litter on the ground, but lives by clambering among fern fronds where it probably feeds on spores, scientists believe .\na worrying double whammy therefore threatens st helena – the loss of its black cabbage tree woodland and the extinction of its spiky yellow woodlouse. (st helena is a uk overseas territory, which makes the spiky yellow the most threatened british invertebrate .) it is a grim scenario .\nthere is hope, however. thanks to support from the british government, conservationists say they believe they can save both trees and woodlice by building a large, shady canopy over the dell .\nthe dell is situated on the south face of high peak where it is exposed to gale - force winds for much of the year ,\nsays jonathan hall of the rspb, which has also been working to try to save the two species .\nas the patch has shrunk, the foliage has been becoming less effective as a windbreak and the trees have gradually sustained damage .\nlast year, conservationists working for the st helena national trust discovered that storms had torn a large hole in the leafy canopy, exposing the humid air trapped below to the elements. this hole was temporarily patched up using shade netting, a move that proved highly effective. the dell retained its humidity and plant growth directly underneath it improved. the woodlice also survived .\nnow the trust and the rspb have prepared plans to erect a permanent protective canopy at the dell and a few weeks ago, the uk' s overseas territories environment and climate fund announced it would provide £37, 000 of funding for it. in this way, both st helena' s special patch of black cabbage trees and the spiky yellow woodlouse will be saved, it is hoped .\nin addition, conservationists plan to take a few spiky yellow woodlice into captivity and attempt to breed them as an insurance policy against further loss of habitat on st helena .\nhopefully, we will be able to save both this key fragment of woodland and the woodlouse ,\nsaid hall .\n© 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies. all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ncritically endangered b1ab (i, ii, iii, iv, v) + 2ab (i, ii, iii, iv, v); c2a (i, ii); d ver 3. 1\njustification: as the population is now extremely small, the species is likely to qualify as critically endangered outright under criterion d. although there are more than 50 individuals known, not all of these should be considered as ‘mature’, since breeding has only been noted in females from the upper 10 - 20% of the size range. over recent decades there has been clear evidence of decline in both the number and distribution of subpopulations and the number of individuals, with no obvious reason to assume that these trends have halted, and it is thought that the losses are heavily linked to a dwindling area of suitable habitat. the two tiny patches of forest where small numbers persist are very close together and effectively comprise the vestiges of a single subpopulation / location. these combined factors are sufficient to satisfy the additional criteria under b and c .\ndue to the difficulty of locating these elusive woodlice, direct population estimates are unlikely to be very accurate. a mark - recapture study at the dell (april – august 2013) was only partially successful because the markings tended to last only a short period before the exoskeleton was shed. however, from numerous repeated counts, it was estimated that the site held no more than 40 - 50 individuals, ranging from four to 10. 5 mm in length (newly hatched broodlings observed in july and august were excluded from the total). no counts were made from the area below the high peak spoor tree because any incursion into the habitat would have risked causing substantial damage. a cursory inspection of the upper edge of the fern patch revealed at least 11 individuals, and it is probable that the total for the area was comparable to that at the dell .\nthis suggests that the world population may comprise approximately 100 individuals (juvenile and adult), assuming that there are no other undetected extant sites. in 2013, only three very large females at the dell were found with broods, though one other female was of a similar size and may have also bred. it is not known when males reach sexual maturity; they could potentially do so at a smaller size. tentatively, the total mature population is given as 10 - 20 individuals, but the estimate is only an approximate guideline and could be slightly conservative .\nthe spiky yellow woodlouse is not collected or utilized locally, but has some cultural value on st helena. following the extinction of large, charismatic species such as the giant earwig (labidura herculeana fabricius) and giant ground beetle (aplothorax burchellii waterhouse), it is the most widely recognized surviving endemic invertebrate on the island, and has become a national symbol for the ecological preservation of threatened upland habitats .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1. 0 / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nworld list of marine, freshwater & terrestrial isopoda... 2005, website (version 04 - may - 05 )\ncompiled by brian kensley, marilyn schotte, and steve schilling (oniscidea only), department of invertebrate zoology, national museum of natural history, smithsonian institution. found at urltoken\nstuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde, ser. a (biologie), no. 654\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you!" ]

{ "text": [ "pseudolaureola atlantica , or the spiky yellow woodlouse is a species of woodlouse endemic to st. helena 's high peak .", "unlike woodlice that forage on the forest floor , the spiky yellow woodlouse inhabits the treetops of tree fern thickets and black cabbage tree woodland , as well as black scale fern groves , found on peaks national park .", "they have also been recorded inhabiting st. helena redwood trees .", "its numbers are in decline due to introduced species such as rats and competition with foreign woodlice .", "large scale flax farming is decimating the now-reduced black cabbage tree groves that it inhabits .", "a captive breeding program is currently in development .", "currently , there are approximately 100 known individuals on the island , after the discovery of approximately 40 to 100 individuals .", "the spiky yellow woodlouse probably feeds on spores and pollen .", "the spiky yellow woodlouse is 1 centimeter long .", "it is bright yellow and covered in spines , and it has no visual dimorphism between the sexes .", "its bright coloration and spines are likely used to ward off potential predators it may encounter . " ], "topic": [ 29, 24, 14, 17, 13, 4, 17, 8, 0, 23, 10 ] }

[ "pseudolaureola atlantica, or the spiky yellow woodlouse is a species of woodlouse endemic to st. helena's high peak. unlike woodlice that forage on the forest floor, the spiky yellow woodlouse inhabits the treetops of tree fern thickets and black cabbage tree woodland, as well as black scale fern groves, found on peaks national park. they have also been recorded inhabiting st. helena redwood trees. its numbers are in decline due to introduced species such as rats and competition with foreign woodlice. large scale flax farming is decimating the now-reduced black cabbage tree groves that it inhabits. a captive breeding program is currently in development. currently, there are approximately 100 known individuals on the island, after the discovery of approximately 40 to 100 individuals. the spiky yellow woodlouse probably feeds on spores and pollen. the spiky yellow woodlouse is 1 centimeter long. it is bright yellow and covered in spines, and it has no visual dimorphism between the sexes. its bright coloration and spines are likely used to ward off potential predators it may encounter." ]

[ "3559: acleris effractana (hübner, 1799) replaces acleris emargana, a european species .\ntortricid moth. is this possibly one of the acleris species? thank you. - acleris robinsoniana\ntortricid moth. is this possibly one of the acleris species? thank you. - acleris robinsoniana - bugguide. net\nthere are sixty - five named species of acleris in america north of mexico .\nagroatlas - pests - acleris variegana (denis & shiffermuller) - garden rose tortrix .\nacleris is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\n3521. 1: acleris stadiana (barnes & busck, 1920) is elevated from synonymy of 3521 acleris semiannula, great lakes entomologist, 30: 71 - 78 .\nacleris forsskaleana (maple button) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nclass insecta, order lepidoptera, family tortricidae, subfamily tortricinae, tribe tortricini, genus acleris .\n3551: acleris inana (robinson, 1869) includes as a synonym 3555 acleris lipsiana of authors (not [ denis & schiffermüller ], 1775), zookeys. 38: 1 - 549 .\n3555: acleris lipsiana of authors (not [ denis & schiffermüller ], 1775) is a synonym of 3551 acleris inana (robinson, 1869), zookeys. 38: 1 - 549 .\nacleris laterana (dark - triangle button) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\n3540: acleris placidana (robinson, 1869), formerly treated as a subspecies of 3540 acleris logiana (clerck, 1759) in the 1983 list, is elevated back to full species following the online world catalogue of the tortricidae (ver. 3. 0). acleris logiana is extralimital to north america .\n3512: acleris notana (donovan, [ 1806 ]) replaces acleris tripunctana (hübner, [ 1799 ]), world catalogue of insects. vol. 5: 1 - 741, and includes as a synonym 3521. 2 acleris ferrugana of authors (not [ denis & schiffermüller ], 1775) in the 1983 hodges checkist .\nacleris variegana may appear similar to certain forms of other acleris species, including a. keiferi, a. maculidorsana, and a. robinsoniana in north america and a. permutana in europe. a genitalic dissection can be used to confirm identity .\nrazowski (2002) illustrates differences in genitalia that can be used to separate a. comariana from other closely related european acleris .\n3530. 1: acleris albinivia heppner, 2015, n. sp. , lepidoptera novae. 8: 33 - 35 .\n3521. 2: acleris ferrugana of authors (not [ denis & schiffermüller ], 1775) was added to the list in error and is removed. this name was listed as a synonym of 3512 acleris tripunctana, now a junior synonym of a. notana, in the 1983 hodges checklist .\nobraztsov, n. s. 1963. some north american moths of the genus acleris. proceedings of the united states national museum. 114: 213 - 270 .\nacleris comariana is most closely related to a. laterana, which is referred to as the synonym a. latifasciana in many publications. because sheldon (1925) described many of the a. comariana forms using names identical to acleris species names, literature discussions of differences in species and forms must be carefully followed to avoid confusion .\nacleris variegana completes two generations per year in north america. adults fly from april to july and again from august to november. overwintering occurs as a second generation adult .\nsome north american moths of the genus acleris (lepidoptera: tortricidae) nicholas s. obratzsov. 1963. proceedings of the united states national museum, 114 (3469): 213 - 270 .\nacleris comariana completes two generations in europe, with adults present from mid - june to july and again from late august to early november. this species prefers wetlands and bogs where many of its host plants occur .\nacleris variegana is widely distributed throughout europe, northwestern africa, central asia, and china. it was first reported from north america in the early 1900' s where it is present on the east and west coasts .\nturner, j. r. g. 1968. the ecological genetics of acleris comariana (zeller) (lepidoptera: tortricidae), a pest of strawberry. journal of animal ecology. 37: 489 - 520 .\nws: 14 - 18mm; bivoltine jul, oct and overwinters; silver / downy birch (betula pendula / pubsecens); common in woodland throughout gb. synonym: peronea ferrugana (pierce & metcalfe), acleris tripunctana (btm )\nacleris comariana feeds on a variety of plants in the family rosaceae. records of a. laterana (= latifasciana) on azaleas and rhododendron (ericaceae: rhododendron l .) from continental europe are thought to actually refer to a. comariana .\nvery many thanks, dave: some good news there, with the zeiraphera and acleris kochiella both being new to my garden (and life) list, and the former the first species on the list beginning with' z'... the degree of detail on that website has left my head spinning !\nacleris - species browser - uk and ireland: ispot nature - your place to share nature. ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature. once you' ve registered, you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nlarvae of a. laterana can be distinguished from a. comariana by the dark brown to black posterior margin of the prothoracic shield, which has two subdorsal spots in a. laterana, and brown pinacula with are concolorous with the abdomen and not conspicuous in a. laterana. acleris laterana has not been recorded from north america .\ni' d go along with single - dotted wave and brown scallop, steve. zeiraphera isertana is correct and i think you are safe with acleris kochiella too. the aethes would appear to be rubigana if this site is to be believed: urltoken yes to crambus perlella, the gelechiid needs a clearer image and the last one appears to me to be phycita roborella .\nseven forms or aberrations have been described, many of which are identical in appearance to other acleris species such as a. laterana and a. extensana. wing pattern among the different forms varies considerably, but all have a dark triangular costal patch which ranges in color from brown to red to black. the general form of the male genitalia is sufficient to place individuals in the a. comariana / laterana complex. female genitalia are less diagnostic but a. comariana has a much reduced signum. males lack a forewing costal fold .\nacta zoologica cracoviensia for several years was published as two series: a–vertebrata, and b–invertebrata. from 2012 on it is continued under its former title– without separate series. the journal includes original contributions on systematics, phylogeny, biogeography, ecology and paleontology of terrestrial and fresh - water animals worldwide. all papers are subject to peer reviews. click here to see current issues of this journal .\ningenta. article copyright remains with the publisher, society or author (s) as specified within the article .\nwebsite makes use of cookies so as to keep track of data that you have filled in .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nby t. m. gilligan 1, j. baixeras 2, j. w. brown 3, and k. r. tuck 4\nurltoken is pleased to offer the complete world catalogue of the tortricidae (t @ rts)! this is a complete list of all world species, utilizing the world catalogue published in 2005 as the foundation for the database. version 3. 0 of the online catalogue contains 15, 099 records representing 10, 883 species. more than 1, 600 records have been updated from ver 2. 0 (jul, 2012), and more than 3, 000 records have been updated from the original catalogue. the database is completely searchable and contains photos of over 1, 200 type specimens .\nt @ rts will be updated regularly both with corrections from the original world catalogue and with additions since its publication. as such, these pages will serve as the most up to date information on current tortricid nomenclature. if you find any errors in the data presented here or have any questions / comments, please use the contact form to send the authors an email .\nwe are indebted to all of the original authors of the world catalogue (j. w. brown, j. baixeras, r. brown, m. horak, f. komai, e. metzler, j. razowski, and k. tuck) for providing the basis for this project. we would also like to thank the dozens of individuals who have provided corrections or updates to the database since it was first placed online in 2007 .\ngilligan, t. m. , j. baixeras, j. w. brown & k. r. tuck. 2014. t @ rts: online world catalogue of the tortricidae (ver. 3. 0). urltoken\n1 colorado state university, bioagricultural sciences and pest management, 1177 campus delivery, fort collins, co 80523, usa 2 institut cavanilles de biodiversitat i biologia evolutiva, universitat de valencia, apartat oficial 2085, 46071 valencia, spain 3 systematic entomology laboratory - usda [ retired ], smithsonian institution, p. o. box 37012, national museum of natural history, washington, dc 20013, usa 4 curator - microlepidoptera [ retired ], entomology department (dc2 - 2n), natural history museum, cromwell road, london sw7 5bd, uk\nunless noted, all images on these pages are copyright © 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan. please do not download, copy, print, or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author. contact form .\na rough guideline is the flight period, which is said to be august to september in the present species, and june / july and october / november in comariana. however, these do overlap and genitalia dissection is usually required to be certain .\nthe species is generally common and widespread throughout much of the british isles. the larva, which can be clearly distinguished from a. comariana in later instars, feeds in may and june on rosaceous trees and shrubs, salix and vaccinium .\nlarva: foodplant: may and june in spun leaves and flowers of crataegus, prunus, rosa, rubus, sorbus, spiraea, salix and vaccinium. early instar in disproportionately large spun shoot. later in single folded or rolled leaf .\nearly instar: length: 2. 5 mm. head: black. prothorax (t1): prothoracic shield pitchy black. thorax (t2 & t3): brownish orange. darker than abdomen. thoracic legs: grey - black. abdomen: yellowish white. dorsally the gut shows whitish orange. (a 4 mm specimen showed a leaf green gut). spiracles: concolorous with integument. pinacula: concolorous with integument. setae: transparent colourless. anal plate: yellowish white, slightly tinted light grey. prolegs: translucent, concolorous with integument .\nintermediate instar: length: 10 mm. head: mid - brown with dark brown marks on capsule. pitchy black postero - lateral spot. prothoracic shield: mid - brown with dark brown at sides and along posterior edge. divided by light brown fine medial line. thorax (t2 & t3): whitish, dorsally tinted straw. thoracic legs: whitish translucent. abdomen: whitish translucent. dorsally darkened by brownish gut showing. spiracles: white. pinacula: concolorous with integument. setae: whitish translucent. anal plate: concolorous with body. prolegs: concolorous with body, translucent .\nsimilar species: the late instar larva of a. laterana can be distinguished from that of a. comariana. early and intermediate instars may be similar. diagnostic features, (a. comariana in brackets): prothoracic shield: pitchy brown sub - triangular postero - lateral mark. (blackish brown posterior margin). pinacula: concolorous with integument. (brown). foodplants: use as guide only. for a. laterana see above. (a. comariana: potentilla palustris, fragaria vesca, geum rivale and, possibly, azalea and rhododendron). details for a. comariana based on bradley, j. d. , tremewan, w. g. and smith, a. 1973. british tortricoid moths. london .\nukmoths is built, run and maintained by ian kimber, with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries. more often than not you' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache: v317 render date: 2018 - 07 - 03 18: 32: 51 page render time: 0. 3392s total w / procache: 0. 3805s\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ngeneric epithet possibly from greek α - κλῆρος meaning\nlaity, layman (non clergy) .\nhübner, j. , 1825. verzeichniss bekannter schmettlinge, p. 384 .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nsynonyms: albana (peronea), alpicolana (form), argentana (form), asperana (pyralis), blandiana (tortrix), brunneana (form), caeruleoatrana (ab .), cirrana (peronea), costimaculana (peronea), fuscana (form), insignata (tortrix), nyctemerana (tortrix), osbeckiana (tortrix), uniformis (ab. )\nthe forewing pattern of a. variegana is variable; bradley et al. (1973) lists eight forms as occuring in the united kingdom. powell (1964) describes three distinct phenotypes found in western north america: 1) forewing white on inner half with a dark dorsal triangle, outer half dark - purplish; 2) forewing divided into white basal and blue - black or purplish distal area; 3) and forewing ground color tan with a basal dorsal triangle and purplish outer costal triangle. males lack a forewing costal fold .\nlarvae are yellowish or light green. the head is brown and the prothoracic shield is concolorous with the abdomen. legs are brown or pale. most individuals exhibit a black spot located laterally on the head and a dark posterolateral mark on each side of the prothoracic shield .\neggs are laid singly or in small batches on leaves of the host plant. early instar larvae tie together two leaves and skeletonize them from the inside; later instars consume the entire leaf. pupation occurs in the larval shelter or among dead leaves on the ground .\nlarvae have been recorded feeding on a variety of host plants, primarily those in the family rosaceae .\ndasiphora fruticosa (l .) rydb. ssp. floribunda (pursh) kartesz\nbradley, j. d. , w. g. tremewan and a. smith. 1973. british tortricoid moths - cochylidae and tortricidae: tortricinae. the ray society, london, england .\npowell, j. a. 1964. biological and taxonomic studies on tortricine moths, with reference to the species in california. university of california publications in entomology. vol. 32. 317 pp .\npowell, j. a. and p. a. opler. 2009. moths of western north america. university of california press, berkeley. 369 pp .\nrazowski, j. 2002. tortricidae of europe, vol. 1, tortricinae and chlidanotinae. frantisek slamka, slovakia. 247 pp .\ntortricids of agricultural importance by todd m. gilligan and marc e. epstein interactive keys developed in lucid 3. 5. last updated august 2014 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnorfolk status common, in woodland, throughout much of the british isles. this species is difficult to separate from a. comariana\nrecorded in 47 (68 %) of 69 10k squares. first recorded in 1874. last recorded in 2017 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\napprox length (c. 8. 5mm) wingspan (12 - 17 mm. )\nrecorded in 61 (88 %) of 69 10k squares. first recorded in 1874. last recorded in 2018 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\nground colour pale to reddish ochreous, sometimes with darker strigulation and a few scattered black scales .\nassuming that the illustrations in mbgbi 5. 1 are incorrectly labelled *: in\nthe aedeagus has a simple apex and 3 short spiniform cornuti. there are also differences in the shape of the sacculus, that of\nthe anterior border of the sterigma has a notch on each side with short lateral projections and shorter medial projections. in\nthe introitus is strongly sclerotised, broader posteriorly and broader than the ductus bursae .\nin razowski (1984, 2001, 2002) are reversed\n- in both sexes. i have not seen these references, but either [ mbgbi5. 1 has repeated this error ] or [ all other references are incorrect and the synonyms given in mbgbi5. 1 are reversed ]. images and illustrations showing the preapical aedeagal spine in the male and a notched anterior border to the sterigma with a broad introitus in the female are labelled as\n§1 strumpshaw fen, norfolk; 01 / 11 / 204; fw 7. 9mm; female §2 winterton, norfolk; 09 / 07 / 2015; fw 7. 0mm; male; to light ​§3 strumpshaw fen, norfolk; 07 / 08 / 2015; male; fw 7. 7mm; to light all images © chris lewis\npickens county, georgia, usa february 28, 2009 size: length approx. 9 mm .\nnew north american microlepidoptera. charles henry fernald. 1892. the canadian entomologist 24 (5, 7): 121 - 123, 178 - 179 .\ngilligan, t. m. , j. baixeras, j. w. brown & k. r. tuck. 2014. t @ rts: online, world catalogue of the tortricidae .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\noften shows a small black tuft of scales at a quarter distance from the head .\nthe adults fly in july and again in september and october, the second generation overwintering to reappear in spring .\nprocache: v317 render date: 2018 - 07 - 05 00: 38: 38 page render time: 0. 2603s total w / procache: 0. 3090s\nis perhaps the most variable british tortrix moth, with dozens of named forms, and many intermediate types. some forms can resemble those of the similarly variable but scarcer\n, which however has a more concave forewing costa and usually two prominent scale tufts .\nthere are two generations in much of its range, with moths flying in june and july and again from august, when the adults hibernate. in parts of scotland there is just one brood, flying from september onwards .\nprocache: v317 render date: 2018 - 07 - 05 06: 30: 32 page render time: 0. 3399s total w / procache: 0. 4019s\nsynonyms: baracola (acalla), burnneana (ab .), comparana (ab .), fasciana (ab .), fuscana (ab .), latifasciana (ab .), meincki (acalla), potentillana (ab .), proteana (ab. )\nearly instar larvae are white with a black head, prothoracic shield, and legs. abdomen color varies in later instars, but all have a darker subdorsal line and conspicuous brown pinacula. the head is yellowish brown along with the prothoracic shield, which has a dark brown or black posterior margin .\nfemales deposit eggs on lower parts of the plant, usually on the stipules or petioles. eggs from the first generation hatch in approximately 10 days; those of the second generation turn a reddish color and hatch the following spring. larvae feed inside tied or folded leaves although they may also feed on flowers of some hosts. in strawberry, flower - feeding causes distortion of fruit or prevents it from developing. pupation occurs in a cocoon that is constructed in a rolled leaf or between the stem and petioles .\nin the palearctic, a. comariana is widely distributed across europe to china and japan. it is also found in canada and has been presumably introduced into the united states (washington) and new zealand .\ndugdale, j. s. , d. gleeson, l. h. clunie and p. w. holder. 2005. a diagnostic guide to tortricidae encountered in field surveys and quarantine inspections in new zealand: morphological and molecular characters. national plant pest reference laboratory. 161 pp .\nsheldon, w. g. 1925. peronea comariana zeller, and its variation. entomologist. 58: 281 - 285 .\nmolecular approach to the systematics of european tortricini (lepidoptera: tortricidae). - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nfolia biol (krakow). 2010; 58 (3 - 4): 189 - 94 .\ninstitute of systematics and evolution of animals, polish academy of sciences, sławkowska 17, 31 - 016 kraków, poland. razowski @ urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nperonea variegana (den. et schiff .), acalla variegana (den. et schiff .) .\nwestern europe, north america, northwest africa, asia minor, syria, iran, afghanistan and china. in the former ussr the species is distributed in the european part (except in the far north), transcaucasia, volga river basin, ural, kazakhstan, central asia and southwest siberia .\nthis species is monovoltine north of the ukraine; produces 2 generations in the ukraine (including crimea), and in the mountains of turkmenistan and tajikistan; 3 - 4 generations in valleys of transcaucasia and central asia. in the ukraine first generation caterpillars hatch at the end of april - beginning of may during bud blossoming on fruiters (in a phase of green tops), 2nd generation caterpillars appear in july - august. pupation occurs at the end of may and in the middle of june. in crimea eggs and pupae develop in 8 - 11 days at a temperature of 20°c and relative air humidity of 45% ; at 13. 5°c and 93% humidity they develop in twice as much time. in ukraine moth flight begins at the end of may and lasts until the end of july, then again from the middle of august until october .\nthe species is a significant pest of rosaceous fruit plants, especially of apple, pear, plum, sloe, apricot. caterpillars also cause damage to quince, cherry, hawthorn, almonds, cotoneaster, bird cherry. they have been documented on hazel, oak, elm, willow, and berry bushes of the genus vaccinium. mainly the first generation caterpillars cause harm .\nagronomic measures include pruning old and diseased branches. biological measures include application of biological preparations. chemical measures include local insecticide treatments during development of first generation caterpillars before flowering of pome trees (in red bud phase) immediately after flowering of stone cultures in spring, and during development of 2nd generation caterpillars in mid - july. monitoring and forecast are possible with the use of pheromone traps .\ngaletenko s. m. 1964. to morphology of fruit leafrollers. in: kochkin m. a. , rubtsov n. i. , ryndin n. v. , eds. 150 years to state nikitskii botanical garden. collection of scientific works. v. 37. moscow: kolos. 531 - 395 p. (in russian) .\nkostyuk yu. a. 1974. family tortricidae. in: vasil. ev, v. p. , ed. pests of agricultural crops and forest plantations. v. 2. arthropods. kiev: urozhai. 261 - 320 p. (in russian) .\nkostyuk yu. a. 1980. tortricidae. issue 10. tortricinae. in: dolin v. g. , ed. fauna of ukraine. v. 15. kiev: naukova dumka. 424 p. (in ukrainian) .\nkuznetsov v. i. 1994. family tortricidae. in: kuznetsov v. i. , ed. insects and mites. pests of agricultural plants. v. 3 (1). lepidoptera. st. petersburg: nauka. 51 - 234 p. (in russian) .\nvasil. ev v. p. , livshits i. z. 1984. pests of fruit crops. moscow: kolos. 399 p. (in russian) .\n© 2003 - 2009 project «interactive agricultural ecological atlas of russia and neighboring countries. economic plants and their diseases, pests and weeds»\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nok, so it' s not quite as extreme as the one a couple of weeks ago, but i' m glad i' ve more or less caught up on my records from that one for the garden in wolvercote, oxfordshire, as i suspect tonight and the next couple will provide a fair amount of work. although numbers haven' t been as impressive as some people' s the total of 287 individuals and 82 species, of which 19 were nfy, was pretty good on 19th june. species which seem to be doing well include v - pug, common footman (and to some extent, buff footman) and coronet; and my overall impression, even before the previous heatwave, has been that this year has been measurably more productive than last .\ni' ve had a few tricky specimens from recent days and would be grateful for confirmation or help: i suspect the first of these two is just an unusually - marked single - dotted wave, but i wondered about a mullein wave; and from an earlier post here, i wonder whether the rather washed - out individual below it, with its raised abdomen, is a brown scallop .\n0013. 1: eriocraniella mediabulla davis & faeth, 1986, n. sp. , proc. entom. soc. wash. , v. 88, no. 1, p. 145 - 153 .\n0017. 1: acanthopteroctetes aurulenta davis, 1984, n. sp. , jour. lepid. soc. , v. 38, no. 1, p. 47 - 50 .\n0019: this species includes the former species 0020 - sthenopis quadriguttatus (grote, 1864) .\n0020: sthenopis quadriguttatus (grote, 1864) is a synonym of 0019 sthenopis purpurascens .\n0022: sthenopis pretiosus (herrich - schäffer, [ 1856 ]) replaces sthenopis auratus (grote, 1878), the european entomologist, 7 (4): 121 - 122 .\n0029. 1: gazoryctra wielgusi wagner & tindale, 1988, n. sp. , jour. lepid. soc. , v. 42, p. 204 - 212 .\n0030: korscheltellus mustelinus (packard, 1864) is a synonym of 0031 korscheltellus gracilis .\n0031. 1: korscheltellus lupulina (linnaeus, 1758) is now recognized within the north american fauna .\n0034: phymatopus montanus (stretch, 1872) is a synonym of 0033 phymatopus behrensi .\n0037: formerly placed in the genus ectoedemia, zookeys, 628: 65 - 246 .\n0038: formerly placed in the genus ectoedemia, zookeys, 628: 65 - 246 .\n0038. 1: etainia albibimaculella (larsen, 1927) is now recognized within the north american fauna, zookeys, 628: 65 - 246 .\n0047: ectoedemia occultella (linnaeus, 1767) includes as a synonym 0047 ectoedemia lindquisti (freeman, 1962), zookeys. 628: 65 - 246 and tijdschrift voor entomologie, 128 (1): 79 - 80 .\n0049: ectoedemia ulmella (braun, 1912) includes as a synonym 0049. 1 ectoedemia andrella wilkinson, 1981, 1981, zookeys, 628: 65 - 246 .\n0049. 1: ectoedemia andrella wilkinson, 1981, is a synonym of 0049: ectoedemia ulmella (braun, 1912), zookeys, 628: 65 - 246 .\n0053: ectoedemia obrutella (zeller, 1873) is transferred to zimmermannia and includes as synonyms 0053. 2 ectoedemia piperella wilkinson & newton, 1981 and 0058. 1 ectoedemia reneella wilkinson, 1981. zookeys, 628: 65 - 246. ectoedemia obrutella sensu wilkinson & newton, 1981, formerly 0053, is a synonym of 0055 zimmermannia bosquella (chambers, 1878), zookeys, 628: 65 - 246 .\n0053. 1: ectoedemia acanthella wilkinson & newton, 1981 is a synonym of 0109 zimmermannia grandisella (chambers, 1880), zookeys, 628: 65 - 246 .\n0053. 2: ectoedemia piperella wilkinson & newton, 1981 is a synonym of 0053 ectoedemia obrutella (zeller, 1873), zookeys, 628: 65 - 246 .\n0054: ectoedemia chlorantis meyrick, 1928 is a synonym of 0109 zimmermannia grandisella (chambers, 1880), zookeys, 628: 65 - 246 .\n0055: zimmermannia bosquella (chambers, 1878) is reinstated. this species replaces ectoedemia heinrichi busck, 1914 and includes as synonyms 0056 ectoedemia castaneae busck, 1913, 0058. 2 ectoedemia helenella wilkinson, 1981, and 0053 ectoedemia obrutella sensu wilkinson & newton, 1981, zookeys, 628: 65 - 246 .\n0056: ectoedemia castaneae busck, 1913 is a synonym of 0055 zimmermannia bosquella (chambers, 1878), zookeys, 628: 65 - 246 .\n0057: ectoedemia phleophaga busck, 1914 is transferred to zimmermannia, zookeys, 628: 65 - 246 .\n0058: ectoedemia mesoloba davis, 1978 is transferred to zimmermannia and includes as a synonym 0109. 1 ectoedemia coruscella wilkinson, 1981, zookeys, 628: 65 - 246 .\n0058. 1: ectoedemia reneella wilkinson, 1981 is a synonym of 0053 ectoedemia obrutella (zeller, 1873), zookeys, 628: 65 - 246 .\n0058. 2: ectoedemia helenella wilkinson, 1981 is a synonym of 0055 zimmermannia bosquella (chambers, 1878), zookeys, 628: 65 - 246 .\n0059: formerly placed in the genus trifurcula, zookeys, 628: 65 - 246 .\n0060: formerly placed in the genus ectoedemia, zookeys, 628: 65 - 246 .\n0060. 2: fomoria septembrella (stainton, 1849) reported in the pacific northwest region by erik van nieukerken in unpublished research .\n0061: formerly placed in the genus ectoedemia, zookeys, 628: 65 - 246 .\n0064: stigmella oxyacanthella (stainton, 1854) replaces stigmella pomivorella (packard, 1870), apparently introduced from europe in the 19th century, zookeys. 628: 65 - 246 .\n0065: stigmella minusculella (herrich - schäffer, 1855) replaces stigmella chalybeia (braun, 1914), kaunas, lithuania, lutute, 2003: 1 - 512 .\n0067: stigmella purpuratella (braun, 1917) includes as a synonym 0066 stigmella scinanella wilkinson & scoble, 1979, zookeys, 628: 65 - 246 .\n0076. 1: stigmella inconspicuella newton & wilkinson, 1982, n. sp. , systematic entomology, v. 7, p. 367 - 463 .\n0076. 2: stigmella heteromelis newton & wilkinson, 1982, n. sp. , systematic entomology, v. 7, p. 367 - 463 .\n0078. 1: stigmella anomalella (goeze, 1783) is now recognized within the north american fauna following unpubl. info from van nieukerken, 2010 .\n0078. 2: stigmella centifoliella (zeller, 1848) is now recognized within the north american fauna. introduced from eurasia, zookeys, 628: 65 - 246\n0079. 2: stigmella salicis (stainton, 1854) is now recognized within the north american fauna, zookeys, 628: 65 - 246 .\n0083: ectoedemia minimella (zetterstedt, 1839) includes as a synonym ectoedemia canadensis (braun, 1917), zookeys, 628: 65 - 246 .\n0088: formerly placed in the genus nepticula, zookeys, 628: 65 - 246. previously listed as stigmella latifasciella in the the 1983 hodges checklist, a homonym of nepticula latifasciella herrich - schäffer, 1855 .\n0091. 1: stigmella sclerostylota newton & wilkinson, 1982, n. sp. , systematic entomology, v. 7, p. 367 - 463 .\n0093. 1: stigmella caryaefoliella (clemens, 1861) is reinstated as a valid species, zookeys, 628: 65 - 246 .\n0095. 1: stigmella longisacca newton & wilkinson, 1982, n. sp. , systematic entomology, v. 7, p. 367 - 463 .\n0095. 2: stigmella centifoliella (zeller, 1848) is now recognized within the north american fauna. introduced from eurasia, zookeys, 628: 65 - 246\n0095. 3: stigmella confusella (wood & walsingham, 1894) is now recognized within the north american fauna, zookeys, 628: 65 - 246 .\n0095. 4: stigmella lapponica (wocke, 1862) is now recognized within the north american fauna, zookeys, 628: 65 - 246 .\n0095. 6: stigmella betulicola (stainton, 1856) is now recognized within the north american fauna, zookeys, 628: 65 - 246 .\n0095. 8: bohemannia pulverosella (stainton, 1849) is now recognized within the north american fauna. introduced from europe, zookeys, 628: 65 - 246 .\n0105. 1: stigmella plumosetaeella newton & wilkinson, 1982, n. sp. , systematic entomology, v. 7, p. 367 - 463 .\n0108: [ gelechioidea - no genus ] belfragrella (chambers, 1875), incorrectly spelled as belfrageella in braun (1917), was formerly placed in nepticulidae and is now regarded as belonging in gelechiidae, zookeys. 628: 201 .\n0109: formerly placed in the genus ectoedemia. zimmermannia grandisella (chambers, 1880) includes as a synonym 0053. 1 ectoedemia acanthella (wilkinson & newton, 1981) and 0054 ectoedemia chlorantis meyrick, 1928, zookeys, 628: 65 - 246 .\n0109. 1: ectoedemia coruscella wilkinson, 1981, n. sp. , tijdschrift voor entomologie, v. 124, no. 3, p. 93 - 110, is a synonym of 0058, zookeys, 628: 65 - 246 .\n0109. 3: fomoria weaveri (stainton, 1855) is now recognized within the north american fauna. formerly placed in the genus ectoedemia, zookeys, 628: 65 - 246 .\n0112. 1: acalyptris bipinnatellus (wilkinson, 1979), n. sp. , tijdschrift voor entomologie, v. 122, no. 4, p. 59 - 90 .\n0114. 1: acalyptris lotella wagner, 1987, n. sp. , pan - pacific entom. , v. 63, no. 3, p. 278 - 283 .\n0114. 2: acalyptris postalatratus (wilkinson, 1979), n. sp. , tijdschrift voor entomologie, v. 122, no. 4, p. 59 - 90 .\n0114. 3: acalyptris distaleus (wilkinson, 1979), n. sp. , tijdschrift voor entomologie, v. 122, no. 4, p. 59 - 90 .\n0117: formerly placed in the genus manoneura, zookeys, 628: 65 - 246 .\n0119. 1: pseudopostega floridensis davis & stonis, 2007, n. sp. , smithsonian contributions to zoology, v. 625, p. 1 - 212 .\n0119. 2: pseudopostega parakempella davis & stonis, 2007, n. sp. , smithsonian contributions to zoology, v. 625, p. 1 - 212 .\n0119. 3: pseudopostega acidata (meyrick, 1915) is now recognized within the north american fauna .\n0119. 4: pseudopostega texana davis & stonis, 2007, n. sp. , smithsonian contributions to zoology, v. 625, p. 1 - 212 .\n0119. 5: pseudopostega venticola (walsingham, 1897) is now recognized within the north american fauna .\n0142: tischeria sulphurea frey & boll, 1878, is a synonym of 0143 coptotriche zelleriella (clemens, 1859) .\n0143: formerly placed in the genus tischeria. includes as a synonym tischeria sulphurea frey & boll, 1878 [ 0142 ] .\n0167: includes as a synonym tischeria immaculata braun, 1915 [ 0168 ] .\n0168: tischeria immaculata braun, 1915, is a synonym of 0167 tischeria ceanothi walsingham, 1890 .\n0174. 1: alloclemensia americana nielsen, 1981, entomol - scand. , v. 12, no. 3, p. 271 - 294, includes as a synonym 0179 lampronia trimaculella of authors (not duponchel, 1838 )\n0174. 2: incurvaria circulella (zetterstedt, 1840) is now recognized within the north american fauna, university of guelph, 2014 .\n0179: lampronia trimaculella of authors (not duponchel, 1838) is a synonym of 0174. 1 alloclemensia americana nielsen, 1981, entomol - scand. , v. 12, no. 3, p. 271 - 294 .\n0180: lampronia rubiella (bjerkander, 1781) is a synonym of 0180. 1 lampronia corticella (linnaeus, 1758) .\n0180. 1: lampronia corticella (linnaeus, 1758) is an introduced species and includes as a synonym 0180 lampronia rubiella (bjerkander, 1781) .\n0186. 1: tetragma gei davis, pellmyr & thompson, 1992, n. sp. , smithsonian contributions to zoology, v. 524, p. 1 - 88 .\n0189. 1: greya piperella (busck, 1904) is elevated from synonymy of 0189 greya punctiferrella .\n0189. 2: greya mitellae davis, pellmyr & thompson, 1992, n. sp. , smithsonian contributions to zoology, v. 524, p. 1 - 88 .\n0189. 3: greya obscura davis, pellmyr & thompson, 1992, n. sp. , smithsonian contributions to zoology, v. 524, p. 1 - 88 .\n0192. 1: greya suffusca davis, pellmyr & thompson, 1992, n. sp. , smithsonian contributions to zoology, v. 524, p. 1 - 88 .\n0193. 1: greya powelli davis, pellmyr & thompson, 1992, n. sp. , smithsonian contributions to zoology, v. 524, p. 1 - 88 .\n0194. 1: greya enchrysa davis, pellmyr & thompson, 1992, n. sp. , smithsonian contributions to zoology, v. 524, p. 1 - 88 .\n0194. 2: greya variabilis davis, pellmyr & thompson, 1992, n. sp. , smithsonian contributions to zoology, v. 524, p. 1 - 88 .\n0194. 3: greya pectinifera davis, pellmyr & thompson, 1992, n. sp. , smithsonian contributions to zoology, v. 524, p. 1 - 88 .\n0197. 1: tegeticula altiplanella pellmyr, 1999, n. sp. , systematic entomology, v. 24, no. 3, p. 243 - 271 .\n0197. 2: tegeticula cassandra pellmyr, 1999, n. sp. , systematic entomology, v. 24, no. 3, p. 243 - 271 .\n0197. 3: tegeticula baccatella pellmyr, 1999, n. sp. , systematic entomology, v. 24, no. 3, p. 243 - 271 .\n0197. 4: tegeticula intermedius (riley, 1881) is elevated from synonymy of 0198 tegeticula yuccasella .\n0197. 5: tegeticula carnerosanella pellmyr, 1999, n. sp. , systematic entomology, v. 24, no. 3, p. 243 - 271 .\n0198. 1: tegeticula corruptrix pellmyr, 1999, n. sp. , systematic entomology, v. 24, no. 3, p. 243 - 271 .\n0198. 2: tegeticula elatella pellmyr, 1999, n. sp. , systematic entomology, v. 24, no. 3, p. 243 - 271 .\n0198. 3: tegeticula maderae pellmyr, 1999, n. sp. , systematic entomology, v. 24, no. 3, p. 243 - 271 .\n0198. 4: tegeticula mojavella pellmyr, 1999, n. sp. , systematic entomology, v. 24, no. 3, p. 243 - 271 .\n0198. 5: tegeticula rostratella pellmyr, 1999, n. sp. , systematic entomology, v. 24, no. 3, p. 243 - 271 .\n0198. 6: tegeticula superficiella pellmyr, 1999, n. sp. , systematic entomology, v. 24, no. 3, p. 243 - 271 .\n0198. 7: tegeticula treculeanella pellmyr, 1999, n. sp. , systematic entomology, v. 24, no. 3, p. 243 - 271 .\n0200. 1: prodoxus decipiens riley, 1880 is elevated from synonymy of 0200 prodoxus quinquepunctella (eastern form) .\n0201. 1: new species description. pellmyr, yoder & godsoe, 2009. j. lepid. soc. 63 (3): 137 - 140. prodoxus praedictus, n. sp. , a new bogus yucca moth from southern california .\n0202. 2: prodoxus phylloryctus wagner & powell, 1988, n. sp. , annals ent. soc. america, v. 81, no. 4, p. 547 - 553 .\n0205: prodoxus marginatus riley, 1881 includes as a synonym 0206 prodoxus pulverulentus riley, 1892, systematic entomology. 31 (1): 5 .\n0206: prodoxus pulverulentus riley, 1892 is a synonym of 0205 prodoxus marginatus riley, 1881, systematic entomology. 31 (1): 5 .\n0210: prodoxus barberella busck, 1915 was formerly placed in the genus agavenema, systematic entomology. 31 (1): 5 .\n0211: prodoxus pallida (davis, 1967) was placed in the genus agavenema, systematic entomology. 31 (1): 5 .\n0212: 0212 - cauchas dietziella (kearfott, 1908) and 0213 - cauchas cyanella (busck, 1915) can be determined only by dissection. they will be treated here as the 0212 - cauchas dietziella species group for the purpose of placing undetermined photographs .\n0240. 1: antispila oinophylla van nieukerken & wagner, 2012, n. sp. , zookeys, 170: 29 - 77 .\n0246: coptodisca ella (chambers, 1871) is a a synonym of 0247 coptodisca lucifluella (clemens, 1860) .\n0247: coptodisca lucifluella (clemens, 1860) includes as a synonym 0246 coptodisca ella (chambers, 1871), bulletin of entomological research. 105 (2): 201 - 224 .\n0263. 1: nemapogon cloacella (haworth, 1828) is now recognized within the north american fauna. introduced from europe. zootaxa, 3749 (1): 12 .\n0276. 5: triaxomera parasitella (hübner, 1796) is now recognized within the north american fauna, zootaxa, 3749 (1): 7 .\n0307. 1: dryadaula terpsichorella busck, 1910 is now recognized within the north american fauna .\n0311. 1: scardia amurensis zagulajev, 1965 is now recognized within the north american fauna. introduced from europe. zootaxa, 3749 (1): 7 .\n0337. 1: amydria pogonites walsingham, 1914 is now recognized within the north american fauna. peter jump (pers. comm. , 1 / 16 / 2017) reports that three specimens from tx were examined by don davis .\n0352: acrolophus filicicornis (walsingham, 1887) is misspelled as filicornis in some lists .\n0355. 1: acrolophus heppneri davis, 1990, n. sp. , proc. entom. soc. wash. , v. 92, no. 4, p. 694 - 704 .\n0355. 3: acrolophus laticapitana heinrichi hasbrouck, 1964, n. ssp. , proc. us nat. mus. 114: 627 .\n0359: acrolophus laticapitana (walsingham, 1884) include as subspecies 0355. 3 acrolophus laticapitanus heinrichi and 0367. 2 acrolophus occidens, proc. us nat. mus. 114: 616 .\n0362: acrolophus macrogaster (walsingham, 1887) includes as a subspecies 0383. 1 acrolophus unipectinicornus hasbrouck, 1964, proceedings of the united states national museum. 114: 487 - 706\n0367. 1: acrolophus mycetophagus davis, 1990, n. sp. , proc. entom. soc. wash. , v. 92, no. 4, p. 694 - 704 .\n0367. 2: acrolophus occidens (busck, 1910) is currently treated as a subspecies of 0359 acrolophus laticapitana, proc. us nat. mus. 114: 623 .\n0370. 1: acrolophus pholeter davis & milstrey, 1988, n. sp. , proc. ent. soc. wash. , v. 90, no. 2, p. 164 - 178 .\n0373: florida populations with a large amount of white in the forewing are proving to be a new species, the co1 dna differs by more than 5% from the darker specimens that have no or very reduced white scaling. ~ p. jump\n0382. 1: acrolophus spilotus davis, 1990, n. sp. , proc. entom. soc. wash. , v. 92, no. 4, p. 694 - 704 .\n0383. 1: acrolophus unipectinicornus hasbrouck, 1964 is a subspecies of 0362 acrolophus macrogaster (walsingham, 1887), proceedings of the united states national museum. 114: 487 - 706 .\n0390: phereoeca uterella (walsingham, 1897) is a replacement name for phereoeca walsinghami (busck, 1933) .\n0390. 1: phereoeca praecox gozmany & vari, 1973 is now recognized within the north american fauna .\n0395: introduced from europe, zootaxa, 3749 (1): 17 .\n0405: introduced from europe, zootaxa, 3749 (1): 17 .\n0406. 1: tinea svenssoni opheim, 1965 is now recognized within the north american fauna, zootaxa, 3749 (1): 17 .\n0411: niditinea fuscella (linnaeus, 1758) is a replacement name for niditinea spretella (denis & schiffermüller, 1775) .\n0412. 1: niditinea sabroskyi metz, davis & davis, 2018, n. sp. , entom. soc. wash. , 120 (1): 155 .\n0415. 1: monopis laevigella ([ denis & schiffermüller ], 1775) is now recognized within the north american fauna. specimens in north america identified as 0420 m. rusticella are treated as m. laevigella following karscholt & razowski (1996) .\n0415. 2: monopis weaverella (scott, 1858) is now recognized within the north american fauna .\n0418. 1: monopis pavlovski is now recognized within the north american fauna. it has been present at least since 1985 and is now found throughout the eastern united states. no report from canada yet (2011) .\n0420: monopis rusticella (hübner, 1796) is removed. specimens in north america identified as m. rusticella are treated as 0415. 1 monopis laevigella following karscholt & razowski (1996) .\n0422: eccritothrix guenterella koçak, 1986 includes as a synonym 0422 eccritothrix trimaculella (chambers, 1873), pohl et al. (2016) .\n0424: praeacedes thecophora (walsingham, 1908) is a synonym of 0423 praeacedes atomosella .\n0425. 1: elatobia montelliella (schantz, 1951) is now recognized within the north american fauna, zootaxa, 3749 (1): 12 .\n0426. 1: xystrologa antipathetica (forbes, 1931) is now recognized within the north american fauna .\n0432. 1: opogona sacchari (bojer, 1856) is now recognized within the north american fauna .\n0433. 1: opogona purpuriella sweezey, 1913 is now recognized within the north american fauna .\n0434. 1: new species description: first report of the old world genus pelecystola in north america, with description of a new species. steve r. davis and donald r. davis, zookeys 25 (2009). download. pdf file\n0436. 1: dahlica lichenella (linnaeus, 1761) is now recognized within the north american fauna .\n0438: apterona helix (siebold, 1850) is a synonym of 0438. 1 apterona helicoidella (vallot, 1827), world catalogue of insects. vol. 10. p. 56 .\n0438. 1: apterona helicoidella (vallot, 1827) is now recognized within the north american fauna. this species includes as a synonym 0438 apterona helix (siebold, 1850), world catalogue of insects. vol. 10. p. 56 .\n0440: zamopsyche commentella dyar, 1923 includes as a synonym 0458 thyridopteryx rileyi heylaerts, 1884, world catalogue of insects, vol. 10 .\n0445: astala edwardsii (heylaerts, 1884) corrects the spelling of edwardsi in the hodges 1983 checklist .\n0451. 1: formerly placed in the genus coloneura, proc. entomol. soc. wash. 104 (1): 244 .\n0458: thyridopteryx rileyi heylaerts, 1884, is a synonym of 0440 zamopsyche commentella dyar, 1923, world catalogue of insects, vol. 10 .\n0462. 1: philonome wielgusi sohn & davis, 2015, n. sp. , world catalogue of insects. vol. 12 .\n0462. 2: 0462. 2 philonome nigrescens sohn & davis, 2015, n. sp. , world catalogue of insects. vol. 12 .\n0463: formerly placed in the genus philonome, world catalogue of insects. vol. 12 .\n0464: philonome albella (chambers, 1877) and 1080 hemiprosopa albella (chambers, 1877) refer to the same species, eurynome albella chambers, 1877. 0464 is removed and 1080 is retained under the replacement name elachista dasycara kaila, 1999 .\n0472: lyonetia prunifoliella hübner, 1796 is a replacement name for lyonetia speculella clemens, 1862 .\n0472. 1: lyonetia pulverulentella zeller, 1839 is now recognized within the north american fauna, zootaxa, 3749 (1): 21 .\n0505. 1: bucculatrix dominatrix rubinoff & osborne, 1997, n. sp. , jour. lepid. soc. 51 (3), 1997, 227 - 236\n0525. 1: bucculatrix kendalli blanchard & knudson, 1985, n. sp. , proc. entom. soc. wash. , v. 87, no. 2, p. 371 - 374 .\n0547. 1: bucculatrix tetradymiae rubinoff & osborne, 1997, n. sp. , jour. lepid. soc. 51 (3), 1997, 227 - 236\n0582. 1: bucculatrix frigida deschka, 1992, n. sp. , entomofauna, v. 13, no. 33, p. 545 - 551 .\n0594: caloptilia belfragella (chambers, 1875) corrects the spelling of belfrageella in the 1983 hodges checklist. chambers (1875, canadian entomologist vol. 7) described this species twice as a new species under two different names, belfragella on p. 8 and belfragella on p. 92. , world catalogue of insects. 6: 1 - 502 .\n0640. 1: caloptilia suberinella (tengström, 1848) is now recognized within the north american fauna, zootaxa, 3749 (1): 17 .\n0648: parectopa albicostella (braun, 1925) is a synonym of 0654 micrurapteryx occulta (braun, 1922), zookeys. 579: 125 .\n0654: micrurapteryx occulta (braun, 1922), formerly in the genus parectopa, includes as a synonym 0648 parectopa albicostella (braun, 1925), zookeys. 579: 125 .\n0663. 1: neurobathra curcassi (busck, 1934) is now recognized within the north american fauna .\n0664: callisto denticulella (thunberg, 1794) includes as a synonym 681. 1 callisto solitariella, world catalogue of insects. 6: 1 - 502 .\n0667. 1: parornix betulae (stainton, 1854) is now recognized within the north american fauna, zootaxa, 3749 (1): 18 .\n0681. 1: parornix solitariella (dietz, 1907) is a synonym of 0664 callisto denticulella (thunberg, 1794), world catalogue of insects. 6: 1 - 502 .\n0696. 1: d. r. davis and d. l. wagner (new species description). tropical lepidoptera, 131 - 2: 1 - 40 2005. biology and systematics of the neotropical leafminer genus eucosmophora. south florida and south texas .\n0696. 2: d. r. davis and d. l. wagner (new species description). tropical lepidoptera, 131 - 2: 1 - 40 2005. biology and systematics of the neotropical leafminer genus eucosmophora. south florida and belize .\n0718. 1: marmara gulosa guillén, davis & heraty, 2001, n. sp. , proc. entom. soc. wash. , v. 103, no. 3, p. 636 - 654 .\n0718. 3: marmara viburnella eiseman & davis, 2017, n. sp. , zootaxa 4337 (2): 199\n0720. 1: cremastobombycia chromolaenae davis, 2013, n. sp. , jour. lepid. soc. 67 (1): 35 - 41 .\n0726. 1: phyllonorycter alaskana deschka, 1982, n. sp. , entomofauna, v. 3, no. 17, p. 243 - 270 .\n0736: phyllonorycter atomariella (zelled, 1875) is replaced by phyllonorycter apparella (herrich - schäffer, 1855). includes as synonymns p. ontario (freeman) [ 0779 ] and p. tremuloidiella (braun) [ 0798 ] .\n0746: phyllonorycter crataegella (clemens, 1859) includes as a synonym 0767 phyllonorycter malimalifoliella (braun, 1908), proc. entom. soc. wash. 612 - 615 .\n0748. 1: phyllonorycter deserticola davis & deschka, 2001, n. sp. , smithsonian contributions to zoology, v. 614, p. 1 - 89 .\n0750. 2: phyllonorycter elamaella doganlar & mutuura, 1980, n. sp. , can. ent. , v. 112, p. 311 - 314 .\n0750. 3: phyllonorycter erugatus davis & deschka, 2001, n. sp. , smithsonian contributions to zoology, v. 614, p. 1 - 89 .\n0751: includes as a synonym phyllonorycter felinelle (heinrich, 1920) [ 0751 ] .\n0761. 1: phyllonorycter latus davis & deschka, 2001, n. sp. , smithsonian contributions to zoology, v. 614, p. 1 - 89 .\n0762: phyllonorycter kenora (freeman, 1970) is a synonym of 0791 phyllonorycter salicifoliella .\n0766. 1: phyllonorycter maestingella (müller, 1764) is now recognized within the north american fauna, zootaxa, 3749 (1): 19 .\n0767: phyllonorycter malimalifoliella (braun, 1908) is a synonym of 0746 phyllonorycter crataegella (clemens, 1859), proc. entom. soc. wash. 612 - 615." ]

{ "text": [ "acleris is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .", "as of 2007 , about 241 species were known . " ], "topic": [ 26, 26 ] }

[ "acleris is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae. as of 2007, about 241 species were known." ]

[ "sorry, we don' t have any sale or race data for jolypha (usa) .\nonly two of jolypha' s eight foals, 3 - year - olds and up, have won .\nfilly named apartment, is in training at juddmonte. jolypha' s yearling filly is by chester house .\nby lyphard out of of the drone mare navajo princess, jolypha produced three starters and two winners from 10 foals .\nflawlessly, who carried 123 pounds sunday, two more than jolypha, also won last year' s beverly hills after a seven - month layoff .\njolypha, whose, navajo princess, was by drone, produced a total of 11 foals, all consecutively. her 2 - year - old, an\ncharlie whittingham, who saddled flawlessly, also trained swingtime .\nshe' s an older, stronger mare ,\nwhittingham said of flawlessly, and when asked about jolypha' s problems, he said :\nthey (jolypha' s camp) had trouble when i entered my mare on friday .\nthe french - raced jolypha, making her second start since running third against males in the breeders' cup classic last october in her american debut, barely salvaged second place, by a nose over party cited, who finished two lengths ahead of steff graf. toussaud, jolypha' s stablemate, and wedding ring were scratched .\njolypha, a french champion who ran third in the 1992 breeders' cup classic (gr. i) in her first dirt start, died march 26 after foaling an\njolypha arrived that october to contest the classic at gulfstream park. she finished behind a. p. indy and pleasant tap, both subsequent male champions. six years earlier, her full brother, dancing brave, ran fourth in the breeders' cup turf (gr. it) as the heavy favorite. jolypha' s effort earned the filly a third - place finish in eclipse award balloting for best 3 - year - old filly .\nwith only three other horses in the 1 1 / 8 - mile grass race, the 4 - 5 jolypha and desormeaux were trapped on the rail while flawlessly, on the outside, scored a nine - length victory .\njolypha, who finished third behind a. p. indy and pleasant tap in the 1992 breeders' cup classic, died last month at 16. she died after foaling an empire maker colt at juddmonte farms in lexington, ky .\ndesormeaux reached the track in time to win the seventh race, but a half - hour later, after finishing second with favored jolypha in the $ 307, 700 beverly hills handicap, he probably wished he had stayed in san diego .\nwe all learned from charlie whittingham ,\nsaid jolypha' s trainer bobby frankel, paying homage to the 80 - year - old dean of western horsemen who developed champions such as chilean cougar ii .\neverybody' s copied him .\ni really like the old geiger counter mare and her pedigree page is great! that said, i can' t find much in her production and she is a 1999. and... the flowered silk mare! her dam is 1 / 2 to dancing brave and jolypha !\njolypha was sent to trainer bobby frankel in southern california to race in 1993. returned to grass racing, she won once and was second in the beverly hills handicap (gr. it) in four starts. she retired with four wins from 10 starts and earnings of $ 988, 691 .\njolypha (usa) b. f, 1989 { 3 - d } dp = 12 - 5 - 25 - 0 - 0 (42) di = 2. 36 cd = 0. 69 - 10 starts, 4 wins, 2 places, 1 shows career earnings: $ 988, 691\ndesormeaux blamed pat valenzuela, aboard party cited, for jolypha' s predicament .\ni hope pat bet on flawlessly ,\ndesormeaux said .\nthat' s all i can say. period. he was trying to get second. second pays more than first, i guess. that' s all i can say .\n, lily link (gb) (rail link { gb }), an unraced half - sister to gi northern dancer turf s. winner redwood (gb) (high chaparral { ire }) and a granddaughter of dual group 1 winner jolypha (lyphard), also from the immediate family of champion and classic winner dancing brave ;\njolypha (1989) – champion 3 - year - old filly in france, who won the 1992 prix de diane and prix vermeille and was a strong third in that year' s breeders' cup classic behind eclipse award champion pleasant tap and the race winner, the future u. s. hall of fame colt a. p. indy\nbred and raced by juddmonte, jolypha was france' s 1992 champion 3 - year - old filly at 9 1 / 2 to 11 furlongs after winning the prix de diane hermes (fr - i, the french oaks) and the prix vermeille escada (fr - i). she also ran second in the prix saint - alary (fr - i) .\njolypha won two group 1 races in france in 1992, the prix de diane and prix vermeille. she finished eighth in the prix de l' arc de triomphe and then was sent to the united states for the breeders' cup. she was transferred to trainer bobby frankel after the classic, and won 1 of 4 starts for him before being retired in 1993 .\nwhy would females need turf to compete successfully in open company? the pace is often faster in dirt racing, and maybe females need a softer pace? no one has explained the reason too well. females must be “special” on dirt to compete with males, yet an average three - year - old stakes filly named jolypha finished third in the 1992 breeders’ cup classic (g1) .\nthe french classic clean sweep was achieved in 2004 when american post took the poule d’essai des poulains. that followed the earlier juddmonte home - bred french classic triumphs in the prix du jockey club (1990 sanglamore), poule d’essai des pouliches (1990 houseproud, 2002 zenda), prix de diane hermes (1992 jolypha, 2003 nebraska tornado) and prix royal oak (1993 raintrap and 1995 sunshack) .\naccording to an eyewitness in the box seat area, bobby frankel, jolypha' s trainer, threw his binoculars after the race. approached by a member of the hollywood park publicity staff after the race, frankel said :\nhow stupid can those... (jockeys) be. don' t... talk to me. i don' t want to talk to anyone. goodby .\nin fact, the average finish for females in the dirt breeders’ cup classic is solid if anyone thinks about how azeri, zenyatta and havre de grace fared in their respective years. none of them won the dirt version, but they all finished fifth or higher. the trend falls in line with how jolypha ran. if a horse can beat half the field of a normal - sized race, it is logical to conclude they rightfully belonged as a contender .\ndescribing the way he rode party cited, valenzuela said :\ni had the second horse (jolypha) inside of me, and i was trying to catch (flawlessly). chris (mccarron) was long gone and i couldn' t hold second. i mean, the second horse probably was much the best, but you have to ride for your owners and get all the money you can. once i saw that i couldn' t win it, i tried to get second and just couldn' t do it .\ndel mar, calif. - - jolypha, the best 3 - year - old filly in france last season, and let' s elope, australia' s horse of the year, are among the stars in saturday' s $ 300, 000 ramona handicap at del mar. only one contender in the field, flawlessly, has a u. s. background. sunday' s $ 300, 000 eddie read handicap will have a similarly cosmopolitan look; the majority of the prospective starters raced abroad before launching a second career in the united states .\nleading trainer andré fabre, who has scored before in this race with the likes of lypharita (1985), jolypha (1992), nebraska tornado (2003) and golden lilac (2011), is triple - handed this time. probably his best prospect for a fifth win is esoterique (by danehill dancer), who is coming off a neck second to flotilla in the poule d' essai des pouliches, which has been her only loss to date. maxim guyon is scheduled to be the rider for the baron edouard de rothschild home - bred, who has every chance .\njolypha, by lyphard. champion 3yo in france in 1992 (9. 5 - 11f). 4 wins from 1600m to 2400m, 2, 707, 000fr. , us $ 462, 500, chantilly prix de diane, gr. 1, longchamp prix vermeille, gr. 1, saint - cloud prix dorina, 2d hollywood park beverly hills h. , gr. 1, longchamp prix saint - alary, gr. 1, 3d breeders' cup classic s. , gr. 1, 4th santa anita goodwood h. , gr. 2. sister to dancing brave, balleta (dam of barricade), javandra (dam of idaho quest), three - quarter - sister to darling dame (dam of majestic vintage), grand door prize, half - sister to anasazi (dam of kilo alpha, runaway). dam of 11 foals, 6 to race, 4 winners, inc: -\ncolt at khalid abdullah' s juddmonte farms near lexington. the 16 - year - old kentucky - bred daughter of lyphard ruptured an intestine during the delivery. empire maker stands at juddmonte .\nshe was really a beautiful mare, a real looker, but experienced hard luck with her foals ,\nsaid farm manager garrett o' rourke .\nat 4: 2nd: beverly hills h. (usa - g1) 1992 champion 3 - year - old filly in france. died from foaling complications after delivering a colt by empire maker, 26 march 2005. (close )\njockey: corey a. black trainer: robert j. frankel owner: juddmonte farm breeder: juddmonte farm\n* current year statistics include all north american races and dubai world cup day. career statistics include results from all countries .\n* current year includes north american and dubai world cup day statistics; all previous years include results from all countries .\nracing achievements and top 100 rankings include north american (u. s. , canada and puerto rico) thoroughbred races only .\nequibase company is the official supplier of racing information and statistics to america' s best racing, breeders' cup, daily racing form, ntra, the jockey club, tra, tvg and xpressbet .\nproprietary to and © 2018 equibase company llc. all rights reserved. the terms of use for this web site prohibit the use of any robot, spider, scraper or any other automated means to access the contents of this site. the terms of use also expressly prohibit the republication or dissemination of the contents of this screen without the prior written consent of equibase company llc .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nkent desormeaux had car trouble while in the san diego area sunday, causing him to miss his first three mounts on the card .\nas desormeaux watched the replay of the race in the jockeys' room, he said :\nthe other horse (pace - setter steff graf) died quicker than pat' s horse died .\nasked to elaborate later, desormeaux said :\nyou stood in front of the tv and watched the race. that' s exactly what happened .\nthe furor over the ride by desormeaux clouded a spectacular return by flawlessly, the 1992 female grass champion who returned to action after a seven - month absence. the 5 - year - old daughter of affirmed and la confidence, a nijinsky ii mare, became the first back - to - back winner of the beverly hills since swingtime in 1977 - 78 .\nflawlessly, timed in 1: 47, paid $ 3. 80 as the second choice, winning for the 12th time in 20 starts. the purse of $ 180, 200 pushed her earnings over the $ 1. 5 - million mark for her owners and breeders, louis and patrice wolfson .\nshe had been training so well that it was scary ,\njockey chris mccarron said of flawlessly .\nshe had been moving forward so much better this time than she had for this race last year. but when charlie says they' re fit, you know they' re fit. she' s a champion. i was very confident .\nhollywood park - based trainer mark hennig had a big day for the team valor stable, saddling star of cozzene to win the $ 500, 000 caesars international handicap at atlantic city and also winning the $ 114, 500 locust grove handicap at churchill downs with lady blessington. jose santos rode star of cozzene, who evened his rivalry with lure at two victories apiece by overtaking the claiborne farm runner in the last sixteenth of a mile for a one - length victory. lure, the 4 - 5 favorite, was 9 1 / 4 lengths ahead of finder' s choice, the third - place horse, and val des bois ran fourth. star of cozzene, utilizing the rain - soaked course that he prefers, paid $ 7 to win, running 1 3 / 16 miles on a turf officially listed as firm in 1: 53 1 / 5. at churchill, corey black rode lady blessington to a half - length win over gone seeking. lady blessington, paying $ 6. 80, ran 1 1 / 8 miles on grass in 1: 50 .\nbest pal has been assigned high weight of 121 pounds for saturday' s $ 500, 000 hollywood gold cup. of the expected starters, the other weights are 118 for bertrando, marquetry and sir beaufort; 117 for latin american and rough habit; 115 for missionary ridge and potrillion; 114 for lottery winner and 113 for major impact... . alex solis suffered a minor leg injury in the third race and took off the rest of his mounts... . chris mccarron rode three winners... . in a race simulcast from golden gate fields, flagship commander, a 2 - year - old gelding ridden by martin pedroza and trained by bob baffert, scored a five - length victory in the $ 100, 000 ladbroke futurity. flagship commander' s first start, against maidens at hollywood park on june 9, resulted in a four - length victory .\nthe - racehorse is an online horse racing and breeding magazine with information on horse racing and breeding statistics .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, states, usa, television, ... more\nthis heavy foreign representation has become typical of the sport here. since marylanders have had the chance to bet on the california races via simulcast, many have noted that the most unfamiliar and confusing aspect of west coast racing is the abundance of horses making their first u. s. starts. in the east, such horses are relatively rare and when they do appear, they don' t win very often. here they win with such frequency that bettors can never ignore them .\nmany foreign horses come to the united states because the purses are greater than in their homelands; many come to california because the climate makes year - round turf racing possible. but the main reason for the success of foreign horses is that california trainers have learned to take animals accustomed to a radically different style of racing and training and get them acclimated to the american sport .\nfrankel, ron mcanally and neil drysdale all have established themselves as masters of the art. and now a younger generation is copying them .\nbob hess jr. , a rising star of his profession, said :\nyou have to watch your peers and learn from them. patience - - as drysdale and whittingham show - - is the key .\nhess won the opening - day oceanside stakes at del mar with a french colt making his first u. s. start .\npatience has always been the hallmark of the whittingham style, and patience is what foreign horses require. they need to spend time in this country before launching their careers in earnest. mcanally, trainer of bayakoa and paseana, two argentine horses who became u. s. champions, says the acclimatization process depends on the hemisphere from which the horse comes .\nthe european horses will come over and run one big race, then they' ll tail off for a couple months before they get back into form. you can practically chart it on a graph. for south american horses, it takes a minimum of four months to get them acclimated to our style of running and training and, most important, our weather .\nfrankel said that the key to training the imports - - who are mostly distance runners on the grass - - is to not change their style too much. in new york, he said, trainers tend to give foreign horses a regimen of short workouts to sharpen their speed. californians, despite their reputation for emphasizing speed, have learned to give these horses longer, slower works .\nmany people think these horses are slow and that they have to put speed into them ,\nfrankel explained .\nbut most of these horses do have speed; in europe, they just take those horses back and let them finish fast instead of blasting them out of the gate the way we do. you don' t have to do anything different with these horses. if you try to change their style and make speed horses out of them, you' ll ruin them .\nhorseplayers in california have to cope so frequently with imports that they learn the basics of foreign form. it' s an axiom that horses who perform well in graded stakes in england and france will be tough here. but even horses who don' t look particularly good on paper will pull surprises .\na few years ago, many argentine horses were shipped to florida, and their past performances all displayed victories in impressive - sounding graded stakes. just about all of them were flops. my rule of thumb was that a stakes winner at san isidro was the equivalent of a $ 14, 000 claiming horse. yet mcanally managed to buy two filly stars at san isidro and win breeders' cup races with them .\nthe california trainers have learned to identify the foreign horses who are genuine and who can make the transition to u. s. racing. many have developed a network of agents and contacts in other countries to spot prospects for them .\nyou' ve got to have the right people advising you - - people who know our style of racing here ,\nmcanally said. he means that any horse who comes here must possess speed; plodders who run in two - mile races would be useless in the united states .\nwhile many ready - made grass stars come to america, there is another, completely different market for imports. as large numbers of well - bred u. s. horses have been sold at yearling auctions and sent overseas, many have flopped in europe without ever getting the chance to run on dirt. jeff siegel, co - manager of team valor, which puts together syndicates for horse purchases, said :\nour main play is to buy horses with american dirt pedigrees who failed on the grass .\nsiegel and his partners won the $ 1 million santa anita handicap with just such a horse - - the 50 - 1 martial law .\nthis continuous infusion of new blood is one of the reasons that california racing is so strong and so competitive. and it' s one of the reasons that betting can be so tough. in one race here, handicappers had to deal with shippers from longchamp, salisbury and newmarket. california horseplayers, like california trainers, must develop an international perspective .\nhe quit his state department job to play video games. now he’s a star in the nba’s 2k league .\nhow exactly will the kawhi leonard situation end? and other lingering nba offseason questions .\nread stories based on reporting for “trump revealed, ” a broad, comprehensive biography of the life of the 45th president .\nclick here for the thoroughbred village home page. for village news, follow @ tbvillage on twitter. for horseracing tips, follow @ villagebet on twitter. to contact the mayor by email: click here .\nstrike whilst the iron is hot reductio ad absurdum the richest man is not he who has the most, but he who needs the least .\ntwenty or so years ago, when lyphard flourished as one of the best sons of northern dancer at stud, few would have predicted that in the early years of the 21st century his male line would seem to be fading fast in the northern hemisphere. such appears to be the case, as we are reminded by the death last week of commander in chief, the best son of his best son, dancing brave .\nwhile the danzig, sadler’s wells and nureyev branches all thrive to some degree, the lyphard line, like that of nijinsky, is not the potent force that we might have hoped and expected it to be when he had numerous active and popular sons at stud. but that is the way of male lines; outstanding sires may get outstanding sons, seemingly creating a scenario where proliferation seems likely, yet very often, as with such as hyperion and bold ruler, within a few generations there may be only one or two viable direct descendants. commander in chief, the dual derby winner of 1993, spent his entire stud career at the yuushun stallion station on the japanese island of hokkaido, and though he started quite well, he could not sustain his early promise. it is true that he has many sons yet to run, and perhaps 50 yet to be born, so we cannot be certain that he has failed to extend the lyphard line, but chances are that if he is to feature in prominent pedigrees of the future, it will be on the distaff side .\ncommander in chief, of course, was bred by khalid abdullah, who has developed a number of successful stallions at his studs in england and kentucky, and his own racing operation has regularly profited from the exploits of their progeny. the saudi prince got commander in chief from his own dancing brave, and likewise warning from his own known fact, the pair being half - brothers out of slightly dangerous, a daughter of roberto who was one of juddmonte’s foundation mares .\nbut a private breeder can scarcely hope to produce a dynasty of successful sires, and it is through his development of female lines that the racing side of his business stands or falls. the fact that abdullah has rarely felt the need to get involved in the yearling market since his stud became established illustrates just how well he and his team have fashioned the progress of the families .\nin the case of slightly dangerous (bought not much more than a month before her second place in time charter’s 1982 oaks), most of her best offspring were colts. along with warning and commander in chief, there were deploy (shirley heights; second in the irish derby) and dushyantor (sadler’s wells; second in the derby). but there were also fillies retained for the broodmare band, most notably irish oaks runner - up and us grade 1 winner yashmak (danzig), though her stud contribution to date does not amount to much. better results have come from her listed - placed halfsister shirley valentine (shirley heights), whose five stakes - calibre runners include group 3 winners memorise (lyphard) and multiplex (danehill). group 3 - placed jibe (danzig) has thus far proved no more successful than her sister, but the youngest of the siblings, return (sadler’s wells) already has the us listed winner to sender (king’s best) to her credit. it would seem folly to bet against the slightly dangerous family yielding more stars in the years to come .\ntwo other juddmonte families, tracing to early purchases for the stud, have been making waves in 2007, and we must give pride of place to that of 1978 cheveley park stakes heroine sookera (roberto), acquired from robert sangster in the early 1980s. from sookera’s daughter kerali high line) came hasili (kahyasi), just a minor winner herself, but as a broodmare a legend in her own lifetime. any mare whose first six foals win at any level is a rarity, but hasili has surpassed most in the history of the breed by delivering six who have succeeded in pattern company, four of them in group / grade 1. and the first of them, dansili (danehill) was france’s champion sire in 2006 .\nthe odd one out of the sextet is heat haze (green desert), twice a grade 1 winner in the states, the others all being full siblings to dansili – the fillies banks hill and intercontinental, and colts cacique and champs elysees. the last - named, with no group 1 form on his cv, might be counted a comparative failure, but he broke through for pattern success when lifting the group 3 prix d’hedouville at longchamp last month .\nthe other juddmonte family earning great distinction this year is that descending from flare pass (buckpasser), who joined the stud in the 1982 acquisition of the breeding stock formerly owned by kentucky’s belair farm. flare pass’s daughter proflare (mr prospector) was a smart winner and listed - placed in france, and while her brood does not quite match up to that of hasili, she does have six offspring who have succeeded at listed level or above .\ntrue flare (capote) was a grade 2 winner in the states, as was apple of kent (kris s). river flare (riverman) won twice in listed company at three, having been group 3 - placed at two, and her achievements were exceeded by three who followed her. capital secret (capote) was a group 3 winner in germany, war zone (danzig) won a group 3 in france and a grade 3 in america, and set alight (hennessy) collected a group 3 in france .\nbut it does not end there, because true flare is now a notable broodmare. her first son art master (royal academy) was twice a group 3 winner in france before reaching a place at grade 2 level in the states, and her second, the now four - year - old latent heat (maria’s mon), was successful in the grade 1 malibu stakes last december .\non his first start in 2007 latent heat won the grade 2 san carlos handicap at santa anita, and on sunday true flare became one of only two mares to have produced a brace of graded winners this year when her five - year - old daughter indian flare (cherokee run) took the grade 2 vagrancy handicap at belmont park. indian flare goes next for grade 1 glory in the ballerina stakes at saratoga, and as her dam has colts by storm cat (two - year - old), empire maker (yearling), and giant’s causeway (foal) in the pipeline, it seems safe to predict that this is another juddmonte family which will continue to prosper .\nknown fact, rainbow quest, dancing brave, dowsing and miserden were not juddmonte bred horses .\nas far as i can find they have bred 97 group 1 winners, however noble mission is quoted as being their 100th individual group 1 winner .\nin almost every way, khalid abdullah’s juddmonte farms serves as the modern model of how to build a world - class racing and breeding organization. abdullah bought first - class racehorses and broodmares on the open market, but he also has utilized a tactic that consistently has rewarded growing operations by buying intact broodmare bands from other successful breeders on more than one occasion .\nabdullah’s purchase of belair farm and its broodmare band from herbert schnapka (who had bought belair from brownell combs ii in the late 1970s) in 1982 has not produced anything as good as frankel, who descends from one of a group of mares purchased from the estate of john hay whitney. the belair purchase, whose 1, 100 acres form the core of the current juddmonte farm near lexington, ky. , did, however, include juddmonte foundation mares responsible for the production of at least 10 group 1 / grade 1 winners. the most recent of these, seek again, won the grade 1 hollywood derby last december and added a sharp victory last weekend in saratoga’s grade 2 fourstardave handicap to his résumé .\nseek again’s third dam, donut’s bunnie, was bred by the late verne h. winchell, whose son, ron, campaigns the prominent 3 - year - olds untapable and tapiture this year, and was purchased by belair after her racing career. winchell built his first fortune through a chain of doughnut shops in california, earning the sobriquet the “donut king, ” a name he passed on to the first horse he bought at public auction. one of the best horses sired by the 1954 kentucky derby winner determine, donut king won the 1961 champagne stakes and ran second in the garden state stakes and hawthorne gold cup, all grade 1 - caliber events at the time .\ndonut king stood in california and was moderately successful, siring 16 stakes winners from 266 foals. donut’s bunnie was not among the stakes winners, but she showed some ability on the racetrack, winning four races and placing in stakes on the northern california and california fair circuits. donut’s bunnie was the best thing in her immediate family, but her fourth dam, blonde belle, by north star iii, was a full sister to 1926 kentucky derby winner bubbling over .\nat the time of abdullah’s purchase, donut’s bunnie’s best produce had been prove me wrong, a prove out gelding who placed in a stakes race at finger lakes. abdullah always has had the midas touch with breeding stock, however, and donut’s bunnie paid an immediate dividend, producing the high - class blushing groom filly nashmeel from the first mating for donut’s bunnie planned by juddmonte .\nthe winner of the group 2 prix d’astarte and the prix des lilas, nashmeel also finished second in the group 1 prix jacques le marois in france and the grade 1 yellow ribbon and matriarch in the united states. she passed on that quality to her offspring, producing stakes winners lynton to the cover of lyphard and battle dore to juddmonte’s french derby winner sanglamore .\nfar and away her best offspring, though, was light jig, nashmeel’s daughter by the great juddmonte - raced sire danehill. trained initially in france by pascal bary, she did not race at 2 but won her second start at 3 and placed in the listed prix de la seine and prix de thiberville. just as so many other juddmonte fillies did, light jig dramatically improved after being transferred to the barn of bobby frankel as a 4 - year - old. light jig won allowances at santa anita and hollywood park and was beaten a nose in another before rallying to win the grade 2 beverly hills handicap at hollywood. unplaced in the grade 1 john c. mabee, she rebounded with a four - length romp in the grade 1 yellow ribbon. light jig closed her career with a disappointing effort, finishing seventh, 7 1 / 2 lengths behind ouija board, in the breeders’ cup filly and mare turf at lone star park .\nlight jig’s first foal, luxury brand, by dynaformer, was unplaced in her only start. her second, treble jig, by gone west, won twice in eight starts for abdullah from ages 2 to 4 in england but blossomed in the middle east after being sold for about $ 19, 000 at the doncaster sale of horses in training in 2011. treble jig has won five stakes in dubai and saudi arabia, including the group 3 jebel ali mile .\nlight jig’s third foal, make light, a filly by empire maker, is unraced, but her fourth, merry jaunt, a filly by street sense, won once in six starts in england. seek again is her fifth foal. trained initially in england by john gosden, he won the first of his two starts at 2 and the first and last of his five starts in england at 3, none in stakes. shipped to california for his final start at 3, seek again outkicked admiral kitten to win the grade 1 hollywood derby .\nseek again has run well in all three of his starts this year at 4 for trainer bill mott, running a superlatively game second to two - time horse of the year wise dan in the grade 1 woodford reserve turf classic, falling short by a head, and finishing third behind real solution and kaigun in the grade 1 manhattan before his fourstardave victory .\nseek again is closely related to treble jig, since his sire is speightstown, one of the best sons of treble jig’s sire, gone west. bred in kentucky by aaron and marie jones, speightstown was a slightly small but spectacular - looking yearling at the 1999 keeneland july sale of select yearlings, where eugene melnyk paid $ 2 million for him .\nspeightstown showed considerable ability almost from the outset, but injuries interrupted the natural flow of his racing career at critical moments and delayed recognition of his true worth until he was 6. favored at 5 - 2 for his debut at 2 at saratoga, he finished last, beaten 15 lengths. speightstown immediately made amends when he resurfaced at gulfstream park the following winter, winning a six - furlong maiden race by almost seven lengths .\ntrainer philip england took a stab at the kentucky derby trail by running speightstown in the one - mile gotham stakes, but the gone west colt is built like a sprinter – small, compact, short - coupled, and extraordinarily muscular. he was beaten almost 25 lengths in the gotham and never raced beyond seven furlongs again .\nspeightstown regrouped to win three straight allowance races at woodbine that summer and was beaten only a length after setting fast fractions in the grade 2 amsterdam at saratoga by the speedy city zip, but he suffered an injury in that race and did not run again for almost two years. switched to todd pletcher’s stable, speightstown ran only twice at 5, beating the previous year’s breeders’ cup classic winner, volponi, in an allowance and running second in the jaipur handicap, in which he was injured again .\nspeightstown finally made it through a season without injury as a 6 - year - old in 2004, and he showed what he could do when healthy, winning 5 of 6 starts and earning champion sprinter honors. he captured the seven - furlong artax handicap at gulfstream park in his first start back, then wired a good field in the grade 2 churchill downs handicap, beating mccann’s mojave by 3 1 / 2 lengths .\ncutting back to six furlongs for the grade 2 true north and alfred g. vanderbilt made no difference, and speightstown extended his winning streak to four, but he weakened late after stumbling at the start in his first attempt at a grade 1 in the vosburgh, finishing third behind pico central and voodoo. speightstown showed a new dimension in the breeders’ cup sprint, allowing longshots abbondanza and gold storm to set the pace before sweeping by in the stretch to beat kela by 1 1 / 4 lengths, running the six furlongs in a sizzling 1: 08. 11. he eclipsed the 100 beyer speed figure mark in each of his six starts at 6, topped by his 117 in the vanderbilt .\nretired to winstar farm in 2005, speightstown has been a success from the outset of his stud career. he showed in his first crop that he could sire horses with more stamina than he possessed when haynesfield (out of nothing special, by tejabo) beat the eventual champion blame in the 2010 grade 1 jockey club gold cup at 1 1 / 4 miles. that first crop also included grade / group 1 winners lord shanakill (green room, by theatrical), jersey town (jersey girl, by belong to me), mona de momma (society gal, by linkage), and reynaldothewizard (holiday runner, by meadowlake), who emulated his sire by not winning his grade 1 until he was 7 .\nspeightstown has since sired grade 1 / group 1 winners golden ticket (business plan, by deputy minister), dance to bristol (dance to dawn, by louis quatorze), poseidon’s warrior (poised to pounce, by smarten), lighthouse bay (pay lady, by seeking the gold), and she’s happy (she’s an angel, by sadler’s wells), in addition to seek again. he ranked second on the north american general sire list in 2013 and third in 2012 .\noverall, speightstown has sired 60 stakes winners from 552 foals ages 3 and up, an outstanding 10. 9 percent strike rate. with seek again as his leading earner this year, speightstown now ranks third on the 2014 sire list through thursday behind runaway leader tapit .\nlight jig has since produced the current 3 - year - old filly likelihood, by mizzen mast, who has won 1 of 7 races in england. her 2 - year - old filly by quality road, reeltop, is unraced to date, and she has a yearling filly by rock hard ten. light jig was bred back to speightstown this year .\ndonut’s bunnie’s female line may not have been as productive as some others for juddmonte, but it appears to have found a genuine star once again in seek again .\nwhile the bloodstock market has moved through a series of phases over the last decade, not least a recession and correction as a result of the global economic downturn, one constant has always been the presence of the juddmonte farms draft of mares and fillies off the track at the tattersalls december breeding stock sale. year in and year out, astute buyers clamor for piece of the breeding empire established by khalid abdullah. with the draft’s average generally ranging between 30, 000 and 50, 000gns with top prices in the 150, 000gns to 350, 000gns range, it provides a welcome boost to the middle / lower market of the sale .\nmirroring the overall market at last year’s tattersalls december sale, the 2013 juddmonte draft was the farm’s strongest since the turn of the decade, with an average of 52, 471gns and a high - price of 280, 000gns commanded by the unraced 3 - year - old filly anew (gb) (oasis dream { gb }), whose dam is a half - sister to the prolific producer hasili (ire). this year’s juddmonte draft of 36 fillies out of training - - all to be sold during the sale’s third session dec. 3 - - could very well rival those results, with some quality representatives of some of the operation’s best families set to go under the hammer. juddmonte will also offer a collection of 16 broodmares between today and tomorrow .\nlord teddy grimthorpe, racing manager to khalid abdullah, noted that the decisions on which races fillies are culled are more about choosing the very best to add to the juddmonte broodmare band - - which numbers around 250 between europe and the u. s. - - rather than deciding which should be sold .\n“we’d try to preserve the best pedigrees and the best racehorses to come back to stud, and those that we have quite a lot of the family or that don’t come up to the very high standards we have would probably get sold, ” he said, adding, “we cannot keep everything. ”\n, another unraced 3 - year - old named time being (gb) (zamindar), and this time a full - sister to g1 falmouth s. winner timepiece (gb), and a half to g1 criterium de saint - cloud victor passage of time (gb) (dansili { gb }) and father time (gb) (dansili { gb }), winner of royal ascot’s g2 king edward vii s. it is also the immediate family of champion and four - time group 1 winner twice over (gb) (observatory) .\nsavvy buyers, however, will also be looking below the top ranks of the juddmonte draft, considering the fact that juddmonte mares sold in this ring for between 3, 000gns and 21, 000gns have produced nine group 1 winners since 2004. those include the four - time group 1 - winning sprinter sole power (gb) (kyllachy { gb }), whose dam, demerger, was a 4, 000gns buy; dual grade i winner marketing mix (medaglia d’oro), whose dam cost 20, 000gns; eclipse champion leroidesanimaux (brz) (candy stripes), sire of animal kingdom, whose dam was hammered down for 3, 000gns and three - time g1 melbourne cup heroine makybe diva (gb) (desert king { ire }), whose dam was worth just 21, 000gns when she went through the ring in 1997. other grade / group 1 winners whose dams are juddmonte / tattersalls graduates include funny moon (malibu moon) and heatseeker (ire) (giant’s causeway). green room (theatrical { ire }), the dam of group 1 winners lord shanakill (speightstown) and together forever (ire) (galileo { ire }), was a 20, 000gns buy at tattersalls’ february sale in 2005. mares purchased from the juddmonte draft at tattersalls december have produced a total of 14 group 1 winners since 2004 .\n“the middle market is naturally the most important to the majority of medium - range breeders, ” lord grimthorpe commented. “usually it all filters down - - it’s naturally a supply and demand business, but usually if the top is strong that increases the middle market to a certain extent, and also the lower end of the market. there has to be something for everyone. ”\njuddmonte stands seven sires at its banstead manor stud in newmarket, a number that appears small compared to some of the bloodstock business’s other superpowers, but that septet oozes quality all the way through, its established flagbearers including dansili and oasis dream. the first weanlings to hit european sales rings by frankel at recent foal sales included the €1. 8 million record - sitting filly out of finsceal beo (ire) at goffs, and another juddmonte freshman, bated breath (gb), has had his first foals sell for up to $ 107, 000 in recent weeks. juddmonte will unveil another heavyweight next year when four - time group 1 winner and cartier horse of the year kingman (gb) (invincible spirit { ire }) covers his first book .\nlord grimthorpe noted kingman is “in great form, ” since his relocation from trainer john gosden’s yard to banstead manor. “he’s settled in like a pro, ” he said. “it’s so exciting to have a horse like him on the stallion roster. ”\ncommenting on the first - crop foals by frankel, timeform’s highest - ever rated horse, lord grimthorpe added, “we’ve been very pleased with ours. they seem to be athletic and have good temperaments. it’s very exciting that in under two years they’re going to be hitting the racetrack. ”\nhe added, “there are plenty like him. they have quite a familiar head and his great movement and body. they’re all developing now - - most of them are no more than six months old, so it’s hard to get a really good handle on them, but certainly we’ve been pleased with the initial sightings. ”\nfrankel received yet another boost to his glowing page when his full - brother noble mission (gb) (galileo { ire }) garnered three group 1 events in 2014, culminating in the g1 champion s. oct. 18, and that juddmonte homebred recently arrived at lane’s end farm in kentucky, where he will take up stud duty in 2015. lord grimthorpe shed some light on the decision to stand the 5 - year - old in the u. s. , explaining, “we looked at various options for him. lane’s end came up with a very good solution for all of us, including the horse. ”\nlord grimthorpe said he “very much hoped” juddmonte would support noble mission with some of its own mares. “we’ve retained an interest in the horse, so i would imagine prince khalid would want to, ” he said .\nchampions like frankel, noble mission and kingman will ensure juddmonte’s breeding - shaping families live on for many generations, and breeders will have a chance to get in on the legacy this week at tattersalls .\ni briefly wondered whether juddmonte was the actual breeder of makybe diva, but they sold the dam in december 1997, and she was sold in foal in december 1998 .\nstand to gain, in australia won the sydney cup, he' s an ex - pat juddmonte horse, otherwise - yes only foreteller, as far as g1 wins goes, there' s been 5 stakes winners this current season of ex juddmonte horses down here in australia already .\nit is unlikely to find a stud that would increase the market value of its stallion team for the last 10 years as juddmonte farm, england. in 2005 it had six stallions with an average fee of 15, 583 pounds; this year it has seven stallions but the average fee grew 255 per cent to 55, 357 pounds .\njuddy wrote: stand to gain, in australia won the sydney cup, he' s an ex - pat juddmonte horse, otherwise - yes only foreteller, as far as g1 wins goes, there' s been 5 stakes winners this current season of ex juddmonte horses down here in australia already .\nofficially bred by millsec limited which i believe is a business consortium with kallid < span style =\nline - height: 1. 4 ;\n> abdullahs sons. < / span >\nthanks djebel - have wondered what millsec' s connection to juddmonte was for a while .\ni' ve got a spreadsheet of over 500 juddmonte horses, who' ve won 1100 races, so have seen the millsec name quite a bit .\njust an fyi: in an email i received from juddmonte last week it stated :\nmillsec is a juddmonte owned company .\ncampaspe, scenic was bred by lyonstown stud in ireland. don' t know if the property was owned by coolmore that far back but no apparent juddmonte connection .\ndarcey' s royal mare - golden alibai. grand flotilla, rail link, sylph, price tag ,\nthe international breeding operation started by saudi prince khalid abdullah more than 30 years ago has arguably been more influential than any other in world racing during the past 100 years. as juddmonte’s newest superstar is readied for a crucial test at glorious goodwood on wednesday, bloodstock analyst janet hickman looks at the reasons for this great success story .\nno horse in europe this season has made a greater impression than kingman. and when the john gosden - trained 3 - year - old miler, winner of the g1 st james’s palace stakes at royal ascot last month, lines up in wednesday' s g1 sussex stakes at goodwood, he is favourite to add another momentous chapter to the khalid abdullah story .\nthe history and achievements of the abdullah racing and breeding empire have been recorded, notably and most recently by noted bloodstock writer tony morris on the juddmonte website. but why has this particular empire succeeded so spectacularly and consistently ?\nthe embryonic operation began in england in the spring of 1979 with the victory of the jeremy tree - trained 2 - year - old charming native, but it grew up fast. that same year, abdullah had two of the best british juveniles, abeer and g1 middle park stakes winner known fact. when the latter landed abdullah' s first classic with the disqualification of nureyev in the 1980 2, 000 guineas, he was the first of a century of individual juddmonte g1 winners across the world, trained in britain, ireland, france, and north america." ]

{ "text": [ "jolypha ( 20 april 1989 – 26 march 2005 ) was a french thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .", "a full-sister to the european champion dancing brave , she proved herself one of the best three-year-old fillies in the world in 1992 , winning the prix de diane and prix vermeille on turf in europe before running third on dirt against male opposition in the breeders ' cup classic .", "she was permanently transferred to the united states in the following year but won only one minor race in four attempts .", "she was then retired to become a broodmare in kentucky , where her record as a producer of winners was moderate .", "she died in 2005 at the age of sixteen . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 14, 7, 14 ] }

[ "jolypha (20 april 1989 – 26 march 2005) was a french thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. a full-sister to the european champion dancing brave, she proved herself one of the best three-year-old fillies in the world in 1992, winning the prix de diane and prix vermeille on turf in europe before running third on dirt against male opposition in the breeders' cup classic. she was permanently transferred to the united states in the following year but won only one minor race in four attempts. she was then retired to become a broodmare in kentucky, where her record as a producer of winners was moderate. she died in 2005 at the age of sixteen." ]

[ "species name: hypsagonus quadricornis common name: fourhorn poacher accessioned: burke museum of natural history and culture catalog number: uw 111943 scanned by: adam p. summers scanner model: brucker skyscan 1173 date scanned: 6 feb 2016 voxel size: 25. 9 um phantom: yes comments: image :\nmarine zoological study of the fourhorn poacher hypsagonus quadricornis (here styled aspidophorus quadricornis) a fish native to the northern pacific ocean. side view. plate 80 from the book histoire naturelles des poisons…tome 1 - 21 …by georges cuvier and achille valenciennes (paris, f. g. levrault, 1828 - 1849). inscribed below ‘aspidophore à quatre cornes. aspidophorus quadricornis. nob. ’ and attributed ‘werner del. impe. de langlois. pedretti sculp. ’ georges cuvier (1773 - 1838), baron cuvier, french zoologist, was elected a foreign member of the royal society in 1806. achille valenciennes (1794 - 1865), french zoologist .\nregion (s) of distribution of fourhorn poacher (hypsagonus quadricornis) (valenciennes, 1829) in the arctic as digitized for u. s. geological survey scientific investigations report 2016 - 5038. for details on the project and purpose, see the report at urltoken complete metadata for the collection of species datasets is in the metadata document\ndataset _ for _ alaska _ marine _ fish _ ecology _ catalog. xml\nat urltoken source (s) for this digitized data layer are listed in the metadata process steps section. note that the original source may show an extended area; some datasets were limited to the published map boundary. distributions of marine fishes are shown in adjacent arctic seas where reliable [... ]\nregion (s) of distribution of fourhorn poacher (hypsagonus quadricornis) (valenciennes, 1829) in the arctic as digitized for u. s. geological survey scientific investigations report 2016 - 5038. for details on the project and purpose, see the report at urltoken complete metadata for the collection of species datasets is in the metadata document\ndataset _ for _ alaska _ marine _ fish _ ecology _ catalog. xml\nat urltoken source (s) for this digitized data layer are listed in the metadata process steps section. note that the original source may show an extended area; some datasets were limited to the published map boundary. distributions of marine fishes are shown in adjacent arctic seas where reliable data are available. the data were clipped to show only the marine distribution areas although some species also may have an inland presence .\ngreek, hypi = high + greek, gonio = angle (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; demersal; non - migratory; depth range 0 - 452 m (ref. 50550), usually 100 - 150 m (ref. 56580). temperate; 1°c - 9°c (ref. 56580); 62°n - 46°n, 171°e - 121°w (ref. 57307 )\nnorth pacific: sea of okhotsk, sea of japan (ref. 559), kuril islands (ref. 56580) and the bering sea to puget sound, washington, usa .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 12. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 56580); common length: 10. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 56580); max. published weight: 24. 00 g (ref. 56580); max. reported age: 7 years (ref. 56580 )\ndorsal spines (total): 8 - 11; dorsal soft rays (total): 5 - 7; anal spines: 0; anal soft rays: 8 - 11; vertebrae: 35 - 37. lower lobe of pectoral fin with 7 to 8 free rays. a barbel is present on the tip of the snout. dorsum highly elevated at nape. branchial membrane free from isthmus. supralateral and infralateral plates attached to each other on lateral line. dorsal fins close to each other. lateral line plates less than 15 .\nrocky sand, gravel, or pebble bottoms. frequently covered by featherlike polyps (small hydroid animals) (ref. 2850) .\neschmeyer, w. n. , e. s. herald and h. hammann, 1983. a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america. boston (ma, usa): houghton mifflin company. xii + 336 p. (ref. 2850 )\n): 3. 5 - 7. 2, mean 5. 4 (based on 78 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 7500 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00490 (0. 00193 - 0. 01241), b = 3. 06 (2. 83 - 3. 29), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 2 ±0. 4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (24 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants in idaho .\nyour browser does not have support for cookies enabled. some features of this application will not work .\nthorsteinson, l. k. , 2017, dataset for alaska marine fish ecology catalog: u. s. geological survey data release, urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsite design: russ hopcroft. all pictures on this website can be used for educational purposes with reference to this site, except for the posted presentations\nfree and easy to use, the open science framework supports the entire research lifecycle: planning, execution, reporting, archiving, and discovery." ]

{ "text": [ "the fourhorn poacher ( hypsagonus quadricornis , also known as the four-horned sea-poacher ) is a fish in the family agonidae ( poachers ) .", "it was described by achille valenciennes in 1829 , originally under the genus aspidophorus .", "it is a marine , temperate water-dwelling fish which is known from the northern pacific ocean , including the sea of okhotsk , the sea of japan , the bering sea , the kuril islands , and washington , usa .", "it is non-migratory , and dwells at a depth range of 0 to 452 metres ( 0 to 1,483 ft ) , most often at around 100 to 150 metres ( 330 to 490 ft ) .", "it inhabits sediments of sand and gravel .", "males can reach a maximum total length of 12 centimetres ( 4.7 in ) , but more commonly reach a tl of 10 centimetres ( 3.9 in ) .", "the maximum recorded weight is 24 grams ( 0.053 lb ) , and the maximum recorded age is 7 years .", "the fourhorn poacher is preyed on by hippoglossus stenolepis .", "its own diet consists of crustaceans including shrimp , crabs , isopods , amphipods , and ostracods , as well as bony fish , gastropods , and polychaetes . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 13, 18, 18, 0, 14, 12, 8 ] }

[ "the fourhorn poacher (hypsagonus quadricornis, also known as the four-horned sea-poacher) is a fish in the family agonidae (poachers). it was described by achille valenciennes in 1829, originally under the genus aspidophorus. it is a marine, temperate water-dwelling fish which is known from the northern pacific ocean, including the sea of okhotsk, the sea of japan, the bering sea, the kuril islands, and washington, usa. it is non-migratory, and dwells at a depth range of 0 to 452 metres (0 to 1,483 ft), most often at around 100 to 150 metres (330 to 490 ft). it inhabits sediments of sand and gravel. males can reach a maximum total length of 12 centimetres (4.7 in), but more commonly reach a tl of 10 centimetres (3.9 in). the maximum recorded weight is 24 grams (0.053 lb), and the maximum recorded age is 7 years. the fourhorn poacher is preyed on by hippoglossus stenolepis. its own diet consists of crustaceans including shrimp, crabs, isopods, amphipods, and ostracods, as well as bony fish, gastropods, and polychaetes." ]

[ "glycythyma chrysorycta is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by meyrick in 1884. it is found in india, sri lanka, myanmar, japan, korea, china, taiwan and australia, where it has been recorded from queensland .\nglycythyma chrysorycta is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by meyrick in 1884. it is found in india, [ 1 ] sri lanka, myanmar, japan, korea, china, taiwan [ 2 ] and australia, where it has been recorded from queensland .\nthe adult moths of this species are yellow with wiggly brown lines across each wing. the wingspan is about 1. 5 cms .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nmeyrick, e. 1884 ,\non the classification of australian pyralidina\n, transactions of the entomological society of london, vol. 1884, pp. 277 - 350\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 36c0f86e - 673d - 4fa1 - 841c - 19e0ecd71f39\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 3c14b936 - 198d - 4c13 - acfd - 1ab05448a511\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 4bd6d646 - bf6a - 4275 - 90ea - c87b4a052efa\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 6501dbf1 - 048e - 490e - b04a - 3733f1458536\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 2ddc5026 - ed89 - 41fe - ac20 - c1dcf86a84c5\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 411744\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nमराठी abor aborh aboriginal afghan (all bats) assamese (all shrews) assamese (all squirrels) assamese andaman angami naga anglais / english arab arunachal assam assamese awadhi baduga and kurumba bahava baluchi bangla bauris of deccan beng bengal bengali bengali. benglish benhali bhagalpore hill tribes bhagulpore hill tiibes bhojpuri bhutia bihari bihari languages blue english bn bodo boro braj brngali bundelkand burm burmese cabbage white cach cach. cachar chakma chakma tribe chin cingalese common name coorg coorgi croogi daff deccan dimasa dogri dravidian languages duff dur dutch dzongkha (bhutan) east nepal en eng english englishhindi english / hindi englishindih english name etawah euploea mulciber garh garhwali garo gond gondi gonds guinea - bissau gujarat gujarathi gujarati gujrati hi hill - tribes near simla hima himachali languages; western pahari languages hin hind hindi hindi% 2c bengali hindi, bengali hindi, bengali hindi / english hindihi ho hyderabad igilwat indian languages indic languages iran irula jain kach kachchi kanna kannada karbi kash kashi kashmiri khanada khannada khasi kiraalbogi kn konkani kuki kutchi ladak ladakhi ladh ladk lakh lepcha lush lush. m ma mahrashtrian (bombay) maithili makum mal malaya malayalam malayalam english malayalam / tamil malayam malgache malyalam mani manip manipur manipuri mar mara marathi marathi / hindi marma marwari mech mech. megh meghalaya meitei mhari mik\nmikir miri miri & abor mishing mizo mn mullakurumba mullu mullukurumba naga nagaland ne nelliampathi nepa nepalese nepali nepalies nepalis not specified nowgong, assam nuwari onges oraon orissa oriya ormo orrisa others (kutchhi) others ladakhi others (tribal) adi others (tribal) aka others (tribal) apatani others (tribal) bangni / nyishi others (tribal) bugun others (tribal) garo others (tribal) idu mishmi others (tribal) khasi others (tribal) kuki others (tribal) miji others (tribal) monpa others (tribal) monpa - zemithang area others (tribal) naga others (tribal) nyishi others (tribal) rongmei others (tribal) sherdukpen others (tribal) tangkhul others (tribal) wancho palpa pamp panjabi; punjabi pers plant hopper pokhara port prakrit languages ptyas punj punjabi punjapi punj chicalote mex pushto; pashto rabha rajasthani rajbanshi rajbungshi ratnagiri red silk - cotton tree sans sanskrit sanskriti sant santhali satar sd si sibsagar sikkim sind sindhi sing sinhala sinhala; sinhalese sinhalese sino - tibetan languages southeast asian south india south india & the north span spanish sund sylh sylhet sylt synt syth ta tamang tamil tamil (tribal) tangkhul te tel. telegu telugu the hooded dendrobium. tibet tibetan tibetean timne tipp toda tripura tulu urdu urdu. urdu (bangladesh) urdu shalgom beng viet waddars yerkali കൂണ്‍\nwe would like to know your feedback and any ideas on making this group a more interesting and a happening place. we are thankful for your wonderful contribution to this group and would like to hear from you soon .\n| | best supported on google chrome, firefox 3. 0 +, internet explorer 8. 0 +, safari 4. 0 +, opera 10 +. powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform. technology partner strand life sciences\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nthe wingspan is about 17 mm. adults are yellow with wiggly brown lines across the wings. [ 3 ] adults are on wing from june to july .\nthis page was last edited on 23 february 2018, at 16: 22 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nthis sighting hasn' t been described yet! be the first to describe this sighting .\n. each record tells when. see dataset links for citations & terms of use .\nthe wingspan is about 17 mm. adults are yellow with wiggly brown lines across the wings. adults are on wing from june to july .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "glycythyma chrysorycta is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by meyrick in 1884 .", "it is found in india , sri lanka , myanmar , japan , korea , china , taiwan and australia , where it has been recorded from queensland .", "the wingspan is about 17 mm .", "adults are yellow with wiggly brown lines across the wings .", "adults are on wing from june to july . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 8, 8 ] }

[ "glycythyma chrysorycta is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by meyrick in 1884. it is found in india, sri lanka, myanmar, japan, korea, china, taiwan and australia, where it has been recorded from queensland. the wingspan is about 17 mm. adults are yellow with wiggly brown lines across the wings. adults are on wing from june to july." ]

[ "what type of species is nassarius idyllius? below, you will find the taxonomic groups the nassarius idyllius species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of nassarius idyllius species? below, you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species nassarius idyllius .\nhow to identify nassarius idyllius marine species? below, you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species nassarius idyllius. for each identification criteria, the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species nassarius idyllius are marked in green .\nwhere is nassarius idyllius found in the world? below, you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species nassarius idyllius can be found .\nnassarius idyllius by lambert m. surhone, mariam t. tennoe, susan f. henssonow\nnassariidae » nassarius idyllius, id: 571753, shell detail « shell encyclopedia, conchology, inc .\nnassarius (zeuxis) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 accepted as nassarius duméril, 1805\nsubgenus nassa (aciculina) adams, 1853 accepted as nassarius (aciculina) a. adams, 1853 accepted as nassarius duméril, 1805\nsubgenus nassa (venassa) martens, 1881 accepted as nassarius (zeuxis) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 accepted as nassarius duméril, 1805\n» species nassa (niotha) reicosa a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius albescens albescens (dunker, 1846) accepted as nassarius albescens (dunker, 1846 )\nnassarius (arcularia) caelatus torresiana (var .) hedley, c. , 1915\nle genre nassarius a été décrit par le malacologue français andré marie constant duméril en 1806 .\nspecies nassa abyssinica marrat, 1877 accepted as nassarius sinusigerus (a. adams, 1852 )\nspecies nassa badia a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius olivaceus (bruguière, 1789 )\nspecies nassa beata gould, 1860 accepted as nassarius sinusigerus (a. adams, 1852 )\nspecies nassa bucculenta marrat, 1880 accepted as nassarius comptus (a. adams, 1852 )\nsubgenus nassa (zeuxis) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 accepted as nassarius (zeuxis) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 accepted as nassarius duméril, 1805\n» species nassa (phrontis) coronula a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius (niotha) coronulus (a. adams, 1852) accepted as nassarius coronulus (a. adams, 1852 )\nspecies nassa abyssicola a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius abyssicola (a. adams, 1852 )\nspecies nassa acutidentata e. a. smith, 1879 accepted as nassarius multigranosus (dunker, 1847 )\nspecies nassa aenigmatica w. h. turton, 1932 accepted as nassarius vinctus (marrat, 1877 )\nspecies nassa afra (philippi, 1851) accepted as nassarius coronulus (a. adams, 1852 )\nspecies nassa albanyana w. h. turton, 1932 accepted as nassarius capensis (dunker, 1846 )\nspecies nassa callospira a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius callospira (a. adams, 1852 )\nsubgenus nassa (niotha) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 accepted as nassarius duméril, 1805\n» species nassa (zeuxis) marratii accepted as nassarius marratii (e. a. smith, 1876 )\nspecies nassa australis a. adams, 1853 accepted as nassarius clarus (marrat, 1877) (invalid: junior secondary homonym of buccinum australe menke, 1843 [ = nassarius pauperatus (lamarck, 1822) ] )\nnassarius est un genre de mollusques gastéropodes, de la famille des nassariidae et de la sous famille des nassariinae .\n» species nassa (alectrion) pallidula a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius dorsatus (röding, 1798 )\n» species nassa (alectrion) seminodosa a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius hirtus (kiener, 1834 )\n» species nassa (alectryon) mucronata a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius gaudiosus (hinds, 1844 )\n» species nassa (arcularia) callosa a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius fraudulentus (marrat, 1877 )\n» species nassa (eione) orbiculata a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius kraussianus (dunker, 1846 )\n» species nassa (tritia) costellifera a. adams, 1853 accepted as nassarius margaritifer (dunker, 1847 )\n» species nassa (tritia) dealbata a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius pyrrhus (menke, 1843 )\n» species nassa (tritia) trifasciata a. adams, 1853 accepted as nassarius vinctus (marrat, 1877 )\n» species nassa (zeuxis) lentiginosa a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius reeveanus (dunker, 1847 )\n» species nassa (zeuxis) pallidula a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius dorsatus (röding, 1798 )\n» species nassa (zeuxis) sertula a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius haldemani (dunker, 1847 )\nspecies nassa aracanensis e. a. smith, 1899 accepted as nassarius sinusigerus (a. adams, 1852 )\n» species nassa (eione) sondeiana k. martin, 1895 † accepted as nassarius pullus (linnaeus, 1758 )\n» species nassa (hebra) jonkeri k. martin, 1883 † accepted as nassarius gruneri (dunker, 1846 )\n» species nassa (hinia) verbeeki k. martin, 1895 † accepted as nassarius castus (gould, 1850 )\n» species nassa (niotha) rajaensis k. martin, 1895 † accepted as nassarius conoidalis (deshayes, 1832 )\n» species nassa (phrontis) tiarula sensu sturany, 1904 accepted as nassarius delicatus (a. adams, 1852 )\n» species nassa (telasco) verbeeki k. martin, 1895 † accepted as nassarius castus (gould, 1850 )\n» species nassa (aciculina) glabrata a. adams, 1853 accepted as nassarius vittatus (a. adams, 1853 )\n» species nassa (aciculina) labiata a. adams, 1853 accepted as nassarius labiatus (a. adams, 1853 )\n» species nassa (aciculina) maculata a. adams, 1853 accepted as nassarius vittatus (a. adams, 1853 )\n» species nassa (alectrion) mitralis a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius fuscus (hombron & jacquinot, 1848 )\n» species nassa (alectrion) monilis (kiener, 1834) accepted as nassarius distortus (a. adams, 1852 )\n» species nassa (alectrion) plicatella a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius niveus (a. adams, 1852 )\n» species nassa (alectryon) caelata a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius caelatus (a. adams, 1852 )\n» species nassa (alectryon) collaticia melvill & standen, 1901 accepted as nassarius sinusigerus (a. adams, 1852 )\n» species nassa (alectryon) elegans (kiener, 1834) accepted as nassarius comptus (a. adams, 1852 )\n» species nassa (alectryon) monilis (kiener, 1834) accepted as nassarius distortus (a. adams, 1852 )\n» species nassa (alectryon) scalaris a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius scalaris (a. adams, 1852 )\n» species nassa (arcularia) bimaculosa a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius bimaculosus (a. adams, 1852 )\n» species nassa (arcularia) callospira a. adams, 1874 accepted as nassarius callospira (a. adams, 1852 )\n» species nassa (arcularia) leptospira a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius leptospira (a. adams, 1852 )\n» species nassa (arcularia) nana a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius bellulus (a. adams, 1852 )\n» species nassa (caesia) plicatella a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius niveus (a. adams, 1852 )\n» species nassa (caesia) simplex e. a. smith, 1880 accepted as nassarius tango f. scarabino, 2004\n» species nassa (eione) callospira a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius callospira (a. adams, 1852 )\n» species nassa (eione) nana a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius bellulus (a. adams, 1852 )\n» species nassa (hebra) echinata a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius echinatus (a. adams, 1852 )\n» species nassa (hima) acutidentata e. a. smith, 1879 accepted as nassarius multigranosus (dunker, 1847 )\n» species nassa (hima) eximia h. adams, 1872 accepted as nassarius eximius (h. adams, 1872 )\n» species nassa (hima) polignaci lamy, 1923 accepted as nassarius pumilio (e. a. smith, 1872 )\n» species nassa (hima) sinusigera a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius sinusigerus (a. adams, 1852 )\n» species nassa (hinia) siquijorensis a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius siquijorensis (a. adams, 1852 )\n» species nassa (niotha) dijki k. martin, 1895 accepted as nassarius dijki (k. martin, 1895 )\n» species nassa (niotha) ovum k. martin, 1880 † accepted as nassarius ovum k. martin, 1880 †\n» species nassa (niotha) pusio a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius fretorum (melvill & standen, 1899 )\n» species nassa (niotha) sinusigera a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius sinusigerus (a. adams, 1852 )\n» species nassa (phrontis) crenolirata a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius crenoliratus (a. adams, 1852 )\n» species nassa (phrontis) delicata a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius delicatus (a. adams, 1852 )\n» species nassa (phrontis) fissilabris a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius fissilabris (a. adams, 1852 )\n» species nassa (telasco) dispar a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius graphiterus (hombron & jacquinot, 1848 )\n» species nassa (tritia) nivea a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius niveus (a. adams, 1852 )\n» species nassa (tritia) plicatella a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius niveus (a. adams, 1852 )\n» species nassa (zeuxis) canaliculata (lamarck, 1822) accepted as nassarius siquijorensis (a. adams, 1852 )\n» species nassa (zeuxis) levukensis r. b. watson, 1882 accepted as nassarius castus (gould, 1850 )\n» species nassa (zeuxis) ovum k. martin, 1880 † accepted as nassarius ovum k. martin, 1880 †\n» species nassa (zeuxis) varicifera a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius variciferus (a. adams, 1852 )\nspecies nassa angulicostis pilsbry & h. n. lowe, 1932 accepted as nassarius nodicinctus (a. adams, 1852 )\nspecies nassa angulifera a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius anguliferus (a. adams, 1852) (original combination )\nspecies nassa bellula a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius bellulus (a. adams, 1852) (original combination )\nspecies nassa bimaculosa a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius bimaculosus (a. adams, 1852) (original combination )\nspecies nassa caelata a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius caelatus (a. adams, 1852) (original combination )\n» species nassa (eione) dorsuosa a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius pullus (linnaeus, 1758) (basionym )\n» species nassa (hima) crawfordi g. b. sowerby iii, 1892 accepted as nassarius kochianus (dunker, 1846 )\n» species nassa (phrontis) gangetica preston, 1904 accepted as nassarius subconstrictus (g. b. sowerby iii, 1899 )\n» species nassa (desmoulea) japonica a. adams, 1853 accepted as nassarius praematuratus (kuroda & habe in habe, 1960 )\n» species nassa (hima) japonica a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius praematuratus (kuroda & habe in habe, 1960 )\n» species nassa (niotha) angsansa k. martin, 1921 † accepted as nassarius reussi (k. martin, 1880) †\n» species nassa (niotha) ngawiana k. martin, 1895 † accepted as nassarius ngawianus (k. martin, 1895) †\n» species nassa (niotha) stigmaria (a. adams, 1852) accepted as nassarius stigmarius (a. adams, 1852 )\n» species nassa (niotha) sturtiana melvill & standen, 1901 accepted as nassarius pseudoconcinnus (e. a. smith, 1895 )\n» species nassa (niotha) talahabensis k. martin, 1921 † accepted as nassarius talahabensis (k. martin, 1921) †\n» species nassa (telasco) stoliczkana g. nevill & h. nevill, 1874 accepted as nassarius nodifer (powys, 1835 )\n» species nassa (tritonella) fuscata a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius stimpsonianus (c. b. adams, 1852 )\n» species nassa (zaphon) tambacana k. martin, 1884 † accepted as nassarius tambacanus (k. martin, 1884) †\n» species nassa (zeuxis) madiunensis k. martin, 1895 † accepted as nassarius madiunensis (k. martin, 1895) †\n» species nassa (aciculina) vittata a. adams, 1853 accepted as nassarius vittatus (a. adams, 1853) (basionym )\n» species nassa (alectrion) distorta a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius distortus (a. adams, 1852) (basionym )\n» species nassa (alectrion) micans a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius micans (a. adams, 1852) (basionym )\n» species nassa (eione) bellula a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius bellulus (a. adams, 1852) (basionym )\n» species nassa (eione) bimaculosa a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius bimaculosus (a. adams, 1852) (basionym )\n» species nassa (eione) leptospira a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius leptospira (a. adams, 1852) (basionym )\n» species nassa (aciculina) babylonica r. b. watson, 1882 accepted as nassarius babylonicus (r. b. watson, 1882 )\n» species nassa (alectrion) psila r. b. watson, 1882 accepted as nassarius psila (r. b. watson, 1882 )\n» species nassa (alectryon) babylonica r. b. watson, 1882 accepted as nassarius babylonicus (r. b. watson, 1882 )\n» species nassa (alectryon) eranea melvill & standen, 1901 accepted as nassarius obesus (g. nevill & h. nevill, 1875 )\n» species nassa (hebra) babylonica r. b. watson, 1882 accepted as nassarius babylonicus (r. b. watson, 1882 )\n» species nassa (hima) capillaris r. b. watson, 1882 accepted as nassarius capillaris (r. b. watson, 1882 )\n» species nassa (hima) pseudoconcinna e. a. smith, 1895 accepted as nassarius pseudoconcinnus (e. a. smith, 1895 )\n» species nassa (hima) tenuis e. a. smith, 1875 accepted as nassarius praematuratus (kuroda & habe in habe, 1960 )\n» species nassa (niotha) agapeta r. b. watson, 1882 accepted as nassarius agapetus (r. b. watson, 1882 )\n» species nassa (profundinassa) babylonica r. b. watson, 1882 accepted as nassarius babylonicus (r. b. watson, 1882 )\n» species nassa (zeuxis) psila r. b. watson, 1882 accepted as nassarius psila (r. b. watson, 1882 )\nspecies nassa agapeta r. b. watson, 1882 accepted as nassarius agapetus (r. b. watson, 1882) (original combination )\nspecies nassa babylonica r. b. watson, 1882 accepted as nassarius babylonicus (r. b. watson, 1882) (original combination )\nspecies nassa bicallosa e. a. smith, 1876 accepted as nassarius bicallosus (e. a. smith, 1876) (original combination )\nspecies nassa brychia r. b. watson, 1882 accepted as nassarius frigens (martens, 1878) accepted as tritia frigens (martens, 1878 )\nsubgenus nassa (amycla) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 accepted as nassarius (gussonea) monterosato, 1912 accepted as tritia risso, 1826\n» species nassa (uzita) beberkiriana k. martin & icke, 1906 † accepted as nassarius beberkirianus (k. martin & icke, 1906) †\n» species nassa (hebra) diluta e. a. smith, 1899 accepted as nassarius dilutus (e. a. smith, 1899) (basionym )\n» species nassa (tritia) coppingeri e. a. smith, 1881 accepted as nassarius coppingeri (e. a. smith, 1881) (basionym )\n» species nassa (alectryon) obesa g. nevill & h. nevill, 1875 accepted as nassarius obesus (g. nevill & h. nevill, 1875 )\nspecies nassa aegyptiaca fischer p. in vassel, 1880 accepted as nassarius nitidus (jeffreys, 1867) accepted as tritia nitida (jeffreys, 1867) (synonym )\nspecies nassa bailyi pilsbry & h. n. lowe, 1932 accepted as nassarius bailyi (pilsbry & h. n. lowe, 1932) (original combination )\nspecies nassa cancellata a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius jonasii (dunker, 1846) (invalid: junior homonym of nassa cancellata i. lea, 1833 )\nsubgenus nassa (hebra) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 accepted as hebra h. adams & a. adams, 1853 accepted as nassarius duméril, 1805\n» species nassa (tritia) brychia r. b. watson, 1882 accepted as nassarius frigens (martens, 1878) accepted as tritia frigens (martens, 1878 )\nspecies nassa albipunctata reeve, 1853 accepted as nassarius versicolor (c. b. adams, 1852) accepted as phrontis versicolor (c. b. adams, 1852 )\n» species nassa (alectryon) flammulata schepman, 1911 accepted as nassarius comptus (a. adams, 1852) (invalid: junior homonym of nassa flammulata preston, 1909 )\n» species nassa (phrontis) tiarula sensu dautzenberg, 1929 accepted as hebra corticata (a. adams, 1852) accepted as nassarius niger (hombron & jacquinot, 1848 )\n» species nassa (hebra) sistroidea g. nevill & h. nevill, 1874 accepted as hebra subspinosa (lamarck, 1822) accepted as nassarius subspinosus (lamarck, 1822 )\n» species nassa (hima) sistroida g. nevill & h. nevill, 1874 accepted as hebra subspinosa (lamarck, 1822) accepted as nassarius subspinosus (lamarck, 1822 )\n» species nassa (aciculina) striata a. adams, 1853 accepted as nassarius pupinoides (reeve, 1853) (invalid: junior homonym of nassa striata c. b. adams, 1852 )\n» species nassa (nassa) costata a. adams, 1853 accepted as nassarius castus (gould, 1850) (invalid: junior homonym of nassa costata s. v. wood, 1848 )\n» species nassa (uzita) junghuhni k. martin, 1895 † accepted as hebra junghuhni (k. martin, 1895) † accepted as nassarius junghuhni (k. martin, 1895) †\nspecies nassa callosa a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius fraudulentus (marrat, 1877) (invalid: junior secondary homonym of cassis callosa röding, 1798, and buccinum callosum dujardin, 1837 )\n» species nassa (naytia) glabrata (sowerby, 1842) accepted as nassarius glabratus (g. b. sowerby ii, 1842) accepted as naytia glabrata (g. b. sowerby ii, 1842 )\nsubgenus nassa (caesia) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 accepted as nassarius (caesia) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 accepted as caesia h. adams & a. adams, 1853\n» species nassa (hima) townsendi melvill, 1897 accepted as nassarius frederici (melvill & standen, 1901) (invalid: junior homonym of nassa townsendi dall, 1890; n. frederici is a replacement name )\nsubgenus nassa (phrontis) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 accepted as nassarius (phrontis) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 accepted as phrontis h. adams & a. adams, 1853\nsubgenus nassa (tritonella) a. adams, 1852 accepted as nassarius (hima) leach in gray, 1852 accepted as tritia risso, 1826 (invalid: junior homonym of tritonella swainson, 1839 [ amphibia ] )\nspecies nassa antiquata r. b. watson, 1897 accepted as nassarius recidivus (martens, 1876) accepted as tritia recidiva (von martens, 1876) (invalid: junior homonym of nassa antiquata gabb, 1864 )\n» species nassa (aciculina) costata a. adams, 1853 accepted as nassarius labiatus (a. adams, 1853) (invalid: junior homonym of nassa costata s. v. wood, 1848; nassa terebroides is a replacement name )\n» species nassa (tritia) ephamilla r. b. watson, 1882 represented as nassa ephamilla r. b. watson, 1882 accepted as nassarius ephamillus (r. b. watson, 1882) accepted as tritia ephamilla (r. b. watson, 1882 )\ncernohorsky w. o. (1984). systematics of the family nassariidae (mollusca: gastropoda). bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14: 1 - 356. [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nphilippines. balicasag island. taken with lumun - lumun nets, 50 - 80 m. collected by local fishermen. april 2010 .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 002 seconds. )\nshells for sale, shells online « shells for sale, conchology, inc .\nclick on an image to view all the information: family, species, author, date, and full locality .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 313 seconds. )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nmelvill, j. c. & standen, r. 1901 ,\nthe mollusca of the persian gulf, gulf of oman, and the arabian sea, as evidenced mainly through the collections of mr. f. w. townsend, 1893 - 1900; with descriptions of new species\n, proceedings of the zoological society of london, vol. 1901, no. ii, pp. 327 - 460 pls xxi - xxiv\noostingh, c. h. 1939 ,\ndie mollusken des pliocaens von sued - bantam in java\n, publications of the mijnbouw in nederlandsch - indië. geological magazine, vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 163 - 187, pls 14 - 16\nkoperberg, e. j. 1931 ,\njungtertiäre und quartäre mollusken von timor\n, jaarboek van het mijnwezen in nederlandsch - indië, verhandlingen, vol. 1930, no. 1, pp. 1 - 165, pls1 - 3\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: be9ee026 - 7f29 - 4cde - ae92 - b966ebefe8c5\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 541698\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nvalérie75, vincnet, mirgolth, flabot, mi ga, hexabot, fredd, mirgolthbot, purplehz, commonsdelinker, herculebot, wikicleanerbot, totodu74, grouchobot, goudron92, archaeodontosaurus, llez, emausbot, merliwbot, makecat - bot, wieralee, addbot, dcb .\n» species nassa (arcularia) labecula a. adams, 1852 accepted as tritia burchardi (dunker, 1849 )\n» species nassa (demoulea) pinguis (a. adams, 1853) accepted as demoulia obtusata (link, 1807 )\n» species nassa (desmoulea) crassa adams a. , 1853 accepted as demoulia obtusata (link, 1807) (synonym )\n» species nassa (desmoulea) pinguis adams a. , 1853 accepted as demoulia obtusata (link, 1807) (synonym )\n» species nassa (hima) luteola e. a. smith, 1879 accepted as reticunassa luteola (e. a. smith, 1879) (original combination )\nsubgenus nassa (naytia) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 accepted as naytia h. adams & a. adams, 1853\nsubgenus nassa (telasco) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 accepted as tritia risso, 1826\nsubgenus nassa (uzita) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 accepted as tritia risso, 1826\nsubgenus nassa (zaphon) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 accepted as caesia h. adams & a. adams, 1853\nnomenclature historically, the name nassa was established independently by two authors with different taxonomical extensions: 1. nassa..." ]

{ "text": [ "nassarius idyllius is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae , the nassa mud snails ( usa ) or dog whelks ( uk ) . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "nassarius idyllius is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae, the nassa mud snails (usa) or dog whelks (uk)." ]

[ "new / updated rodents in ensembl 90: kangaroo rat (updated genes), guinea pig (updated genes), golden hamster (new), degu (new), damara mole rat (new), brazilian guinea pig (new), algerian mouse (new), lesser egyptian jerboa (new), ryukyu mouse (new; imported annotation), prairie vole (new), naked mole rat (new; two assemblies available), chinese hamster ovary (new; imported annotation), northern american deer mouse (new), long - tailed chinchilla (new), shrew mouse (new; imported assembly), upper galilee mountains blind mole rat (new), squirrel (updated genes) and chinese hamster (new) .\neviatar nevo, an evolutionary biologist at the university of haifa in israel, thinks that sympatric speciation could be much more common than is generally believed—and he says that he has found a method to help prove it. his team has been studying the upper galilee mountains blind mole rat (spalax galili) in a small area of northern israel where geological activity has pushed igneous basalt rock against the chalk bedrock. the sharp geological boundary is reflected at the surface: some plants living above the chalk are not seen above the basalt, and vice versa. blind mole rats are found in both the basalt - derived and chalk - derived soils, and nevo' s team studied their mitochondrial dna. although in some places mole rats in the two soil types are separated by just a few meters of easily dug dirt, the researchers found clear genetic differences .\nblind mole rats could be a real eye - opener for evolutionary science. according to a new study, the burrowing rodents are key to answering a controversial question about how new species arise .\nhow to cite this article: fang, x. et al. genome - wide adaptive complexes to underground stresses in blind mole rats spalax. nat. commun. 5: 3966 doi: 10. 1038 / ncomms4966 (2014) .\naccession codes: the blind mole rat (spalax galili) whole - genome shotgun projects have been deposited in ddbj / embl / genbank nucleotide core database under the accession code axcs00000000. all short read data have been deposited in ddbj / embl / genbank short sequence read archive under the accession code sra096441. raw sequencing data of transcriptomes have been deposited in the gene expression omnibus as under the accession code gse49485 .\nadaptive radiation of blind subterranean mole rats: naming and revisiting the four sibling species of the spalax ehrenbergi superspecies in israel: spalax galili (2n = 52), s. golani (2n = 54), s. carmeli (2n = 58), and s. judaei (2n = 60 )\n( a) the q - rich domain of bmr (spalax) and nmr (heterocephalus) clock proteins compared with that of human (homo), rat (rattus) and mouse (mus). red box indicated the expanded glutamine - rich area in bmr and nmr. (b) phylogenetic tree of the clock protein. the rooted tree describes the similarity relationships among the clock proteins of bmr, nmr, mouse, rat, ord' s kangaroo rat (dipodomys), thirteen - lined ground squirrel (spermophilus tridecemlineatus), daurian ground squirrel (s. dauricus) and human (homo) .\nit' s also the first time we' ve supported more than one genome assembly per species (naked mole rat and chinese hamster) in one ensembl database, which will allow you to continue to work with your preferred assembly, within the ensembl framework. we plan to continue to import high - quality gene sets, where available, and to use our quicker clade - based annotation, so expect lots more new genomes appearing in future ensembl releases .\njerry coyne, an evolutionary biologist at the university of chicago in illinois, is unconvinced. he identifies a clear problem: only time will tell if the two mole rat populations truly become incapable of interbreeding—until they do, it' s too soon to add this to the small pile of confirmed sympatric speciation events .\nwe plan to conduct additional habitat and mate - choice experiments, which are the decisive demonstration of the origin of a new species ,\nnevo retorts .\nthe populations differ by up to 40% of their mitochondrial dna ,\nsays nevo, who reports his findings online today in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences. despite the lack of any physical barrier\nthe gene flow between the different soil - dwelling populations is very low .\nhe has preliminary evidence that female and male mole rats taken from one soil type prefer to mate with each other even in the presence of mole rats from the other soil type—although he says more work must be done to show that this preference is strong enough to explain the genetic differences .\nnevo says that given enough time, the basalt mole rats may become so genetically distinct that they are no longer able to breed with chalk mole rats at all—in other words, he thinks his results show sympatric speciation in action. what' s more, he says ecologists could find many more examples of sympatric speciation by studying the numerous localities around the world with similarly sharp ecological boundaries. nevo predicts that populations on either side of the boundary will show unique adaptations that leave them unable to interbreed, even though individuals from the two populations come into regular contact because the boundary is not a physical barrier .\nas bmr p53 has a substitution, enabling cells to escape hypoxia - induced apoptosis in favour of a reversible cell cycle arrest 33, we compared expression levels of 57 bmr and rat orthologues involved in the p53 signal pathway (supplementary data 19). eight p53 target genes were found to be differentially regulated by hypoxia in bmr and rat (supplementary data 20). sestrin (sesn1), cyclin g (ccng1), mdm2, cytc and casp9 were downregulated in bmr but upregulated in rat, while ccnb1, cyclin d (ccnd2) and cdk 4 / 6 (cdk4) were upregulated in bmr but downregulated in rat (fig. 3). since the induction of cytc is a reflection of oxidative stress and the upregulation of casp9 may point to the activation of mitochondrial apoptosis, we assume that p53 in bmr downregulates apoptosis to avoid excessive cell loss under hypoxic conditions. our analysis results contradict previous results 9, 32 on the upregulation of mdm2 in the brain; instead, we found downregulation. this discrepancy might be explained by the difference in platforms and applied analysis techniques .\nthis is the first ever ensembl release where we’ve imported annotation from external resources, but our rigorous quality control makes us confident that these species’ annotation will meet the high standard expected of ensembl genes. it’s also the first time we’ve supported more than one genome assembly per species (naked mole rat and chinese hamster) in one ensembl database, which will allow you to continue to work with your preferred assembly, within the ensembl framework. we plan to continue to import high quality gene sets, where available, and to use our quicker clade - based annotation, so expect lots more new genomes appearing in future ensembl releases .\nthe b1 sine repeat showed significant transcriptional upregulation in hypoxia in bmr, but not in rat (supplementary note 7; supplementary table 26; supplementary fig. 43). interestingly, it has recently been shown 63 that p53 negatively controls b1 sine repeat expression in normal mammalian cells and that weak p53 control of this expression can lead to massive transcription of b1 and b2 sines accompanied with activation of an interferon response (train ‘transcription of repeats activates interferon’ phenomenon). consistently, our rna - seq data indicate that several interferon regulatory factors, implicated in the train response, are upregulated in bmr but not in rat under hypoxic conditions (fig. 3). as p53 in bmr is known to have a tumour - like substitution 33, 64, it may be that it has a weaker sine - inhibitory effect than rat p53, thus enabling activation of the train .\nwe have updated phenotype data in human (nhgri - ebi gwas catalog, omim and mim morbid, clinvar, cosmic gene census, ddg2p and orphanet), mouse (impc, mgi), cat, chicken, chimpanzee, cow, dog, horse, macaque, pig, rat (rgd), sheep, turkey and zebrafish (zfin) .\nincreased mrna and protein expression levels observed in potentially hypoxia - adaptive genes in bmr versus rat are complemented by changes on the genic level: for example, vegfb (vascular endothelial growth factor b) has four copies in bmr. as growth factors regulate cell growth and division, vegfb plays a significant role in the survival of blood vessels 69 and may therefore contribute to bmr’s adaptation to hypoxia .\nnext, we detected rna editing making use of transcriptome reads obtained from bmr and rat hypoxia samples (supplementary figs 21–33). a - to - i rna editing is more prevalent in primates than in rodents 54 and catalysed by adenosine deaminases acting on rna (adar) enzymes. abundance of similar sines in a genome increases the chance of two similar and reversely oriented elements to reside next to each other 55. when transcribed, they are likely to form a double - stranded rna structure, the preferred substrate for adar .\nin addition, the glial cell line - derived neurotrophic factor family has expanded in bmr because of multiple duplications of the gene gfra1. as the bmr brain is twice as large as that of a rat with similar body size 21, 22, 23, and since gfra1 can serve as a potent neuronal survival factor 61, its over - representation may have contributed to the enlargement of the motor structures and somatosensory system in the bmr brain, enabling highly developed digging activity and sense physiology to replace sight 18, 19, 20 .\nsergey gavrilets, an evolutionary biologist at the university of tennessee, knoxville, is more comfortable with the idea that the mole rats may be undergoing speciation. but is it sympatric speciation ?\ni don' t know ,\nhe says. the two populations certainly live side - by - side today, but it' s challenging to prove that the genetic differences between them were not locked in place at an earlier date when the two were physically separated. that said, gavrilets agrees with nevo that sharp ecological boundaries may be\nespecially promising\nlocations to search for examples of sympatric speciation—examples that could settle the controversy about how common the process really is .\nfor bmr, the set of samples includes two samples under 21% o 2, one sample under 14% o 2, one sample under 10% o 2, two samples under 6% o 2 and one sample under 3% o 2. for rat, the set of samples includes one sample under 21% o 2, one sample under 14% o 2, one sample under 10% o 2 and two samples under 6% o 2, rna samples were abstracted from the whole brain. for each sample, an rna sequencing library was constructed using the illumina mrna - seq prep kit. paired - end rna - seq libraries were prepared following illumina’s protocols and sequenced on the illumina hiseq 2000 platform .\nthe circadian rhythm of the bmr has been previously studied and genes involved were identified 58, 59, 60. multi - alignments of the protein sequences of circadian genes revealed that both bmr and nmr clock proteins have an expanded q - rich region compared with that of the human and mouse, and are different in amino - acid composition from that of the rat 58 (fig. 2a). the phylogenetic tree indicates that the bmr and the nmr clock proteins display a higher similarity in amino - acid composition, despite being phylogenetically distant (fig. 2b). since the glutamine - rich area is assumed to be involved in circadian rhythmicity 58, the similarity in amino - acid composition of the bmr and nmr clock genes may indicate convergent evolution by these subterranean animals .\nwe predicted the protein - coding genes in bmr using a combination of homology - based and de novo methods, as well as transcript evidence. for the homology - based prediction, human (ensembl release 64), mouse (ensembl release 64), rat (ensembl release 64) and nmr proteins 41 were collected and mapped on the genome using tblastn. then, homologous genome sequences were aligned against the matching proteins using genewise to define gene models. for de novo predictions, augustus, glimmerhmm, snap and genscan were employed to predict coding genes. parameters were trained based on the predicted genes from searching homologous and high - confidence transcriptomes. in addition, rna - seq data generated for this study were mapped to the genome using tophat, and transcriptome - based gene structures were obtained by cufflinks (urltoken). finally, all lines of gene evidence were combined together using glean (urltoken). for genes that were predicted solely ab initio, only those with transcriptome coverage more than 50% or rpkm higher than 5 were retained for further analysis. we obtained a reference gene set that contained 22, 168 genes for the bmr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnature communications. (ejournal / emagazine, 2010) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: nature communications. publisher: [ london ]: nature publishing group isbn / issn: 2041 - 1723 oclc: 614340895\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nthank you for visiting nature. com. you are using a browser version with limited support for css. to obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer). in the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .\nthe lack of light in subterranean burrows presumably has triggered a complex mosaic of traits involving light perception, including severe ocular regression with a subcutaneous minute degenerated eye, coupled with the elaboration of photoperiodic perception 16, 17. the bmr has evolved a larger brain volume compared with that of rodents of similar body size because of the development of an expanded neocortex with developed vibrational, tactile, vocal, olfactory and magnetic (spatial) orientation systems replacing sight as well as the enlargement of the motor structures related to digging activity 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 .\nin addition, the bmr shows a striking resistance to cancer: not a single case of spontaneous tumour development was recorded among thousands of captive animals over a 40 - year period, including animals over 20 years old that may be more vulnerable to cancer. experiments using chemical carcinogens to induce tumour growth had negative results in bmr, while 100% of mice, rats and acomys (an additional wild rodent species) developed tumours 34. moreover, in an in vitro system bmr fibroblasts were shown to inhibit growth and even kill cells from various human cancer cell lines 34. recent findings suggest that the unique bmr anticancer mechanism is mediated by an induction of the necrotic cell - death mechanism in response to hyperproliferation 35 .\nthe time of divergence (with error range shown in parentheses) of bmr and 12 other mammals based on orthologous proteins. points of taxon divergence are shown in millions of years. our result supports the division of rodents into three clades: the mouse - related clade, ctenohystrica (guinea pig and relatives) and the squirrel - related clade 70 .\none outstanding issue in the evolution of murid reproduction is the timing of diversification of murid - specific genes expressed solely in the placenta (cathepsins, prolactins, pregnancy - specific glycoproteins and syncytins) 49. we sequenced the transcriptome of the placenta in bmr and queried the bmr genome using rodent transcripts (supplementary note 4; supplementary table 18). we identified 13 prolactins, 6 pregnancy - specific glycoproteins and 4 placental cathepsins. these numbers are intermediate between murids and nmr (supplementary table 19 and supplementary figs 12 and 13), implying that these families had started to diversify before the origin of muroidea ~ 47 mya 50. in addition, we identified two murid - specific syncytins (syna and synb), both of which are not present in the nmr. this is potentially because of differences in placental morphology .\nincrease in genomic diversity may reinforce the adaptation to subterranean lifestyle. dna and rna editing of retroelements enhances intra - and interspecies diversity. we screened the bmr genome and transcriptome for these, making bmr one of the first organisms to be comprehensively analysed for both types of editing, preceded only by human and mouse 51 .\nfirst, we detected dna editing of retroelements across the assembly. the bmr genome contains one apobec3 (a3) gene, whose product can introduce a series of c to u mutations into the negative strand of nascent retroelement dna. generation and analysis of paired alignments within ltr retrotransposon families revealed numerous retroelements containing clusters of g to a mutations, signs of dna editing by a3 (2, 459 elements, 23, 853 edited nucleotides). bmr a3, identical in protein sequence to its murine counterpart, is also identical in its preference for the g xa motif in ltr retroelement - editing sites 52. another trait shared by the bmr and murine genomes is a strong signal of editing in the active intracisternal a - type particle retroelements 53. for detailed information please refer to supplementary note 5, supplementary tables 20–23, supplementary data 11–15 and supplementary figs 14–20 .\nthe colours of elements ccnd2, ccng1, ccnb1, cdk4, cyc, casp9, irf7 and b1 sines depict expression fold changes according to rpkm, while colours of mx1, birc3, ifnb1, a1fm1, nfkb1, tnfrsf1a and fem1b represent gene copy number amplification. the green check marks on tnfrsf1a and nfkb1 indicate evidence of positive selection .\nseveral types of l1 elements demonstrate significant upregulation of expression in bmr under 3% of oxygen (supplementary fig. 44). together with b1 upregulation, this fact could be interpreted as follows: the l1 elements facilitate the genomic propagation and insertion of non - autonomous sine elements because l1 (line - 1) retrotransposons are encoding reverse transcriptase (rt) proteins. this l1 - derived rt is used by sine b1 retrotransposons (that do not encode rt) for their retrotransposition 65. the combination of ‘weak’ p53, permitting transcription of sines and l1 (source of rt) under hypoxic conditions, and frequent exposure to hypoxic stress creates conditions facilitating amplification of sines and provides a plausible explanation for high abundance of sines in the genome bmr vis - à - vis rodents living under normal conditions .\nfigure 4: evolution of the adaptive amino - acid sequence motif from the sodium channel nociceptor protein nav1. 7 in mammals .\nnote the negative net charge of the motif (as indicated by + or −) in the hypercapnia - exposed bmr (spalax), nmr (heterocephalus) and the cave microbat (myotis). the adaptive trait, which confers resistance to acidosis pain, has evolved by convergence in the three distantly related hypercapnic animal lineages .\nanalyses of hb - coding sequences appear to confirm the uniqueness of bmr with respect to its embryonic haemoglobin gamma (hbg) component by revealing a comparatively fast rate of hbg sequence evolution and evidence of an elevated non - synonymous to synonymous substitution ratio, indicative of positive darwinian selection (supplementary figs 47 and 48). three additional potentially reactive cys residues in helices a, b and d of the bmr hbg t1 and t2 paralogues may in fact protect the embryonic globin from oxidation to the non - functional methb (fe 3 +) form, as recently reported for cys - enriched hbb haplotypes in mouse 67. the cysteine content could also affect redox reactions and hb - mediated oxidative or nitrosative stress response 68 .\nwe found that nmr, not bmr, adult hba features a mutation (pro (44) > his (44) ), which is located in the switch region of the globin and affects interaction with his (97) of the hbb chain. it is therefore tempting to speculate that the his (44) amino - acid replacement in hba, commonly observed in the two hystricomorphs nmr and cavia porcellus, has facilitated an evolutionary adaptation of these taxa to hypoxic conditions, one in underground dwellings and the other in high - altitude habitats .\nwe applied whole - genome shotgun sequencing using the illumina hiseq 2000 to sequence the genome of bmr. in order to reduce the risk of non - randomness, 14 paired - end libraries, with insert sizes of about 250, 500, 800 bp, 2, 5, 10 and 20 kbp, were constructed. in total, we generated about 392. 79 g of data, of which 259. 65 g (86 × coverage) were retained for assembly after filtering out low quality and duplicated reads .\nthe bmr genome was assembled de novo by soapdenovo v2. 04. 4. first, by splitting the reads from short insert size libraries (250 ~ 500 bp) into 51 - mers and then merging the 51 - mers, we constructed the de bruijn graph. second, contigs that exhibit unambiguous connections in de bruijn graphs were collected. third, the paired - end information was subsequently used to link contigs into scaffolds, step by step, from short insert sizes to long insert sizes. in the last step, some intrascaffold gaps were filled by local assembly using the reads in a read - pair, where one end uniquely aligned to a contig, while the other end was located within the gap. the final total contig size and n50 were 2. 91 gbp and 27. 5 kbp, respectively. the total scaffold size and n50 were 3. 06 gbp and 3. 6 mbp, respectively .\nwe applied reference - assisted chromosome assembly to reconstruct pcf of the bmr genome. the bmr scaffolds larger than 10 kbp in size were aligned against the mouse (mm9; reference) and human (hsg37; outgroup) genomes using satsumasynteny 43 programme. we used bwa to map the bmr mate - pair reads to bmr scaffolds. a minimum size of 50 and 80 kbp for sfs was used in two independent reconstruction experiments .\nwe extracted and isolated rna from the villous portion of the term placenta of two species of the bmr, s. galili (id: r1280) and s. carmeli (id: r1284). library preparation and sequencing were performed by expression analysis inc. (durham, nc, usa) using illumina hiseq 2000 platform. illumina sequencing was paired - end with read lengths of 100 bp .\na correction has been published and is appended to both the html and pdf versions of this paper. the error has not been fixed in the paper .\nx. f. , e. n. , l. h. , e. y. l. , j. z. , a. a. , d. l. and x. j. contributed equally to this work as first authors. e. n. initiated, designed and coordinated the different perspectives of the study. e. n. , x. zhou, l. brodsky and j. w. conceived the study. a. a. , i. s. and m. b. prepared the samples and conducted the experimental study of hypoxia tolerance. l. h. , j. z. , x. j. , y. z. , y. f. , z. x. , z. h. , l. z. , w. z. , y. x. , q. z. , s. liu, j. c. , y. li, x. zhu, x. l. , s. li, x. zhou and j. w. performed genome sequencing, assembly, annotation and transcriptome analyses. l. brodsky, s. f. , n. s. , a. f. and a. g. conducted the bioinformatics of hypoxia tolerance. e. l. , l. bazak and b. a. k. studied dna and rna editing. t. h. , a. b. , a. kranz, t. m. and h. s. studied the globins and hypercapnia tolerance. d. l. , k. g. , m. f. , j. k. , h. l. and j. m. studied the chromosomal affiliation of the genomic assembly. d. e. w. and m. r. m. analysed the transcriptome of bmr for placenta genes. v. g. , a. s. and j. a. studied cancer resistance in bmr. g. r. , e. b. j. , s. li and a. krogh discussed the data. e. n. , x. f. , l. h. , l. brodsky, e. y. l. , d. l. , d. e. w. and v. g. interpreted the data and wrote the manuscript with significant contributions from all other co - authors .\ncopy number, legth (bp), and percentage of each te elements among genome of bmr and releated mammals .\nbmr specific genes and their expression profile according to rpkm as well as annotation information .\nby submitting a comment you agree to abide by our terms and community guidelines. if you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate .\nnature is part of springer nature. © 2018 springer nature limited. all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnat commun 5: 3966 (2014) doi: 10. 1038 / ncomms4966\nparkinson' s disease (pd) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder that results primarily from the death of dopaminergic (da) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (snc). mutations in alpha - synuclein, uchl1 (a ubiquitin carboxy - terminal hydrolase l1), parkin, dj1 (a parkin - associated protein involved with oxidative stress), and pink1 (a putative serine threonine kinase) are known to cause early - onset pd. mutations or altered expression of these proteins contributes to the damage and subsequent loss of da neurons through common mechanisms that result in proteasome dysfunction, mitochondrial impairment, and oxidative stress. the demise of da neurons located in the snc leads to a drop in the dopaminergic input to the striatum. this results in a reduced activation of the direct pathway and in a disinhibition of the indirect pathway, which is associated with the elevation of adenosine a2a receptor transmission. such unbalanced activity of the striatal output pathway is at the basis of the motor impairment observed in pd .\nentamoeba histolytica, an extracellular protozoan parasite is a human pathogen that invades the intestinal epithelium. infection occurs on ingestion of contaminated water and food. the pathogenesis of amoebiasis begins with parasite attachment and disruption of the intestinal mucus layer, followed by apoptosis of host epithelial cells. intestinal tissue destruction causes severe dysentery and ulcerations in amoebic colitis. several amoebic proteins such as lectins, cysteine proteineases, and amoebapores are associated with the invasion process. the parasite can cause extraintestinal infection like amoebic liver abscess by evading immune response .\ngenome assembly: s. galili _ v1. 0 (gca _ 000622305. 1 )\nwhat can i find? protein - coding and non - coding genes, splice variants, cdna and protein sequences, non - coding rnas .\nwhat can i find? homologues, gene trees, and whole genome alignments across multiple species .\nthis species currently has no variation database. however you can process your own variants using the variant effect predictor :\nplasmodium protozoa are parasites that account for malaria infection. sporozoite forms of the parasite are injected by mosquito bites under the skin and are carried to the liver where they develop into the merozoite form. sporozoite invasion of hepatocytes is mediated by parasite surface protein like csp. subsequent infection into red blood cells (rbcs) by merozoites causes malaria disease via aberrant cytokine production and sequestration of parasite - infected red blood cells (prbcs) to host endothelium. microvasculature sequestration in the brain brings about cerebral malaria that can results in death or persisting neurological impairment. pfemp1 has been suggested as the key adhesive molecule of prbcs .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\n© 2018 embl - ebi. all rights reserved. background image by spencer phillips\nwe’ve got 19 new or updated rodent genomes. of these, sixteen were annotated with our new clade - based system, which makes use of the similarity between species’ genomes to automatically annotate genes onto the homologous regions :\naside from rodents, we’ve got a new pig genome assembly, sscrofa11. 1 from the swine genome sequencing consortium. the assembly is created from a single duroc sow, named tj tabasco. the genome was annotated using species specific rna - seq data, pacbio long reads and cdnas, as well as proteins from related vertebrates .\nwe also have updates to our human, mouse and zebrafish gene sets. this brings us to human gencode 27, updating to the human genome patch version grch38. p10 with the latest updates from the ensembl automatic and havana manual annotation, and mouse gencode m15, with the latest ensembl and havana genes. zebrafish annotation incorporates new gene models from rna - seq and adds pri - mirnas to the other features database .\nwe have updates to our variation data coming in for human: cosmic 81 somatic variants, hgmd 2016. 4, dbsnp 150 and dgva structural variants. for both our main database and our grch37 database, now have allele frequencies from topmed (trans - omics for precision medicine) and uk10k, and, for pre - existing dbsnp variants, gnomad. we also have dgva structural variant updates for cow, dog and mouse .\nensembl provide probe mapping for a number of popular commercially - available microarrays, mapping probesets to genomic loci and ensembl genes. you can get mapping to genes through the transcript pages in the browser and biomart. we have updated our probe mappings for :\nyou’ll now be able to adjust the y - axis scale of custom wiggle tracks in the browser. we’ll be releasing a blog post about this soon .\nwe’ve updated our sequence ontology terms in our gff3 files to improve consistency and remove bugs. read more in this blog post .\nwe’ll be holding a release webinar on wednesday 6th september at 4pm bst. register here to learn more about the exciting updates to ensembl, and ask your questions to the team .\nsex is a near - universal fact of life that helps spread genes through a population. when a mountain chain or some other physical barrier blocks that spread, a population may evolve into two genetically distinct groups that are no longer able to interbreed successfully. this process is known as allopatric speciation .\nin theory, though, new species can form even without a physical barrier to force the issue. natural variation means that some individuals in a population may behave differently from their peers, for instance, and over time the differences can become great enough to prevent gene flow. exactly how often this so - called sympatric speciation occurs in nature remains a topic of hot debate .\nbut coyne thinks this search is better focused on oceanic islands that are small enough to rule out earlier episodes of physical separation .\nsympatric speciation could be more common than we think ,\nhe says .\nbut you need a propitious set of circumstances to show that .\n© 2018 american association for the advancement of science. all rights reserved. aaas is a partner of hinari, agora, oare, chorus, clockss, crossref and counter .\nensembl 90 has been released and it' s our biggest release yet in terms of number of genomes .\nwe' ve got 19 new or updated rodent genomes. of these, 16 were annotated with our new clade - based system, which makes use of the similarity between species' genomes to automatically annotate genes onto the homologous regions :\nthis is the first - ever ensembl release where we' ve imported annotation from external resources, but our rigorous quality control makes us confident that these species' annotation will meet the high standard expected of ensembl genes .\nin addition to rodents, we' ve got a new pig genome assembly: sscrofa11. 1 from the swine genome sequencing consortium. the assembly is created from a single duroc sow, named tj tabasco. the genome was annotated using species specific rna - seq data, pacbio long reads and cdnas, as well as proteins from related vertebrates .\nwe have updates to our variation data coming in for human: cosmic 81 somatic variants, hgmd 2016. 4, dbsnp 150 and dgva structural variants .\nfor both our main database and our grch37 database, now have allele frequencies from topmed (trans - omics for precision medicine) and uk10k, and, for pre - existing dbsnp variants, gnomad. we also have dgva structural variant updates for cow, dog and mouse .\nyou' ll now be able to adjust the y - axis scale of custom wiggle tracks in the browser. read our blog post about custom tracks\nwe' ve updated our sequence ontology terms in our gff3 files to improve consistency and remove bugs. read our post about gff3 and ontology terms\nget a monthly round - up of the hottest news and features from embl, straight to your inbox." ]

{ "text": [ "the upper galilee mountains blind mole-rat ( spalax galili ) is an extant species of subterranean rodent within the family spalacidae , indigenous to upper galilee in northern israel .", "following the identification of s. galili in 2001 , nevo et al. recorded specimens in the vicinity surrounding the kerem ben zimra settlement .", "s. galili is a model organism for the adaptation to underground conditions and has been genome sequenced in 2014 . " ], "topic": [ 29, 17, 4 ] }

[ "the upper galilee mountains blind mole-rat (spalax galili) is an extant species of subterranean rodent within the family spalacidae, indigenous to upper galilee in northern israel. following the identification of s. galili in 2001, nevo et al. recorded specimens in the vicinity surrounding the kerem ben zimra settlement. s. galili is a model organism for the adaptation to underground conditions and has been genome sequenced in 2014." ]

[ "cryptolechia temperata meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 165; tl: simla\ncryptolechia temperata is a moth in the depressariidae family. it was described by edward meyrick in 1910. it is found in the himalayas in india .\ncryptolechia castella zeller, 1852; k. vetenskakad. handl. 1852: 107\ncryptolechia pelophaea meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (6): 192\ncryptolechia straminella zeller, 1852; k. vetenskakad. handl. 1852: 107\ncryptolechia zeloxantha meyrick, 1934; exotic microlep. 4 (15): 478\ncryptolechia chlorozyga meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 10\ncryptolechia fascirupta; wang, 2004, ent. sinica 11 (3): 231\ncryptolechia gei; wang, 2004, ent. sinica 11 (3): 231\ncryptolechia gypsochra meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 10\ncryptolechia hoplostola meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 10\ncryptolechia isomichla meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 11\ncryptolechia prothyropa meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 11\ncryptolechia stadaea meyrick, 1934; dt. ent. z. iris 48: 39\ncryptolechia stictifascia; wang, 2004, ent. sinica 11 (3): 232\ncryptolechia coriata meyrick, 1914; suppl. ent. 3: 53; tl: suisharyo\ncryptolechia fenerata meyrick, 1914; suppl. ent. 3: 53; tl: suisharyo\ncryptolechia metacentra meyrick, 1914; suppl. ent. 3: 52; tl: kosempo\ncryptolechia mitis meyrick, 1914; suppl. ent. 3: 52; tl: kosempo\ncryptolechia epistemon strand, 1920; archiv naturg. 84 a (12): 194; tl: suisharyo\ncryptolechia fatua meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 172; tl: java, batavia\ncryptolechia modularis meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 172; tl: java, gedeh\ncryptolechia anticrossa meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (10): 304; tl: queensland\ncryptolechia argometra; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia centroleuca meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (17): 513; tl: sikkim, darjiling\ncryptolechia chlorozyga; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia coriata; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia epistemon; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia fenerata; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia gypsochra; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia hoplostola; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia isomichla; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia metacentra; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia mitis; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia pelophaea; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia picrocentra meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (13): 395; tl: assam, khasis\ncryptolechia prothyropa; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia sperans meyrick, 1926; sarawak mus. j. 3: 159; tl: mt murud, 4500ft\ncryptolechia stadaea; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia vespertina; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia zeloxantha; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 197\ncryptolechia municipalis meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 316; tl: queensland, brisbane\ncryptolechia? eningiella plötz, 1880; stettin ent. ztg 41 (7 - 9): 306; tl: eningo\ncryptolechia ichnitis meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (7): 222; tl: french guiana, r maroni\ncryptolechia laica meyrick, 1910; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1910: 456; tl: borneo, kuching\ncryptolechia perversa meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (7): 222; tl: s. india, ootacamund\ncryptolechia ferrorubella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 757; tl: australia\ncryptolechia transfossa meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (10): 318; tl: peru, cocapata, 12000ft\ncryptolechia aeraria meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 163; tl: khasis\ncryptolechia citrodeta meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (13): 394; tl: brazil, obidos, r. trombetas\ncryptolechia diplosticha meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (10): 318; tl: colombia, san antonio, 6000ft\ncryptolechia hemiarthra meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (18): 546; tl: s. india, palnis, 7000ft\ncryptolechia iridias meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 163; tl: khasis\ncryptolechia rhodobapta meyrick, 1923; trans. proc. n. z. inst. 54: 166; tl: takapuna, auckland\ncryptolechia veniflua meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (8): 227; tl: colombia, san antonio, 5800ft\ncryptolechia vespertina meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 162; tl: khasis\ncryptolechia asemanta dognin, 1905; ann. soc. ent. belg. 49 (3): 88; tl: loja, ecuador\ncryptolechia semibrunnea dognin, 1905; ann. soc. ent. belg. 49 (3): 88; tl: loja, ecuador\ncryptolechia taphrocopa meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (10): 317; tl: colombia, mt. tolima, 12500ft\ncryptolechia micracma meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 162; tl: ceylon; khasis\ncryptolechia orthrarcha meyrick, 1930; exot. microlep. 3 (18 - 20): 578; tl: algeria, zebch, near sebdu\ncryptolechia tyrochyta meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 164; tl: cuddapah, 4000ft\ncryptolechia percnocoma meyrick, 1930; exot. microlep. 3 (18 - 20): 578; tl: brazil, nova friburgo, organ mtn\ncryptolechia sciodeta meyrick, 1930; exot. microlep. 3 (18 - 20): 578; tl: brazil, nova friburgo, organ mtn\ncryptolechia coriaria meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (6): 173; tl: victoria, mt. st. bernard, 5000ft\ncryptolechia holopyrrha meyrick, 1912; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1911 (4): 704; tl: colombia, san antonio, 5800ft\ncryptolechia alphitias lower, 1923; trans. proc. r. soc. s. aust. 47: 56; tl: dorrigo, new south wales\ncryptolechia cornutivalvata wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 203, 197; tl: quannan (24. 7°n, 114. 5°e), jiangxi\ncryptolechia acutiuscula wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 228; tl: mt. fanjing (27. 55°n, 108. 41°e), guizhou, 1300m\ncryptolechia concaviuscula wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 230; tl: chishui co. (28. 34°n, 105. 42°e), guizhou, 390m\ncryptolechia deflecta wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 197; tl: zhouzhi co. (34. 1°n, 108. 2°e), shaanxi, 1350m\ncryptolechia denticulata wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 225; tl: chishui co. (28. 34°n, 105. 42°e), guizhou, 390m\ncryptolechia fasciculifera wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 229; tl: mt. fanjing (27. 55°n, 108. 41°e), guizhou, 1390m\ncryptolechia fascirupta wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 204, 197; tl: mt. qingcheng (30. 9°n, 103. 5°e), sichuan\ncryptolechia furcellata wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 226; tl: mt. fanjing (27. 55°n, 108. 41°e), guizhou, 530m\ncryptolechia gei wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 210, 197; tl: mt. qingcheng (30. 9°n, 103. 5°e), sichuan\ncryptolechia kangxianensis wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 198, 197; tl: kangxian (33. 4°n, 105. 5°e), gansu, 800m\ncryptolechia latifascia wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 227; tl: mt. fanjing (27. 55°n, 108. 41°e), guizhou, 530m\ncryptolechia solifasciaria wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 223; tl: mt. fanjing (27. 55°n, 108. 41°e), guizhou, 1390m\ncryptolechia spinifera wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 223; tl: chishui co. (23. 34°n, 105. 42°e), guizhou, 390m\ncryptolechia varifascirupta wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 211, 197; tl: mt. qingcheng (30. 9°n, 103. 5°e), sichuan\ncryptolechia muscosa wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 221; tl: xishui co. , (28. 19°n, 106. 12°e), guizhou, 1200m\ncryptolechia proximideflecta wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 219; tl: xishui co. , (28. 34°n, 105. 42°e), guizhou, 1200m\ncryptolechia anthaedeaga wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 209, 197; tl: neixiang co. (33. 0°n, 111. 8°e), henan, 1350m\ncryptolechia falsivespertina wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 199, 198; tl: zhouzhi co. (34. 1°n, 108. 2°e), shaanxi, 1750m\ncryptolechia jigongshanica wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 207, 197; tl: mt. jigong (31. 8°n, 114. 1°e), henan, 700m\ncryptolechia microbyrsa wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 198, 197; tl: neixiang co. (33. 0°n, 111. 8°e), henan, 650m\ncryptolechia mirabilis wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 208, 197; tl: mt. jigong (31. 8°n, 114. 1°e), henan, 700m\ncryptolechia murcidella christoph, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 12 (3): 294, (4) pl. 8, f. 67; tl: rubas, derbent\ncryptolechia neargometra wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 202, 197; tl: ningshan co. (33. 3°n, 108. 3°e), shaanxi, 880m\ncryptolechia paranthaedeaga wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 203, 197; tl: yushan co. (28. 6°n, 118. 2°e), jiangxi, 1120m\ncryptolechia stictifascia wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 206, 197; tl: ningshan co. (33. 3°n, 108. 3°e), shaanxi, 880m\ncryptolechia zhengi wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 201, 197; tl: zhouzhi co. (34. 1°n, 108. 2°e), shaanxi, 1750m\ncryptolechia hamatilis wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 230; tl: huguo temple, mt. fanjing (27. 55°n, 108. 41°e), guizhou, 1300m\ncryptolechia hydara walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 123, pl. 4, f. 11; tl: guatemala, totonicapam, 8500 - 10500ft\ntribe noctuites, latr. division trifidæ, guen. sub - divisionbombyciformes, guen. family bryophilidæ, guen. bryophila, treit. temperata, walk. , l. c. , xv. , 1648. declana, walk. floccosa, walk. , l. c. , xv. , 1649. family bombycoidæ, guen. detunda, walk. atronivea, walk. , l. c. , xxxii. , 618. sub - division genuinæ, guen. family leucanidæ, guen. leucania, ochs. semivittata, walk. , l. c. , xxxii. , 628. extranea, guen. , noct. , i. , 77, 104 .\nvar. e. , var. a. , walker, l. c. , ix. , 93. propria, walk. , l. c. , ix. , 111. unica, walk. , l. c. , ix. , 112. nonagria, steph. juncicolor, guen. , ent. m. mag. , v. , 1868, 2. politeia, walk. junctilinea, walk. , xxxii. , 643. ipana, walk. leptomera, walk. , l. c. , xv. , 1662. family apamidæ, guen. sub - family episemides, guen. heliophorbus, boisd. disjungens, walk. , l. c. , xv, 1681. sub - family apamides, guen. alysia, guen. specifica, guen. , ent. m. mag. , v. , 1868, 3. mamestra, steph. comma, walk. , l. c. , ix. , 239. family noctuidæ, guen. nitocris, guen. bicomma, guen. , ent. m. mag. , v. , 4. limbosa, guen. , idem, 5. exundans, guen. , idem. nuna, guen. , idem, 6. epiplecta, guen. , idem. agrotis, steph. moderata, walk. , l. c. , xxxii. , 705. suffusa, steph. , iii. brit. haust. , ii. , 116. admirationis, guen. , ent. m. mag. , v. , 38. ceropachoides, guen. , idem, 39. munda, walk. , l. c. , x. , 348. cœrulea, guen. , ent. m. mag. , v. , 38. nullifera, walk. , l. c. , xi. , 742 .\ntribe tineites, newm. family tineidæ, sta. tinea, l. tapetzella, l. see walk. , l. c. , xxviii. , 466. contactella, walk. , l. c. , xxxv. , 1813. rectella, id. , xxviii. , 482. certella, id. , 484. plagiatella, id. , 485. admotella, id. derogatella, id. bisignella, id. , xxx. , 1007. fusilella, id. , 1008. maoriella, id. incurvaria, hw. basella, walk. , l. c. , xxviii. , 492. sabatinca, walk. incongruella, walk. , l. c. , xxviii. , 511. family plutellidæ, sta. cerostoma, ltr. terminella, walk. , l. c. , xxviii. , 548. fulguritella, id. family gelechidæ, sta. gelechia, zl. conspicuella, walk. , l. c. , xxix. , 651. innotella, id. , 652. intactella, id. monospilella, id. , 653. adapertella, id. adreptella, id. , 654. sublitella, id. deamatella, id. flavidella, id. , 655. collitella, id. convulsella, id. , 656. contextella, id. contritella, id. , 657. subditella, id. bifaciella, id. peroneanella, id. , 658. apparitella, id. , xxx. , 1027. copiosella, id. , 1028. œcophora, zl. apertella, walk. , l. c. , xxix. , 698. armigerella, id. ademplella, id. picarella, id. , 699. hamatella, id. , 700. cryptolechia, zl. coarctatella, walk. , l. c. , xxix. , 768. colligatella, id. lichenella, id. , 769 .\n=; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 195\n= (hysipelon); wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 195\nphaeosaces aganopis meyrick, 1905; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 16 (4): 605; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\naliena diakonoff, 1952; ark. zool. (2) 3 (6): 87\nleptosaces anticentra meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 155; tl: khasis\nargometra meyrick, 1935; exotic microlep. 4 (18 - 19): 567\napiletria bibundella strand, 1913; archiv naturgesch. 78 a (12): 84; tl: bibundi\nleptosaces callixyla meyrick, 1888; trans. n. z. inst. 20: 78; tl: whangarei; nelson\nphaeosaces chrysocoma meyrick, 1905; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 16 (4): 605; tl: pundaly - oya, ceylon\ncoelocrossa meyrick, 1935 ²; mat. microlep. fauna chin. prov. : 82\nphaeosaces compsotypa meyrick, 1886; trans. n. z. inst. 18: 172; tl: hamilton\nconata strand, 1917; arch. naturgesch. 82 a (3): 152\neucharistis meyrick, 1931; an. mus. nac. hist. nat. buenos aires 36: 396\nglischrodes meyrick, 1931; an. mus. nac. hist. nat. buenos aires 36: 396\nmelaneulia hecate butler, 1883; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1883 (1): 70; tl: valvidia\nmelaneulia hecate; clarke, 1978, smithson. contrl. zool. 273: 38, f. 28; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nphaeosaces liochroa meyrick, 1891; trans. n. z. inst. 23: 98; tl: new zealand\nleptosaces mataea meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 156; tl: cuddapah, 4000ft\nmellispersa diakonoff, 1952; ark. zool. (2) 3 (6): 87\nphaeosaces orthotoma meyrick, 1905; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 16 (4): 605; tl: peradeniya, ceylon\nbrazil (rio de janeiro, ...). see [ maps ]\nphaeocausta meyrick, 1934 ²; exotic microlep. 4 (15): 478\neulechria phoebas meyrick, 1907; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 17 (3): 742; tl: bhotan, 4500ft\npraevecta meyrick, 1929; trans. ent. soc. lond. 76: 513\nleptosaces pytinaea meyrick, 1902; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 26: 157; tl: sydney, new south wales\ndepressaria remotella staudinger, 1899; naturhist. mus. hamburg 2 (6): 111, f. 27; tl: uschuaia\nassam, china (fujian, sichuan, zhejiang), taiwan. see [ maps ]\nsemioscopis viridisignata strand, 1913; archiv naturgesch. 78 a (12): 83; tl: alen\naustralia (queensland, new south vales, victoria). see [ maps ]\nleptosaces schistopa meyrick, 1902; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 26: 156; tl: brisbane, queensland; glen innes (3500ft), new south wales; gisborne, victoria\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not. i don' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nh. sauter' s formosa ausbeute. pterophoridae, tortricidae, eucosmidae, gelechiadae, oecophoridae, cosmopterygidae, hypomeutidae, sesiadae, glyphipterygidae, plutellidae, teneidae, adelidae (lep. )\nverzeichniss der von professor dr. r. bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge\nzoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn tessmann nach süd kamerun und spanisch guinea. lepidoptera. iv\nh. sauter' s formosa - ausbeute: lithosiinae, nolinae, noctuidae (p. p .), ratardidae, chalcosiidae, sowie nacträge zu den familien drepanidae, limacodidae, gelechiidae, oecophoriidae und heliodinidae\nzeller, 1852 lepidoptera microptera quae j. a. wahlberg in caffrorum terra collegit k. vetenskakad. handl. 1852: 1 - 120\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nthe wingspan is 20–24 mm. the forewings are ochreous - yellow tinged with brownish towards the termen. the stigmata is brownish. the hindwings are light grey, tinged with pale ochreous .\npapers past | art. xxxvii. —a synonymic last of the lepidoptera of new zealand. (transactions and proceedings of the royal society of new zealand, 1897 - 01 - 01 )\nhelp us improve papers past: do our short survey and let us know how we' re doing .\nthis article displays in one automatically - generated column. view the full page to see article in its original form .\nart. xxxvii. —a synonymic last of the lepidoptera of new zealand. by richard w. fereday, f. e. s. [ read before the philosophical institute of canterbury, 4th november, 1896. ] the formation of this list is due to captain hutton, f. r. s. , who some time ago impressed upon me the desirability of collecting together and arranging the several named and described species of lepidoptera of new zealand comprised in numerous papers of mr. meyrick, published from time to time in the “transactions of the new zealand institute” and other publications. i have to thank captain hutton for very valuable assistance in compiling the list and rendering my task more easy; but at the same time he is not to be considered in any way responsible for any errors that may be found therein .\ncorrigenda. page 327, lines 22 and 23. for argyrophenga read argyrophenga. page 328, line 5 from bottom. for trans. n. z. inst. , ix. , read trans. n. z. inst. , x. page 332, line 9. for maniestra read mamestra. page 336, line 15. for in a way agrees read in no way agrees. page 337, line 18, should read orthosia, ochs. , * to connect with footnote. page 337, line 22. dele family monocteniadæ. page 337, lines 23 to 26. transfer genus theoxena, meyr. , to p. 345, after dichromodes. page 338, lines 25 and 26. for paneyma read pancyma. page 338, line 9 from bottom. for magaspilata read megaspilata. page 341, line 18. for subducta read subductata. page 345, after dichromodes insert theoxena, from p. 337. page 345, line 17. after l. alectoraria, walk. , l. c. , insert xx. , p. 259. page 345, line 17. for aspitates read aspidates. page 345, bottom line. for 316 read 216. page 349, line 15 from bottom. for hybreadalis read hybreasalis. page 349, line 10 from bottom. for trans. n. z. inst. , xxi. , read trans. ent. soc. lond. , 1884. page 356, line 13. for p. 22 read p. 23. page 356, line 15. for p. 22 read p. 24. page 366, line 11. after stainton insert man. brit. butt. & moth. ii. , p. 358. page 369, lines 12, 13, 15. for eutoma read eutorna. page 372, line 6 from bottom. for stt. read stainton. page 372, line 6 from bottom. for 397 read 399. page 374, line 10. for c. miniellum read s (?) miniella. page 374, line 10. after pl. cxl. insert fig. 42. [ to be inserted opposite page 336. ]\nphryganostola, meyr. phryganostola ataracta, meyr. p. ataracta, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xx. , p. 88. circica, meyr. circica cionophora, meyr. c. cionophora, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xx. , p. 88. circica xestobela, meyr. c. xestobela, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xx. , p. 89. pantosperma, meyr. pantosperma holochalca, meyr. p. holochalca, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xx. , p. 89. family plutellidæ. protosynæma, meyr. protosynæma eratopis, meyr. p. eratopis, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xviii. , p. 174. protosynæma steropucha, meyr. p. steropucha, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xviii. , p. 174. orthenches, meyr. orthenches chlorocoma, meyr. o. chlorocoma, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xviii. , p. 175. orthenches prasinodes, meyr. o. prasinodes, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xviii. , p. 176. orthenches porphyritis, meyr. o. porphyritis, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xviii. , p. 176. plutella, schrk. plutella cruciferarum, z. p. cruciferarum, z. ; meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xviii. , p. 177. plutella sera, meyr. p. sera, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xviii. , p. 178. plutella psammochroa, meyr. p. psammochroa, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xviii. , p. 179. compsistis, meyr. compsistis bifaciella, walk. gelechia bifaciella, walk. , l. c. , xxix. , p. 657; butl. , cat. lep. n. z. , p. 24. compsistis bifaciella, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xx. , p. 90. family micropterygidæ. mnesarchæa, meyr. mnesarchæa paracosma, meyr. m. paracosma, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xviii. , p. 180. mnesarchæa loxoscia, meyr. m. loxoscia, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xx. , p. 90 .\nmnesarchæa hamadelpha, meyr. m. hamadelpha, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xx. , p. 91. palæomicra, meyr. palæomicra chalcophanes, meyr. p. chalcophanes, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xviii. , p. 182. palæomicra chrysargyra, meyr. p. chrysargyra, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xviii. , p. 182. palæomicra zonodoxa, meyr. p. zonodoxa, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xx. , p. 91. palæomicra doroxena, meyr. p. doroxena, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xx. , p. 92. eutoma, meyr. eutoma caryochroa, meyr. e. caryochroa, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xxi. , p. 158. eutoma symmorpha, meyr. e. symmorpha, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xxi. , p. 158. dolichernis, meyr. dolichernis chloroleuca, meyr. d. chloroleuca, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xxiii. , p. 99. family tineidæ. ereunetis, meyr. ereunetis technica, meyr. e. technica, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xx. , p. 92. erechthias, meyr. erechthias melanotricha, meyr. e. melanotricha, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xx. , p. 93. erechthias erebistis, meyr. e. erebistis, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xxiv. , p. 220. decadarchis, meyr. decadarchis monastra. d. monastra, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xxiii. , p. 100. endophthora, meyr. endophthora omogramma, meyr. e. omogramma, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xx. , p. 94. endophthora pharotoma, meyr. e. pharotoma, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xx. , p. 94. endophthora mesotypa, meyr. e. mesotypa, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xx. , p. 94. endophthora agriopa, meyr. e. agriopa, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xx. , p. 95 .\nmallobathra, meyr. mallobathra cratæa, meyr. m. cratœa, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xx. , p. 102. mallobathra metrosema, meyr. m. metrosema, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xx. , p. 103. mallobathra microphanes, meyr. m. microphanes, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xx. , p. 103. mallobathra homalopa, meyr. m. homalopa, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xxiii. , p. 100. family anaphoridæ. titanomis, meyr. titanomis sisyrota, meyr. t. sisyrota, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xx. , p. 104. family hyponomeutidæ. lysiphragma, meyr. lysiphragma mixochlora, meyr. l. mixochlora, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xx. , p. 105. lysiphragma epixyla, meyr. l. epixyla, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xx. , p. 105. archyala, meyr. archyala paraglypta, meyr. a. paraglypta, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xxi. , p. 159. endrosis, hüb. endrosis lacteella, schiff. e. lacteella, schiff. gelechia subditella, walk. , l. c. , xxix. , p. 657; butl. , cat. lep. n. z. , p. 24. (?) g. adapertella, walk. , l. c. , xxix. , p. 653; butl. , cat. lep. n. z. , p. 23. endrosis lacteella, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xxi. , p. 160. butalis, tr. butalis epistrota, meyr. b. epistrota, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xxi. , p. 161. family argyresthiadæ. hofmannia, walk. hofmannia sphenota, meyr. h. sphenota, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xxi. , p. 162. circostola, meyr. circostola copidota, meyr. c. copidota, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xxi. , p. 163. cateristis, meyr. cateristis eustyla, meyr. c. eustyla, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xxi. , p. 164 .\ngracilaria leucocyma, meyr. g. leucocyma, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xxi. , p. 184. gracilaria aëllomacha, meyr. g. aëllomacha, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xxi. , p. 184. gracilaria æthalota, meyr. g. œthalota, meyr. , proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. , 1880, p. 143, and trans. n. z. inst. , xxi. , p. 185. coriscium, z. coriscium miniellum, feld. c. miniellum, feld. , l. c. , pl. cxl. ; meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xxi. , p. 185. gracilaria ethela, meyr. , proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. , 1880, p. 152. conopomorpha, meyr. conopomorpha cyanospila, meyr. c. cyanospila, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xviii. , p. 183. family nepticulidæ. nepticula, z. nepticula tricentra, meyr. n. tricentra, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xxi. , p. 187. nepticula ogygia, meyr. n. ogygia, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xxi. , p. 187. nepticula propalæa, meyr. n. propalœa, meyr. , trans. n. z. inst. , xxi. , p. 187 .\nthis article text was automatically generated and may include errors. view the full page to see article in its original form .\nart. xxxvii. —a synonymic last of the lepidoptera of new zealand. , transactions and proceedings of the royal society of new zealand, 1 january 1897\nart. xxxvii. —a synonymic last of the lepidoptera of new zealand. transactions and proceedings of the royal society of new zealand, 1 january 1897\nin - copyright materials are made available under a creative commons attribution 4. 0 international licence. this means that you may copy, adapt and republish this material, as long as you attribute both the author and the royal society of new zealand .\nin - copyright taxonomic materials are made available under a creative commons attribution no - derivatives 4. 0 international licence. this means that you may copy and republish this material, as long as you attribute both the author and the royal society of new zealand .\nfor advice on reproduction of out - of - copyright material from this periodical, please refer to the copyright guide .\npapers past now contains more than just newspapers. use these links to navigate to other kinds of materials .\nthese links will always show you how deep you are in the collection. click them to get a broader view of the items you' re currently viewing .\nenter names, places, or other keywords that you' re curious about here. we' ll look for them in the fulltext of millions of articles .\nbrowsed to an interesting page? click here to search within the item you' re currently viewing, or start a new search .\nuse these buttons to limit your searches to particular dates, titles, and more .\nswitch between images of the original document and text transcriptions and outlines you can cut and paste .\nif you' d rather just browse through documents, click here to find titles and issues from particular dates and geographic regions .\nthe\nhelp\nlink will show you different tips for each page on the site, so click here often as you explore the site .\npapers past | art. xxxiv. —list of the lepidoptera recorded as having been found in new zealand previous to the year 1871. (transactions and proceedings of the royal society of new zealand, 1873 - 01 - 01 )\ngraphiphora, steph. implexa, walk. , l. c. , x. , 405. family orthosidæ, guen. teniocampa, guen. immunis, walk. , l. c. , x. , 430. orthosia, boisd. communicata, walk. , l. c. , xxxiii. , 716. infusa, walk. , l. c. , xi. , 748. family hadenidæ, guen. dasypolia (?), guen. dotata, walk. , l. c. , xi. , 522. eumichtis, hüb. sisteus, guen. , ent. m. mag. , v. , 39. euplexia, steph. insignis, walk. , l. c. , xxxiii. , 724. hadena, guen. plusiata, walk. , l. c. , xxxiii. , 742. pictula (dianthecia pictula, white; taylor, “te ika a maui, ” new zealand, pl. i, f. 3). mutans, walk. , l. c. , xi. , 602. lignifusca, walk. , l. c. , xi. , 603. lignana, walk. , l. c. , xi. , 758. nervata, guen. , ent. m. mag. , v. , 40. erana, walk. vigens, walk. , l. c. , xxxiii. , 743. plena, walk. , l. c. , xxxiii. , 744. graminosa, walk. , l. c. , xi. , 605. family xylinidæ, guen. xylocampa, guen. inceptura, walk. , l. c. , xv. , 1736. cucullina, guen. , ent. m. mag. , v. , 40. auchmis, hüb. composita, guen. , noct. , ii. , 114, 832. xylina, boisd. stipata, walk. , l. c. , xxxiii. , 753. turbida, idem, 754. vexata, id. , 755. defigurata, id. , 756. atristriga, id. canescens, id. , 757. ustistriga, walk. , l. c. , xi. , 630. lignisecta, id. , 631. spurcata, id. inceptura, id. , xv. , 1736. deceptura, id. , 1737. provida, id. division quadrifidæ, guen. sub - division intrusæ, guen. family amphipyridæ, guen. bityla, walk. thoracica, walk. , l. c. , xxxiii. , 869 .\nfamily heliothidæ, guen. heliothis, guen. peltigera, steph. , ill. brit. ent. haust. , iii. , 109. armigera, hün. , noct. , pl. 79, f. 370. conferta, walk. , l. c. , xi. , 690. sub - division variegatæ, guen. walker has called the sub - divisions of the quadrifidœ tribes, but they should evidently be called sub - divisions, as in the trifidœ. family eriopidæ, guen. cosmodes, guen. elegans, guen. , noct. , ii. , 290, 1092. family plusidæ, boisd. plusia, ochs. eriosoma, doub. , dieff. new zealand, ii. , 285. sub - division patul, guen. family ommatophoridæ, guen. dasypodia, guen. selenophora, guen. , noct. , iii. , 175, 1566. tribe deltoidites, guen. family hypenidæ, herr schæff. phapsa, walk. scotosialis, walk. , l. c. , xxxiv. , 1149. tribe pyralites, guen. sub - tribe luridæ, guen. family asopidæ, guen. daraba, walk. extensalis, walk. , l. c. , xxxiv. , 1311. hymenia, hün. recurvalis, fabr. family steniadæ, guen. diasemia, steph. grammalis, doub. , l. c. , 287. ischnurges, ld. , wien ent. mon. , vii. , 418, pl. 3, f. 14. illustralis, ld. , wien ent. mon. , vii. , pl. 15, f. 12. see walker, l. c. , xxxiv. , 1330. family botydæ, guen. scopula, schr. daiclesalis, walk. , l. c. , xix. , 1017. cordalis, doub. , l. c. , 288. flavidalis, id. , 287. quadralis, id. , 288. dipsasalis, walk. , l. c. , xviii. , 796. hybreasalis, id. , 797. paronalis, id. mecyna, guen. polygonalis, treits. according to dieff. , this is the plygonalis of treits. ; and the polygonalis of treits. is the mecyna polygonalis of guen. —see walk. , l. c. , xix. , 804 .\nsub - tribe plicatæ, guen. family scoparidæ, guen. scoparia, haw. diptheralis, walk. , l. c. , xxxiv. , 1501. minusculalis, id. , 1503. linealis, id. minualis, id. , 1504. feredayi, kuags. , ent. m. mag. , iv. , 80. rakaiensis, id. ejuncida, id. , 81. exilis, id. tribe geometrites, newm. family ennomidæ, guen. angerona, dup. menaria, walk. , l. c. , xxvi. , 1500. selenia, hübn. gallaria, walk. , l. c. , xx. , 259. polygonia, guen. fortinata, guen. , ent. m. mag. , v. , 41. lyrcea, walk. alectoraria, walk. , l. c. , xx. , 259. ennomos, treit. ustaria, walk. , l. c. , xxvi. , 1519. ischalis, walk. thermocromata, walk. , l. c. , xxvi. , 1750. sestra, walk. fusiplagiata, walk. , l. c. , xxvi. , 1751. family boarmidæ, guen. zermizinga, walk. indocilisaria, walk. , l. c. , xxvi. , 1530. boarmia, treit. dejectaria, walk. , l. c. , xxi. , 394. attracta, id. exprompta, id. , 395. tephrosia, boisd. patularia, walk. , l. c. , xxi. , 422. scriptaria, id. gnophos, treit. pannularia, guen. , ent. m. mag. , v. , 42. family acidalidæ, guen. asthena, hübn. ordinata, walk. , l. c. , xxii. , 676. subpurpureata, walk. , l. c. , xxvi. , 1588. mullata, guen. , ent. m. mag. , v. , 42. acdalia, treit. (?) pulchraria, doub. , l. c. , 286; walk. , l. c. , xxiii. , 781. this is identical with ptychopoda rubropunctaria, doub. , l. c. , 286. —see walk. , l. c. , xxiii. , 781. (?) rubraria, id. this is ptychopoda rubraria, doub. , l. c. , 286. —see walk. , l. c. , xxiii. , 781. prefectata, walk. , l. c. , xxiii. , 781 .\nschistaria, id. , 782. subtentaria, id. , xxvi. , 1610. absconditaria, id. , 1611. family micronidæ, guen. gargaphia, walk. muriferata, walk. , l. c. , xxvi. , 1635. family macaridæ, guen. macaria, curt. (?) humeraria, walk. , l. c. , xxiii. , 940. family fidonidæ, guen. lozogramma, steph. obtusaria, walk. , l. c. , xxiii. , 985. panagra, guen. scissaria, guen. , ent. m. mag. , v. , 43. hypenaria, guen. , phal. , ii. , 128, 1125. see walker, l. c. , xxiii. , 992. promelanaria, walk. , l. c. , xxvi. , 1666. venipunctata, id. ephyraria, id. fidonia, treit. (?) servularia, guen. , ent. m. mag. , v. , 43. (?) brephosata, walk. , l. c. , xxiv. , 1037. (?) acidaliaria, id. peroruata, walk. , l. c. , xxvi. , 1672. aspilates, treit. subocraria, doub. , l. c. , 285. abrogata, walk. , l. c. , xxiv. , 1075. euboliaria, walk. , l. c. , xxvi. , 1684. family hybernidæ, guen. hybernia, latr. boreophilaria, guen. , ent. m. mag. , v. , 61. family larentidæ, guen. larentia, dup. corcularia, guen. , ent. m. mag. , v. , 62. infantaria, id. catocalaria, id. clarata, walk. , l. c. , xxiv. , 1197. productata, id. megaspilata, id. , 1198. subduclata, id. infusata, id. , 1199. invexata, id. semisignata, id. , 1200. lucidata, id. (?) quadristrigata, id. inoperata, id. , 1201. this is cidaria (?) cineraria, doub. , l. c. , 286. diffusaria, id. punctilineata, id. , 1202. interclusa, id .\neupithecia, curt. cidariaria, guen. , ent. m. mag. , v. , 62. (?) bilineolata, walk. , l. c. , xxiv. , 1246. muscosata, id. semialbata, id. , xxvi. , 1708. inexpiata, id. indicataria, id. coremia, guen. ardularia, guen. , ent. m. mag. , v. , 63. inamœnaria, id. ypsilonaria, id. , 64. rosearia, doub. , l. c. , 285. this is cidaria rosearia, doub. , l. c. , 285. robustaria, walk. , l. c. , xxv. , 1320. semifissata, id. plurimata, id. , 1321. deltoidata, id. pastinaria, guen. , ent. m. mag. , v. , 64. (?) inductata, walk. , l. c. , xxv. , 1322. camptogramma, steph. strangulata, guen. , phal. , ii. , 423, 1586. see walk. , l. c. , xxv. , 1327. fuscinata, guen. , ent. m. mag. , v. , 92. stinata, id. this is printed “stinaria” in ent. m. mag. , but, in the ms. list sent to me by m. guenèe, who named the species from a specimen received from me, it is written “stinata, ” and the latter agrees best with the termination of the names of the other species. correlata, walk. , l. c. , xxv. , 1330. dasyurus, guen. partheniata, guen. , ent. m. mag. , v. , 93. phibalapteryx, steph. suppressaria, walk. , l. c. , xxvi. , 1721. parvulata, id. scotosia, steph. subobscurata, walk. , l. c. , xxv. , 1358. erebinata, id. stigmaticata, id. , 1359. panagrata, id. , 1360. denotata, id. , 1361. lignosata, id. subitata, id. , 1362. humerata, id. cidaria, treit. inclarata, walk. , l. c. , xxv. , 1411 perductata, id. , 1412. congressata, id. similata, id. , 1413. conversata, id. descriptata, id. , 1414. bisignata, id. , 1415. congregata, id. aggregata, id .\npligifurcata, id. , 1416. lestevata, id. agrionata, id. , 1417. tipulata, id. inclinataria, id. , 1418. collectaria, id. , 1419. transitaria, id. rudisata, id. , 1420. (?) obtruncata, id. , 1421. flexata, id. dissociata, id. , xxvi. , 1734. similisata, id. , 1735. pyramaria, guen. , ent. m. mag. , v. , 93. bulbulata, id. , 94. delicatulata, id. helastia, guen. eupitheciaria, guen. , ent. m. mag. , v. , 95. chalastra, walk. pellurgata, walk. , l. c. , xxv. , 1430. elvia, walk. glaucata, walk. , l. c. , xxv. , 1431. tribe crambites, sta. family phycidæ, guen. hypochalcia, hübn. submarginalis, walk. , l. c. , xxvii. , 48. indistinctalis, id. nephopteryx, hübn. maoriella, walk. , l. c. , xxxv. , 1720. subditella, id. gadira, walk. acerella, walk. , l. c. , xxxv. , 1742. family crambidæ, sta. crambus, fabr. flexuosellus, doub. , l. c. , 289. vitellus, id. ramosellus, id. , 288. nexalis, walk. , l. c. , xxvii. , 178. transcissalis, id. sabulosellus, id. eromene, hübn. lepidella, walk. , l. c. , xxxv. , 1761. bipunctella, id. auriscriptella, id. , xxx. , 976. samana, walk. falcatella, walk. , l. c. , xxvii. , 197. adena, walk. xanthialis, walk. , l. c. , xxvii. , 198. tribe tortricites. family tortricidæ, guen. teras, tr. punctilineana, walk. , l. c. , xxxv. , 1780 .\nizatha, walk. attractella. walk. , l. c. , xxix. , 787. tingena, walk. bifaciella, walk. , l. c. , xxix. , 810. vanicella, walk. disjunctella, walk. , l. c. , xxx. , 1039. family glyphypterygidæ, sta. glyphypteryx, hübn. externella, walk. , l. c. , xxx. , 841. scintelella, id. family argyresthidæ, sta. argyresthia, hübn. transversella, walk. , l. c. , xxx. , 849. stilbella, id. family gracilaridæ, sta. gracilaria, hw. frontella, walk. , l. c. , xxx. , 856. arenosella, id. , 857. family elachistidæ, sta. elachista, sta. subpavonella, walk. , l. c. , xxx. , 898. tribe pterophorites, latr. family pterophoridæ, zl. platyptilus, zl. falcatalis, walk. , l. c. , xxx. , 931. repletalis, id. pterophorus, gff. innotalis, walk. , l. c. , xxx. , 945. deprivatalis, id. , 946. aciptilus, zl. furcatalis, walk. , l. c. , xxx. , 950. monospilalis, id .\nart. xxxiv. —list of the lepidoptera recorded as having been found in new zealand previous to the year 1871. , transactions and proceedings of the royal society of new zealand, 1 january 1873\nart. xxxiv. —list of the lepidoptera recorded as having been found in new zealand previous to the year 1871. transactions and proceedings of the royal society of new zealand, 1 january 1873\nfull text of\ncatalogue of the types specimens of microlepidoptera in the british museum (natural history) described by edward meyrick / by j. f. gates clarke\nfull text of\ncatalogue of the types specimens of microlepidoptera in the british museum (natural history) described by edward meyrick / by j. f. gates clarke" ]

{ "text": [ "cryptolechia temperata is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "it was described by edward meyrick in 1910 .", "it is found in the himalayas in india .", "the wingspan is 20 – 24 mm .", "the forewings are ochreous-yellow tinged with brownish towards the termen .", "the stigmata is brownish .", "the hindwings are light grey , tinged with pale ochreous . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 23, 1 ] }

[ "cryptolechia temperata is a moth in the depressariidae family. it was described by edward meyrick in 1910. it is found in the himalayas in india. the wingspan is 20 – 24 mm. the forewings are ochreous-yellow tinged with brownish towards the termen. the stigmata is brownish. the hindwings are light grey, tinged with pale ochreous." ]

[ "carabus (procerus) scabrosus tauricus bonelli, 1811 family: carabidae size: 40 mm distributuion: endemic to crimea location: russia, crimea, sevastopol leg. det. a. chuvilin, 12. viii. 1999 photo: u. schmidt, 2016\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for. the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard. e. g.' papilio *'. keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature. unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance. meanwhile, please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr. 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail: fauna - eu (at) mfn - berlin. de website: urltoken\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. this amount is subject to change until you make payment. for additional information, see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. this amount is subject to change until you make payment. if you reside in an eu member state besides uk, import vat on this purchase is not recoverable. for additional information, see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nestimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller' s handling time, origin zip code, destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab. delivery times may vary, especially during peak periods .\nitems shipping internationally may be subject to customs processing depending on the item' s declared value .\nsellers set the item' s declared value and must comply with customs declaration laws .\ncopyright © 1995 - 2018 ebay inc. all rights reserved. accessibility, user agreement, privacy, cookies and adchoice\nto organize and save selections in a folder you must first register or log in. registration is free !\n{\ninterception\n: {\nii\n:\n- 1\n} ,\nfotolia _ range\n: {\nsearch _ max _ xs _ price\n: {\nrange _ value\n:\nall\n,\nrange _ min\n: 1 ,\nrange _ before _ last _ value\n: 3 ,\nrange _ max\n:\nall\n,\nrange _ step\n: 1 ,\nrange _ value _ labels\n: {\n1\n:\n1 credit\n,\n2\n:\n2 credits\n,\n3\n:\n3 credits\n,\nall\n:\ndo not filter\n} } } ,\nfotolia _ color _ picker\n: {\ncurrent _ colors\n: [ ] ,\nnb _ max _ colors\n: 5 } ,\nfotolia _ thumb _ size\n: {\nthumbs _ container _ class _ by _ size\n: {\n160\n:\nthumbs - list - medium\n,\n220\n:\nthumbs - list - large\n,\n240\n:\nthumbs - list - mosaic\n} } ,\nfotolia _ tooltip\n: {\nlicenses _ label\n:\nlicenses :\n} ,\nfotolia\n: {\nhost _ base\n:\nurltoken\n} ,\nsearch\n: {\nheader - search\n: {\nautocomplete _ container _ id\n:\nsearch - 5b44981957d24\n,\nautocomplete _ url\n:\nhttps: \\ / \\ / autocomplete. urltoken \\ /? language _ id = 2\n} } }\nby creating an account, i agree to shutterstock' s website terms, privacy policy, and licensing terms .\n© 2003 - 2018 shutterstock, inc. all rights reserved. made in nyc .\nsmall (s) has the shortest download time and is suitable for digital use .\nlarge (l) is suitable for large prints as well as digital use. it is the original image provided by the contributor .\nyou can redownload your image for free at any time, in any size .\neditorial content, such as news and celebrity images, are not cleared for commercial use. learn more on our support center .\nsign up to browse over million images, video clips, and music tracks. plus, get free weekly content and more .\n( we only support jpg and png images under 5mb and no larger than 4000px on either side at this time. )\nthis index is based on the data of numista members collections. it ranges from 0 to 100, 0 meaning a very common coin and 100 meaning a rare coin among numista members .\nto provide you with additional information about how we collect and use your personal data, we' ve recently updated our privacy policy and terms of service. please review these pages now, as they apply to your continued use of our website .\n2010 - 05 - 31 by prof. paolo audisio & by prof. augusto vigna taglianti\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi" ]

{ "text": [ "carabus scabrosus tauricus is a subspecies of the beetle carabus scabrosus endemic to crimea .", "body length up to 52 mm .", "colour variable from the blue , passing into violet to green or almost black .", "the downside is black , with a metallic sheen .", "elytra and pronotum wrinkled , granular structure .", "crimean beetle forms several forms , differing mainly painting .", "active at different times of day . quickly run .", "predator , feeding on terrestrial molluscs - mainly land snail .", "eating bugs do not bite the snail shell , shellfish and eating away dipping his head and pronotum at the mouth of the shell .", "well-fed beetles can burrow into the soil for a few days . " ], "topic": [ 22, 0, 12, 1, 23, 23, 14, 2, 23, 28 ] }

[ "carabus scabrosus tauricus is a subspecies of the beetle carabus scabrosus endemic to crimea. body length up to 52 mm. colour variable from the blue, passing into violet to green or almost black. the downside is black, with a metallic sheen. elytra and pronotum wrinkled, granular structure. crimean beetle forms several forms, differing mainly painting. active at different times of day. quickly run. predator, feeding on terrestrial molluscs - mainly land snail. eating bugs do not bite the snail shell, shellfish and eating away dipping his head and pronotum at the mouth of the shell. well-fed beetles can burrow into the soil for a few days." ]

[ "la cucaracha (gb) (gb) - race horse profile racing. com\nbbc sport | other sport... | horse racing | la cucaracha clinches nunthorpe\ndeckers - ofcourse there is respect there but i would fancy la cucaracha or moss vale before i looked at takeover target. [ horse ] moss vale [ / horse ] being my slight fancy ahead of [ horse ] la cucaracha [ / horse ] maybe a v. small r / forecast [ horse ] araafa [ / horse ] (nap de nap nap, nap nap )\nla cucaracha won the showpiece nunthorpe stakes on the third and final day of the ebor meeting at york .\nfour - year - old filly la cucaracha, whose form has improved tremendously this season, stepped up to ...\nmichael hills brings the well - backed la cucaracha through from the back of the field late on to win the audi stakes .\nla cucaracha hasn' t had a hard race. if there was a race tomorrow you could run her again .\none of mr reed’s biggest wins came at york in 2005 when la cucaracha won the nunthorpe stakes under now retired jockey michael hills .\nrichard hills, whose twin brother michael won the audi stakes on la cucaracha earlier, had his mount at the head of affairs from early on .\nthe - racehorse is an online horse racing and breeding magazine with information on horse racing and breeding statistics .\nlast year' s race provided a fairytale success for david loder in his final season as a trainer, with goodricke landing the spoils by a length from la cucaracha .\nla cucaracha is by no means his best horse. shotgun, another horse he had bred by his own stallion warpath, was fourth in the derby. warpath' s half - brother dakota -\na better horse by a stone\n- was fourth in pawneese' s 1976 king george. flossy won nine races and apache was also pretty decent .\nla cucaracha made her move at the two - furlong mark to win by a head after dandy nicholls' representative fire up the band and boogie street set a strong early pace .\nelsewhere, last season' s nunthorpe stakes winner la cucaracha, ridden by michael hills, made up for a disappointing run in the july cup with victory in the audi stakes .\nla cucaracha (chi) ch. m, 1940 { 5 - e } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 (0) di = inf cd = inf\nla cucaracha is closely related to one of her main dangers, gift horse .\nla cucharacha is out of peggy spencer and she was out of careful dancer. gift horse is out of careful dancer. la cucharacha went from winning a handicap to winning a group one last time and after winning the stewards' cup he' s trying to perform the same bloody trick. my bookie says that doesn' t happen very often, mind you, he doesn' t know everything - except how to take money off me .\nla cucaracha owned by guy reed and homebred at his copgrove stud, wins the nunthorpe stakes g1 at york and, in her following race, is second in the william hill sprint cup g1 at haydock .\nbattaash is the form horse and is still capable of further improvement. with the odds so close, that tilts the balance in favour of the younger horse .\nlast season' s nunthorpe stakes heroine la cucaracha could also be continuing her racing career after being sold for 525, 000gns to agent james delahooke, standing with american breeder barry weisbord. she is a possible for the dubai carnival .\ngodolphin were back to winning ways in 2005 when the former coventry stakes favourite goodricke, hit his best form to beat the smart filly la cucaracha, ashdown express, the gallant somnus and tim easterby’s other crack sprinter of the era, fayr jag .\nthe other horse got first run and we just had a shade of traffic problems .\nbandari is third in the same race. furthermore bollin eric is a yorkshire bred horse .\nbbc sport | other sport... | horse racing | day three: glorious goodwood\nwhen la cucaracha won the nunthorpe stakes at york, it marked owner guy reed' s first group one winner after the thick - end of 40 years of owning and breeding racehorses. today, she lines up for the william hill sprint cup at haydock .\nguy reed, a staunch supporter of yorkshire racing ever since becoming an owner way back in 1968, had his first group one win when his filly la cucaracha picked up yesterday' s vc bet nunthorpe stakes on the final day of york' s ebor meeting .\nhe added :\nit was a great training performance and the horse has certainly got true class .\nbut while la cucaracha was recording the sixth win of her career - taking the leap up from handicap ranks with ease - the french - trained favourite chineur was trailing in ninth, beaten three lengths, after badly missing the break. it was a blunder from which he failed to recover .\non jan. 9, kitasan black was announced as the japan racing association’s horse of the ...\nla cucaracha (gb) b. m, 2001 { 6 - b } dp = 3 - 0 - 9 - 1 - 1 (14) di = 1. 15 cd = 0. 21 - 15 starts, 7 wins, 3 places, 1 shows career earnings: £326, 568\na celebratory race meeting at lingfield park racecourse marks 20 years of horse racing on its all - weather track .\nnunthorpe stakes winner reverence, owned by haydock park director gary middlebrook and his wife lesley, will be attempting to become the third horse to complete the nunthorpe stakes / betfred sprint cup double in the same season following on from habibti (1983), ajdal (1987) and dayjur (1990). in more recent years, both oasis dream (2003) and la cucaracha (2005) finished second at haydock park following their york success .\npiccolo, winner of the nunthorpe at york in 1994 when trained by mick channon and ridden by john reid, has proved himself one of britain’s most consistent sires of sprinters, with one of the highlights of his stud career having come when his barry hills - trained daughter la cucaracha emulated her father with a nunthorpe victory in 2005 .\nof all the various terms used in horse racing, none are quite as hard for newcomers to understand as ...\nother horses to realise half a million guineas or more included the group 1 winning fillies la cucaracha and donna blini. the nunthorpe stakes winner la cucaracha was knocked down to bloodstock agent james delahooke for 525, 000 guineas on behalf of american based owners barry weisborg and richard santulli whilst the cheveley park stakes winner donna blini was knocked down shunsuke yoshida, son of northern farms' katsumi yoshida. earlier, tokyo based agent hiroyasu takeuchi purchased the darshaan mare showdown for 500, 000 guineas. the daughter of last second hails from one of the best families in the stud book and is a half - sister to this year' s group 1 poule d' essai des poulains winner aussie rules .\njaguar cars lowther stakes group two, 6f 1 flashy wings (t durcan) 10 - 11f 2 la chunga (j spencer) 2 - 1 6 ran. dist l .\ni felt i had enough horse to keep in front, but she was just pulling up when i got to the lead .\nthe race went perfect, the split came with just a furlong to run and i had loads of horse under me .\nyeats, cumin and holbeck ghyll were others to rack up wide - margin wins. it is hard to believe that holbeck ghyll is rated only 71 as he was only fractionally slower than la cucaracha had been in winning the group three king george stakes earlier in the day and barry hills' filly is rated 111. fast ground is a prerequisite for andrew balding' s sprinter .\nhorse racing: spinning queen smashes sales record; bloodstock desk ed prosser reports from the opening day of the tattersalls' december mares sale .\nreed’s final big - race victory of the last century came in the 1999 november handicap with the thornton - trained flossy, but by this stage he was using other trainers too. more recently reed has enjoyed big - race victories with barry hills (including the 2003 lincoln with pablo and the 2005 nunthorpe with la cucaracha) and kevin ryan (including this season’s duke of york stakes with tiddliwinks) .\ni' m very pleased but frustrated and very proud of the horse. he' s the most consistent sprinter in the country .\nsea pigeon, trained nr. malton by peter easterby is voted national hunt horse of the year for the second year having won the champion hurdle\nsea pigeon, trained nr. malton by peter easterby is voted national hunt horse of the year having won the champion hurdle and welsh champion hurdle .\nsilver buck, trained at dunkeswick by michael dickinson is voted national hunt horse of the year, having won four races including the cheltenham gold cup .\ndoes anyone rate the top weight in the 3. 10pm? australian horse, takeover target great record although first race on british soil i believe ?\nbigstone, reared for daniel wildenstein at the copgrove stud, nr. harrogate wins the prix d' ispahan g1 and the prix de la foret g1 and is third in the queen elizabeth ii s g1 .\nreed’s most recent big - race victory came courtesy of his homebred four - year - old filly la pomme d’amour, victorious in the group 2 prix de pomone – haras d’etreham at deauville on august 10 .\nas far as la cucaracha is concerned, trainer barry hills is eager for the filly to run in the five - furlong hong kong sprint at sha tin on dec 11. he said :\ni' ve had runners there before and i feel the race would suit her. i know we may come up against silent witness (the local champion), but you will always run into something. we can' t worry about it .\nbut as well as allowing breeders to select for performance - related genes, elucidating the horse genome may allow researchers to breed out negative traits, he says .\nattraction, trained by mark johnston, wins the cartier award as champion two - year - old filly, the first such award for a yorkshire trained horse .\nflying filly habibti, trained by john dunlop and ridden by willie carson, was another impressive winner in 1983 - also being named as horse of the year .\nhorse racing: spinning queen smashes sales record; bloodstock desk ed prosser reports from the opening day of the tattersalls' december mares sale. - free online library\nanother jeremy noseda offering - last season' s albany stakes heroine la chunga - sold for 485, 000gns to agent adrian nicoll, acting on behalf of a partnership headed by dean fleming of tyreel stud in australia .\n' he' s a typical top class horse and seems to handle any ground. he' s tough and genuine and is very well going into the race .\nnoble mission – a bay horse sired by galileo and foaled in 2009. he won nine races including the newmarket stakes, gordon stakes, gordon richards stakes, huxley stakes, tattersalls gold cup, grand prix de saint - cloud and champion stakes [ 26 ] and was named cartier champion older horse in 2014. [ 27 ]\nhe' s a typical top class horse and seems to handle any ground. he' s tough and genuine and is very well going into the race .\nafter his retirement from racing piccolo became a breeding stallion. he stood at the lavington stud in sussex before moving to the lanwades stud at newmarket in 2007. he has had success as a sire of sprint horses, with he best of his progeny included la cucaracha (who emulated her sire by winning the nunthorpe), temple of boom (the galaxy), flying blue (chairman' s trophy), tiddliwinks (duke of york stakes) and winker watson (july stakes) .\nmoorestyle in 1980 was another outstanding sprint cup winner - subsequently being crowned horse of the year - the first sprinter to achieve this accolade since the award was inaugurated in 1965 .\n' it' s hard for three - year - olds taking on the older horses earlier on in the season, but he' s a very good horse and is improving .\nit' s hard for three - year - olds taking on the older horses earlier on in the season, but he' s a very good horse and is improving .\npentire, bred by the garrowby stud, nr. york is named champion older horse having won the king george vi and queen elizabeth ii s g1 and finished 3rd in eclipse s g1\nother leading contenders include amadeus wolf, winner of the group one middle park stakes at newmarket last season who appeared to not get home in the stan james 2000 guineas last time out, la cucaracha, heroine of the group one nunthorpe stakes at york last season, the lightly - raced soldier' s tale, fourth in the 2005 darley july cup, multiple group one scorer somnus and soviet song, who could revert to six furlongs for the first time since her debut win as a two - year - old back in 2002 .\nalan swinbank' s eight year old collier hill is placed second in the dubai sheema classic g1 pushing his career earnings over the £1 million mark - a first for a yorkshire trained horse .\nhe' s not short of class. it' s exciting and a privilege when you get a horse like this and to be able to compete in top - class races .\nat the time ardneasken was carrying a sovereign path colt who, named warpath, proved to be a terrific horse for his owner / breeder, earning a timeform rating of 125 courtesy of wins in such races at the extel handicap at goodwood and the doonside cup at ayr. two years later ardneasken bred another cracking horse: dakota, a son of stupendous who won the 1975 ebor handicap .\n“now we have a good amount of the horse genome, there are interesting times ahead, ” says binns. “over the next 10 years there will be some changes in this very traditional industry. ”\nback down to earth, but a little bit of history is also made today when young trainer david barker has his first ever stakes win when stable star celtic mill (bred at burns farm stud) takes the £17, 400 telectronics systems leisure stakes l at windsor' s evening meeting. in third place was the lambourn trained la cucaracha, who was homebred by guy reed at his copgrove stud. this was la cucaracha' s second piece of black - type as in her her run of the season she was second in the lansdown stakes l at bath. earlier there had been winners at carlisle for mark johnston (carte royale) and tim etherington (feu duty), whilst the local winners at beverley were sennen cove, trained by robin bastiman, life is beautiful trained by bill tinning and roman the park trained by tim easterby. mark johnston chalked up a second winner of the day when nufoos won at leicester, and the evening meeting at thirsk also saw a second win of the day for tim easterby (bourgeois) as well as winners for geoff harker (atlantic quest - his first flat winner of the year) and mick easterby (acomb) .\nsir george turner, trained by mark johnston, wins the £200, 000 houghton sales stakes, the second most valuable win ever by a yorkshire trained horse, after that of teleprompter in the 1985 arlington million .\nother contenders include somnus, who will compete in this race for a third straight year. the tim easterby - trained colt won this event in 2003 and fell just a head short in last year' s renewal. la cucaracha, the speedy filly from the stable of barry hills, will also be trying to add to her group i collection. she won the five - furlong nunthorpe stakes (eng - i) in her last start. michael hills, son of the trainer, has the return call. his brother, richard, will be aboard stablemate etlaala, who was third in the group i july cup .\nonly jumps racing domestically today, and not many yorkshire trained runners. unfortunately there are no yorkshire winners and thus today is the first day since the 6th june when a yorkshire trained horse has not won somewhere or other !\nwho topped tattersalls october yearling sale in 2003 when selling to demi o’byrne for 600, 000gns – never ran. but having already produced a horse as special as the tatling, surely the mare can be forgiven that one disappointment !\nsadly be friendly’s bid to land a hat - trick of wins in the race was thwarted by fog which meant the race failed to take place in 1968. however he remains the only horse to win the sprint cup twice .\nlester piggott boasts the best record among the jockeys. first winning aboard right boy in 1958, he quickly followed up on the same horse in 1959 and won this prize an amazing nine times in all throughout his illustrious career .\nfrankel – a bay horse sired by galileo and foaled in 2008. frankel was undefeated in fourteen starts and won £2, 998, 302 in prize money. he won the group 1 dewhurst stakes, 2000 guineas, st. james' s palace stakes, sussex stakes twice, queen elizabeth ii stakes, lockinge stakes, queen anne stakes, international stakes and champion stakes. [ 22 ] he was twice named cartier horse of the year [ 23 ] and timeform rated him as the best horse since the start of the company in 1948. [ 24 ] frankel now stands as a stallion at juddmonte farm' s banstead manor stud for a fee of £125, 000. [ 25 ]\nsport homepage | football | cricket | rugby union | rugby league | tennis | golf | motorsport | boxing | athletics | snooker | horse racing | cycling | disability sport | olympics 2012 | sport relief | other sport ...\nrelated work on sequencing the horse genome is also uncovering genes in thoroughbreds linked to speed and stamina. screening for these traits could one day guide owners’ and breeders’ decisions when buying horses, which may sell for many millions of dollars .\nmla style :\nhorse racing: spinning queen smashes sales record; bloodstock desk ed prosser reports from the opening day of the tattersalls' december mares sale. .\nthe free library. 2006 mgn ltd 10 jul. 2018 urltoken\nkind started the 2005 season in the landsdown fillies' stakes at bath, where she finished third behind winner indian maiden. [ 5 ] in may, kind contested the kilvington stakes at nottingham, where she started at the price of 3 / 1. she took the lead with over one furlong left to run and held on to win by half a length from forever phoenix, with pre - race favourite ringmoor down a further three quarters of a length back in third place. [ 14 ] on 1 june, kind started in her first group race, the six - furlong ballyogan stakes. she started the race as favourite and richard hughes placed her in about third place in the early stages of the race. she took the lead of the race in the penultimate furlong, but was overtaken by la cucaracha before the field entered the final furlong. kind finished the race in third place, less than one length behind winner la cucaracha. [ 15 ] in the summer stakes kind raced near the rear of the field and could not challenge the leaders, finishing in fifth place, with the race being won by lucky spin. [ 16 ] kind' s final race start came in the phoenix sprint stakes, when she finished fifth again. [ 17 ] throughout her racing career she earned £72, 402 in prize money. [ 5 ]\n“we hope to produce sounder, faster and better - performing horses, ” says cunningham. he and colleague emmeline hill at university college dublin is also using the horse genome to uncover genes that explain why one animal runs faster than another .\nfour winners at market rasen' s sunday meeting today for the cross - border raiders from yorkshire with the winning trainers being sue smith (little big horse & undeniable), brian ellison (transit) and james hetherton (valeureux) .\nchicago style: the free library. s. v. horse racing: spinning queen smashes sales record; bloodstock desk ed prosser reports from the opening day of the tattersalls' december mares sale. .\nretrieved jul 10 2018 from urltoken\nafter the inevitable flying dismount, dettori described ouija board as' the most favourite horse of england', rather encapsulating what the rest of us were feeling, although also showing that he still retains a touch of italian when speaking in english .\nsomnus adds to tim easterby' s group one sprint collection when taking the prix maurice de gheest g1 at the deauville festival, in his next race, the stanleybet sprint cup g1 at haydock, he is narrowly beaten into second place, and he rounds out the european season by taking the prix de la foret g1 at longchamp .\npeintire celebre, reared for daniel wildenstein at the copgrove stud, nr. harrogate wins the prix du jockey club g1, grand prix de paris g1, and the prix de l' arc de triomphe g1, becoming european horse of the year .\nby two lengths and thus becomes the first horse ever to win both the english and irish 1, 000 guineas. the 2 - 1 favourite again made all the running and stormed up the centre of the track under kevin darley to retain her unbeaten record. incredibly\napa style: horse racing: spinning queen smashes sales record; bloodstock desk ed prosser reports from the opening day of the tattersalls' december mares sale. . (n. d .) > the free library. (2014). retrieved jul 10 2018 from urltoken\nthe performance of the day today came from the chris thornton trained lets roll at redcar. thornton has been winnerless on the flat since the same horse won in october last year. this season he has put up some good placed performances but today was he showed how good he really is when taking the £14, 365 formica handicap under dean mckeown, not bad for a horse that cost a mere 1, 400gns as a yearling! jedd o' keeffe (parisian playboy) and alan swinbank (lucky judge) also had winners up on teeside .\njockeys these days often appear hypersensitive to criticism, so how refreshing it was to hear munro say:' i made an error. the horse was flat and did not give me the same feel as at ascot, but it was still an error on my part.'\nmark johnston, based at middleham, trains royal rebel to win the ascot gold cup g1 at royal ascot for the second year in a row (the horse having had no wins in between). johnston ends the golden jubilee royal ascot as the leading trainer with four wins .\neven before this famous victory, aurie’s star had proved himself a great horse, with victories in the oakleigh plate (twice), newmarket handicap and goodwood handicap (under a record ten stone) to his name. his whittier handicap victory, though, made his place in history secure .\nthis horse is ready to win a big handicap soon and he could develop into a cambridgeshire type. but he will have to improve to beat sir gerard, who ran a cracker from stall one to finish fourth in the totesport mile. he is my ante - post fancy for the big newmarket handicap .\nit would seem unlikely that one might look to the fibresand circuit at southwell, perhaps the lowliest of britain’s oft - derided quintet of all - weather tracks, to provide a contender for december’s horse of the month. however, one winner there this week really does deserve consideration for any award going, writes john berry\nwithin the space of five minutes mark johnston trains jukebox jury to win the preis von europa g1 and shakespearean the £956, 310 goffs million mile, the richest ever victory for a yorkshire trained horse. less than a week later johnston' s awzaan lands the middle park stakes g1 to make it a week to remember .\ntetratema became the first horse to win this race twice when taking the prize in 1920 and 1921. five other runners have since recorded two wins including abernant, who is considered by many to have been the best sprinter of the 20th century, and the flying filly lochsong who dominated the sprint division in the early 1990s .\nfrom its outset, the vernons’ sprint cup attracted top class racehorses and the first winner became the most successful horse in the race’s history to date: be friendly. owned by sir peter o’sullevan, the voice of racing, be friendly was called home by his always professional owner who showed no signs of partiality in his commentary .\nteleprompter, trained by bill watts at richmond, becomes the highest earning english or irish trained horse of all time, following his victory in the arlington million of that year. although this was short lived (after pebbles won the same years breeders' cup), he is still the highest earning english gelding of all time with winnings of £758, 536 .\nnowadays, it is rare to see potential melbourne cup contenders making their seasonal reappearance in the aurie’s star handicap, which is generally won by a high - class sprinter – but still the tradition persists that aurie’s star handicap day is when things start to get serious. and that is just as it should be, as the race is named after a horse whose place in the record books is secure .\nhowever, la pomme d’amour, whose dam winnebago was trained by chris thornton to win at hamilton in 1997, is trained in france by andre fabre. having been raised at copgrove hall before joining fabre’s stable, she has thus followed in the footsteps of her sire peintre celebre: for approximately the final 15 years of the 20th century, copgrove hall annually agisted a batch of yearlings for the wildenstein family, with peintre celebre, winner of the arc from fabre’s stable in 1997, being one of the stars to spend some of his formative months under this regime .\nwolfhound had been running well in defeat against sheikh albadou and in 1992 progressed to win the diadem stakes (beating lochsong by 1 ½ lengths) and then the group 1 prix de la foret over 7 furlongs. more placed efforts followed in 1993, most notably when a narrow second to inchinor in the hungerford stakes at newbury. at haydock wolfhound had perhaps his biggest win as he lead home a john gosden one - two, beating catrail by a length, with lochsong third, ahead of royal ascot winner college chapel and the disappointing july cup winner hamas well beaten .\nthe sprint cup was switched from the final day of the season to the first saturday in september in 1979 when double form, trained by fulke johnson houghton, was successful. double form became the first horse to win three of europe' s premier sprints - the king' s stand stakes at ascot, the prix de l' abbaye at longchamp, france, and the sprint cup - all in the same season .\nbullet train – a bay horse sired by sadler' s wells and foaled in 2007. he won two races including the lingfield derby trial and £114, 824 in prize money. [ 19 ] he was later used as frankel' s pacemaker. [ 20 ] bullet train was retired to stud at the end of 2012 and stands at wintergreen farm in kentucky for a fee of $ 7, 500. [ 21 ]\nthe most remarkable performance of the week came from mark johnston' s road to love, who ran away with richard hills on the way to the start of thursday' s ladbrokes handicap. the energy lost there made no difference and nor did a tricky outside draw as he pulverised his rivals by five lengths, cracking the course record. he was a group horse in a handicap and must now step up to pattern company .\nwondering if anyone likes the look of everymanforhimself in the ascot 2. 35. backed him already but cant understand why hes still 28 / 1. o' briens horse looks good but is too short on what hes achieved and is being backed on reputation. this horse ran green in his first two races but still won the first and just lost out in the second when just being beaten after having to go the long way round the pack. both these races were on softish ground but his last was on good ground. he won that, a class 2 over 5f and ran on. just feel with the step upto 6f and with ideal ground hes got alot of potential for improvement if hes over his greenness and he gets the gaps. well bred being a son of fasliyev who often gets nice sprinters at 2yrs old. 28 / 1 just looks very big .\nmuthmir went off at 9 / 2 in the coral charge and those who were on him thought they’d found a good thing. however, it appeared that either the tactics were wrong or the seven - year - old simply got unlucky. the william haggas trained horse won the king george stakes in 2015 but was unable to defend last year. with some good form under his belt this season, muthmir could make a better fist it one year on .\nbehind a slightly gruff yorkshire exterior, reed has a great sense of humour. he is one of the country' s biggest business success stories and it is racing' s good fortune that his first horse in 1968, yours sincerely, won her first two races .\ni don' t know that it was that good for me ,\nhe reflects dryly .\nit' s difficult to say what might have happened had she lost them .\nsign up with promo code f50, place a bet on any horse race and ladbrokes will give you a free bet up to £50. new customers only. certain deposit methods excluded. min £5 excluding tote or pools = match max £50 free bet. min odds 1 / 2 +. free bet valid for 4 days, stake not returned. single line bets only. free bet cannot be used on certain markets. 18 +. terms and conditions apply\nthree jumps meetings today, but only two yorkshire trained winner, both at market rasen. sue smith' s miss holly wins the opening maiden hurdle nicely, and the last race, a bumper, was won by wensley trainer geoff harker with jay be junior, who was having his debut run. jay be junior was bred by his owner geoffrey bonson at his sycamore farm stud near ripon, and is the first horse to run by resident stallion jb quick .\nanother good day at aintree for yorkshire when sue smith' s simply supreme puts up the race of his young life to win the £43, 500 martell cognac mildmay novices chase by a staggering 12 lengths, to quote the racing post\nhe ran them ragged\n. another young horse with winning ways is patrick haslam' s two - year - old filly by trans island; nova tor who won on her debut at southwell, later at the same meeting there was a win for david chapman' s old hand on the trail .\ntrainer noel wilson, previously based at garrowby, has now moved to malton, where he will be renting the lower yard at norton grange from the fitzgeralds. now in his fourth season as a trainer wilson has had 3 winners so far this jumps season, most notably pharbeitfrome won hacked around to finish third in last weeks castleford chase gd2 at wetherby, having won at southwell in july. wilson also had 4 wins on the flat last season, with the useful stallone winning three of those. probably his best horse to date however is the useful grangewick flight .\nmichael dickinson, who trained at dunkeswick saddles a world record 12 winners in one day on the 27th december, he had 21 runners in 20 races at 6 different courses within a period of 3 hours. only one horse failed to contribute financially to the day' s haul as he also had 5 seconds, 2 thirds and 1 fourth place. the shortest price dickinson runner of the day was the welder, at wetherby, lost by a short head! michael dickinson was only in his second year as a trainer, having taken over from his father, tony .\nit is hard to know what the key to the tatling turned out to be – but, whatever it was, milton bradley found it. and still has it. he won a class two handicap with the horse at sandown five weeks after claiming him and towards the end of the season, he won another class two handicap, this time at york. as a six - year - old the following year (2003), the tatling began to come into his own. he finished third at royal ascot in june in the wokingham handicap behind the dead - heaters\ndowsing had been owned by prince khalid abdullah, trained by jeremy tree and ridden by pat eddery. that same combination made it back to back wins in 1989 with the outstanding danehill. the son of danzig had finished third to the great nashwan in the 2, 000 guineas and later landed the cork and orrery stakes at royal ascot before finishing third to cadeaux genereux in the july cup. at haydock park danehill was back to his very best, running out a comfortable 2 length winner from the french horse cricket ball, before embarking on a hugely successful stallion career .\nthe runner - up went on to land the group 1 prix de la foret at longchamp, underlining his own credentials and a year later, gordon lord byron was back at haydock park. after several placed efforts during the summer of 2013, gordon lord byron landed the group 3 desmond stakes before heading to the sprint cup. on good to soft ground, the five year old quickened into the lead on the far side just before the quarter mile pole and by the furlong marker had pulled clear of a classy field that included royal ascot and july cup winner lethal force, slade power, garswood and hoof it. at the line he was eased down and a long way clear of future dual group 1 winner slade power, providing johnny murtagh with one of his last group 1 successes .\nanother good day with a winner at market rasen for sue smith (little big horse) and for karl burke (diction) and bryan smart (commander bond) at southwell. even better was to come however at newcastle' s evening meeting where the opening amateur race was won by tim fitzgerald' s kingsdon (his fourth win in a row). the next was the £17, 400 gosforth park cup this fell to john quinn' s caribbean coral, his second big win of the month. quinn made it a double for the night when icenaslice won the closing race .\ndouble form landed the temple stakes, king’s stand stakes and prix de l’abbaye de longchamp (becoming the first horse to win both of the last two mentioned races) during a sparkling 1979. his victory in the vernon’s sprint cup was the final ride of a memorable career for geoff lewis, forever indelibly linked with mill reef. lewis postponed his retirement in order to take the ride and duly won on double form, who sadly had a very short life after making a really promising start to his life as a stallion, siring dewhurst stakes winner huntingdale and top class sprinter double schwartz .\nkinnaird, having her first run for 255 days was fourth in the same race, so there is certain to be a big party in middleham tonight! this is johnston' s eleventh group one win and the first time a horse of his has won consecutive group one races, presumably the coronation stakes at royal ascot will be the next target for both attraction and kinnaird. this victory also puts attraction into the top ten list of winnings by yorkshire trained horses, which is shown below (all figures approx). incredibly three of these horses (scott' s view, attraction and somnus) are still in training. oh, and\npiccolo is a bay horse with a white stripe and three white coronet marks bred by the 18th earl of derby' s stanley estate. he was one of the first crop of foals sired by warning, the top - rated european racehorse of 1988 who stood as a breeding stallion in europe before being exported to japan. the best of his other progeny included diktat (prix maurice de gheest, haydock sprint cup), charnwood forest (queen anne stakes) and annus mirabilis (dubai duty free). warning was a male - line descendant of the godolphin arabian, unlike more than 95% of modern thoroughbreds, who trace their ancestry to the darley arabian .\nnot every day can be like yesterday - fayr jag flopped badly in his unfavoured soft ground in the sprinters stakes g1 in japan, although the third placed horse was locally trained cape of good hope who was bred at the melbourne hall stud. there was also no luck on the arc card for any of the three yorkshire runners (in the cadran and abbaye). closer to home however there were yorkshire trained winners at all three jumps meetings with micky hammond' s manbow and kate walton' s wildfield rufo winning at kelso, sue smith' s the merry mason and mick easterby' s caulkleys bank winning at market rasen and sue smith also winning the main race at uttoxeter with noshinannikin .\nall good things come to an end, today was the first day since the 18th july with no yorkshire winners. it was still a reasonable day however with mark johnston getting the newmarket cambridgeshire meeting off to a good start when his carte diamond was second in the opening race, the noel murless stakes l, the colt looking the likely winner for much of the race only to be outstayed in the last furlong - not often you can say that about a johnston horse! later on the same card richard fahey' s golden legacy was a game fourth in the cheveley park stakes g1, open beaten two necks and a half length, a run which will fill the malton handler with confidence for next season .\ncomments from bryan smart trainer\ni have had some good two - year - olds, monsieur bond, misu bond and sir xaar - they were high - class horses, rated in the 100s - and it is early days, but on his homework this is the best two - year - old i have trained. he has done things you would only dream about - he is just awesome at home and he has to work with older horses as he goes so well with the two - year - olds. he will go straight for the coventry stakes at royal ascot. he will get seven furlongs as he is so laid - back, and there is till more to come - he will grow into a lovely horse\n440 thirsk: commentary solid form on all 4 of its starts as a 2 year old winning one of them over 7f at folkestone on fast ground. a close 2nd on its last start behind wovoka (winner since). steps upto a mile today but should be ready for that now. trained by willie haggas who can get horses ready first time and ridden by phillip robinson (win) 545 thirsk: confide is a winner without a penalty here today if connections decide to run it. had yesterdays race sewn up before robert winstons huge clanger resulted in it getting caught in the shadow of the post and winston deservedly getting a 28 day ban. a straight forward enough horse thats obviously well in itself and 5lb claimer andrew elliott shouldnt have a tricky ride. if it runs and yesterdays race hasnt left its mark confide looks the proverbial good thing. without a doubt there will be no easing up on it before the line today as connections will be keen to get there money back (nb) 705 brighton: vadinka was a good 4th to the smart baby strange on its debut. that horse is top class and has won since. the forms been further boosted by the 2nd home grand prix winning both its starts since. vadinka then ran equally well from a poor draw when beaten only 2ls into 5th behind scented present. that form has also been well advertised with the 7th queen of narnia and 8th peggys flower (twice) winning since. well drawn in stall one today should be vadinkas day (nap) all the best tankyman\ngoing to stick my neck out with a 28 / 1 selection in the 4. 25 @ ascot. vortex @ 28 / 1 each way. seldom runs a bad race when it matters and has good form going into this running a blinder latest - has the useful martin dwyer on board who is amazing at finding gaps and with only 7 runners' may' just bring a shock result pity there is not 8 runners as he could have been in top 3. - there is no doubting the class of proclamtion and peeress but if one of them has a bad day vortex could strike. ok going to combine this in an each way double with tax free 3. 10pm ascot 12 / 1 this dandy nicholls horse has good form and although better over 6f should run a big race .\nalthough the september stakes has lost its star filly, several classy colts still make this an intriguing race. godolphin will send out multiple stakes winner mamool. the six - year - old horse by in the wings won this event last year and used it as a springboard for tilts at the arc and the melbourne cup (aus - i). it is very likely that a good showing here will warrant a return trip to both longchamp and flemington. cherry mix, who also races under the godolphin banner, will be making his first start in five months. the four - year - old finished a bang - up second to bago in the 2004 arc de triomphe. the son of linamix was last seen at nad al sheba, where he finished tenth in the group i dubai sheema classic .\nthe tatling made his debut for nicholls two months after the sale, finishing second at epsom. however, he did not really flourish in this home. a year after buying him, nicholls ran the tatling in a class six (ie the lowest class) claimer at catterick, a race in which he would be able to run well below his best and still win. he did indeed win it, scoring by five lengths to take his record from nicholls’ stable to one win from eight starts, which represented a remarkably light campaign for a nicholls - trained horse, suggesting that he was possibly still proving hard to keep sound. that, however, turned out to be his complete record for that yard, because he was claimed after the race, with welsh trainer milton bradley stumping up £15, 000 to take home this under - performing five - year - old gelding .\nday one of newmarket' s' champion' s meeting and although there are no yorkshire trained winners a couple of' our' horses run into good places. firstly george moore' s la sylphide took full advantage of the cut in the ground to gain some black - type by finishing third in the severals stakes l. the next race was the £100, 000 tattersalls autumn auction stakes and this saw kevin ryan' s gifted gamble pick up a useful £14, 060 for finishing third. the winner of this race incidentally was cape columbine who' s dam, cape merino, was bred at the melbourne hall stud and trained at beverly by the late alf smith. there was one yorkshire victory today however as patrick haslam' s courant d' air won the opener all the way down at taunton. the fiscal bloodbath at tattersalls continued (next year there will be a. a lot of horses in the' breeze up' sales and b. a lot of horses available on free / cheap leases !) and normal service was resumed in that the highest lot from a yorkshire stud was the 15, 000gns achieved by oaks farm stables for branston stud' s daughter of efisio and food of love .\nred clubs had been a good juvenile who had finished second in the middle park stakes of 2005. at three he had won the greenham stakes but failed to stay in the 2, 000 guineas or jersey stakes and after finishing well behind reverence in the haydock sprint cup, had won the diadem stakes at ascot. as a four year old red clubs ran much more consistently without quite getting his head in front in races like the july cup and nunthorpe. at haydock park, barry hills’s colt faced some formidable rivals including july cup winner sakhee’s secret, somnus was back, asset was in there as was old rival amadeus wolf and the progressive french horse marchand d’or. it was the latter who gave red clubs the hardest race, but the gutsy four year old got his head in front inside the final furlong and ran on to win by ¾ of a length. in a tragically short stud career, red clubs sired 1, 000 guineas winner sky lantern .\ntim easterby' s somnus consolidates his claim for european champion sprinter honours when he takes his second french group one of the season (and the third group one of his career) - the prix de la foret g1 at longchamp. somnus, bred by scampston hall stud (where he will now go for his traditional winter holiday) and raised at sledmere, came fast and late with his trademark electrifying turn of foot in the dying strides under mick kinane to just grab victory on the line. bryan smart' s monsieur bond also ran a good race to be fourth. somnus now jumps past fruits of love in the all - time winnings list. in case you' re losing count - that' s eight yorkshire trained group one winners this season (dare i say so far with champions day still to come? ! ?), an all - time record. no local winners at york but mark johnston' s nufoos is second in the rockingham stakes l, her second piece of' black type'. this filly is entered in the autumn horses in training sale, but looks sure to be withdrawn following this run. earlier john wainwright had his first winner for eight weeks when joyce' s choice won a banded stakes on warwick. there was only one winner under national hunt rules with james hetherton' s qualitair pleasure landing the bumper at bangor." ]

{ "text": [ "la cucaracha ( 26 march 2001 – 9 february 2014 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .", "bred and owned by the yorkshire businessman guy reed she was trained by barry hills at lambourn .", "she was a specialist sprinter , who won both of her races as a juvenile but injury restricted her career to five races in two years until she emerged as a top class sprinter as a four-year-old .", "in 2005 she won four of her seven races including the cammidge trophy and ballyogan stakes before recording her biggest win in the nunthorpe stakes .", "la cucaracha remained in training at five and recorded another major victory on her final racecourse appearance when she won the king george stakes . " ], "topic": [ 22, 22, 14, 14, 14 ] }

[ "la cucaracha (26 march 2001 – 9 february 2014) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. bred and owned by the yorkshire businessman guy reed she was trained by barry hills at lambourn. she was a specialist sprinter, who won both of her races as a juvenile but injury restricted her career to five races in two years until she emerged as a top class sprinter as a four-year-old. in 2005 she won four of her seven races including the cammidge trophy and ballyogan stakes before recording her biggest win in the nunthorpe stakes. la cucaracha remained in training at five and recorded another major victory on her final racecourse appearance when she won the king george stakes." ]

[ "no one has contributed data records for lestrimelitta limao yet. learn how to contribute .\nfig. 1. trigonholaspis sp. , ex lestrimelitta limao, panama, bmoc 88 - 0729 - 001 .\nlestrimelitta limao (smith, 1863) and / or l. rufipes (friese, 1903) -\niratín\nabelha - limão (lestrimelitta limao) aprendendo sobre abelhas nativas sem f... | apicultura | pinterest | confirmation\nchemical releasers of social behavior. viii. citral in the mandibular gland secretion of lestrimelitta limao (hymenoptera: apoidea: melittidae )\nnotes on the type specimen of trigona limao smith (hymenoptera, apidae, lestrimelitta). the name limao has been loosely associated with a variety of forms within the bee genus lestrimelitta. the identity of the type species was checked through comparisons of smith' s type material with the morphospecies recognized in an ongoing revision of the brazilian species. lestrimelitta limao is a species... [ show full abstract ]\nrobber bees (lestrimelitta limao) and their host chemical and visual cues in nest defense bytrigona (tetragonisca) angustula (apidae: meliponinae) .\nbego lr, zucchi r, mateus s (1991) notes on food strategies (cleptobiosis) in lestrimelitta limao smith (hymenoptera, apidae, meliponinae) .\nrobber bees (lestrimelitta limao) and their host chemical and visual cues in nest defense bytrigona (tetragonisca) angustula (apidae: meliponinae). - pubmed - ncbi\nsakagami, s. f. (1993). ethology of the robber bee lestrimelitta limao (hymenoptera: apidae). sociobiology, 21, 237 - 277 .\nsakagami sf, roubik dw, zucchi r (1993) ethology of the robber stingless bee, lestrimelitta limao (hymenoptera: apidae). sociobiology 21: 237 - 277\nsakagami sf, roubik dw and zucchi r (1993) ethology of the robber stingless bee lestrimelitta limao (hymenoptera, apidae). sociobiology 21: 237 - 277. [ links ]\nchemical releasers of social behavior. viii. citral in the mandibular gland secretion of lestrimelitta limao (hymenoptera: apoidea: melittidae) 1 | annals of the entomological society of america | oxford academic\nsakagami s. f. , roubik d. w. , zucchi r. (1993) ethology of the robber stingless bee, lestrimelitta limao (hymenoptera: apidae), sociobiology 21, 237 - 277 .\nbego lr, zucchi r and mateus s (1991) notas sobre a estratégia alimentar (cleptobiose) de lestrimelitta limao smith (hymenoptera, apidae, meliponinae). naturalia 16: 119 - 127. [ links ]\nsakagami, s. f. , roubik, d. w. & zucchi, r. (1993). ethology of the robber stingless bee, lestrimelitta limao (hymenoptera: apidae). sociobiology 21 (2): 237 - 277 [ 249, 261, 262 ] (as melipona favosa, raids: lestrimelitta )\nthe mandibular glands of the stingless bee lestrimelitta limao (fr. smith) secrete a volatile terpenoid which has been identified as citral. the stereoisomers of this compound are present in the approximate ratio of 2 parts of geranial and 1 part of neral. the probable functions of citral are discussed in relation to the biology of l. limao .\nwittmann, d. (1985). aerial defense of the nest by workers of the stingless bee trigona (tetragonisca) angustula (latreille) (hymenoptera: apidae). behav. ecol. sociobiol. 16: 111 - 114 [ 111 - 114 ] (? uncertain identity, as lestrimelitta limao, partim [ panama - see also lestrimelitta limao (smith) ], behavior, cleptobiosis, raids: tetragonisca angustula, citral, alarm pheromone )\nlockhart, p. j. & cameron, s. a. (2001). trees for bees. ecol. & evol. 16 (2): 84 - 88 [ 85, 86 ] (? uncertain identity, as lestrimelitta limao, [ probably = lestrimelitta danuncia oliveira & marchi ], molecular analysis, phylogeny )\nthe results indicate that the wax glands development is adapted to the amount of wax used in the nest construction (trigona hypogea, t. recursa and cephalotrigona capitata) and to the way the wax is obtained (lestrimelitta limao) .\nsakagami, s. f. , roubik, d. w. & zucchi, r. (1993). ethology of the robber stingless bee, lestrimelitta limao (hymenoptera: apidae). sociobiology 21 (2): 237 - 277 [ 243, 261 ] (as trigona (frieseomelitta) nigra, raid: lestrimelitta, raiding intensity )\nthe reproductive behavior of workers in 21 species was known from the scientific literature. new investigations of two species, lestrimelitta limao and plebeia minima, determined the frequency of worker ovary activation in three colonies of each species, with and without queens .\ncytological analysis confirmed female and male chromosome content to be 2n = 28 (figures 1b and 1d), as already described for lestrimelitta limao females (rocha et al. , 2003). neither cytometry nor cytogenetic analysis revealed haploid males among those analyzed .\nayala, r. (1988). abejas silvestres (hymenoptera: apoidea) de chamela, jalisco, méxico. folia entomológica mexicana 77: 395 - 493 [ 406, 447, 448 ] (geographic record, key, raid: lestrimelitta limao )\ncameron, s. a. & mardulyn, p. (2001). multiple molecular data sets suggests independent origins of highly eusocial behavior in bees (hymenoptera: apinae). syst. biol. 50 (2): 194 - 214 [ 196, 201, 202, 205 ] (as lestrimelitta limao and lestrimelitta, geographic record, molecular analysis, dna, morphology, phylogeny )\nrau, p. (1933). the jungle bees and wasps of barro colorado island (with notes on other insects). missouri: kirkwood 1 - 324 pp. [ 32 - 34 ] (as lestrimelitta limao [ * from schwarz, 1948: 182 ] )\nmurray s. blum; chemical releasers of social behavior. viii. citral in the mandibular gland secretion of lestrimelitta limao (hymenoptera: apoidea: melittidae), annals of the entomological society of america, volume 59, issue 5, 1 september 1966, pages 962–964, urltoken\nroubik, d. w. (1993). direct costs of forest reproduction, bee - cycling and the efficiency of pollination modes. journal of biosciences 18 (4): 537 - 553 [ 549 ] (as lestrimelitta limao, geographic range, habitat, nest density )\nwittman d, radtke r, zeil j, lübke g, franke w (1990) robber bees (lestrimelitta limao) and their host chemical and visual cues in nest defense by trigona (tetragonisca) angustula (apidae: meliponinae). journal of chemical ecology 16: 631 - 641\nsakagami, s. f. , roubik, d. w. & zucchi, r. (1993). ethology of the robber stingless bee, lestrimelitta limao (hymenoptera: apidae). sociobiology 21 (2): 237 - 277 [ 243, 249, 254, 261 ] (as plebeia (scaura) latitarsis, raid by lestrimelitta, nesting site: active nasutitermes termite nest, defense behavior, raiding intensity )\nkoulianos, s. , schmid - hempel, r. , roubik, d. w. & schmid - hempel, p. (1999). phylogenetic relationships within the corbiculate apinae (hymenoptera) and the evolution of eusociality. j. evol. biol. 12: 380 - 384 [ 381, 382 ] (? uncertain identity, as lestrimelitta limao [ probably = lestrimelitta danuncia oliveira & marchi ], molecular analysis, dna, phylogeny )\nroubik, d. w. (1989). ecology and natural history of tropical bees. new york: cambridge university press 1 - 514 + x pp. [ 216, 266, 267 ] (as lestrimelitta limao, partim [ panama ], behavior, cleptobiosis, attack, figure: raid on melipona fasciata )\nhaving larger - bodied guards is important for nest - defence, as they are better at fighting one of jataí’s main enemies – the robber bee lestrimelitta limao, which can kill off many colonies when raiding nests for food. these guards, then, are more like the ‘soldier’ workers found in some ant and termite colonies .\nwittman d. , radtke r. , zeil j. , lübke g. , franke w. (1990) robber bees (lestrimelitta limao) and their host chemical and visual cues in nest defense by trigona (tetragonisca) angustula (apidae: meliponinae), j. chem. ecol. 16, 631 - 641 .\nbego, l. r. , zucchi, r. & mateus, s. (1991). notas sobre a estratégia alimentar (cleptobiose) de lestrimelitta limao smith (hymenoptera, apidae, meliponinae). naturalia (são paulo) 16: 119 - 127 [ 126 ] (as melipona favosa phenax, note, citation )\nradtke r, wittman d, lübke g, franke w (1990) intra - and interspecific chemical communication during pillages of robber bees (lestrimelitta limao, apidae, meliponinae). in: international union for the study of social insects 11th international congress. oxford & ibh pub. co. , bangalore, india, pp 589 - 590\ntherefore the histological features and epithelial heights size data seem to confirm the expected condition from the observed behavior related to wax production by the species, that is, species that produce great amounts of wax have more developed wax glands than those species that requires less wax in their nests as trigona hypogea, or use wax robbed from other bees as lestrimelitta limao .\nnew species of lestrimelitta friese (meliponinae, apidae, hymenoptera) from the amazon region (brazil). boletim do museu paraense emilio goeldi serie zoologia 5: 195 - 212\nmardulyn, p. & cameron, s. a. (1999). the major opsin in bees (insecta: hymenoptera): a promising nuclear gene for higher level phylogenetics. mol. phylog. evol. 12 (2): 168 - 176 [ 169, 172, 173, 174 ] (as lestrimelitta limao, geographic record, molecular analysis, nuclear gene, phylogeny )\nroubik, d. w. (1983). nest and colony characteristics of stingless bees from panamá (hymenoptera: apidae). j. kansas entomol. soc. 53 (6): 327 - 355 [ 331, 336, 340, 346 - 347 ] (as lestrimelitta limao, nesting site: tree cavity, geographic records, nest characteristics, nest population, food volume )\n... most social bees collect floral resources to obtain proteins and carbohydrates. however, the obligate cleptoparasite stingless bee lestrimelitta limao, the so - called robber bee, is a rare exception as it collects resources by raiding other stingless bee nests. the mechanisms these bees use to overcome host colony defenses are poorly understood. many host species retreat inside the nest during l. l ...\nto test this hypothesis, we analyzed the size and shape of guards, foragers, and waste - removing workers from colonies at two locations 50 km apart in the state of são paulo, brazil, where jataí is a common native species. because guards aggressively defend the entrance against intruders, we also tested whether worker size is related to fighting performance. to do this, we staged fights between individual t. angustula soldiers and workers of lestrimelitta limao, a common obligate robber bee sympatric to jataí. jataí is one of the main targets of l. limao raids, and attacks frequently result in colony death in the study area (19) .\nroubik, d. w. (1991). aspects of africanized honey bee ecology in tropical america pp. 259 - 281 in spivak, m. , fletcher, d. j. c. & breed, m. d. (ed .) the\nafrican\nhoney bee. san francisco: westview press [ 269 ] (as lestrimelitta limao [ panama ], attack: apis, stingless bees, wet season )\nsmith, b. h. & roubik, d. w. (1983). mandibular glands of stingless bees (hymenoptera: apidae): chemical analysis of their contents and biological function in two species of melipona. j. chem. ecol. 9 (11): 1465 - 1472 [ 1466, 1467, 1468, 1471 ] (as lestrimelitta limao, mandibular glands secretion, volatile contents, communication, alarm response, behavior, raids, robbing )\nmarchi p and melo gar (2006) revisão taxonômica das espécies brasileiras de abelhas do gênero lestrimelitta friese (hymenoptera, apidae, meliponina). rev bras entomol 50: 6 - 30 (abstract in english). [ links ]\nthe study was conducted on two fronts. first, the researchers set out to understand how workers' reproductive behavior evolved in the presence or absence of a queen. then they sought to find out which chemical compounds signaled the queen' s presence to workers. the reproductive behavior of workers in 21 species was known from the scientific literature. new investigations of two species, lestrimelitta limao and plebeia minima, determined the frequency of worker ovary activation in three colonies of each species, with and without queens .\nsakagami sf and laroca s (1963) additional observations on the habits of the cleptobiotic stingless bees, the genus lestrimelitta friese (hymenoptera, apoidea). j fac sci hokaido university ser vi zool 15: 319 - 339. [ links ]\nsakagami, s. f. , roubik, d. w. & zucchi, r. (1993). ethology of the robber stingless bee, lestrimelitta limao (hymenoptera: apidae). sociobiology 21 (2): 237 - 277 [ 237 - 277 ] (partim [ panama - see also lestrimelitta rufipes (friese) ], geographic records, pillaging behavior, cleptobiosis, nest defense, mandibular glands, citral odor release, flight behavior, daily activity, mass raids, attack: scaptotrigona barrocoloradensis, s. pectoralis, s. luteipennis, paratrigona ornaticeps, nannotrigona perilampoides, plebeia (scaura) latitarsis, trigona (frieseomelitta) nigra, trigona (tetragonisca) angustula, melipona eburnea, raid duration, figures: nest entrance (2c), mass raid )\nstrassmann, j. (2001). the rarity of multiple mating by females in the social hymenoptera. insectes soc. 48: 1 - 13 [ 7 ] (? uncertain identity, as lestrimelitta limão [ sic ], mating frequency, citation )\nl. limao workers were collected from a wild colony on the university of são paulo campus and temporarily kept in groups of 30–50 workers in large (15 cm) petri dishes and fed with honey. for each fight, a single l. limao worker was removed from the petri dish by gently grasping it with soft forceps and then taken to an experimental t. angustula colony and held near the entrance tube until either a standing or a hovering guard attacked it. the fighting pair was then put into a medium - sized petri dish (10 - cm diameter) and left to fight for a maximum of 15 min. the few fights that were unfinished after this time were terminated. the fight was considered over when the l. limao worker managed to remove the attacking t. angustula guard. we repeated this experiment with 10 guards (both hovering and standing) per colony and eight different colonies (80 fights in total) .\nthe nest of the stingless bee, trigona (tetragonisca) angustula, is guarded by bees positioned in the nest entrance and others hovering in front of it. hovering guard bees track returning foragers sideways along the last 10 cm in front of the nest, but intercept and incapacitate nest intruders by clinging with mandibles to wings and legs. when attacked by the cleptobiotic stingless bee lestrimelitta limao, the colony strengthens its aerial defense with hundreds of additional hoverers. to test our hypothesis that this reaction is due to interspecific chemical communication based on kairomone effects, we presented synthetic cephalic volatiles of both species at the nest entrance and counted the number of bees leaving the nest and taking up hovering positions. we conclude that guard bees recognize l. limao by the major terpenoids of their volatile cephalic secretions, geranial, neral (= citral) and 6 - methyl - 5 - hepten - 2 - one; other components may fine - tune this recognition. the effect of chemical stimuli is not significantly enhanced by combination with a dummy of l. limao. guard bees, we hypothesize, respond to this kairomone by secreting a species specific alarm pheromone; a major component of this pheromone, benzaldehyde, recruits additional bees to defend the nest .\nthe developmental degree of the wax glands was compared in four meliponini bees, that produce different quantities of wax. the histological data and height average of the wax epithelium during the time in which the maximum production of wax is expected, are in accordance with the rates of wax produced by the species. in lestrimelitta limao (smith, 1863) a species which has cleptobiotic habits, and frequently rob wax from the attacked colonies, the height of wax epithelium was the lowest among the studied species. the cells seem to show an abnormal vacuolated cytoplasm, in the phase in which they would be producing wax .\nschwarz, h. f. (1934). the social bees (meliponidae) of barro colorado island, canal zone. am. mus. novit. 731: 1 - 23 [ 2, 23 ] (as lestrimelitta limão [ sic ], key, synonymy, geographic record, colony age )\nmarchi, p. & melo, g. a. r. (2006). revisão taxonômica das espécies brasileiras de abelhas do gênero lestrimelitta friese (hymenoptera, apidae, meliponina). rev. bras. entomol. 50 (1): 6 - 30 [ 7 ] (list, geographic records )\ngonzalez, v. h. , rasmussen, c. & velasquez, a. (2010). una especie nueva de lestrimelitta y un cambio de nombre en lasioglossum (hymenoptera: apidae, halictidae). rev. colomb. entomol. 36: 319 - 324 [ 321 ] (castes decribed, geographic range, citation )\nroubik, d. w. (1992). stingless bees: a guide to panamanian and mesoamerican species and their nests (hymenoptera: apidae: meliponinae) pp. 495 - 524 in quintero, d. & a. aiello (ed .) insects of panama and mesoamerica. selected studies. oxford: oxford university press 692 pp. [ 498, 503, 509, 514, 518, 523 ] (as lestrimelitta limao, partim [ panama ], key, figures: head, hind tibia, geographic range [ partim ], diagnosis, obligate robbers, nesting site: in living tree, artificial cavities, nest entrance, nest defense, folk name :\nabeja pilladora\n)\nschwarz, h. f. (1948). stingless bees (meliponidae) of the western hemisphere. bull. am. mus. nat. hist. 90: xvii + 546 [ 19, 32, 78, 93, 180, 183, 190, 277 ] (as lestrimelitta limao, partim [ specimens from barro colorado, panamá, and citation of rau, 1933 ], figures: worker: head, hindleg, mandible, geographic record, garbage (on the ground under the nest): hermetia illuscens (diptera), nest entrance, citation, geographic range [ partim: canal zone and panamá ], colony age, figure: plate 3 - figure 3: nest entrance )\nschwarz, h. f. (1944). the stingless bees. a paradox among the producers of honey. nat. hist. 53 (9): 414 - 417, 426 [ 417, 426 - 427 ] (as lestrimelitta limão [ sic ], figure: nest entrance, geographic record, toxic honey, behavior, robbing )\noliveira, f. f. & marchi, p. (2005). três espécies novas de lestrimelitta friese (hymenoptera, apidae) da costa rica, panamá e guiana francesa. rev. bras. entomol. 49 (1): 1 - 6 [ 1 - 2, 6 ] (synonymy, diagnosis, description, comparative notes, key )\n( a) defending the entrance of a natural nest in a wall cavity; standing guards at the tip of the wax entrance tube and a hovering guard facing the flight corridor leading to the entrance. (b) a t. angustula forager worker (left) and guard worker (right). the thorax of foragers is usually covered with a thin layer of resin (as shown), the function of which is unknown. guards have resin on their legs, but not on their thorax. guards are 30% heavier than foragers. (c) the head of a t. angustula guard clamped to the wing of a l. limao worker at the end of a fight. the l. limao worker has decapitated the guard but is unable to remove its head and thus is unable to fly .\n... lestrimelitta is likely to be related to plebeia schwarz, as suggested by both morphological and molecular studies (michener 2007, rasmussen & cameron (2010. when compared to other stingless bee genera, lestrimelitta species seem to be monotonously similar at first glance, but recent works (e. g. , ayala 1999, oliveira 2002, melo 2003, oliveira & marchi 2005, marchi & melo 2006, gonzalez et al. , 2010, roig - alsina 2010 have highlighted and illustrated a suitable set of characters that are reliable in species recognition. those characters include the shape of the propodeal spiracle, length of the mesotibial spur, presence or absence of hairs on the body, and the length, density, and type of pubescence... .\na reconstruction of the evolutionary history of worker differentiation suggests that the common ancestor of the species included in our study had similarly sized guards and foragers (fig. 1a). the analysis further suggests that increased guard size evolved five times independently among the 28 study species (fig. 1a). all transitions towards increased guard size have occurred relatively recently, during the last 20–25 million years (fig. 1a). this period coincides with the period of diversification of the cleptoparasitic genus lestrimelitta from non - parasitic ancestors (fig. 1a). according to a recent survey, 10 of the 28 studied species are known targets of lestrimelitta, whose attacks frequently destroy colonies 29. targets of robber bees are about four times more likely to have larger guards (70% or 7 of 10 species) than non - target species (16. 7% or 3 of 18). we again used pagel’s method 24 to test for a correlated evolution of binary characters and found that species are significantly more likely to have guards of increased size if they are victims of lestrimelitta robber bees (likelihood ratio = 8. 17, p = 0. 017) .\ngonzalez, v. h. & griswold, t. l. (2012). new species and previously unknown males of neotropical cleptobiotic stingless bees (hymenoptera, apidae, lestrimelitta). caldasia 34 (1): 227 - 245 [ 227, 228, 229, 237 - 238, 242, 243 ] (distribution, citation, male diagnosis, description, geographic records, figures, key )\nthe species used in this study were trigona recursa smith, 1863, t. hypogea silvestri, 1902, cephalotrigona capitata (smith, 1854) and lestrimelitta limao (smith, 1863). the workers were middle aged, which could be observed by the evaluation of the tegument color due to the esclerotization of the tegument. some abdomens were separated from the body and fixed in bouin fixative, embedded in histero - resin, and sectioned. the sections 6 µ m thicks were stained with hematoxilin and eosin, for histological study. other abdomens were dehydrated, dried at critical point dryer for analysis under scanning electron microscope (sem). vaucher specimens are depositated in the collection of the centro de estudos de insetos sociais, and the histological slides and sem samples in the departamento de biologia both of instituto de biociências de rio claro, universidade estadual paulista, rio claro, sp, brazil .\nlestrimelitta is an essentially cleptobiotic (robber) stingless bee that exploits the resources of other bees by stealing food from their nests, instead of collecting it from flowers (sakagami and laroca, 1963; bego et al. , 1991; sakagami et al. , 1993). the genus occurs in the neotropical region (michener, 2000), and is represented in brazil by at least fourteen species (marchi and melo, 2006) .\ndiploid males have been detected in more than 60 species of hymenoptera, this including several species of bees (both social and solitary), wasps, ants, sawflies and parasitoids. among the stingless bees, they have been observed only in melipona compressipes, m. quadrifasciata, scaptotrigona postica, trigona carbonaria and tetragona quadrangula (van wilgenburg et al. , 2006, heimpel and de boer, 2008), but not so in the genus lestrimelitta .\nwhen dealing with the quantification of genome size in stingless bees, it was noted that, in a colony of lestrimelitta sp obtained in domingos martins / espírito santo (20°21' 48\ns; 40°39' 33\nw), nuclear dna content proved to be the same in both males and females. as diploid males had not been previously noted in this species, individual ploidy was thereupon confirmed by flow cytometry (fcm) and cytogenetic analysis .\nprevious research has shown that the colonies of the stingless bee tetragonisca angustula have hovering guards that can detect allospecific intruder bees with volatile odours or different body colour. however, conspecific intruders were not detected. here we show that t. angustula colony entrances are also defended by guards standing on the entrance tube. these standing guards made very few errors in recognition, accepting 100% of the nestmates and rejecting 92% of the conspecific non - nestmates presented to them at the nest entrance. in addition, 87% of the nestmates contaminated with odours from the stingless bee scaptotrigona bipunctata were rejected. standing guards also reacted to volatile odours from the stingless bees s. bipunctata and melipona rufiventris by switching to hovering. however, the defence reaction, i. e. the increase in the number of hovering guards, was not comparable to the reaction previously reported to citral, the propaganda chemical used by the obligate robber bee lestrimelitta limao when attacking other bee colonies .\nwe studied 3. 8 ± 1. 8 colonies (mean ± s. d. , range: 2–8) and 70. 5 ± 22. 6 workers (range: 28–123) per species (supplementary table 1; collection licenses: ibama # 26649 - 5 and sisbio 27254 - 1). for forager collection, we caught returning pollen foragers at the colony entrance in 26 species. in the cleptoparasitic lestrimelitta limao and the necrophagous trigona hypogea, two species that do not visit flowers, we collected bees that were leaving the nest. nests of stingless bees are defended by entrance guards 19, 22. guards were identified by their typical defensive posture at the entrance and then captured. we used forceps, plastic bags, or eppendorf tubes to capture bees, depending on the species and worker type. other methods, such as netting of several bees at the entrance have been used in other studies 41, but they do not allow for a distinction between guards and foragers .\npeters, j. m. , queller, d. c. , imperatriz - fonseca, v. l. , roubik, d. & strassmann, j. e. (1999). mate number, kin selection and social conflicts in stingless bees and honeybees. proc. r. entomol. soc. lond. ser. b 266: 379 - 384 [ 381 ] (as lestrimelitta limão [ sic ], geographic record, microsatellites, workers, genetic relatedness )\nwhen working at quantifying the genome size of stingless bees, it was observed that males of lestrimelitta sp possessed the same amount of nuclear dna as the females. thus, we used flow cytometry (fcm) and cytogenetic analysis to confirm the ploidy of these individuals. the males analyzed proved to be diploid, since, through cytometric analysis, it was demonstrated that the mean genome size of both males and females was the same (c = 0. 463 pg), and, furthermore, cytogenetic analysis demonstrated that both had 2n = 28 chromosomes .\nrelationship between t. angustula guard size (head width) and the durations of fights with a single robber bee l. limao worker. each circle represents the average of 10 guards from a particular colony (n = 8 colonies; 80 fights). average guard size differed between colonies but was consistent within a colony. open circles represent measurements of the fighting guards taken after the fights. heads were often damaged and difficult to position in a way that allowed precise measurements, which likely led to lower values. thus, we also measured 10 other guards from the same eight colonies (solid circles); these values confirmed the relationship .\nthe present results indicate that although the epidermis of the segments where in the proper time a wax gland will develop, undergo changes in all species studied, the histological features of the epithelium there differentiated and the height achieved by the cells is different in each one. the results, show, also, that the developmental degree reached by the wax epithelium is compatible with the amount of wax produced by the species. lestrimellita limao and trigona hypogea besides have lower wax epithelium have histological features that suggest that the wax producing cells present some abnormality in the phase in which the wax must being produced, characterized by basal vacuolation of the cytoplasm, which causes a bulging toward the body cavity .\nl. limao workers are three times heavier than t. angustula workers (13. 30 ± 1. 29 mg; n = 80) and have strong mandibles. they eventually won all of the fights, usually by killing the t. angustula soldier, often decapitating it (fig. 1 c). defense was most effective if the jataí contestant clamped its head onto a wing or antenna of a robber (fig. 1 c). when this happened, the l. limao robber bee was usually (70% , n = 30 instances) unable to remove the soldier during the 15 min of observation and, as a consequence, remained unable to fly. there was a significant relationship between guard size and fight duration; the larger the guard, the longer the guard persisted in a fight (linear regression: r 2 = 0. 51, p = 0. 045; n = 8 colonies) (fig. 4). after fights, jataí guards often had serious injuries that made precise size measurements of head width difficult. thus, we also measured 10 healthy guards of each of the eight colonies to get a second measurement of guard size for each colony. this confirmed our result by demonstrating a positive relationship between average guard size in a colony and fight duration (r 2 = 0. 66; p = 0. 008) .\ndiploid male production has been attributed to habitat fragmentation, the loss of sex allele diversity by drift in small, isolated populations, and the mating of parents sharing a sex allele in common, i. e. , matched matings (revision in cowan and stahlhut, 2004). for lestrimelitta in particular, the active human destruction of its colonies, in order to countering pillage of other stingless bee colonies, could have reduced species population size, thus favoring inbreeding, with diploid males as the possible outcome of matched mating. consequently, since lestrimellita females mate with a single male (peters et al. , 1999), it may be inferred that sex in lestrimellita is controlled by a single multiple - allelic locus .\nfor the fcm analysis, the nuclear dna content of lestrimelitta sp male and female larvae was measured by using the c dna content (0. 42 pg) of scaptotrigona xantotricha as internal standard, as described by lopes et al. (2009). brain ganglion nuclei of the standard and sample were excised in physiological saline solution (0. 155 mm nacl). the material was simultaneously crushed 10 times with a pestle in a tissue grinder (kontes glass company ®) with 100 μ l of otto - i lysis buffer (otto, 1990) containing 0. 1 m citric acid (merck), 0. 5% tween 20 (merck) and 50 μ g ml - 1 of rnase (sigma - aldrich), ph 2. 3. the suspension was adjusted to 1. 0 ml with the same buffer, filtered through a 30 μ m nylon mesh (partec) and centrifuged at 100 g in microcentrifuge tubes for 5 min .\nthe presence of diploid males is likely to generate high fitness costs for individual colonies and their queens, since there is a potential reduction in the proportion of workers performing essential tasks for colony survival (green and oldroyd, 2002). in colonies of stingless bees, workers construct and mass provision the cells prior to ovipositing. thereafter, the queen lays her eggs in the cells, which the workers then seal (sakagami, 1982). this prevents the detection and early removal of diploid males. in fact, it was noted that diploid males of lestrimelitta sp presented normal viability in the larval and pupa phases, and fully developed into imagos. nevertheless, several workers were seen attacking young diploid males inside the colony. furthermore, the colony was weak, presenting several brood cells with dead progeny, with numerous mites attacking the larvae. this colony perished only a few days after being opened in the laboratory. likewise, in colonies of bombus atratus (plowright and pallet, 1979) and solenopsis invicta (ross and fletcher, 1986), the production of diploid males also retarded colony growth, with consequential high mortality .\nedited * by gene e. robinson, university of illinois at urbana–champaign, urbana, il, and approved december 8, 2011 (received for review august 15, 2011 )\nwith several hundred species, stingless bees (meliponini) are the largest group of highly eusocial bees (8). their colonies are perennial, typically have a single queen, and contain ca. 100–100, 000 workers, depending on species (8, 9). it is usually assumed that the division of labor in stingless bees is similar to that seen in honey bees, with workers of uniform size performing a sequence of tasks as they age (10 – 13) .\njataí (the brazilian common name for tetragonisca angustula) are unique among eusocial bees in having a sophisticated system of defense involving two complementary groups of guards (14 – 16): hovering guards, which station themselves in the air near the nest - entrance tube, and guards that stand inside and around the tip of the wax entrance tube (14) (fig. 1 a). in addition, given the short average lifespan of workers (ca. 20 d) (17), individual jataí guards often perform this task for a long duration, 5 d or more (15), compared with approximately 1 d in the honey bee (18). the lengthy careers of jataí guards are more characteristic of a species with physically specialized guards or soldiers, as in ants or termites, and while carrying out previous studies on jataí, we noted that guards appeared to be bigger than foragers. this led to the hypothesis that the jataí worker force includes a distinct physical subcaste of larger - bodied guards .\nwe measured 11 morphometric traits and body weight of workers of 12 different colonies. body weight (wet weight) varied significantly among workers performing the three tasks. the mean weight of hovering and standing guards did not differ significantly [ mean, 4. 99 ± 0. 45 mg vs. 4. 92 ± 0. 50 mg, respectively; linear mixed - effects (lme) model: t = 0. 79, p = 0. 43 ], but both types of guards were ∼30% heavier than foragers, which had a mean weight of 3. 83 ± 0. 34 mg (standing guards vs. foragers: t = 12. 7, p < 0. 0001 *; hovering guards vs. foragers: t = 13. 5, p < 0. 0001 *; * significant after sequential bonferroni correction) (fig. 1 b). at a mean weight of 4. 28 ± 0. 46 mg, waste bees were intermediate (foragers vs. waste bees: t = 5. 36, p < 0. 0001 *; waste bees vs. standing guards: t = 7. 4, p < 0. 0001 *; waste bees vs. hovering guards: t = 8. 14, p < 0. 0001 *) (fig. 2 a). testing of the other 11 morphometric traits separately led to the same conclusions (table s1). there were no significant worker weight differences between the colonies from the two sampling locations (z - value = 1. 94; p = 0. 08). weight variation within foragers or guards was relatively small, with very little overlap between these two types (fig. 2 a) .\n( a) weight distributions of foragers, guards, and waste - removing bees. values are centered for each colony (colony mean and total mean = 0) to correct for overall colony differences. (b) pca based on morphometric measurements of workers of 12 colonies, showing the effect of worker subcaste. (c) distribution of head width of worker bees that have just emerged from their cells. the arrows indicate the average head width of foragers, waste - removing bees, and guards of the same five colonies .\nprincipal components analysis (pca) with all 11 morphometric traits (excluding weight) confirmed that workers of different subcastes are of different sizes (fig. 2 b). table s2 shows how much the different traits contribute to the principal components (pcs). the contribution of the different traits to pc 1 is relatively similar (ranging from 0. 26 to 33); that is, guards are characterized by larger values for all measured traits. in contrast, pc 2 is strongly affected by head measurements (larger for foragers) and leg measurements (larger for guards). we performed multivariate anova with subcaste and sampling location as explanatory variables and pcs 1–6 (which together explain 95% of all variation in the pca) as response variables. subcaste again had a highly significant effect (f 2, 548 = 21. 9; p < 0. 001), whereas there was no difference between the sampling locations (f 1, 273 = 0. 06; p = 0. 99). we then tested the univariate factors separately and found that subcaste significantly affected pcs 1 and 2 (pc 1: f = 207. 7, p < 0. 001; pc 2: f = 4. 24, p = 0. 015; pcs 3–6: f < 1. 0, p > 0. 3) .\nants and termites with a soldier caste frequently demonstrate allometry, typically with soldiers having disproportionately larger heads to house the jaw muscles (20). to determine whether t. angustula also shows allometry, we examined the relationships between the log 10 - transformed morphometric measurements plotted against the log 10 - transformed cube root of wet weight (table s3) and plotted against the log 10 - transformed wing length (table s4). allometry occurs if the slope of the relationship differs significantly from 1, that is, if the 95% confidence interval of the slope does not overlap with 1 (4, 21). positive allometry occurs if the slope is > 1, as is usually the case in soldier ants and termites with disproportionately large heads. six of 11 measurements showed allometry when plotted against weight (table s3), and 8 of 10 measurements showed allometry when plotted against wing length (table s4 and fig. 3 a – c) .\nexamples of allometry of morphometric traits. open circles represent foragers, solid circles represent guards, and open triangles represent waste - removing bees. the x - axis shows the log 10 - transformed wing length, and the y - axis shows another log 10 - transformed morphometric measurement: tibia width (a), tergum length (b), or head width (c). the solid line represents the curve estimated with reduced major axis (model ii) regression, and the dashed lines show the 95% confidence intervals of the regression line. these do not overlap with the dotted isometry line (slope = 1) .\nbecause we selected workers based on task, we had no information regarding the overall size distribution of the workers in a colony. to determine this distribution, we measured 300 workers (60 from each of five colonies) emerging from the hexagonal brood cells, which are arranged in horizontal combs (fig. s1). most of the bees were of forager size, with an additional peak corresponding to waste - removing bees (fig. 2 c). guard - sized workers were rare, with only 1% of bees of the same size as or larger than the average guard .\nonly 1% of the emerging jataí workers were as large as or larger than the average guard (fig. 2 c). this matches the situation in ants and termites with physical castes. in ants, soldiers or majors also represent a small minority of the workforce (4, 5), but usually > 3% (22 – 24). in the termite cryptotermes domesticus (24) soldiers compose only 1–2% of the workforce. given that jataí colonies contain up to 10, 000 workers (25) but have only 20–40 guards standing or hovering at the entrance at any one time (15), the rearing of 1–2% guard - sized workers would fill this labor need, considering that jataí guards carry out this task for extended periods (15). wilson (22) argued that the degree of behavioral specialization of the soldier caste is negatively correlated with the number of soldiers in a colony; in support of this argument, the proportion of soldiers was found to be positively correlated with the number of tasks that the soldiers perform in pheidole ants (23). this also fits with data showing that jataí guards have considerable fidelity to guarding (15) .\nour data indicate that waste - removing bees are of intermediate size (fig. 2 a and b). this raises the possibility of further morphological specialization in the caste system, with the possibility of minors, majors, and medias, as found in some ants (21). in some primitively eusocial bee species (i. e. , halictidae and bombus spp .), worker size variation also can be linked to division of labor (9, 12). in many bumblebee (bombus) species, larger workers tend to forage and smaller workers tend to work inside the nest (9, 26). bumblebees do not have distinct physical worker subcastes, however; overall task specialization is weak (27), with many smaller workers foraging and larger workers performing in - nest tasks (28), resulting in a unimodal size distribution (26) .\nbrood combs in t. angustula are composed of a horizontal layer of uniform hexagonal cells (fig. s1). as in all stingless bees, these cells are mass - provisioned; that is, newly constructed cells are filled with food by the workers and then permanently sealed immediately after the queen lays an egg in each (11). how colonies manage to produce workers of different sizes in the appropriate ratios is an intriguing question. in bombus impatiens, brood cells are of irregular size, and worker size is determined by differential feeding that depends on the location of the larvae in the nest (34). more research is needed to understand the role of cell size, larval location, and food provisioning in the production of workers in t. angustula .\nwe studied eight colonies at fazenda aretuzina (21°26. 4 s, 047°35 w; são simão, sp, brazil) and four colonies at the university of são paulo (21°9. 4 s, 047°51. 3 w; ribeirão preto, sp, brazil). the two locations are ∼50 km apart. t. angustula is a common species, ranging from veracruz, mexico to misiones, argentina (8). mature colonies contain ∼10, 000 bees (25). study colonies were kept in wooden hives .\nbrood combs from five colonies were kept in an incubator maintained at 28. 5 °c until 60 young workers per colony had emerged (n = 300 bees). head width was measured following the methodology described above. (the exoskeleton of holometabolous insects, including stingless bees, does not grow after adult emergence) .\nall statistical analyses were done using r 2. 9 (38). we analyzed the size differences in two ways. first, using general linear models and lme models, we tested differences between subcastes for each morphometric trait separately. we used lmes because these models control for the nonindependence of data from the same colony by including colony as a random effect (39, 40). for model selection, we used the protocol proposed by zuur et al. (40). all tested interactions between fixed effects were nonsignificant (p > 0. 05) and thus were removed for the final model. we then used all 11 morphometric traits in a global analysis using standard pca and multivariate anova to test for differences between subcastes .\nto test for allometry, we log 10 - transformed all measurements and plotted this against the log 10 - transformed cube root of each individual' s wet weight (table s3) and the log 10 - transformed wing length (table s4). using log - transformed values in the analyses allowed us to determine whether the relationships between variables are isometric or allometric (4, 21); this is because the slope, b, of the regression log (y) = log (a) + b log (x) equals the power term from the geometric relationship y = ax b. the exponent term from the geometric relationship y = ax b encompasses both allometry (b ≠ 1) and isometry (b = 1). we used reduced major axis regression (model ii) to estimate the slopes and 95% confidence intervals (41). to test whether slopes differed from isometry, we determined whether the 95% confidence interval for the slopes overlapped with 1. when we tested datasets multiple times, we adjusted the significance levels using the sequential bonferroni method (41) .\nwe are grateful to dr. paulo nogueira - neto for his advice on stingless bees and his hospitality at fazenda aretuzina and wish to dedicate this work to him on the occasion of his 90th birthday. we thank margaret couvillon, anna dornhaus, bert hölldobler, francisca segers, jelle van zweden, and edward o. wilson for their comments on the manuscript. we also thank fabio s. nascimento for logistic support at the university of são paulo. funding was provided by swiss national science foundation postdoctoral fellowship pa00p3 _ 129134 (to c. g .), fundaçao de amparo à pesquisa do estado de são paulo grants 2007 / 50218 - 1 (to c. m .) and 2008 / 57782 - 2 (to f. l. w. r .), and the comissao de aperfeiçoamento de pessoal de nival superior / conselho nacional de pesquisas (brazil) (v. l. i. - f .) .\n↵ 1 c. g. and c. m. contributed equally to this work .\n↵ 3 present address: embrapa amazônia oriental, belém, pa, brazil .\n↵ 4 present address: universidade federal rural do semiárido, mossoró, rn, brazil .\nauthor contributions: c. g. , c. m. , and f. l. w. r. designed research; c. g. and c. m. performed research; c. g. analyzed data; and c. g. , c. m. , v. l. i. - f. , and f. l. w. r. wrote the paper .\nnote: we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body (your name) thought you would like to see the pnas web site .\nresearchers used field data from 2012 to 2015 to study mortality and allele frequency changes in the sea star pisaster ochraceus during a mass mortality event in northcentral california, and found that surviving adult and juvenile sea stars experienced 81% mortality and allele shifts, according to the authors .\na survey of more than 4, 600 american adults conducted in 1995 - 1996 and in 2011 - 2014 suggests that among individuals of low socioeconomic status, negative affect increased significantly between the two survey waves, whereas life satisfaction and psychological well - being decreased .\na study of cognitive ability in norwegian males born from 1962 to 1991 suggests that environmental factors rather than changing genetic composition of families likely account for most of the change in norwegian population iq .\nthe mathematical tools behind recent gerrymandering cases have brought a modicum of precision into the political arena—but this rigor hasn’t always been enough to spur policy changes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nwittmann d 1, radtke r, zeil j, lübke g, francke w .\nzoologisches institut (entwicklungsphysiologie) der universität, auf der morgenstelle 28, d - 7400, tübingen, germany .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\n1966. chemical releasers of social behavior. viii. citral in the mandibular gland secretion of\n1970. citral in stingless bees: isolation and function in trail laying and robbing .\n, new species (hymenoptera: apidae: meliponinae); stingless bee dispersal across the caribbean arc and post - eocene vicariance .\n1974. the social behavior of the bees. harvard university press, cambridge, massachusetts .\n1970. behavior problems related to the pillages made by some parasitic stingless bees (meliponinae, apidae). freeman, reading. essays in memory of t. c. schneirla, jr. 416–434 .\n, w. 1985. vergleichende untersuchungen flüchtiger inhaltsstoffe von solitären und sozialen bienen. dissertation. fachbereich chemie, university of hamburg .\n1975. reactions of five species of stingless bees to some volatile chemicals and to other species of bees." ]

{ "text": [ "lestrimelitta limao is a neotropical eusocial bee species found in brazil and panama and is part of the apidae family .", "it is a species of stingless bees that practices obligate nest robbing .", "they have never been spotted foraging from flowers , an observation that supports their raiding behavior .", "because of their lack of hind corbicula , they must raid to obtain enough protein in their diet in the form of pollen and nectar .", "lestrimelitta limao secrete a lemon-scented alarm allomone , from which they receive their name , in order to conduct successful raids .", "l. limao are hypothesized to produce poisonous honey that is toxic if consumed by humans .", "because robber bees are so rare and difficult to observe , there is a limited scope of information available . " ], "topic": [ 20, 13, 6, 4, 4, 4, 7 ] }

[ "lestrimelitta limao is a neotropical eusocial bee species found in brazil and panama and is part of the apidae family. it is a species of stingless bees that practices obligate nest robbing. they have never been spotted foraging from flowers, an observation that supports their raiding behavior. because of their lack of hind corbicula, they must raid to obtain enough protein in their diet in the form of pollen and nectar. lestrimelitta limao secrete a lemon-scented alarm allomone, from which they receive their name, in order to conduct successful raids. l. limao are hypothesized to produce poisonous honey that is toxic if consumed by humans. because robber bees are so rare and difficult to observe, there is a limited scope of information available." ]

[ "perigrapha (perigrapha) i - cinctum (denis & schiffermuller, 1775) = noctua i - cinctum denis & schiffermüller, 1775 = noctua cincta fabricius, 1787 = perigrapha (perigrapha) i - cinctum .\nperigrapha (perigrapha) i - cinctum subsp. slovenica michieli, 1996 | fauna europaea\np. i. i - cinctum (denis & schiffermuller, 1775) .\nno one has contributed data records for perigrapha wimmeri yet. learn how to contribute .\nmonima mithras wiltshire, 1941; 474, f. 4; tl: sw. iran, pir - i - zan woods\nperigrapha ferrirena draudt, 1924; 158, pl. 2, row g; tl: colombia, bogota\nperigrapha nyctotimia boursin, 1969; 228, f. 22; tl: afghanistan, paghman mts. , 30km nw of kabul\nperigrapha duktana draudt, 1934; 114, pl. 18, row g; tl: [ iran ]\nsarafshan, dukstan\nperigrapha abilinea draudt, 1950; mitt. münch. ent. ges. 40: 43, pl. 3, f. 16; tl: [ sichuan ] batang\nperigrapha uniformis draudt, 1950; mitt. münch. ent. ges. 40: 43, pl. 3, f. 15; tl: tai - pei - shan\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nbeiträge zur kenntnis der agrotiden - fauna chinas. aus den ausbeuten dr. h. höne' s (beitrag zur fauna sinica )\nwarren, 1915 new palaearctic and eastern noctuidae in the tring museum novit. zool. 22 (1): 147 - 153\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nin continuing your browsing of this site, you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics. learn more about cookies .\nnational inventory of natural heritage, website: https: / / inpn. mnhn. fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken, dr erik j. karsholt, dr ole & by & skule, mr bjarne fibiger, mr michael\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for. the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard. e. g.' papilio *'. keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature. unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr. 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail: fauna - eu (at) mfn - berlin. de website: urltoken\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\naustria, bulgaria, hungary, greece, italy, romania, the soviet union - the european part of france, czech republic, yugoslavia .\nregions of the russian federation: the volga - don, east caucasus, gorno - altaisk, western caucasus, southern urals .\naustria, bulgaria, bosnia and herzegovina, hungary, greece (mainland), italy (mainland), macedonia, romania, slovakia, slovenia, france (mainland), croatia, czech republic, yugoslavia .\n[ 10 ] de jong, y. s. d. m. (ed .) (2011) fauna europaea version 2. 4 (faunaeur. org )\n[ 28 ] moths and butterflies of europe and north africa (leps. it), 2012\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, states, usa, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "perigrapha i-cinctum is a moth of the noctuidae family .", "it is found from southern and south-eastern europe to asia minor .", "the wingspan is 37 – 44 mm .", "adults are on wing from march to april .", "the larvae feed on the leaves of various plants , including plantago , rumex , fragaria , stellaria , lamium , centaurea , pulsatilla and taraxacum species .", "young larvae mine while older larvae feed within the rhizome , where pupation also takes place .", "larvae can be found from may to june .", "the species overwinters as a pupa in the soil . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 8, 8, 11, 20, 3 ] }

[ "perigrapha i-cinctum is a moth of the noctuidae family. it is found from southern and south-eastern europe to asia minor. the wingspan is 37 – 44 mm. adults are on wing from march to april. the larvae feed on the leaves of various plants, including plantago, rumex, fragaria, stellaria, lamium, centaurea, pulsatilla and taraxacum species. young larvae mine while older larvae feed within the rhizome, where pupation also takes place. larvae can be found from may to june. the species overwinters as a pupa in the soil." ]

[ "rothschild, n. c. (1913), description of the male of ceratophyllus borealis roths. (1906). entomologist’s monthly magazine 49 (591): 182 .\nthere are no reviews yet. be the first one to write a review .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative. it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education, university of michigan museum of zoology, and the detroit public schools. this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151. copyright © 2002 - 2018, the regents of the university of michigan. all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwaterston, j. (1914), some records of scottish siphonaptera. entomologist’s monthly magazine 50: 88 - 91, 159 - 166 .\nwilliamson, k. (1955), records of bird - fleas at fair isle in summer and autumn, 1954. bulletin of the fair isle bird observatory 2: 323 - 324 .\nrothschild, m. (1958), the bird fleas of fair isle. parasitology 48 (3 - 4): 382 - 412 .\nstansfield, g. (1961), the collection of bird fleas from fair isle in 1956. parasitology 51: 367 - 371 .\nstansfield, g. (1957), the fleas of skokholm island. entomologist’s monthly magazine 93: 196 - 201 .\nthompson, g. b. (1956), ectoparasites from skokholm bird observatory. nature in wales 1 (3): 128 - 130 .\n( 1956), rothschild collection of fleas, held at the natural history museum, london: ceratophyllidae .\nanonymous (1952), records of fleas from fair isle birds. bulletin of the fair isle bird observatory. (6), annual report. 1951: 36 .\nwilliamson, k. (1952), records of fleas from fair isle birds. bulletin of the fair isle bird observatory 1: 36 .\n( 1961), rothschild collection of fleas, held at the natural history museum, london: ceratophyllidae .\nrothschild, n. c. (1915), a synopsis of the british siphonaptera. entomologist’s monthly magazine 51 (610): 49 - 112 .\nrussell, h. (1913), the flea. cambridge university press .\n( 1913), rothschild collection of fleas, held at the natural history museum, london: ceratophyllidae .\nclaassens, a. j. m. & o’rourke, f. j. (1966), the distribution and general ecology of the irish siphonaptera. proceedings of the royal irish academy 64 b 23: 413 - 463 .\nsmiddy, p. & sleeman, d. p. (1993), avian fleas in ireland: a review of their distribution and hosts. irish birds 5: 55 - 60 .\nwilliamson, k. (1954), bird fleas at fair isle in spring 1954. bulletin of the fair isle bird observatory 2: 235 - 236 .\nlong, laterally flattened and brown. it has a pair of simple eyes, a proboscis for sucking blood, and a characteristic four to six bristles on the femur of the hind leg. the basal segments of the legs do not bear spines .\nhas a broad host range, being associated with a number of species of birds with dry nests, mostly constructed in bushes and trees. it commonly attacks poultry, and can bite humans and other mammals. another bird flea ,\n, is associated with the often wet, ground - built nests of ducks, waders and other water birds. a third common bird flea, found on many hosts, is the\n), and this, in contrast to the other two species, hitches a ride on the bird itself rather than living almost exclusively in its nest, and thus becomes widely dispersed. a further species with multiple bird hosts is\n, but the flea is now present, via domestic poultry, on numerous islands where there are no representatives of the tit family. this flea has often been recorded from\ndreys, and squirrel fleas have been found in birds' nests. when a domestic cat catches a bird, it often plays with it, and as the bird cools, any fleas it carries are likely to transfer to the warm - blooded cat. there they can feed, but whether they can survive for some time and breed on the cat is unclear .\nas with other fleas, the life cycle consists of eggs, the larval stages, a pupal stage and an adult stage .\nthe larvae have chewing jaws and it is only the adult fleas that are capable of biting the host. under optimal conditions of temperature and humidity, adults can emerge from the cocoon in 23 days. how many generations there are in the year depends on how many broods their host bird rears .\nand overwinter as pre - emergent adults. these are fully formed within the cocoon and emerge when certain stimuli occur; suitable stimuli are vibration, heat, or increased levels of\nthat are found in nests, often develop a defined breeding season which coincides with that of their host. associated with this is their ability to survive away from the host .\nhas often been collected far away from its host or the host' s nest, under flakes of bark, in cracks or among leaves, where it fasts for an indeterminate period .\ngunvor brinck - lindroth; f. g. a. m. smit † (2007) .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 12 / 3 / 2016. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nthis page has been updated on january 11, 2013 this site is online since may 31, 2005 copyright © by nikola - michael prpic - schäper. all rights reserved .\nnone of these lists can be reproduced without written permission from seg or sbrc .\nfew of the following orders have been studied and the lists are probably incomplete. with the exception of the hemiptera, they are all relatively small groups and generally have few species found in shetland .\nan order of flightless insects. no studies have been carried out but there are only a few species that could occur .\ncarpenter / maritimus (leach) r: common or abundant throughout the islands .\nsilverfish rs: nowadays, scarce in suitable buildings on mainland, foula and unst at least .\nno detailed studies have been carried out on this group. the following species of mayflies have been recorded but there is not enough data to assess status. some records are from king (1890) and jones & mortimer (1974) .\nno detailed studies have been carried out on this group. the following species of stoneflies were recorded by king (1890). other species have undoubtedly gone un - recorded .\nmigratory locust v: at least two records - lochend, north mainland, in autumn 1939 and another from unst with no date .\nlinn. common earwig r: abundant throughout the islands. mainly july - september .\nthe usual domestic pest species of cockroaches, such as the common cockroach blatta orientalis linn. , have been recorded occasionally. there are no native species .\nno detailed studies have been carried out on this group. the following species of booklice or dustlice were recorded by king (1890) but no doubt other species have gone un - recorded .\nbiting lice, formerly known as mallophaga, are usually found on birds, and are often highly host - specific .\nthe following list is largely derived from studies on petrels, but no doubt other species have gone unrecorded .\nno detailed studies have been carried out on this group, also known as anopleura .\nthe following species of sucking lice, which are usually parasites of mammals, have been recorded and no doubt other species have gone unrecorded .\nonly the aquatic heteroptera have been researched, and there is not enough data to assess status. a number of terrestrial species, such as the heteropteran shieldbugs and ground bugs and homopteran froghoppers and aphids, also occur, but they have not been studied. many other species undoubtedly occur .\n( linn .) hawthorn shieldbug u: several in summer 1992, occasional others, all believed to be imported but immigration not impossible .\nthe following list of fleas, compiled by r. s. george, was published in berry & johnston (1980) .\nthis site is not directly connected to any of the organisations mentioned, so comments may not necessarily reflect the views of the organisations, clubs or societies involved. the pages on this website remain the intellectual property of the authors. they may be freely downloaded, quoted or used for any purpose, providing acknowledgement is given to the website and / or the author / s. no liability is accepted for the accuracy of this information." ]

{ "text": [ "ceratophyllus borealis , also known as the boreal flea , is an ectoparasite of birds .", "it is a black species found on ground-nesting birds such as pipits , wheatears and wagtails . " ], "topic": [ 27, 12 ] }

[ "ceratophyllus borealis, also known as the boreal flea, is an ectoparasite of birds. it is a black species found on ground-nesting birds such as pipits, wheatears and wagtails." ]

[ "southern great skua, subantarctic skua, southern skua, skua gull, catharacta lonnbergi, catharacta skua .\nthe brown skua (stercorarius antarctica) is also known as the antarctic skua, southern great skua, southern skua, or hākoakoa (māori) .\nother common names: subantarctic skua, brown skua, southern skua, dark southern skua, sea - hen, skua - hen, port egmont hen, sea - hawk, and bonxie .\ninformation on the brown skua is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\ncompared to south polar skuas, the brown skua is bigger, more massive and also darker .\nthe south polar skua, the northern or great skua and the chilean skua are the closest relatives of the brown skua. three other relatives bear the name skua in europe but jaeger in north america. one, the long - tailed jaeger; is found in the northern polar region; its range never overlaps the brown skua’s. the jaeger shares the brown skua’s habit of stealing catches from other birds, but is the least piratical of the family it’s smaller than the brown skua, but in breeding seasons, the long - tailed jaeger’s tail streamers can be as long as its body long - tailed jaeger\nhe brown skua is classified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) .\nlateral view of a brown skua (photo courtesy of m. mearns) [ antarctica, january 2005 ]\na round the pole the brown skua has a more northerly breeding range than the south polar skua. it breeds mainly on islands around antarctica, but both species overlap on the antarctic peninsula .\n• the brown skua belongs to the skua (or jaeger) stercorariidae family — strong - flying, predatory birds with hooked bills and piratical habits. four species, including the great skua, breed in the polar north; others — including the south polar skua — breed only around antarctica. the south polar skua lives farther south than any other flying bird and has even been seen at the south pole .\nsubantarctic skuas have grey - brown or dark - brown wings with conspicuous white patches, a wedge - shaped tail, and a black, short heavy bill .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - brown skua (stercorarius lonnbergi )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - brown skua (stercorarius lonnbergi )\ntitle =\narkive species - brown skua (stercorarius lonnbergi )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nskira, i. j. (1984). breeding distribution of the brown skua on macquarie island. emu. 84: 248 - 9 .\nlateral view of a brown skua floating on coastal water (photo courtesy of j. greaves) [ flinders bay, augusta, wa, may 2015 ]\nwith a bold air, a cruel bill and powerful wings, the brown skua looks like what it is — a cunning predator and master of the antarctic skies .\na fierce bird of prey of southern oceans, the brown skua is successful because it will feed on anything that’s available — from penguin eggs to fish and even human’s garbage .\nadult brown skua protecting its nest, in the process displaying its characteristic underwing pattern (photo courtesy of b. hensen) [ macquarie island, southern ocean, december 1993 ]\nbrown skua comprises several taxa along the coasts of the southern ocean that have been reorganized several times. highly variable plumage and hybridization between brown skua and other species of southern skua has rendered identifications tenuous in some circumstances. this species forages both on fish when at sea and on carrion, eggs, and vulnerable birds when on land. skuas are notoriously brutish creatures, both because of their catholic diets and the piratic methods by which they obtain food .\nmoncorps, s. , j - l. chapuppis, d. haubreux & v. bretagnolle (1998). diet of the brown skua catharacta skua lonnbergi on the kerguelen archipelago: comparisons between techniques and between islands. polar biol. 19: 9 - 16 .\nm. mearns reports spotting brown skuas, race\nlonnbergi\n, in antarctica in january 2005 .\nyoung, e. c. (1998). dispersal from natal territories and the origin of co - operatively polyandrous breeding groups in the brown skua. condor. 100: 335 - 342 .\nj. greaves reports spotting a brown skua, race\nlonnbergi\n, a few km off the south - western coast of wa at flinders bay, augusta, wa, in may 2015 .\nparadoxically the most commonly seen skua around the coasts and harbours of the new zealand mainland is the arctic skua from northern hemisphere. this is a common bird in our harbours during summer and usually comes to notice while harrying gulls and terns. the only skua breeding on new zealand islands is the brown skua, but this is rarely seen around the mainland, indeed the south polar skua is more likely to be seen during its annual migration overwinter between antarctica and the northern pacific ocean, following a similar path to the sooty shearwaters. of the several hundred breeding brown skuas and 1200 fledglings banded on the chatham island in the past 25 years only one has been recorded subsequently from the new zealand mainland. brown skuas on temperate islands apparently do not move far from their breeding grounds .\nwe spotted a brown skua, race\nlonnbergi\n, on a pelagic to the edge of the continental shelf, 22 nautical miles (40 km) from terrigal, nsw, in july 2013 .\nsquabbling bunch of brown skuas (photo courtesy of b. hensen) [ macquarie island, southern ocean, december 1993 ]\nb. hensen reports spotting brown skuas, race\nlonnbergi\n, off macquarie island in the southern ocean in december 1993 .\nother synonyms afrikaans: bruinroofmeeu catalan: paràsit subantàrtic czech: chaluha jižní, chaluha subantarktická danish: sydlig storkjove german: antarktis skua, subantarktikskua english: antarctic skua, brown or southern skua, brown skua, southern or brown skua, southern skua, subantarctic skua english (new zealand): brown / southern skua english (south africa): subantarctic skua spanish: escúa antártica, escúa parda, escúa polar, págalo subantárctico, págalo subantártico, skúa antártica, skúa artártica spanish (argentine): escúa antártica, escúa parda, escúa polar spanish (chile): salteador pardo spanish (spain): págalo subantártico spanish (uruguay): escúa antártica, skúa antártica, skúa artártica estonian: patagoonia änn persian: اسکوآی قهوه‌ای, اسکوآی (کاکایی اقیانوسی) قهوه‌ای finnish: etelänkihu french: labbe antarctique, labbe antarctique ou l. brun hungarian: barna halfarkas italian: stercorario antartico japanese: minamiootouzokukamome japanese: ミナミオオトウゾクカモメ latin: catharacta antarctica, lestris antarcticus, stercorarius [ antarcticus or lonnbergi ], stercorarius antarctica, stercorarius antarcticus, stercorarius antarcticus antarcticus lithuanian: antarktinis plėšikas latvian: brūnā klijkaija malagasy: sombe, vorondreky maori: hakoakoa malayalam: തവിടൻ സ്കുവ dutch: antarctische jager, subantarctische grote jager norwegian: sørhavsjo polish: wydrzyk brunatny, wydrzyk falklandzki portuguese: mandrião - antártico portuguese (brazil): mandriao - antartico, mandrião - antártico portuguese (portugal): alcaide - castanho russian: антарктический поморник sindhi: إ پ آًي) ٽبٽبيي اٷاو ي يًٓ (ٹ اًٌُي slovak: pomorník antarktický swedish: antarktisk labb, antarktislabb turkish: kahverengi korsanmartı chinese: 大贼鸥, 棕贼鸥, 褐贼鸥 chinese (traditional): 棕賊鷗\nsubantarctic skua. adult displaying. north east island, snares islands, november 1987. image © colin miskelly by colin miskelly\nsurveys need to be carried out of skua abundance and distribution on all new zealand southern islands. at the same time as this is being done an attempt should be made to assess diet - in most places this skua relies on burrowing petrels .\nnumbers appear to be stable, and the remoteness of their range makes the south polar skua relatively safe from human impacts .\nthe brown skua faces no immediate threat and seems to be increasing its numbers in some areas. a growing human presence in the south shetland islands resulted in more food waste for skuas to feed on; in south georgia a population explosion of seals has increased the carrion available .\npietz, p. j. (1985). long call displays of sympatric south polar and brown skuas. condor. 87: 316 - 326 .\nwithin australian jurisdiction, two species are known to occur: the subantarctic skua c. lonnbergi at heard and macquarie islands, and the south polar (or antarctic) skua c. maccormicki on the australian antarctic territory (woehler 1991; woehler in press) .\nking, j. & d. parkin (1997). great skua upheavals. birding world. 10: 362 - 363 .\npietz, p. j. (1987). feeding and nesting ecology of sympatric south polar and brown skuas. auk. 104: 617 - 627 .\na moving north the skua steals catches from gulls, with which it shares parts of its range. with the exception of the south polar skua, the brown skua occurs farther south than any other flying bird. it breeds on subantarctic islands, in the south shetland islands and the northern part of antarctica. the skua is found close to penguin colonies, where it gets most of its food. it prefers to nest in snow - free areas near the sea or on bare earth, short grass or high ridges. in winter it flies around the antarctic, on winds called the “roaring forties. ” in spring it heads north to coasts of south america, south africa, australia or new zealand. the south polar skua is a real wanderer, with some ranging as far north as alaska, greenland and the north russia coast .\nthe south polar skua looks like a bulky, broad - winged gull with a short, wedge - shaped tail. adults have both dark and light morphs. the light morph is pale gray on the head, neck, and underparts. the upperparts are darker, with narrow, whitish streaks. the dark morph is uniformly dark grayish - brown above with a pale yellowish nape. juveniles are darker than light - morph adults and range from dark brown to dark gray. in flight, the south polar skua has a hunchbacked appearance, blackish underwing coverts, and a white patch in the primaries .\n63 cm. , male 1675 g. , female 1950 g. , chocolate brown with conspicuous white wing flashes, large black bill, feet and legs black .\nin one study of skuas feeding on a penguin colony, each pair consumed around 1, 000 eggs in one season. one pair has been responsible for wiping out an entire colony of terns. after feeding on a large penguin chick, the skua leaves only feet, leg bones, pelvic girdle and skin. the skua eats the afterbirth of seals and has even been seen taking milk from nursing elephant seals. 1 skua alert… a pair of brown skuas circles above an agitated penguin colony. the adult penguins look skyward, alert to potential danger. 2 attack… one skua dives, distracting the penguins. the other swoops and grabs a chick while the adults’ backs are turned. 3 gulp… the skua drags the chick away from the penguin colony until it is out of range. if the chick is small, the skua usually swallows it whole. 4 sharing the spoils larger chicks are carried away, then killed. the two skuas help each other tear the carcass to pieces with their sharp bills .\nin the past, all forms of' large' skua in the southern hemisphere were combined in one species, catharacta skua, of which only the subspecies c. l. lonnbergi occurs in australian territory (peters 1986). while christidis and boles (1994) separate the south polar skua (c. maccormicki) from the great skua (c. skua), they retain several subspecies within this diverse and widespread taxon. however, the' large' skuas are considered to represent at least five distinct species in the southern hemisphere by other authorities (clements 1991; sibley & monroe 1990), and recent dna and ectoparasite studies appear to support this separation (king & parkin 1997) .\nthe subantarctic skua is a large, heavy - set brown gull - like bird with 1. 5 metre broad pointed wings and a distinctive white outerwing patch. it is a powerful flier, which enables it to overtake many petrels and some albatross. the sexes are alike, although females are substantially larger .\nsimple housing although skuas favor one nesting site, the nest itself is often just a shallow scrape in the ground. the skua returns to its nesting sites from late october to mid - november; having been away about seven months. the skua is faithful to its mate of the previous year. if a female finds herself without a mate (if, for example, he has died) she’ll try to find another male or even a male south polar skua. hybrid pairs always involve a female brown skua and a male south polar skua, never the other way around. egg - laying is synchronized with the breeding cycle of nearby penguins; they provide a good supply of food when chicks are born. breeding success doesn’t vary much; most pairs raise two young. a warm coat protected from cold by its fluffy down, a chick beds down in snow and moss .\nnatural vocalization; calls from one or two of several birds loafing on a gravel beach and interacting over scraps of penguin hides washing up. most of the birds were adults, and there were a couple of south polar skuas in the group, but in this cut all of the vocalizing is from brown skua .\nthe diet of the brown skua catharacta skua lönnbergi was studied on the kerguelen archipelago, during the chick - rearing period, over four breeding seasons (1987 / 1988, 1990 / 1991, 1992 / 1993 and 1993 / 1994). prey remains and regurgitated pellets left by the breeding pairs were analysed and compared between two nearby and similar islands that mainly differ according to the presence or absence of the rabbit, since its eradication from one of them in 1992. proportions of prey in diets varied between sampling methods (remains / pellets), localities, years, breeding territories, breeding pairs and non - breeding individuals. the brown skua preyed upon few species of burrowing petrels and mainly on the blue petrel. rabbits were exploited secondarily although they apparently reduced the predation pressure on the blue petrel. the eradication of rabbits from one of the islands, during a restoration programme, has not basically changed the trophic interactions between brown skuas and petrels .\npietz, p. j. (1986). daily activity patterns of south polar and brown skuas near palmer station, antarctica. auk. 103: 726 - 736 .\nhemmings, a. d. 2013. subantarctic skua. in miskelly, c. m. (ed .) new zealand birds online. urltoken\nparmelee, d. f. (1988). the hybrid skua: a southern ocean enigma. wilson bulletin. 100: 345 - 356 .\n. although found mostly on the oceans of the southern hemisphere, brown skuas are a global bird species that is present on the open seas of both the northern and southern hemispheres .\nnorthern giant - petrel, centre, and three brown skuas feeding on a seal carcass (photo courtesy of b. hensen) [ macquarie island, southern ocean, december 1993 ]\nrelated to gulls and terns, skuas are larger in body size, wing span and body mass than other larids. the subantarctic skua is a large gull - like bird with dark brown plumage above and below, with prominent white patches visible in the wings during flight or when wings are extended in display. white in the wings is produced by white primary shafts and feathers. it has a prominent hooked bill which is dark brown to black. eyes and legs are dark brown to black. it has a wingspan of 1. 2 - 1. 6 m, and a body mass of 1. 2 to 2. 5 kg. females are larger and heavier than males (higgins & davies 1996) .\nthe skua will consume a variety of prey or even carrion, but its favored food is penguin eggs and chicks raided from breeding colonies. in some areas, the skua may show a similar dependence on other seabirds (shags, terns, petrels or gulls). sometimes the skua hunts alone, flying low over a penguin colony, looking for an exposed egg or poorly defended chick. a pair of skuas will also cooperate to distract a group of adults. when it can, the skua will steal food from other birds. when penguins are feeding their chicks, skuas often fly down to catch the shrimplike krill as it is regurgitated. the skua also attacks seabirds in flight, twisting and turning for several minutes as it follows every evasive maneuver of its quarry then grabbing a wing or a tail to force the victim to discard its hard - won food. true to its aggressive nature, the skua defends its nest with ferocity in a dense colony the frenzied conflict of neighbors rarely ceases. an intruder is threatened with a “long call” — lifting its wings in a v it points its bill at the sky and utters a long shriek. if this fails to repel the intruder; it mounts an attack — a swift aerial chase or a lively fight on the ground. if humans stray too close to a nest, the occupant will “dive - bomb” them, often striking home with its beak or claws. the skua protects its hunting grounds with equal vigor on the antarctic peninsula, its range over - laps with that of its relative, the south polar skua. although the skua is outnumbered eight to one, it relentlessly drives other species away from the penguin colonies .\nalthough no actions have been undertaken aimed at the subantarctic skua specifically, ongoing feral animal control is likely to be beneficial. monitoring of populations is undertaken opportunistically (garnett & crowley 2000) .\nbrown skuas are medium - sized pelagic birds. they have the size and shape of a gull and an all dark - brown plumage, with some buff streaking at the neck and on the upperwings. the bill is dark - grey and hooked; the legs and feet are also dark - grey. in flight, white patches can be seen on the upperwing at the base of the primary flight feathers. juvenile birds do not have any streaking yet .\na large, heavy - set brown gull - like bird with a black hooked bill, black eyes and legs, and long broad pointed wings each with a distinctive white outerwing patch. the sexes are alike, although females are substantially larger .\npietz, p. j. (1984). aspects of the behavioral ecology of sympatric south polar and brown skuas near palmer station antarctica. phd thesis. page (s) 177 pp. ph. d. thesis. university of minnesota .\nbrown skuas are noisy and very obvious members of the avian fauna on all of new zealand’s southern islands, with substantial breeding numbers on the chatham islands (but not pitt or main chatham), on the off–shore stewart islands, antipodes, snares, auckland and campbell. only on the chatham and snares islands have there been any recent population surveys. the last survey of the stewart islands was over 60 years ago. it is not known whether brown skuas still breed on the islands in foveaux strait .\ncatry, p. & r. w. furness (1999). the influence of adult age on territorial attendance by breeding great skuas catharacta skua: an experimental study. journal of avian biology. 30: 399 - 406 .\nratcliffe, n. , r. w. furness & n. i. klomp (1998). influences of breeding experience on the reproductive performance of great skuas catharacta skua. journal of avian biology. 29: 293 - 298 .\ntaxonomy requires clarification with regard to island populations throughout the southern ocean, with regard to frequent hybridisation with south polar skuas (see below) and to taxonomic relationship with northern hemisphere skuas and jaegers stercorarius spp. preliminary investigations have been initiated by german researchers in the past few years but are awaiting samples from all populations and subsequent analyses. at present, most workers consider subantarctic skua to be separate species to south polar skua, and this is followed here (ej woehler june 2005, pers. comm. )\ntheir diet consists mainly of fish for most of the year. on their breeding grounds, they nest close to penguin colonies where they feed on the eggs and the young. when they overlap with the larger brown skuas, which control penguin colonies, south polar skuas are forced to forage at sea .\ngeographical variation: populations of large skuas occur in the north atlantic, and southern hemisphere from patagonia, through falkland islands, scotia arc islands and antarctic peninsula, circumpolar subantarctic islands, to new zealand subantarctic and islands off stewart island. skua taxonomy and naming is disputed by experts, with some designating the genus as catharacta, others as stercorarius and the different populations variously to antarctica, lonnbergi, hamiltoni or skua, as species or subspecies. new zealand‘s subantarctic skuas are currently referred to in new zealand as catharacta antarctica lonnbergi .\nlarge extents of ice - free areas at heard island were surveyed in 2000 / 01 and 2003 / 04, resulting in gps mapping of all skua nests located (woehler in press). population size in unsurveyed areas is unknown but unlikely to exceed 150–200 nests. two surveys of skua nests were conducted on macquarie island in 1974 / 75 and 1983 / 84 (skira 1984). whilst these surveys did not cover the whole of macquarie island they were made up of discrete survey areas that included both coastal and plateau regions. these surveys were repeated in the summer of 2004 / 05 (tasmanian parks and wildlfe service, unpubl. data) .\naround australia only race\nlonnbergi\nis found, which populates the southern oceans and coastal waters. they reach the australian coastline anywhere from about the hunter estuary, nsw, around the south coast of the continent to about perth (in some cases even carnarvon), wa. brown skuas, race\nlonnbergi\n, breed on offshore islands, such as e. g. macquarie island .\nthe subantarctic skua is, alongside giant petrels, a top avian predator in the subantarctic and other southern new zealand islands. in contrast to the gulls, it is a truly oceanic seabird. not regularly seen from mainland new zealand, they are distinctive heavy dark birds of offshore waters, strikingly larger and more powerful than southern black - backed gulls .\nthe species is associated with seabirds listed as marine under the epbc act (e. g. rockhopper, royal and macaroni penguins). the southern elephant seal, which is listed as vulnerable, breeds on the same islands where the species breeds. the subantarctic skua relies on penguin and seal colonies for food (higgins & davies 1996; e. woehler june 2005, pers. comm .) .\nsubantarctic skuas have a circumpolar southern hemisphere distribution, with their breeding distribution extending from chatham islands, new zealand, to terre adélie on the antarctic continent where they breed in mixed species pairs with south polar skuas. the subantarctic skua (southern) has a circumpolar breeding distribution, with breeding occurring at subantarctic islands, the antarctic peninsula, and the chatham islands (garnett & crowley 2000; higgins & davies 1996) .\nthe distribution of the subantarctic skua is circumpolar at mid to high latitudes in the southern ocean. breeding populations are present on most subantarctic islands. the species is generally migratory. breeding localities are largely abandoned during winter months and the birds disperse throughout the southern ocean to mid latitudes, reaching australia, africa and south america regularly. northward extent of dispersion is unknown but is likely to reach tropical waters (higgins & davies 1996) .\nthe usual clutch for the subantarctic skua (southern) is two eggs, with one clutch per year. instances of three or more eggs in a nest have been attributed to more than one female laying eggs in the same nest. fledging success, i. e. the number of young successfully fledged per breeding pair per year, at various breeding sites ranges between 0. 97 and 1. 40 (higgins & davies 1996) .\nthis subspecies is an opportunistic scavenger and predator, which will also steal food from other birds. a wide range of food is taken, including eggs, young and adult birds, crustaceans, molluscs, fish and small mammals, carrion, garbage, seal milk, faeces and offal. its prey species are taken roughly in proportion to their local abundance (higgins & davies 1996). known prey scavenged or preyed upon by the subantarctic skua include :\nsimilar species: south polar skuas (which migrates through new zealand region) are slightly smaller and usually paler, but separation of the two species is difficult with dark morph south polar skuas. juvenile southern black - backed gulls are slighter, have narrower wings lacking a white outerwing patch, and are less powerful flyers. pomarine and arctic skuas are much smaller birds, with narrower wings and more elongated bodies and tails, compared to the large, chunky - looking subantarctic skua .\nas always in ornithology care needs to taken in the use of common names, particularly of the use of antarctic and subantarctic, and neither of these names should be used without their scientific ones. the common names shown in the table are those currently most in use. there is some confusion as well in the literature about whether some of the great skuas should be grouped together within the subgenus skua but this seems over elaborate at the present time when the taxonomy overall is in such flux .\nhow then does this analysis of translate into skua names and affinities? the analysis indicates that skuas and jaegers form a natural clade, with two subclades — one of the great skuas plus the pomarine skua, the other of the two smaller jaegers. but what should these two subclades be called? two options are suggested. for those who think the great skuas are very different from the jaegers, and want to indicate this, then pomarinus would need to be placed in the genus catharacta. for those who think that there is really only one clade, and that this is demonstrated by the intermediate status of pomarinus, then all skuas and jaegers fall within a single genus, which from priority of naming is stercorarius. until more research is done and a consensus about the status of pomarinus is reached it is, therefore, a matter of personal choice how these birds are named — whether the classifications shown in 1 or 2 are used. malte andersson, one of the most experienced and regarded skua biologists prefers (1999) 2. bob furness, whose book (r. w. furness, 1987, the skuas. poyser) is the standard text on skuas and jaegers preferred (in 1987) two genera. i find the analyses done in the cohen paper so compelling that after a lifetime of using two genera i am now switching to using stercorarius for both skuas and jaegers. but it might in fact become rather more complex than this with suggestions from one recent author that there should be three genera so that the special status of pomarinus. can be recognised .\nthis species may be sensitive to human disturbance at nesting sites. introduced vertebrates (where present) may take eggs and / or chicks. it may be susceptible to introduced disease (s) around human activities. skuas on macquarie island predate heavily on the european rabbit (oryctolagus cuniculus) that is present there in large numbers. it is possible that this food source has allowed skua numbers to attain levels that may not have been observed prior to the introduction of the rabbit (a. terauds july 2005, pers. comm .) .\nvoice: frequent territorial displays include ‘viking helmet’ raising of wings accompanied by distinctive raw descending ‘ ah - ah - ah ’ long - call. quack - like anxiety calls on ground in territory. alarm call, which may start on ground and continue during repeat high - speed stoop attacks on intruder (skua, human, elephant seal) ear - splitting scream. alarm call, often initiated by incubating bird, triggers alarm calls (and attack) by partner, or all birds in trios or groups. otherwise quiet in flight and at sea .\nat heard island, numbers decrease from february, with only a few birds remaining by late june; at macquarie island, adults and juveniles begin leaving during february, with all juveniles gone by the last week of march and few adults present by early may, although laggards may be recorded up until the first week of june (higgins & davies 1996). since the late 1990s and possibly coincident with an increase in rabbit numbers, a small proportion of the skua population has been observed to stay on macquarie island all year round (a. terauds july 2005, pers comm .) .\nintroduced predators may have an adverse effect on this ground - nesting bird, although feral cat (felis catus) and black rat (rattus rattus) populations introduced onto subantarctic islands apparently had little impact on skua numbers. finally, as social animals that congregate in' clubs' and nest in fairly close association with one another, the species has some susceptibility to infectious diseases, e. g. avian cholera is known to have caused deaths on at least two occasions on the antarctic peninsula (garnett & crowley 2000; a. terauds july 2005, pers. comm. ; e. woehler june 2005, pers. comm .) .\nsubantarctic skuas in the new zealand subantarctic, like skua populations elsewhere, are present on their breeding grounds only during the summer, because their prey largely depart for a pelagic existence during the severe winters. their behaviour and ecology are therefore necessarily ‘pulsed’ with the seasons. territorial behaviour, including the fierce defence of areas, seeks to maximise feeding and breeding prospects through exclusion of other skuas. further north, around stewart, the snares and the chathams, conditions are less severe (and in the last there are human - introduced food sources too). here the skuas can remain for most of the year, and we see the high incidence of communal breeding. this may be a consequence of territories being maintained year - round, not just seasonally .\non the more southerly new zealand subantarctic islands, subantarctic skuas are monogamous, with shared incubation, brooding, chick - feeding and defence. in the chathams, snares and islands around stewart 30 - 50% of breeding territories are occuppied by trios and larger breeding groups. trios are comprised of one female and two males. pairs and trios have comparable breeding success, with larger groups much less successful. however, breeding pairs, trios and groups persist on territories for comparable periods (many years). nests are scrapes, bare or lined with mosses or grasses. clutch size typically 2 (rarely 3 and these more likely with trios or groups – generally all fail), eggs large, stone - brown and heavily marked. eggs are laid september–december, and incubation takes 28 - 32 days. chicks fledge at 55 - 60 days; at the chatham islands post - fledging care is evident .\nsubantarctic skuas are encountered at sea anywhere around new zealand when migrating. a few may still breed in southern fiordland and on stewart island, but their main breeding grounds are on the chatham islands, islands around stewart, solander islands, and the subantarctic snares, antipodes, auckland, campbell and macquarie island groups. subantarctic skuas have also been seen in the northern ross sea of antarctica at the balleny islands and at scott island, although breeding has not been confirmed at either. elsewhere, the same form of subantarctic skua breeds on many other subantarctic island groups in the southern indian ocean, plus south georgia and islands between there and the tip of the antarctic peninsula. related forms occur further north on the falkland islands, tristan da cunha and gough islands, and in patagonia and chile .\nthere have been numerous reports of mixed species pairs of subantarctic and south polar skuas, and of hybrids, throughout the southern ocean and in the antarctic. one to three mixed species pairs attempted breeding within 7 nm of palmer station annually (pietz 1987). parmelee (1988) reported 25 mixed species pairs in nine seasons between the mid 1970s and mid 1980s. there have been two records of successful f1 hybrids breeding on christine island near palmer on the antarctic peninsula (wr fraser & dl patterson unpub. data; parmelee 1988, 1992). the proportion of hybrids was increasing during the late 1980s to late 1990s at the south shetland islands. there have also been reports of south polar - subantarctic skua hybrids at dumont d' urville, east antarctica (barbraud et al. 1999) .\nin the past it was recognised that there were two groups of skuas - the great skuas, big, heavy, brown birds, with several species in the southern hemisphere and one on north atlantic islands, and the small skuas or jaegers, smaller, lighter, and often with a patterned and barred plumage, and, when breeding, long tail feathers. some authors placed the great skuas in the genus catharacta, the smaller ones in stercorarius but others tended to put them all into stercorarius. so this is the first problem. are they a single natural group, or two groups with separate lineages? the second problem is how to arrange and group the more or less distinct species. for the jaegers this has not proved to be too difficult; there seem to be three species which are quite distinct and which do not naturally interbreed even though two, or even all three, may breed in the same place. no such certainty exists for the great skuas. they are all rather similar, and several of the more distinctive ones confuse systematic ordering by hybridising freely .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. and fishpool, l. d. c. 2014. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 1: non - passerines. lynx edicions birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\ncatharacta antarctica (del hoyo and collar 2014) was previously placed in the genus stercorarius, following chu et al. (2009), and split as s. antarcticus and s. lonnbergi, following sibley and monroe (1990, 1993) .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size may be moderately small to large, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe total population has been estimated to number c. 13, 000 - 14, 000 pairs (del hoyo et al. 1996), assumed to equate to 26, 000 - 28, 000 mature individuals, or 39, 000 - 42, 000 individuals in total. trend justification: the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nthis marine species is found on or around subantarctic islands populated by burrow - nesting seabirds or penguins. it is highly predatory, feeding mainly on other birds but will also scavenge around fishing boats and ships and feed at sea. breeding begins in october and november. birds are loosely colonial but highly territorial, nesting on grass, gravel or bare rock (del hoyo\n( amended version of 2016 assessment). the iucn red list of threatened species 2017: e. t62289571a111158661 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nwhen breeding, subantarctic skuas are found close to the coast, generally on exposed headlands and in areas of low vegetation. they are often associated with colonies or concentrations of prey species (penguins, prions, shearwaters) or large seal colonies that are a source of carrion. non - breeding and ‘off - duty’ skuas aggregate at non - territorial ‘clubs’ in open ground, often near a water source .\nno recent or overall data available, but likely 500 - 1000 breeding pairs, trios or groups in the new zealand region. the chatham, snares and stewart island populations often breed in trios or larger groups, but co - operative breeding is rarely reported from the more southerly subantarctic islands .\nat sea, possible risk of fisheries ‘by - catch’, particularly in areas beyond new zealand exclusive economic zone where ‘pirate’ fishing may occur without mitigation techniques. in the chatham islands and at locations around stewart island they are at risk from farmers shooting skuas that they believe are a problem for stock. overall, the greatest threat for skuas is likely environmental impact of climate change on marine productivity near breeding islands affecting prey populations .\nat sea, subantarctic skuas feed opportunistically on prey and debris on or just below sea - surface, but also force albatross and petrels to disgorge by high speed pursuit and strikes from above. during the breeding season, subantarctic skuas generally specialise on one or a few avian prey species – variously penguins (eggs and chicks rather than adults), adults and fledgling petrels (particularly prions, storm petrels, diving petrels) and opportunistically other birds up to and including southern black - backed gulls. some associate with seal or sea lion colonies, feeding on dead pups, placentas, regurgitations and faeces. birds in non - migratory populations feed on goose barnacles and other marine invertebrates, when vertebrate prey are scarce or absent. .\nhemmings, a. d. 1994. cooperative breeding in the skuas (stercorariidae): history, distribution and incidence. journal of the royal society of new zealand 24: 245 - 260 .\nhiggins, p. j. ; davies, s. j. j. f. (eds .) 1996. handbook of australian, new zealand and antarctic birds. vol. 3. snipe to pigeons. oxford university press: melbourne\ntaylor, g. a. 2000. action plan for seabird conservation in new zealand. part b: non - threatened seabirds. threatened species occasional publication no. 17. department of conservation: wellington .\nthere are many ways to contribute—we need species information, photographs, audio, video, translations, maps, distribution data, and bird sightings. there' s a role for everyone !\n), in neotropical birds online (t. s. schulenberg, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa. retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nstercorarius antarcticus antarcticus: falkland is. and se argentina; winters off se south america\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 331, 889 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nrecorded with canon ixus 80 camera avi file. soundtrack stripped out with mpeg streamclip to aiff file. the avi files include one of these skuas flying past me. we were on the edge of a gentoo penguin colony .\nrecording modified with audacity 2. 2. 0: - normalized (- 10 db) - fade in / fade out\nnatural vocalization; calls from one of a pair of birds on the ground in an open, grassy plain not far from the ocean. almost all of the calling these birds did was when the other of the pair was flying overhead, and while calling they would hold their wings out above their body .\nnatural vocalization; calls from a pair of birds in the air close overhead, possibly near a nest. habitat was tall, dense bunch grass on top of a high - point over the ocean .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nthis seabird breeds in the sub - antarctic and antarctic zones and moves further north when not breeding .\nit feeds on fish (often via kleptoparasitism - stealing prey from another), small mammals, scraps, chicks, eggs and carrion .\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\nthroughout history, crows, ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death. …\nplease note: any content published on this site is commentary or opinion, and is protected under free speech. it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes, and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice. avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material. your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nsubantarctic skuas have a far ranging distribution and can be found from the subantarctic to as far north as the subtropics, including australian, new zealand, south african and south american coasts. small numbers of subantarctic skuas have been observed foraging at antarctic islands, but they do not breed there .\nalthough most adult birds leave their colonies during winter, on some islands off the coast of new zealand, a large proportion of the population will stay near the colonies all year round .\nsubantarctic skuas breed during summer months and will typically lay two eggs. they will often nest on elevated grasslands or in sheltered rocky areas adjacent to penguin colonies. they will defend their territories vigorously against all intruders including other skuas and petrel. some birds choose not to nest in the colonies, but will establish solitary nesting sites .\nsubantarctic skuas scavenge and predate upon other seabirds and their young, eggs, fish, molluscs, crustaceans and small mammals. their diet is very broad depending on season and their locality .\na census of seabird populations at heard island during the 2000 - 01 summer has provided contemporary data on the distribution and abundance of breeding seabirds in the western two - thirds of the island .\nphoto gallery of flying birds that can be found in the antarctic and sub - antarctic .\nalthough often getting a bad press from antarctic visitors because they attack penguins, skuas are an extraordinarily interesting group for scientists, particularly those interested in behaviour and evolution. currently of special interest to scientists is their origin and relationship to the gulls, their evolution into two or three rather different groups of species, the occurrence in at least one species of cooperative breeding, which is otherwise unknown among seabirds, and in at least one species the occurrence of siblicide, in which the older chick expels or kills the younger one .\nwhereas the gulls have long had an established taxonomy, with little argument about relationships, there is not yet any consensus about how the skuas are related and how they should be named. in part this uncertainty derives from their distribution, small to moderate numbers of birds spread widely among islands and continental habitats, in part because at least for the great skuas, there has apparently been a very recent (in evolutionary terms) radiation across the southern hemisphere, with a single group in the northern, so that there is not yet great distinctiveness .\nwith the advent of new genetic technologies and the cladistic approach to arranging systematic affinities there has been an upsurge of interest in the redefinition of species and higher classifications of the group .\nthe various classifications of skuas and jaegers and preferred common names are shown in the following table .\nhybridisation between lonnbergi and maccormicki occurs along the antarctic peninsula and islands, between chilensis and antarctica in patagonia, and between chilensis and maccormicki on the south shetland islands .\nalso uniquely for the family, and again without precedent for sea birds, a fair proportion of the skuas on chathams, snares and stewart islands breed in cooperative groups. long term research of the skuas on mangere and rangatira islands in the chathams has found that these groups are very stable entities, lasting for many years with the same members, and comprise a single female and two to several males. the males share offspring paternity, both between and within years. these groups are not made up of family members so that kin - selection, which is the basis for coooperation in other cooperative species where parents are assisted by offspring to raise following broods, cannot be implicated in this unusual breeding system .\nit was expected that because of the assistance that the extra males could provide that groups would be more successful in raising chicks than would pairs and that their chicks would grow faster, be more robust and more likely to survive to breeding. research so far has not been able to establish either of these predictions. nor has it been possible to show that the groups form because of lack of breeding space or breeding partners .\nalthough this long term study has finished it is worth recording that there is still a great deal to learn about this breeding system. comparative study of natural populations in natural habitats would be of considerable value .\nin summary, skuas are big robust birds occurring in a wide range of habitats and exploiting diverse foods. they are tough, totally admirable, intelligent and opportunistic birds, proving excellent subjects for professional research and bird watching where ever they occur. only those who consider nature benign, or want it sanitised, would find them despicable and villanous. they should be judged as we judge the hawks and eagles, which after all live and forage in much the same way, but whose killing and scavenging is less obvious. the great thing about skuas is that they are very noisy and always easy to see." ]

{ "text": [ "the brown skua ( stercorarius antarcticus ) , also known as the antarctic skua , subantarctic skua , southern great skua , southern skua , or hākoakoa ( māori ) , is a large seabird that breeds in the subantarctic and antarctic zones and moves further north when not breeding .", "its taxonomy is highly complex and a matter of dispute , with some splitting it into two or three species : falkland skua ( s. antarcticus ) , tristan skua ( s. hamiltoni ) , and subantarctic skua ( s. lönnbergi ) .", "to further confuse , it hybridizes with both the south polar and chilean skuas , and the entire group has been considered to be a subspecies of the great skua , a species otherwise restricted to the northern hemisphere . " ], "topic": [ 5, 5, 5 ] }

[ "the brown skua (stercorarius antarcticus), also known as the antarctic skua, subantarctic skua, southern great skua, southern skua, or hākoakoa (māori), is a large seabird that breeds in the subantarctic and antarctic zones and moves further north when not breeding. its taxonomy is highly complex and a matter of dispute, with some splitting it into two or three species: falkland skua (s. antarcticus), tristan skua (s. hamiltoni), and subantarctic skua (s. lönnbergi). to further confuse, it hybridizes with both the south polar and chilean skuas, and the entire group has been considered to be a subspecies of the great skua, a species otherwise restricted to the northern hemisphere." ]

[ "have a fact about thliptoceras gladialis? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thliptoceras gladialis? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nthis website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website. by clicking or navigating the site, you agree to allow our collection of information through cookies. more info\nwe transform the world with culture! we want to build on europe’s rich heritage and make it easier for people to use, whether for work, for learning or just for fun .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\n; of these, 12 are recognized as valid. the following nominal species are referred to\n. ueber chinas pyraliden, tortriciden, tineiden nebst kurze betrachtungen, zu denen das studium dieser fauna veranlassung gibt .\n. illustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum. part 8 .\n. a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae. part 2 .\n. a catalogue of the pyralidina of sikkim collected by henry j. elwes and the late otto möller .\n. catalogue of the eastern and australian lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the oxford university museum. part 2 .\n. list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum parts 17–19 .\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads, pdfs sent to google drive, dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 10th july 2018. this data will be updated every 24 hours .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nnatural history museum (2014). dataset: collection specimens. resource: specimens. natural history museum data portal (data. nhm. ac. uk). urltoken\nan open source project by the natural history museum' s biodiversity informatics group .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, states, usa, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "thliptoceras gladialis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by leech in 1889 .", "it is found in china ( fujian , guangdong , yunnan ) and taiwan .", "the wingspan is 23 – 26 mm .", "the wings are greyish yellow , but more grey towards the termen in males .", "females are deeper yellow with an orange tinge and a grey shade along the termen . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1 ] }

[ "thliptoceras gladialis is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by leech in 1889. it is found in china (fujian, guangdong, yunnan) and taiwan. the wingspan is 23 – 26 mm. the wings are greyish yellow, but more grey towards the termen in males. females are deeper yellow with an orange tinge and a grey shade along the termen." ]

[ "variety diogenes pugilator var. gracillima balss, 1921 accepted as diogenes pugilator (roux, 1829 )\nvariety diogenes pugilator var. ovata miers, 1881 accepted as diogenes ovatus miers, 1881\nvariety diogenes pugilator var. intermedius bouvier, 1891 accepted as diogenes pugilator (roux, 1829) (not distinct from nominal subspecies )\nvariety diogenes pugilator var. cristata balss, 1921 accepted as diogenes denticulatus chevreux & bouvier, 1891\nrees, e. i. s. , 2003. aspects of ecology and distribution of the hermit crab diogenes pugilator. newsletter. porcupine marine natural history society, 12, 36 - 39\nmcgrath, d. , costello, m. j. & emblow, c. , 2000. the hermit crab diogenes pugilator (roux, 1829) in irish waters. biology and environment: proceedings of the royal irish academy, 100b, 115–118\nmanjon - cabeza, m. e. & garcia - raso, j. e. , 1998. population structure and growth of the hermit crab diogenes pugilator (decapoda: anomura: diogenidae) from the northeastern atlantic. journal of crustacean biology, 18, 753 - 762\ndiogenes pugilator is a yellowish - green hermit crab. its carapace may reach up to 11 mm in length. like all hermit crabs it has a soft and delicate abdomen that it protects with an otherwise empty snail shell. the abdomen is asymmetrical and twisted to fit inside the shell' s coil. diogenes pugilator differs from most hermit crabs by having the left claw considerably larger than the right (and not the other way round). both claws are covered in minute hairs. its carapace is a square shape and has tufts of hair on the upper left and right sides .\nbarnes, m. k. s. 2008. diogenes pugilator a hermit crab. in tyler - walters h. and hiscock k. (eds) marine life information network: biology and sensitivity key information reviews, [ on - line ]. plymouth: marine biological association of the united kingdom. [ cited 10 - 07 - 2018 ]. available from: urltoken\n( of diogenes varians (costa, 1838) ) rossignol, m. (1962). note sur le genre diogenes dana, 1851, (crustacés décapodes anomoures fam. paguridae). cahiers orstom. série océanographie, 1962, (2), p. 147 - 153. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of diogenes pugilator orientalis codreanu & balcesco, 1968) mclaughlin, p. a. ; komai, t. ; lemaitre, r. ; listyo, r. (2010). annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world (exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea. part i – lithodoidea, lomisoidea and paguroidea. the raffles bulletin of zoology. supplement no 23, 5 - 107. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of diogenes pugilator var. gracillima balss, 1921) mclaughlin, p. a. ; komai, t. ; lemaitre, r. ; listyo, r. (2010). annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world (exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea. part i – lithodoidea, lomisoidea and paguroidea. the raffles bulletin of zoology. supplement no 23, 5 - 107. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of diogenes varians var. gracilimana miers, 1881) miers, e. j. (1881). notes on the crustacea collected by captain a. h. markham, r. n. in: markham, a. h. , a polar reconnaissance; being the voyage of the\nisbjörn\nto novaya zemlya in 1879. c. k. paul & co. , london. [ details ]\nbiology: a psammophilic hermit crab, inhabiting shallow water biotopes including low salinity areas. prefers sandy and shelly grounds, usually at depths of 1 - 10 m, but sometimes can be found up to a depth 40 - 42 m. it is easily recognized by its habit of carrying a snail shell of tritia reticulata, ceritium vulgatum, or sometimes, young rapana thomasiana, in which the unarmored diogenes abdomen is concealed .\n( of diogenes intermedius bouvier, 1891) mclaughlin, p. a. ; komai, t. ; lemaitre, r. ; listyo, r. (2010). annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world (exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea. part i – lithodoidea, lomisoidea and paguroidea. the raffles bulletin of zoology. supplement no 23, 5 - 107. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of diogenes varians var. gracillimanus miers, 1881) mclaughlin, p. a. ; komai, t. ; lemaitre, r. ; listyo, r. (2010). annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world (exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea. part i – lithodoidea, lomisoidea and paguroidea. the raffles bulletin of zoology. supplement no 23, 5 - 107. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nlemaitre, r. ; mclaughlin, p. (2018). world paguroidea & lomisoidea database .\ntürkay, m. (2001). decapoda, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 284 - 292 (look up in imis) [ details ]\nbarnard, k. h. (1950). descriptive catalogue of south african decapod crustacea (crabs and shrimps). annals of the south african museum. 38: 1 - 837. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nmuller, y. (2004). faune et flore du littoral du nord, du pas - de - calais et de la belgique: inventaire. [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord, pas - de - calais and belgium: inventory ]. commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais: france. 307 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhayward, p. j. ; ryland, j. s. (ed .). (1990). the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe: 1. introduction and protozoans to arthropods. clarendon press: oxford, uk. isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1. 627 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of pagurus algarbiensis de brito capello, 1875) mclaughlin, p. a. ; komai, t. ; lemaitre, r. ; listyo, r. (2010). annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world (exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea. part i – lithodoidea, lomisoidea and paguroidea. the raffles bulletin of zoology. supplement no 23, 5 - 107. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of pagurus arenarius lucas, 1846) mclaughlin, p. a. ; komai, t. ; lemaitre, r. ; listyo, r. (2010). annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world (exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea. part i – lithodoidea, lomisoidea and paguroidea. the raffles bulletin of zoology. supplement no 23, 5 - 107. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of pagurus bocagii de brito capello, 1875) mclaughlin, p. a. ; komai, t. ; lemaitre, r. ; listyo, r. (2010). annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world (exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea. part i – lithodoidea, lomisoidea and paguroidea. the raffles bulletin of zoology. supplement no 23, 5 - 107. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of pagurus curvimanus clément, 1874) mclaughlin, p. a. ; komai, t. ; lemaitre, r. ; listyo, r. (2010). annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world (exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea. part i – lithodoidea, lomisoidea and paguroidea. the raffles bulletin of zoology. supplement no 23, 5 - 107. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of pagurus dillwynii bate, 1851) mclaughlin, p. a. ; komai, t. ; lemaitre, r. ; listyo, r. (2010). annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world (exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea. part i – lithodoidea, lomisoidea and paguroidea. the raffles bulletin of zoology. supplement no 23, 5 - 107. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of pagurus lafonti fischer, 1872) mclaughlin, p. a. ; komai, t. ; lemaitre, r. ; listyo, r. (2010). annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world (exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea. part i – lithodoidea, lomisoidea and paguroidea. the raffles bulletin of zoology. supplement no 23, 5 - 107. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of pagurus ponticus kessler, 1860) mclaughlin, p. a. ; komai, t. ; lemaitre, r. ; listyo, r. (2010). annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world (exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea. part i – lithodoidea, lomisoidea and paguroidea. the raffles bulletin of zoology. supplement no 23, 5 - 107. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\noccurs off the south - western coasts of britain as far north as anglesey and the south and west coasts of ireland .\nis a benthic species usually inhabiting shallow intertidal waters down to 10 m but may less commonly be found in sandy bottom shelf areas down to about 35 m .\nhayward, p. j. & ryland, j. s. (ed .) 1995b. handbook of the marine fauna of north - west europe. oxford: oxford university press .\nhowson, c. m. & picton, b. e. , 1997. the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas. belfast: ulster museum. [ ulster museum publication, no. 276. ]\nnational biodiversity network (nbn) atlas website. available from: http: / / www. nbnatlas. org. accessed 01 april 2017\nobis, 2018. global map of species distribution using gridded data. available from: ocean biogeographic information system. www. iobis. org. accessed: 2018 - 07 - 10\npicton, b. e. & costello, m. j. , 1998. biomar biotope viewer: a guide to marine habitats, fauna and flora of britain and ireland. [ cd - rom ] environmental sciences unit, trinity college, dublin. , urltoken\nmarine life information network (marlin), the marine biological association of the uk (see contact us) © 2018 the marine biological association of the uk, all rights reserved .\nthe information (text only) provided by the marine life information network (marlin) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2. 0 uk: england & wales license. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse. permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here. based on a work at urltoken\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nthe major larger claw is always on the left side nearest the apex of the adopted shell when viewed from the front .\n. it is a species with an interesting distribution and interesting habits. some years ago i supervised at least two summer msc projects on it. since i think\nhave yet to do a page on it i thought you might be interested in a few comments .\nthe distribution round britain and ireland is or was generally southwestern. in the irish sea it comes up the welsh coast as far as the\nwhen they are active and out of the sand. the distribution is clumped -\nankle deep water at this time so are easy to see. although quite abundant\nas i know extend round to the east side of the island. there are no records\nbell' s\nstalk - eyed crustacea\nis one from rhosslli in gower .\nat least as far as the straits of dover. i know less of the french\nireland as far north was donegal in the irish equivalent of the mncr. these\n, on the sussex coast. this hermit crab was discovered in knee depth water in the sandy shallows below the low tide mark on the equinoctial spring tide, receding below\n( roux, 1829) [ sorry, no data available for this species. this database is still under construction ] .\nholthuis, l. b. , 1950. decapoda (k ix) a. natantia, macrura reptantia, anomura en stomatopoda (k x). fauna van nederland, no. xv .\nsorry, there are no other images or audio / video clips available for this species .\ncommon names: engl: hermit crab; russ: rak otshel' nik diogen; ukr: rak - diogen samitnik .\ntaxonomic descriptions: one of two species of the paguridae family in the black sea. the first left leg with claw is much bigger than the right leg. dactylus moves on vertical plane. the coloration of its body is yellow. the anterior edge of the carapace has acute triangular lateral projections. the internal sides of the dactyli have unequal tooths. length up to 30 mm .\ndistribution: black sea coastal waters and southern sea of azov, mediterranean sea, east atlantic coast from the north sea untill the coasts of angola .\nhabitats type, critical habitats, limiting factors: inhabiting shallow water sandy bottom shelf areas. the critical habitats are the hypoxic shelf zones. the main limiting factors are oxygen deficiency and a decline in populations of the gastropod mollusc tritia reticulata .\npopulation trends: decline in population numbers since the late 1970s. a reduction of 60 - 70% over the last 10 years according to direct visual observations .\nconservation measures proposed: enter in the black sea red data book. reduction in black sea coastal zone pollution .\npovchun, a. s. , 1992. izmenenie donnykh soobschestv karkinitskogo zaliva (changes in the bottom communities of karkinitsky bay). in: mnogoletnye izmenenya zoobentosa chernogo morya (multiannual changes in the black sea zoobenthos), kiev, naukova dumka, p. 105 - 138 (in russian) .\nkiseleva, m. i. , 1992. smena donnykh soobschestv biotopa peska u yugo - zapadnogo poberezhya kryma (changes in bottom communities on the sand biotope near the south - western crimean coast). in: mnogoletnye izmenenya zoobentosa chernogo morya (multiannual changes in the black sea zoobenthos), kiev, naukova dumka, p. 62 - 69, (in russian) .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools." ]

{ "text": [ "diogenes pugilator is a species of hermit crab , sometimes called the small hermit crab or south-claw hermit crab , with a maximum carapace length of 5.45 mm ( 0.215 in ) .", "it is found from the coast of angola as far north as the north sea , and eastwards through the mediterranean sea , black sea and red sea .", "populations of d. pugilator may be kept in check by the predatory crab liocarcinus depurator . " ], "topic": [ 18, 20, 18 ] }

[ "diogenes pugilator is a species of hermit crab, sometimes called the small hermit crab or south-claw hermit crab, with a maximum carapace length of 5.45 mm (0.215 in). it is found from the coast of angola as far north as the north sea, and eastwards through the mediterranean sea, black sea and red sea. populations of d. pugilator may be kept in check by the predatory crab liocarcinus depurator." ]

[ "maggie whitson marked\non knapweed flower\nas visible on the\nzygaena trifolii decreta\npage .\nthe only really reliable way of identifying z. trifolii as an adult seems to be to grow it from a positively identified larva. the larva of z. lonicerae has very long hairs (setae) and this should provide a ready distinction from the short - haired larva of z. trifolii. a specimen found away from one of the known areas for z. trifolii should be z. lonicerae, a specimen found in cornwall or devon is probably z. trifolii a specimen with spots 3 + 4 merged is much more likely to be z. trifolii. a specimen found on the north or south downs in may or the first half of june is very likely to be z. trifolii there do not seem to be any reliable features that will definitively identify z. trifolii with unmerged spots found at a suitable location away from sw. england in late june or july. the identity of specimen §1 is therefore uncertain - however it was found at a known location for z. trifolii in association with several individuals that did have merged spots .\nin britain the five - spot burnet moth occurs mainly on the dry chalk downs in southern england (zygaena trifolii ssp. palustrella) and in damp grassland and wet heath in wales and south - west england (zygaena trifolii ssp. decreta), where it is mostly common near to the calcium - rich coastal strip. in recent years, the range of this moth seems to have expanded rapidly northwards, and it is now being seen increasingly in scotland. the five - spot burnet moth also occurs throughout central europe and in northern countries of africa .\nvalter jacinto marked\nn178 _ w1150\nas hidden on the\nzygaena fausta\npage. reasons to hide: low quality\nvalter jacinto marked\nn178 _ w1150\nas hidden on the\nzygaena achilleae\npage. reasons to hide: low quality\nvalter jacinto marked\nn178 _ w1150\nas hidden on the\nzygaena minos\npage. reasons to hide: low quality\nthe larval foodplants of these moths are members of the pea family, fabaceae. caterpillars of zygaena trifolii ssp. palustrella feed on common bird’s - foot trefoil (lotus corniculatus) commonly referred to as bacon and eggs - a creeping or prostrate yellow - and - orange flower commonly found in dry grassland .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for. the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard. e. g.' papilio *'. keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature. unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance. meanwhile, please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr. 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail: fauna - eu (at) mfn - berlin. de website: urltoken\nlocally distributed in south - west england and wales, and occupies damp meadows, marshes and sea cliffs .\nthe larvae feed on bird' s - foot trefoils (lotus spp .) .\nukmoths is built, run and maintained by ian kimber, with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries. more often than not you' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache: v317 render date: 2018 - 06 - 18 16: 46: 35 page render time: 0. 2950s total w / procache: 0. 3527s\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\nhtml public' - / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en'\nlike other members of the burnet moth group, this is one of the day - flying moths. in britain it can be seen flying during july and august. their colouring is said to warn birds against eating them because they do not taste good !\nburnets (zygaenidae) are the only family of moths (certainly in britain) with prominent clubbed antennae; in this respect, as well as their day - flying habit, they are like butterflies .\nthe wingspan range of the five - spot burnet moth is 2. 8 to 3. 8cm .\nthe caterpillars of subspecies decreta feed on greater bird’s - foot trefoil, lotus pedunculatus, which is similar in flower form to' bacon and eggs' but all yellow and generally upright and therefore much taller. greater bird' s - foot trefoil occurs only in damp grassland .\nthe five - spot burnet moth overwinters (sometimes through two winters) as a larva; it pupates in early summer inside a cocoon attached to a grass stem .\nif you found this information helpful, you would probably find the new 2017 edition of our bestselling book matching the hatch by pat o' reilly very useful. get an author - signed copy here ...\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (coi or cox1) from a member of the species .\nthe wingspan is 28–33 mm. adults are on wing from the mid june to the beginning of august in one generation per year .\nthe larvae feed on the leaves of lotus uliginosus and lotus corniculatus. the species overwinters in the larval stage and may overwinter twice .\nvery similar to and sometimes difficult to distinguish from the narrow - bordered five - spot burnet. consequently, the distribution of the five - spot burnet is imperfectly known. in general, the forewing of the narrow - bordered five - spot burnet is longer and more pointed, the upper angle of the hindwing being more pointed and the black border of the hindwing being narrower than those of the five - spot burnet. rarely the red colour is replaced by yellow .\nsometimes found commonly, the moth flies with a slow buzzing flight during sunshine and visits a range of flowers .\nsubspecies palustrella feeds on common bird’s - foot trefoil (lotus corniculatus). the caterpillar of subspecies decreta feeds on greater bird’s - foot trefoil (lotus uliginosus) .\ntwo subspecies are found in the uk. subspecies palustrella is distributed along the north and south downs, salisbury plain and the cotswolds. also occurs on the channel islands. subspecies decreta is found in southern and south - western england and parts of wales, often near the coast, north to anglesey. also found on the isle of man .\ncompany limited by guarantee, registered in england (2206468). vat no. gb 991 2771 89 registered office: manor yard, east lulworth, wareham, dorset, bh20 5qp tel: 01929 400 209 charity registered: england & wales (254937). scotland (sco39268 )\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken, dr erik j. karsholt, dr ole & by & tarmann, gerhard efetov, prof. konstantin\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi" ]

{ "text": [ "zygaena trifolii , the five-spot burnet , is a moth in the family zygaenidae .", "it is found from north africa , through the western mediterranean , great britain and central europe to ukraine .", "it is not found in scandinavia .", "the wingspan is 28 – 33 mm .", "adults are on wing from the mid-june to the beginning of august in one generation per year .", "the larvae feed on the leaves of lotus uliginosus and lotus corniculatus .", "the species overwinters in the larval stage and may overwinter twice . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 20, 9, 8, 8, 3 ] }

[ "zygaena trifolii, the five-spot burnet, is a moth in the family zygaenidae. it is found from north africa, through the western mediterranean, great britain and central europe to ukraine. it is not found in scandinavia. the wingspan is 28 – 33 mm. adults are on wing from the mid-june to the beginning of august in one generation per year. the larvae feed on the leaves of lotus uliginosus and lotus corniculatus. the species overwinters in the larval stage and may overwinter twice." ]

[ "click the button below to add the purple swallowtail butterfly - graphium weiskei to your wish list .\n: sarpedobilin and ommin responsible for a unique pattern in a butterfly wing membrane .\n1985. interactions between the butterfly bile pigment sarpedobilin and polycarboxylic acids in vitro .\nthese are nice photos of graphium agamemnon (tailed jay). graphium agamemnon is a member of the\ngraphium phidias obscurium yoshino, 2017; butterfly science 7: 25; tl: dalat, 1500m, lam dong, s. vietanm\nthe first description of this butterfly was in 1758 by linnaeus. there are many subspecies .\nvijay barve marked\ntailed jay (graphium agamemnon) captive\nas trusted on the\ngraphium agamemnon\npage .\nvijay barve marked\ngraphium agamemnon\nas trusted on the\ngraphium agamemnon (linnaeus, 1758 )\npage .\ngraphium (graphium) anthedon; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 92\ngraphium (graphium) monticolus; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 91\ngraphium (graphium) eurypylus; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 92\ngraphium (graphium) agamemnon; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 93\ngraphium (graphium) meyeri; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 93\ngraphium (graphium) codrus celebensis; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 91\ngraphium (graphium) codrus stiris; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 91\ngraphium (graphium) codrus taloranus; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 91\ngraphium (graphium) anthedon milon; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 92\ngraphium (graphium) anthedon coelius; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 92\ngraphium (graphium) monticolus monticolus; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 91\ngraphium (graphium) monticolus textrix; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 91\ngraphium (graphium) eurypylus gordion; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 92\ngraphium (graphium) eurypylus arctofasciatus; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 92\ngraphium (graphium) eurypylus pamphylus; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 92\ngraphium (graphium) eurypylus sangira; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 92\ngraphium (graphium) eurypylus fumikoe; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 92\ngraphium (graphium) agamemnon comodus; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 93\ngraphium (graphium) meyeri meyeri; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 93\ngraphium (graphium) meyeri extremum; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 93\ngraphium (graphium) antiphates kalaoensis; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 94\ngraphium (graphium) antiphates kurosawai; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 94\nvijay barve set\ntailed jay (graphium agamemnon )\nas an exemplar on\ngraphium agamemnon (linnaeus, 1758 )\n.\nthe australian sub - species (g. s. choredon) is commonly known as the blue triangle butterfly\nthe genus graphium contain about 160 species and it is a big group of papilionidae. graphium butterflies are from africa, asia and australia .\nthe tailed jay (graphium agamemnon) is a butterfly of the australasia / indomalaya ecozone (australia). the distribution include the whole ecozone and extend from india to new zealand .\ngraphium (graphium) sarpedon sarpedon; page & treadaway, 2003, butterflies of the world, 17: 3, pl. 1 - 6\ngraphium (graphium) eurypylus insularis [ sic ]; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 92\ngraphium (graphium) codrus yayoeae; page & treadaway, 2003, butterflies of the world, 17: 3, pl. 2, f. 3 - 4\ngraphium (graphium) codrus noeli; page & treadaway, 2003, butterflies of the world, 17: 3, pl. 2, f. 5 - 8\ngraphium (graphium) empedovana empedovana; page & treadaway, 2003, butterflies of the world, 17: 3, pl. 1, f. 6 - 7\ngraphium (graphium) sandawanum sandawanum; page & treadaway, 2003, butterflies of the world, 17: 3, pl. 3, f. 7 - 8\ngraphium (graphium) sandawanum joreli; page & treadaway, 2003, butterflies of the world, 17: 3, pl. 3, f. 9 - 10\nthe following species are members of genus graphium and they are represented on this homepage .\nthe team, reporting today in the journal frontiers in ecology and evolution, said a butterfly known as the common bluebottle (graphium sarpendon), has no less than 15 classes of these vision cells, known as photoreceptors .\ngraphium chironides malayanum; [ bmp ]: 76, pl. 6, f. 2\ngraphium macfarlanei; [ bow ]: pl. 131, f. 10 (text )\ngraphium macfarlanei seminigra; [ baur ], 115, f. (larva, pupa )\na species of swallowtail butterfly found in australasia holds the record for having the largest number of different vision cells in its eyes for any insect, scientists say .\nthis butterfly is quite territorial. it sits on a leaf of a high tree and regards the surroundings as its own territory ,\nsaid professor arikawa .\ngraphium (graphium) codrus; page & treadaway, 2003, butterflies of the world, 17: 3; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 91\ngraphium macleayanus wilsoni couchman, 1965; utas: 84; tl: kuranda, n. q .\ngraphium eurypylus mecisteus; [ bmp ]: 76, pl. 5, f. 7 - 8\nneue unterarten und neue namen in den gattungen papilio, graphium und parnassius (lep. : papilionidae )\nnote sur graphium illyris (hewitson) et revision systematique de l' espece (lep. papilionidae )\ntable 1. summary of the characteristics of three types of ommatidia in the compound eye of graphium sarpedon .\ngraphium (graphium) codrus melanthus; page & treadaway, 2003, butterflies of the world, 17: 3, pl. 1, f. 8 - 9, pl. 2, f. 1 - 2\ngraphium anthedon anthedon; moonen, 1998, trans. lepid. soc. japan 49 (3): 221\ngraphium anthedon dodingensis; moonen, 1998, trans. lepid. soc. japan 49 (3): 224\ngraphium anthedon crudum; moonen, 1998, trans. lepid. soc. japan 49 (3): 224\ngraphium anthedon sulaensis; moonen, 1998, trans. lepid. soc. japan 49 (3): 222\ngraphium anthedon halesus; moonen, 1998, trans. lepid. soc. japan 49 (3): 222\ngraphium macleayanus; [ bow ]: pl. 131, f. 22; couchman, 1965, utas: 84\n= graphium monticolus textrix; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 91\nthe swordtail butterfly graphium sarpedon photographed with white - light epi - illumination in dorsal (a) and in ventral view (b), with white - light trans - illumination in dorsal view (c) and with ultraviolet - light epi - illumination in ventral view (d; bar: 2 cm) .\ngraphium sarpedon luctatius; [ bmp ]: 75, pl. 6, f. 4; [ bor ], 98\ngraphium evemon eventus; [ bor ], 100; [ bmp ]: 76, pl. 5, f. 9\ngraphium doson nauta tsukada & nishiyama, 1980; in tsukada (ed .), butts se asian islands 1: 380\ngraphium arycles arycles; [ bmp ]: 76, pl. 6, f. 3; [ bor ], 102\ngraphium browni; [ bow ]: pl. 132, f. 2 (text); [ baur ], 110\ngraphium (pathysa) antiphates; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 94\ngraphium (pathysa) euphrates; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 94\ngraphium (pathysa) androcles; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 94\ngraphium (pathysa) rhesus; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 93\ngraphium (pathysa) dorcus; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 94\ngraphium (paranticopsis) encelades; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 95\ngraphium stratocles senectus tsukada & nishiyama, 1980; in tsukada (ed .), butts se asian islands 1: 423\ngraphium (paranticopsis) deucalion; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 95\ngraphium leonidas is regarded as being a batesian mimic of the toxic danaid tirumala petiverana which often flies in the same habitats .\nkelber, a. , and pfaff, m. (1999). true colour vision in the orchard butterfly, papilio aegeus. naturwissenschaften 86, 221–224. doi: 10. 1007 / s001140050601\ngraphium sumatranum; hancock, 1983; moonen, 1998, trans. lepid. soc. japan 49 (3): 220\ngraphium gelon; holloway & peters, 1976, j. nat. hist. 10: 284; [ baur ], 120\ngraphium (pathysa) euphrates elegantia; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 95\ngraphium (pathysa) androcles androcles; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 94\ngraphium (pathysa) androcles cleomenes; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 94\ngraphium (pathysa) androcles pelengensis; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 94\ngraphium (pathysa) rhesus rhesus; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 93\ngraphium (pathysa) rhesus rhesulus; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 93\ngraphium (pathysa) rhesus parvimacula; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 94\ngraphium (pathysa) dorcus dorcus; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 94\ngraphium (pathysa) dorcus butungensis; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 94\ngraphium (paranticopsis) deucalion deucalion; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 95\ngraphium (paranticopsis) deucalion marabuntana; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 95\nkinoshita, m. , shimada, n. , and arikawa, k. (1999). colour vision of the foraging swallowtail butterfly papilio xuthus. j. exp. biol. 202, 95–102 .\n[ laos ] graphium timur kooichii; osada, uémura & uehara, 1999: 201, pl. 22, figs. ♂, ♂ (un), ♀. (lak sao) graphium mullah kooichii; cotton & racheli, [ 2007 ]: 302 - 303. (lak sao) graphium mullah kooichii; racheli & cotton, 2009: 31 - 32, figs. ♂, ♂ (un). (lak sao: phao border post) graphium mullah kooichii; nakamura & wakahara, 2012; 41. [ vietnam ] graphium timur; monastyrskii & devyatkin, 2003: 80. (huong son, ha tinh, c. vietnam) graphium timur koochii (sic); monastyrskii, 2007: 96, pl. 31, fig. 2a♂, 2b♂ (un). (central: huong son) graphium mullah kooichii; racheli & cotton, 2009: 32. (central vietnam )\ngraphium antiphates tiomanus moonen, 1984; papilio int. 1 (3): 47 (repl. pathysa insularis eliot, 1978 )\nmicrostructure of blue / green and yellow pigmented wing membranes in lepidoptera. with remarks concerning the function of pterobilins. 1. genus graphium\nbriscoe, a. d. (2008). reconstructing the ancestral butterfly eye: focus on the opsins. j. exp. biol. 211, 1805–1813. doi: 10. 1242 / jeb. 013045\ngraphium cloanthus; [ bor ], 98; [ bow ]: pl. 131, f. 16; [ mrs ], 168\nstavenga, d. g. , giraldo, m. a. , and leertouwer, h. l. (2010). butterfly wing colors: glass scales of graphium sarpedon cause polarized iridescence and enhance blue / green pigment coloration of the wing membrane. j. exp. biol. 213, 1731–1739. doi: 10. 1242 / jeb. 041434\narikawa, k. (2003). spectral organization of the eye of a butterfly, papilio. j. comp. physiol. a 189, 791–800. doi: 10. 1007 / s00359 - 003 - 0454 - 7\n. the first description was in 1758 by linnaeus. with a wingspan of 8. 0 – 10. 0 cm the tailed jay is a small member of the family papilionidae. the butterfly is black with many green spots .\ngraphium ucalegon fonteinei berger, 1981; les papillons du zaire: 51; tl: sankuru, km. 43, route de lusambo à batempa\ngraphium (pathysa) rhesus rhapia [ sic ]; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 94\ngraphium codrus noeli page & treadaway, 2003; in bauer & frankenbach, butterflies of the world, suppl. 8: (1 - 6 )\nprofessor arikawa and colleagues discovered that a particular subspecies of the common bluebottle butterfly (g. s. nipponum) has seven different cells for identifying colour alone — including ultraviolet, blue, red and two types of cells optimised for picking up green .\ngraphium abri smith & vane - wright, 2001; bull. nat. hist. mus. lond. (ent .) 70 (2): 628\ngraphium ucalegon schoutedeni berger, 1950; ann. mus. congo belge zool. (3) 8 (1): 73; tl: uele, bambesa\nstavenga, d. g. , kinoshita, m. , yang, e. c. , and arikawa, k. (2001). retinal regionalization and heterogeneity of butterfly eyes. naturwissenschaften 88, 477–481. doi: 10. 1007 / s001140100268\ngraphium is a genus of swallowtail butterflies, known as swordtails or kite swallowtails, from australasian and oriental regions. a widespread species is the common bluebottle graphium sarpedon (also called blue triangle). its wings are marked by bands of blue / green patches contrasted by brown / black borders. graphium sarpedon has the rare property that the blue / green wing coloration is created by pigments in cells constituting the wing membrane (allyn et al. , 1982; nijhout, 1991), in contrast with virtually all butterfly species where the wing coloration is due to the tapestry of scales that covers the wings. the colors of butterfly scales result from pigments that selectively absorb in certain wavelength ranges and are embedded in the scale structures, which reflect and scatter light that has not been absorbed by the pigments. alternatively, or in addition to this pigmentary coloration, wave - optical interference phenomena cause so - called structural coloration (berthier, 2003; kinoshita et al. , 2008; kinoshita, 2008) .\ngraphium (macfarlaneana) agamemnon agamemnon; page & treadaway, 2003, butterflies of the world, 17: 3, pl. 1, f. 4 - 5\ngraphium sandawanum yamamoto, 1977; tyô to ga 28 (3): 87, f. 1 - 2; tl: philippines, mindanao, mt. apo\ngraphium olbrechtsi berger, 1950; ann. mus. congo belge zool. (3) 8 (1): 85; tl: sankuru, mwene - ditu\ngraphium glycerion kimurai murayama, 1982; new ent. 31 (4): 69, 71, f. 1; tl: doi inthanon, n. thailand\nstewart, f. j. , kinoshita, m. , and arikawa, k. (2015). the butterfly papilio xuthus detects visual motion using chromatic contrast. biol. lett. 11, 20150687. doi: 10. 1098 / rsbl. 2015. 0687\ngraphium evombar viossati collins, 1997; in d' abrera, butts afrotrop. region (1): 56; tl: comoro islands, anjouan, forest of moya\ngraphium clanis malayanum eliot, 1982; malayan nat. j. 35 (1 / 2): 180; tl: malaysia, selangor, 16 miles s of pahang road\nbandai, k. , arikawa, k. , and eguchi, e. (1992). localization of spectral receptors in the ommatidium of butterfly compound eye determined by polarization sensitivity. j. comp. physiol. a 171, 289–297. doi: 10. 1007 / bf00223959\ngraphium ucalegonides rileyi berger, 1950; ann. mus. congo belge zool. (3) 8 (1): 78; tl: gold coast, west africa, begoro\ngraphium porthaon tanganyikae kielland, 1978; tijdschr. ent. 121 (4): 161, pl. 6, f. 21 - 24; tl: tanzania, kigoma, kasoge\nstavenga, d. g. , and arikawa, k. (2011). photoreceptor spectral sensitivities of the small white butterfly pieris rapae crucivora interpreted with optical modeling. j. comp. physiol. a 197, 373–385. doi: 10. 1007 / s00359 - 010 - 0622 - 5\nblackiston, d. , briscoe, a. d. , and weiss, m. r. (2011). color vision and learning in the monarch butterfly, danaus plexippus (nymphalidae). j. exp. biol. 214, 509–520. doi: 10. 1242 / jeb. 048728\nkoshitaka, h. , kinoshita, m. , vorobyev, m. , and arikawa, k. (2008). tetrachromacy in a butterfly that has eight varieties of spectral receptors. proc. r. soc. 275, 947–954. doi: 10. 1098 / rspb. 2007. 1614\narikawa, k. , scholten, d. g. w. , kinoshita, m. , and stavenga, d. g. (1999b). tuning of photoreceptor spectral sensitivities by red and yellow pigments in the butterfly papilio xuthus. zool. sci. 16, 17–24. doi: 10. 2108 / zsj. 16. 17\ngraphium (leptocircini); page & treadaway, 2003, butterflies of the world, 17: 3; [ afrl ]; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 90\nsku: ap - fi0110 dimensions: 5. 500\nw x 5. 00\nh x 2. 625\nd scientific name: graphium weiskei origin: papua new guinea shipping restrictions: international wildlife export fees apply\nkitamoto, j. , sakamoto, k. , ozaki, k. , mishina, y. , and arikawa, k. (1998). two visual pigments in a single photoreceptor cell: identification and histological localization of three mrnas encoding visual pigment opsins in the retina of the butterfly papilio xuthus. j. exp. biol. 201, 1255–1261 .\narikawa, k. , wakakuwa, m. , qiu, x. , kurasawa, m. , and stavenga, d. g. (2005). sexual dimorphism of short - wavelength photoreceptors in the small white butterfly, pieris rapae crucivora. j. neurosci. 25, 5935–5942. doi: 10. 1523 / jneurosci. 1364 - 05. 2005\nwakakuwa, m. , stavenga, d. g. , kurasawa, m. , and arikawa, k. (2004). a unique visual pigment expressed in green, red and deep - red receptors in the eye of the small white butterfly, pieris rapae crucivora. j. exp. biol. 207, 2803–2810. doi: 10. 1242 / jeb. 01078\nkawasaki, m. , kinoshita, m. , weckstrom, m. , and arikawa, k. (2015). difference in dynamic properties of photoreceptors in a butterfly, papilio xuthus: possible segregation of motion and color processing. j. comp. physiol. a neuroethol. sens. neural. behav. physiol. 201, 1115–1123. doi: 10. 1007 / s00359 - 015 - 1039 - y\n1134x873 (~ 315kb) underside male cambodia, koh kong province, right bank of the thma bang river left tributary at the bridge, 7 km sw thma bang village, 23rd august 2011 (graphium sarpedon sarpedon, gandaca harina, eurema sp .), photo © oleg kosterin\nphotoreceptor spectral sensitivities were determined by intracellular electrophysiology. a butterfly whose wings and legs had been removed was mounted on a stage. a chlorinated silver wire was inserted into the stump of an antenna as the reference electrode. a hole covering about 10–20 facets was made in the dorsal region of the eye, in order to insert the recording microelectrode. the eye was then positioned at the center of a cardan arm perimeter device, inside a faraday cage .\narikawa, k. , mizuno, s. , scholten, d. g. , kinoshita, m. , seki, t. , kitamoto, j. , et al. (1999a). an ultraviolet absorbing pigment causes a narrow - band violet receptor and a single - peaked green receptor in the eye of the butterfly papilio. vision res. 39, 1–8. doi: 10. 1016 / s0042 - 6989 (98) 00070 - 4\nbutterfly eyes are furnished with a variety of photoreceptors of different spectral sensitivities often in species - specific manner. we have conducted an extensive comparative study to address the question of how their spectrally complex retinas evolved. here we investigated the structure and function of the eye of the common bluebottle butterfly (graphium sarpedon), using electrophysiological, anatomical, and molecular approaches. intracellular electrophysiology revealed that the eye contains photoreceptors of 15 distinct spectral sensitivities. these can be divided into six spectral receptor classes: ultraviolet— (uv), violet— (v), blue— (b), blue–green— (bg), green— (g), and red— (r) sensitive. the b, g, and r classes respectively contain three, four, and five subclasses. fifteen is the record number of spectral receptors so far reported in a single insect eye. we localized these receptors by injecting dye into individual photoreceptors after recording their spectral sensitivities. we thus found that four of them are confined to the dorsal region, eight to the ventral, and three exist throughout the eye; the ventral eye region is spectrally richer than the dorsal region. we also identified mrnas encoding visual pigment opsins of one ultraviolet, one blue, and three long wavelength - absorbing types. localization of these mrnas by in situ hybridization revealed that the dorsal photoreceptors each express a single opsin mrna, but more than half of the ventral photoreceptors coexpress two or three l opsin mrnas. this expression pattern well explains the spectral organization of the graphium compound eye .\nfigure 2. phylogeny of butterfly visual pigment opsins constructed according to bayesian inference methods (bi). green background indicates opsins of papilionid species. numbers at the nodes represent probabilities based on 500, 000 replicate analyses; where omitted, the probability is 1. 00. (a) ultraviolet - absorbing type. (b) blue - absorbing type. (c) long wavelength - absorbing type. data accession numbers are shown on the right side of opsins in parentheses .\nbutterflies typically have a rich variety of spectral receptors in their compound eyes (briscoe, 2008). we found 15 distinct photoreceptor types in the eye of g. sarpedon, which is a record among all insects studied so far. stomatopod crustaceans, which have up to 16 spectral classes of receptors in their eyes (cronin, 2006), have been considered to be exceptional, but our finding of an almost equal level of spectral richness in a butterfly challenges this view .\n1208x752 (~ 336kb) underside male cambodia, koh kong province, 25. 5 km of ene koh kong, the' capricornis' forest rivulet near its junction with the sala munthun (right tatai) river. 29th november 2010 (graphium sarpedon sarpedon, pathysa agetes agetes), photo © oleg kosterin\n990x806 (~ 233kb) underside male cambodia, koh kong province, 25. 5 km of ene koh kong, the' capricornis' forest rivulet near its junction with the sala munthun (right tatai) river. 29th november 2010 (graphium sarpedon sarpedon, pathysa antiphates pompilius), photo © oleg kosterin\nthe wings of the swordtail butterfly graphium sarpedon nipponum contain the bile pigment sarpedobilin, which causes blue / green colored wing patches. locally the bile pigment is combined with the strongly blue - absorbing carotenoid lutein, resulting in green wing patches and thus improving camouflage. in the dorsal forewings, the colored patches lack the usual wing scales, but instead have bristles. we have found that on the ventral side most of these patches have very transparent scales that enhance, by reflection, the wing coloration when illuminated from the dorsal side. these glass scales furthermore create a strongly polarized iridescence when illuminated by obliquely incident light from the ventral side, presumably for intraspecific signaling. a few ventral forewing patches have diffusely scattering, white scales that also enhance the blue / green wing coloration when observed from the dorsal side .\n1144x873 (~ 355kb) underside male cambodia, koh kong province, 25. 5 km of ene koh kong, the' capricornis' forest rivulet near its junction with the sala munthun (right tatai) river. 29th november 2010 (middle, between graphium sarpedon sarpedon and pathysa agetes agetes), photo © oleg kosterin\nwe have spectrophotometrically identified the two pigments of the colored patches reported before: the bile pigment sarpedobilin (choussy and barbier, 1973) and the carotenoid lutein (rothschild and mummery, 1985). bile pigments generally occur in butterflies, notably in their larval state, but also in the wings of the adults (rüdiger, 1970; barbier, 1981), and carotenoids are also widespread (rothschild and mummery, 1985). the green banded swallowtail, papilio phorcas, uses the bile protein phorcabilin, which is expressed in the wing scales (choussy et al. , 1973; barbier, 1981). another bile pigment is pterobilin, which occurs in the wings of other graphium species (e. g. graphium antiphates, graphium agamemnon and graphium doson) and also in some nymphalids, e. g. nessaea (choussy and barbier, 1973). light transforms pterobilin, by cyclization, into phorcabilin, which in turn converts into sarpedobilin (barbier, 1981). choussy and barbier reported that g. sarpedon wings contain, in addition to its main pigment, sarpedobilin, trace amounts of phorcabilin and pterobilin (choussy and barbier, 1973). if the latter pigments are negligible, the absorbance spectrum of the dorsal forewing patch df1 (fig. 7b) then is presumably representative for sarpedobilin. at least, the spectra of the bile pigments of silkworm larvae, bp - i, a phorcabilin - like pigment, and bp - ii, which contains biliverdin ixγ [ fig. 7c, taken from saito (saito, 1998) ], resemble the obtained sarpedobilin spectrum .\nthe doubly cyclized bile pigment sarpedobilin (3) represents a unique case in nature. in spite of being present in trace amounts in many butterfly and moth species containing pterobilin (1) or phorcabilin (2) as the main bilin, this substance occurs as the main pigment in a restricted number of species geographically limited to southeast asia. we have isolated and identified sarpedobilin 3 (as the dimethyl ester) as the main bile pigment from papilio graphium stresemani stresemani (from ceram island, indonesia) in the amount of ca. 0. 1 mg per individual, double that found in papilio sar - pedon or p. weiskei. we conclude that p. sarpedon (and subspecies) p. weis - kei, and p. stresemani represent, in terms of evolution (see article), a group of closely related species. by comparison of colored wing patterns and resistance of the chromoproteins to hydrolysis by meoh - h 2 so 4, p. stresemani is near p. weiskei. the bioecological relationships of the three sarpedobilin - containing species is discussed .\nfigure 2 shows the phylogenetic relationships between butterfly opsins, with those of the tobacco hawkmoth, manduca sexta (sphingidae, lepidoptera) as the outgroup. we identified five opsin mrnas in the eye of g. sarpedon: one in the uv clade (figure 2a), one in the b clade (figure 2b) and three in the l clade (figure 2c). we hereafter refer to the opsins in the uv and b clade as gsuv (g. sarpedon uv) and gsb, respectively. one of three l opsins clusters with papilio l2, and two others cluster with papilio l3: we therefore, refer to them as gsl2, gsl3a, and gsl3b .\nas shown in figure 5, the spectral sensitivities of uv, bb, dg, o, and sr receptors fit reasonably well to the visual pigment absorption spectra of gsuv, gsb, gsl2, gsl3b, and gsl3a, respectively. the other spectral sensitivities can be explained by the modification of the aforementioned absorption spectra by a number of optical effects known to occur in butterfly photoreceptors. these include filtering by fluorescent pigments (arikawa et al. , 1999a), perirhabdomeral pigments (arikawa et al. , 1999b), lateral filtering between rhabdomeres of different spectral receptors sharing a single rhabdom (snyder et al. , 1973), and optical waveguide effects (stavenga and arikawa, 2011) .\nside views of patches number 3 (a) and number 1 (b) of a sectioned forewing of a male graphium sarpedon nipponum. the sockets (arrows) stand out of the wing membrane (m). both patches have long bristles (arrow heads) on the dorsal side, but patch 3 has on the ventral side glass scales (gs) and patch 1 has white scales (ws) (bar: 50 μm) .\nbutterflies and moths often have sophisticated color vision (kelber and pfaff, 1999; kinoshita et al. , 1999; kelber et al. , 2002). their color vision appears to have evolved from an ancestral trichromatic system based on the ultraviolet -, blue -, and green - sensitive photoreceptors (menzel and backhaus, 1989; peitsch et al. , 1992; lin, 1993; skorupski and chittka, 2010; blackiston et al. , 2011). the system subsequently elaborated by adding photoreceptors of various spectral sensitivities, most likely by positive selection of duplicated visual pigment opsins (briscoe et al. , 2010). recent studies indicate that the suite of photoreceptor sensitivities varies extensively between butterfly species. for example, the japanese yellow swallowtail, papilio xuthus (tribe papilionini, family papilionidae), has six classes of spectral receptors, which are of the ultraviolet (uv), violet (v), blue (b), green (g), red (r), and broadband (bb) classes (arikawa, 2003), while the small white butterfly, pieris rapae, has uv, v, b, g, r, and dark red (dr) receptors. the spectral sensitivities are even sexually dimorphic in some cases: the v receptors of p. rapae exist only in females, and the males instead have double - peaked b receptors (arikawa et al. , 2005) .\ngraphium is a large genus common in australasian regions. they generally have large compound eyes, fly very fast and frequently visit puddles as well as colorful flowers, indicating their high performance vision. the common bluebottle, graphium sarpedon (leptocercini, papilionidae) has wings with a conspicuous mid - band with blue–green colored patches. the physics of the wing coloration has been extensively studied, and have been found to be quite complicated where angle - dependent iridescence is involved because of a unique type of flattened scales (stavenga et al. , 2010). the elaborate wing coloration must be crucial for visual signaling but information about their vision is limited (eguchi et al. , 1982). here we studied the spectral organization of their compound eyes, and to our surprise, we found photoreceptors of at least 15 different spectral sensitivities in their eyes. we confirmed the validity of the finding by localizing this extensive collection of photoreceptor classes in the retina .\ncomplete nucleotide sequences of the coding region were aligned with other butterfly opsin cdna sequences using clustalw (urltoken) with opsins of manduca sexta (sphingidae, lepidoptera) as the outgroup. transmembrane domains were predicted by the tmhmm version 2. 0 program (urltoken). phylogenetic trees based on the nucleotide sequences were reconstructed using bayesian inference methods (bi) coupled with a markov chain monte carlo algorithm executed in mrbayes 3. 1. 2 (urltoken), and also by using the maximum likelihood method (ml) executed in phyml 3. 0 with the general term - reversible (gtr) substitution model (urltoken). the resulting dendrograms were virtually identical, and the ones made using the bi method are shown in figure 2. the reliabilities of the phylogenetic trees were tested using posterior probabilities based on 500, 000 replicate analyses (for bi) or 1000 bootstrap replicates (for ml) .\nto identify mrnas encoding visual pigment opsins, we used the eyes of 10 papilionid species including g. sarpedon. the other nine species were luehdorfia japonica and luehdorfia puziloi (gifts from mr. isao nihira), sericinus montela (from prof. yoshiomi kato), atrophaneura alcinous and papilio machaon (collected around sokendai), pachliopta aristolochiae, (collected in okinawa), graphium macleyanum and papilio anactus (collected in canberra australia), and t. aeacus formosanus (obtained from individuals after the completion of electrophysiological experiments reported in chen et al. , 2013) .\nfigure 5. average spectral sensitivities of photoreceptors (mean ± standard errors) in each type of ommatidium in the male graphium sarpedon retina. note that the uv, db, bg, dg, sg, sr appear more than once in graphs. numbers appearing with photoreceptor types indicate number of recorded cells that were successfully stained. colored curves in type i graphs indicate the predicted absorption spectra of visual pigments peaking at 354 nm (r354, gsuv), r455 (gsb), r541 (gsl2), r599 (gsl3a), and r582 (gsl3b) .\nthe optical and structural measurements were performed on the japanese subspecies graphium sarpedon nipponum. specimens were captured around the sokendai hayama campus, kanagawa, japan, and further obtained with the help of prof. k. arikawa and students. additional pinned g. sarpedon specimens were purchased from robert goodden, worldwide butterflies, sherborne, dorset, uk, one of which was photographed as before [ fig. 1; for methods see wijnen et al. (wijnen et al. , 2007) ]. specimens in the collection of the national museum of natural history, naturalis (leiden, the netherlands) were also investigated .\nfigure 2 includes newly identified opsins from nine other papilionid species of four tribes: tribe leptocircini (g. macleyanum), tribe papilionini (p. anactus, p. machaon), tribe parnassiinae (l. japonica, l. puziloi, s. montela), and tribe troidini (a. alcinous, p. aristolochiae, t. aeacus). l opsins of papilionidae form three clusters, l1, l2, and l3 (figure 2c). l1 opsins are found only in the genus papilio, while l2 and l3 are found in other tribes as well. we found that l3 opsins are further duplicated in the genera graphium and luehdorfia .\nphotographs of the dorsal (a, c) and ventral (b, d) forewing of a male graphium sarpedon nipponum of the colored wing patches numbered 1–4, with number 1 nearest to the hindwing. patches 1 and 2, and the rim of patches 3 and 4, are dorsally blue / green. the latter patches are mainly green. the wing membrane of patches 1 and 2 is blue / green (c), but the patches are ventrally white because of diffusely scattering white scales (d); the blue / green color of the wing emerges where the scales are lacking (c, d, arrows; bar: 2 mm) .\nthe reflection properties of butterfly wing scales depend on their fine structure and therefore we have performed sem (fig. 6). the hairs or bristles of the dorsal forewing (fig. 6a), the glass scales (fig. 6b) and the white scales (fig. 6c) of the ventral forewing are all marked by the longitudinal ridges, with overlapping lamellae, connected by cross ribs. the spacing of the cross ribs is rather similar in the three cases (170±30 μm), illustrating the common origin of the bristles and scales (ghiradella, 1998). the scales can be considered as flattened bristles, with only small holes in the glass scales and large windows in the white scales. the optical consequences of the anatomical differences are as is already indicated by the names. the thin, hair - like bristles only slightly scatter light and thus contribute little to the wing coloration. the glass scales are unpigmented and transparent and have a virtually continuous upper lamina, with only small holes, so that they also act as reflectors. the white scales have large and very irregularly shaped windows, which result in diffusely scattering structures that cause the matte white color of vf1 and vf2 (fig. 2d) .\nfor localizing the opsin mrnas in the graphium retina by in situ hybridization, isolated eyes were immersed in 4% paraformaldehyde in 0. 1 m phosphate buffer (pb, ph 7. 2) and then microwave - irradiated for 5 s six times (total 30 s). after further incubation in the fixative for 20 min at 4°c, the eyes were dehydrated in ethanol series followed by 100% terpineol, and infiltrated with xylene. the eyes were then embedded in paraplast (sigma - aldrich, st louis, mo) and sectioned at 8–10 μm thickness. serial sections mounted on a slide were deparaffinized with xylene and rehydrated through an ethanol series backwards. the rehydrated sections were treated for 4 min with proteinase k at 37°c and then for 10 min with 0. 25% acetic acid with 0. 1% triethanolamine at room temperature .\nfigure 3. in situ hybridization of five opsins of graphium sarpedon (a–e, longitudinal sections; f–u, transverse sections). the sections were labeled with probes specific to the gsuv (a, f, n), gsb (b, g, o), gsl2 (c, h, k, p, s), gsl3a (d, i, l, q, t), or gsl3b (e, j, m, r, u) mrnas. two sets of serial sections through the dorsal (f–m) and ventral regions (n–u) show the existence of three types of ommatidia in both regions. ommatidial types are indicated by solid (type i), dotted (type ii), and dashed circles (type iii). r, retina; l, lamina; m, medulla; bm, basement membrane .\nthe colored patches are surrounded by wing areas densely studded with black scales, containing melanin pigment. removing the black scales shows that the color pigments only occur in the wing membrane of the blue / green patches. the optical and structural properties of wing membrane cells and scales and / or bristles thus are governed by connected expression systems. the wing membrane in the areas with black scales is at most very lightly brown pigmented, i. e. the membrane is very transparent throughout the whole visible wavelength range, but when covered with black scales, these wing areas have a very low transmittance, in stark contrast with the colored patches, which have a high transmittance in the blue / green, an unusual feature for butterfly wings [ for other examples, see yoshida et al. (yoshida et al. , 1997) and yoshioka and kinoshita (yoshioka and kinoshita, 2006) ]. usually layers of melanin pigment behind structurally and / or pigmentary colored scales serve to enhance the color. in the absence of a black backing, color contrast diminishes due to broad - band scattered light from the underlying wing membrane and the scales on the opposite side of the wing. this will especially have detrimental effects when the two sides of the wings are differently colored. yet, the case of the common jezabel, delias nigrina (pieridae) shows that minor contributions to the color of one wing side due to backscattering from the opposite side have a negligible effect (stavenga et al. , 2006) .\nwe identified opsins from ten papilionid species including g. sarpedon (figure 2). l opsins are highly diverse in the lineage of papilionidae. they are divided into three clades: l1, l2, and l3. the branching pattern suggests that in the papilionid lineage the ancestral l opsin duplicated, with one copy becoming the present l2 and the other duplicating once again to become l1 and l3. l1 opsins are restricted to the tribe papilionini, and at least in p. xuthus and p. glaucus there are no photoreceptors that exclusively express their l1 orthologs (kitamoto et al. , 1998; briscoe, 2008); rather, l1 is always coexpressed with l2. on the other hand, l2 and l3 exist in all tribes. graphium and luehdorfia species have undergone a further duplication of l3. these multiple l opsins probably serve to enrich the spectral sensitivities of long wavelength receptors in papilionidae, because l2 (and l1) opsins are supposedly of the protein part of green - absorbing visual pigment, and l3 opsins are of red - absorbing visual pigment (arikawa et al. , 1999b; figure 5) .\nboth the forewings and the hindwings, dorsally as well as ventrally, of the common bluebottle, graphium sarpedon, are marked by a central band of blue / green patches surrounded by brown / black borders (fig. 1). on the forewings nine patches can be discriminated, which we have numbered df1–9 (df, dorsal forewing), when observed from the dorsal side (fig. 1a), and vf1–9 (vf, ventral forewing), when observed from the ventral side (fig. 1b), with df1 and vf1 nearest to the hindwing and df9 and vf9 near the wing tip. the hindwings have three distinct colored patches, a number of blue / green colored lunules and ventrally a few small red areas. the blue / green patches are quite transparent in the blue / green wavelength range, which is apparent when observing the wings from the dorsal side while the illumination is from the ventral side (fig. 1c). all colored patches moderately reflect ultraviolet light; slightly more on the ventral side of the wings (fig. 1d) and particularly so in vf1, vf2 and vh1 (vh, ventral hindwing patch nearest to the forewing), which are whitish colored when observed with visible light .\nthe bile pigment sarpedobilin, locally together with the carotenoid lutein, colors the central band of wing patches of the common bluebottle, graphium sarpedon. these pigments exist in the wing membrane and not in the wing scales, a rare case among butterflies. actually, the bristles in the colored patches at the dorsal wing side also contain the wing membrane pigments, as can be observed with transmission, reflection (fig. 3), as well as fluorescence light microscopy; however, the pigmentation contributes minimally to the coloration because of the bristle slenderness. the scales at the ventral side of the wings are unpigmented (allyn et al. , 1982). they are either white (in vf1 and vf2), because of diffuse scattering at the scale structures that surround the irregularly shaped, large windows, or they are glass - like reflective, due to the absence of windows (in vf3–9). we have to note here that the dorsal hindwing patch dh1 also has white, unpigmented scales (fig. 1a). the very matte appearance of the other dorsal wing patches, which exhibit virtual no specular reflection (fig. 9c, e), probably originates from the presence of minute lens - like structures or papillae on the dorsal surface of the wing membrane in the blue / green patches (allyn et al. , 1982) .\nfigure 1. the ommatidia of graphium sarpedon. (a) schematic drawing of an ommatidium in longitudinal (left) and transverse (right) views. r1–9; photoreceptor cells. (b) fluorescence micrograph of intact eye under uv epi - illumination showing three types of ommatidia emitting no (type i, solid circle), strong (type ii, dotted circle), and weak (type iii, dashed circle) fluorescence. (c) light micrograph of a transverse section, about 220 μm from the corneal surface, of the eye region shown in b. asterisk shows the position of the cell body of r2. type iii ommatidia have yellowish pigment around the rhabdom in r1–2 (the region marked with a rectangle is enlarged in the inset), which fluoresces under blue - violet excitation (c'), in addition to reddish perirhabdomal pigment in r3–4. (d–e) the same specimen sectioned at about 300 μm (d) and 400 μm (e) depths, showing the pigmentation in the proximal tier. type iii ommatidia have pale - red pigments around the rhabdom in r5–8, while other ommatidia have red pigments. (f–h) electron micrographs of rhabdoms of type i (f), ii (g), and iii (h) ommatidia in the distal tier. scale bar 20 μm in (c–e), 1 μm in (f–h) .\nfig. 7b indicates that sarpedobilin absorbs strongly in the short - wavelength as well as long - wavelength range and has little absorption in the middle - wavelength range. accordingly, when an inhomogeneous, scattering medium contains only sarpedobilin, a blue / green color results, which is the case of wing patches df1, df2 and the rim of the other wing patches (fig. 2). with lutein also present, the color changes into green, the case of wing patches df3–8 in g. s. nipponum [ df9 has little lutein (allyn et al. , 1982; rothschild and mummery, 1985) ]. the lutein content of some other subspecies, for instance g. s. choredon (braby, 2000), is probably minor, as suggested by a very similar blue / green color of all wing patches. the blue - absorbing lutein causes a reflectance approximating that of leaves (fig. 8a). the function of this yellow filter is therefore most likely to improve camouflage (rüdiger, 1970; kayser, 1985; saito, 1998). vane - wright described five nessaea species that have blue patches in the dorsal wings, due to pterobilin, but the ventral wings are mainly green (vane - wright, 1979). the latter is presumably due to the additional presence of a carotenoid pigment, as in some specimens, where the pterobilin is apparently lacking, the ventral wings are bright yellow. in preliminary spectrophotometrical measurements on green / yellow wing areas of g. antiphates and g. agamemnon we have found that these graphium species also contain lutein .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\n♂, 2005. 03. 09. nam phao, lak sao, laos. (photo by a. m. cotton )\non: pazala timur kooichii morita, 1996 od: futao 23: 8, pl. 3, figs. 9 - 10 holotype ♂ (up & un). tl: lac sao, laos. distribution: laos, c. vietnam .\nholotype ♂, 1996. 03. 14. lac sao, laos. (in coll. s. morita) paratype 1♂, 1996. 03. 14. lac sao, laos. (in coll. s. morita )\npapilio codrus cramer, [ 1777 ]; uitl. kapellen 2 (9 - 16): 127, pl. 179, f. a, b\nlarva on hernandia avigera, hernandia, h. peltata? [ baur ], annona, uvaria, hernandia, ? thespesia vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 91\naru, waigeu, w. irian - papua, d' entrecasteaux, woodlark, rossel is .\n= papilio codrus medon; rothschild, 1895, novit. zool. 2 (3): 426\npapilio codrus b (celebensis) wallace, 1865; trans. linn. soc. lond. 25 (1): 64; tl: celebes; sulla is\npapilio codrus loc. f. a (gilolensis) wallace, 1865; trans. linn. soc. lond. 25 (1): 64\npapilio segonax godman & salvin, 1878; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1878: 734; tl: new ireland\n= papilio codrus pisidice; rothschild, 1895, novit. zool. 2 (3): 426\npapilio segonax tenebrionis rothschild, 1895; novit. zool. 2 (3): 427; tl: new georgia, solomon islands\npapilio codrus auratus rothschild, 1898; novit. zool. 5 (2): 218; tl: st. gabriel, admiralty is .\npapilio codrus toealensis rothschild, 1896; novit. zool. 3 (4): 424; tl: kei toeal\ncodrus stiris (jordan, 1909) (papilio); in seitz, grossschm. erde 9: 93\ncodrus taloranus (jordan, 1909) (papilio); in seitz, grossschm. erde 9: 93\npapilio codrus schoutensis talbot & joicey, 1916; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1916 (1): 68\nlarva on geifera salicifolia, doryphora aromatica, atherosperma moschatum [ baur ], tasmannia lanceolata, t. xerophila, atherosperma moschatum, daphnandra micrantha, d. repandula, doryphora aromatica, d. sassafras, cinnamomum camphora, cryptocarya hypospodia, endiandra pubens, geijera salicifolia k. l. & l. e. dunn, 1991, review austr. butts. (1 - 4): (120 - 140 )\npapilio macleayanus insulana waterhouse, 1920; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 45 (3): 470; tl: lord howe island\npapilio weiskei stresemanni rothschild, 1915; in rothschild & durrant, lep. b. o. u. exp. new guinea: 4; tl: ceram\npapilio cloanthus westwood, 1841; arcana entomologica, 1: pl. 11, f. 2, (4) 42; tl: n. india\npapilio cloanthus f. temp. cloanthulus fruhstorfer, 1902; dt. ent. z. iris 15 (1): 168\npapilio cloanthus var. clymenus leech, 1893; butts china japan corea (2): 523, pl. 32, f. 2\npapilio cloanthus kuge fruhstorfer, 1908; ent. zs. 22 (29): 119; tl: chip - chip\npapilio cloanthus var. sumatrana hagen, 1894; dt. ent. z. iris 7 (1): 28; tl: sumatra\nchina, ceylon, s. india, kashmir - assam, burma, au. see [ maps ]\n1047x773 (~ 62kb) underside yona, okinawa, ryukyus, japan, 8 - 93, photo © s. shuichi haupt" ]

{ "text": [ "graphium is a genus of mostly tropical swallowtail butterflies commonly known as swordtails , kite swallowtails , or ladies .", "native to eurasia , africa , and oceania , the genus is represented by over 100 species .", "their colouration is as variable as the habitats they frequent ; from rainforest to savannah .", "some possess tails which may be long and swordlike , while others lack any hindwing extensions .", "graphium species are often sighted at mud puddles .", "the more colourful species are popular with collectors and are commonly seen mounted in frames for sale .", "well-known species include the tailed jay ( graphium agamemnon ) , common bluebottle ( g. sarpedon ) , and the purple-spotted swallowtail ( g. weiskei ) .", "one species , g. idaeoides , is notable for being a perfect mimic of the danainid idea leuconoe .", "larvae feed variously on annonaceae ( most commonly ) , magnoliaceae ( commonly ) , lauraceae ( commonly ) , rutaceae , dioscoreaceae , bombacaceae , piperaceae , anacardiaceae , apocynaceae , malpighiaceae , hernandiaceae , guttiferae , monimiaceae , pandanaceae , winteraceae , and euphorbiaceae . " ], "topic": [ 19, 26, 24, 23, 11, 25, 18, 16, 8 ] }

[ "graphium is a genus of mostly tropical swallowtail butterflies commonly known as swordtails, kite swallowtails, or ladies. native to eurasia, africa, and oceania, the genus is represented by over 100 species. their colouration is as variable as the habitats they frequent; from rainforest to savannah. some possess tails which may be long and swordlike, while others lack any hindwing extensions. graphium species are often sighted at mud puddles. the more colourful species are popular with collectors and are commonly seen mounted in frames for sale. well-known species include the tailed jay (graphium agamemnon), common bluebottle (g. sarpedon), and the purple-spotted swallowtail (g. weiskei). one species, g. idaeoides, is notable for being a perfect mimic of the danainid idea leuconoe. larvae feed variously on annonaceae (most commonly), magnoliaceae (commonly), lauraceae (commonly), rutaceae, dioscoreaceae, bombacaceae, piperaceae, anacardiaceae, apocynaceae, malpighiaceae, hernandiaceae, guttiferae, monimiaceae, pandanaceae, winteraceae, and euphorbiaceae." ]

[ "megalopalpus zymna (westwood, [ 1851 ]) = pentila zymna westwood, [ 1851 ] .\nthe tribe miletini is represented in africa by just one genus megalopalpus which comprises of only 4 species metaleucus, angulosus, simplex and zymna. the upper surface of the wings are pale beige, cream or silky white, with a conspicuous large black apical patch. on the underside all species are light brown with pale - edged maculae. the best identification characteristics of the genus however are the anatomical features - the ovoid wings and the very long and thin palpi from which the genus name megalopalpus is derived .\nmegalopalpus zymna, the common harvester, is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family. it is found in liberia, côte d 'ivoire, ghana, togo, nigeria, cameroon, equatorial guinea (mbini and bioko), gabon, the republic of congo, the central african republic, angola, the democratic republic of congo, southern sudan, uganda, north - western tanzania and zam... .\nthe adult butterflies flutter about almost incessantly among the forest undergrowth until they locate an extrafloral nectary. these invariably have membracids and phediole ants in attendance, but the megalopalpus are completely ignored by the ants, which are presumably appeased by pheromones secreted by the butterflies .\nthe subfamily miletinae are fascinating because their caterpillars are aphytophagous, i. e. they feed carnivorously, parasitically or on animal by - products, rather than on vegetation. much remains to be learnt about their ecology, but it is known that the adults and larvae of most species live in close association with ants and that the larvae feed parasitically or carnivorously on homoptera (aphids, coccids, psyllids and membracids). many of the miletinae are involved in complex 3 - way symbiotic relationships with ants and homoptera. one oriental species -\nhas an extraordinary carnivorous larva that lives inside the nests of weaver ants and voraciously devours the ant grubs .\nboth sexes of all miletinae species have fully functional forelegs, unlike those of other lycaenidae subfamilies, in which the tarsi of males are fused, rendering the forelegs useless for walking .\nthere are in total about 150 species worldwide of which 100 are african. the remaining species are mostly confined to the oriental region, although a few have ranges that extend into temperate asia. in africa the subfamily is represented by 4 tribes: liphyrini, miletini, spalgini and lachnocnemini .\nthis species is found in forest and dense savannah at altitudes up to about 1000m .\nthe larvae are carnivorous, feeding on homoptera including the membracids leptocentrus, anchon and gargara, and nehala cicadellids. phediole ants are invariably in attendance. it is likely that the larvae are' milked' by the ants for sugary secretions, although i know of no supporting evidence .\nall photographs, artwork, text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins (unless otherwise stated) and are protected by copyright. photographs or text on this website must not be reproduced in part or in whole or published elsewhere without prior written consent of adrian hoskins / urltoken\n© 2016, butterfly conservation society, ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nis not clear. some authors treat the two as distinct species, others as subspecies of the latter. the taxon included as\n) is widespread and common in most forests in a huge extent of occurrence (eoo) and should be considered a species of least concern. this listing is given because both species in this potential\nspecies complex\nare sufficiently common to be classified as least concern, and are currently not affected by any major threats .\nthe species flies from cameroon through congo, gabon, most of the democratic republic of the congo (drc) to uganda and is usually common in forests in good condition. this gives it a large eoo and area of occupancy (aoo) .\nalthough there is some taxonomic uncertainty regarding this species, both species concerned are common and this species, as described in this assessment, is common in most forests across its range .\nthe species is common in forest habitats in good condition across a wide distribution in central africa .\nthis species relies on forests in reasonable condition and so is threatened to some extent by forest degradation and deforestation. however, across its large distribution these threats can only be considered minor at present .\nno species - specific conservation measures are in place or required for this species. greater research is needed to elucidate the true taxonomic relationship between\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en" ]

{ "text": [ "megalopalpus zymna , the common harvester , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .", "it is found in liberia , côte d'ivoire , ghana , togo , nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea ( mbini and bioko ) , gabon , the republic of the congo , the central african republic , angola , the democratic republic of the congo , southern sudan , uganda , north-western tanzania and zambia .", "the habitat is forest and dense agricultural land .", "adults mimic distasteful day-flying moths .", "both sexes have been recorded feeding from the secretions of the auchenorrhyncha species that the larvae feed on .", "the larvae are carnivorous .", "they feed on auchenorrhyncha species belonging to the families cicadellidae and membracidae , including leptocentrus altifrons , anchon relatum , gargara variegata and nehela ornata .", "they creep up on their prey , periodically stopping and vibrating the true legs .", "on reaching the prey , the legs are vibrated on the closed wings of their target , much as the tending ants do with their antennae .", "the larva then raises its body over the cicadellid , then drops onto it , grasping it with its true legs .", "the prey is killed by a bite to the back of the neck , then completely consumed , the legs of the larva aiding in holding the prey and guiding the prey to its mouth .", "the larvae are dark brown .", "they are associated with the ant species pheidole aurivillii race kasaiensis and camponotus akwapimensis var . poultoni . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 24, 28, 8, 8, 2, 16, 19, 23, 23, 8, 27 ] }

[ "megalopalpus zymna, the common harvester, is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family. it is found in liberia, côte d'ivoire, ghana, togo, nigeria, cameroon, equatorial guinea (mbini and bioko), gabon, the republic of the congo, the central african republic, angola, the democratic republic of the congo, southern sudan, uganda, north-western tanzania and zambia. the habitat is forest and dense agricultural land. adults mimic distasteful day-flying moths. both sexes have been recorded feeding from the secretions of the auchenorrhyncha species that the larvae feed on. the larvae are carnivorous. they feed on auchenorrhyncha species belonging to the families cicadellidae and membracidae, including leptocentrus altifrons, anchon relatum, gargara variegata and nehela ornata. they creep up on their prey, periodically stopping and vibrating the true legs. on reaching the prey, the legs are vibrated on the closed wings of their target, much as the tending ants do with their antennae. the larva then raises its body over the cicadellid, then drops onto it, grasping it with its true legs. the prey is killed by a bite to the back of the neck, then completely consumed, the legs of the larva aiding in holding the prey and guiding the prey to its mouth. the larvae are dark brown. they are associated with the ant species pheidole aurivillii race kasaiensis and camponotus akwapimensis var. poultoni." ]

[ "brachypelma emilia – cnan: 1 ♀ brachypelma emilia ref. 3121. sinaloa, edo. sinaloa, méxico. 30. i. 65, coll. ent 46; 1 ♀ brachypelma emilia ref. 3080 / no. 80. mazatlán, mpio. mazatlán, edo. sinaloa, méxico. vii. 1959. coll. ent 5. oumnh: 2♀ brachypelma emilia 2007 064, pet trade, imported lee arden spidershop uk died 2007; 1♂ 2007 064, brachypelma emilia, pet trade; 1♂ brachypelma emilia, jar 65, cambridge coll. (discussed in text). sjlc: 1 ♀ brachypelma emilia eme8, died 12. 08. 09; 1 ♂ brachypelma emilia eme9, died 26. 04. 09, ex andy fisher; 1 ♀ brachypelma emilia eme10, died 19. 05. 09, ex becky norris [ spermathecae shown in figure 13 ]; 1 ♂ brachypelma emilia eme11, died 2009, ex becky norris; 1 imm, brachypelma emilia eme12, died 2009, ex becky norris .\nthe mexican red leg tarantula, brachypelma emilia, is a chunky, slow - moving and docile tarantula .\nmygale emilia white, 1856: 185, pl. 43 (d m). brachypelma aemilia simon, 1891g: 338 (d m f). eurypelma emilia f. o. pickard - cambridge, 1897a: 19, pl. 2, f. 5 (m). brachypelma emilia smith, 1986b: 49, f. 27h (t m f from eurypelma = avicularia). brachypelma emilia smith, 1987d: 49, pl. 2, f. 27h (m). brachypelma emilia hancock & hancock, 1989: 46, f. 41 (f). brachypelma emilia schmidt, 1992a: 10 (t m f from euathlus per raven). euathlus emilia baxter, 1993: 72, f. 19 - 20 (f). brachypelma emilia schmidt, 1993d: 82, f. 188 (f). brachypelma emilia smith, 1995: 166, f. 901 - 915 (m f). brachypelma emilia pérez - miles et al. , 1996: 46, f. 9 - 10 (m f). brachypelma emilia tesmoingt, cleton & verdez, 1997a: 9, pl. 2, f. 6 (f). brachypelma emilia schmidt, 1997g: 19, f. 191, 193 (m f). brachypelma emilia locht, yáñez & vázquez, 1999: 196, f. 7 (f). brachypelma emilia peters, 2000a: 68, f. 222 (f). brachypelma emilia bertani, 2001: 338, f. 153 - 156 (m f). brachypelma emilia peters, 2003: 117, f. 473 - 474, 477, 480, 483 (m f). brachypelma emilia schmidt, 2003l: 152, f. 274 - 277 (m f). brachypelma emilia gabriel & longhorn, 2015: 100, f. 13 (f) .\nb. emilia really nice attack. emilia vs cricet. all in hd. dont wait, watch now and subscribe for more videos\ntanya higgins added the english common name\nmexican painted leg tarantula\nto\nbrachypelma emilia (white, 1856 )\n.\nwhen combined with their slow growth rates, brachypelma emilia tends to be one of the more expensive tarantula species for hobbyists to purchase .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - mexican redleg tarantula (brachypelma emilia )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - mexican redleg tarantula (brachypelma emilia )\ntitle =\narkive species - mexican redleg tarantula (brachypelma emilia )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nbrachypelma boehmei – sjlc: 1 ♂ brachypelma boehmei boh9, died 16. x. 03, ex ronald baxter; 1♀ brachypelma boehmei boh10, died 07. vi. 12, ex ronald baxter; 1 ♂ brachypelma boehmei boh11, died 25. v. 08, ex mark kent; 1 ♂ brachypelma boehmei boh12, died 2001, ex mark dean; 1 imm ♂ brachypelma boehmei bo13, died 2004, ex ray gabriel .\nbrachypelma schroederi – sjlc: 1 ♂ brachypelma schroederi shr3, died vii. 08, ex steffan schroeder; 1 ♂ brachypelma schroederi shr4, died 01. i. 10, ex andy hood; 1 ♂ brachypelma schroederi, shr6, died 20. ix. 15, ex peter roach; 1 ♀ brachypelma cf. schroederi, shr5, died 19. v. 09, ex james box .\narañas terafosidas de costa rica araneae, theraphosidae. i. sericopelma y brachypelma .\nbrachypelma klaasi – cnan: 1 ♂ brachypelma klaasi. reserva biosfera chamela - cuixmala. edo. jalisco, méxico. 18. v. 81. coll. a. pescador. laahfc: 1 ♂ brachypelma klaasi ref. 1714. 23 reserva biosfera chamela - cuixmala. edo. jalisco, méxico. 3. iv. 98. coll. a. locht. oumnh: 1♂ brachypelma klaasi 2007 064; 1♂ brachypelma klaasi 2008 071, eddy hijmensen. sjlc: 1 ♂ brachypelma klaas i kla1, died iv. 01, ex mark pennell; 1 ♂ brachypelma klaasi kla4, died 08. xii. 98, ex ray gabriel; 1 ♂ brachypelma klaasi kla5, died 2002; 1 ♀ brachypelma klaasi died 2005, ex paul herbert, 1 imm, brachypelma klaasi died 2009, ex becky norris; 1 ♀ brachypelma klaasi died 20. ii. 10, ex mark pennell .\nlike many brachypelma species, mexican red legs are long - lived and slow growing .\nbrachypelma embrithes smith, 1994: 160 (t f from eurypelma = avicularia) .\nbrachypelma angusta valerio, 1980: 269, f. 19. (d female )\nbrachypelma verdezi – laahfc: 1 ♀ brachypelma verdezi (labelled brachypelma vagans) acapulco, mpio. acapulco de juárez, edo. guerrero, méxico. 1990. coll a. locht, . sjlc: 1 ♀ brachypelma verdezi (traded as pallidum), pal2, died 2005; 1 ♀ brachypelma verdezi (traded as pallidum), pal4, died 26. x. 09, ex david james [ see fig. 14 ]; 1 ♂ brachypelma verdezi pal5, died 27. iv. 09, 1 ♂ brachypelma verdezi pal6, died 24. 09. 08, ex yinnon dolev .\nbrachypelma simon 1890 oder euathlus ausserer 1875? (araneida: theraphosidae: theraphosinae) .\nbrachypelma auratum - bmnh: 1 ♀ brachypelma auratum ref. 27. entre hermiltepec y río pungarancho, edo. guerrero, méxico. 02. xi. 2002. coll. e. gonzalez y c. duran. oumnh: 4♀ brachypelma auratum 2007 064 pet trade, lee arden (spidershop uk) died 2007. sjlc: 1 ♀ brachypelma auratum aur7 died 11. v. 08, ex unknown; 1 ♀ brachypelma auratum aur9, died vi. 03, ex paul herbert; 1 ♂ brachypelma auratum aur10, died i. 04, ex stephen copley; 1 ♂ brachypelma auratum aur11, died vi. 04, ex ian metcalfe; 1 ♂ brachypelma auratum aur12, died 25. vi. 08, ex andy fischer; 1 ♂ 1 ♀ brachypelma auratum aur13 / aur14, died 2008, ex mike fletcher; 1 ♀ brachypelma auratum aur15, died 2010, ex becky norris .\nin the tarantula keepers guide (a recommended resource), stanley schultz reports that “adult females of brachypelma emilia may begin skipping molting every second year as a matter of course within only a few years of maturity” .\nbrachypelma baumgarteni – oumnh: 1♀ brachypelma baumgarteni 2007 064 pet trade, ex boris striffler from first import; 1♂ brachypelma baumgarteni 2007 064, pet trade, ex boris striffler from first import - remains of male eaten by female. sjlc: 1 imm brachypelma baumgarteni bau7, died xii. 01, ex ronald baxter; 1 ♀ brachypelma baumgarteni bau8, died i. 03, ex ronald baxter; 1 ♀ brachypelma baumgarteni bau12, died v. 08, ex paul herbert; 1 ♂ bau13, died 2008, ex mark pennell. known hybrid - 1 ♂ imm brachypelma sp. baumgarteni × boehmei, bau10, died 2008, ex eddy hijmensen .\nbrachypelma angustum: schmidt 1992: 10, f. 8 (t f from euathlus) .\nclosely related to the mexican red knee, brachypelma emilia is an undeniably stunning spider. the combination of glossy black background, highlighted with bright on the carapace and legs, makes this one of the more colorful species .\nwell - known tarantula expert stanley schultz claims to have purchased a fully - grown brachypelma emilia in 1972, which finally passed away in 1991. this makes her at least 20 + years old, and likely considerably more .\nbrachypelma albopilosum – oumnh: 1♀ brachypelma albopilosum 2007 064, pet trade, c / b. mcz: 2 ♀ brachypelma cf. albopilosum 74614, georgia fruit company, honduras, 20. v. 1932; 1 ♀ brachypelma cf. albopilosum, 74624, with fruit honduras; 1 ♀ brachypelma cf. albopilosum 74615, leon river valley, east of río ulúa, honduras, 1924, donor, united fruit company, 1 ♀ brachypelma cf. albopilosum río ulúa, tela, honduras, fruit company. sjlc: 1 ♂ brachypelma cf. albopilosum alb1, died 17. ii. 01, ex ronald baxter; 1 ♂ brachypelma cf. albopilosum alb9, died 03. v. 01, ex mark dean; 1 ♂ brachypelma cf. albopilosum died 01. xii. 07, ex stuart longhorn cb; 1 ♂ brachypelma cf. albopilosum alb12, died v. 08, ex andy matthews. (plus several further specimens collected across honduras to be detailed elsewhere) .\nselected taxa with similar spermathecae to sericopelma. 13 brachypelma emilia, type species of the genus from méxico, specimen eme10 in sjlc 14 brachypelma verdezi from méxico, pal4 in sjlc 15 megaphobema robustum type species of the genus from colombia, oumnh 2008 072 (rob3); and 16 megaphobema mesomelas from costa rica as mes4 in sjlc .\nbrachypelma emilia is a fossorial species, meaning that it creates burrows in which to keep safe. in the wild, studies have found these burrows to vary enormously in length, depending on the size of the spider and the ease of digging .\nbrachypelma albiceps - bmnh: 1 ♀ brachypelma albiceps (cb from german import as brachypelma ruhnaui) ruhz, died viii. 03, ex e. hijmensen / s. longhorn. cnan: 1 ♂ brachypelma albiceps n79. teloloapan, mpio. de teloloapan. edo. guerrero, méxico. 15. ix. 52, coll. leonila vazquez; 1 ♂ brachypelma albiceps presa vicente guerrero, edo. guerrero, méxico. 23. xi. 96, coll. a. castido octavio; 1 ♀ brachypelma albiceps ref. 3094. presa vicente guerrero, edo. guerrero, méxico. 5. x. 76. coll. no data. laahfc: 1 ♂ brachypelma albiceps sur morelos. edo. morelos 1996. coll. a. locht. sjlc [ all pet - trade of unknown providence unless otherwise stated ]: 1 imm brachypelma albiceps ruh2, died 11. iv. 09, ex unknown; 1 ♂ brachypelma albiceps ruh3, died 2008, ex mark davies .\nbrachypelma aff. ‘ smithi ’ – cnan: 1 ♀ brachypelma aff. smithi entre tepames y rio coahuayana, frontera, edo. colima, méxico. 8. vii. 2005, coll a. cervantes y m. olson. laahfc: 1 ♂ brachypelma aff. smithi colima. edo. colima, méxico. 23. oct. coll. a. locht; 1 ♂ brachypelma smithi acapulco, mpio. acapulco de juárez, edo. guerrero, méxico. 20. iii. 97. coll. a. locht. oumnh: 1♂ brachypelma aff. smithi, 2007 064, c / b, 1♂ brachypelma aff. smithi 2009 001, pet trade, 24 / 09 / 08, yinnon dolev; sjlc: 1 ♀ brachypelma cf. smithi (traded as annitha), ann1, died 25. iii. 02, ex tony packer c / b; 1 imm brachypelma cf. smithi (traded as annitha) ann2, died 2004, ex eddy hijmensen c / b; 1 ♂ brachypelma cf. smithi (trade as annitha), ann3, died 2007, ex eddy hijmensen c / b; 1 ♂ brachypelma aff. smithi smi1, died iv. 01, ex jean - michel verdez; 1 ♂ brachypelma aff. smithi smi8, died 03. v. 07, ex stuart longhorn; 1 ♂ brachypelma aff. smithi smi13, died unk. ii. 02, ex alan smith; 1 ♂ brachypelma aff. smithi smi16, died 2008, ex ray gabriel; 1 ♂ brachypelma aff. smithi smi17, died 2008, ex anon; 1 ♂ brachypelma aff. smithi smi18, died 18. v. 11, ex nicola dolby; 1 ♀ brachypelma aff. smithi smi9, died 31. i. 15, ex stuart longhorn; 1 ♀ brachypelma aff. smithi smi12, died x. 01, ex paul herbert; 1 imm brachypelma aff. smithi smi14, died 2004, ex ray gabriel; 1 imm brachypelma aff. smithi smi15, died 20. 07. 07, ex lee arden; 1 ♂ brachypelma aff. smithi × (?) klaasi hybrid, hybaxb, died ii. 10, ex s. longhorn .\nif you do opt to handle your brachypelma emilia then it is wise to do so over a soft surface, and to maintain a minimal distance between the surface and your spider. in this way, should your spider fall the damage should be minimal .\ntesmoingt, m. , cleton, f. & verdez, j. m. (1997a). description de brachypelma annitha n. sp. et de brachypelma hamorii n. sp. mâles et femelles, nouvelles espèces proches de brachypelma smithi (cambridge, 1897) du mexique. arachnides 32: 8 - 20. - - show included taxa\nnote that any live food you provide to your tarantula should be removed if it is uneaten the following morning. note also that brachypelma emilia may go off food for periods of time, which is nothing to worry about so long as your pet does not lose condition .\ndistribution and natural history of mexican species of brachypelma and brachypelmides (theraphosidae, theraphosinae) with morphological evidence of their synonymy .\npikaia your answer was really great, full of great information. and its really great that you had such a long lived female. mine is a brachypelma emilia. i have two tarantulas one is a fire leg that one is supposedly male. here is the pic of my fire leg :\nbrachypelma angustum: schmidt 1993: 82, f. 192. (misidentification *) [ * note: the figure ‘abb. 192’ in schmidt 1993 shows a spermathecae of an alleged brachypelma angustum, but does not conform to either the valerio’s (1980) drawing of the holotype spermathecae, nor our examination of the type. we suggest the material of schmidt (1993) was likely misidentified pet trade brachypelma sp. as with discussion and figures in peters (2000, 2003), also misidentified pet trade brachypelma sp. ]\nbrachypelma emilia is considered one of the more docile species of tarantula, very rarely attempting to bite. instead, they prefer to either kick off urticating hairs if harassed, or make a run for it. on occasion these spiders can be rather skittish, therefore, so care should be taken with handling .\nvenom effect: unknown, expected to be low - toxicity, although some suggest that this spider may be more venomous than other brachypelma species .\ni' ve raised a b emilia from tiny sling to 4. 5\ndls female among others from this genus. none of them are hard or tricky etc. no secret sauce here .\nlike all tarantulas, brachypelma emilia hails from the warmer parts of the world. for this reason, some form of artificial heating is necessary in all but the warmest months. this is most easily provided with a reptile heat mat of a suitable size. these are both cheap to purchase and to run, and tend to be very reliable indeed .\nhonduran curly hair (brachypelma albopilosum) – terrestrial, fairly active, inexpensive, and not particularly aggressive. moderately rapidly growing. again a popular first spider .\ngabriel r, longhorn sj (2015) revised generic placement of brachypelma embrithes (chamberlin & ivie, 1936) and brachypelma angustum valerio, 1980, with definition of the taxonomic features for identification of female sericopelma ausserer, 1875 (araneae, theraphosidae). zookeys 526: 75–104. doi: 10. 3897 / zookeys. 526. 6315\nif the latter, then i would agree with jadewilliamson, although males of the brachypelma genus are notorious for only living several months (typically less than one year) after maturing .\nwhite, a. (1856) description of < i > mygale emilia < / i >, a spider from panama, hitherto apparently unrecorded: proceedings of the zoological society of london 24: 183 - 185, pl. xliii\n17 leg iv tarsus and metatarsus of sericopelma immensum, allotype female (naranjal de guarumal, cantón puriscal, san josé, costa rica), showing most extensive metatarsal ‘trace’ scopula 18 nymphal (pre - dispersal) young misidentified by petrunkevitch as brachypelma vagans panama, and inset, older yet smaller (post - dispersal) young of brachypelma cf. vagans (pettrade, from mexico) .\n1. i started with a 1 / 2\nemilia in a 16oz deli cup - no hard fast rules when to move it up to a new size container. some people keep their ts in\nprisons\nsome people keep them in more spacious containers\ngabriel, r. & longhorn, s. j. (2015). revised generic placement of brachypelma embrithes (chamberlin & ivie, 1936) and brachypelma angustum valerio, 1980, with definition of the taxonomic features for identification of female sericopelma ausserer, 1875 (araneae, theraphosidae). zookeys 526: 75 - 104. doi: 10. 3897 / zookeys. 526. 6315 - - show included taxa\nschmidt, g. (1992a). brachypelma simon 1890 oder euathlus ausserer 1875? (araneida: theraphosidae: theraphosinae). arachnologischer anzeiger 3 (1): 9 - 11. - - show included taxa\ni raised my rose hairs exactly as i raise my emilia and other brachys. raising them is not rocket science, nor does one need a h. s. diploma. one only needs to be patient, observant, conduct the proper amount of research, attentive and receptive to constructive criticism on the forum .\n6. honestly, nearly all nw slings (b. emilia included) burrow when theyre young, thats all the hide they need. once they are in a cage big enough for a hide and a water dish put them in there. a waterdish is the more important of the two as the sling will probably still burrow .\nwhite, a. (1856). description of mygale emilia, a spider from panama, hitherto apparently unrecorded. proceedings of the zoological society of london 24: 183 - 185, pl. xliii. (reprinted in ann. mag. nat. hist. (2) 19: 406 - 407, 1857) - - show included taxa\nlocht, a. , yáñez, m. & vázquez, i. (1999). distribution and natural history of mexican species of brachypelma and brachypelmides (theraphosidae, theraphosinae) with morphological evidence for their synonymy. journal of arachnology 27: 196 - 200. - - show included taxa\nthe mexican red leg tarantula was originally described by white in 1856, making it one of the early tarantula species to draw the attention of scientists. it is considered the most northerly species of brachypelma tarantula, and is found in western mexico, primarily to the west of the sierra madres occidental mountain range .\n4. don' t worry about humidity, unless you live in the mojave desert, you will drive yourself crazy. i' ve lived in dry climates and very humid climates (100 %), but inside my home it' s fairly dry. the wetting of substrate is done for increased humidity by some people, others to water their t. af b. emilia was never subjected to either and she has grown like a weed .\nother material examined: see supplement for full listing of examined nicaraguan, costa rican and panamanian sericopelma spp. in the collections at bmnh, mcz, mnhn, miup, oumnh, pmy, sjlc. specimens of various brachypelma sp. from bmnh, cnan, mcz, oumnh, laahcf, sjlc, megaphobema sp. from mcz, oumnh, sjlc and theraphosa sp. from oumnh and sjlc .\nholotype of sericopelma angustum. 6 habitus and labels 7 valerio (1980) figure 19, drawing spermathecae 8 spermathecae, dorsal view 9 spermathecaee, lateral view showing (reversed) ‘p - shape’ diagnostic of sericopelma 10 dense pad of plumose hairs on femur iv not present in brachypelma, upper with alcohol wet, bottom left inset same dried, bottom right inset closeup of plumose hairs 11 tarsus leg iv showing unusual spines along central axis, bottom left inset closer image .\nthis pale pinkish - brown bodied tarantula has a black head and black legs, with distinctive red hairs on the middle part of the legs (2) (3). these long pinkish - brown hairs are sensitive to touch and vibrations. males and females are similar in colouration and size but males are darker with a metallic sheen (2) .\nmexican blackcap tarantula, mexican red leg tarantula, orange knee tarantula, true red leg tarantula .\ntwelve weeks after mating, the female produces an egg sac which is incubated for a further five to six weeks at 24 – 27 ºc before the spiderlings hatch (2). one of the longest living tarantula species with females living 20 - 30 years in captivity (3) .\nthe mexican redleg tarantula is listed on appendix ii of cites (1) .\nthe mexican redleg tarantula is presumed to be threatened by capture for the pet trade (2) .\nthe listing of this species on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species prevents any unlicensed international trade of either live specimens or body parts (1). however, this does not prevent internal trade within mexico .\nbaxter, r. n. (1993) keeping and breeding tarantulas. chudleigh publishing, ilford, essex .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\ntime lapse tarantula molting! b. smithi. (watch in hd! )\ncombine this with their reasonably easy - going temperament and ease of care and it’s little wonder this species has become so popular .\nsadly, this popularity has historically led to high levels of collecting for the pet trade. in response, the mexican red leg is now listed on appendix ii of cites. this means that no more wild collection is possible, and all specimens available as pets are now captive bred .\nthey can be found in a wide diversity of habitats, from dry coastal forests to more typical tropical areas inland .\ntypical burrows extend to between 20cm and a metre in length, and may have one or two additional “refuse chambers” built in, where sloughed skins and leftover food items are stored. the burrow entrance is notable because it rarely shows any silk, and is typically concealed beneath fallen trees .\ndue to their mexican origin these tarantulas tend to enjoy a warm environment, typically quite a bit drier than the many popular rainforest species .\nmexican red legs – also known sometimes as the “mexican painted” – are a relatively undemanding species in captivity. growing to a modest 5 - 6″ in legspan they are a mid - sized tarantula, and are not known for their speed or high activity levels. as a result a modest - sized tank measuring some 8″ x 12″ is acceptable .\ni like to use exo terra vivariums for my specimens. these tanks, while not cheap, afford an excellent view of my specimens, while allowing for excellent control over humidity .\nthe front of the cage opens out on hinges, which makes routine maintenance simple, yet these doors can be locked when shut to prevent escapes .\nalternatively, a range of other items may be utilized. specially - built tarantula tanks may be purchased from exotic pet shops or at reptile shows. these are typically made of glass or perspex, and have a solid, close - fitting lid .\nif these cannot be sourced then it is possible to use anything from a small fish aquarium to a suitably - sized tupperware box .\nthe keys here are to ensure a tight - fitting lid which prevents escape, and enough ventilation that the air inside the cage does not become stale and stagnant. under such conditions mould and mildew can grow; hardly a suitable environment for a tarantula .\nwhile adult mexican red legs may dig long burrows in the wild, this is hardly practical in captivity. that said, it is wise to provide a healthy depth of substrate in which your spider can burrow. for larger specimens a depth of 4 - 6″ is reasonable .\na range of different tarantula substrates are available, though coco fibre or peat - free potting composts tend to work best. these both hold the necessary moisture to prevent a “wet” cage, while simultaneously allowing the construction of burrows .\nalongside this substrate i like to include an artificial “burrow” for my spiders. this way, there is always a solution if would rather hide away from view, as many will during daylight hours. a curved piece of cork bark works well, as does a partially buried plant pot, carefully placed on it’s side to create a “tunnel” .\nwhile tarantulas will absorb much of the moisture they require from their food, and from regular mistings (see “humidity” below) it is best practise to always include an open water dish in adult cages. these should be shallow to avoid the risk of drowning .\nwater bowls – like all tarantula equipment – should be regularly scrubbed and cleaned with a reptile - safe detergent. water should be replenished every 24 - 48 hours to keep it fresh, and avoid the risk of bacterial growth .\nthe last “must have” pieces of equipment are a hygrometer for measuring humidity, and a thermometer to keep an eye on warmth. a range of options exist, and some models offer both hygrometer and thermometer in one handy unit .\nthe cheapest and most popular option are those with dials, though my personal preference is for digital models. once installed, these sensors will allow you to carefully monitor conditions in the cage, ensuring that they are optimal for your spider .\nwhile this is what i consider to be the “essential” tank decor items, some tarantula keepers opt to add a range of other items to the cage as “dressing”. artificial plants, additional pieces of bark and even artificial skulls can all add interest to the cage, both for the spider and owner alike .\nlet your creativity run wild to enjoy creating as naturalistic a design as possible .\nas mexican red legs will often burrow in captivity it is wise to attack the heatmat to the side or rear wall of the cage. this ensures the heat is able to move freely through the cage, rather than being blocked by a thick layer of substrate, as would happen if placed under the cage .\na temperature of 24 - 28’c is optimal for this species. as with all tarantulas, however, a temperature gradient is important. this means that one area of the cage should be warmer than another. this is easily achieved by placing the heat mat on the side of the cage, where the other end of the tank will naturally be cooler .\nas a side note, while heatmats can be used without a thermostat this is generally not recommended. a thermostat helps to control the temperature of your heat mat more accurately, preventing overheating. this is especially important in spring, as ambient temperatures start to rise .\nthere is little more annoying than trying to decide whether to leave the heater on or turn it off, and such difficult decisions can also impact the health of your spider. using a low - cost thermostat designed for heat mats (unsurprisingly known as “matstats”) ensures optimal temperature throughout the year .\nalongside this artificial heating it is also wise to keep an eye on the humidity inside your mexican red leg cage. the tank should be sprayed gently when necessary to maintain a humidity of around 70% . between sprayings the cage should be allowed to dry out gently, thus keeping the substrate in good condition and preventing mould growth .\nwhen spraying the cage aim to use lukewarm water from a houseplant spray gun. spray only gently and avoid your spider, which may be startled by such a “downpour”. the aim is to raise the humidity to a suitable level without causing any annoyance to your pet tarantula .\nas stated previously, humidity can be monitored easily with a low - cost hygrometer .\nunlike some of the faster growing species like the indian ornamental or salmon pink you’re unlikely to find your mexican red leg eating each day. more likely a feed once or twice a week will be more than sufficient .\nmexican red legs will eat all the standard insect prey fed to other spiders; from crickets through to locusts and roaches .\nmy own personal preference is for locusts, which are available in a wide range of sizes and are typically much easier to handle than crickets. additionally, crickets can cause damage to tarantulas when they moult (read more about tarantula moulting here) so avoiding crickets limits that risk .\nthat said, these chunky spiders are considered one of the better species for handling. they can be gently coaxed onto a flat hand and held quite safely .\nit is important to note that in general, and in contrast to the many youtube videos showing quite the opposite, it is generally considered best to avoid handling any tarantula if possible .\nthe main reason is that dropping a tarantula from a height can result in a ruptured abdomen and, most likely, death. instead, many experienced tarantula keepers gently coax their spider into a plastic container and attach the lid firmly when the spider needs to be moved .\nlastly, take note of the urticating hairs that the mexican red leg possesses. if kicked off, the cloud of hairs can cause severe irritation .\non the hands, they can lead to red spots and persistent itching for some days afterwards. if the hairs get in your eyes or are inhaled the result can be far less pleasant .\nas a result, when handling any tarantula with urticating hairs keep your face well away from the spider. if you come into contact with any irritating hairs you are advised to seek immediate medical attention .\nbefore closing it is worth mentioning one rather interesting factoid. as you may know, most adult tarantulas moult annually, however there is some evidence to suggest that the mexcian red leg tarantula may miss moults on occasion .\nconsequently, if you find that your adult has not moulted for over 12 months this may not be anything to worry about, and should be considered quite normal for this species .\ni' ve been keeping and breeding exotic pets for over 20 years. come and join our reptile - keeping community and prepare for some exciting discoveries! you can join us on facebook here or follow me on twitter for the latest reptile news .\nnotify me of followup comments via e - mail. you can also subscribe without commenting .\nkeeping exotic pets is a participant in the amazon services llc associates program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon .\nwrite css or less and hit save. ctrl + space for auto - complete .\nthis site uses cookies. by continuing to use this site, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. learn more .\nonly difference between sling care and adult care i' ve noticed is they need a damp area in the substrate until they' re large enough to use a water bowl. other than that, they' re a new world terrestrial from an arid area. not much to it .\nhow do you mess up with a brachy? ! your friend clearly didnt do much research. . care depends on the slings size. for say, a 1 / 2\nspecimen, a vial with a couple inches of sub will do. a few small holes in the lid, substrate slightly moist. absolute simplicity to raise a brachy sling. literally the only thing different from a adult is cage size and dry substrate .\nokay. you should know, the guy is old, and this was likely many years ago. he only recently learned to use a smart phone, so it wouldn' t be his thing to go online and research, or join a forum. so, i cut him a little slack when it comes to research. he has owned a ton of tarantulas over the years, and seems to love them, and do very well with them. he even saves, and mounts their molts. he' s not a bad guy, i promise. lol\nso... since i don' t really know about the mexican red legs, let me just ask my questions point by point. i like to get my info from as many sources as possible, since there is often mixed information out there, so i will still read all the care sheets, and my book, but i still like to hear the opinions of the people who are currently working with the animals .\n2. what type of substrate do you prefer for this species? how deep? i' ve read sand, but i' ve also read people suggesting sand can be bad for them. i' ve also read to wet half of it down until they can be in the adult enclosure. do you agree with this ?\n3. heating, how do you heat the vials / deli cups? i have read to keep them at temps of 70 - 80 degrees. is that correct ?\n4. humidity. my understanding is that they need humidity of 60 - 80% . is this partly why you keep half the substrate wet? is this accurate ?\n5. prey items. what do you prefer to start out with? i' ve read to start with fruit flies while in the vial, and move up to baby crickets once they are in the deli cup. how often and how many do you feed? what about adding another food source for variety ?\n7. i have read that once they are big enough to be in a deli cup, you should add a hide, and and a water dish. what do you like to use for that ?\nthese are the things i am looking for opinions on. when i rescued my rose hair tarantula, (reluctantantly, as i' d never owned a tarantula before) i asked around, and got a lot of different answers on my questions, but it was really interesting to hear all the different opinions, and learn why people did things differently. in the end, i felt good about the choices i made, and i learned a lot about my new little pet. i don' t mean to bother anyone with my questions. i just enjoy learning, and hearing all the different ways people do what they do, and sharing what i' ve learned with my friend, who enjoys some of the same animals that i do .\nthere are no special requirements ime in raising a sling to an adult w / this genus and many other nw ts .\nthe single most important factor is small ts tend to dehydrate more quickly than adults, they are less massive. so, to prevent that, simply provide a water bowl. they won' t drown, regardless of size. in fact, adult ts have been shown to float on top of rivers in the wild in s. america .\n1. pay attention and feed it a lot to keep its abdomen full - slings job is to grow so this route is fine. once the sling hits 1 - 2\nin dls, esp 2\nin dls, feeding a t food alone will not provide it with enough to keep it hydrated .\n2. moisten substrate in a corner perhaps - i' ve never done this method - always used a bowl .\neven ts as small as 1 / 2\ndls have had water bowls, never a drowning here. they know how to drink and they know what to do to get water and prevent themselves from drowning .\nthey need a damp area in the substrate until they' re large enough to use a water bowl .\nnot exactly true, they need water, but they do not require damp substrate. they can have a small water bowl and they will be fine .\nif you pay attention to care sheets, your t will be dead sooner not later .\n2. don' t use pure sand alone, bad idea! don' t agree with wetting down substrate (see previous post). substrate choice is totally personal for too many reasons to list. i use cocco fiber, some use top soil, some use a mix of peat moss, top soil and vermiculite or cococ fiber .\n3. that temp range is fine, however i and most knowledgeable t owners do not use additional heat to keep ts warm, unless owners live in a cold climate. generally speaking, ambient temps are fine, if you are comfortable so will your t. i have raised mine on 68 night time / 70 - 75 day time its entire life, and she' s an eating machine. do not use undertank heaters, as used for reptiles, nor use heat lamps for reptiles. you will cook your t dead .\n5. no on fruit flies, if you cannot get pinhead size crix, you can try scavenge feeding, like dropping a small cricket leg. or cutting up small mealworms and putting sections in there, or mashing cricket head and letting it scavenge feed that way. or just get pinhead crickets and feed it one. they are miniature adults and will do not necessarily need pre - killed prey .\nvariety is fine! i feed the t as often as it will eat. there' s no formula, like substrate, people feed their ts for a variety of different reasons .\n6. you can use all sorts of things for hides, i suggest you look around the forum. for small ts and large ts, i' m a big fan of cork bark .\n1. whatever i have lying around, nothing bigger than 3 - 5 times its legspan cause than finding it in there is sometimes tough .\n2. substrates pretty controversial around here, but topsoil and eco earth are the favorites of most people. (topsoil for me cause its very cheap .) also, sands bad. it can get into book lungs and once wet, never drys out. no i dont agree with that, once theyre big enough for a deli cup a water dish is all they need. (a bottle cap for example. )\n3. i keep my room at 70 - 80 at all times. no heat mats, heat lamps or heat tape. space heaters are whats best .\n4. nah, sling cages cannot be allowed to completely dry out however. they do not hold mositure in them as well as juvies and adults. just keep the sub damp until its big enough for a cage that can hold a small water dish without sacrificing half the enclosure. dont go chasing magic humidity numbers, its useless and fruitless .\n5. fruit flies are a waste of time, once the slings outgrow them, and they will quickly, they will be useless. small crickets work for ts of all sizes. just kill the cricket first, the sling will find it and scavenge it. ts under 3\ni feed about 1 - 3 times a week, the smaller, the more it gets fed. 3\n- 5\nabout once every other week. adults like once a month or so. as long as the abdomen is bigger than the carapace on the tarantula its fine. variety can only help. i feed superworms to spiders that can handle them and sometimes chop them up for muitiple baby spiders .\ni caution your desire to get info from as many places as possible, you shouldn' t be looking for care opinions, you should be looking for care facts. most places online, and in fact, nearly all online care sheets are wrong, bad or just plain inaccurate. completely ignore them for your and your tarantula' s benefit. like you said, you want to hear from those that keep them, this is really the only place to look, and this is one of the best places for that information anywhere .\n1. vials, you shouldn' t feel required to use them, in fact i think they offer more potential difficulties for the newer keeper, as their ventilation restrictions require more specific care ime. i would suggest starting them out in condiment cups, like 2 or 3 oz. they are easily ventilated and provide enough room, but not so much that they have trouble finding food or that they burrow away out of sight (which can be distressing for a new keeper with a small sling) .\n2. there are many substrate options that all work just fine, nothing specific is required... i will say, sand, pebbles, rocks, or bark chips are inappropriate. coconut fiber, jungle mix, peat moss or just plain cheap top soil are all fine choices used by successful t keepers all over the world. i basically care for all small slings the same, i keep part of the sub dampened until they start to show adult colors, then its just a water dish... . but all still get a water dish as soon as their enclosures will allow for it (size wise) .\n3. they should be kept at a minimum or 70, at least until they reach that 1. 25\nrange or so as they are indeed more delicate. a space heater is the preferred method, although with only a few slings, a great alternative is a heat bath. it basically consists of heating water to 80 with an aquarium heater and submerging the bottoms of the deli cups, vials, etc. , in the heated water, no hot or cold spots or direct heat and economical to run, way more so than a space heater. i' ve achieved great growth rates using this method .\n4. ignore humidity numbers, this is an issue with care sheets (if not the biggest issue), as they always want to stress that species x requires some magical number specific humidity to survive. not true! its much better to just focus attention on moisture in the substrate. as slings lack the waxy layer that they will eventually acquire, they are less resistant to dry, but its as easy as restricting ventilation in the deli / condiment cups... . if you have condensation forming, you need more ventilation, if the sub is drying out very quickly, you need less. i personally wouldn' t keep a sub 1\nbrachy sling (or any aside from baboons) on completely dry sub, even with a water dish... . just leave part of the area dry to give the sling options .\n5. they will eat anything they can over power, and as a tiny sling those things are limited... you can deal with fruit flies, but its really not worth your effort to do so as they are nutritionally deficient and should only be used as a supplement. good thing is that they will readily take pre - killed prey and this is by far my preference when they are small. you can dice a cricket in pieces, feed just a cricket leg or dice up mealworms into appropriately sized pieces .\nbecause pre - kill allows you to feed larger items, you can feed less and still achieve great growth rates. i feed every 6 - 7 days. once they get a little more size and the prey is more appropriately sized, you can bump it o twice a week if you so desire .\n. anything that won' t break down can be used for a hide, even a flat piece can work... anything they can get under and burrow is just fine, heck for small slings that could be as basic as a leaf or wood chip .\nop, where in wi do you live? ? i' m in oak creek, if you are ever in that area i would be happy to help you out, sometimes seeing what others do can help facilitate ideas of what you might like to do .\ni have to admit, my man i love your minimal posts! there' s nothing and everything at the same time inside. evviva cold blood, hip hip, hurra !\nha, i started my post and in my manipulation of the op' s quotes, i inadvertently erased one of the quotation brackets ([), when this happens, it encapsulates the post in with the quote, where it can easily get lost... so i erased the entire thing and started over... . because ab no longer allows one to delete their own post, i left the [, which i then altered to the funny icons merely for aesthetic purposes\nhe' s a steve jobs fanboy, even his t containers are designed in curved glass and aluminum .\nha, i started my post and in my manipulation of the op' s quotes, i inadvertently erased one of the quotation brackets ([), when this happens, it encapsulated the post in with the quote, where it can easily get lost... so i erased the entire thing and started over... . because ab no longer allows one to delete their own post, i left the [, which i then altered to the funny icons merely for aesthetic purposes\nsembra interessante\nsembra interessante\nlolz good old classic homer voiced by tonino accolla (r. i. p )\nhow big is your sling? brachys are hardy animals. vials should do the trick just fine. lightly misting and perhaps keeping a fake piece of silk plant to catch water droplets. feeding should be done once a week and small pinhead crickets should be fine. i like to crush the heads of these crickets before dumping them in the vials to prevent the cricket from being able to hurt the t in any way. and thats pretty much it. as slings they molt a lot more so if your t isnt eating take the cricket out to prevent any stress it could be your sling is in premolt .\nregistration is free, and dedicated forums exist for the discussion of tarantulas, true spiders, centipedes & scorpions. we also have classifieds, reviews, bite / sting / breeding reports and more! .\nanother beautiful, long lived, docile mexican spider. one of the' plodders' as i call them. they sit out in the open and don' t dash all over the place or try to attack you when you open the lid! this species are especially attractive with the black triangle on the carapace contrasting with the red colouration. not as readily available as they once were. often confused with the mexican red knee but they are not as steady as the red knee and in my opinion not calm enough for handling .\nthis animal is covered by cites regulations, annex b. i do not import animals and therefore know relatively little about cites (convention on international trade in endangered species). i can send these animals to eu countries (i do not supply certificates) and i cannot send to countries outside the eu. please do not order these animals unless your postal address is within the european union. please do not order these animals if you require a certificate. if an animal is ordered in error i will remove the item from your order and refund the price of the animal." ]

{ "text": [ "the mexican redleg or red-legged tarantula ( brachypelma emilia or euathlus emilia ) is a species of terrestrial tarantula closely related to the famous mexican redknee tarantula .", "like the redknee it is a docile tarantula and popular in the pet trade .", "it is slow growing and , like many tarantulas , females can live for decades . " ], "topic": [ 27, 15, 9 ] }

[ "the mexican redleg or red-legged tarantula (brachypelma emilia or euathlus emilia) is a species of terrestrial tarantula closely related to the famous mexican redknee tarantula. like the redknee it is a docile tarantula and popular in the pet trade. it is slow growing and, like many tarantulas, females can live for decades." ]

[ "five - spotted glyphidocera, hodges # 1139? - glyphidocera lactiflosella - bugguide. net\nspecies glyphidocera lactiflosella - five - spotted glyphidocera moth - hodges # 1139 - bugguide. net\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nsorry this picture isn' t better. it was photographed in the same picture with a banded sythra and they were the same size .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative. it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education, university of michigan museum of zoology, and the detroit public schools. this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151. copyright © 2002 - 2018, the regents of the university of michigan. all rights reserved." ]

{ "text": [ "glyphidocera lactiflosella , the five-spotted glyphidocera moth , is a moth in the autostichidae family .", "it was described by chambers in 1878 .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from alabama , arkansas , florida , georgia , louisiana , maine , mississippi , north carolina , south carolina , tennessee and texas .", "the wingspan is about 12.7 mm .", "the forewings are pale cream-color , sparsely dusted with brown , with a small brown spot touching the fold above , near the base of the wing , another a little farther back , and yet farther back near the middle two spots , one on the fold , the other on the disc .", "sometimes these two last spots are confluent .", "there is a transverse brown streak at the end of the cell , and a distinct brown line curving around the base of the apical cilia .", "the hindwings are white , tinged with silvery .", "adults are on wing from january to october . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 8 ] }

[ "glyphidocera lactiflosella, the five-spotted glyphidocera moth, is a moth in the autostichidae family. it was described by chambers in 1878. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from alabama, arkansas, florida, georgia, louisiana, maine, mississippi, north carolina, south carolina, tennessee and texas. the wingspan is about 12.7 mm. the forewings are pale cream-color, sparsely dusted with brown, with a small brown spot touching the fold above, near the base of the wing, another a little farther back, and yet farther back near the middle two spots, one on the fold, the other on the disc. sometimes these two last spots are confluent. there is a transverse brown streak at the end of the cell, and a distinct brown line curving around the base of the apical cilia. the hindwings are white, tinged with silvery. adults are on wing from january to october." ]

[ "there are two species of toothfish: the antarctic toothfish (dissostichus mawsoni) and the patagonian toothfish (dissostichus eleginoides) .\npicture of a swimming antarctic toothfish in the depths of the antarctic ocean. picture taken from\nantarctic toothfish is also called antarctic blenny, antarctic cod, bar du chili, chilean sea bass, loup de mer chilien, poisson mawson and mawson’s toothfish .\nantarctic toothfish (dissostichus mawsoni). the antarctic toothfish is confined to antarctic waters and forms a continuous distribution around the antarctic continent. it is the target of an important fishery for antarctic toothfish (3, 000 tonnes per year) in the ross sea region .\nmarket names include: patagonian toothfish, antarctic toothfish, chilean seabass, merluza negra, mero, white cod .\npatagonian toothfish (dissostichus eleginoides) and antarctic toothfish (dissostichus mawsoni) are highly sought species on the world fish market .\ncompliance measures adopted by ccamlr apply to all antarctic toothfish fisheries. these include :\nsouthern ocean antarctic toothfish fishery - eastern ross sea (subarea 88. 1 )\nwhich are found in the cold waters of the subantarctic and antarctic oceans. the patagonian toothfish lives in subantarctic waters while the antarctic toothfish is found further south .\nlocation of southern ocean antarctic toothfish fishery - southeast atlantic (subarea 48. 6 )\nstock assessments of antarctic toothfish in the ross sea region have been carried out since 2005. see details of the antarctic toothfish stock assessment model [ pdf 2. 1 mb ]\nscientists paul cziko, left, and konrad meister weigh an antarctic toothfish in the field .\nlocation of southern ocean antarctic toothfish fishery - eastern ross sea (subarea 88. 1 )\n. therefore, competition for prey among toothfish and these other mesopredators (middle trophic level predators) could be very important. the large antarctic toothfish are eaten by\nthe annual catch and catch limit of antarctic toothfish (metric tonnes) in the ross sea fishery .\nthere are two species of toothfish, patagonian (dissostichus eleginoides) and antarctic (dissostichus mawsoni). toothfish are large pelagic predators belonging to the cod icefish family .\nan ice breaking research mission to the ross sea has led to new discoveries about the controversial antarctic toothfish .\ndissostichus mawsoni, the antarctic toothfish, is the largest of the notothenioid fish to inhabit the southern ocean .\nfirms - fishery fact sheet - southern ocean antarctic toothfish fishery - southeast atlantic (subarea 48. 6 )\npatagonian toothfish - dissostichus eleginoides and antarctic toothfish - dissostichus mawsoni - also known as the chilean sea bass, merluza negra, legine australe, mero and bacalao de profundidad .\nfew species have been recorded as having toothfish as a large part of their diet. however, some known toothfish predators are :\nthey are very similar in appearance and habits but the antarctic toothfish is found in the high latitude region close to the antarctic continent whereas the patagonian toothfish is found in subantarctic waters on shelves around islands and submarine banks .\nfirms - fishery fact sheet - southern ocean antarctic toothfish fishery - eastern ross sea (subarea 88. 1 )\nan antarctic toothfish embryo, one of many collected as part of a collaborative project by niwa, talley' s and the italian national programme of antarctic research .\nmolecular diversity and genomic organisation of the α, β and γ eye lens crystallins from the antarctic toothfish dissostichus mawsoni .\nto fully understand whole animal evolution of cold adaptation, cheng has recently embarked on whole genome sequencing of the antarctic toothfish .\nfor more information on the most recent stock assessment of antarctic toothfish, see the ccamlr subarea 88. 1 fishery reports .\n). overall, the diet of sub - adult toothfish was similar to that of adult toothfish. not surprisingly, sub - adult toothfish ate a greater variety of smaller prey than adults, including smaller fishes such as\nthe illegal toothfish fishery has had a severe impact on the environment in the southern atlantic and indian ocean sectors of the antarctic ocean it has been estimated that more than 50 per cent of toothfish traded is illegally caught, and includes juveniles vital to the ongoing toothfish population .\ntoday, the patagonian toothfish fishery is worth over $ 25 million a year and constitutes one of the largest catches of toothfish in the southern ocean .\nthe antarctic toothfish has antifreeze proteins in its tissues and blood because the seawater is below the normal freezing point of tissue. the patagonian toothfish does not have these proteins because it lives in warmer water .\n). antarctic toothfish have been caught to depths of 2200m, though based on commercial fishing effort, few occur that deep .\nthe cds is implemented to track toothfish from the point of landing throughout the trade cycle and seeks to encompass all toothfish landed and traded by participating states .\n( 2008) the antarctic peninsula' s retreating ice shelves. natural environment resource council, british antarctic survey .\nainley, d. g. & d. b. siniff, 2009. the importance of antarctic toothfish as prey of weddell seals in the ross sea. antarctic science 21: 317–327 .\nthe antarctic toothfish is noteworthy, like most other antarctic notothenioids, for producing antifreeze glycoproteins, a feature not seen in its closest relative, the patagonian toothfish, which typically inhabits slightly warmer waters. the presence of antifreeze glycroproteins allows the antarctic toothfish (and other notothenioids) to thrive in sub - zero waters of the southern ocean surrounding antarctica. the antarctic toothfish’s voracious appetite also is important in coping with cold water. it is mainly caught in the ross sea in the austral summer, but has also been recorded from antarctic coastal waters south of the indian ocean sector, in the vicinity of the antarctic peninsula, and near the south sandwich islands .\ngreenpeace added the antarctic toothfish to its seafood red list in 2010, which is described as a guide to avoiding the most unsustainable seafood .\nage _ and _ growth _ of _ patagonian _ toothfish _ _ dissostichus _ eleginoides _ _ and _ antarctic _ toothfish _ _ d. _ mawsoni _ _ in _ waters. pdf (308. 28 kb )\nbritish antarctic survey: natural environment resource council (2008) science briefing—the antarctic peninsula' s retreating ice shelves. urltoken\nsmith said the market for antarctic toothfish was lucrative and this was one reason why talley' s made the effort to fish in those waters .\n1. this convention applies to the antarctic marine living resources of the area south of 60° south latitude and to the antarctic marine living resources of the area between that latitude and the antarctic convergence which form part of the antarctic marine ecosystem .\nfrom throughout its range is required so that the spatial overlap of toothfish with its predators can be estimated and potential direct effects of the fishery on toothfish predators better evaluated .\nministry of fisheries, 2010. toothfish assessment report, 2010. 24 pp. urltoken\n3. for the purposes of this convention, ‘antarctic treaty consultative parties’ means the contracting parties to the antarctic treaty whose representatives participate in meetings under article ix of the antarctic treaty .\nainley, d. g. & d. b. siniff, 2009. the importance of antarctic toothfish as prey of weddell seals in the ross sea: a review. antarctic science 21: 317–327 .\nla mesa, m. , 2007. the utility of otolith microstructure in determining the timing and position of the first annulus in juvenile antarctic toothfish (\nkiss aj, mirarefi ay, ramakrishnan s, zukoski cf, devries al, cheng ch. cold - stable eye lens crystallins of the antarctic nototheniid toothfish\nthe main legal harvester of toothfish is new zealand, although illegal harvests may be rampant .\nthe main sources of patagonian toothfish are chile, argentina, france and australia. patagonian toothfish sold in the u. s. market are primarily from chile, argentina and uruguay .\nnote: french fishing vessels catch patagonian toothfish in the south indian ocean, off antarctica .\ntoothfish grow slowly and reproduce late in life, making them highly vulnerable to fishing pressure .\nfigure 11: landings of patagonian toothfish in chile by production area, 1978 - 2000 .\nfishing for toothfish on longlines. courtesy of graeme sinclair, frontier television (nz) ltd\nparker, s. j. , s. mormede, a. l. devries, s. m. hanchet & r. eisert, 2015. have antarctic toothfish returned to mcmurdo sound? antarctic science. doi :\nthe regulation of antarctic fisheries is carried out by the convention on the conservation of antarctic marine living resources - ccamlr. this came into force in 1982, as part of the antarctic treaty system .\napproximate distributions of antarctic and patagonian toothfish in the southern ocean, also showing the ccamlr management areas and the location of the polar front (dashed line) .\n3. the antarctic marine ecosystem means the complex of relationships of antarctic marine living resources with each other and with their physical environment .\nlonglining for toothfish in the ross sea, antarctica. photograph by john bennett courtesy of john bennett\naaas fellow christina cheng holds a young adult specimen of antarctic toothfish (weighing about 50 pounds) to be used for tissue sampling. (photo: clarabelle devries )\ncomments on “the antarctic toothfish (dissostichus mawsoni): biology, ecology, and life history in the ross sea region, ” by s. hanchet et al .\n1. the contracting parties which are not parties to the antarctic treaty acknowledge the special obligations and responsibilities of the antarctic treaty consultative parties for the protection and preservation of the environment of the antarctic treaty area .\nkock, k. - h. & a. kellermann, 1991. reproduction in antarctic notothenioid fish. antarctic science 3: 125–150 .\nlaws rm (1977) the significance of verterbrates in the antarctic marine ecosystem. in adaptations within antarctic ecosystems, proceedings of the third scar symposium on antarctic biology, llano ga (ed). smithsonian institution\nsubadult toothfish (< 100 cm) are found in the shallow waters of the southern ross sea, maturing toothfish (100–130 cm) are mainly found on the continental slope of the ross sea, whilst large adult toothfish are found in deeper waters of the ross sea slope and on the banks, ridges, and seamounts in the north of the ross sea region. these bathymetric features in the north also appear to be the main spawning grounds for antarctic toothfish .\nniwa is actively engaged in providing scientific advice to help in managing antarctic fisheries. this includes research on antarctic toothfish itself, and working to develop an understanding of the potential effects of the fishery on other parts of the ross sea ecosystem .\nthe coalition of legal toothfish operators (colto) is an organisation of legal industry members who work with conservation groups, national governments and ccamlr to improve fisheries resources management and eliminate iuu fishing for toothfish .\nniwa fisheries scientist dr steve parker said the discovery of developing toothfish embryos was important for several reasons .\npatagonian toothfish come from marine fisheries, not fish farms. they are primarily caught with bottom trawls .\nnote: a large percentage of toothfish, also known as chilean sea bass, are caught illegally .\nfigure 6 (a) and (b): main imports of toothfish, 1996 - 2000 .\nkrill slab - uwe kils, used under creative commons share and share alike 3. 0 unported license / toothfish on box - alexander colhoun - national science foundation / toothfish fishery and krill trawl - noaa\nskipper john bennett and sue bennett with a toothfish on board the san aspiring. courtesy of john bennett\na stock assessment model was first developed for antarctic toothfish in the ross sea region in 2005 and has been improved and updated biennially since then. see a stock assessment model of antarctic toothfish (dissostichus mawsoni) in the ross sea region incorporating multi - year mark - recapture data - mormede et al. 2014 [ pdf 2. 1 mb ] .\ncomments on “the antarctic toothfish (dissostichus mawsoni): biology, ecology, and life history in the ross sea region, ” by s. hanchet et al. | springerlink\nainley dg, nur n, eastman jt, ballard g, parkinson cl, evans cw, devries al (2012b) decadal trends in abundance, size and condition of antarctic toothfish in mcmurdo sound, antarctic, 1972 - 2011. fish and fisheries\nn for toothfish were always at least 3 ‰ higher than for its major prey species identified above and were broadly consistent with the diet of toothfish estimated from stomach contents. however, although the values of δ\nthe antarctic mainland is relatively poor in plant life, and the species that occur there have to survive extreme conditions on the very few ice - free pieces of land. there are no trees or shrubs in the antarctic, and only two flowering plant species, the antarctic hair grass (deschampsia antarctica) and the antarctic pearlwort (colobanthus quitensis), which grow on the antarctic peninsula and some antarctic islands (1) (3) .\n- atlantic, southwest; - pacific, southeast; - indian ocean, antarctic; - atlantic, antarctic; - indian ocean, western; - atlantic, southeast; - pacific, antarctic; - pacific, southwest .\n1. with respect to the antarctic treaty area, all contracting parties, whether or not they are parties to the antarctic treaty, are bound by articles iv and vi of the antarctic treaty in their relations with each other .\ntalley' s fish guide describes the antarctic toothfish as\na highly prized catch that is sweet in flavour, delectable and sustainable\n. it is sold overseas as chilean sea bass .\ncrew on talley' s nelson - based commercial vessel, janas, worked with scientists from niwa and the italian national programme of antarctic research to collect embryos of the toothfish. they aimed to study the reproduction of the toothfish, population distribution and the species' role in the ross sea ecosystem .\ntoothfish eat small fish and squid in midwater and a range of fish, crabs and prawns on the bottom .\nkailis and france is an australian trawler authorized to catch patagonian toothfish off the macquarie island, south of tasmania .\nfigure 5 (a) and (b): chilean and world exports of toothfish, 1985 - 2000 .\nin antarctic waters of ccamlr statistical area 88. ccamlr science 15: 35–54 .\nin antarctic waters of ccamlr statistical area 88. ccamlr science 15: 35–54 .\ndue to the intense challenges that faced toothfish management in the 1990s and early 2000s (e. g. , iuu fishing, mislabelling, inadequate data for management), consumer seafood guides such as seafood watch placed toothfish of both species (chilean seabass) on their red, or “avoid”, list. , however in light of up to date, internationally peer - reviewed scientific information, in april 2013, seafood watch upgraded the ross sea antarctic toothfish fishery to a\ngood alternative\n. following a comprehensive review in 2012 the monterey bay aquarium revised its rating of antarctic toothfish to' good alternative' .\ncatch documentation scheme (cds). the landing of toothfish without a catch document is not allowed. fishing operators must take steps to identify the origin of the toothfish catch and how it was caught in line with conservation measures .\ngreenpeace international added the antarctic toothfish to its seafood red list in 2010. this approach is at variance with the high score given the fishery when it was granted certification by the marine stewardship council .\n2. the contracting parties which are not parties to the antarctic treaty agree that, in their activities in the antarctic treaty area, they will observe as and when appropriate the agreed measures for the conservation of antarctic fauna and flora and such other measures as have been recommended by the antarctic treaty consultative parties in fulfilment of their responsibility for the protection of the antarctic environment from all forms of harmful human interference .\nto figure that out, she and her group need more tissue samples from the antarctic toothfish, as well as from a non - antarctic species of notothenioidei, eleginops maclovinus, which is as closely related to the mawsoni as possible but without the antifreeze protein or evolutionary cold adaptation .\nkiller whales (orcinus orca) that have been filmed eating toothfish when they are caught on longlines around île crozet .\ntoothfish caught in the ross sea are destined for high - end restaurants in the northern hemisphere. © sunhild wilhelms .\nspatial population models were developed to capture the distribution of toothfish in the ross sea region and its spatial population dynamics .\nusing your statistical analysis data, suggest reasons for the relationship between the amount of iuu toothfish caught and the years .\npreparing for the toothfish fishing season in the ross sea. courtesy of graeme sinclair, frontier television (nz) ltd\nthe antarctic toothfish has a lightweight, partially cartilaginous skeleton, lacks a swim bladder, and has fatty deposits which act as a stored energy source, particularly during spawning. this fat also makes large toothfish neutrally buoyant. many toothfish caught over the seamounts are very depleted of fat, and this is thought perhaps to be related to spawning and spawning migration, which are energy - demanding activities. it is not known what happens to these fat - depleted fish, including whether they reach, or how long it takes them to reach, breeding condition again; this ostensibly occurs upon returning to continental slope waters. antarctic toothfish have vision and lateral line systems well adapted to find prey in low light levels. since ice covers the surface of the ocean where antarctic toothfish occur even in summer, these sensory specializations likely evolved to enable survival in the reduced light levels found under ice and in the antarctic winter, as well as at deep depths. antarctic toothfish also have a very well developed sense of smell, which is why they are easily caught by baited hooks and also scavenge the remains of penguins killed by other predators .\nantarctic toothfish spawn under sea ice that extends more than 1000km from the continent during the winter, which protects them for most of the year from seals and orca, but also from scientists and fishing .\n. these reports highlight the importance of managing this fishery in the best interests of the ecosystem by continuing to collect information on both antarctic toothfish life history and the interaction of that species with predators and prey. an important research programme in this regard is the annual' shelf' survey carried out annually since 2012 which is designed to monitor the abundance of subadult antarctic toothfish in areas where subadult sized fish have been regularly found (e. g. , in the southern ross sea) has been designed provide data to better estimate recruitment variability and provide an important early - warning signal of changes in toothfish recruitment. the project also is used for additional targeted data collection to better understand the life cycle and ecosystem role of antarctic toothfish .\n1. the objective of this convention is the conservation of antarctic marine living resources .\nainley dg, brooks cm, eastman jt, massaro m (2012a) unnatural selection of antarctic toothfish in the ross sea, antarctica. in protection of three poles, huettmann f (ed). springer\nbrooks cm, ashford jr. (2008) spatial distrubution and age structure of the antarctic toothfish (dissostichus mawsoni) in the ross sea, antarctica ccamlr wg - fsa - 08 - 18, hobart .\n) make the assumption that all toothfish > 100 cm are neutrally buoyant based on the results of near et al. (\ntoothfish eggs and larvae are pelagic (free swimming / floating near the sea surface) and the larvae feed on zooplankton .\naustral fisheries is the main licensed toothfish company in australia. in august 1998, its vessel “the austral leader” became the first to be licensed to supply toothfish to the united states’ market. austral fisheries is one of the main sponsors of isofish .\nmarketed as chilean sea bass, patagonian and antarctic toothfish are slow growing and inherently prone to overfishing. the premium price also spurred rampant illegal fishing, which has fortunately declined with an increasing percentage of legal operators .\nin 2013, both the heard island & mcdonald island toothfish fishery and the macquarie island toothfish fishery were rated as ‘best choice’ by the independent monterey bay aquarium seafood watch program, which is one of the most recognised seafood chooser websites in the world .\nthat had been released and recaptured by the toothfish fishery to 2008. they noted that toothfish of all sizes are relatively sedentary with the majority of fish being recaptured within 100 km of release. up to the end of the 2013 season, 32, 755\ntoothfish can grow up to 2 m long and weigh 100 kg when fully grown. they can live up to 45 years .\nthey also argue toothfish are slow growing and late to reach maturity, factors that make the species very highly vulnerable to fishing .\nfishstat + does not provide data on toothfish exports from argentina. however, its importance can be drawn from other data sources .\nthe cds requires participating states to identify the origins of toothfish entering their markets and to determine if toothfish that was harvested in the camlr convention area, and is landed or imported into their territories, was caught in a manner consistent with ccamlr conservation measures .\nprutko, v. g. & l. a. lisovenko, 2005. new data on antarctic toothfish and some others by - catch fishes fecundity with gonads histological pictures from ross sea region and data on patagonian toothfish from the argentina sea. document sc - camlr - wg - fsa - 05 / 28. hobart, tas: ccamlr .\nprinciple investigator for the project and australian antarctic division fisheries scientist, dr dirk welsford, said that there was increasing evidence that patagonian toothfish are part of a ‘metapopulation’ that spans both countries’ exclusive economic zones (eezs) .\n2. antarctic marine living resources means the populations of fin fish, molluscs, crustaceans and all other species of living organisms, including birds, found south of the antarctic convergence .\n) is widespread throughout the southern ocean, typically extending north from the antarctic convergence into sub antarctic waters of the atlantic, pacific, and indian oceans (collins et al. ,\nburchett, m. s. 1983a. age and growth of the antarctic fish notohtenia rossii from south georgia. british antarctic survey bulletin 60: 45 - 61. [ links ]\nnybelin at signy island, south orkney islands. british antarctic survey bulletin 23: 25–50 .\ntoothfish were under significant threat from illegal, unregulated and unreported (iuu) fishing over a period from the mid - 1990’s until the early 2000’s. austral fisheries worked closely with other legal industry members, conservation non - government organisations (ngos), governments and agencies to combat and eliminate iuu toothfish fishing from the australian fishing zone, and had considerable success at achieving dramatic results. there has been no iuu toothfish caught from the heard island or macquarie island regions since the 2005 season, and iuu toothfish catches globally have reduced from a peak of over 60, 000 tonnes per annum to an average of below 1, 500t over the past 4 years. the current iuu catch is not being taken from countries’ exclusive economic zones, rather from high seas areas of the ccamlr region, and has moved away from patagonian toothfish and is now targeting antarctic toothfish .\nby the early 2000s, iuu fishing for toothfish in antarctic and sub - antarctic waters was back on the rise and recognised by austral fisheries and other responsible fishing companies as a significant problem. to help eliminate this issue, austral fisheries created the coalition of legal toothfish operators (colto) with the strong support of over 20 other legal companies involved with toothfishing. colto is an incorporated organisation that represents legal toothfish operators globally. it was established to help authorities reduce the incidence of iuu fishing of toothfish, but now, due to the success against illegal operators (reducing iuu catch by 95 %), focuses on the promotion of legal, sustainable toothfish caught from well managed fisheries. austral fisheries continues to be a strong supporter financially and is active in the colto group, which currently has 41 members from 11 countries .\niuu fishing of toothfish has raised cause for concern. the high level of iuu fishing has had a negative effect on toothfish stocks but has also seriously affected other species in the food web including sea bird populations putting the future sustainability of both groups into question .\nantarctic scientists and the australian fishing industry have received $ 1. 2 million from the fisheries research and development corporation (frdc) to develop the next generation of management tools for the patagonian toothfish fishery on the kerguelen plateau .\ndewitt hh (1971) coastal and deep - water bethic fishes of the antarctic. in antarctic map folio series, bushnell vc (ed), vol. 15. american geographical society\nfinfish fisheries in antarctic waters are largely managed by the commission for the conservation of antarctic marine living resources (ccamlr). the convention area covers roughly the area south of the antarctic convergence and varies from 60°s in the pacific sector to 45°s in the western indian ocean sector. unlike\ntoothfish are bottom - living, in depths of 100 m to 3000 m, but move off the bottom on occasion to feed .\nacoura marine, 2015. public comment draft report for ross sea toothfish longline fishery. 24 september 2015. pp. 235. urltoken\npatagonian toothfish (dissostichus eleginoides) and antarctic toothfish (dissostichus mawsoni) are targeted by licensed fisheries in the southern ocean, using mainly bottom - set longlines in depths of 1 200–1 800 m. these species may also be caught by trawl and pot. both species of toothfish are sought after in restaurants and high - end markets worldwide. the highly prized fish, sometimes referred to as ‘white gold’, have also caught the attention of illegal, unreported and unregulated (iuu) fishing vessels .\nlimitations on the release of fish offal overboard at the same time as setting and hauling of lines to avoid attracting seabirds. an additional requirement prohibits the dumping of all offal south of 60°s, the region where antarctic toothfish are caught\nabrams, pa, ainley dg, blight lk, dayton pk, eastman jt, jacquet jl. 2016. necessary elements of precautionary management: implications for the antarctic toothfish. fish and fisheries. 17: 1152 - 1174 .\nkiss aj, mirarefi ay, ramakrishnan s, zukoski cf, devries al, cheng ch (2004) cold - stable eye lens crystallins of the antarctic nototheniid toothfish dissostichus mawsoni norman. j exp biol 207: 4633 - 4649\nin november 2010, the marine stewardship council certified the ross sea antarctic toothfish fishery as a sustainable and well - managed fishery. the certification is contentious, with many conservation groups protesting the certification due to the paucity of information needed to reliably manage the fishery, and the fact that only eight of the nineteen vessels in the fishery during the latest year for which data are publicly available were certified. during the 2013 / 14 season vessels operating under the marine stewardship certification landed 51. 3% of all antarctic toothfish from the ross sea region (ccamlr subarea 88. 1) and 64. 7% of antarctic toothfish from the amundsen sea sctor (ccamlr subarea 88. 2) .\nnow university of canterbury scientists and antarctic researchers from italy have uncovered the whales' commuting secrets .\nsmitt, 1898 in the atlantic sector of the southern ocean. antarctic science 7: 221–226 .\nthere are only a few types of antarctic fish, all well - adapted to the cold .\nchile exported 63 percent of its toothfish landings during the period 1990 - 2000. these exports represent an important source of foreign exchange averaging more than us $ 54 million per year during that period. it is estimated that 200 fishers depend on the toothfish fishery in chile .\nparker, r. w. , k. n. paige & a. l. de vries, 2002. genetic variations amongst populations of the antarctic toothfish: evolutionary insights and implications for conservation. polar biology 25: 256–261 .\npinkerton, m. h. , s. j. bury, j. c. s brown, j. forman & a. kilmnik, 2014. stable isotope analysis of tissue samples to investigate trophic linkages of antarctic toothfish (\n). within the ross sea region, patagonian toothfish dominate the catches in the north - west of the ross sea region (fig .\ncrew members of the san aspiring bring up a toothfish (dissostichus mawsoni) on a longline. photograph by john bennett courtesy of john bennett\nthe antarctic and sub - antarctic waters also support vast numbers of seabirds, with the antarctic and sub - antarctic islands providing vital breeding grounds for many species. seabirds in the region include albatrosses such as the wandering albatross (diomedea exulans) and black - browed albatross (thalassarche melanophrys), petrels such as the antarctic petrel (thalassoica antarctica) and snow petrel (pagodroma nivea), and a variety of shearwaters, skuas and gulls (1) (3) (4) .\nla mesa, m. & j. t. eastman, 2012. antarctic silverfish: life strategies of a key species in the high - antarctic ecosystem. fish & fisheries 13: 241–266 .\nantarctic toothfish, dissostichus mawsoni, swim in a tank in the crary lab aquarium at mcmurdo station. scientists are using them and other fish in the southern ocean to learn about the broad adaptations that allow them to function in freezing water .\nkiss aj, cheng ch (2008) molecular diversity and genomic organisation of the alpha, beta and gamma eye lens crystallins from the antarctic toothfish dissostichus mawsoni. comparative biochemistry and physiology part d, genomics & proteomics 3: 155 - 171\nmany scientists say that the management models lack accurate population and life history information about the toothfish. for example, no one knows when and where toothfish spawn, nor has a larval fish ever been found. only in the last year did fisheries managers determine their age at maturity .\n© copyright - the commission for the conservation of antarctic marine living resources 2018, all rights reserved .\n) revealed by mitochondrial and nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps). antarctic science 20: 327–338 .\nantarctic icefish have no hemoglobin, an adaptation to the oxygen - rich waters of the southern ocean .\njuveniles tend to be found in relatively shallow waters (< 500 m), around subantarctic islands in the case of patagonian toothfish, and around the antarctic continent in the case of antarctic toothfish. both species undergo an ontogenetic migration into deeper waters as they grow older, with the main adult populations occurring in water depths of 600–1800 m. both species can grow up to 2 meters in length and up to 100 kg in weight and are mainly piscivorous (feed mainly on fish) .\nother antarctic fish include the antarctic toothfish (dissostichus mawsoni), the patagonian toothfish (dissostichus eleginoides) and the mackerel icefish (champsocephalus gunnari) (1) (4). icefish (channichthyidae species) are the only vertebrates which lack the red oxygen pigment haemoglobin in their blood (1) (2) (3) (4) (9). as a consequence, these intriguing fish have clear blood and pale flesh (1) (2) (3) .\nsnow - white flesh and broad scalloped flakes, it is high in fat and omega - 3 content and suited to both dry and moist preparations in a broad array of cuisines. the antarctic toothfish is a highly priz... read more\n) hypothesised that toothfish are transported in the acc and hence by the ross gyre into the eastern ross sea, whereas hanchet et al. (\nhough, a. and akroyd, j. 2012. surveillance report ross sea toothfish longline fishery. intertek moody marine, 48 pp. urltoken\ndemand for the toothfish puts pressure on the fishery, requiring careful management by ccamlr. courtesy of graeme sinclair, frontier television (nz) ltd\nconduct a statistical analysis to show the relationship between the years and the quantity of iuu toothfish caught using pearson’s correlation test or spearman’s rank correlation coefficient .\nthe team has since sequenced the entire genome of the antarctic toothfish. now cheng wants to look more broadly at the adaptations that mawsoni and other fish of its ilk in the southern ocean possess that allow them to function at nearly minus 2 degrees celsius .\nthough they are all related, the five families of antarctic notothenioids, comprising about 100 species, bear little family resemblance. the most unique is the ghostly icefishes, the only vertebrate on earth with no red blood cells. cheng' s favorite is the antarctic toothfish, which can grow to hundreds of pounds, and makes a reliable subject for her studies .\nview an audio slideshow about the antarctic notothenioid fish that survive temperatures that would turn most fish to ice .\nthe many more copies of these genes in the antarctic fish would empower greater transcription and provide more of the needed protein functions ,\ncheng said .\nwe have direct verification that these genes are indeed highly duplicated in the antarctic species relative to their non - antarctic cousins that have never seen cold water .\neastman jt (1993) antarctic fish biology: evolution in a unique environment. academic press, san diego\negginton s, skilbeck c, hoofd l, calvo j, johnston ia (2002) peripheral oxygen transport in skeletal muscle of antarctic and sub - antarctic notothenioid fish. j exp biol 205: 769 - 779\nthe main catch areas of the patagonian toothfish are reported in figure 1. the most important being the atlantic southwest which produced 11 122 mt in 2000, followed by the southeast pacific, which generated 10 676 mt. other important catch areas are the indian ocean antarctic with 8 996 mt followed by the atlantic antarctic with 4 693 mt (fishstat + data) .\nparker, s. j. , p. marriott, (2012). indexing maturation of antarctic toothfish (dissostichus mawsoni) in the ross sea region. document sc - camlr - wg - fsa - 12 / 40. hobart, tas: ccamlr .\nthe coloured squares show the median length (cm) of antarctic toothfish in the fishery catch. the ross sea area is divided into different areas, called small scale research units (ssru), for the purposes of managing fishing and these are also shown .\ndonatti, l. & e. fanta. 2002. influence of photo period on visual prey detection in the antarctic fish notothenia neglecta nybelin. antarctic science 14 (2): 146 - 150. [ links ]\nsomero gn (1991) biochemical mechanisms of cold adaptation and stenothermality in antarctic fish. in: di prisco g, maresca b, tota b (eds) biology of antarctic fish. springer, berlin, pp 232–247\nboth species of toothfish are subject to illegal fishing by unregistered and unregulated vessels due to the premium prices paid by upmarket restaurants. pictured right with bycatch .\nthere is increasing evidence for a northward migration of pre - spawning toothfish with the recovery of 16 toothfish which had been released on the slope and recaptured in the north. however, there is still uncertainty as to the route by which the post - spawning fish return to the slope. ashford et al. (\n( f) formulate proposals for the conduct of international and national programs of research into antarctic marine living resources .\nxavier jc, cherel y (2009) cephalopod beak guide for the southern ocean. british antarctic survey, cambridge\ndevries al, wohlschlag de (1969) freezing resistance in some antarctic fishes. science 163: 1073 - 1075\neastman jt (2005) the nature of the diversity of antarctic fishes. polar biology 28: 93 - 107\nsomero gn, devries al (1967) temperature tolerance of some antarctic fishes. science 156: 257 - 258\nparker, s. , s. m. hanchet & p. horn, 2014a. stock structure of antarctic toothfish statistical area 88 and implications for assessment and management. document sc - camlr - wg - sam - 14 / 26. hobart, tas: ccamlr .\nthe marine stewardship council (msc) recently announced that the ross sea antarctic toothfish (dissostichus mawsoni) longline fishery has been awarded marine stewardship council (msc) certification. this follows a rigorous, independent assessment against the msc standard for sustainable and well - managed fisheries .\nfrom along the northern arm of the ross gyre as further evidence of a post - spawning dispersal via the gyre. however, the toothfish examined by yukhov (\nthis long - lived, slow - growing fish inhabits the frigid waters surrounding antarctica. toothfish feed on mid - water fish, shrimp and squid and, in turn, are prey for whales and seals. the fish can grow to over 200 pounds. toothfish are often given the more appetizing name chilean sea bass .\nthe patagonian toothfish fishery accounted for more than 1 percent of total landings and value of the falkland islands / islas malvinas fishery over the period 1994 - 2000 .\nsidell bd (1991) physiological roles of high lipid content in tissues of antarctic fish species. in: di prisco g, maresca b, tota b (eds) biology of antarctic fish. springer, berlin, pp 220–231\nthe patagonian toothfish occurs in the exclusive economic zones (eez) of southern chile and argentina, and sub - antarctic islands under the sovereignty of australia, france, new zealand, south africa and the united kingdom. these areas correspond to the following fao major fishing areas :\nthe contracting parties, whether or not they are parties to the antarctic treaty, agree that they will not engage in any activities in the antarctic treaty area contrary to the principles and purposes of that treaty and that, in their relations with each other, they are bound by the obligations contained in articles i and v of the antarctic treaty .\nthe total catch of antarctic toothfish in 2013 / 14 was 3820 tonnes. 3, 320 tonnes of this was taken from the ross sea (fao statistical divisions 88. 1 and 88. 2) with the remainder taken from other high seas areas within the ccamlr convention area .\nfor more information on the spatially explicit operating model see the journal paper mormede et al, stock assessment model of antarctic toothfish (dissostichus mawsoni) in the ross sea region incorporating multi - year mark - recapture data, ccamlr science, 2014. [ pdf 2. 2 mb ]\n) from the continental slope and oceanic features of the ross sea region, antarctica. antarctic science 26: 502–512 .\ndue to the antarctic’s position at the south pole, the long antarctic winter is spent in continuous darkness, while in mid - summer parts of the continent experience 24 hours of sunlight (2) (6) (8) .\nsidell bd, hazel jr (2002) triacylglycerol lipase activities in tissues of antarctic fishes. polar biol 25: 517–522\nthe ccamlr fishery reports includes different species that were hunted / fished / caught in the southern ocean and antarctic areas .\nparker, s. j. , d. n. webber & r. arnold, 2014b. deployment and recovery of an archival tag on an antarctic toothfish in the ross sea. document sc - camlr - wg - fsa - 14 / 64. hobart, tas: ccamlr .\n( d) affect the provision of article iv, paragraph 2, of the antarctic treaty that no new claim, or enlargement of an existing claim, to territorial sovereignty in antarctica shall be asserted while the antarctic treaty is in force .\ndonatti, l. & e. fanta 2001. ultrastructure of photosensory cells and pigment epithelium in the retina of the antarctic fish notothenia neglecta nybelin (nototheniidae). antarctic record 45 (3): 297 - 310. [ links ]\nthe argument that only a portion of antarctic toothfish is certified, the high price it commands and the remote areas where a large proportion of the fish are caught have been advanced as an encouragement to illegal, unreported and unregulated (iuu) fishing and mislabeling. a recent genetic study of msc - labeled antarctic toothfish found in markets revealed a significant proportion were not from the msc - certified stock, and many were not even toothfish at all. however, the claims of this study were unable to be substantiated as the data were not made available for independent examination. the msc had conducted an earlier study using more robust methodology which found no evidence of mislabelling. the msc conducts an annual audit of the fishery which includes sampling of certified product .\n) noted that toothfish may obtain a substantial component of their diet from scavenging. stomachs have included penguin remains, large squid remains (e. g. colossal squid and\nthese two species of toothfish, which both go by the market name chilean sea bass, inhabit the frigid waters of the atlantic, pacific and indian oceans near antarctica .\npatagonian toothfish is also called bacalao, bar du chili, butterfish, chilean sea bass, loup de mer chilien, merluza negra, mero, ròbalo and snow fish .\nc for toothfish showed no change. these results suggested that toothfish either do not feed when they are in the north, have a relatively short residence time in the north, stable isotope turnover dynamics are not uniform (e. g. partitioning of new materials to different tissues), or all of the above (pinkerton et al. ,\nmckenna j (1991) trophic relationships within the antarctic demersal fish community of south georgia island. fish bull 89: 643–654\nn values) in toothfish was similar to those found in killer whales and weddell seals, implying that all three species occupy a similar trophic level (burns et al. ,\npatagonian toothfish are found in the southern atlantic, pacific and indian oceans. they are common in waters off southern chile and argentina, as well as the islands off antarctica .\nin 2000, argentine exports of toothfish to japan alone totalled more than us $ 11. 5 million. assuming similar unit prices, imports to the united states would be approaching a value of us $ 10. 0 million. landings of patagonian toothfish are concentrated in the patagonia area, where 110 fishers are estimated to be dependant on the fishery .\nthe falkland islands / islas malvinas, toothfish fishery employs 100 fishers and office workers and exports its total production. these exports account for around 1 percent of the islands’ gdp .\npilling gm, purves mg, daw tm et al (2001) the stomach contents of patagonian toothfish around south georgia (south atlantic). j fish biol 59: 1370–1384\nroberts j (2012) ecology and management of range edge populations: the case of toothfish species at the south sandwich islands. dissertation, faculty of science of imperial college london\ncheng and devries would eventually discover they shared more than an interest in antarctic antifreeze (and the basement of burrill hall on the u of i campus). the two were married in 1986, and the antarctic became their home away from home .\nin the late 1990s, austral fisheries, along with the australian government, wwf, tasmanian conservation trust and sealord, were involved in setting up isofish, or the international southern ocean fishing information clearing house. isofish provided an increased awareness of iuu toothfish fishing through the media and was largely responsible for the decline of iuu toothfish fishing in the late 1990s .\n- longline fishing and bycatch; - the relation between fishing corporations and emerging economies; and - the sovereignty over antarctic resources .\nfanta, e. ; l. donatti & s. fraiberguer. 1999. visual sufficiency in food and initiation of feeding behaviour in the antarctic fish trematomus newnesi boulenger, 1902. antarctic record 43 (2): 221 - 236. [ links ]\nrios, f. s. & e. fanta. 1998. morphology of gill rackers and their ecological function in the feeding on the antarctic fish notohenia neglecta nybelin, 1951. antarctic record 42 (2): 131 - 150. [ links ]\nthe funding secures a three - year collaboration between the australian antarctic division, the institute for marine and antarctic studies (university of tasmania), austral fisheries pty ltd, australian longlining pty ltd, and the muséum national d' histoire naturelle in france .\nking jc (1994) recent climate variability in the vicinity of the antarctic peninsula. int j climatol 14: 357 - 369\nalthough much is now known about the life history of antarctic toothfish, there are still aspects which are uncertain. for example, the precise location and timing of spawning, subsequent dispersal of eggs and larvae, and the location of post - larval and small juvenile fish are unknown (hanchet et al. ,\nhanchet, s. m. , d. m. tracey, a. dunn, p. l. horn & n. smith, 2012b. mercury concentrations of two toothfish and three of its prey species collected from ccamlr subareas 88. 1 and 88. 2. antarctic science 24: 34–42 .\nthe mission' s backers hope the study, the first of its kind during winter, would lead to better assessment of the toothfish stock and better management of ross sea fishery .\npeter young from the last ocean trust said research that allowed for a deeper understanding of the life cycle of the toothfish was welcome, but it didn' t justify the fishery .\nare caught by midwater trawling and by longlining. the midwater trawling started in the late 1980s. in the 1990s longliners started to target toothfish at depths of greater than 600 metres .\ntoothfish are often regarded as the most important antarctic fish, due to the extent of their commercial exploitation. commercial fisheries catch these fish by trawling, the setting of longlines, and the use of baited pots. careful regulation and monitoring of commercial fisheries and significant enforcement activities by countries such as australia and france has seen illegal, unreported and unregulated (iuu) fishing for toothfish fall to near - zero levels in waters under national jurisdiction; elsewhere in the ccamlr area iuu fishing still persists .\nnew zealand were the first country to fish for antarctic toothfish in the ross sea in 1997. since then, many other countries have targeted this species. in the early days of the fishery the catch limit for the ross sea fishery was based on analogy with other toothfish fisheries. however, since 2005 it has been based on an assessment of the ross sea region itself using tag - recapture data from the fishery. catches and catch limits since then have averaged around 3000 metric tonnes per year .\na study combining fatty acid analysis, stable isotope analysis, and stomach samples was also recently carried out on sub - adult toothfish in the southern ross sea (jo et al. ,\nillegal fishing of the patagonian toothfish was a very serious problem in the late 1990s and early 2000s. in 1997 / 98 about 11000 tonnes were caught legally in the ccamlr area, but the illegal catch was estimated to be 32000 tonnes. in some areas the illegal activities have reduced the stocks of toothfish markedly. several nations have arrested a number of boats fishing illegally .\ntoothfish reach sexual maturity (can produce eggs and sperm) when they are between 70 cm and 95 cm long. at this size the fish are between 8 and 10 years old." ]

{ "text": [ "dissostichus mawsoni , the antarctic toothfish , is a species of cod icefish native to the southern ocean .", "it is often mistakenly referred to as an antarctic cod , consistent with the misnaming of other notothenioid antarctic fish as rock cods .", "however , notothenioid fishes are unrelated to cods , which are in another taxonomic order , the gadiformes .", "the generic name dissostichus is from the greek dissos ( twofold ) and stichus ( line ) and refers to the presence of two long lateral lines , which are very important to the species ’ ecology .", "the common name \" toothfish \" refers to the presence of biserial dentition in the upper jaw , thought to give it a shark-like appearance .", "the habitat of the antarctic toothfish is in subzero degree water below latitude 60 ° s." ], "topic": [ 27, 27, 15, 25, 25, 13 ] }

[ "dissostichus mawsoni, the antarctic toothfish, is a species of cod icefish native to the southern ocean. it is often mistakenly referred to as an antarctic cod, consistent with the misnaming of other notothenioid antarctic fish as rock cods. however, notothenioid fishes are unrelated to cods, which are in another taxonomic order, the gadiformes. the generic name dissostichus is from the greek dissos (twofold) and stichus (line) and refers to the presence of two long lateral lines, which are very important to the species ’ ecology. the common name \" toothfish \" refers to the presence of biserial dentition in the upper jaw, thought to give it a shark-like appearance. the habitat of the antarctic toothfish is in subzero degree water below latitude 60 ° s." ]

[ "echinometra lucunter, echinometra viridis, lytechinus variegatus and lytechinus williamsi, and probably also tripneustes ventricosus .\nlytechinus williamsi lytechinus williamsi (with white globiferous pedicellariae) photographed in bocas del toro (centroid latitude: 9. 35118, centroid longitude: 9. 35118), panama, caribbean sea .\nstrongylocentrotus franciscanus, strongylocentrotus purpuratus, strongylocentrotus pallidus, strongylocentrotus droebachiensis and lytechinus anamesus .\nchesher, r. h. (1968). lytechinus williamsi, a new sea urchin from panama. breviora, museum of comparative zoology. 305: 1 - 13. page (s): 3 - 5 [ details ]\nthe green sea urchin, lytechinus variegatus. photo by lh sweat, smithsonian marine station at fort pierce .\nlytechinus variegatus covering itself with fragments of algae and other debris. photo by lh sweat, smithsonian marine station at fort pierce .\nwe characterize bindin evolution as “fast” if the nonsynonymous - to - synonymous substitution ratio in at least an ≈100 - bp “hotspot” region of the gene is > 1 and if there are several codons on which positive selection has acted. by this definition, bindin is considered to be evolving quickly in the genera echinometra, strongylocentrotus, and heliocidaris (12, 16, 18, 20) and slowly in lytechinus, arbacia, and tripneustes (10, 15, 17). although positive selection could not be statistically demonstrated for any comparison between species of lytechinus, we consider the bindin of l. williamsi and lytechinus variegatus variegatus as rapidly evolving, because its divergence is much higher than expected from comparisons of coi between these species. the coi haplotypes of l. williamsi and l. variegatus are intermingled, whereas bindin sequences are reciprocally monophyletic, suggesting the possibility of selection on the latter (10) .\ncamp dk, cobb s & jf van breeveld. 1973. overgrazing of seagrasses by a regular urchin, lytechinus variegatus. bioscience 23: 37 - 38 .\nsharp dt & ie gray. 1962. studies on factors affecting the local distribution of two sea urchins, arbacia punctulata and lytechinus variegatus. ecology 43: 309 - 313 .\nmichel hb. 1984. culture of lytechinus variegatus (lamarck) (echinodermata: echinoidea) from egg to young adult. bull. mar. sci. 34: 312 - 314 .\nmoore hb, jutare t, bauer jc & ja jones. 1963. the biology of lytechinus variegatus. bull. mar. sci. gulf carib. 13: 23 - 53 .\nty - jour ti - new reports of lytechinus williamsi chesher, 1968 (echinodermata: echinoidea) in the cuban waters of the caribbean sea t2 - avicennia: revista de ecología, oceanología y biodiversidad tropical. vl - 8 - 9 ur - urltoken pb - universidad de oviedo; cy - oviedo, asturias, españa: py - 1998 sp - 163 ep - 163 sn - 1134 - 1785 au - abreu, mercedes au - valle garcia, rosa del er -\nmazur je & jw miller. 1971. a description of the complex metamorphosis of the sea urchin lytechinus variegatus cultured in synthetic sea water. ohio j. sci. 71: 30 - 36 .\nl. variegatus is similar in appearance to l. williamsi. however, the latter has purple pedicellariae instead of white or pink, fewer plates in each column of the test, and 12 wedges in the spines compared to the 24 found in l. variegatus (hendler et al. 1995) .\nlytechinus variegatus, commonly called the green sea urchin or the variegated sea urchin, is a species of sea urchin that can be found in the warm waters of the western atlantic ocean and caribbean sea .\nserafy dk. 1973. variation in the polytypic sea urchin lytechinus variegatus (lamarck, 1816) in the western atlantic (echinodermata: echinoidea). bull. mar. sci. 23: 525 - 534 .\nvadas rl, fenchel t & jc ogden. 1982. ecological studies on the sea urchin lytechinus variegatus and the algal - seagrass communities of the miskito cays, nicaragua. aquat. botany 14: 109 - 115 .\nernest rg & nj blake. 1981. reproductive patterns within sub - populations of lytechinus variegatus (lamarck) (echinodermata: echinoidea). j. exp. mar. biol. ecol. 55: 25 - 37 .\nwe compiled molecular data for variation in the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase i (coi) genes for mayr' s groups 1 and 2 genera tripneustes (8), eucidaris (9). and lytechinus (10); group 3 genera echinometra (11, 12) and diadema (13); and group 4 genera strongylocentrotus (14), arbacia (15), and heliocidaris (16). phylogenetic relationships are taken directly from the original analyses. data for the gamete recognition molecule bindin are available for six of these eight genera: tripneustes (17), lytechinus (10), echinometra (12, 18, 19), strongylocentrotus (20), arbacia (15), and heliocidaris (16). in general, phylogenetic relationships at coi and bindin are concordant. major exceptions are the positions of lytechinus williamsi and echinometra insularis in their respective genera (10, 12). in strongylocentrotus, we have included the monotypic genera allocentrotus and hemicentrotus because phylogenetic analysis places the species in these genera firmly within the genus strongylocentrotus (14) .\nengstrom na. 1982. immigration as a factor in maintaining populations of the sea urchin lytechinus variegatus (echinodermata: echinoidea) in seagrass beds on the southwest coast of puerto rico. studies neotrop. fauna environ. 17: 51 - 60 .\nroller ra & stickle. 1993. effects of temperature and salinity acclimation of adults on larval survival, physiology, and early development of lytechinus variegatus (echinodermata: echinoidea). mar. biol. (berlin) 116: 583 - 591 .\nmillot n. 1956. the covering reaction of sea urchins. 1. a preliminary account of covering in the tropical echinoid lytechinus variegatus (lamarck), and its relation to light. j. exp. biol. 33: 508 - 523 .\nboideron - metairon if. 1988. morphological plasticity on laboratory - reared echinoplutei of dendraster excentricus (eschscholtz) and lytechinus variegatus (lamarck) in response to food conditions. j. exp. mar. biol. ecol. 119: 31 - 41 .\nthe green sea urchin has a globular test (shell) densely covered in spines and can reach a diameter of around 11 centimetres (4. 3 in). the test may be purple, green or dull red, blotched with white. the majority of the spines are short but there are a few longer primary spines. the spines vary in colour, sometimes being one colour at the base and a different colour at the tip. green test with green spines or green test with white spines are the most common combinations found in the caribbean. in between the spines are pedicellaria, pincer like structures. these are white which distinguishes the green sea urchin from the rather similar lytechinus williamsi which has purple pedicellaria .\npawson dl & je miller. 1982. studies of genetically controlled phenotypic characters in laboratory - reared lytechinus variegatus (lamarck) (echinodermata: echinoidea). in: lawrence jm (ed .). 165 - 171. echinoderms: proceedings of the international conference. tampa bay, 14 - 17 september 1981. balkema, rotterdam .\nfurther comparisons show that most sympatric species are found in genera in which the sperm recognition protein bindin is evolving quickly (fig. 4). there is significant association between the frequency distribution of sympatric and allopatric species and the rate of their bindin evolution (fisher' s exact test, p = 0. 0033). because the species are not phylogenetically independent, the statistical significance should not be interpreted to mean that the two quantities are related directly but rather that they tend to cooccur in the same genera. in the genera echinometra and strongylocentrotus, sympatric species are common, whereas in genera with slow rates of bindin evolution, sympatric species are rare. among genera with rapid bindin evolution, 10 of 16 sister species comparisons are between sympatric species. in other genera, only two of 19 comparisons are between sympatric species (fig. 4). the exception to this pattern is in the group 2 genus lytechinus. bindin evolution is generally slow in this genus, and most species are allopatric. however, one sympatric species pair (l. williamsi and l. variegatus variegatus) can be found in the caribbean. divergence in bindin between these two species appears to be accelerated relative to coi divergence, although there is no statistically significant signal of positive selection .\nlytechinus species are dominant in many habitats. lytechinus variegatus (l. variegatus) occurs in a great variety of habitats in shallow water, but the ecological role is primarily known for l. variegatus. in shallow water, the habitat densities of l. variegatus can vary, both seasonally and annually, and densities are generally less than 15 individuals per square meter. in some areas, populations may display a highly patchy spatial distribution. the absence of l. variegatus in an appropriate habitat may be the result of episodic biotic or abiotic factors, particularly in nearshore populations, such as in a bay or lagoon. as a ruderal genus, l. variegatus exhibits characteristics of a ruderal species: rapid growth, early reproductive maturity, and short longevity. temperature is the most important factor influencing the distribution and abundance of l. variegatus, both latitudinally and locally. omnivory is the most common strategy used by l. variegatus. the reproductive cycle of l. variegatus varies widely, depending on the location and, most likely, environmental conditions. the primary predators of l. variegatus are fish and several macroinvertebrates .\nthe green sea urchin, lytechinus variegatus, is one of several urchin species common to florida and the caribbean. the spines of l. variegatus are characteristically short, and the underlying test is hemispherical with smoothly curving sides adorned with numerous small tubercles (hendler et al. 1995). tubercles are sparse on the aboral portions of the ambulacra and interambulacra, resulting in naked patches. globiferous pedicellariae are numerous and conspicuous, appearing as stalked and nearly spherical white or pink structures. the color of the test and spines is variable, and has been used to identify subspecies of l. variegatus (serafy 1973) .\nm. de kluijver, g. gijswijt, r. de leon & i. da cunda\nhumann, p. , 1992. reef creature identification - florida caribbean bahamas, (ed. n. deloach). new world publications, inc. , paramount miller graphics, inc. , jacksonville, florida .\nkroh, a. & mooi, r. (2018). world echinoidea database .\nkier, p. m. & lawson, m. h. 1978. index of living and fossil echinoids 1924 - 1970. smithsonian contributions to paleobiology 34, 1 - 182. , available online at urltoken page (s): 43 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\npawson, d. l. , d. j. vance, c. g. messing, f. a. solis - marin & c. l. mah. (2009). echinodermata of the gulf of mexico. pp. 1177–1204 in felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. biodiversity. texas a & m; press, college s. [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncrevices in coral reefs and rocky areas, or on exposed surfaces of corals such as mellipora or agaricia spp. , depending on locality .\nin panama, the species has an annual reproductive cycle with an extended spawning period during the rainy season; spawning behavior is not related to lunar phases .\nthe species is small, with the brown test rarely exceeding 30 mm in diameter. spines are usually deep green, sometimes white, and the large, conspicuos, globiferous pedicellariae are purple .\nlessios, h. a. 1991. presence and absence of monthlu reproductive rhythms among eight caribbean echinoids off the coast of panama. journal of experimental marine biology and ecology. 153 (1): 27 - 48 .\ncollin, r. , m. c. diaz, j. norenburg, r. m. rocha, j. a. sanchez, a. schulz, m. l. schwartz and a. valdes. 2005. photographic identification guide to some common marine invertebrates of bocas del toro, panama. caribbean journal of science 41: 638 - 707. hendler, gordon, john e. miller, david l. pawson, and porter m. kier. 1995. sea stars, sea urchins, and allies - echinoderms of florida and the caribbean. washington d. c. 390pp. : smithsonian institution press .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nthe body of the jewel urchin is round in its outline but is covered with short spines .\nhe spines part somewhat to form apparent grooves along the major plates. a red line is visible where the plates meet .\nhe lower half of a sea urchin' s body is referred to as the oral surface, because it contains the mouth, while the upper half is the aboral surface. the internal organs are enclosed in a hard test or shell composed of fused plates of calcium carbonate covered by a thin dermis and epidermis .\nthe color of the animal is usually light to white, but may be variable. the spines are colored uniformly, but range in color from green to white. between the spines, the purple podia are large and prominent. it inhabits the reef and hides during the day and feeds during the day. it is common all over the caribbean .\nsea urchins have been researched by scientists and they have discovered that urchins can live for over 200 years. they have discovered that sea urchins have light sensitive cells at the ends of their spines that cover the rest of their body. they have no brain and the neural center is a large nerve ring encircling the mouth just inside the lantern. from the nerve ring, five nerves radiate underneath the radial canals of the water vascular system, and branch into numerous finer nerves to innervate the tube feet and spines .\nplease refer to the accompanying glossary for definitions of the descriptive terms used in this report .\nshort - spined urchins like l. variegatus have fragile tests, which limit them to low energy areas with minimal wave impact (hendler et al. 1995). they are most common in quiet waters with rocky and sandy bottoms, and in beds of the turtle grass, thalassia testudinum. l. variegatus is reportedly intolerant of turbid waters with high quantities of suspended silt (moore et al. 1963) .\nthe range of the green sea urchin extends from beaufort, north carolina southward throughout the caribbean to santos, brazil. l. variegatus atlanticus also occurs in bermuda (hendler et al. 1995). depths range from zero to 250 meters, although most individuals are found in waters less than 50 m (serafy 1979) .\nthe distribution of l. variegatus within the irl remains undocumented. however, this urchin is likely most abundant in the southern lagoon, where turtle grass beds are more prevalent .\nl. variegatus reaches a total diameter of about 110 mm, with a test diameter of about 85 mm (hendler et al. 1995) .\nin turtle grass beds, l. variegatus can reach extremely high numbers. although little information is available concerning the abundance of this speciesin the irl, densities of l. variegatus in other locations have been reported at 636 individuals per square meter (camp et al. 1973) .\nthe green sea urchin is normally gonochoric. reproduction of hermaphroditic individuals has been linked to abnormally low water temperatures (moore et al. 1963). the spawning period of the green sea urchin is shorter in northern latitudes (moore et al. 1963). in tropical locations like panama, l. variegatus is sexually ripe throughout the year (lessios 1985, 1991). in florida, reproduction varies with season and environmental conditions (ernest & blake 1981). mazur & miller (1971) reported a reproductive season of march to october for florida urchins held in the laboratory. spawning in panama, and possibly other locations, tends to occur during the new and full moons (lessios 1991) .\npearce & cameron (1991) provide a review of the extensive literature available describing fertilization and early development in l. variegatus. full development from zygote to metamorphosis takes 33 - 43 days in the laboratory (mazur & miller 1971), and can be accelerated by increasing the water temperature (petersen & almeida 1976). salinities below 35 ppt result in decreased larval survival and developmental rates, even when the parents are acclimated to such salinities (roller & stickle 1993). in response to low food supply, larvae can increase their feeding efficiency by enlarging their ciliated bands (boideron - metairon 1988). after metamorphosis, juveniles can grow to a test diameter of about 15 mm in 6 months, and to 25 mm in 9 months (pawson & miller 1982, michel 1984). pearse & cameron (1991) found some evidence for a difference in the number of chromosomes between male and female urchins .\nwhen population densities are high, l. variegatus can overgraze seagrass beds (camp et al. 1973). however, studies have shown that the majority of the reported 0. 6 g dry weight of t. testudinum consumed daily by each urchin consists of dead blades, having a minimal effect on live turtle grass (vadas et al. 1982) .\nl. variegatus often covers itself with plant and shell debris, holding the material in place with its tube feet (mortensen 1943, millott 1956, sharp & gray 1962, kier & grant 1965). millott (1956) documented a rise in covering behavior in response to increased light levels, suggesting that the collected debris acts to shade the animal from strong light .\npredators of this urchin include: several species of fish (randall 1967), shorebirds such as ruddy turnstones, arenaria interpres (hendler 1977), and herring gulls, larus sp. (moore et al. 1963); the reticulate cowrie - helmet, cypraecassis testiculus (hendler 1977); and the caribbean helmet, cassis tuberosa (engstrom 1982) .\nthe turbellarian, syndisyrinx collongistyla, has been reported to infest the body cavity and intestines of l. variegatus (nappi & crawford 1984, hertel et al. 1990). protozoan parasites are also reported for this urchin (mortensen 1943). the polychaete, podarke obscura, has been listed as an occasional associate (ruppert & fox 1988) .\nhendler g. 1977. the differential effects of season stress and predation on the stability of reef - flat echinoid populations. in: taylor dl (ed .). 217 - 223. proceedings: third international coral reef symposium. volume 1 (biology). rosenstiel school of marine & atmospheric science, university of miami. miami, florida .\nhendler g, miller je, pawson dl & pm kier. 1995. sea stars, sea urchins, and allies: echinoderms of florida and the caribbean. smithsonian institution press. washington, d. c. 390 pp .\nhertel l, duszynski dw & je ubelaker. 1990. turbellarians (umagillidae) from caribbean urchins with a description of syndisyrinx collongistyla, n. sp. trans. amer. microscop. soc. 109: 272 - 281 .\nkier pm & re grant, 1965. echinoid distribution and habits, kay largo coral reef preserve, florida. smithsonian misc. collect. 149: 1 - 68 .\nlessios ha. 1985. annual reproductive periodicity in eight echinoid species on the caribbean coast of panama. in: keegan bf & bds o’connor (eds .). 303 - 311. echinodermata. proceedings of the fifth international echinoderm conference. galway, 24 - 29 september 1984. belkema, rotterdam .\nlessios ha. 1991. presence and absence of monthly reproductive rhythms among eight caribbean echinoids off the coast of panama. j. exp. mar. biol. ecol. 153: 27 - 47 .\nmortensen t. 1943. a monograph of the echinoidea. volume iii. (3). camarodonta. i. orthopsidae, glyphocyphidae, temnopleuridae and toxopneustidae. ca reitzel, copenhagen. vii + 553 pp. 56 pls .\nnappi aj & ja crawford. 1984. the occurrence and distribution of a syndesmid (turbellaria: umagillidae) in jamaican sea urchins. j. parasitol. 70: 595 - 597 .\npearse js & ra cameron. 1991. echinodermata: echinoidea. in: giese ac, pearse js & vb pearse (eds .). 513 - 662. reproduction of marine invertebrates, volume vi, echinoderms and lophophorates. the boxwood press. pacific grove, ca .\npetersen ja & am almeida. 1976. effects of salinity and temperature on the development and survival of the echinoids arbacia, echinometra and lythechinus. thalassia jugoslavia 12: 297 - 298 .\nrandall je. 1967. food habits of reef fishes of the west indies. inst. mar. sci. univ. miami. studies in tropical oceanog. no. 5: 665 - 847 .\nruppert, ee & rs fox. 1988. seashore animals of the southeast: a guide to common shallow - water invertebrates of the southeastern atlantic coast. university of sc press. columbia, sc. usa. 429 pp .\nserafy dk. 1979. echinoids (echinodermata: echinoidea). memoirs of the hourglass cruises 5: 1 - 120 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nkier, p. m. & lawson, m. h. 1978. index of living and fossil echinoids 1924 - 1970. smithsonian contributions to paleobiology 34, 1 - 182. , available online at urltoken page (s): 43 [ details ] available for editors\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome. this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein. < p > < a href =' / help / annotation _ score' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein. note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence (s) displayed. < p > < a href =' / help / protein _ existence' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge. < p > < a href =' / help / function _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology (go) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories: < p > < a href =' / help / gene _ ontology' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name (s) and synonym (s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein, from commonly used to obsolete, to allow unambiguous identification of a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / protein _ names' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco: 0000313\n> more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name (s) of the gene (s) that code for the protein sequence (s) described in the entry. four distinct tokens exist: ‘name’, ‘synonyms’, ‘ordered locus names’ and ‘orf names’. < p > < a href =' / help / gene _ name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name (s) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / organism - name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein. this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’. < p > < a href =' / help / taxonomic _ identifier' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism. it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree, with the more general grouping listed first. < p > < a href =' / help / taxonomic _ lineage' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain (s) present in a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘family and domains’ section denotes the positions of regions of coiled coil within the protein. < p > < a href =' / help / coiled' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system, without manual validation. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco: 0000256\n> more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure. keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest. < p > < a href =' / help / keywords' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. it also includes information pertinent to the sequence (s), including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a >. < p > < a href =' / help / sequences _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not. < p > < a href =' / help / sequence _ status' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. it is useful for tracking sequence updates. < / p > < p > it should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low. < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs). < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value (crc64) using the generator polynomial: x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1. the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard. < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w. h. , flannery b. p. , teukolsky s. a. and vetterling w. t. < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed. , pp896 - 902, cambridge university press (1993) < / a >) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / non _ ter' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence (s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100% , 90% and 50 %) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters (< a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a >). < p > < a href =' / help / similar _ proteins _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb. < p > < a href =' / help / cross _ references _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ information _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry, but it is not a stable identifier. each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number (s). these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries. upon integration into uniprotkb, each entry is assigned a unique accession number, which is called ‘primary (citable) accession number’. < p > < a href =' / help / accession _ numbers' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb, the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification (‘last modified’). the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ history' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not, in other words, if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb (< strong > reviewed < / strong >) or to the computer - annotated trembl section (< strong > unreviewed < / strong >). < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ status' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\nsyndisyrinx (= syndesmis) compacta, syndisyrinx (= syndesmis) mammilata, syndisyrinx (= syndesmis) philippinensis .\nmediterranean sea; and a similar species observed in sea urchins from san juan island in washington state, u. s. a .\nwest coast of north america with most investigations conducted on specimens from the coast of california and washington state, u. s. a .\ncoast of st. barthélemy and bay of st. jean, caribbean sea .\ncaribbean sea including the coasts of st. barthélemy and jamaica, and probably also puerto rico and haiti .\nstrongylocentrotus (= paracentrotus) lividus, echinus acutus, sphaerechinus granularis and a similar species from strongylocentrotus pallidus and strongylocentrotus droebachiensis .\nechinus esculentus, echinus acutus, strongylocentrotus (= paracentrotus) lividus, sphaerechinus granularis, strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, and psammechinus miliaris .\nliving turbellaria (up to 5 mm long and 1. 2 mm wide) are usually reddish brown in reflected light and pinkish in transmitted light when viewed through a compound microscope .\nabout 50% smaller in length and width than syndisyrinx franciscanus as described below in item c) .\nliving turbellaria (about 2 to 3 mm long, 1. 6 to 2. 5 mm wide and 0. 5 mm in maximum thickness) are bright red with a dark brown or yellow median longitudinal line which marks the extent of the intestine .\nliving turbellaria (1. 1 - 2. 8 mm by 0. 7 - 1. 5 mm) are bright red .\nhertel, l. a. , d. w. duszynski and j. e. ubelaker. 1990. turbellarians (umagillidae) from caribbean urchins with a description of syndisyrinx collongistyla n. sp. transactions of the american microscopical society 10: 273 - 281 .\njangoux, m. 1990. diseases of echinodermata. in: kinne, o. (eds), diseases of marine animals. volume iii: introduction, cephalopoda, annelida, crustacea, chaetognatha, echinodermata, urochordata. biologische anstalt helgoland, hamburg, germany, pp. 439 - 567 (specifically see pgs. 461 - 474) .\nkozloff, e. n. and c. a. westervelt. 1987. redescription of syndesmis echinorum françois, 1886 (turbellaria: neorhabdocoela: umagillidae), with comments on distinctions between syndesmis and syndisyrinx. the journal of parasitology 73: 184 - 193 .\nlehman, h. e. 1946. a histological study of syndisyrinx franciscanus gen. et sp. non. , an endoparasitic rhabdocoel of the sea urchin, strongylocentrotus franciscanus. the biological bulletin (woods hole, mass .) 90: 295 - 311 .\nmettrick, d. f. and j. b. jennings. 1969. nutritional and chemical composition of the rhabdocoel turbellarian syndesmis franciscana, with notes on the taxonomy of s. antillarum. journal of the fisheries research board of canada 26: 2669 - 2679 .\nshinn, g. l. 1981. the diet of three species of umagillid neorhabdocoel turbellarians inhabiting the intestine of echinoids. hydrobiologia 84: 155 - 162 .\nshinn, g. l. 1983. the life history of syndisyrinx franciscanus, a symbiotic turbellarian from the intestine of echnoids, with observations on the mechanism of hatching. ophelia 22: 57 - 79 .\nshinn, g. l. 1993. formation of egg capsules by flatworms (phylum platyhelminthes). transactions of the american microscopical society 112: 18 - 34 .\nbower, s. m. (1998): synopsis of infectious diseases and parasites of commercially exploited shellfish: turbellarian parasitism of sea urchins .\ndistribution panama, caribbean habitat crevices in coral reefs and rocky areas, or on exposed surfaces of corals such as mellipora or agaricia spp. , depending on locality. characteristics the species is small, with the brown test rarely exceeding 30 mm in diameter. spines are usually deep green, sometimes white, and the large, conspicuos, globiferous pedicellariae are purple. natural history notes in panama, the species has an annual reproductive cycle with an extended spawning period during the rainy season; spawning behavior is not related to lunar phases .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nabbott, d. p. , j. c. ogden and j. a. abbott: studies on the activity pattern, behavior and food of the echinoid\n( linaeus) on beachrock and algal reefs at st. croix, u. s. virgin islands. spec. publs w. indies lab. , fairleigh dickinson univ .\nalender, c. b. , g. a. feigen and j. t. tomita: isolation and characterization of sea urchin toxin. toxicon\nbernstein, b. b. , b. e. williams and k. h. mann: the role of behavioral responses to predators in modifying urchins' (\nbigelow, h. b. and w. c. schroeder: fishes of the western north atlantic. pt. 1. sharks. mem. sears fdn mar. res .\nboone, l. : echinodermata from tropical east american seas. bull. bingham oceanogr. coll .\ndayton, p. k. , g. a. robilliard and r. t. paine: benthic faunal zonation as a result of anchor ice at mcmurdo sound. antarctica .\n: antarctic ecology, vol. 1. pp 244–258. ed. by m. w. holgate: new york: academic press 1970\nfricke, h. w. : fische als feinde tropischer seeigel. mar. biol .\nhoffman, s. g. and d. r. robertson: foraging and reproduction of two caribbean reef toadfishes (batrachoididae). bull. mar. sci .\nhowe, n. r. and y. m. sheikh: anthopleurine: a sea anemone alarm pheromone. science, n. y .\nhrbacek, j. : on the flight reaction of tadpoles of the common toad caused by chemical substances. experientia\n( l .) preying upon sea urchins. j. exp. mar. biol. ecol .\nlessios, h. a. , j. d. cubit, d. r. robertson, m. j. shulman, m. r. parker, s. d. garrity and s. c. levings: mass mortality of\nlongley, w. h. and s. f. hildebrand: systematic catalogue of the fishes of tortugas, florida with observations on color, habits, and local distribution. pap. tortugas lab .\nmann, k. h. , j. l. c. wright, b. e. welsford and e. hatfield: responses of the sea urchin\n( o. f. müller) to water - borne stimuli from potential predators and potential food algae. j. exp. mar. biol. ecol .\nmoore, h. b. , t. jutare, j. c. bauer and j. a. jones. the biology of\nogden, j. c. : some aspects of herbivore - plant relationships on caribbean reefs and seagrass beds. aquat. bot .\npfeiffer, w. : the fright reaction of fish. biol. rev .\nrandall, j. e. : food habits of reef fishes of the west indies. stud. trop. oceanogr. , miami\nrandall, j. e. , r. e. schroeder and w. a. stark, ii: notes on the biology of the echinoid\nsnyder, n. f. r. : an alarm response of aquatic gastropods to intraspecific extract. mem. cornell univ. agric. , exp. stn\ntegner, m. j. and l. a. levin: spiny lobsters and sea urchins: analysis of a predator - prey interactions. j. exp. mar. biol. ecol .\nvon frisch, k. : über einen schreckstoff der fischhaut und seine biologische bedeutung. z. vergl. physiol .\nwaldner, r. e. and d. r. robertson. patterns of habitat partitioning by 8 species of territorial caribbean damselfish (pisces: pomacentridae). bull. mar. sci .\nthe green sea urchin occurs in tropical waters in the western atlantic ocean. the sub - species occupy different geographical areas. l. v. variegatus occurs in the caribbean sea, southern florida, the yucatan peninsula and northern brazil but not barbados while l. v. carolinus is found from north carolina southwards to the caribbean sea and gulf of mexico. it is found on rocky reefs, on or under rocks, on sandy or muddy substrates and in seagrass meadows. it can occur in large numbers with as many as 15 being found in one square metre (yard) .\nthe green sea urchin is often found with pieces of algae, bits of seagrass and fragments of mollusc shell on its aboral (upper) surface, holding them in place with its tube feet. it is thought that the urchin is photo - sensitive and that these pieces of debris may provide some protection from strong sunlight and ultraviolet light in the clear shallow waters it favours. while subsequent research confirmed that a different species, l. pictus (= l. anamesus), submerged in 20 - cm deep aquaria responded negatively to sunlight and uv light and succumbed following extended exposure to uv light. however, studies in wave tanks with or without light showed they masked with shell material and aggregated in groups when exposed to surge activity. masked and / or aggregated urchins were able to remain stable on the sand whereas unmasked individuals rolled around helplessly on the sand .\nthe green sea urchin has a structure called an aristotle' s lantern surrounding its mouth on its oral (under) surface. this has five teeth that can be used to rasp surfaces. it is largely herbivorous, feeding on the seagrass thalassia. its tube feet and spines also play a role in feeding, catching and holding bits of debris that float past .\nit is sometimes found in aggregations of closely packed individuals. this may be linked to breeding activities but at other times it has no known cause. breeding takes place at various times of the year in different parts of its range. in bermuda the spawning period is short and seems to be related to the phase of the moon. eggs and sperm are liberated into the water column and fertilisation is external. the larvae are planktonic and are known as pluteus larvae. they pass through several developmental stages before undergoing metamorphosis into juvenile urchins .\ne rnst mayr built an argument for the way speciation occurred based on the geographic patterns of variation among closely related species (1, 2). he showed that there was a hierarchy of species descriptions that could be ordered in a series of increasing complexity. some descriptions pertained to recently diverged species, with morphologically identical populations inhabiting a continuous range. other descriptions were of polytypic species, those with slightly differentiated populations inhabiting different parts of the range. further along the speciation axis were superspecies, taxa with morphologically distinct, allopatric populations. still later in the series, mayr identified groups of related species in which some taxa were sympatric. the trajectory from homogeneous populations to overlapping sympatric species encompassed mayr' s view of the process and pacing of geographic speciation. in addition to describing these separate elements, a major contribution by mayr was to order these elements in a series. the elements thus served as separate frames in an evolutionary animation that sped up the slow process of speciation so that it could be viewed and studied by biologists .\nthe geographic distributions of species, subspecies, varieties, and slightly divergent populations constituted the database in mayr' s analyses. he made the implicit assumption that the genetic and evolutionary divergence of these groups increased from population - to species - level distinction and used morphological differentiation as a proxy for evolutionary time. mayr established sister - species relationships on the basis of morphological similarity and included a tacit phylogenetic framework for his animations based on the best information available at the time .\none difficulty faced by mayr was that few concrete phylogenetic analyses were available during the development of these ideas. since that era, molecular phylogenies have made it possible to obtain a statistically robust view of phylogenetic relationships, divergence order, and sister - species status (3). molecular phylogenies can also give an indication of the timing of divergence events through the application of molecular clock calibrations. even without precise time calibrations, the record of the order of divergence of taxa permits an examination of the causes of each splitting event. lastly, phylogenies can provide objective data on divergence levels to test predictions of mayr' s evolutionary reconstructions .\nfor all these reasons, molecular phylogenies can contribute substantially to an updated view of evolutionary animation. to what extent do modern phylogenies confirm or reject the orderly animations suggested by mayr' s analysis? mayr' s ideas were shaped primarily from his studies of bird systematics, and, indeed, subsequent use of molecular phylogenies showed his insistence on the primacy of the allopatric mode of speciation to be correct for this group (4, 5). mayr, however, was also interested in applying his view of speciation to all animals, both terrestrial and marine, and his evolutionary animations included more than bird species. some of the nonavian genera that interested him have been examined extensively for phylogenetic relationships by using molecular tools .\nin 1954, mayr published a paper on the geographic speciation of marine taxa by focusing on the differentiation and geography of species in 20 genera of tropical sea urchins (6). his goal was to examine the generality of his ideas about species formation by extending them to groups with ecology very different from that of birds. this goal was an important one for mayr. in his view, even the most comprehensive recounting of speciation mechanisms was wanting if it applied to only a single taxon. mayr' s conclusion at the end of this analysis was that geographic speciation applies equally well to marine species, such as sea urchins, as it does to birds, mammals, and insects .\nmayr took advantage of the publication of a complete monograph of sea urchin taxonomy by mortensen (7) to examine the stages of speciation represented by each genus, restricting his attention to genera with species that inhabited the shallow seas in the west indies. he divided the genera into four groups. groups 1 and 2 included genera that had strictly allopatric species, the only difference between the groups being that group 2 genera included nontropical species. these two groups represented the earliest step in species formation, with a surfeit of polytypic species, and, presumably, low divergence among allopatric sister species. group 3 represented the next step in speciation, in which congeneric species had sufficient time to develop genetic divergence, thereby allowing formerly allopatric sister species to invade each other' s ranges. thus, these genera were presumed to show higher levels of divergence and the beginnings of sympatric overlap. finally, group 4 genera were those in which the species were so old that current geographic ranges had nothing to do with speciation pattern. whatever record of species formation there may have been among these ancient species was gone .\nalthough mayr had the advantage of using the most comprehensive and up - to - date treatment of sea urchins provided by mortensen' s monograph, this treatment was almost strictly taxonomic. within genera, there was little or no information of the relationships among species. this lack of systematics prevented mayr from basing any of his group designations on sister - species relationships. however, in the past 10 years, detailed molecular phylogenetic studies have been completed for six genera in mayr' s original list and two others that do not occur in the west indies. in this paper, we collate these phylogenies and use them to test general predictions from ernst mayr' s reconstruction of sea urchin speciation patterns. general predictions across all genera in the study include familiar tenets of allopatric speciation. testing these predictions with molecular data reveals a considerable concordance with mayr' s animations but also shows some surprises about the way speciation proceeds in sea urchins .\nwe used kimura two - parameter genetic distances based on coi comparisons. in diadema, combined atpase 8 and 6 and coi sequences were used. distances were compiled for sister species (two or more species that split at the tip of a branch or a species that forms an outgroup to a clade of closely related species). allopatric neighbors are defined as allopatric species that are not separated by an obvious, insurmountable geographic barrier, such as a land mass .\nestimation of time since species separation from coi divergence assumes a molecular clock, which is calibrated by the complete closure of the seaway between the eastern pacific and the atlantic by the isthmus of panama at ≈3. 1 million years ago (21). in all comparisons involving tropical genera, atlantic and pacific species are included. the divergence between clades presumably split by the isthmus provides a rough calibration of a molecular clock for each genus, allowing us to place a general time frame on species divergence patterns .\nmolecular phylogenies based on coi (coi plus atpase8 / 6 for diadema) from eight sea urchin genera. data are from refs. 8 - 16. the double arrows mark the completion of the isthmus of panama at ≈3. 1 million years ago. this date is assumed to be approximate for the divergence of caribbean and eastern pacific species within the six genera marked by the arrows. trees are rooted by species from closely related genera (see refs. 8 - 16 for details) and are drawn to the same temporal scale. see the text for group definitions .\nthe genus tripneustes shows a pattern of dissimilar geographic distribution of genetic variation in two major oceanic regions (8). tripneustes depressus from the eastern pacific and tripneustes gratilla from the rest of the indo - pacific are genetically indistinguishable, forming a single geographically widespread species complex that occupies most of the world' s tropical oceans. the atlantic species tripneustes ventricosus has considerable population structure, indicating a lack of gene flow between the american and african coasts. t. gratilla and t. ventricosus are assumed to have diverged at the panamanian closure 3 million years ago .\nthe summary of these studies of groups 1 and 2 genera is that molecular phylogenies support mayr' s conclusions that widely distributed polytypic species are commonplace and that allopatric splitting events within ocean basins are sometimes very recent. however, some allopatric neighbors have been in existence for 2 - 8 million years without evidence that their ranges have begun to overlap." ]

{ "text": [ "lytechinus williamsi , the jewel urchin , is a sea urchin in the family toxopneustidae .", "it occurs on shallow reefs off the coasts of panama , belize , the florida keys and jamaica . " ], "topic": [ 2, 18 ] }

[ "lytechinus williamsi, the jewel urchin, is a sea urchin in the family toxopneustidae. it occurs on shallow reefs off the coasts of panama, belize, the florida keys and jamaica." ]

[ "synonyms = pteropus (edwardsi) rufus rufus kaudern (1915); pteropus phaiops temminick (1825); pteropus rufus dorst (1948); pteropus rufus princeps grandidier & petit (1932); pteropus rufus princeps k. andersen (1908); pteropus rufus rufus grandidier & petit (1932); pteropus rufus rufus k. andersen (1912) .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile: pteropus alecto2. jpg\nas trusted on the\npteropus alecto temminck, 1837\npage .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile: black flying fox (pteropus alecto). jpg\nas trusted on the\npteropus alecto temminck, 1837\npage .\nradcliff, n. 1931. the flying fox (pteropus) in australia .\nmetabolism during flight in two species of bats, phyllostomus hastatus and pteropus gouldii .\nurltoken biology / vhayssen / msi / pdf / 639 _ pteropus _ hypomelanus. pdf\nmaggie whitson set\nfile: black flying fox - pteropus alecto - (img 4883). jpg\nas an exemplar on\npteropus alecto temminck, 1837\n.\nno species of pteropus sexually mature before 18 months. (pierson & rainey 1992 )\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile: black flying fox - pteropus alecto - (img 4883). jpg\nas trusted on the\npteropus alecto temminck, 1837\npage .\npteropus canor is a boss noise found in week three of the world ends with you .\nred list. the iucn red list of threatened species .\npteropus hypomelanus .\nurltoken\nbreeding season the breeding season generally extends from february to april for species in the genus pteropus .\nmembers of pteropus include the largest fruit bats but p. rodricensis is a small member of this genus\nmetabolism during flight in two species of bats, phyllostomus hastatus and pteropus gouldii. - pubmed - ncbi\nflannery (1995) suggests that the taxonomic status of pteropus tonganus basilicus from karkar island should be reviewed .\nuniversity of michigan. animal diversity web .\npteropus hypomelanusvariable flying fox .\nurltoken\ngünther eichhorn set\ncommon picture\nas an exemplar on\npteropus giganteus (brünnich, 1782 )\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nintianlentäväkoira\nto\npteropus giganteus (brünnich, 1782 )\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nkaljulenkko\nto\npteropus giganteus (brünnich, 1782 )\n.\nmembers of pteropus genera mostly found on islands (86 %) if western indian ocean to central pacific ocean .\nmaggie whitson marked the classification from\niucn red list\nas preferred for\npteropus alecto temminck, 1837\n.\npteropus conspicillatus. report to the department of sustainability, environment, water, population and communities, canberra. available from :\no’brien, m. 1996. comparative morphology of the pituary gland in australian flying foxes (megachiroptera: genus pteropus) .\ngolden bat: once most of its hp is depleted, pteropus canor will transform into a golden bat, its true from .\nmcnab, b. , m. armstrong. 2001. sexual dimorphism and scaling of energetics in flying foxes of the genus pteropus .\nthatcher, o. 1998 .\npteropus alecto\n( on - line). accessed 12 / 03 / 02 at urltoken .\no’brien, m. , f. nankervis. 1994. coital behavior of male pteropus scapulatus (little red flying foxes) in captivity .\nwhat made you want to look up pteropus? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\nratcliffe, f. n. (1931). the flying fox (pteropus) in australia. csiro bulletin. 52: 1 - 133 .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - vanuatu flying fox (pteropus anetianus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - vanuatu flying fox (pteropus anetianus )\ntitle =\narkive species - vanuatu flying fox (pteropus anetianus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nvardon, m. , c. tidemann. 2000. the black flying - fox (pteropus alecto) in north australia: juvenile mortality and longevity .\ntop screen' s wires and the process must be repeated. when pteropus canor has only 25% of its health left, it will start to use its\nvardon, m. , c. tidemann. 1998. reproduction, growth and maturity in the black flying - fox, pteropus alecto (megachiroptera: pteropodidae) .\nto cite this page: mueller, r. 2000 .\npteropus conspicillatus\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\nto cite this page: putz, b. 2000 .\npteropus dasymallus\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\nto cite this page: ouillette, r. 2006 .\npteropus hypomelanus\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\nto cite this page: popelka, v. 2006 .\npteropus rodricensis\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\nto cite this page: marko, j. 2005 .\npteropus scapulatus\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\nto cite this page: ten pas, d. 2004 .\npteropus alecto\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\ndark immortality: if there are any happycore bat perched in the wires in the top - screen, the stage lighting' s power will be drained leaving the bottom - screen stage in darkness. while shrouded in darkness, pteropus is invulnerable to attack. erasing the happycore bats perched in a nest of wires will restore power to that lighting set. with one set of lights powered on, pteropus will be vulnerable. with both sets of lights powered on, pteropus will fall to the ground paralyzed and take double damage .\npiercing wing: pteropus can attack on the bottom - screen by slicing the ground with its wings. while the attack is relatively well telegraphed and only deals a moderate amount of damage, it affects a surprising large area of the bottom screen. when both lights are off, this is the only attack pteropus will use on the bottom - screen .\nshould dash around the bottom screen, attempting to avoid pteropus canor' s attacks. when beat defeats all of the happycore bats on one side of the screen, half of the lights will turn back on; when he defeats them on both sides, the stage' s entire lights will be turned on, stunning pteropus canor and making it vulnerable to double damage. it should be noted pteropus canor can still be attacked when the lights are half on; however, it will still be active and attempt to attack neku and only receives standard damage. when the stage' s lights are on neku should attack pteropus canor; however, more happycore bats will come and continue to chew on the\ntidemann, c. r. (1999) .\nbiology and management of the grey - headed flying - fox, pteropus poliocephalus\n. acta chiropterologica 1: 151–164 .\nthe black flying fox or black fruit bat (pteropus alecto) is a bat in the family pteropodidae. it is among the largest bats in the world, but is considerably smaller than the largest species in its genus, pteropus. the black flying fox is native to australia, papua new guinea and indonesia. it is not a threatened species .\nnaked dorsal tibia makes it unique from other pteropus. pale patch of fur on chest. head is furred in dark brown to yellowish brown. males are larger in size .\nthis taxon belongs to the vampyrus species group. earlier included as pteropus intermedius andersen, 1908 (ellerman and morrison - scott 1951, corbet and hill 1992) and listed under pteropus vampyrus (linnaeus, 1758) (kloss 1916, 1919; hill 1975; lekagul and mcneely 1977; honacki et al. 1982; racey 1992; koopman 1993 and nowak 1999) .\nwebb, n. , c. tidemann. 1995. hybridization between black (pteropus alecto) and grey - headed (p. poliocephalus) flying - foxes (megachiroptera: pteropodidae) .\nrichards, gc & hj spencer (1998). spectacled flying - fox, pteropus conspicillatus (gould, 1850). in: strahan, r, ed. the mammals of australia .\npalmer, c. , o. price, c. bach. 2000. foraging ecology of the black flying fox (pteropus alecto) in the seasonal tropics of the northern territory, australia .\npalmer, c. , j. woinarski. 1999. seasonal roosts and foraging movements of the black flying fox (pteropus alecto) in the northern territory: resource tracking in a landscape mosiac .\ntidemann, c. , m. vardon, a. loughland, p. brocklehurst. 1999. dry season camps of flying foxes (pteropus spp .) in kakadu world heritage area, north australia .\ntidemann, c. , j. nelson. 2004. long - distance movements of the grey - headed flying fox (pteropus poliocephalus). journal of zoology, 263 / 2: 141 - 146 .\ndepartment of the environment and heritage (deh) (2006sz). pteropus conspicillatus in species profile and threats (sprat) database. unpublished species profile. canberra, act: deh. available from: urltoken .\ntidemann, c. , j. nelson. 2004 .\nlong - distance movements of the grey - headed flying - fox (pteropus poliocephalus )\n. journal of zoology, 263 / 2: 141–146 .\nchemical communication is important in some species of pteropus, especially in helping males mark territories during breeding season. although this behavior has not been reported for this species, it is possible that similar scent cues are used .\nhelgen, kristofer m. (2004) ,\non the identity of flying - foxes, genus pteropus (mammalia: chiroptera), from islands in the torres strait, australia .\nzootaxa 780: 1–14 .\ndouble shuriken: after 75% of it' s hp gauge has been depleted, pteropus canor will start firing two giant shurikens from one side of the room that will cycle forward and then backward similarly to a boomerang .\ngarnett, s. t. , o. a. whybird & h. g. spencer (1999). conservation status of the spectacled flying - fox pteropus conspicillatus. australian zoologist. 31: 38 - 54 .\nthreatened species scientific committee (tssc) (2002). commonwealth listing advice on pteropus conspicullatus (spectacled flying - fox). available from: urltoken. in effect under the epbc act from 14 - may - 2002 .\nmaggie whitson added an association between\nfile: indian flying fox (pteropus giganteus) feeding on kapok (ceiba pentandra) in kolkata w img 3852. jpg\nand\nceiba pentandra (l .) gaertn .\n.\nu - righty cat (1. 30 %) h - pteropus (5. 00 %) n - 10, 000 yen (20. 00 %) e - 10, 000 yen (10. 00% )\nit is very rare compared to other pteropus sp. on these islands (aul and vijaykumar 2003). it is probable that the species is now extinct from the type locality of car nicobar (aul and vijaykumar 2003) .\nrichards, g. c. (1987). aspects of the ecology of spectacled flying - foxes, pteropus conspicillatus (chiroptera: pteropodidae) in tropical queensland. australian mammalogy. 10 (2): 87 - 88 .\nwebb, n. , c. tidemann. 1996. mobility of australian flying - foxes, pteropus spp. (megachiroptera): evidence from genetic variation. proceedings: biological sciences, 263 / 1369: 497 - 502 .\na somewhat enigmatic and little - studied member of the genus pteropus, the vanuatu flying fox (pteropus anetianus) is restricted to the vanuatu archipelago in the south pacific ocean. belonging to the old world fruit bat family (pteropodidae), the vanuatu flying fox exhibits several characteristic features common to all species in this family, including large, well developed eyes and elongate, oval ears that lack a tragus (3) (4) (5) .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile: indian flying fox (pteropus giganteus) feeding on kapok (ceiba pentandra) in kolkata w img 3852. jpg\nas unreviewed on the\nceiba pentandra (l .) gaertn .\npage .\nrichards, g. c. (1990). the spectacled flying - fox, pteropus conspicillatus (chiroptera: pteropididae), in north queensland, 1. roost sites and distribution patterns. australian mammalogy. 13: 1 - 22 .\ncitation: department of the environment (2018). pteropus conspicillatus in species profile and threats database, department of the environment, canberra. available from: urltoken. accessed tue, 10 jul 2018 19: 00: 40 + 1000 .\nwelbergen, j. a. (2001). first year report: the social organisation of the grey - headed flying - fox, pteropus poliocephalus: colony composition and behaviour. the department of zoology; university of cambridge, cambridge .\nscientific name: pteropus from greek pteron ,\na wing\nand p (o) us ,\na foot\n; thus ,\nwing - foot (hand )\n; rodricensis signifies the island of rodrigues where it is native .\nmarkus, nicola. (2002) .\nbehaviour of the black flying - fox pteropus alecto: 2. territoriality and courtship\n. acta chiropterologica 4 (2): 153–166. doi: 10. 3161 / 001. 004. 0204 .\nhutson, t. , suyanto, agustinus, helgen, kristofer, mckenzie, n. & hall, leslie. (2009).' pteropus alecto'. in: iucn 2008. iucn red list of threatened species. retrieved 18 august 2009 .\nwebb, n. j. & c. r. tidemann (1996). mobility of australian flying - foxes, pteropus spp. (megachiroptera): evidence from genetic variation. proceedings: biological sciences. 263 (1369): 497 - 502 .\nvardon, m. , c. tidemann. (2000) .\nthe black flying - fox (pteropus alecto) in north australia: juvenile mortality and longevity\n. australian journal of zoology 48: 91–97. doi: 10. 1071 / zo99060 .\nwelbergen, j. a. (2002) .\nsecond year report: the social organisation of the grey - headed flying - fox, pteropus poliocephalus: causes, consequences, and conservation .\nthe department of zoology, the university of cambridge, cambridge .\neggert, c. (1994). is tick paralysis in the spectacled flying fox, pteropus conspicillatus, related to a change in the foraging behaviour of p. conspicillatus honours thesis, southern cross university, lismore. hons. thesis. lismore: southern cross university .\nvardon, m. , c. tidemann. (1998) .\nreproduction, growth and maturity in the black flying - fox, pteropus alecto (megachiroptera: pteropodidae )\n. australian journal of zoology 46: 329–344. doi: 10. 1071 / zo98023 .\nparry - jones, k. , m. augee. 2001. factors affecting the occupation of a colony site in sydney, new south wales by the grey - headed flying - fox pteropus poliocephalus (pteropodidae). austral ecology, 26 / 1: 47 - 55 .\nparry - jones, k. , m. augee. 2001 .\nfactors affecting the occupation of a colony site in sydney, new south wales by the grey - headed flying - fox pteropus poliocephalus (pteropodidae )\n. austral ecology, 26 / 1: 47–55 .\nseven subspecies of the vanuatu flying fox are recognised: pteropus anetianus anetianu s, p. a. aorensis, p. a. bakeri, p. a. banksiana, p. a. eotinus, p. a. motalavae and p. a. pastoris (6) .\nwelbergen, j. a. (2010) .\ngrowth, bimaturation, and sexual size dimorphism in wild gray - headed flying foxes (pteropus poliocephalus )\n. journal of mammalogy 91: 38–36. doi: 10. 1644 / 09 - mamm - a - 157r. 1 .\nqueensland department of environment and resource management (2010). national recovery plan for the spectacled flying fox pteropus conspicillatus. report to the department of sustainability, environment, water, population and communities, canberra. available from: urltoken. in effect under the epbc act from 21 - apr - 2011 .\nwelbergen, j. a. (2010) .\ngrowth, bimaturation, and sexual size dimorphism in wild gray - headed flying foxes (pteropus poliocephalus )\n. journal of mammalogy 91 (1): 38–47. doi: 10. 1644 / 09 - mamm - a - 157r. 1 .\nparsons j. , a. cairns, c. johnson, s. robson, l. a. shilton & d. a. westcott (2006). diet variation in spectacled flying foxes (pteropus conspicillatus) in the wet tropics of australia. australian journal of zoology. 54: 417 - 26 .\neby, p. (2000) .\nthe results of four synchronous assessments of relative distribution and abundance of grey - headed flying - fox pteropus poliocephalus\n. in hall, l. proceedings of a workshop to assess the status of the grey - headed flying - fox. canberra: australasian bat society .\nspencer, h. j. , b. h. flick & a. johnson (1992). infestation of a spectacled flying fox (pteropus conscpicillatus) colony by paralysis ticks (ixodes holocylus) in far north queensland. in: 22nd annual north american symposium on bat research, quebec, canada, 1992 .\nmarkus, nicola and blackshaw, judith k. (2002) .\nbehaviour of the black flying - fox, pteropus alecto: 1. an ethogram of behaviour, and preliminary characterisation of mother - infant interactions\n. acta chiropterologica 4 (2): 137–152. doi: 10. 3161 / 001. 004. 0203 .\nthis fight in solo remix follows a very similar strategy, however, with only one screen, the player must cycle between partners. neku starts; he should evade pteropus canor' s attacks until beat' s partner pin has booted. summon beat as soon as possible, and he will jump to the catwalks where he will attack the happycore bats chewing on the wires. beat has only a limited time on the catwalks before his pin gauge depletes and the screen returns to neku. beat auto - targets bats, so drag him from one side of the screen to the other to move him. depending on beat' s attack power, he might not defeat enough happycore bats to turn the lights on for neku. if this happens, simply doge with neku again until beat' s partner pin reboots, and repeat the cycle. ideally, if beat leaves one chewing happycore bat on each side of the screen, he can defeat them both during the next turn, which turns the lights on and stuns pteropus canor for neku. defeating all the bats on one side will turn the lights on, but not stun pteropus canor. other than this cycle of turns, the battle happens just as in the ds game. try not to summon beat while neku is attacking pteropus canor, as this will turn the lights back off, making the battle last longer .\nshilton, l. a. , p. j. latch, a. mckeown, p. pert & d. a. westcott (2008). landscape - scale redistribution of a highly mobile threatened species, pteropus conspicillatus (chiroptera, pteropodidae), in response to tropical cyclone larry. austral ecology. 33: 549 - 561 .\nattack, launching two giant shurikens from one side of the screen to the other. because these do very large amounts of damage neku should do his best to avoid them. once most of its hp is depleted, pteropus canor will transform into the golden bat, its true form; in this form it cannot attack but can rapidly change screens .\nmartin, l. , kennedy, j. h. , little, l. , & luckhoff, h. c. (1993 )\nthe reproductive biology of australian flying - foxes (genus pteropus )\n. in ecology, evolution and behaviour of bats (ed s. m. swift), pp. 167–186. oxford, london .\nklose, s. m. ; welbergen, j. a. ; kalko, e. k. v. (2009) .\ntestosterone is associated with harem maintenance ability in free - ranging grey - headed flying - foxes, pteropus poliocephalus\n. biology letters 5: 758. doi: 10. 1098 / rsbl. 2009. 0563 .\nwelbergen, j. a. (2006) .\ntiming of the evening emergence from day roosts of the grey - headed flying fox, pteropus poliocephalus: the effects of predation risk, foraging needs, and social context\n. behavioral ecology and sociobiology 60 (3): 311–322. doi: 10. 1007 / s00265 - 006 - 0167 - 3 .\nthis taxon belongs to the subniger species group. earlier listed under pteropus hypomelanus temminck, 1853 (andersen 1908, ellerman and morrison - scott 1951, hill 1967), it is clearly distinct from hypomelanus in bearing softer and larger pelage and smaller dentition (bates and harrison 1997) hence treated as distinct species (simmons 2005, srinivasulu et al. in press) .\neby, p. , v. jones, m. fisher, m. grahan & m. smith (2004). the impact of high ambient temperatures on a maternity roost of grey - headed flying foxes pteropus poliocephalus. in: lumsden, l. & g. ford, eds. 11th australasian bat conference toowoomba 13th - 16th april 2004. australasian bat society .\nthe grey - headed flying fox is endemic to the south - eastern forested areas of australia, principally east of the great dividing range. its range extends approximately from bundaberg to geelong in victoria, with outlying colonies in ingham and finch hatton in the north, and in adelaide in the south. in the southern parts of its range it occupies more extreme latitudes than any other pteropus species .\npierson, e. d. & w. e. rainey (1992). the biology of flying foxes of the genus pteropus: a review. in: wilson, d. e & g. l graham, eds. pacific island flying foxes: proceedings of an international conservation conference. page (s) 1 - 17. us department of the interior - biological report no. 90 .\na primarily lowland species (1), the vanuatu flying fox typically inhabits mangroves, swamps and tropical forests, often on small islands (3) (4). some observations suggest that the vanuatu flying fox may be more common on the windward side of islands (7). most pteropus species roost communally, usually on exposed branches of large trees that rise above the forest canopy (3) (4) .\nvery little information is available on the specific breeding biology of the vanuatu flying fox. males are thought to become most sexually active between october and january, with females generally believed to have a birth peak in august and september (1) (6). as with other pteropus species, it is likely that the female leaves the main colony after mating, forming smaller groups with other females. generally species in this genus give birth to a single young after a gestation period of 92 and 140 days, with the exact duration varying between species. the adult female may carry the young for the first three to six weeks after birth, and lactation typically lasts around three to six months (3). pteropus species have a particularly slow reproductive rate and are not able to reproduce until around one and a half to two years of age (4) .\nspecies in the genus pteropus are commonly greyish, brown to dark brown or black, with a contrasting area of colour between the shoulders, which is often yellowish or greyish - yellow (3) (4). often species of this genus have a noticeable odour (3). although there is no specific information on the size of the vanuatu flying fox, it is likely to have a wingspan of greater than 80 centimetres (4) .\nwilliams, n. s. g. ; mcdonnell, m. j. ; phelan, g. k. ; keim, l. d. ; der ree, r. (2006) .\nrange expansion due to urbanisation, increased food resources attract grey - headed flying - foxes (pteropus poliocephalus) to melbourne\n. austral ecology 31: 190–198. doi: 10. 1111 / j. 1442 - 9993. 2006. 01590. x .\nduring the day, individuals reside in large roosts (colonies or' camps') consisting of hundreds to tens of thousands of individuals. they sometimes share their roosts with the grey - headed flying fox (pteropus poliocephalus), the spectacled flying fox (p. conspicillatus), and / or the little red flying fox (p. scapulatus). they roost in mangroves, paperbark swamps, patches of rainforest and bamboo forests, and very rarely in caves or underneath overhangs .\nthe two major causes of decline in fruit bat populations on pacific islands are habitat destruction and hunting (4). deforestation is widespread throughout the tropics and poses a severe threat to the vanuatu flying fox because it destroys the bats’ food and roosting sites (3) (4). pteropus bats are an important food item for humans on vanuatu (6), although the population of the vanuatu flying fox does not generally appear overexploited (1). however, fruit bats are killed in increased numbers immediately following cyclones, which may lead to population declines (1) (6) .\nthe spectacled flying - fox has distinctive straw - coloured fur which surrounds the eyes. the species can also have varying amounts of the same pale fur on the shoulders and the head. eye - rings of some individuals can be indistinct, making them look similar to black flying - foxes (pteropus alecto) (hall & richards 2000). the head and body ranges between 220 - 240 mm in length. forearm length and weight range is 160 - 180 mm and 580 - 850 g for males, and 155 - 175 mm and 500 - 650 g for females (richards & spencer 1998) .\nthe vanuatu flying fox spends most of the day in small, quiet colonies (1) (6). colonies often use the same roosting site year after year, which are generally located considerable distances from the preferred feeding sites (3). the vanuatu flying fox locates food mainly by sight and smell, feeding primarily on fruits, such as figs, breadfruit and coconuts, as well as on some flowers (1) (5) (6). many pteropus bats have also been observed eating insects to supplement the limited protein intake received from fruits and flowers (4) (5) .\nthe grey - headed flying fox is one of the largest bats in australia, with the maximum recorded wingspan exceeding an impressive 1. 5 metres (4). this bat has a dark grey body, a paler grey head, and a conspicuous collar of rich russet - coloured fur encircling the neck (4). as with all members of the pteropodidae family, this bat lacks a tail and has claws on the first and second digits. uniquely, however, the body fur of this species extends all the way down to the ankle, distinguishing it from other flying foxes (pteropus species), which only bear fur down to their knees (4) .\nsix flying fox species, genus pteropus (four from the philippines) were investigated using complete cytochrome b gene sequences (1140 bp) to infer their evolutionary relationships. the dna sequences generated via polymerase chain reaction were analyzed using the neighbor - joining, parsimony, and maximum likelihood methods. we estimated that the first evolutionary event among these pteropus species occurred approximately 13. 90 ± 1. 49 mya. within this short period of evolutionary time we further hypothesized that the ancestors of the flying foxes found in the philippines experienced a subsequent diversification forming two clusters in the topology. the first cluster is composed of p. pumilus (philippine endemic), p. speciosus (restricted in western mindanao) with p. scapulatus, while the second one comprised p. vampyrus and p. dasymallus species based on the analysis from first and second codon positions. consistently, all phylogenetic analyses divulged close association of p. dasymallus with p. vampyrus contradicting the previous report categorizing p. dasymallus under subniger species group with p. pumilus, p. speciosus, and p. hypomelanus. the philippine endemic species (p. pumilus) is closely linked with p. speciosus. the representative samples of p. vampyrus showed a large genetic distance of 1. 87% . the large genetic distance between p. dasymallus and p. hypomelanus, p. pumilus and p. speciosus denotes a distinct species group .\nthe grey - headed flying fox is the largest bat in australia. this flying fox has a dark - grey body with a light - grey head and a reddish - brown neck collar of fur. it is unique among bats of the genus pteropus in that fur on the legs extends all the way to the ankle. adults have an average wingspan up to 1 m (3. 3 ft) and can weigh up to 1 kg (2. 2 lb). the head and body length is between 230 and 289 mm (9. 1 and 11. 4 in), with an average of 253 mm (10. 0 in). the forearm length is between 138 and 180 mm (5. 4 and 7. 1 in), with an average of 161 mm. weight generally varies between 600 and 1, 000 g (1. 3 and 2. 2 lb), with an average of 677 g (1. 493 lb). it is tailless, with claws on its first and second digits. since it does not echolocate, it lacks tragus or leaf ornamentation found in most species of microchiroptera. it relies on sight to locate its food (nectar, pollen and native fruits) and thus has relatively large eyes for a bat .\nthis species is threatened by loss of foraging and roosting habitat, largely through clearance of native vegetation for agriculture and forestry operations plus urban development (duncan et al. 1999). the species requires multiple, dispersed populations of food trees (duncan et al. 1999). the winter and early spring range of this species is limited to a narrow - coastal strip in queensland and new south wales that is targeted for residential development, and this is the primary threat (duncan et al. 1999; eby and lunney 2002). it is a pest of commercial fruit trees in parts of its range and animals are directly killed under license in orchards in new south wales and queensland; there is also likely to be unlicensed killing (duncan et al. 1999; tidemann et al. 2008; d. lunney pers. comm .). the species is believed to be threatened by competition and hybridisation with pteropus alecto, which has expanded southward at the same time as the range of p. poliocephalus has been reduced in the north (duncan et al. 1999; g. richards pers. comm .). the rapid rate of expansion range extension by p. alecto (by 500 km from 1990 to 2006) is of particular concern (p. eby pers. comm .). it is additionally threatened by pollutants in urban areas and potentially by a number of viral pathogens (duncan et al. 1999) .\nalthough once thought to number in their millions, in 2002 there were estimated to be around 400, 000 grey - headed flying foxes remaining (20). the most significant threat facing the bat is the destruction of foraging and roosting habitat due to expanding urbanisation and agriculture (7) (15). climate change may also pose a threat to the grey - headed flying - fox as climate models are predicting significant increases in the occurrence of temperature extremes and recent research has shown that since 1994, more than 24, 500 grey - headed flying foxes have died in their roosts when temperatures exceeded 42 degrees celsius (21). another serious threat is direct killing of animals in orchards and destruction of roosts. many farmers perceive the bats to be pests due to the destruction they cause to crops and often kill them (22). further more, negative public perception and consequent persecution of the species has intensified in the last decade with the discovery that it carries three new diseases that are potentially fatal to humans, hendravirus, menanglevirus and australian bat lyssavirus (23) (24) (25). the exact numbers of bats killed is unknown, but estimates have been made as high as 100, 000 annually, with the death of pregnant or lactating females obviously having an additional knock - on impact on the survival of their young (26). there is also a tendency for these bats to fly into power lines and die from electrocution. black flying foxes (pteropus alecto) pose a further threat through competition for food and habitat, and hybridisation between the grey - headed flying fox and the black flying fox has been observed (7) (27) (28) .\ncomprises northeast queensland, australia above 19 degrees south; the halmahera islands; and new guinea and adjacent islands .\noccupies primary and secondary growth tropical rainforest. roosting generally occurs in dead trees or trees stripped of their foliage .\nfemales weigh 510 - 665 g, while males weigh 950 - 100 g .\nforearm length is 157 - 181 mm and head and body length is 220 - 240mm .\nis black with a yellow mantle. the fur surrounding the eyes is yellow - green, giving the appearance of spectacles .\nreach sexual maturity at two years of age. copulation occurs between march and may, followed by a 7 - month gestation period. generally, females give birth to one young per year. young bats are weaned after four months .\nroost communally. the sexual composition of the roost changes depending on the season. following copulation, flocks segregate by gender; throughout gestation, males and females roost separately and move independently over different ranges. females arrive at traditional breeding spots to give birth. males arrive soon thereafter and establish territories around females. males and females form monogamous seasonal pair bonds if the female bears a young that year; if she does not bear a young, males are polygynous. males display antagonistic behavior towards one another during the establishment of territories .\nseasonal migration: atherton tableland colonies leave their roost sites from may through august, which are the months of greatest rainfall and lowest fruit abundance; often these colonies relocate to the warmer, lower - elevation coastal regions of innisfail and tully where fruit availability is less dependent on season. because they are not forced to relocate in search of food, coastal colonies occupy roost yearround .\nleave their roosting sites and congregate on fruiting trees. individuals who arrive early in the evening (\nresidents\n) will establish ephemeral feeding territories and quickly force out individuals who arrive later (\nraiders\n). this\nraiders vs. residents\nmodel of nocturnal territorial behavior results in long - distance dispersal of fruits, as\nraiders\ntend to obtain a fruit or two before being driven off in search of a new feeding site. bats drink by skimming over the surface of water during flight; they have been observed to drink both fresh and sea water in this way .\npredators: natural predators include the carpet python and the white - breasted sea eagle. occasionally crocodiles have been seen eating bats as they skim the water surface while drinking .\nis a frugivore specialist (sensu richards, 1995), meaning > 90% of its diet consists of the fruits of forest trees and palms. this species locates its food visually; thus, fruits pollinated by\nare light - colored and stand out against the dark upper rainforest canopy. common fruits eaten include citrus, mango, northern bloomwood, and apple box. in addition ,\nis an important disperser of many rainforest species. plants that are adapted to bat dispersal tend to have light - colored fruits, in contrast to the brightly - colored fruits of species adapted to avian dispersal and pollination. as a result ,\nis an integral part of the rainforest ecosystem. tourist visits to the tropical forest in far north queensland are economically important to the region .\nis eaten both by aboriginal and non - aboriginal australians. the growth and harvest of these animals as a food source has been proposed as an economically profitable and ecologically sustainable practice .\nand other species of flying foxes have caused power outages by\nroosting\non electrical wires .\nthe\nvulnerable\nstatus is based on a listing by the queensland department of environment and heritage for the queensland nature conservation act (qdeh 1994). qdeh only considers a species' status within queensland, so a species that is stable or common\nis now feeding closer to the ground within reach of a paralysis tick; the tick causes deaths within the colonies, particularly of young bats .\nrachel mueller (author), university of california, berkeley, james patton (editor), university of california, berkeley .\nliving in australia, new zealand, tasmania, new guinea and associated islands .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nrainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal .\n28 january, 1999 .\ncyplus (cape york peninsula land use strategy) on - line\n( on - line). accessed 29 november, 1999 at urltoken .\nchambers, j. 1998 .\nchambers wildlife rainforest lodge\n( on - line). accessed november 29, 1999 at urltoken .\nmelissa jeffress, 1995 .\nfriends of the far north flying foxes\n( on - line). accessed 29 november, 1999 at urltoken .\n. gland, switzerland: international union for conservation of nature and natural resources .\nrainey, w. , e. pierson, t. elmqvist, p. cox. 1995. the role of flying foxes (pteropodidae) in oceanic island ecosystems of the pacific. pp. 47 - 59 in p racey, s swift, eds .\nrichards, g. 1995. a review of ecological interactions of fruit bats in australian ecosystems. pp. 79 - 92 in p racey, s swift, eds .\nrichards, g. , l. hall. 1998. conservation biology of australian bats - - are recent advances solving our problems? . pp. 271 - 281 in t kunz, p racey, eds .\ntidemann, c. 6 february, 1998 .\nbatatlas\n( on - line). accessed 24 november, 1999 at urltoken .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nthank you for visiting nature. com. you are using a browser version with limited support for css. to obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer). in the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .\nall prices are net prices. vat will be added later in the checkout .\n( eds wilson, d. e. & reeder, d. m .) 312–529 (johns hopkins univ. press, baltimore, md, 2005 )\n( eds racey, p. a. & swift, s. m .) 27–43 (oxford univ. press, oxford, 1995 )\n( eds slaughter, b. h. & walton, w. d .) 127–143 (southern methodist univ. press, dallas, tx, 1970 )\n( eds zubaid, a. , mccracken, g. & kunz, t .) 15–159 (oxford univ. press, oxford, 2006 )\nwe thank i. morrison for preparing the holotype specimen of onychonycteris finneyi; a. aase and h. galliano for help in obtaining photographs and casts of the paratype; b. miljour and p. wynne for their assistance with figures; b. boyle for photographs; and p. myers, l. grande, w. simpson, m. engstrom, j. eger, s. woodward, s. schaal, g. storch, n. micklich, d. lunde, e. westwig and c. norris for access to specimens. students sponsored by the undergraduate research opportunities program (urop) at the university of michigan were involved in data acquisition and compilation. funding was provided by the united states national science foundation and deutsche forschungsgemeinschaft dfg .\nmorphological data used in phylogenetic analyses are deposited in morphobank and can be obtained at urltoken .\nthis file contains supplementary tables 1 - 3, supplementary figures 1 - 10 with legends and additional references .\nby submitting a comment you agree to abide by our terms and community guidelines. if you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate .\nthe green river formation in wyoming has produced many important fossils, including icaronycteris index, which for over 40 years has been regarded as the oldest known bat. its cranial features suggest that it could locate its insect prey by echolocation. this fuelled a spirited debate between proponents of the' flight - first',' echolocation - first' and' tandem - development' hypotheses of bat evolution. new green river bat fossils — including two near - complete skeletons, a cast of one of which is shown on the cover — looks to have settled the matter in favour of flight first. the new species is the most primitive bat known. it had fully developed wings and was clearly capable of powered flight, but the morphology of the ear region suggests that it could not echolocate, making it a possible intermediate link between bats and their non - flying, non - echolocating mammalian ancestors. limb characteristics, including robust hind legs and retention of tiny claws on all of its elongate fingers, indicate that the new bat may have been an agile climber .\nnature is part of springer nature. © 2018 springer nature limited. all rights reserved .\n1 laboratory of genomic diversity, basic research program, saic - frederick, inc. , national cancer institute, frederick, md 21702, usa .\n2 department of zoology, university college dublin, belfield, dublin 4, ireland .\n3 department of biology, university of california, riverside, ca 92521, usa .\n4 department of biochemistry, radboud university of nijmegen, post office box 9101, 6500 hb nijmegen, netherlands .\n5 harrison institute, centre for systematics and biodiversity research, bowerwood house, 15 st. botolphs road, sevenoaks, kent tn13 3aq, uk .\n6 the laboratory of genomic diversity, national cancer institute, frederick, md 21702, usa .\n7 department of veterinary integrative biosciences, college of veterinary medicine and biomedical sciences, texas a & m university, college station, tx 77843, usa .\nscience 28 jan 2005: vol. 307, issue 5709, pp. 580 - 584 doi: 10. 1126 / science. 1105113\nlaboratory of genomic diversity, basic research program, saic - frederick, inc. , national cancer institute, frederick, md 21702, usa .\ndepartment of zoology, university college dublin, belfield, dublin 4, ireland .\ndepartment of biology, university of california, riverside, ca 92521, usa .\ndepartment of biochemistry, radboud university of nijmegen, post office box 9101, 6500 hb nijmegen, netherlands .\nharrison institute, centre for systematics and biodiversity research, bowerwood house, 15 st. botolphs road, sevenoaks, kent tn13 3aq, uk .\nthe laboratory of genomic diversity, national cancer institute, frederick, md 21702, usa .\ndepartment of veterinary integrative biosciences, college of veterinary medicine and biomedical sciences, texas a & m university, college station, tx 77843, usa .\naaas login provides access to science for aaas members, and access to other journals in the science family to users who have purchased individual subscriptions .\nas a service to the community, this article is available for free. existing users log in .\ndownload and print this article for your personal scholarly, research, and educational use .\nbats make up more than 20% of extant mammals, yet their evolutionary history is largely unknown because of a limited fossil record and conflicting or incomplete phylogenies. here, we present a highly resolved molecular phylogeny for all extant bat families. our results support the hypothesis that megabats are nested among four major microbat lineages, which originated in the early eocene [ 52 to 50 million years ago (mya) ], coincident with a significant global rise in temperature, increase in plant diversity and abundance, and the zenith of tertiary insect diversity. our data suggest that bats originated in laurasia, possibly in north america, and that three of the major microbat lineages are laurasian in origin, whereas the fourth is gondwanan. combining principles of ghost lineage analysis with molecular divergence dates, we estimate that the bat fossil record underestimates (unrepresented basal branch length, ubbl) first occurrences by, on average, 73% and that the sum of missing fossil history is 61% .\nnote: we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body (your name) thought you would like to see this page from the science web site .\nnew sequence data supplements an incomplete fossil record to predict a phylogeny for all living bats, identifying four groups of microbats and a likely origin in north america .\n© 2018 american association for the advancement of science. all rights reserved. aaas is a partner of hinari, agora, oare, chorus, clockss, crossref and counter. science issn 1095 - 9203 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nmammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together. * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production. a valuable reference work and a vital tool, particularly for researchers. * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections. * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work, and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come. * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work. * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work. - - g. r. seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist, and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines. * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals. this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries. * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues, we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003... we can say that the wait was worth it. - - sergio solari and robert j. baker * journal of mammalogy *" ]

{ "text": [ "bats of the genus pteropus , belonging to the megabat suborder , megachiroptera , are the largest bats in the world .", "they are commonly known as the fruit bats or flying foxes among other colloquial names .", "they live in the tropics and subtropics of asia ( including the indian subcontinent ) , australia , east africa , and a number of remote oceanic islands in both the indian and pacific oceans .", "at least 60 extant species are in this genus .", "the oldest ancestors of the genus pteropus to be unearthed appear in the fossil record almost exactly as they are today , the only notable differences being early flight adaptations such as a tail for stabilizing .", "the oldest megachiropteran is dated about 35 million years ago , but the preceding gap in the fossil record makes their true lineage unknown .", "recent genetic studies , however , have supported the argument that old world bats , such as pteropus , share lineage with new world bats ( those found in the americas ) .", "characteristically , all species of flying foxes only feed on nectar , blossoms , pollen , and fruit , which explains their limited tropical distribution .", "they do not possess echolocation , a feature which helps the other suborder of bats , the microbats , locate and catch prey such as insects in midair .", "instead , smell and eyesight are very well-developed in flying foxes .", "feeding ranges can reach up to 40 miles .", "when it locates food , the flying fox \" crashes \" into foliage and grabs for it .", "it may also attempt to catch hold of a branch with its hind feet , then swing upside down ; once attached and hanging , the fox draws food to its mouth with one of its hind feet or with the clawed thumbs at the top of its wings . " ], "topic": [ 25, 25, 4, 26, 26, 15, 6, 8, 12, 10, 0, 12, 23 ] }

[ "bats of the genus pteropus, belonging to the megabat suborder, megachiroptera, are the largest bats in the world. they are commonly known as the fruit bats or flying foxes among other colloquial names. they live in the tropics and subtropics of asia (including the indian subcontinent), australia, east africa, and a number of remote oceanic islands in both the indian and pacific oceans. at least 60 extant species are in this genus. the oldest ancestors of the genus pteropus to be unearthed appear in the fossil record almost exactly as they are today, the only notable differences being early flight adaptations such as a tail for stabilizing. the oldest megachiropteran is dated about 35 million years ago, but the preceding gap in the fossil record makes their true lineage unknown. recent genetic studies, however, have supported the argument that old world bats, such as pteropus, share lineage with new world bats (those found in the americas). characteristically, all species of flying foxes only feed on nectar, blossoms, pollen, and fruit, which explains their limited tropical distribution. they do not possess echolocation, a feature which helps the other suborder of bats, the microbats, locate and catch prey such as insects in midair. instead, smell and eyesight are very well-developed in flying foxes. feeding ranges can reach up to 40 miles. when it locates food, the flying fox \" crashes \" into foliage and grabs for it. it may also attempt to catch hold of a branch with its hind feet, then swing upside down; once attached and hanging, the fox draws food to its mouth with one of its hind feet or with the clawed thumbs at the top of its wings." ]

[ "have a fact about culama glauca? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for culama glauca? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nafter decades of collecting odd and unusual plants. . sometimes... read more\nwe raise koi and these birds love to eat them. they... read more\nthe trouble was, i wasn' t allowed to touch the beautiful... read more\ncopyright © 2000 - 2018 dave' s garden, an internet brands company. all rights reserved .\nuse of this web site constitutes acceptance of the urltoken terms of use, rules, privacy policy, and cookie policy .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\ninclude many species with large caterpillars and moths up to 17 cms in wingspan. many of the caterpillars have an unpleasant smell: hence their name goat moths. most of the caterpillars are borers in trees, hence their other names. the\nthe caterpillars may take up to three years to mature, and pupate within their tunnels .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\ndalla torre, k. w. von 1923 ,\ncossidae\n, lepidopterorum catalogus, vol. 29, pp. 1 - 63\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 0fdfcee1 - 922e - 42a2 - 99e7 - 177a4f04c354\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: fb514451 - 8ef2 - 49fb - b770 - d91ca13e4b81\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 3e15f431 - e5bc - 4026 - bda0 - 64664fc8b259\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 243719\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthis website provides ready access to the correct scientific name of every insect or related creature for which there is a common (or vernacular) name in use in australia. the site also enables the user to discover the common name or names used in australia for a species for which the user knows only the scientific name. species are also listed in family groupings. an index of commonly used abbreviations of authors' names has also been included. this index is intended to assist in the interpretation of abbreviations which may be encountered in entomological literature. it is recommended, however, that in present - day usage authors' names be quoted in full to avoid ambiguity .\nwhile scientific nomenclature is governed by strict rules, vernacular nomenclature is not. inevitably there will be differences of opinion over what constitutes an appropriate common name or over whether a particular common name is or is not in wide use. in preparing the lists which follow we have endeavoured to include common names which are used in conversation and in the literature. we have also taken the opportunity to weed out a few contrived or clumsy names which have appeared in earlier editions of the handbook but which seem not to be in use. few aboriginal names have been included but we believe that such names would enhance future versions of this website .\nwe have included the common names of australian butterflies listed by m. braby in the butterflies of australia (2001), although with some rationalisation .\n| fabrictilis gonagra (fabricius) | famegana alsulus ssp. alsulus (herrich - schäffer) | fannia howei pont | fannia norfolki pont | fannia scalaris (fabricius) | faveria tritalis (walker) | felicola subrostratus (burmeister) | fergusonina spp. | ferrisia virgata (cockerell) | fiorinia fioriniae (targioni) | fipurga crassa sjöstedt | floresianus sordidus hustache | folsomia candida (willem) | frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) | frankliniella schultzei (trybom) | frankliniella williamsi hood | fraus latistria nielsen & kristensen | fraus simulans walker | freyeria putli ssp. putli (kollar) | froggattella kirbii (lowne) | froggattella spp. | froggattia olivinia froggatt | froggattina australis (walker) | froggattoides pallida (ashton) | froggattoides typicus distant\n| ibalia drewseni borries | ibalia leucospoides hochenwarth | icaridion nigrifrons lamb | icerya aegyptiaca douglas | icerya purchasi maskell | icerya seychellarum (westwood) | ichneumon promissorius erichson | ictinogomphus australis (selys) | ictinogomphus dobsoni (watson) | ictinogomphus paulini (watson) | idacarabus cordicollis moore | idacarabus longicollis moore | idacarabus punctipennis moore | idacarabus troglodytes lea | idaethina froggatti kirejshuk & lawrence | idioctis yerlata churchill & raven | idiodes apicata guenée | idiommata blackwalli (cambridge) | idiopterus nephrelepidis davis | idioscopus clypealis (lethierry) | idioscopus nitidulus (walker) | idiosoma nigrum main | idolothrips spectrum haliday | illeis galbula (mulsant) | illyria burkei (goding & froggatt) | ima fusca tindale | indiamba malkini (jin) | indiamba quamara rentz | indiamba wirrawilla rentz | indolestes alleni (tillyard) | indolestes obiri watson | indolestes tenuissimus (tillyard) | inopus flavus (james) | inopus rubriceps (macquart) | inquilina spp. | insulascirtus ellops otte & rentz | insulascirtus nythos otte & rentz | insulaspis gloverii (packard) | ionolyce helicon ssp. hyllus (waterhouse & lyell) | ips grandicollis (eichhoff) | iridomyrmex agilis forel | iridomyrmex anceps (roger) | iridomyrmex bicknelli emery | iridomyrmex conifer forel | iridomyrmex cyaneus wheeler | iridomyrmex darwinianus forel | iridomyrmex glaber (mayr) | iridomyrmex gracilis (lowne) | iridomyrmex greensladei shattuck | iridomyrmex humilis (mayr) | iridomyrmex lividus shattuck | iridomyrmex mattiroloi emery | iridomyrmex purpurea (f. smith) | iridomyrmex reberrus shattuck | iridomyrmex rufoinclinus shattuck | iridomyrmex rufoniger (lowne) | iridomyrmex sanguineus forel | iridomyrmex spp. | iridomyrmex vicinus clark | iridomyrmex viridiaeneus viehmeyer | iridomyrmex viridigaster clark | ischnura aurora (brauer) | ischnura heterosticta (burmeister) | ischnura pruinescens (tillyard) | isometroides vescus (karsch) | isoneurothrips australis bagnall | isopeda immanis (l. koch) | isopteron punctatissimus (pascoe) | isotenes miserana (walker) | ithome lassula hodges | ixalodectes megacercus rentz | ixeuticus robustus (l. koch) | ixodes cornuatus roberts | ixodes eudyptidis maskell | ixodes hirsti hassall | ixodes holocyclus neumann | ixodes kohlsi arthur | ixodes ornithorhynchi lucas | ixodes simplex neumann | ixodes tasmani neumann | ixodes trichosuri roberts | ixodes uriae white | ixodes vestitus neumann\n| jalmenus aridus graham & moulds | jalmenus clementi druce | jalmenus daemeli semper | jalmenus eichhorni staudinger | jalmenus evagoras (donovan) | jalmenus icilius hewitson | jalmenus ictinus hewitson | jalmenus inous hewitson | jalmenus lithochroa waterhouse | jalmenus pseudictinus kerr & macqueen | jamides aleuas ssp. coelestis (miskin) | jamides amarauge druce | jamides bochus (stoll) | jamides cytus ssp. claudia (waterhouse & lyell) | jamides phaseli (mathew) | japananus hyalinus (osborn) | julodimorpha bakewelli (white) | junonia erigone (cramer) | junonia hedonia ssp. zelima (fabricius) | junonia orithya ssp. albicincta butler | junonia villida ssp. calybe (godart )\n| kakaduacris minuta key | kapunda troughtoni (distant) | katanna australis womersley | katianna australis womersley | kawanaphila iyouta rentz | kawanaphila lexceni rentz | kawanaphila mirla rentz | kawanaphila nartee rentz | kawanaphila triodiae rentz | kawanaphila ungarunya rentz | kikihia convicta (distant) | kimosina thomasi harrison | kleinschmidtimyia pisi (kleinschmidt) | knemidokoptes laevis ssp. gallinae (railliet) | knemidokoptes mutans (robin & lanquetin) | knemidokoptes pilae lavoipierre & griffiths | koalachirus perkinsi (domrow) | kongobatha diademata hebard | kosciuscola cognatus rehn | kosciuscola cuneatus rehn | kosciuscola tristis rehn | kosciuscola usitatus sjöstedt | kuzinia laevis dujardin | kwonkan eboracum main | kybos lindbergi (linnavuori) | kytodites nudus (vizioli )\n| vaginulus plebeius (fischer) | vagrans egista ssp. propinqua (miskin) | valanga irregularis (walker) | valanga meleager (sjöstedt) | vallonia costata (müller) | vallonia pulchella (müller) | vanessa gonerilla (fabricius) | vanessa itea (fabricius) | vanessa kershawi (mccoy) | venustria superba goding & froggatt | verania frenata erichson | veria colorata walker | vespula germanica (fabricius) | vindula arsinoe ssp. ada (butler) | vinsonia stellifera (westwood) | vitellus antemna breddin | viteus vitifoliae (fitch) | vitrea contracta (westerlund) | vitrea crystallina (müller) | vogtia malloi (pastrana) | vryburgia amaryllidis (bouché )\n| xabea leai chopard | xanterriaria mediocris (sjöstedt) | xanthagrion erythroneurum (selys) | xanthodes congenita (hampson) | xanthogryllacris punctipennis walker | xanthopimpla rhopaloceros krieger | xenocerus speracerus ssp. leucogrammus motschulsky | xenopsylla cheopis (rothschild) | xenopsylla cunicularis smit | xenopsylla vexabilis (jordan) | xingbaoia karakara rentz | xubida infesellus (walker) | xyleborus perforans (wollaston) | xyleborus pseudoangustatus schedl | xyleborus saxeseni (ratzeburg) | xyleborus solidus eichhoff | xyleborus truncatus (erichson) | xyleutes boisduvali rothschild | xyleutes cinereus (tepper) | xyleutes durvilli (herrich - schäffer) | xyleutes encalypti (herrich - schäffer) | xyleutes leucomochla turner | xylion cylindricus macleay | xylobosca bispinosa (macleay) | xylocopa aruana ritsema | xylocoris flavipes (reuter) | xylodeleis obsipa germar | xylopsocus gibbicollis (macleay) | xylorycta heliomacula (lower) | xylorycta luteotactella (walker) | xylothrips religiosus (boisduval) | xylotillus lindi (blackburn) | xylotrupes ulysses ssp. australicus thomson | xypectia testacea (sjöstedt )\n| yeelana argus (rehn) | yeelana pavonina (rehn) | yoma sabina ssp. parva (butler) | ypthima arctoa ssp. arctoa (fabricius) | yrrhapta cervina sjöstedt | yrrhapta striata sjöstedt | yutjuwalia nyalma rentz | yutjuwalia sallyae rentz\n| zabrala ceripes sjöstedt | zalea spp. | zaphanera paprocarpae martin | zaprochilus australis (brullé) | zaprochilus mongabarra rentz | zaprochilus ninae rentz | zebratula flavonigra sjöstedt | zelotypia stacyi scott | zenarge turneri rohwer | zermizinga sinuata (warren) | zeuxidiplosis giardi (kieffer) | zizeeria karsandra (moore) | zizina labradus ssp. labradus (godart) | zizula hylax ssp. attenuata (lucas) | zonitoides arboreus (say) | zopherosis georgei white | zosis geniculata (olivier) | zyganisus caliginosus (walker) | zygina zealandica (myers) | zygogramma bicolorata pallister | zygrita diva thomson | zyxomma elgneri ris | zyxomma multinervorum carpenter | zyxomma petiolatum rambur" ]

{ "text": [ "culama alpina is a moth in the cossidae family .", "it was described by kallies and d.j. hilton in 2012 .", "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from tasmania , victoria , new south wales and the australian capital territory .", "the habitat consists of alpine heath and snow gum woodlands .", "the wingspan is 34 – 45 millimetres ( 1.3 – 1.8 in ) for males and 53 – 55 millimetres ( 2.1 – 2.2 in ) for females .", "the ground colour of the forewings is grey with a brownish hue and with transverse black lines and streaks .", "the hindwings are dark fuscous .", "adults have been recorded on wing from december to mid-february .", "the larvae possibly feed on eucalyptus pauciflora . " ], "topic": [ 29, 5, 20, 24, 9, 1, 1, 8, 8 ] }

[ "culama alpina is a moth in the cossidae family. it was described by kallies and d.j. hilton in 2012. it is found in australia, where it has been recorded from tasmania, victoria, new south wales and the australian capital territory. the habitat consists of alpine heath and snow gum woodlands. the wingspan is 34 – 45 millimetres (1.3 – 1.8 in) for males and 53 – 55 millimetres (2.1 – 2.2 in) for females. the ground colour of the forewings is grey with a brownish hue and with transverse black lines and streaks. the hindwings are dark fuscous. adults have been recorded on wing from december to mid-february. the larvae possibly feed on eucalyptus pauciflora." ]

[ "choose one > glyphodes actorionalis > glyphodes apiospila > glyphodes bicolor > glyphodes bivitralis > glyphodes caesalis > glyphodes canthusalis > glyphodes conjunctalis > glyphodes cosmarcha > glyphodes cyanomichla > glyphodes doleschalii > glyphodes flavizonalis > glyphodes margaritaria > glyphodes microta > glyphodes multilinealis > glyphodes nr. caesalis bold: aad6684 > glyphodes nr. caesalis bold: aal8440 > glyphodes nr. multilinealis wph - 2012 > glyphodes nr. stolalis bold: aad1816 > glyphodes nr. stolalis misc106 - 08 > glyphodes nr. stolalis misc107 - 08 > glyphodes nr. stolalis misc108 - 08 > glyphodes onychinalis > glyphodes perspectalis > glyphodes pseudocaesalis > glyphodes pulverulentalis > glyphodes pyloalis > glyphodes quadrimaculalis > glyphodes rubrocinctalis > glyphodes sp. a sem - 2012 > glyphodes sp. aad1816 > glyphodes sp. anic1 > glyphodes sp. anic3 > glyphodes sp. biolep586 > glyphodes sp. biolep587 > glyphodes sp. bold: aal8326 > glyphodes sp. bold: aal8361 > glyphodes sp. sc _ 01350 > glyphodes sp. sc _ 04514 > glyphodes sp. sc _ 04536 > glyphodes sp. sc _ 04564 > glyphodes sp. sc _ 04570 > glyphodes sp. sc _ 04571 > glyphodes sp. sc _ 04572 > glyphodes sp. sc _ 05215 > glyphodes sp. sibillalisdhj01 > glyphodes sp. sibillalisdhj02 > glyphodes stolalis > glyphodes umbria all lower taxonomy nodes (48 )\nglyphodes flavizonalis hampson, 1898; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1898: 746; tl: queensland\nglyphodes flavizonalis hampson, 1898 (crambidae: pyraustinae), male - qld, mt lewis, 30. oct. 1966, e. b. britton leg. (anic) .\nglyphodes pulverulentalis hampson, 1896; fauna br. india (moths) 4: 353\nglyphodes conclusalis; rothschild, 1915, novit. zool. 22 (2): 226\nglyphodes alitalis hulst, 1886; trans. amer. ent. soc. 13: 158\nglyphodes spectandalis snellen, 1895; tijdschr. ent. 38: 138, pl. 6, f. 1\nglyphodes parvalis walker, [ 1866 ]; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 34: 1355\nglyphodes doleschalii lederer, 1863; wien. ent. monats. 7 (12): 478; tl: amboina\nglyphodes consocialis lederer, 1863; wien. ent. monats. 7 (12): pl. 14, 2\nglyphodes ledereri butler, 1884; ann. mag. nat. hist. (5) 13 (75): 203\nglyphodes metastictalis hampson, 1898; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1898: 741; tl: s. celebes\nglyphodes basifascialis hampson, 1898; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1898: 743; tl: bathurst, gambia\nglyphodes stolalis; moore, 1878, proc. zool. soc. lond. 1878 (4): 849; [ aucl ]\nglyphodes bivitralis; moore, 1878, proc. zool. soc. lond. 1878 (4): 849; [ aucl ]\nglyphodes quadrifascialis hampson, 1898; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1898: 744; tl: aburi, w. africa\nglyphodes conclusalis walker, [ 1866 ]; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 34: 1354; tl: india\nglyphodes microta meyrick, 1890; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. (2) 4 (4): 1108\nglyphodes ectargyralis hampson, 1898; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1898: 744, pl. 50, f. 19; tl: niger, warri\nglyphodes streptostigma hampson, 1898; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1898: 745, pl. 50, f. 20; tl: bonthain, celebes\nglyphodes umbria hampson, 1898; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1898: 746, pl. 50, f. 21; tl: fergusson i .\nglyphodes lachesis butler, 1882; ann. mag. nat. hist. (5) 10 (57): 235; tl: duke of york i .\nglyphodes stolalis guenée, 1854; hist. nat. ins. , spec. gén. lépid. 8: 293, atlas (deltoides & pyralides) pl. 3, f. 11\nglyphodes - species dictionary - global: ispot nature - your place to share nature. ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature. once you' ve registered, you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nthe adult moth of this species has translucent brown wings, with a pattern of dark brown lines on each forewing. the wingspan is about 2. 5 cms .\nmelbourne university press, 1990, pl. 9. 25, p. 356 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nformosa, india, andamans, sumatra, .... see [ maps ]\nsula i. , ceram, amboina, mysol, new guinea, australia. see [ maps ]\nceylon, india, burma, andamans, .... see [ maps ]\npryeri butler, 1879 ²; ann. mag. nat. hist. (5) 4 (24): 453; tl: japan\ndesmia perfecta butler, 1882; ann. mag. nat. hist. (5) 10 (57): 234; tl: new britain; duke of york i .\nmargaronia amicalis swinhoe, 1904; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1904 (1): 157; tl: dar - es - salaam\nmaragaronia silvicolalis swinhoe, 1916; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 18 (108): 490; tl: ekeikei\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not. i don' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nhistoire naturelle des insectes. species général des lépidoptéres. tome huitiéme. deltoides et pyralites\nthe lepidoptera collected during the recent expedition of h. m. s .\nchallenger\n, part ii\nreise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b. von wüllerstorf - urbair. zoologischer theil. band 2. abtheilung 2. lepidoptera. rhopalocera\n- 120, (inhalts - verz .) 1 - 9 (pl. 1 - 74), (felder & rogenhofer, 1874), (5): pl .\na revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae. part 1\na list of the lepidopterous insects collected by mr. ossian limborg in upper tenasserim, with descriptions of new species\nlist of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum. supplement\nwalker, [ 1866 ] list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 31: 1 - 322 ([ 1865 ]), 32: 323 - 706 (1865), 33: 707 - 1120 (1865), 34: 1121 - 1534 ([ 1866 ]), 35: 1535 - 2040 (1866 )\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018." ]

{ "text": [ "glyphodes flavizonalis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by hampson in 1898 .", "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland .", "the wings are translucent brown , with a pattern of dark brown lines on the forewings . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 1 ] }

[ "glyphodes flavizonalis is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by hampson in 1898. it is found in australia, where it has been recorded from queensland. the wings are translucent brown, with a pattern of dark brown lines on the forewings." ]

[ "habitat andean hairy armadillos can be found in south america. subspecies there are no subspecies of the andean hairy armadillo. interesting facts the word armadillo is spanish for\nlittle armored one\nsimilar animals pichi giant armadillo big hairy armadillo screaming hairy armadillo pink fairy armadillo greater fairy armadillo\nthree species of hairy armadillos are recognized: the andean hairy armadillo (c. nationi), the hairy armadillo (c. villosus), and the little hairy armadillo (c. vellerosus) .\nthe andean hairy armadillo lives exclusively in open high - altitude grasslands (2) .\nthe andean hairy armadillo occurs in bolivia, northern chile and northern argentina (1) .\na young / baby of a andean hairy armadillo is called a' pup'. the females are called' zed' and males' lister'. a andean hairy armadillo group is called a' fez' .\nphysical description the andean hairy armadillo is the only armadillo with hair on the scales of its back. the andean armadillo is an omnivore which means it only eats both plants and animals. the andean armadillo' s behavior makes it usually come out at night. protection there shell helps them protect them from inside the keep away from predictors. feeding habits image by tom mooring behavior the andean hairy armadillo population this armadillo' s population is estimated to about 13, 000 importance there was nothing found for this natural habitat the andean armadillo' s habitat is located in the grasslands of south america. made by ronald noah grundy\narmadillo shells have traditionally been used to make the back of the charango, an andean lute instrument .\nthe screaming hairy armadillo gets its name from the sound it makes when threatened .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - andean hairy armadillo (chaetophractus nationi )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - andean hairy armadillo (chaetophractus nationi )\ntitle =\narkive species - andean hairy armadillo (chaetophractus nationi )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\narmadillos, armadillo pictures, armadillo facts\n. animals. nationalgeographic. com .\ni do not currently have a photograph of c. nationi on this website. arkive | images of life on earth has two pictures of an andean hairy armadillo, with a biographical account of this species .\nthe large hairy armadillo is classified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) .\nin bolivia and chile, andean hairy armadillos have been used for meat, musical instruments, decorations, good luck charms, and medicine for rheumatism. (yensen et al, 1994 )\ninternational trade of the andean hairy armadillo is prohibited by its listing on appendix ii of the convention of international trade of endangered species (cites), which specifies an annual trade quota of zero (3) (8). it is hoped that this measure will reduce trade in this species and therefore the extent to which it is hunted, although enforcement on trade in souvenirs is often inadequate (8). furthermore, despite additional protection by national laws prohibiting the capture and trade of the andean hairy armadillo in bolivia, demand for armadillo products continues. fortunately the non - governmental organization tamandua along with the bolivian ministry of sustainable development and planning are working to develop a national conservation programme for the andean hairy armadillo. their efforts should help to ensure a future for this charismatic species (8) .\nagustín m. abba, guillermo h. cassini, guido valverde, marie - ka tilak, sergio f. vizcaíno, mariella superina, frédéric delsuc; systematics of hairy armadillos and the taxonomic status of the andean hairy armadillo (chaetophractus nationi), journal of mammalogy, volume 96, issue 4, 3 august 2015, pages 673–689, urltoken\noccupying a wide variety of habitats, the large hairy armadillo can be found in grasslands, savanna, forest and agricultural areas (1) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - large hairy armadillo (chaetophractus villosus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - large hairy armadillo (chaetophractus villosus )\ntitle =\narkive species - large hairy armadillo (chaetophractus villosus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nwhile there are currently no specific conservation measures in place for the large hairy armadillo, it is known to occur in many protected areas (1) .\nthis fascinating animal forages by moving slowly along, snuffing through the soil and leaf litter. once food has been sniffed out, it is dug up with the fore - claws (4). an omnivorous species, the andean hairy armadillo’s varied diet includes insects, larvae, fruits, roots and carrion (6) (7). individuals are known to dig beneath decomposing carcasses to find a feast of maggots and insects (2). like many other armadillo species, the andean hairy armadillo also employs its powerful claws for digging burrows, in which it lives, rears offspring and uses to escape from predators (2) (4) .\nscreaming hairy armadillos do not need to drink water regularly; efficient kidneys and the ability to retain moisture in the plants that they consume allow screaming hairy armadillos to go long periods without drinking .\ntrue to their name, screaming hairy armadillos are a hirsute armadillo species that emit a loud squeal when threatened. they are native to the monte desert in south america .\nscreaming hairy armadillos consume large amounts of sand while foraging for food; accounts of 50 percent of an armadillo' s stomach contents being filled with sand have been recorded .\naccording to the international union for conservation of nature (iucn), armadillos are not endangered. some species are vulnerable, though. for example, the andean hairy armadillo is considered vulnerable because its population has declined by more than 30 percent in the past 10 years. the giant armadillo is considered vulnerable because its population has decreased by at least 30 percent in the past 21 years .\nsupporting information s4. —new pcr primers used to amplify the six non - coding markers in hairy armadillos .\nfacts conservation status: giant armadillo - vulnerable. nine - banded armadillo - least concern etc location: united states of america lifespan: 8 to 12 years\nwe assessed the phylogenetic relationships of hairy armadillos by collecting both mitochondrial and nuclear markers for all currently described species .\nratajszczak, r. and trzesowska, e. (1997) management and breeding of the larger hairy armadillo, chaetophractus villosus, at pozan zoo. zoologischer garten, 67: 220 - 228 .\nthe hard outer covering of the andean hairy armadillo is good protection from predators, but humans can easily catch and kill them (2). they are hunted and traded for food and their shell, and are also persecuted for their disruptive burrowing on agricultural land (1). habitat loss from deforestation and agricultural development is also an increasing threat (4) .\nperedo, b. (1999) bolivia’s trade in hairy armadillos. traffic bulletin, 18: 41 - 45 .\n) have a gestation period of about 65 days and give birth to 1 to 2 offspring. large hairy armadillos (\nfound just east of the andes mountains in the monte desert, screaming hairy armadillos inhabit parts of argentina, bolivia and paraguay .\n) is captured by a predator, its most common response is to play dead. some speices, such as hairy armadillos (\nthe giant armadillo can have up to 100 teeth, according to the san diego zoo .\nall species of armadillo are native to the americas, where they inhabit a variety of environments. in the united states, the sole resident armadillo is the nine - banded armadillo (dasypus novemcinctus), which is most common in the central southernmost states, particularly texas .\nsustainable use of andean wildlife for conservation of biodiversity and local development of rural communities in arid and semiarid zones bernardo peredo, irpavi, la paz, bolivia (berbolivia @ yahoo. com )\nthe three - banded armadillo is the only species that can roll into a ball for protection .\n) have the ability to leap vertically into the air. if a nine - banded armadillo (\naround which it lives and feeds. the diets of different armadillo species vary, but consist mainly of\nof the nine - banded armadillo is p 7 / 7, m 1 / 1 = 32 .\nscreaming hairy armadillos are the smallest of the three species of hairy armadillo, averaging less than 1. 9 pounds (0. 86 kilograms) and growing to between 8. 7 and 15. 7 inches (22 to 40 centimeters), with another 3. 5 to 6. 9 inches (9 to 17. 5 centimeters) in tail length. males are generally larger than females .\ninternational trade of the andean hairy armadillo is forbidden by its listing on appendix ii of the convention of international trade of endangered species (cites) (3). it is hoped that this measure will reduce its trade and therefore the extent to which it is hunted. there are no conservation measures in place to protect this fascinating animal in its natural habitat, however, and habitat loss is expected to continue as peru and bolivia become more populated and developed (4) .\narmadillo is spanish for\nlittle armored one ,\nreferring to their outer skin that looks like armor .\nmay also prey on dasypodids, although predation does not seem to have a large effect on armadillo populations .\nandean large hairy armadillo courtship involves the male following the female avidly, and mating occurs with the male mounting the female from behind. male armadillos have one of the longest penises amongst mammals, extending to two - thirds of the body length (4). while little is currently known of this species’ reproductive biology, it probably reaches sexual maturity at 9 to 12 months of age, and gives birth to a litter of one or two offspring during the summer (5) .\nin summary, our results indicate that the screaming hairy armadillo c. vellerosus and the andean hairy armadillo c. nationi most likely represent a single, widely distributed species, in agreement with early observations (wetzel 1985b). in line with this conclusion, luaces (2011) recently confirmed that the chromosome number of c. vellerosus (2 n = 62) was identical to that of a c. nationi from oruro originally analyzed by cook et al. (1991), but it was different from c. villosus (2 n = 60— jorge et al. 1977). we therefore propose to synonymize c. nationi (thomas, 1894) with c. vellerosus (gray, 1865) following on the taxonomic principle of priority .\nconservation the giant armadillo and pink fairy armadillo are endangered, facing a very high risk of extinction, or dying out, according to the world conservation union (iucn). the main threat is habitat loss as trees are cut down. the use of land for farming reduces fairy armadillo habitat and development has cut into the amount of giant armadillo habitat. furthermore, domestic dogs kill small armadillos, and people hunt giant armadillos for their meat. four other armadillo species are vulnerable, facing a high risk of extinction in the wild .\nin this section, we first present the results of the morphometric analyses aiming at revealing the morphological differentiation among hairy armadillo species in terms of both size and shape. then, we report on the molecular phylogenetic results obtained from the analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear markers .\nin the present work, we aimed to investigate the phylogenetic systematics of euphractinae by including for the first time all extant species in an integrative approach using skull geometric morphometrics and molecular phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers. within this context, we are particularly interested in testing the putative taxonomic distinctiveness of c. nationi and how this may impact the conservation status of andean hairy armadillos .\narmadillos are dioecious, iteroparous, and viviparous. the age at which males and females become sexually mature varies with species. male and female large hairy armadillos (\nportillo, t. 1999. nine - banded armadillo. window on the woodlands. retrieved september 14, 2007 .\nsmith, l. l. 2001. armadillo. the handbook of texas online. retrieved september 14, 2007 .\nenglish: lesser pink fairy armadillo; french: petit pichiciego; german: kleiner gürteltier; spanish: pichiciego menor .\n2009 .\nencyclopædia britannica\n( on - line). armadillo. accessed january 01, 2013 at urltoken .\ncurrently, screaming hairy armadillos live in a series of protected areas in their native range, including the 8. 4 million acre kaa - lya national park in bolivia .\nthe largest representative of the genus chaetophractus (2), the large hairy armadillo (chaetophractus villosus) is the most common armadillo species in argentina (1). like all armadillos, the body and head of this species are extensively armoured with thick bony plates (3), with the head plate being particularly large (2). the central portion of the body shell is divided by bands of skin that provide flexibility to the otherwise rigid upperparts (3). more hairy than most armadillo species (hence its common name), the underparts of this species are densely covered with whitish or light brown hairs, while long, coarse hairs project from the body armour plates (3) .\nprimary threats to screaming hairy armadillos include population fragmentation and isolation due to mining activity, hunting dogs, vehicles, and being viewed as an agricultural pest. screaming hairy armadillos are hunted both for their meat, which is high in protein, and their carapace, which is used by native bolivians to create a stringed musical instrument called a charango .\nthe smithsonian' s national zoo' s screaming hair armadillo receives insectivore diet, insect forage, banana and sweet potato .\nenglish: small screaming armadillo; french: petit tatou velu; german: weisshaar - gürteltier; spanish: quirquincho chico .\nscreaming hairy armadillos do not need to drink water regularly; efficient kidneys and the ability to retain moisture in the plants that they consume allow them to go long periods without drinking .\nnixon, j. 2000 .\narmadillo online\n( on - line). accessed november 14, 2001 at urltoken .\nenglish: six - banded armadillo; french: tatou à six bandes; german: sechsbinden - gürteltier; spanish: gualacate .\nenglish: common long - nosed armadillo; french: tatou à neuf bandes; german: neunbinden - gürteltier; spanish: mulita .\nthe screaming hairy armadillo gets it name from the sound it makes when threatened. don' t get the idea that they are cowards, however. they have been known to throw their bodies on top of snakes, killing them by cutting them with the sharp edges of their shells, according to the san diego zoo .\nthe taxonomic status of c. nationi and its distinction from c. vellerosus have long been a matter of contention (wetzel 1985b; carrizo et al. 2005). this study assessed for the first time the taxonomic status of the andean hairy armadillo, c. nationi, using geometric morphometrics and molecular analyses. the morphological data collected for bolivian specimens of this species complete preliminary information obtained for individuals from argentina (wetzel 1985b; carrizo et al. 2005), and the mitochondrial and non - coding nuclear sequences presented here represent the first molecular genetic data ever retrieved for putative c. nationi individuals .\nspecies frequently roll up into a ball. other armadillo species cannot roll up because they have too many plates. the north american nine - banded armadillo tends to jump straight in the air when surprised, and consequently often collides with the undercarriage or fenders of passing vehicles .\nwhen threatened, the large hairy armadillo will run towards the nearest hole, or attempt to burrow into the ground. if, however, it is unable to escape, this species will draw up its feet, so that the bottom of the shell is level with the ground. when pursued into its burrow, the large hairy armadillo will wedge itself tightly against the walls, by bending its back and thrusting out its feet (3). while underground, this species is able to make use of the small amounts of oxygen trapped between soil particles; small skin folds act as a filter to prevent soil from being inhaled into the lungs (6) .\narmadillo is the common name for any of the small, placental, old world mammals comprising the family dasypodidae and characterized by a bony armor shell. there are approximately ten extant (living) genera of armadillo and around 20 extant species, some of which are distinguished by the number of bands on their armor. armadillo also is used for members of the order cingulata (previously edentata) within which dasypodidae is placed .\nalthough the large hairy armadillo is likely to breed during late winter / early spring in the wild (3) (5), most information about its reproductive biology currently comes from observations of captive animals (4). in captive conditions, this species breeds all year round and can have up to three litters per year (7). after a gestation period of 60 to 75 days, the female usually gives birth to two young, which are suckled for a further 50 to 60 days (3) (4). the large hairy armadillo reaches sexual maturity at around nine months old, and has been known to live for over 23 years in captivity (3) .\nthe hard outer covering of the andean hairy armadillo is good protection from predators, but humans can easily catch and kill them (2). they are extensively hunted and traded, both for food, for their shell, which is used to make musical instruments that are often sold to tourists, and for other body parts, which are used to make amulets and traditional medicines (1) (8). in addition, this species is also persecuted for its disruptive burrowing on agricultural land (1). habitat loss from deforestation, sand extraction for road construction, and agricultural development are also ongoing and increasing threats (4) (8) .\nscreaming hairy armadillos alter their periods of activity seasonally; in warmer months, they are primarily nocturnal creatures. however, this behavior shifts to diurnal activity in winter months when desert heat becomes less of a threat .\ntwo of the major threats currently facing wild armadillos are domestic dogs and humans (many armadillo species are hunted for their meat). wild cats (\nfemale screaming hairy armadillos give birth to one litter of offspring each year, typically consisting of two young. there is often one male and one female in each litter. young weigh just over 5 ounces (155 grams) at birth. their eyes will remain shut until 16 to 30 days passes, and they wean from their mother until around 2 months of age. screaming hairy armadillos reach sexual maturity is at 9 months .\ndespite being hunted locally for sport, food and for making musical instruments, as well as being deliberately persecuted as an agricultural pest, there appears to be little threat to the large hairy armadillo’s survival at present. although comprehensive surveys are lacking, the extremely wide distribution of this species is indicative that it has a large population, which is resilient against its exploitation (1) .\nan armadillo' s armor is made up of overlapping plates covering the back, head, legs and tail. the number of armored bands identifies the different species, according to the san diego zoo. only one species, the three - banded armadillo, can roll itself into a hard armored ball to defend itself against predators. other armadillo species simply dig a hole quickly and hunker down so that their tender stomach is protected and their armor is the only thing visible .\nhead and body length among armadillo species ranges from around 125 to 1000 mm and tail length from 25 to 500 mm. the giant armadillo (priodontes maximu s) may weigh as much as 60 kg, whereas the little known pink fairy armadillo (chlamyphorus truncatus) and chacoan fairy armadillo (calyptophractus retusus), which are both thoroughly adapted to a subterranean lifestyle, weigh only around 100 g (delsuc et al. 2012 and references therein). armadillos have small ears. the snout, which encloses a long protrusible tongue, varies considerably in length and all species have very reduced peglike dentition, with no incisors or canines .\nlibrary of congress (loc). 2007. how high can a nine - banded armadillo jump? . library of congress. retrieved september 14, 2007 .\nmerritt, dennis a. , jr .\nthe la plata three - banded armadillo in captivity .\ninternational zoo yearbook 16 (1976): 153–156 .\nof the 20 species of armadillos, 12 are listed as vulnerable, endangered, near threatened, or data deficient. exploitation for food and loss of habitat are the main reasons for decline. many populations are fossorial and have not been studied thoroughly and so their current status is unclear. the hairy long - nosed armadillo (d. pilosus) is known only from a few skins from mountains in peru .\narmadillos are short - legged mammals, covered by armor - like jointed plates made up of bone or horny material, separated by flexible tissue. the smallest armadillo, the pink fairy armadillo or pichiciego (chlamyphorus truncatus), found in argentina, is approximately 90 - 115 millimeters (3. 5 - 4. 5 inches) long excluding the tail. the giant armadillo or tatou (priodontes maximus) is the largest species of armadillo, with adults typically weighing around 27 kg (59 lbs) when full grown and a typical length of 895 millimeters (35 inches), of which a third to two - fifths is likely to be accounted for by the tail .\ngreegor, d. h .\npreliminary study of movements and home range of the armadillo, chaetophractus vellerosus .\njournal of mammalogy 61 (1980): 334–335 .\nwhitman, a. 2006 .\ntree of life web project\n( on - line). the armadillo' s story. accessed february 15, 2009 at urltoken .\nscreaming hairy armadillos have a few unique methods of hunting; they regularly burrow under and sometimes into carcasses in search of invertebrates to consume. this species has also been observed digging in an unusual fashion—instead of using their legs and claws to expose grubs and insects, screaming hairy armadillos will force their heads into the ground, then turn in a circle to create a cone - shaped hole. there have also been recorded instances of these armadillos throwing themselves upon small snakes, which are then cut by the edges of the carapace .\nabout 10 extant genera and 20 extant species of armadillo have been described, some of which are distinguished by the number of bands on their armour. their average length is about 75 cm (30 in), including tail. the giant armadillo grows up to 150 cm (59 in) and weighs up to 54 kg (119 lb), while the pink fairy armadillo is a diminutive species, with an overall length of 13 to 15 cm (5 to 6 in). all species are native to the americas, where they inhabit a variety of environments .\nthere are 21 species of armadillo, according to the integrated taxonomic information system (itis). some armadillos are very small, while others are huge. the smallest is the pink fairy armadillo, which is about 6 inches (15 centimeters) long. giant armadillos are the largest species, and are about 5 feet (1. 5 meters) long, according to national geographic .\nthe large hairy armadillo is found in the gran chaco region of bolivia, paraguay and argentina, and also occurs south through argentina to the provinces of santa cruz and magallanes (1). it is also found in eastern chile from the provinces of bío - bío, south to aisén (2), and has been introduced to tierra del fuego (1). this species ranges from sea - level, up to elevations of 1, 300 metres (1) .\nduring the great depression in the united states, the nine - banded armadillo was known as\nhoover hog\nby down - on - their luck americans who had to eat them instead of the\nchicken in every pot\nherbert hoover had promised as president (smith 2001). earlier, german settlers in texas would often refer to the armadillo as panzerschwein (\narmored pig\n) .\na powerful digger (3), the large hairy armadillo either builds simple burrows for temporary shelter or more complex branching burrows where it resides for longer periods (4). activity usually commences at dusk and continues throughout the night, although some daytime activity may also occur in some areas (5). a variety of prey is taken, in particular, subterranean invertebrates, which are located by smell and exposed by shovelling soil away using the head and powerful fore claws (3) (5) .\nvizcaino, s. , n. milne. 2005. structure and function in armadillo limbs (mammalia: . journal of zoology, 257, 1: 117 - 127. accessed february 17, 2009 at urltoken .\nthe family dasypodidae, the armadillos, includes 21 species placed in 8 genera, all found only in the new world (the 21st armadillo species to be recognized, dasypus yepesi, was described only in 1995 from the gran chaco of paraguay and northern argentina). armadillos occur from the southern united states to the straits of magellan. only the nine - banded armadillo (d. novemcinctus) reaches as far north as the united states .\nschaefer, j. , m. hostetler. 2008 .\nuniversity of florida ifas extension\n( on - line). the nine - banded armadillo (dasypus novemcinctus). accessed february 16, 2009 at urltoken .\nactivity is mostly crepuscular and / or nocturnal although yellow, three - banded, northern long - nosed, and pichi (zaedyus pichiy) armadillos forage during the day. many species shift activity periods seasonally, becoming more diurnal as temperatures drop. only andean hairy (c. nationi) and pichi armadillos hibernate. young nine - banded armadillos have a morning and an evening peak of activity. when active, armadillos mostly forage. when disturbed, many balance on back feet and tail and sniff to monitor for predators or conspecifics. if suddenly surprised, nine - banded armadillos will leap into the air and land running, startling a predator. this escape strategy is used unsuccessfully with automobiles, resulting in road kills. armadillos are champion sleepers, spending upwards of 16 hours snoozing per day .\n), are listed as endangered, 12 of 20 members are currently listed as vulnerable, endangered, near threatened, or data deficient. because many species of dasypodidae are fossorial, they have not been thoroughly studied, so the status of many groups is not well defined. for example, hairy long - nosed armadillos (\narmadillos are prolific diggers, and many species use their sharp claws to dig for food such as grubs, and to dig dens. the nine - banded armadillo prefers to build burrows in moist soil near the creeks, streams, and arroyos near which it lives and feeds. the diet of different armadillo species varies, but consists mainly of insects, grubs, and other invertebrates. some species, however, are almost entirely formicivorous (feeding mainly on ants) .\nlength 14. 6 in (37 cm); weight 1. 9 lb (850 g). dentition: 9 / 10. smallest of the hairy armadillos, it has a broad head shield with widely spaced ears and 18 bands. silky hairs sparsely cover the body. kidneys concentrate fluids and are thus adapted to arid climates .\nwildlife enthusiasts are using the northward march of the nine - banded armadillo as an opportunity to educate others about the animals, which can be a burrowing nuisance to homeowners, cemetery caretakers, and golf course superintendents (schaefer and hostetler) .\n. (the leprosy bacterium is difficult to culture and armadillos have a body temperature of 34 °c (93 °f), similar to human skin .) humans can acquire a leprosy infection from armadillos by handling them or consuming armadillo meat .\nall armadillos live in central and south america, except for one species. the nine - banded armadillo ranges from argentina to the southern united states, according to the animal diversity web (adw) at the university of michigan. since the mid - 19th century, nine - banded armadillos have expanded northward. they have been seen in florida and are now common in missouri. in 2000, the body of a nine - banded armadillo was found in central illinois, according to adw .\nhamlett, g. w. d (september 1933) .\npolyembryony in the armadillo: genetic or physiological ?\n. the quarterly review of biology 8 (3): 348–358. doi: 10. 1086 / 394444. jstor 2808431 .\nomnivorous animals, screaming hairy armadillos will eat primarily plants, insects and small vertebrates such as frogs, toads, lizards, birds and rodents. their diet fluctuates seasonally, with insects in the beetle family being the primary part of their diet in summer months and plant material—especially seed pods from prosopis trees—making up much of their winter diet. they will also occasionally scavenge for food .\nbaby armadillos are called pups. according to the san diego zoo, twin births are common. nine - banded armadillos have four identical pups of the same gender in every litter, and the seven - banded armadillo has eight to 15 identical pups at one time .\nschaefer, j. m. , and m. e. hostetler. n. d. the nine - banded armadillo (dasypus novemcinctus). university of florida, institute of food and agricultural sciences (uf / ifas). retrieved september 14, 2007 .\nall members of the genus chaetophractus burrow under carcasses to obtain maggots and other insects, and have been reported to burrow directly into carcasses at times. they occasionally dig up insects by forcing their head directly into ground a few centimeters. some individuals have been seen killing small snakes by jumping on them, using the edge of the shell to cut them. c. vellerosus is omnivorous. over half of its food intake in winter is vegetation. in summer it eats many rodents, lizards and other small vertebrates. hunted as an agricultural pest and for food. sometimes called the screaming hairy armadillo due to the squealing noises it emits when threatened .\npacheco, j. , and c. j. naranjo .\nfield ecology of dasypus sabanicola in the flood savanna of venezuela .\nin the armadillo as an experimental model in biomedical research. washington: pan american health organization no. 366 (1978): 13–15 .\nhead and body length reaches 220 to 400 mm and the tail length is 90 to 175 mm. the head shield is 60 mm long and 60 mm wide. this armadillo has 18 dorsal bands, 8 of which are movable. (nowak, 1999) unlike other armadillos ,\nand as for armadillos—the risk of transmission to humans is low. only the nine - banded armadillo is known to carry the disease. and, most people in the u. s. who come down with the chronic bacterial disease get it from other people while traveling outside the country .\ntalmage, r. , g. buchanan. 1954. the armadillo: a review of its natural history, ecology, anatomy and reproductive physiology. pp. 1 - 12 in the rice institute pamphlet, vol. 41, 1st edition. houston, texas: the rice institute .\nbagatto, b; d. a. crossley and w. w. burggren (1 june 2000) .\nphysiological variability in neonatal armadillo quadruplets: within - and between - litter differences\n. journal of experimental biology. 159 203 (11): 267–277. pmid 10804163 .\narmadillos have short legs but can move quickly, and have the ability to remain underwater for as long as six minutes. because of the weight of its armor, an armadillo will sink in water unless it inflates its stomach with air, which often doubles its size (portillo 1999) .\nusually, the only time armadillos get together is to mate or to keep warm. during cold times, a group of armadillos may hunker down in a burrow together to share body heat. sometimes, a seven - banded armadillo will share its burrow with others of the same gender, though .\nguillaume billet, lionel hautier, christian de muizon and xavier valentin (2011) .\noldest cingulate skulls provide congruence between morphological and molecular scenarios of armadillo evolution\n. proceedings of the royal society 278 (1719): 2791. doi: 10. 1098 / rspb. 2010. 2443 .\narmadillos are barrel - shaped animals covered with natural armor. in fact, its name in spanish means “little armored one. ” the armadillo’s armor works well against most predators, but not against cars. they are also known as the “hillbilly speed bump” for their tendency to get run over by vehicles .\ndue to their habit of jumping three to four feet vertically when startled, which puts them into collision with the underside of vehicles. wildlife enthusiasts are using the northward march of the armadillo as an opportunity to educate others about the animals, which can be a burrowing nuisance to property owners and managers .\nburton, m. , r. burton. 1969. armadillo. pp. 85 - 87 in international wildlife encyclopedia, vol. 1, 3rd edition. new york: marshall cavendish corporation. accessed february 12, 2009 at urltoken; = pa86 & dq; = dasypodidae + lifespan # ppp1, m1 .\nsome phylogenies based on molecular data have used armadillos to place xenarthrans as a sister taxon to ferungulates (carnivores and hoofed mammals), whereas others place them with afrotheria (elephants, hyraxes, and aardvarks). the armadillo suborder, cingulata, split from anteaters and sloths around the cretaceous / tertiary boundary. cingulata has only one living family, dasypodidae, which has three main clades represented by the subfamilies: dasypodinae, the long - nosed genus that arose first, tolypeutinae (giant, naked - tailed, and three - banded armadillos), and the closely related euphractinae (hairy, yellow, and pichi armadillos). phylogeny within the subfamilies remains unclear. the genus, chlamyphorus, does not appear in the analysis because populations were rare and not sampled .\nthe nine - banded armadillo was, with some resistance, made the state small mammal of texas, where it is considered a pest and is often seen dead on the roadside. they first forayed into texas across the rio grande from mexico in the 1800s, eventually spreading across the southeast united states (smith 2001) .\nhome ranges. females may or may not share an area with each - other depending on density. although males do overlap in home range, breeding males may use more exclusive areas. these breeding\nterritories\nare maintained by aggression directed at non - breeding males. female aggression in nine - banded, yellow (euphractus sexcinctus), and larger hairy armadillos is associated with lactation. defense of space was also seen in northern long - nosed armadillos during the breeding season .\narmadillos have short legs but can move quite quickly, and have the ability to remain underwater for as long as six minutes. because of the density of its armor, an armadillo will sink in water unless it inflates its stomach and intestines with air, which often doubles its size and allows it to swim across narrow bodies of water .\nthe dorsal surface of an armadillo' s body is covered with bony plates that protect the head, back, and sides and sometimes the legs and tail. around the center of the body this armor is arranged into bands of plates separated by soft skin, allowing the animal to bend its body (the number of bands is often a useful character in distinguishing armadillo species). the back is smoothly rounded and the legs are short and powerful, with strong claws on the toes. there are three to five toes on the forefeet and five on the hindfeet. the belly is soft and naked. most species have little or no hair, but one montane species has dense hair covering the armor .\narmadillos are generally termite and ant specialists (although other animal and even plant food is consumed as well). all species apparently sleep and raise their young in burrows they dig themselves, each species building a burrow with a characteristic size and shape. an armadillo burrow can be recognized by its smooth dome - shaped roof. the litter size is 1 to 12 young .\narmadillos have short legs, but can move quite quickly, and have the ability to remain under water for as long as six minutes. because of the density of its armour, an armadillo will sink in water unless it swallows air, inflating its stomach to twice normal size and raising its buoyancy above that of water, allowing it to swim across narrow streams and ditches .\nthe armor is formed by plates of dermal bone covered in small, overlapping epidermal scales called\nscutes .\nthis armor - like skin appears to be the main defense of many armadillos, although most escape predators by fleeing (often into thorny patches, from which their armor protects them) or digging to safety. only the south american three - banded armadillos (tolypeutes) rely heavily on their armor for protection. when threatened by a predator, tolypeutes species frequently roll up into a ball. (other armadillo species cannot roll up because they have too many plates .) the north american nine - banded armadillo tends to jump straight in the air when surprised, and consequently often collides with the undercarriage or fenders of passing vehicles (loc 2007) .\nand it looks like armadillos are the real victims here. scientists believe that we actually transmitted leprosy to them about 400 to 500 years ago. today, up to 20 percent of some armadillo populations are thought to be infected. at least, according to one researcher at the national hansen’s disease program in baton rouge, the critters rarely live long enough to be seriously effected by the disease’s symptoms .\nthis study is the first to assess the phylogenetic systematics of hairy armadillos, combining morphological and molecular analyses of all described extant species. as originally reported by wetzel (1985b) based on simple cranial measurements, our 3 - d geometric morphometrics analyses revealed marked differences in skull size and shape among euphractinae, except for c. vellerosus and c. nationi, which completely overlapped in principal component analysis (figs. 3–5). these data provide evidence for 4 distinct morphological entities within euphractine armadillos that correspond to each species (assuming that c. nationi is part of c. vellerosus) .\nbut before you start to worry about epidemics or making armadillo eradication plans, find comfort in this: though hansen’s disease, as it is clinically known, annually effects 250, 000 people worldwide, it only infects about 150 to 250 americans. even more reassuring: up to 95 percent of the population is genetically unsusceptible to contracting it. and these days, it is highly treatable and not nearly as contagious as once believed .\narmadillos are relatively resistant to parasites, as their shells and sparsely - haired venters limit their vulnerability to ectoparasites. among those that do affect members of dasypodidae are fungi, viruses, protozoans, helminths, and various arthropods. armadillo species in south america have a noticeably wider array of arthropod parasites than their north american counterparts, although throughout the range of dasypodidae there are only around fifty known parasites. armadillos are known to host the bacterium\nmost armadillos have short, thick limb bones that include expanded crests and processes for the attachment of muscles. the tibia and fibula are fused both proximally and distally. digging habits and abilities are correlated with forelimb, but not hindlimb, morphology. armadillo forelimbs have 3 to 5 toes, depending on the species, but their hindlimbs always have 5. the toes are armed with heavy, curved claws, which aid in digging and defense .\nburrows, built for sleeping, nesting, escaping predators, or creating an insect reservoir, are dug in well - drained soils or into ant and termite mounds. naked - tailed armadillos dig a fresh burrow nightly while nine - banded armadillos may reuse 20 burrows per year. in some species, adults and juveniles build nests in burrows by gathering and tucking grass or dead leaves between body and forelimbs, hopping backwards to the burrow, and depositing material by kicking their back feet. female larger hairy (chaetophractus villosus), nine - banded and brazilian seven - banded (d. septemcinctus) armadillos construct above ground grass shelters prior to parturition .\narmadillos are omnivores, which means they eat meat and plants, though 90 percent of an armadillo’s diet is made up of insects and larvae, according to the internet center for wildlife damage management. with their long, sticky tongue, armadillos catch ants, beetles, termites and other insects after digging them out of the ground. they also eat plants, eggs, small vertebrates and some fruit. from time to time, they will scavenge for dead animals .\nc. villosus breeds in september. the gestation time is 2 months, and there may be multiple litters per year. generally two young are produced, usually 1 male and 1 female. the young open their eyes at 16 — 30 days, are weaned at 50 — 60 days, and reach sexual maturity at 9 months. one c. villosus specimen lived more than 30 years in captivity. c. villosus is the second most common armadillo held in zoos .\nthere are currently 21 described species of armadillos (xenarthra, cingulata, dasypodidae— gardner 2005). a recent reassessment of their conservation status has shown that virtually all species are affected by hunting and habitat degradation (abba and superina 2010). that study, as well as a more recent literature review by superina et al. (2014), highlighted the scarcity of basic information on the natural history and population dynamics of many armadillo species, and even on the taxonomy of some species .\nthe nine - banded armadillo has been the focus of much research on polyembryony. polyembryony, the production of two or more embryos from a single zygote (fertilized egg), occurs sporadically in diverse animal taxa (including humans). among the vertebrates, only armadillos of the genus dasypus are known to utilize polyembrony as their standard reproductive mode. each litter is typically a set of four identical quadruplets derived from a single fertilized egg. (prodohl et al. 1996; loughry 1998 )\narmadillos are terrestrial to fossorial, exploiting habitats ranging from rainforests to desert, including deciduous and cloud forests, grasslands, llanos, savanna, and thorny scrub. in tropical rainforests armadillos are second only to sloths in mammalian biomass. adult armadillos are prey to jaguars, pumas, jaguarundis, wild dogs, maned wolves, black bears, and alligators. probably due to their smaller size, nine - banded armadillo juveniles have twice the mortality of adults, falling prey to these and other animals including raptors .\nthe nine - banded armadillo, dasypus novemcinctus, also serves science through its unusual reproductive system, in which four identical quadruplets are born in each litter (schaefer and hostetler). because they are always identical, the group of four young provides a good subject for scientific, behavioral, or medical tests that need consistent biological and genetic makeup in the test subjects. this phenomenon of multiple identical birth, called polyembryony, only manifests in the genus dasypus and not in all armadillos, as is commonly believed .\nthe new euphractine sequences obtained for each of the 6 non - coding nuclear markers were combined with the armadillo sequences previously obtained by möller - krull et al. (2007). each individual data set was then aligned using mafft and manually trimmed to the region amplified with the new primers. ambiguously aligned sites were then filtered by using the program gblocks (castresana 2000) with default relaxed parameters. the subsequent concatenation of the 5 non - coding data sets yielded an alignment totaling 2, 131 nucleotide sites for 11 taxa .\nphylogenetic relationships of armadillo subfamilies (dasypodinae, tolypeutinae, chlamyphorinae, and euphractinae) represented as maximum likelihood phylograms inferred from the concatenation of a) the 6 nuclear non - coding markers; b) the 2 nuclear protein - coding genes brca1 and vwf; and c) all 8 non - coding and protein - coding nuclear markers. values at nodes represent bootstrap percentages / bayesian posterior probabilities. a dash (-) indicates that the node was not recovered in the corresponding analysis. the scale bar represents the mean number of substitutions per site .\nso, what’s unique about armadillos that make them good carriers? likely a combination of body temperature and the fragile nature of the disease. as the new york times reports, leprosy is a “wimp of a pathogen .\nit’s so fragile that it dies quickly outside of the body and is notoriously difficult to grow in lab conditions. but with a body temperature of just 90 degrees, one hypothesis suggests, the armadillo presents a kind of goldilocks condition for the disease—not too hot, not too cold. bacterial transmission to people can occur when we handle or eat the animal .\nmany larger creatures recognize the value of having the least possible surface area. rolling into a ball is a simple but effective form of defence, used by creatures as diverse as the woodlouse, the hedgehog, and the armadillo. the economy of shape is made even more effective by adding some form of flexible armour - plating on the surface of the sphere. all the vulnerable and vital organs and limbs are tucked away inside the protective casing, presenting a predator with a frustrating ball game instead of a meal .\n( foy and oxford scientific films 1982: 21 )\narmadillos provide some unique values for humans. for one, armadillos are often used in the study of leprosy, since they are among the few known non - human animal species that can contract the disease systemically. the nine - banded armadillo, dasypus novemcinctus, also serves science through the fact that four identical quadruplets are born in each litter, providing a good subject for scientific, behavioral, or medical tests that need consistent biological and genetic makeup in the test subjects. armadillos also add to the wonder of nature for humans, including the propensity of some to roll themselves into a tight ball when threatened .\nall members of dasypodidae have armor on their sides, back and tail, as well as the top of their head, which makes up their characteristic “shell. ” this armor is composed of a series of plates of ossified scutes covered with a leathery keratinous skin. the scutes are arranged into movable bands, which usually overlap to effectively seal gaps in the armor. areas of soft skin and sometimes hair are located between the bands. in some species, the ventral surface is covered in dense hairs. the belly is soft and unprotected by bone, although some species are able to curl into a ball. the limbs have irregular plates covering at least parts of their surfaces, and they also may be hairy. the top of the head is always covered by a shield of keratin - covered scutes, and the long rat - like tail is covered by bony rings .\nlike all armadillos, much of this animal' s body is covered with a thick armor, which is comprised of bony plates covered in small, overlapping scales called scutes. their armor consists of a shield covering the head, a small band between the ears on the animal' s neck, and the carapace, which covers the rest of the body. about 18 bands make up the carapace, six to eight of which are movable, allowing the armadillo to curl up if threatened. as their name suggests, armadillos in this genus have more hair than other armadillos: white and light brown hair protrudes from between scutes and covers the limbs and belly." ]

{ "text": [ "the andean hairy armadillo ( chaetophractus nationi ) is an armadillo located in bolivia , in the region of the puna ; the departments of oruro , la paz , and cochabamba ( gardner , 1993 ) .", "nowark ( 1991 ) describes it as distributed in bolivia and northern chile .", "a recent publication of pacheco ( 1995 ) also locates the species in peru , basically in puno region .", "this species is also thought to be present in northern argentina .", "however , this location may actually only contain a population of c. vellerosus . " ], "topic": [ 27, 5, 0, 17, 26 ] }

[ "the andean hairy armadillo (chaetophractus nationi) is an armadillo located in bolivia, in the region of the puna; the departments of oruro, la paz, and cochabamba (gardner, 1993). nowark (1991) describes it as distributed in bolivia and northern chile. a recent publication of pacheco (1995) also locates the species in peru, basically in puno region. this species is also thought to be present in northern argentina. however, this location may actually only contain a population of c. vellerosus." ]

[ "have a fact about cibyra mexicanensis? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for cibyra mexicanensis? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ncibyra is a genus of moths of the family hepalidae. there are 50 described species, found throughout central and south america .\ncibyra is a genus of moths of the family hepalidae. there are 50 described species, found throughout central and south america. = = species = = ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnielsen, e. s. , g. s. robinson, d. l. wagner. 2000. ghost - moths of the world: a global inventory and bibliography of the exoporia (mnesarchaeoidea and hepialoidea) (lepidoptera). journal of natural history 34 (6): 823 - 878 .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors (here). text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 license; additional terms may apply. images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "cibyra mexicanensis is a species of moth of the family hepialidae .", "it is known from mexico , from which its species epithet is derived . " ], "topic": [ 2, 25 ] }

[ "cibyra mexicanensis is a species of moth of the family hepialidae. it is known from mexico, from which its species epithet is derived." ]

[ "adult white - breasted waterhen at sengkang floating wetland. photo credit: francis yap\nwhite - breasted waterhen northern birds may migrate southwards, forming mixed flocks with local residents. northern birds seem to be larger than others. white - breasted waterhen is monogamous .\nrange: white - breasted waterhen is resident in india, southern china, sw asia to the philippines and bali .\ni spotted the white - breasted waterhen, amaurornis phoenicurus, nesting and feeding on 23 february 2016 at japanese garden .\nthe white - breasted waterhen are resident birds in most of their ranges. they may make local movements for breeding and feeding. some northern waterhen populations may move southwards for wintering .\nwhite - breasted waterhen can step on large lotus leaves, and sometimes it has to swim, but it is not a very good swimmer .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - white - breasted waterhen (amaurornis phoenicurus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - white - breasted waterhen (amaurornis phoenicurus )\ntitle =\narkive species - white - breasted waterhen (amaurornis phoenicurus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nprotection / threats / status: white - breasted waterhen is common and not threatened, although suffers from hunting, and it is often killed on the roads .\nthe iucn (international union for conservation of nature) has categorized and evaluated these white - breasted waterhen species and has listed them as of\nleast concern\n.\nover in singapore, andy dinesh documented a video of an adult white - breasted waterhen leading three chicks foraging grass seeds at lorong halus in december 2013 (below) .\ndiet: white - breasted waterhen feeds mainly on insects, spiders, grain, fish, worms and snails, and some parts, shoots and roots, of marsh plants .\nthe white - breasted waterhen feeds primarily on invertebrates, aquatic insects, terrestrial insects, worms, small frogs and mollusks. it also feeds on seeds, grass, shoots and berries .\ni followed its movement. to my surprised i found a nest and another waterhen was resting on the nest. i captured it on video and saw one of the adult waterhen feeding the chicks. i am very surprised to find out that the white - breasted waterhen’s nest was on a tree and not on ground level .\nthe white - breasted waterhen global population is estimated to be around 10, 000 to 100, 000 individual birds. however the population trend is uncertain. as waterhen occurrence is in extremely large range, it is considered that they do not approach the thresholds for the vulnerable species. destruction, modification and fragmentation of the natural habitats are the main threats for the survival of these waterhen species .\nflight: white - breasted waterhen flies with dangling legs and outstretched neck, as other rallidae. it flies when necessary, usually gliding along at slow speed for a few metres, before rapidly landing, because their huge, heavy feet .\nurbanisation is badly affecting the white breasted waterhen! having had several families of them grow up in my garden during the past six years, and watching the population continue to decline, i will inflict an article on the visitors to this website soon .\nthe white - breasted waterhen is found throughout the indian subcontinent (including the british indian ocean territory) and south east asia, as far as the lesser sundas, indonesia (2) (3) (5) (7). although a resident species in most of its range, northern populations may move south in winter, and may also range west to arabia (2) (7). the white - breasted waterhen appears to be extending its distribution northwards into japan (2) .\naccording to amar, “although common, the diet of the white - breasted waterhen could do with more observation. their diet is large and varied, comprising many insects, earthworms, some molluscs, grass seeds, roots / shoots of some plants, etc .\nthe white - breasted waterhen is a common species with a widespread distribution, and is not known to face any major threats. it is not currently considered at risk of extinction (7), and has even extended its range in some areas (2) .\nhabitat: white - breasted waterhen lives near freshwater marshes and in habitats with dense undergrowth. it is very common in mangroves, reedbeds, grasslands, ricefields, orchards, parks and gardens. it is also found near small streams and pools where there is dense vegetation .\nit was my first time seeing an adult waterhen climb a tree. out of curiosity ,\ndescription: white - breasted waterhen has dark slate - brown upperparts. face and underparts are white. flanks, vent and undertail feathers are rufous - chestnut. bill is yellowish - green. in breeding plumage, we can see the red base on the upper mandible. eyes are deep red. legs and large feet are yellowish. both sexes are similar .\nwhite - breasted waterhen found throughout asia and indonesia. also christmas island and cocos (keeling) islands in the indian ocean, where this bird was photographed. inhabits edges of tropical wetlands and forest margins wary, skulks in the open but quick to dash for cover if disturbed .\nthe white - breasted waterhen breeding season is usually between june and october, but varies locally. the nest is built on dry ground in marshes. the males are monogamous. the clutch consists of 6 - 8 eggs. both the parents take part in incubation and raising of chicks .\nthe white - breasted waterhen is a common breeding resident in our area. although most are found in and near all sorts of wetland, it also occurs in parks with bushy growth, large gardens and in scrub and other cover near seepage patches and puddles. this may represent an extension in recent years of the types of habitat occupied .\nthese waterhen species inhabit subtropical or tropical mangrove forests, wetlands, marshes, dense swamps, reedbeds and paddy fields .\nbehaviour: white - breasted waterhen may be seen in open area in the morning, when it feeds. it picks up while walking, with tail held upright, and flicking it. it forages on the ground, feeding on worms and snails. it also eats roots and shoots of aquatic plants, and probes in mud or shallow water with its bill .\nthe white - breasted waterhen are small birds measuring 25 to 35 cm. the male birds are larger and weigh between 200 to 330 grams whereas the females weigh between 160 to 230 grams. they have dark grey upper parts and flanks with a clean whitish face, breast and belly. immature birds have only traces of whiteness on the front. young chicks are black. the lower belly and undertail is cinnamon colored. their flattened body facilitates their movement through reeds. the waterhen call is a repetitive croaking sound .\nidentification: adult has white face and underparts contrasting with dark slaty - grey upperparts, chestnut undertail - coverts and distinctive yellowish - green bill with red base. juvenile has browner upperparts, dark spots on ear - coverts and less white over eye .\ntaylor, b. (2018). white - breasted waterhen (amaurornis phoenicurus). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nvoice: sounds by xeno - canto white - breasted waterhen is very vocal in breeding season, and at dawn and dusk. it may also be vocal at night. it gives some grunts, soft hisses and other strange sounds, followed by a repeated raucous call “kwak - kwak - kwaak”. it also utters a soft, hollow “hoop”, repeated monotonously. alarm call is a high - pitched “hik” .\nthe white - breasted waterhen nests from june to october when water levels are at their highest. at that time it can be very noisy uttering various grunts and chuckles. when in territorial disputes it makes a strange roaring noise that sounds like it must come from something much bigger. although it does not flock and is quite territorial, the density of birds can still be high in favoured spots. however it is most familiar as a bird of village ponds, small swamps and roadside drainage ditches .\n) is a small bird belonging to the crake and rail family, rallidae. these waterhen species are distributed in indian subcontinent, east asia, southeast asia, philippines and indonesia .\nnot a particularly shy bird, the white - breasted waterhen often forages in the open. food is taken from the ground (2) (4), but the waterhen will also climb into bushes and trees (2) (3), and is able to swim (2). when on the ground, it moves with a striding walk, often jerking the tail (3), and, if disturbed, tends to run into cover rather than taking flight (4). this species has a varied diet which includes insects, worms, spiders, molluscs and even small fish, as well as grass seeds and the roots and shoots of marsh plants (2) (3) (4) .\nthree subspecies of white - breasted waterhen are generally recognised: amaurornis phoenicurus phoenicurus, amaurornis phoenicurus insularis and amaurornis phoenicurus leucomelana (6), with some also recognising a fourth, amaurornis phoenicurus midnicobaricus (2). the subspecies are separated mainly by the extent of grey on the head and flanks (2) (5), and by the colour of the underparts, which are more olive in a. p. midnicobaricus (2). however, there is considerable variation between individuals, and some populations show intermediate head patterns (2) .\nreproduction: white - breasted waterhen breeds all year round, but mainly during rains. its nest is a shallow cup made with twigs, stems or leaves. it may also build it with woven tall grass stems, with thin lining of grass or other plant material. sometimes, we can see a kind of roof, made with surrounding plants. nest is built among reeds, tussocks or dense vegetation, in wet or dry areas. it is at about one to two metres above the ground. it also may be situated on the ground, but near water .\nsexes alike. white forehead and sides of head; dark slaty - grey above; silky white below; slaty - grey sides of breast and flanks; rufous on vent and under tail - coverts. solitary or in small parties; often around village ponds and tanks, occasionally derelict patches in towns; jerks stumpy tail as it walks with long strides; climbs trees easily, especially when breeding .\nhornbills are still around in singapore. so the next time you see a large black and white bird with a large and prominent beak flapping noisily about, chances are that the bird is a hornbill .\nthese waterhen species are distributed in indonesia, philippines, other southeastern asian countries, indo - china region, southeast china, japan and parts of indian subcontinent. the subspecies a. p. leucomelana is distributed in sulawesi, moluccas and lesser sundas. the waterhen subspecies a. p. midnicobarica is distributed in car nicobar islands of india. the subspecies a. p. insularis occurs in andaman islands and nicobar islands in india .\nthe breeding season of the white - breasted waterhen varies depending on location, and in some places the species may breed year - round (2). normally seen alone or in pairs, or sometimes in small groups (2) (3), it is described as being quite aggressive, with fights often occurring (4). the nest is built on the ground or in tangled vegetation (2) (3), on a shallow, cup - shaped pad made from twigs, stems and leaves (2). the female lays between 4 and 9 eggs, which are incubated by both the male and female for around 20 days. the chicks are covered with black down and leave the nest soon after hatching, being fed and cared for by both the adults (2) .\nthe nest was built with a variety of twigs, some coarser, some finer. but what struck me was the unusual white substance that formed part of the cup (see left). apparently, it was a small piece of fabric that was incorporated into the nest .\nfemale lays 4 to 9 brownish - white or grey eggs, spotted and marked with reddish - brown. incubation lasts about 20 days, shared by both adults. chicks are covered with black fluffy down. they leave the nest very soon, and they run alongside their parents which care for them. this species may produce three broods per year .\nfor members to post topics, comments, etc. viewers are welcome to join by clicking the link above or that in the white box on the lower right of the screen and simply register. by joining and actively participating, we hope to enhance the forum quality and participation. only by sharing can we not only hope to increase our knowledge of the birds around us but also to expand our understanding of bird behaviour and ecology .\nwhat are the characteristics of the scat? what can we find in the mess on the ground or the car? the shape of the scat can be telling! whether ants gather for a feast, indicating the presence of sweetish matters? then there is the white uric acid that most birds excrete. also the presence of seeds, giving a clue as to what the bird has been eating. indeed, we can tell much about the bird by examining the scat .\none morning in may 2005, just as stephen was about to leave his apartment for an appointment, he heard the heavy falpping of wings and deep harsh sounds coming from his balcony. curious, he went to investigate. he had a treat of his life when he saw perching comfortably on the railing, a very large black and white bird with a yellow neck and black - rimmed red eyes. it had a large and prominent yellowish bill and casque. without doubt it was a hornbill. in fact it is no ordinary hornbill. it was a female great hornbill, definitely an escapee as a metal tag can clearly be seen round its right leg .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nchristidis, l. and boles, w. e. 2008. systematics and taxonomy of australian birds. csiro publishing, collingwood, australia .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is very large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population is estimated to number c. 10, 000 - 100, 000 individuals (wetlands international 2006). trend justification: the population trend is difficult to determine because of uncertainty over the impacts of habitat modification on population sizes .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species inhabits a range of wetland habitats, wherever water is surrounded by a certain amount of thick cover (4). it has been recorded in marshes, swamps, bamboo stands, wet scrub, on the shores of rivers, ponds and lakes, in forest edges and clearings, in mangrove swamps, and even in scrub and bushes far from water. in addition, it often uses habitats close to human settlement, including agricultural fields (such as rice paddies), sewage ponds, village ponds, parks and gardens (2) (3) (4) .\nclassified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nincubate to keep eggs warm so that development is possible. molluscs a diverse group of invertebrates, mainly marine, that have one or all of the following; a horny, toothed ribbon in the mouth (the radula), a shell covering the upper surface of the body, and a mantle or mantle cavity with a type of gill. includes snails, slugs, shellfish, octopuses and squid. subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species, but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species .\ndel hoyo, j. , elliott, a. and sargatal, j. (1996) handbook of the birds of the world. volume 3: hoatzin to auks. lynx edicions, barcelona .\ngrewal, b. , harvey, b. and pfister, o. (2002) a photographic guide to the birds of india and the indian subcontinent, including pakistan, nepal, bhutan, bangladesh, sri lanka and the maldives. princeton university press, new jersey .\nwhistler, h. (1963) popular handbook of indian birds. oliver and boyd, edinburgh .\nrobson, c. (2007) new holland field guide to the birds of south - east asia. new holland publishers, london .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nconsiderable individual variation in size and plumage renders determination of subspecies difficult, leading to various treatments. here, possible races chinensis (much of mainland range from india e to e china) and javanica (malay peninsula, greater sundas) included within nominate owing to overlap in measurements, but may well be valid; proposed race maldiva (maldive is) also subsumed within nominate, leucocephalus (car nicobar) within insularis, and variabilis (sulawesi) in leucomelana. four subspecies recognized .\n( pennant, 1769) – pakistan, india, maldives and sri lanka to e china, taiwan, ryukyu is, bonin is and japan, and s through se asia and philippines to greater sundas, christmas i and cocos (keeling) is; n populations winter to s, ranging w to arabia. currently expanding n into japan and korea, and e into micronesia (cocos, yap )\nsharpe, 1894 – andaman is and nicobar is (except c nicobars) .\n( s. müller, 1842) – sulawesi, w moluccas and lesser sundas .\nbirds from sangihe and talaud is (ne of sulawesi) normally included in nominate race, but may be closer to other sulawesi forms; further study needed # r .\n28–33 cm; male 203–328 (228·5) g, female 166–225 (196·5) g; wingspan 49 cm. relatively large, distinctive species; unmistakable, with ...\ncharacteristic very loud call comprises variety of roars, grunts, croaks and chuckles, followed by ...\nreedy or grassy swamps, marshes, tall grass with reeds and shrubs, bamboo stands, wet scrub, rice ...\nworms, molluscs, insects (beetles, grasshoppers, etc .) and their larvae, spiders and small fish; also grass seeds, and shoots and roots of ...\nindia and pakistan, jun–oct (sw monsoon); andaman and nicobar is, jun–jul; ryukyu, apr–oct; sumatra, jan, may, jul, sept ...\nresident throughout most of range, but n populations winter s to lesser sundas, occurring w to ...\nnot globally threatened (least concern). formerly regarded as common throughout range. currently common in borneo, sumatra, java and bali, and fairly common though local in ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\npoliolimnas and aenigmatolimnas are now subsumed within this genus. differences in vocalizations among populations for which such data are available suggest that species diversity of bush - hens has probably been underestimated; further study required .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\njosep del hoyo, yoël jimenez, philip griffin, mkennewell, pieter de groot boersma, éric roualet, colintrainor, juan sanabria, jmperezdeana, eldert groenewoud, keith and lynn youngs, vinayak patel, jerome ko, vasanthan. p. j, aviceda, alok tewari, datriana, nick talbot, anthony laven, sammy paran, chandrahas kolhatkar, jeel bharat patel, desmond allen, joe kelly, ram gopal soni .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njuvenile is duller than adults, with brown upperparts, and dark grey face and underparts. bill is grey .\nit is also seen foraging above the ground, in bushes and small trees. it is clumsy among branches, due to its enormous feet with long toes. however, its slender body allows it to slip through the dense vegetation .\nit can be seen foraging singly or in pairs, and it is active by day. it roosts at night in vegetation, in bushes or trees. if alarmed, it will fly or run into dense vegetation, dashing in with head down .\nthis species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is very large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: amaurornis phoenicurus. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nimage author: antony grossy | license: cc by - sa 4. 0\nimage author: jj harrison | livense: cc by - sa 3. 0\none adult seen giving alarm call with chick seen chirping in background. another adult seen together, but not vocalising .\nextended cut of whimpery song (?) perched in palms near rice paddies adjacent to guesthouse. vocalization gets quiet in segments, also some house noise at times (water pump, ac unit, etc. )\nprobably this species, comparing with xc191244 and xc188426. sonogram also seems to fit .\nstarted calling at dusk, when we were going up to\nair terjun\n, when we got back still calling .\ncalls from a single bird flushing in front of me at the edge of a large, marshy lake .\nnatural vocalization; song duet from a pair of birds at the edge of a large marshy lake .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 328, 803 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nrange: found from the indian subcontinent, southern china to southeast asia with northern population wintering in southeast asia .\nhabitat: various kinds of well - vegetated wetlands, pools and streams in open forest, mangroves and adjacent open areas, track, roadsides, gardens and parks .\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nit favours bushy cover along the edges of wetlands and is less often seen in large reedbeds or in the middle of large water hyacinth patches. typically, it will be spotted walking rather sedately with high steps and jerking tail at the edges of cover, along paths or on nearby lawns. it is usually rather nervous and secretive but it can be confiding in places where it is used to people. it has even been known to take bread from human hands .\nvery noisy when breeding during rains, a series of loud croaks and chuckles, the commonest being a harsh krr…khwakk…; often calls through the night; silent during dry season .\nwe noticed that you' re using an unsupported browser. the tripadvisor website may not display properly. we support the following browsers :\na highly recommended place for bird watchers. cycles, rickshaws & tonga' s available. i would recommend walking for as long as you can, one way stretch is around 5 km. should have good binoculars, a minimum of 250mm zoom. fortunately we hires a good guide\nmr. jagdish prasad\nwho insisted on renting a telescope too, which eventually was the best thing ...\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site... (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites. taxes, fees not included for deals content .\npnlit acknowledges that all images, articles and other content displayed on this website are the property of each of its creators and / or pnlit .\npingback: two birds die from crashing into windows at nus science today | otterman speaks ...\nprivacy & cookies: this site uses cookies. by continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. to find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: cookie policy\nthere was an adult and a chick. the latter was feeding independently, picking off small insects off low lying bushes (above left) as well as grass and sedge seeds (above right, possibly pycreus polystachyos (previously cyperus polystachyos) (below left: close - up of the chick) .\n“the adult became concerned with my observation and assumed this ‘rigid’ posture (above right) and, with the beak closed, uttered a series of sharp calls (sorry missed recording them), ” wrote amar. “this rapidly produced the other adult with another chick in tow. i backed off and they became more settled, and continued feeding as family. ”\n“the parent bird went about picking grass seeds for the chicks which were obviously in a somewhat vertically challenged state, ” wrote andy in his website link. two of the chicks seemed to be more dependent of the parent and rarely strayed more than a half a metre from it. the third was however more independent and did not seem to mind being away from the protective wings of the parent bird. the parent bird extended back its wings as if to provide shelter for its brood even though the chicks seemed a little big to all fit under the umbrella at the same time. ”\n“, heard some loud chattering, clicking & bubbling calls at hindhede park ...\n“i returned to this site today to do some follow up bird work. i again ...\nthe eurasian tree sparrow (passer montanus), once a common resident, is getting uncommon in singapore... .\n“i was watching this pair of common mormons (papilio polytes romulus) in what i thought ...\n“in a small patch of forest which remained between the bt panjang park and a ...\non the afternoon of 23rd november, neighbour amber lau, accompanied by her parents, brought a ...\nthe shodhganga @ inflibnet centre provides a platform for research students to deposit their ph. d. theses and make it available to the entire scholarly community in open access .\nitems in shodhganga are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n) doing an unusual thing. “it was picking up pieces of bread and dropping the bread into the water. it appeared to be trying to lure fish within range for it to prey on. most of the time the bread would be eaten by fish too large for it to prey on. whenever the bread was eaten by a large fish, the bird would pick up another piece of bread and drop it into the water. i didn' t observe it catching any small fish successfully. ”\nreported that he was there the last weekend and saw the same heron standing on a water lily leaf doing the same thing. but it did not manage to catch any small fish .\n) when visitors came to feed the ducks. but he did not see the bird using bread as bait to fish. robert wonders whether this behaviour is natural or learned from watching the duck feed .\nwrote: ”it is well known that the crows are very clever birds. little herons, i have seen in a documentary, may just be as clever. they can bait fish. they observed people feeding ducks in a pond and noticed that fish were also attracted to the bread. so they picked up some tiny bits of bread from the ground and dropped them into water to lure the fish. it worked and they got an easy meal! sometimes they used tiny insects as baits too. ”\n, the little heron is indeed using bread as bait to fish. this has been observed a few times before at the symphony lake, singapore botanic gardens and several times at the waterbird lake, jurong bird park. “this little fellow is certainly not\nbird - brained\nand i believe the key to success for this little chap is learning where to fish, with bait. at the open areas of the symphony lake, the larger fish would take all the bread but in the past, these herons have had more success catching smaller fish by placing it in shallower edges of the pond, usually in shady spots. ”\nsubaraj further added: “david attenborough' s film crew was keen to film this a few years ago and contacted me but unfortunately the bird park' s lake was undergoing renovation then and it was not possible. ”\nconfirms subaraj’s statement of the happenings at the jurong bird park. she has this to say: “the pelicans and swans are fed on floating platforms. when they feed, some of the food falls into the water. this in turn attracts the attention of the fish. so you tend to see a lot of fish swimming around the floating platforms. when the swans move away, the little heron will stand by the edge of the platform staring intently into the water, looking for their food - the fish .\n“there is usually a solitary bird at one platform, waiting for its prey. this is not restricted to the herons. the spot - billed pelican (\n) have taken this one step further. they actually scoop up some food from the tray and drop it into the water to draw the fishes to them. then they will collectively dip their bills into the water and the fishing begins... ”\nhas to say after he went googling - looking for information on this intelligent bird .\ncontributed by azmi mohamed, jeremy lee, robert teo, hung bun tang, r. subaraj and sharon chan. images by yc (top) and azmi (bottom two) .\n) that has invaded western australia from australia' s eastern states. he said the birds had been together for 30 years already and had produced young, which were infertile .\n“we stood and watched the unlikely pair feeding together on the ground for a while and they did indeed seem devoted to each other! our leader was not sure which was the male, which the female, though he had seen the larger bird, the corella, on the nest once .\njust intrigued to know what kind of mingling has been attempted in singapore, if any. ”\n“your cockatoo mixed species pairing is most interesting. particularly since the galah is not an uncommon bird there and he / she should not have been short of partners .\n“the current wave of thought in south - west australia is that all birds of the three species of corella around perth (little, long - billed and western) are feral (originate from escapees). the natural populations of the first two species don' t come anywhere close to western australia while the western may have been native around perth in the past but went extinct, so the current birds are considered feral. the native population is supposed to be further north of perth. at least this is what i have read .\n“if this is true, then the long - billed corella in the mixed pair may not have had a mate of the same species 30 years ago and paired off with the galah .\n“all reports that i have heard of with regards to mixed species pairing have the offspring being infertile. if they are fertile, then the two species involved must be subspecies rather than species .\n“in singapore, there have been records of common / javan myna offspring with the bird being grey with a yellow eye - patch (kang nee pers. comm .). however, i cannot recall other strange pairings involving native species. at present, a lone female rhinoceros hornbill (\ncontributed by ilsa sharp and r. subaraj. top image of tanimbar corella and bottom of rhinoceros and great hornbills by yc\n). suddenly, another adult swam into view with two juveniles in tow, much to my excitement. there has been only three adult grebes left here and so it was quite unexpected to find that they had bred .\nthe little grebe first arrived in 1992, at a little pond adjacent to the old ponggol pig farms. by 1994, there were a few feeding and breeding across the serangoon river, at a large pond, at the serangoon sewage works. colonisation from nearby malaysia was a success and the grebe population continued to grow with a high count of 27 birds in 1996 .\nsoon after, the large pond was filled in and although a shallow pool emerged from the original site, the only good pond that remained was the smaller pond. this pond continues to exist and holds the last remnants of the little grebe population. this had dwindled to just three birds in the last two years .\nthe grebe makes a floating nest of water plants in the middle of the pond and it has bred a few times before, especially when the larger pond was around. the small remaining population still built nests but in many cases, these were not utilised. that is until this year. a nest was built in the middle of the pond and an adult sat on it. even this behaviour did not mean nesting .\nthe only record of a little grebe away from the serangoon / ponggol area was of one bird at the tuas grassland. why is the species not found at sungei buloh and other wetlands areas? one likely reason is the presence of the large predatory common snakehead or aruan .\ncontributed by our bird specialist r. subaraj. image of nesting little grebes taken with permission from ong kiem sian' s video precious moments of nesting birds i .\nwrote in :\ni saw once a family of grebes with 2 chicks at tampines pond. i have not been there for many years. maybe the pond does not exist anymore .\nfrom beijing wrote on 11th april 2006 :\nhowdy folks, i' m currently in beijing, china (where blogspot is blocked and i cannot post my comment on besgroup). i used to observe little grebes swimming in the water - logged empty land across my block in punggol. now it' s a cluster of hdb flats under construction. bird - watching from my living room ...\nthe hornbill project singapore is the brainchild of french naturalist, marc cremades of the winged migration fame. the ides came two years ago when he visited pulau ubin with long - time local birder, prof ng soon chye .\nbut relatively little is known about the breeding behaviour. we know that the female is confined inside a tree cavity during egg incubation and the development of the nestlings. during this 6 - 7 weeks, the male bird regularly and faithfully brings food to feed his mate and later the nestlings as well. only when the nestlings are ready to fledge will the seal be broken. however, next to nothing is known what happens inside the sealed nest .\nthe project is using infrared video cameras to monitor activities inside and outside the nests. male birds will be tagged with a miniaturised gps to track their movements. a temperature gauge placed inside the nest will study the temperature fluctuations. a gas sampling system has also been installed in the nest cavity .\nso far, five females have already been installed inside their nest cavities and at least one has laid a clutch of eggs. the project has found that as soon as the female is installed inside the nest, she sheds her rectrix and remex feathers .\nlocal partners of the project include national parks board, jurong bird park, national university of singapore, national technological university and the besgroup of the nature society (singapore). international partners include ornithologists and scientists from france and thailand .\nas the bird ecology study group is directly involved in this hornbill project, we are monitoring sightings of these birds on mainland singapore. information on dates; number of birds; whether male, female or juvenile; locations and time of sightings can be sent to me at wee37 @ starhub. net. sg. this information would come in useful when we plot the flight range of these hornbills .\nand in pulau ubin. but stephen lau had a treat when a great hornbill (\nit sat there looking at stephen and started chewing and spitting seeds of some fruits kept hidden in its big beak. intrigued, he offered the bird a slice of papaya on a plate. the bird scrambled off to his neighbour' s unit but returned later to finish off the piece of papaya .\na few weeks ago i picked up a small, 14 x 14 mm piece of dry, compressed pellet on my driveway. on examining it under the hand lens, i found that it was composed of short pieces of fibres, a few sand grains, pieces of what looked like coloured palm fruit skin and other unidentified materials .\ncould it actually be a pellet regurgitated by a bird? my knowledge of pellets then was confined to those compressed, undigested bones, hairs, feathers, etc that owls and other raptors regularly regurgitate. but then, pellet casting by non - raptors? by insectivorous birds? by frugivorous birds even ?\nintrigued, i looked up the literature. yes, the literature is flooded with reports on pellet casting by raptors. however, there are also a number of reports of pellet casting by birds that regularly consume fish, insects, caterpillars, etc .\nnow, why do birds that are not birds of prey need to cast pellets? fish - eating birds swallow bones that are removed as pellets. among the contents of these pellets can be found otoliths, those hard inner - ear bones that can help identify the species of fish consumed. insect - eating birds need to spit out the hairs of caterpillars and the exoskeletons of insects, for example .\nwhen a bird takes in its food, this is normally passed directly down into the stomach. here, enzymes, acids and mucous are produced and the process of digestion begins. the food is then passed on to the second part of the stomach, the gizzard, where the soluble parts are ground and passed through to the intestines. the indigestible part of the food is compressed into a pellet by the gizzard, thus taking the shape of the gizzard. this pellet will eventually be regurgitated .\nlocal birders are familiar with pellets regurgitated by raptors. but most are unfamiliar with pellet casting by other birds. but this is a common occurrence in many groups of birds. in fact the international bird pellet study group listed 18 orders comprising 67 families and 316 species of birds that indulge in pellet casting. and this was as far back as 1979. birds that cast pellets include crows, cowbirds, grackles, cormorants, grebes, gulls, terns, swallows, sanderlings and rails .\n) perched on my neighbour’s tv aerial. the bird suddenly opened its beak and made some sort of retching action. it must have regurgitated a pellet. as the bird eats mainly insects, the pellet must have been made up mainly of insects’ exoskeletons composed on indigestible chitin. like\n, you can tell what the birds have been eating by examining their pellets .\nnow coming back to the pellet i picked up. i am still wondering what bird spitted it out? and whether it was an insect - eater or a fruit - eater ?\nwho wrote :\nyes, non - raptors do regurgitate. i only know about this a few months ago when two nature photographers stumbled upon a bee - eater with its beak open wide and suddenly a pellet dropped out. they even sent me a sample of the pellet. however, due to my busy schedule at work and the heat inside my car (yes, i kept it inside my car for a couple of days), it was subsequently smashed accidently. but yes, i did see the exoskeleton of insects especially wing parts .\nan image of a blue - tailed bee - eater regurgitating a pellet, an act he saw a few times and was lucky to get a shot of it. the image is reproduced below .\nreported an early morning intruder to her house at opera estate in february 2006 thus: “my cat brought in this bird to my house early this morning around 1: 00am of feb 3, 2006. this young bird was not harmed and later flew away safely, but lost some feathers taken by my cat. my house is in opera estate off siglap road. i' ve never seen this kind of bird near my house during the day. ”\n). the species is normally found in wetland areas such as flooded fields and marshland. while a small number are resident in singapore, it is believed that many occur as migrants from northern asia. during the passage months, when the birds are undergoing migration, different species of migrants turn up at the strangest places, including buildings and homes, probably due to disorientation caused by the bright lights of urban areas .\n“as opera estate is a suburban area, quite away from the nearest marshy area, this individual is probably a migrant that was undertaking a nocturnal movement (most migrants travel by night). for future reference, it would be a good idea to house such migrants for the night and release them during daylight at the nearest marshland / wetland area. this will minimise the risk of the bird getting further disorientated by the lights at your estate and allow the bird to feed in suitable habitat to recover from both the distant movement and the cat attack before continuing it' s travels the next night or so .\nsent in the image of a dead cinnamon bittern (below) he found near malcolm park in the early morning of 9th january this year. he also believes that this species may be more prone to disorientation during nocturnal flights, thus becoming easy victims to attacks by predators. thanks, tang .\nonce upon a time, there were three species of hornbills present in singapore. however, due to rapid development and large - scale deforestation, all three species became extinct in the late 19th century." ]

{ "text": [ "the white-breasted waterhen ( amaurornis phoenicurus ) is a waterbird of the rail and crake family , rallidae , that is widely distributed across southeast asia and the indian subcontinent .", "they are dark slaty birds with a clean white face , breast and belly .", "they are somewhat bolder than most other rails and are often seen stepping slowly with their tail cocked upright in open marshes or even drains near busy roads .", "they are largely crepuscular in activity and during the breeding season , just after the first rains , make loud and repetitive croaking calls . " ], "topic": [ 27, 23, 13, 14 ] }

[ "the white-breasted waterhen (amaurornis phoenicurus) is a waterbird of the rail and crake family, rallidae, that is widely distributed across southeast asia and the indian subcontinent. they are dark slaty birds with a clean white face, breast and belly. they are somewhat bolder than most other rails and are often seen stepping slowly with their tail cocked upright in open marshes or even drains near busy roads. they are largely crepuscular in activity and during the breeding season, just after the first rains, make loud and repetitive croaking calls." ]

[ "we parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook" ]

{ "text": [ "agelena lawrencei is a species of spider in the family agelenidae , which contains 1146 species of funnel-web spiders .", "it was first described by roewer , in 1955 .", "it is primarily found in zimbabwe . " ], "topic": [ 27, 5, 20 ] }

[ "agelena lawrencei is a species of spider in the family agelenidae, which contains 1146 species of funnel-web spiders. it was first described by roewer, in 1955. it is primarily found in zimbabwe." ]

[ "this is the place for ebeniella definition. you find here ebeniella meaning, synonyms of ebeniella and images for ebeniella copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word ebeniella. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word ebeniella and, of course, ebeniella synonyms and on the right images related to the word ebeniella .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ yemen ], aden, ma' alla ebene, 26. xii. 1898 .\nrebel h. 1907a. lepidopteren aus südarabien und von der insel sokotra. - denkschriften der österreichischen akademie der wissenschaften, wien 71 (2): 31–130, pl. 1 .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, states, usa, television, ... more\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence, all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nvári, l. , kroon, d. m. , & krüger, m. 2002. classification and checklist of the species of lepidoptera recorded in southern africa. simple solutions, chatswood australia .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\ncopyright © 2014 - 2017 babylon software ltd. all rights reserved to babylon translation software\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook" ]

{ "text": [ "zophodia ebeniella is a species of snout moth in the genus zophodia .", "it was described by ragonot in 1888 .", "it is found in mozambique and south africa . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "zophodia ebeniella is a species of snout moth in the genus zophodia. it was described by ragonot in 1888. it is found in mozambique and south africa." ]

[ "spizixos semitorques semitorques: mts. of s china to n vietnam (nw tonkin )\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: spizixos canifrons. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nfishpool, l. & tobias, j. (2018). collared finchbill (spizixos semitorques). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8. 2g: 8. 2\nis a recently described species (woxvold et al. 2009). it is sister to\nfrom\nblack - crested bulbul\nto\nblack - capped bulbul, with split of multiple species. (rasmussen & anderton 2005, fishpool & tobias 2005 )\nthe rare blue - wattled bulbul may be a hybrid (williams 2002), but more evidence needed (dickinson and dekker 2002) .\nis in prevailing usage. based on\nturdoïde de gourdin\nof homblon & jacquinot, 1844 referenced in gray, 1847. see mayr & greenway, 1960 (peters checklist, ix )\nnigeria to s sudan, w kenya. s drcongo, nw zambia and n angola\nnow considered to be a plumage variant of icterine greenbul (collinson et al. 2017 )\nrwenzori mts, itombwe and mt. kabobo (e drcongo), w uganda, w rwanda and n burundi\nmontane tiny greenbul is split from { lowland ] tiny greenbul [ fuchs et al. 2011a ]\nbased on genetic studies. but genetic divergence may support species status. manawatthana et al. 2017\nas a junior synonym. fishpool & tobias, 2005. the population from sabah is vocally and genetically distinct and likely represents an unnamed taxon. the subspecies epithet\n( type speciemen from e kalimantan) has been erroneously applied to this population. eaton et al 2016, rheindt in. litt. (see manawatthana et al. 2017) .\nkuroda, 1922 as a synonym. permanently invalid. dickinson & christidis, 2014 .\ndalupiri, calayan and fuga is. (n of luzon in n philippines )\nis a member of the afrotropical clade of bulbuls (pycnonotidae (johansson et al. 2008, zuccon & ericson 2010 )\nswinhoe, 1861 – c, s & se china and n vietnam (locally w & e tonkin) .\n). nominate race has head mostly blackish - grey, blackest on forecrown and forehead, with white supraloral spot, white ...\nsong (in china) a quick, steadily paced sequence of 3–6 trisyllables (first and last notes ...\nopen woodland, second growth and scrub in montane regions, including brush - covered ravines and ...\nknown to eat both fruit and insects; stomachs of specimens contained a cicada (cicadidae), “field - bugs” and some berry seeds... .\nmar–jul; in s china thought to nest relatively late, usually may onwards, and to have protracted breeding season; probably two broods ...\nnot globally threatened (least concern). locally fairly common or even very common, especially in parts of taiwan and s china. tolerates highly man - modified environments and ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 332, 376 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263, 332, 186 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nclearing around the research station. small trees and scrub. probably not the same bird as on xc110283 - 84 .\nclearing around the research station. small trees and scrub. probably the same bird as on xc110283 - 84\nclearing around the research station. small trees and scrub. same bird as on xc110283 bird - seen: yesplayback - used: no\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. , fishpool, l. d. c. , boesman, p. and kirwan, g. m. 2016. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 2: passerines. lynx edicions and birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, though national population sizes have been estimated at c. 10, 000 - 100, 000 breeding pairs in china and c. 100 - 100, 000 breeding pairs in taiwan (brazil 2009). trend justification: the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group (polytypic) group (monotypic) species split life sp. ssp. intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records (accepted, rejected, pending). to filter / search please enter a phrase. e. g. to filter rejected records, type rejected into the search box, all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n© 2018 birdguides, warners group publications plc. all rights reserved. company registered in england no. 2572212 | vat registration no. gb 638 3492 15\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource, 2011. 09. 22, website (version 22 - sep - 11 )\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource\nmaintained by alan p. peterson at urltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services." ]

{ "text": [ "spizixos is a genus of songbird in the pycnonotidae family .", "it contains the following species : crested finchbill ( spizixos canifrons ) collared finchbill ( spizixos semitorques )" ], "topic": [ 26, 3 ] }

[ "spizixos is a genus of songbird in the pycnonotidae family. it contains the following species: crested finchbill (spizixos canifrons) collared finchbill (spizixos semitorques )" ]

[ "pseudosphinx tetrio (linnaeus) adult; dorsal view; wingspan 12. 5 cm .\npseudosphinx tetrio (linnaeus) larvae defoliating a tree in maricao forest, puerto rico .\npseudosphinx tetrio pupa, boca raton, florida, courtesy of alan chin - lee .\nnotes on pseudosphinx tetrio (l .) (sphingidae) in puerto rico\nnotes on pseudosphinx tetrio (l .) (sphingidae) in puerto rico [ 1985 ]\nclose - up of pseudosphinx tetrio (linnaeus) larva feeding; maricao forest, puerto rico .\npseudosphinx tetrio (linnaeus) larva showing relative size on adult hand; maricao forest, puerto rico .\ncloser view of pseudosphinx tetrio (linnaeus) larva defoliating a tree in maricao forest, puerto rico .\ntetrio sphinx, giant gray sphinx, frangipani hornworm, pseudosphinx tetrio (linnaeus) (insecta: lepidoptera: sphingidae). available at urltoken. accessed january 12, 2010\npseudosphinx tetrio, sept. 7, 2002, 2: 06 am in yasuni, ecuador, by steve graser .\npseudosphinx tetrio (linnaeus) on plumeria alba, buck island, st. croix, u. s. virgin islands .\nother names in the literature synonymous with pseudosphinx tetrio include sphinx plumeriae (fabricius), 1775 (santiago - blay 1985) .\nfigure 2. county records of pseudosphinx tetrio (linnaeus) in florida. illustration by kathryn a. barbara, university of florida .\nfigure 1. pseudosphinx tetrio (linnaeus) adult; dorsal view; wingspan 12. 5 cm. photograph by james dunford, university of florida .\nfigure 6. pseudosphinx tetrio (linnaeus) larvae defoliating a tree in maricao forest, puerto rico. photograph by gino nearns, university of florida .\nfigure 5. close - up of pseudosphinx tetrio (linnaeus) larva feeding; maricao forest, puerto rico. photograph by gino nearns, university of florida .\nfigure 3. pseudosphinx tetrio (linnaeus) larva showing relative size on adult hand; maricao forest, puerto rico. photograph by gino nearns, university of florida .\nfigure 7. closer view of pseudosphinx tetrio (linnaeus) larva defoliating a tree in maricao forest, puerto rico. photograph by gino nearns, university of florida .\nmerle h, suchocki d, gerard m, donnio a. 2001. keratitis due to caterpillar of pseudosphinx tetrio hairs. journal français d' ophtalmologie 24: 635–639 .\nsantiago - blay ja. 1985. notes on pseudosphinx tetrio (l .) (sphingidae) in puerto rico. journal of the lepidopterists' society 39: 208–214 .\nmeerman jc. (2002). the annual outbreak of colorful caterpillars of the frangipani hawkmoth (pseudosphinx tetrio). biological - diversity. info. (30 july 2014 )\nmeerman jc. (2002). the annual outbreak of colorful caterpillars of the frangipani hawkmoth (pseudosphinx tetrio). biological - diversity. info. urltoken (30 july 2014 )\nminno mc, darrow hn. 1995. pseudosphinx tetrio (l .) (lepidoptera: sphingidae) in the florida keys. news of the lepidopterists' society 1: 5–6 .\nmerle h, suchocki d, gerard m, donnio a. 2001. keratitis due to caterpillar of pseudosphinx tetrio hairs. journal français d' ophtalmologie 24: 635 - 639 .\nsantiago - blay ja. 1985. notes on pseudosphinx tetrio (l .) (sphingidae) in puerto rico. journal of the lepidopterists' society 39: 208 - 214 .\nminno mc, darrow hn. 1995. pseudosphinx tetrio (l .) (lepidoptera: sphingidae) in the florida keys. news of the lepidopterists' society 1: 5 - 6 .\nthe tetrio sphinx, pseudosphinx tetrio (linnaeus), is a common moth in the american tropics and subtropics that less frequently occurs in southern parts of florida. although the adults exhibit mostly drab grey coloration, larvae are conspicuous, large caterpillars that often occur in gardens feeding on frangipani and other members of the dogbane family (apocynaceae) .\nfamily: sphingidae, latreille, 1802 subfamily: macroglossinae, harris, 1839 tribe: dilophonotini, burmeister, 1878 genus: pseudosphinx burmeister, 1855... ...... .. species: tetrio linnaeus, 1771\nfigure 4. pseudosphinx tetrio (linnaeus) on plumeria alba, buck island, st. croix, u. s. virgin islands. photograph by dan clark, florida / caribbean exotic plant management team (fcepmt), national park service .\npseudosphinx burmeister (1856) pseudophinx burmeister (1855, misspelled) macrosila lucas (1857) [ preocc. walker (1856) ]\nother names in the literature synonymous with p. tetrio include sphinx plumeriae (fabricius), 1775 (santiago - blay 1985) .\nbiological: use of a biorational or\nsoft\npesticide product with spinosad or bacillus thuringiensis (b. t .) will also work (gabel 2003). their presence and feeding habits typically do not cause severe damage to hosts and trees typically survive pseudosphinx tetrio defoliation .\nduring my afternoon garden - walks, when i pass a frangipani, often it pays to search among the leaves, for lately one of the most boldly patterned and pretty of caterpillar species has been turning up there, the frangipani hornworm, pseudosphinx tetrio. above, one about as long as my finger is shown resting on the lower side of a succulent frangipani stem .\nnearly every year, we see the spectacle of the brightly colored caterpillars of the frangipani hawkmoth (pseudosphinx tetrio). the bright red, black and yellow colors of this caterpillar advertise the unpalatability of the caterpillars to experienced predators. indeed, prey that are not edible to predators are predicted to gain by exhibiting conspicuous and very recognizable colors; experienced predators can then correctly identify and subsequently avoid attacking such prey. the color pattern of this caterpillar are classical colors used by aposematic insects .\nadults eclose from pupae in leaf litter or subterranean chambers. several adult flights occur in florida from march to september. adults are known to nectar on rosy or sea periwinkle (vinca rosea l .). gribel and hay (1993) recorded p. tetrio adults nectaring on caryocar brasiliense cambess. in brazil and suggested that it may be a minor pollinator along with bats for that plant species. they observed the relatively short proboscis of p. tetrio coming into contact with plant reproductive structures while feeding. adults are attracted to lights and flowers at night .\nbiological: use of a biorational or\nsoft\npesticide product with spinosad or bacillus thuringiensis (b. t .) will also work (gabel 2003). their presence and feeding habits typically do not cause severe damage to hosts and trees typically survive p. tetrio defoliation .\ntetrio sphinx caterpillars often appear in gardens or landscaping and can defoliate frangipani trees in a few days or couple of weeks. one caterpillar can devour three large leaves per day. they typically start feeding from the leaf tip and have been known to feed on tree stems if leaves are unavailable. they are typically present from july to september in southern florida .\nfemales lay approximately 50 to 100 eggs in clusters on leaves of the host tree. the larval color pattern is a typical aposematic warning sign that they are potentially toxic to predators. host plants in the family apocynaceae produce white, toxic latex that pseudosphinx tetrio is able to detoxify and possibly sequester for defense purposes. some cuckoo birds in belize however are not deterred and have been reported feeding on larvae (meerman 2002). the larva has been hypothesized to be a coral snake mimic in costa rica (janzen 1980). janzen (1980) also reported that larvae wave their anterior portion back and forth when disturbed and bite when handled. larval hairs have also been reported to cause a clinical case of keratitis (merle et al. 2001) .\njahnes et al. (2002) conducted preliminary studies to define the interactions and bioactive properties of p. tetrio larvae and the host plant himatanthus sucuuba (spruce ex müll. arg .) woodson. himatanthus sucuuba bark extracts are used as an anti - inflammatory and to treat various ailments such as anemia, arthritis, and cancer. minno and darrow (1995) suggested that native florida host plants may include the apocynaceous vines rhabdadenia biflora (jaqc .) and echites umbellata jacq. these vines occur in salt marshes and at the edges of mangrove forests in southern florida .\nfemales lay approximately 50 to 100 eggs in clusters on leaves of the host tree. the larval color pattern is a typical aposematic warning sign that they are potentially toxic to predators. host plants in the family apocynaceae produce white, toxic latex that p. tetrio is able to detoxify and possibly sequester for defense purposes. some cuckoo birds in belize however are not deterred and have been reported feeding on larvae (meerman 2002). the larva has been hypothesized to be a coral snake mimic in costa rica (janzen 1980). janzen (1980) also reported that larvae wave their anterior portion back and forth when disturbed and bite when handled. larval hairs have also been reported to cause a clinical case of keratitis (merle et al. 2001) .\nforewing upperside is dark brown with a dark spot at the base of the costa and blurry gray and white markings. hindwing upperside is dark brown with white along the inner margin and the lower half of the outer margin .\nfrangipani (plumeria rubra) and other plumeria species, and allamanda species; all in the dogbane family (apocynaceae) .\nsouthern brazil north through central america, mexico, and the west indies to south florida, southern mississippi, texas, and southern arizona. has strayed to nebraska and pennsylvania .\ng5 - demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nadults: dade co: miami - 27 - vi - 1947; no locality - 19 - xii - 1960; palm beach co. : belle glade viii - 1959\ngiven the conspicuous coloration and size of the larvae, their occurrence in gardens and landscape settings, and the popularity of sphingids among insect collectors, additional florida records undoubtedly occur but they are probably restricted to southern counties where host plants (i. e. plumeria spp .) exist .\nadult: the dorsal forewing is brownish with a dark spot at the base of the costal margin and blurry gray and white markings. the dorsal hindwing is dark brown with white along the inner margin and the lower half of the outer margin. the body is striped with transverse grey - white bands and wider black ones. average wingspan is 12. 7 to 14 cm (females are typically larger than males and lighter in color) .\neggs: eggs exhibit no sculpturing except for minute punctures on the surface. they are pale green, ellipsoidal and measure approximately 2. 2 to 2. 5 mm .\nlarvae: larvae are velvety black with yellow rings and a reddish - orange head. they can attain lengths of up to 6 inches. the black' horn' located on abdominal segment 8 is approximately one inch long and is located on an elevated orange' button'. thoracic legs and prolegs are orange with black spots. newly molted larvae are light yellow and dark gray in alternating transverse rings; several hours after molting, larvae become their typical yellow and black coloration .\npupae: newly formed pupae are yellow, and after two to three hours brown spots appear on the surface. the pupal coloration eventually darkens to a yellowish - brown with lateral dark stripes on the thorax and rings on the abdomen. the final color after fully hardening is a uniform dark reddish - brown; pupal length is approximately 7. 0 cm .\nrhabdadenia biflora (jacq .) (rubber vine) (native florida hostplant? )\nfrangipani trees have lemon to gardenia - like fragrant and waxy flowers that are used in hawaiian leis. they are typically planted to create a tropical look in urban areas. some varieties grow up to 25 feet with an equal spread. there are also smaller varieties that grow to heights of 6 feet. frangipani trees originated in the new world tropics, from the caribbean islands and central america .\nmechanical: hand - picking larvae is probably the best way to eliminate them from trees .\nbrown ch. 1976. a survey of the sphingidae of sanibel island, florida. journal of the lepidopterists' society 30: 230–233 .\nburmeister h. 1855. abhandl. naturforschende ges. zu halle, 3, sitzungsberichte. p. 65 .\nburmeister h. 1856. abhandl. naturforschende ges. zu halle, 3, sitzungsberichte. p. 68 .\nbutler ag. 1877. revision of the heterocerous lepidoptera of the family sphingidae. transactions of the zoological society of london 9: 610 .\ncramer p. 1780. de uitlandsche kapellen voorkomende en drie waereld - deelen asia, africa en america. amsterdam. p. 175 .\nfabricius jc. 1775. systema entomologiae sistens insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, observationibus. leipzig. 832 pp .\ngribel r, hay jd. 1993. pollination ecology of caryocar brasiliense (caryocaraceae) in central brazil cerrado vegetation. journal of tropical ecology 9: 199–211 .\nheppner jb. 2003. lepidoptera of florida. arthropods of florida and neighboring land areas vol. 17. florida department of agriculture and consumer services, division of plant industry, gainesville, fl .\nhodges rw. 1971. sphingoidea: hawkmoths. the moths of america north of mexico, fascicle 21, ew. classey limited, middlesex, england and rbd. publications, inc. , washington, d. c. 158 pp. , 14 pls. , and v - xii pp .\njahnes bc, hyland em, needham k, brumwell l, rodriguez e. (2002). the chemical ecology of three species of lepidoptera and their hostplants on the cornell esbaran preserve, yarapa river peru. emanations 4. 3 pp. (no longer available online )\njanzen dh. 1980. two potential coral snake mimics in a tropical deciduous forest. biotropica 12: 77–78\nlinnaeus c. 1771. mantissa plantarum altera. stockholm. p. 538 .\nlucas ph. 1857. ordre des lepidoptères. in ramon de la sagra, histoire physique, politique et naturelle de l' île de cuba 7: 474–750 .\nmorton jf, ledin rb. 1952. 400 plants of south florida. text house, inc. coral gables, florida. 134 pp .\nwalker f. 1856. list of specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum. london. 8: p. 198 .\nthis document is eeny344, one of a series of the department of entomology and nematology, uf / ifas extension. original publication date march 2005. revised august 2014. reviewed december 2017. visit the edis website at urltoken. this document is also available on the featured creatures website at urltoken .\njames c. dunford; and kathryn a. barbara, department of entomology and nematology; uf / ifas extension, gainesville, fl 32611 .\nthe institute of food and agricultural sciences (ifas) is an equal opportunity institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non - discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. for more information on obtaining other uf / ifas extension publications, contact your county' s uf / ifas extension office. u. s. department of agriculture, uf / ifas extension service, university of florida, ifas, florida a & m university cooperative extension program, and boards of county commissioners cooperating. nick t. place, dean for uf / ifas extension .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\napocynaceae (dogbane family) plumeria rubra l. (frangipani, temple trees) plumeria alba l. plumeria obtusa l. llamanda cathartica l. himatanthus sucuuba (spruce ex mll. arg .) woodson adenium sp. ? rhabdadenia biflora (jacq .) (rubber vine) (native florida hostplant ?) echites umbellata jacq. (devil' s potato) (native florida hostplant? )\nbrown ch. 1976. a survey of the sphingidae of sanibel island, florida. journal of the lepidopterists' society 30: 230 - 233 .\ngabel k. (2003). frangipani. key west: uf / ifas monroe county extension service. (no longer available online )\ngribel r, hay jd. 1993. pollination ecology of caryocar brasiliense (caryocaraceae) in central brazil cerrado vegetation. journal of tropical ecology 9: 199 - 211 .\njanzen dh. 1980. two potential coral snake mimics in a tropical deciduous forest. biotropica 12: 77 - 78\nlucas ph. 1857. ordre des lepidoptères. in ramon de la sagra, histoire physique, politique et naturelle de l' île de cuba 7: 474 - 750 .\nmorton jf, ledin rb. 1952. 400 plants of eouth florida. text house, inc. coral gables, florida. 134 pp .\nphotographs and illustration: kathryn a. barbara, james c. dunford and gino nearns\npublication date: march 2005. latest revision: july 2014. reviewed: december 2017 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nvreugdenhil, d. , j. meerman, a. meyrat, l. diego gómez, and d. j. graham. 2002. map of the ecosystems of central america: final report. world bank, washington, d. c .\nsuch\naposematic\ncolor patterns are found everywhere throughout the world of insects, from black and yellow - striped stinging wasps to black and red, bitter - tasting ladybird beetles, or brightly - colored, poisonous tropical butterflies (see also janzen, 1980) .\nbeing poisonous and aposematic does not always help. cuckoos are known for being able to deal with hairy and / or poisonous caterpillars and we have seen the squirrel cuckoo to the left coming back to a caterpillar infested tree for yet another snack! the cuckoos simple whack the caterpillars against a branch until the poisonous gut content is gone and then swallows the remains .\nusually during november - december, we find these caterpillars. they can be very common and partly defoliate their hostplant. the hostplant is the frangipani or plumeria rubra although i have been shown pictures of this caterpillar feeding on an allamanda sp. both belong to the apocynaceae family .\nduring the december month of 2003, these caterpillars were so common at our place green hills, that they completely defoliated the shrubs they were feeding on and were even forced to eat the main stem, since they depleted all available leaves. although the damage to the shrubs is severe, we do expect the shrubs to recover .\nthe spectacle is always interesting to tourists and other people interested in natural history .\nmany wonder what beautiful butterfly these caterpillars will produce, but unfortunately, the result is a dull gray moth (but a very large one) which is rarely seen and flies most commonly during may - june and september - october .\nthe hostplant plumeria rubra acutifolia. frangipani or west indian jasmine, is native to belize and is a tree or shrub that in nature can reach about 40 feet (12 meters). it is found mostly on steep limestone hills and other dry places .\nthe cultivated form of the frangipana is plumeria rubra f. rubra and comes in a variety of colors. the fragrant flowers are used as leis in hawaii and other tropical islands .\njanzen dh. 1980. two potential coral snake mimics in a tropical deciduous forest. biotropica 12: 77 - 78 .\nsend mail to urltoken with questions or comments about this website. copyright © 2002 - 2010 urltoken and belize explorer group design concepts last modified: december 8, 2009\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nthe larva of this hawkmoth has a long thread - like anal horn. it is very strikingly colored, the body being purplish black, girdled with yellow rings between the segments, and the head and anal claspers being bright red, of the color of sealing wax .\nthe larvae feed on frangipani plumeria, and other plants in the dogbane family (apocynaceae) .\nthe moth book w. j. holland. 1922. doubleday, page & company .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nfound in southern texas and florida. records from north of these areas represent unusual strays .\nhodges, r. w. , 1971. moths of america north of mexico, fascicle 21: p. 95; pl. 9. 2. order\ntuttle, j. p. , 2007. hawk moths of north america: p. 129; pl. 5. 11 - 12 .\nupdated as per personal communication with ezequiel bustos (aguas blancas, salta, argentina, 405m); december 2009 updated as per personal communication with larry valentine (itanhandu, minas gerais, brazil, larva on plumeria, november); december 2009 updated as per personal communication with gregory nielsen (vallavicentio, meta, colombia); february 6, 2011 updated as per\na hawk moths fauna of southern maranhão state, brazil, ...\n; neva: jahrgang 34 heft 3 november 2013; via jean haxaire; april 5, 2014 updated as per personal communication with ilse knijn (aruba); april 30, 2015\n( wingspan: 5 - 5 1 / 2 inches (12. 7 - 14 cm) females larger than males), flies throughout tropical and subtropical american lowlands. it is very common in guadeloupe and martinique, but poorly attracted by light .\n( gn); and through central america, mexico, and the west indies to south florida, southern mississippi, texas, and southern arizona. ilse knijn confirms their presence in\npage. i live in montserrat (island in the caribbean sea, southeast of puerto rico) and wanted infomation about the huge caterpillars in the plumeria tree .\nthe upperside of the forewing is dark brown with a dark spot at the base of the costa and blurry gray and white markings. the upperside of the hindwing is dark brown with white along the inner margin, and the lower half of the outer margin .\n, sept. 7, 2002, 2: 06 am in yasuni, ecuador, by steve graser .\nthere are several flights from march - september in florida. i occasionally get asked to identify larvae found in florida in december or even january .\nfemales call in the males with a pheromone released from a gland at the tip of the abdomen .\nthe brightly coloured caterpillar is easy to find in gardens. the larva feeding on a tree of\nthis tree produces a white, toxic latex which is incorporated into the tissues of the caterpillar without harming it. the toxins in the caterpillar, however, are toxic to would - be - predators. larvae with red - yellow - black colours usually carry toxins and are left alone by birds .\nbrian writes ,\ni found many of them devouring a purple allamanda and also on a large tree (bombaceae) on the usda tropical agricultural research station grounds in mayaguez, pr .\n) they generally start at the tip of a leaf and work back. the caterpillar is velvety black with yellow rings and an orange head. they can get up to six inches long and are awesome to see .\n, itanhandu, minas gerais, brazil, november 2009, courtesy of larry valentine .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nhere at the peak of our rainy season, the hacienda' s frangipani trees are as leafy and green as they' ll get, though bearing hardly any flowers or fruit. frangipanis are gorgeous, important ornamental trees planted worldwide, yet they' re native to the yucatan and found in our surrounding forests. you may want to review our frangipani page at\nwhen an animal with no obvious defenses such as sharp horns or pincers seems to go out of its way to draw attention to itself, a good bet is that either you have a very bad tasting or poisonous species, or one mimicking a bad tasting or poisonous species. since frangipanis copiously\nbleed\na whitle, milky sap when injured, and the species is in the dogbane family, the apocynaceae, known to embrace many poisonous plants, from the first i figured that these pretty frangipani hornworms must be full of deadly chemicals. when the caterpillars first turned up, my internet connection was poor so i asked volunteer bea in ontario to see if she could find mention of such chemical defenses .\nin her usual quick and efficient way, soon she' d emailed a page from the internet reminding us that such color patterns are found everywhere throughout the insect world, from black and yellow - striped stinging wasps to black and red, bitter - tasting ladybird beetles, and brightly - colored, poisonous tropical butterflies. a fine technical word used to refer to conspicuous colors and patterns serving to warn is\naposematic .\nthe\nbiodiversity in belize\nwebsite describes a squirrel cuckoo - - a species fairly common here - - returning to a frangipani hornworm infested tree again and again for a meal. the bird would simply whack its caterpillars against a branch until the poisonous gut flew out, then it' d swallow the remains. interestingly, this caterpillar - banging behavior seems to be genetically programmed in the cuckoo taxonomical order, for anis (also in the order) also have been observed doing it, and here we have plenty of groove - billed anis, too .\nthe belize page also describes a heavy infestation of frangipani hornworms that completely defoliated the shrubs they were feeding on, and after that began feeding on the main stems. despite these caterpillars being able to eat up to three large leaves each day, generally even large numbers of caterpillars don' t kill the plants, though they certainly can damage them. frangipani hornworms are so large and conspicuous that when outbreaks occur the best control for them is to simply look for them and pick them off .\nwhen the frangipani hornworm metamorphoses, it produces a drab, brownish - gray sphinx moth as plain looking as the caterpillar is spectacular .\navid outdoorsman and underwater photographer, barry brown has spent the last 12 years documenting life above and below water in curacao, netherlands antilles. he is currently working with the smithsonian institution documenting new caribbean deep - water species and building a one of a kind database. his underwater images can regularly be seen in sport diver, scuba diver and on the ikelite website. his image of a\ncollage of corals\nseen under blue - light at night recently placed in the top 10 images for the 2014 nanpa (north american nature photographers association) photo contest .\ncopyright © 2009 barry b. brown in partnership with wild horizons publishing, inc. coral reef photos is proudly powered by wordpress and designed by oneredkey entries (rss) and comments (rss) .\nthis website will keep you posted on barry and aimee’s daily adventures through on - going and archived blogs with samples of barry' s work .\nto license barry' s images, please visit the wild horizons' picture library. there you can browse through our stock image library, quickly determine licensing fees for on - line downloads, and order inexpensive photo art prints on - line .\nyou came across this error because the pageyou were trying to visit does not exist .\nwe' ve recently redesigned the site so old links may not work. have a look at some of these changes .\nyou may want to update your bookmarks or try to find the updated information using the links below. if you are still unable to find the information you are looking for, please contact the webmaster using the information below .\nfaculties / academics - find links to all faculties, departments and other academic resources e. g. handbooks, prospectus\nmedia centre - find media relations information here eg. news releases, events and announcements information\nprogrammes - view the faculty booklets containing the programmes available at the st. augustine campus\nresearch & innovation - view the cutting - edge research being done at the st. augustine campus\ncopyright 2015 the university of the west indies st. augustine, trinidad and tobago\nour 7 faculties, professional schools offer more than 200 programs to some 15, 000 graduate, undergraduate and continuing studies students .\nthe uwi, st. augustine ranks first in trinidad and tobago among accredited tertiary - level programmes .\nappears to have a restricted range in brazil, northern argentina and paraguay. it has been recorded in the south, south -\neast regions of brazil. it appears to favour higher altitudes (pers. comm .) .\noccurs widely across the neotropical region from mexico to brazil, where it has been recorded in all 5 regions .\nthis species occurs widely across the neotropical region from mexico and the west indies to south america. breeding populations also occur in florida and occasionally in texas, with strays wandering as far as new jersey and connecticut (tuttle, 2007). it has been recorded from all 5 regions of brazil .\noccurs throughout the neotropical region and the caribbean islands, and strays have also been reported as far north as florida and texas in the usa. it has been recorded in all 5 regions of brazil .\nfound from venezuela to southern brazil. it has been recorded in all 5 regions of brazil. the subspecies\noccurs in venezuela, french guiana and the north and north - east regions of brazil .\nan endemic of brazil and has only been recorded from the south and south - east regions .\nrecorded from central america and peru, plus a single rather strange record from santa catarina in south brazil which is in the curitiba collection .\ncan be found throughout central and south america, and is a common sphingid in brazil. it also breeds in south florida, is fairly common in texas and has been recorded from louisiana and arizona (tuttle, 2007). in brazil it has been found in all 5 regions .\nrothschild & jordan, 1903 in the west indies and caribbean islands. it has been found in all 5 regions of brazil .\n: widespread across northern south america and central america. in brazil it has been recorded from the north, north - east and west - central regions .\nfound in northern south america. in brazil it has been reported from the north and west -\nthis translation tool is powered by google. fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\neyespots are a widespread form of antipredator defense that have long captured the imagination of evolutionary biologists, geneticists, psychologists, and artists. these markings are particularly common within lepidoptera, and eyespots on caterpillars have been shown to deter avian predators; however, why eyespots have evolved in particular caterpillar species, and why they are not even more widespread, remain unclear. here we answer this question using a powerful three - pronged approach. our phylogenetically controlled analysis of hawkmoths demonstrates that eyespots are typically restricted to large caterpillars, and our field and laboratory experiments provide an explanation for this. eyespots are costly to small caterpillars because they enhance detectability without providing a protective advantage, but they are beneficial to large caterpillars because they deter predators .\n), each of whom understood eyespots to be defensive features mimicking the eyes of a dangerous vertebrate and thereby dissuading would - be predators from attack. this idea was explored more formally by pough (\n), who updated and expanded this hypothesis, arguing that the aversion to eye - or face - like stimuli is likely innate. subsequent work has now empirically confirmed the protective value of eyespots for caterpillars (\n); however, there remain fundamental gaps in our understanding of the function and evolution of eyespots. in particular, it remains unclear why, if they are so beneficial, caterpillar eyespots are not more widespread across lepidoptera ?\nin caterpillars that live fully exposed to potential predators, eyespots seem to occur more frequently in species of large body size (although eyespots also occur in many small caterpillars that feed in leaf shelters) (4). anecdotally, many of the most impressive examples of putative snake mimic caterpillars are hawkmoths (family sphingidae), which are comparatively large (7, 8, 19). indeed, even in most hawkmoth species, eyespots are substantially reduced or absent altogether during early instars and tend to not become prominent until late instars, when the caterpillars are much larger (8, 20, 21). taken together, these observations suggest that the selective advantage of eyespots to caterpillars might depend on their body size .\nthere are three nonmutually exclusive reasons why selection might be expected to favor eyespots more strongly in large caterpillars. first, large animals are intrinsically more conspicuous, and thus might face relatively strong selection favoring the evolution of defenses that operate after detection. on the other hand, small animals are better able to avoid predators; their small body allows them to go undetected, and they either do not experience strong selection for secondary defenses or face selection against conspicuous markings that break crypsis. similar arguments have been used to explain why other forms of mimicry are more likely to evolve in species that are already moderately conspicuous (\n). second, selection might favor eyespots more strongly in large caterpillars, because large prey can be more profitable prey items. both the incentive to locate a given prey item and to then discriminate on discovery edible prey from genuine threats to their safety could increase with prey size. consequently, prey with increasingly large body size might experience progressively stronger selection for effective secondary defenses (\n). finally, eyespots might confer a greater advantage to large caterpillars because their size allows them to convincingly resemble something that poses a legitimate threat, either because large bodies per se allow the caterpillars to more accurately resemble a threat (e. g. , a snake) or because it allows the caterpillars to have eyespots large enough to deter predators, for example, by being more conspicuous (\n) or by matching the eye size of an animal that poses a legitimate threat .\nwe examined the distribution of eyespots among final instar caterpillars of known size. the phylogenetic generalized least squares (pgls) using an ornstein–uhlenbeck model of evolutionary change (α = 11. 41) was a better fit than the model assuming brownian motion (δaic = 2. 88). there was a significant relationship between maximum body size in the final larval instar and the presence of eyespots in macroglossine caterpillars (t 63 = 2. 14, p = 0. 036) (fig. 1). the coefficient of determination for this relationship was 0. 254, and the phylogenetic signal in the residuals (pagel’s λ) was estimated as 0. 72 .\nphylogeny of macroglossinae hawkmoths (sphingidae) showing the evolution of larval eyespots and body size. filled symbols indicate the caterpillar species with eyespots, and the numbers inside the symbols represent the maximum body length (cm) at final instar. note that eumorpha phorbas has both anterior and posterior eyespots. bootstrap values > 60% from ml, placed above posterior probabilities > 0. 6 from the bayesian analyses, are plotted on branches. (photo credits: hippotion celerio and cephonodes hylas, t. pittaway; xylophanes tersa, m. sullivan; hemeroplanes triptolemus, s. chaparro herrera; sphecodina abbottii, k. stohlgren; darapsa myron, t. hossie. )\nthe survival of artificial caterpillars arranged in a 2 × 2 design (small vs. large caterpillars, with or without eyespots scaled to body size) and pinned to tree branches in the field was monitored, in person, at regular intervals for evidence of attack by wild birds. the 90 - h mortality rate of artificial caterpillars ranged from 24% to 97% per location (mean ± se, 68. 5 ± 4. 52 %). hazard (i. e. , the instantaneous mortality rate) was significantly influenced by the main effects of both body size (z = 3. 04, p = 0. 002) and eyespots (z = 2. 24, p = 0. 025), but no significant interaction was detected (z = −1. 04, p = 0. 30) (fig. 2). having a larger body size increased mortality by 37 ± 14. 8% , and having eyespots also appeared to increase overall mortality by an estimated 23. 7 ± 14. 9% (table 1). although the eyespot - induced increase in risk appeared to be qualitatively stronger in small prey than in large prey (26. 3% vs. 5. 61 %), without a significant interaction, such results should be interpreted carefully (fig. 2). interestingly, the strength and direction of the eyespot × body size interaction appeared to differ among microhabitats (table s1 and fig. s3), perhaps indicating that the protective value of eyespots is habitat - specific. classifying only prey recovered with peck marks as killed (i. e. , considering all missing prey as censored) produced qualitatively similar results (si materials and methods) .\npairwise cox proportional hazard regression comparisons of pastry caterpillar mortality in the field experiment. eyespot (i. e. , no eyespots vs. eyespots present) and body size (i. e. , 2 cm vs. 4 cm long) treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design (n = 576). arrow width is proportional to the percent reduction in mortality and point toward the treatment with lower mortality rate. solid arrows are significant at p < 0. 05 .\nartificial caterpillars arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial design (small, large body size × no eyespots, small eyespots, large eyespots) were presented singly to domestic chicks, which were monitored until the prey item was attacked. main effects of prey body size, eyespot size and presence, and the body size × eyespot interaction significantly affected the latency to attack (i. e. , total time from introduction to attack) (table 1). eyespots had opposite effects on small prey and large prey (fig. 3). chicks attacked small - bodied prey with small and large eyespots more quickly than small - bodied no - eyespot prey [ no eyespots: 148. 8 ± 16. 74 s; small eyespots: 40. 6 ± 5. 37 s; large eyespots: 17. 2 ± 3. 52 s; all p < 0. 001, tukey’s honest significant difference (hsd) test ]. latency to attack did not differ significantly between small - bodied prey with small eyespots and those with large eyespots (p = 0. 086). in contrast, chicks delayed attacking large prey with large eyespots (378. 1 ± 29. 43 s) compared with large - bodied prey lacking eyespots or with small eyespots (no eyespots: 154. 2 ± 17. 20 s; small eyespots: 187. 0 ± 14. 48 s; all p < 0. 001, tukey’s hsd). the latency to attack large - bodied no - eyespot prey was not significantly increased by the addition of small eyespots (p = 0. 60) (fig. 3) .\nresults from the laboratory experiment in which naïve domestic chicks were presented with artificial caterpillars. bars represent the latency to attack, divided into time to first monocular inspection and inspection time (i. e. , time from first inspection to attack). ten chicks were exposed to each treatment. vertical lines on each bar represent the estimated sem. the thickened central vertical lines represent sem for overall latency to attack; vertical lines left of center, sem for inspection time; lines right of center, sem for time to first inspection .\nthe main effects of eyespots and body size, as well as the body size × eyespot interaction, also affected the time to first inspection (a proxy for detection time and / or reluctance to closely approach stimuli) (table 1). for small prey, time to first inspection decreased with the addition of eyespots (no eyespots: 146. 1 ± 16. 76 s; small eyespots: 38. 1 ± 5. 67 s; large eyespots: 16. 2 ± 3. 34 s; all p < 0. 01, tukey’s hsd), but increasing eyespot size did not significantly further reduce the time to first inspection (p = 0. 13). in contrast, for large - bodied prey, the presence or size of eyespots did not significantly affect the time to first inspection (no eyespots: 111. 6 ± 16. 14 s; small eyespots: 153. 0 ± 17. 08 s; large eyespots: 218. 9 ± 45. 64 s; all p > 0. 094, tukey’s hsd) .\nbody size, eyespots, and their interaction significantly affected inspection time (table 1). chicks spent very little time inspecting small prey (no eyespots: 2. 7 ± 1. 50 s; small eyespots: 2. 5 ± 1. 75 s; large eyespots: 1. 0 ± 0. 73 s), and the inspection time of small prey was not affected by the presence or size of eyespots (all p > 0. 95, tukey’s hsd) (fig. 3). all large prey were inspected longer before an attack compared with small prey (all p < 0. 001), and large prey with large eyespots were inspected longer than any other treatment (large - large eyespots: 159. 2 ± 32. 40 s; all p < 0. 001, tukey’s hsd) (fig. 3). interestingly, large prey lacking eyespots were inspected for approximately the same amount of time as large prey with small eyespots (no eyespots: 42. 6 ± 4. 96 s; small eyespots: 34. 0 ± 4. 88s) .\nfinally, the frequency of approach - retreat behavior was associated with both body size and eyespots (χ 2 = 10. 130, df = 2, p = 0. 006, log - linear analysis). in particular, approach - retreat behavior was recorded only once in trials with small prey (in a small - small eyespots prey), but was observed in 90% (9 of 10) of the trials with large - large eyespot prey, only once in large - no eyespot prey, and never in large - small eyespot prey .\nhere we provide a thorough analysis of the phylogenetic distribution of eyespots in hawkmoth caterpillars, and a clear answer as to why eyespots are not ubiquitous in lepidopteran larvae more generally. our phylogenetic analysis clearly demonstrates that the evolution of eyespots is associated with large body size, and our field and laboratory experiments provide an explanation for this; eyespots increase predation rates on small caterpillars by making them easier to detect, but—at least as far as our laboratory data and previous studies (\n) indicate—large eyespots decrease predation rates on large caterpillars, likely because they intimidate predators (see also ref .\n). consequently, our work suggests that eyespots tend to be selected for in large species and against in small species. in addition, our laboratory experiment with naïve domestic chicks confirms the suggestion that predators’ wariness of eyespots is effectively innate (\n), yet this unlearned wariness is conditional on both caterpillars’ bodies and eyespots being large. more broadly, our results provide important support for the growing body of evidence suggesting that the evolution of antipredator adaptations is closely tied to other prey traits, such as body size and habitat use (\nlarge prey had substantially higher predation risk in the field than small prey, possibly resulting from increased detectability associated with large size (40), although also possibly from predator preference for larger, more profitable prey on encounter (25). as a key life - history trait influencing a range of characters from developmental time to fecundity, body size in caterpillars is itself subject to selection. however, if large body size is advantageous overall, then there naturally will be subsequent selection to mitigate its disadvantages, which include increased exposure to predators .\nboth our field and laboratory experiments show that eyespots do not effectively deter predators when possessed by small prey. in the laboratory, small prey without eyespots took the longest to find, and adding eyespots to these prey significantly reduced the time to first inspection (concurrently reducing the overall latency to attack). likewise, the survival rate of small prey in the field was reduced by the addition of eyespots. we propose that when prey are small, eyespots should be selected against, because conspicuous markings substantially enhance detectability without providing a benefit through intimidation .\nthe effect of eyespots on large prey was very different, at least in the laboratory. under laboratory conditions, domestic chicks clearly refrained from attacking large prey with large eyespots. even without eyespots, chicks showed substantial hesitation to attack large prey, but adding large eyespots to these prey further delayed attack, with a ∼3. 7 - fold increase in time from detection to attack. in addition, chicks consistently exhibited approach - retreat behavior when presented with large prey possessing large eyespots (and never in small prey with large eyespots), emphasizing that the ability of eyespots to deter predators is dependent on prey body size. assuming that our large - bodied prey were easier to detect than small prey, our overall laboratory results are consistent with those of stevens et al. (41), who found that eyespots decreased survival in hard - to - detect prey, but increased the survival of conspicuous prey .\nimportantly, the foregoing experiment with naïve predators demonstrates that their reluctance to attack objects with eyespots is innate, and also highlights the fact that eyespots alone are insufficient to generate this aversion; only when sufficiently large eyespots were on large - bodied prey was effective deterrence achieved. at the same time, our work fails to support the idea that small caterpillars are constrained to having eyespots too small to be effective, but instead is consistent with the idea that effective mimicry of snakes or other dangerous vertebrates depends on prey appearing large enough to pose a legitimate threat to attackers (4, 10, 13) .\n). this caterpillar can attain a larval body length of 11. 3 cm (\n), well within the size range of other putative snake mimics, but lacks eyespots. instead, this caterpillar appears to be aposematic (\n), clearly having found a distinct way to solve the problem of being a large - bodied prey item. curiously, within sphingidae, larval eyespots seem to be restricted to macroglossinae and are not observed in the related smerinthinae and sphinginae subfamilies. it is not immediately apparent what might constrain the evolution of eyespots in other related subfamilies, given that many larvae of smerinthinae and sphinginae are large (\n). it remains to be seen whether a body size–eyespot relationship exists in other groups (e. g. , adult lepidoptera, fish), but such a study would help broaden our understanding of why these markings evolve in the species they do .\neyespots have attracted attention from naturalists and evolutionary biologists for more than 150 y, and here we provide an explanation for why eyespots in caterpillars are often restricted to late instars of large species and to small species inhabiting leaf shelters. consistent with previous suggestions (4, 10), our experiment with naïve chicks indicates that indeed innate processes likely have played key roles in the evolution of caterpillar eyespots. avoidance of predators is a life - or - death decision, often made at great speed, so it is not surprising that receivers have evolved innate avoidance. the extent to which such innate aversion is held more widely by birds across natural settings, and how innate processes have shaped antipredator defenses more generally, remain to be discovered .\nartificial caterpillars were designed to quantify the selective advantage of eyespots on large and small prey. construction of artificial caterpillars followed a methodology similar to that used in previous studies (11, 12). the caterpillar models in our field experiment comprised four treatments: small - no eyespots, large - no eyespots, small - eyespots, and large - eyespots. all treatments were similarly countershaded, because hossie and sherratt (12) revealed that eyespots effectively protected these artificial caterpillars from birds only when the caterpillars were countershaded as well." ]

{ "text": [ "pseudosphinx tetrio is a species of moth in the family sphingidae .", "its common names include tetrio sphinx , giant gray sphinx , frangipani hornworm , and plumeria caterpillar .", "it is native to the tropical and subtropical americas from the southern and southwestern united states to brazil .", "the occasional individual has been recorded as far north as the northeastern united states . " ], "topic": [ 2, 2, 0, 8 ] }

[ "pseudosphinx tetrio is a species of moth in the family sphingidae. its common names include tetrio sphinx, giant gray sphinx, frangipani hornworm, and plumeria caterpillar. it is native to the tropical and subtropical americas from the southern and southwestern united states to brazil. the occasional individual has been recorded as far north as the northeastern united states." ]

[ "the appearance of the baja pocket mouse is indistinguishable between the bailey’s pocket mouse .\nof the olive - backed pocket mouse is set off by a yellowish stripe on the side and a white underside. this is the only\nturner, r. , j. bowles. 1967. comments on the reproduction and food habitats of the olive - backed pocket mouse in western north dakota .\nthe relatively scarce olive - backed pocket mouse measures 10 - 14 cm. except for killing weeds, it has little economic value. the much larger and more common great basin pocket mouse may cause damage to cereal crops .\nwilliams, d. , h. genoways. 1979. a systematic review of the olive - backed pocet mouse / perognathus fasciatus .\nbernhardt, t. 2002 .\nolive - backed pocket mouse\n( on - line). canadian biodiversity website. accessed 11 / 01 / 02 at urltoken .\npefaur, j. , r. hoffman. 1974. note on the biology of teh olive - backed pocket mouse / perognathus fasciatus / on teh northern great plains .\nthe family heteromyidae has 2 representatives: olive - backed pocket mouse and great basin pocket mouse (perognathus fasciatus and p. parvus respectively). one species of the old world family muridae, the house mouse (mus musculus), was introduced by the first colonists. the familiar field mice are actually voles .\nthe spiny pocket mouse is nocturnal. this characteristic allows the spiny pocket mouse to live in rough, rocky desert landscapes by disappearing during the hot days .\npefaur, j. e. and r. s. horrman. 1973. notes on the biology of the olive - backed pocket mouse (perognathus fasciatus) on the northern great plains. prairie naturalist 6 (1) 7 - 15 .\nthe olive - backed pocket mouse is a tier 1 species in colorado’s wildlife action plan because it could be imperiled by rapid development of its natural habitat, but little is known about the species in the state. to address this significant shortfall in information, the colorado division of wildlife directed $ 26, 000 in state wildlife grants program funds toward a project, led by a university of northern colorado researcher, to determine the olive - backed pocket mouse’s range and population trends in colorado .\nthe spiny pocket mouse has long hairs. it has spines on its back that are more flexible .\njean ferron. 2007. pocket mouse. the canadian encyclopedia urltoken (accessed july 10, 2018) .\nthe little pocket mouse inhabits arid and semiarid habitats with grasses, sagebrush and other scrubby vegetation. it is\npacific pocket mouse (perognathus longimembris pacificus) — an endangered species that is endemic to coastal southern california .\nthe lined pocket mouse has a restricted range, is relatively uncommon and its population trend is unknown. the\nferron, jean. 2007. pocket mouse. the canadian encyclopedia urltoken (accessed july 10, 2018) .\nthe western harvest mouse and the olive - backed pocket mouse are the smallest, only 13 cm long including the tail. the largest, the western jumping mouse, measures 25 cm. all mice are nocturnal. some species remain active throughout winter, while others hibernate. house mice reproduce throughout the year, but most species are sexually active only from spring to autumn, generally producing several litters during the period .\nthe olive - backed pocket mouse (wyoming pocket mouse) measures at most 5 5 / 8 inches as an adult, with its tail being half or more of that length. it weighs under 1 / 2 ounce. its silky fur is olive - gray, with a top band of black and olive (zeveloff and collett 1988). a yellowish - buff line marks its sides and the patches of fur behind its ears are light yellow. it is buffy to pure white below. like all the members of its biological family, it has fur - lined cheek pockets for storing food, which open on each side of its mouth. the well - developed legs and 3 / 4 - inch - long hind feet enable it to hop and jump. active at night, the olive - backed pocket mouse' s eyes appear to glow with a faded amber light. it has 20 teeth, the upper incisors having grooved faces (burt and grossenheider 1964) .\nmouse, common name for several rodents of suborder myomorpha, 13 species of which are found in canada. six are new world mice of the family muridae: western harvest mouse, reithrodontomys megalotis; deer mouse, peromyscus maniculatus; cascade deer mouse, p. oreas; sitka mouse, p. sitkensis; white - footed mouse, p. leucopus; and northern grasshopper mouse, onychomys leucogaster .\njean ferron, r. the canadian encyclopedia. (2007). pocket mouse. retrieved july 10, 2018, from urltoken\nolive - backed pocket mice reside in arid and semi - arid upland habitats. they are often found in thinly covered grasslands, and prairies that contain loose soil. they prefer forest edges, a habitat which provides the proper amount of cover, and are associated with blue gramma and wheat grass .\nof pocket mouse east of the rocky mountains whose range extends well into canada. it inhabits grassland, shrub - steppe, and desert\nferron, j. . r. the canadian encyclopedia. (2007). pocket mouse. retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken\nferron, j. . r. the canadian encyclopedia. (2007). pocket mouse. retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken\nferron, jean .\npocket mouse .\nin the canadian encyclopedia. historica canada, 1985—. article published january 17, 2007\njean ferron .\npocket mouse\nin the canadian encyclopedia. historica canada, 1985–. article published january 16, 2007. urltoken\nthe vital information provided by this study will help the colorado division of wildlife and its partners take proactive actions to conserve the olive - backed pocket mouse before it declines to a level that might require costly protections under the endangered species act. this proactive effort is just one way colorado’s wildlife action plan will help this growing state conserve wildlife and the places they live for future generations .\nferron, jean .\npocket mouse\n. the canadian encyclopedia. toronto: historica canada, 2007. web. 17 jan 2007 .\nferron, jean .\npocket mouse\n. the canadian encyclopedia. toronto: historica canada, 2007. web. 17 jan 2007 .\njean ferron\npocket mouse\nthe canadian encyclopedia. eds. . toronto: historica canada, 2007. web. 10 jul. 2018 .\nhabitat. in cold weather, it may retreat to a grass - lined nest in its burrow and become torpid, suspending activity for a period of time until the weather improves. it appears to prefer loose sandy or sandy - loam soils, where it sandbathes to clean its fur and fur - lined cheek pouches. like other pocket mice, the olive - backed pocket mouse feeds primarily on seeds that can be stuffed into its cheek pouches and transported to the tunnel system .\nthe spiny pocket mouse' s diet is impacted by the habitat it lives in. their diet mainly consists of seeds, desert shrubs, and grasses .\nthe existence of the spines differentiates whether it’s chaetodipus spinatus from pocket mice in other genera .\nin roman history, mice were seen as mighty, brave, and helpful. the most famous of roman legend is by aesop’s “the lion and the mouse. ” in this tale the mouse is almost killed and the lion saved the mouse. the lion then gets into several dangerous situations, and the mouse saves the lion countless times. other tales of the mouse depicted it as a hard worker and full of respectable charisma .\nat times of rainfall, they look for green vegetation. the spiny pocket mouse has to look for a water source in its food because finding a water source in their habitat is uncommon .\nnot to be confused with species of spiny pocket mice of the genus heteromys, in heteromyid subfamily heteromyinae .\nthe little pocket mouse is common within most of its range although it is scarce in baja california. the population appears to be steady and no particular threats have been identified for this species so the\na female house mouse can give birth to up to a dozen babies every three weeks .\npefaur, j. e. and r. s. hoffmann. 1971. merriam' s shrew and hispid pocket mouse in montana. american midland naturalist 86 (1): 247 - 248 .\nthese historical references only add to the value and weight of the mouse’s presence throughout time. the mouse is both honored and feared throughout time by the most intelligent creature on the planet, humans. the superior mighty mouse from these tales just might visit you on a cold night .\nthe lined pocket mouse lives in a burrow and is nocturnal. the entrance of the burrow is usually at the base of a plant, in a crevice or in some other concealed location. when it emerges after dark, the pocket mouse moves slowly around staying under cover as much as possible. if it needs to cross an open space it moves much more rapidly. it feeds on seeds such as those of the\nis a small to medium - sized pocket mouse with long hind feet (measuring 16 to 19 mm). individuals weigh between 8 and 14 g, and measure 125 to 143 mm from head to tail .\nhaymaker, w. , look, b. , benton, e. & simmonds, r. biomedical results of apollo. chapter 4: the apollo 17 pocket mouse experiment. nasa sp - 368, 1975 .\njean ferron. 2010. mouse. the canadian encyclopedia urltoken (accessed july 10, 2018) .\nthe mouse has been highlighted throughout history by the greeks, egyptians, romans, and other civilizations. the ancient greek people respected the mouse and considered it to be a tough animal. they associated the mouse with the god apollo, best known as the god of light and the sun, truth and prophecy, healing, plague, music, and poetry. apollo was often called the lord of the mice, and apollo the mouse. apollo was considered the god of disease and pestilence as some see the mouse as a carrier of numerous diseases. on the other hand, the mouse was also seen as a healer much like the god apollo. the mouse favored both characteristics of the god apollo in stories .\nthey also range from southeast california to the south by the cape of baja california peninsula (mexico) where they are native. because of its wide range in distribution, the spiny pocket mouse population has little concern of extinction .\nferron, jean. 2010. mouse. the canadian encyclopedia urltoken (accessed july 10, 2018) .\nmouse, common name for several rodents of suborder myomorpha, 13 species of which are found in canada .\nthis genus is known as the coarse furred pocket mice. pocket mice characterized by long (sometimes) crested tails, and elongated hind feet that lack hair on the sole. they are desert native species that like the rocky, gravel, and sandy soils .\nmerriam, c. h .\nnorth american pocket mice\n, north american fauna, 1889. retrieved on 21 april 2014 .\ncolorado division of wildlife. 2002 .\npocket mice\n( on - line). accessed 11 / 01 / 02 at urltoken .\njean ferron, r. the canadian encyclopedia. (2010). mouse. retrieved july 10, 2018, from urltoken\nthe term mouse is used commonly to name small muroid rodents, which are a superfamily of rodents. the muroid families are divided into six families, 20 subfamilies, around 275 to 285 genera, and at least 1250 to 1300 species. the most common “true” mouse is the house mouse, or scientifically known as mus musculus species of rodents. the latin behind the meaning of the rodent’s genius species name can be translated into “mouse, small mouse, ” as for the house reference in the common name, it is derived from the house mouse being commonly found in the in homes, shelters, or buildings throughout the year. in different translations of the latin word mus, it is found in the anglo - saxton language to have derived from the sanskrit word “musha” which means thief. this term suits the mouse became it is known as a scavenger .\nferron, j. . r. the canadian encyclopedia. (2010). mouse. retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken\nferron, j. . r. the canadian encyclopedia. (2010). mouse. retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken\nferron, jean .\nmouse .\nin the canadian encyclopedia. historica canada, 1985—. article published october 25, 2010\njean ferron .\nmouse\nin the canadian encyclopedia. historica canada, 1985–. article published october 24, 2010. urltoken\nferron, jean .\nmouse\n. the canadian encyclopedia. toronto: historica canada, 2010. web. 25 oct 2010 .\nferron, jean .\nmouse\n. the canadian encyclopedia. toronto: historica canada, 2010. web. 25 oct 2010 .\njean ferron\nmouse\nthe canadian encyclopedia. eds. . toronto: historica canada, 2010. web. 10 jul. 2018 .\nall members of the mus genus are referred to as mice. however, the term mouse can also be applied to species outside of this genus. mouse often refers to any small muroid rodent, while rat refers to larger muroid rodents. therefore these terms are not taxonomically specific .\nstored food enables pocket mice to survive winter, alternating between dormant and feeding periods. insects and plants complement the primarily granivorous diet. pocket mice can survive long periods without water and are nocturnal. mating occurs in april; the gestation period is 3 - 4 weeks; 2 litters are produced, each averaging 4 - 5 young .\nin other historical writings from various societies depict the mouse in many ways. it is depicted as a beautiful and hardworking bride in finnish tales. then the mouse is depicted as a cook in japanese tales. mice then are written about as dancers in east african tales, and one of the wise kings in indian tales .\npocket mice are greyish above with white underparts. pocket mice have large hind limbs and smaller front limbs, all 4 used in jumping. the tail, almost as long as the head and body together, serves as a prop, particularly when the animal feeds in its characteristic sitting position. food is carried to the burrow in external, fur - lined cheek\npockets .\nreynolds, h. g. , and h. s. haskell. 1949. life history notes on price and bailey pocket mice of southern arizona. journal of mammalogy 30: 150 - 156 .\nmice are the most successful rodents, and second most successful mammals due to how well they reproduce. this is also one of the main reasons mouse control is in such high demand .\nanderson, r. p. ; weksler, m. ; rogers, d. s. (2006) .\nphylogenetic analyses of spiny pocket mice (heteromyidae: heteromyinae) based on allozymic and morphological data\n.\npocket mice are mainly herbivorous and granivorous, feeding on grasses, forbs, and seeds. however, they do occasionally eat insects. food is carried in cheek pouches until it can be transferred into the burrow. food caching is common .\nriddle, b. r. 1995. molecular biogeography in the pocket mice (perognathus and chaetodipus) and grasshopper mice (onychomys): the late cenozoic development of a north american aridlands rodent guild. journal of mammalogy 76: 283 - 301 .\nthe average length of this species is approximately six or so inches from nose to the end of the tail. the tail is commonly the same if not longer than the head and body region of the mouse .\nthe harvest mouse family is known for being very, and having long narrow tails. harvest mice are nocturnal like most rodents. they are known to have a two note call that can be heard at dusk .\nblair, w. f. 1943. populations of the deer mouse and associated small mammals in the mesquite associations of southern new mexico. contributions of the laboratory of vertebrate biology, university of michigan, no. 21. 40 pp .\nthere are over 35 to 40 species of rodents including other genus’s and the mus genus. the genus shows evidence of more speciation as years go by. the mice and mouse name covers over 1, 000 or more mice and mice like species .\nhouse mice and other mice prefer to feed on plant matter. mice are classified as omnivorous and will eat anything to survive. the mouse diet is actually composed of eating its own feces to acquire the nutrients and helpful bacteria it needs to survive .\no' farrell, t. p. , r. j. olson, r. o. gilbert, and j. d. hedlund. 1975. a population of great basin pocket mice, perognathus parvus, in the shrub - steppe of south - central washington. ecological monographs 45: 1 - 28 .\nmice are tiny, hairy, mammals, big eyes, big ears, long tails, and pointed noses. the mouse is one of the smallest mammals in the world, found on every inhabitable continent. the mouse is primarily nocturnal with bad eyesight. mice make up for this by having amazing remaining senses. they are also one of the most well - known rodents in the world. mice are just like their close relative the rat, just smaller, occupying different niches outdoors, and sometimes the same in most indoor habitat situations .\nthis is the genus of deer mice that are commonly confused with the house mouse and share similar habitats. deer mice are medium sized rodents, with large eyes, and large naked ears. they are strictly nocturnal, and will stay in nests to avoid bad weather .\nthe species takes its common name from the olive - gray fur on the dorsal part of the body. thefur of the ventrum is light cream to white in color. pelage coloration may vary slightly depending on the season and the age of an individual. juveniles and adults that have freshly molted will be darker. this is because the hairs are tipped with black when they are new, but this tip often breaks off as the hair ages, givign an animals a more\nbuffy\nlook. adults molt once a year, with males molting sooner than the females .\nin stories of indonesian mythology, the mouse was a protector or guardian of the goddess of the rice crops. the local farmers of indonesia are unwilling to harm mice so that the rice crop will be taken care of and unharmed. in indonesia it is common to see mice being fed as a peace offering in temples .\nthe egyptians are familiarly known for using animal heads in stories and artwork to symbolize their respected and most feared gods. the egyptian people were very terrified of mice. they saw it as a creature of doom. it was said that the mouse as a destroyer and carrier of disease. the egyptian people’s goddess known as “sekhmet” was illustrated and described to be having a mouse’s head on top of a woman’s body. she was their goddess of pestilence. archeologists have uncovered egyptian ruins to find homes with rocks plugging holes to prevent the mice from entering. even the ruins from the times of the great pharaohs have signs of preventing mice from entering with plugged holes .\nheteromyidae is the family of pocket mice, kangaroo mice, and kangaroo rats. the heteromyid rodents are characterized by large heads, extremely long tails, modified forefeet to dig, small ears, fur - lined cheek pouches, and narrow hind feet. they are an outdoor species that spends the daytime and winters hidden in burrows. like most rodents they can retain water from the foods they eat and can survive without water for long periods of time .\nmice are known to be one of the most successful mammals in the world. primarily for their resilience to being one of the most highly preyed on species from hawks, foxes, wolves, dogs, cats, reptiles, and even some arthropods. being such a highly hunted animal, the mouse has adapted to seeking shelter, specifically near food sources where they do not have to travel long distances exposed. the rodents make up 40% of the mammal class .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: listed as least concern because it is widespread, its populations are secure, there are no major threats, and it occurs in many protected areas throughout its range .\nthis species occurs in the central great plains of north america, from southern alberta, saskatchewan, and manitoba in canada, south to northeastern utah, southern colorado, and eastern south dakota in the united states .\nthis species is widespread and is considered secure within its range (natureserve). population density has been estimated at about 0. 5 to four per hectare in various locations under different conditions (manning and jones 1988) .\nthis species is not of conservation concern and its range includes several protected areas .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017). the iucn red list of threatened species 2016: e. t42608a115194044 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nthis treaty governs the sharing of waters of international streams between canada and the united states and established an international joint commission (ijc) to monitor compliance and resolve disputes .\nthe ijc held four public information sessions in 2004, to gather information on the sharing of the milk and st. mary rivers .\nlater that year, the commission established the international st. mary / milk rivers administrative measures task force, with four members each from canada and the united states .\nthe task force released a draft report in april 2006 for public comment, available on the commission' s website .\nthe government of alberta (august 2004) submission to the ijc consisted of an overall submission as well as submissions from alberta agriculture, food and rural development (now alberta agriculture and forestry) and alberta environment (now alberta environment and parks) .\na wide variety of grassland and soil types. grazed and ungrazed meadows on sandy soils, shortgrass and sage near sandy draw. sage - grassland, creek and grassland types .\nusing personal observations and reviewing literature that summarize the breeding, overwintering, or migratory habitat requirements of each species (dobkin 1992, hart et al. 1998, hutto and young 1999, maxell 2000, foresman 2012, adams 2003, and werner et al. 2004) ;\ncalculating the percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of montana covered by each ecological system to get a measure of\nobservations versus availability of habitat\n.\nspecies that breed in montana were only evaluated for breeding habitat use, species that only overwinter in montana were only evaluated for overwintering habitat use, and species that only migrate through montana were only evaluated for migratory habitat use. in general, species were listed as associated with an ecological system if structural characteristics of used habitat documented in the literature were present in the ecological system or large numbers of point observations were associated with the ecological system. however, species were not listed as associated with an ecological system if there was no support in the literature for use of structural characteristics in an ecological system ,\npoint observations were associated with that system. common versus occasional association with an ecological system was assigned based on the degree to which the structural characteristics of an ecological system matched the preferred structural habitat characteristics for each species as represented in scientific literature. the percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of montana covered by each ecological system was also used to guide assignment of common versus occasional association. if you have any questions or comments on species associations with ecological systems, please contact the montana natural heritage program' s senior zoologist .\nspecies associations with ecological systems should be used to generate potential lists of species that may occupy broader landscapes for the purposes of landscape - level planning. these potential lists of species should not be used in place of documented occurrences of species (this information can be requested at :\n) or systematic surveys for species and evaluations of habitat at a local site level by trained biologists. users of this information should be aware that the land cover data used to generate species associations is based on imagery from the late 1990s and early 2000s and was only intended to be used at broader landscape scales. land cover mapping accuracy is particularly problematic when the systems occur as small patches or where the land cover types have been altered over the past decade. thus, particular caution should be used when using the associations in assessments of smaller areas (e. g. , evaluations of public land survey sections). finally, although a species may be associated with a particular ecological system within its known geographic range, portions of that ecological system may occur outside of the species' known geographic range .\nadams, r. a. 2003. bats of the rocky mountain west; natural history, ecology, and conservation. boulder, co: university press of colorado. 289 p .\ndobkin, d. s. 1992. neotropical migrant land birds in the northern rockies and great plains. usda forest service, northern region. publication no. r1 - 93 - 34. missoula, mt .\nforesman, k. r. 2012. mammals of montana. second edition. mountain press publishing, missoula, montana. 429 pp .\nhart, m. m. , w. a. williams, p. c. thornton, k. p. mclaughlin, c. m. tobalske, b. a. maxell, d. p. hendricks, c. r. peterson, and r. l. redmond. 1998. montana atlas of terrestrial vertebrates. montana cooperative wildlife research unit, university of montana, missoula, mt. 1302 p .\nhutto, r. l. and j. s. young. 1999. habitat relationships of landbirds in the northern region, usda forest service, rocky mountain research station rmrs - gtr - 32. 72 p .\nmaxell, b. a. 2000. management of montana' s amphibians: a review of factors that may present a risk to population viability and accounts on the identification, distribution, taxonomy, habitat use, natural history, and the status and conservation of individual species. report to u. s. forest service region 1. missoula, mt: wildlife biology program, university of montana. 161 p .\nwerner, j. k. , b. a. maxell, p. hendricks, and d. flath. 2004. amphibians and reptiles of montana. missoula, mt: mountain press publishing company. 262 p .\nan active burrower. usually plugs entrances in daytime. locomotion is by quadrupedal hopping, sometimes by walking. rests on hind feet and tail when gathering food. harvests with forepaws .\nbimodal peaks in production during parturition period suggests the possibility of two litters / year, but still unclear. breeding season begins in april .\nburt, w. h. and r. p. grossenheider. 1964. a field guide to the mammals. houghton mifflin co .\nzeveloff, s. i. and f. r. collett. 1988. mammals of the intermountain west. university of utah press, salt lake city, utah .\nbauer, delane, 2002, 2002 four seasons wildlife study. savage mine report, richland county, montana .\nbramblett, r. g. , and a. v. zale. 2002. montana prairie riparian native species report. montana cooperative fishery research unit, montana state university - bozeman .\ndames & moore. 1975. interim report environmental baseline studies for crow indian coal leases: known as tract ii and tract iii, westmoreland resources, sarpy creek basin, big horn county, montana. billings, mont .\ndood, a. r. 1980. terry badlands nongame survey and inventory final report. montana department of fish, wildlife, and parks and bureau of land management, helena, mt. 70 pp .\nforesman, k. r. 2001. the wild mammals of montana. american society of mammalogists, special publication number 12. lawrence, ks. 278 pp .\ngniadek, s. 1983. southwest glendive wildlife baseline inventory. miles city, mont: bureau of land management, miles city district office. 56 pp with appendices .\nhoffmann, r. s. and d. l. pattie. 1968. a guide to montana mammals: identification, habitat, distribution, and abundance. university of montana, missoula. 133 pp .\nkritzman, e. b. 1977. little mammals of the pacific northwest. pacific search press, seattle, wa .\nlampe, r. p. , j. k. jones jr. , r. s. hoffmann, and e. c. birney. 1974. the mammals of carter county, southeastern montana. occa. pap. mus. nat. hist. univ. kan. 25: 1 - 39 .\nmaccracken, j. g. , d. w. uresk, and r. m. hansen. 1985. rodent - vegetation relationships in southeastern montana. northwest science 59: 272 - 278 .\nmartin, p. r. , k. dubois and h. b. youmans. 1981. terrestrial wildlife inventory in selected coal areas, powder river resources area final report. montana department of fish, wildlife and parks and bureau of land management, helena, mt. no. ya - 553 - cto - 24. 288 p .\nmatthews, w. l. 1980a. wibaux - beach comparison study: sydney, glendive and plevna study areas. bureau of land management, miles city, mt. 50 p .\npefaur, j. e. , and r. s. hoffmann. 1975. studies of small mammal populations at three sites on the northern great plains. occasional papers of the museum of natural history, university of kansas, lawrence. no. 37: 1 - 27 .\nperry, n. and r. davis. 2000. small mammal diversity and abundance on two habitat types at medicine lake and lostwood national wildlife refuges. unpublished report. 8 pp .\npowder river eagle studies, gillette, wy. , 1992, big sky mine 1991 wildlife monitoring studies. rev. february 1992 .\npowder river eagle studies, inc. , gillette, wy. , 1996, spring creek mine 1995 wildlife monitoring studies. spring creek coal company 1995 - 1996 mining annual report. vol. i, app. i. may 1996 .\nreid, f. 2006. peterson field guide to mammals of north america, 4th edition. houghton mifflin company: boston and new york, 608 pp .\nschladweiler, philip, and john p. weigand. , 1983, relationships of endrin and other chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds to wildlife in montana, 1981 - 1982. september 1983 .\nwaage, bruce c. , 1991, western energy company rosebud mine, colstrip, montana: annual wildlife monitoring report, 1990 field season. september 1991 .\nwaage, bruce c. , 1995, western energy company rosebud mine, colstrip, montana: 1994 annual wildlife monitoring report; december 1, 1993 - november 30, 1994. february 27, 1995 .\nwaage, bruce c. , 1996, western energy company rosebud mine, colstrip, montana: 1995 annual wildlife monitoring report; december 1, 1994 - november 30, 1995. february 28, 1996 .\nwaage, bruce c. , 1999, western energy company rosebud mine, colstrip, montana: 1998 annual wildlife monitoring report; december 1, 1997 - november 30, 1998 survey period. february 24, 1999 .\nwestern technology and engineering, inc. (westech). 1994. wildlife monitoring absaloka mine area annual report, 1993. montana smp 85005. osmp montana 0007c. mar. 12, 1994 .\nwestern technology and engineering, inc. (westech). , 1994, wildlife monitoring absaloka mine area annual report, 1994. montana smp 85005. osmp montana 0007d. febr. 24, 1994 .\nwestmoreland resources, inc. , hardin, mt. , 1983, 1980 wildlife monitoring report. 12 / 21 / 79 - 12 / 20 - 80 .\n. you can download select species by searching or when you' re on a taxa page like class, order, and family .\nbreeding begins as the weather becomes warmer in late april or early may, and continues through late july or early august. females are capable of producing two litters per year, consisting of three to six young. the gestation period is roughly one month long, and newborns are altricial .\ninformation is not available on the duration of lactation for this species, nor the age of independence. however, these mice are very similar to other members of their genus, and so probably do not vary significantly from other members of their genus in regard to these characteristics .\nis a mammal, we know that the female cares for the young, providing them with milk. the young are altricial, and like most rodents, must grow within the safety of the nest until they are able to move around their habitat. while in the nest, the mother undoubtedly grooms and protects the young. male parental care patterns are not known for this species .\nthere is only a small proportion of this species which lives longer than 12 to 14 months .\nis quadrapedial. these animals mostly relying on using hind limbs in a hopping fashion and touching down front limbs for balance. in the presence of danger, thes mice exhibit ricocheting. this is when all four feet are used in unison to jump away .\nis known to construct tunnel systems with several chambers. a typical tunnel system consists of a main tunnel and summer / winter caches. constuction of the tunnel seems to be determined by its later use. the summer portion of the burrow averages 30 cm deep whereas the winter portion can be up to 200 cm deep. on average, the area covered by a burrow is 6 m .\nthes mice spend much of the day in the burrow and become active above ground only at night. they do not appear to hibernate but do become less active beginning in mid - fall .\ninformation is not available on the communication patterns in this species. however, other members of the genus are known to communicate with vocalizations. tactile communication is undoubtedly important, especially between mates, mothers and their young, and competitors. scent cues are not uncommon in rodents, and are probably present in this species .\nsuggest that owls are major predators of this species. carnivores (such as coyotes) and reptiles (such as rattlesnakes) are also known to feed on them .\nis a host species for fleas, ticks, and mites. these animals also play a role as a prey species for owls, some carnivores, and some snakes. through their caching behavior, they act as seed dispersers .\nthese animals are not known to be of economic importance to humans, although humans probably benefit from them because of their status as a prey species. many animals that humans find interesting, such as owls and coyotes, prey upon these mice .\nin general, rodents (collectively) can cause a lot of damage to crops and are also known for carrying diseases, and for harboring parasites which carry diseases. no specific accusations have been made against\nheidi bossingham (author), university of wisconsin - stevens point, chris yahnke (editor), university of wisconsin - stevens point .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the new world. this includes greenland, the canadian arctic islands, and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching. in birds, naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\nreferring to a burrowing life - style or behavior, specialized for digging or burrowing .\noffspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc .) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nplaces a food item in a special place to be eaten later. also called\nhoarding\nthat region of the earth between 23. 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north (between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle) and between 23. 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south (between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle) .\na terrestrial biome. savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america, and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (> 23. 5° n or s latitude). vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\nto cite this page: bossingham, h. 2004 .\nperognathus fasciatus\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nuber einige nager mit assueren backentaschen aus dem westlichen nord - america, p. 369. i. uber ein paar neue gattungen der nagethiere mit ausseren backentaschen, nova acta physico - medica, academiae, caesareae leopoldino - carolinae\nmammal species of the world (opens in a new window). mammalian species, american society of mammalogists' species account (opens in a new window) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbanks, r. c. , r. w. mcdiarmid, and a. l. gardner\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states, the u. s. territories, and canada\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2nd ed. , 3rd printing\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. , vols. 1 & 2\nwith contributions by bernadette n. graham, adam p. potter, and mariana m. upmeyer\ncomments: revised by williams and genoways (1979). reviewed by manning and jones (1988a, mammalian species no. 303 )\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nenjoy using this website? do you rely on landscope to make your work more effective? then please consider making a donation to help us continue to inform minds and inspire hearts to better conserve america' s natural treasures. if you and every other landscope visitor donated just $ 10 each, we would be able to deliver you up - to - date map data and stirring photos, videos, and stories for a year. every dollar counts. please give today .\ncreating your landscope profile is fast, free, and simple. as a registered user, you can customize maps, save them, and share them with your friends. we' ll be adding other personal features soon .\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nwyoming - taschenmaus\nto\nperognathus fasciatus wied - neuwied, 1839\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\npreeriasilohiiri\nto\nperognathus fasciatus wied - neuwied, 1839\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nwhile every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions .\ncanadian biodiversity website a great information source for all budding biologists. learn about biodiversity theory, natural history, and conservation issues. from mcgill’s redpath museum .\nindigenous (aboriginal) peoples are the original inhabitants of the land that is now canada .\nfour belong to the family dipodidae: pacific, western, meadow and woodland jumping mice (zapus trinotatus, z. princeps, z. hudsonius and napaeozapus insignis respectively) .\nmeadow jumping mice, deer mice and house mice are common throughout canada. sitka mice occur on the smaller haida gwaii. cascade deer mice are limited to southern interior bc. other species inhabit larger areas but are also limited to specific regions. mice occur in forest and field but habitat varies with species. most mice are primarily granivorous; in contrast, northern grasshopper mice are insectivorous and carnivorous .\nmice are prey for various birds, mammals and snakes. although certain species do not affect the economy, other granivorous species damage crops and reforestation projects .\nin july 1973, though these animals died only 30 hours into the mission due to a power failure .\nand has a burst of activity for the first two hours after sunset and then sporadic activity through the rest of the night. it hibernates in winter and is only active between april and november with numbers building up rapidly in the spring to peak in june and july. it forages for seeds, plant material and small invertebrates which it carries back to its burrow in its\nsouza, kenneth, robert hogan, and rodney ballard, eds. life into space: space life sciences experiments. nasa ames research center 1965—1990. washington d. c. : national aeronautics and space administration, 1995. nasa reference publication - 1372 (online version) .\nborkowski, g. , wilfinger, w. & lane p .\nlaboratory animals in space ,\nanimal welfare information center newsletter, vol. 6 no. 2 - 4, winter 1995 / 1996 .\no' farell, michael j. (1974) .\nseasonal activity patterns of rodents in a sagebrush community\n.\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 4 / 2016. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nthey have long tails that are 126% of the length of their head and body .\ntheir coat colors vary among islands but are generally brown on the tops of their bodies and tan on their sides .\nlinzey, a. v. ; timm, r. ; álvarez - castañeda, s. t. ; castro - arellano, i. & lacher, t. (2008) .\nlackey, james alden. chaetodipus spinatus, the american society of mammalogists, 6 november 1991. retrieved on 21 april 2014 .\npatton, j. l. (2005) .\nheteromyidae\n. in wilson, d. e. ; reeder, d. m .\n( 3rd ed .). baltimore, md: johns hopkins university press. pp .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 7 / 2016. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files." ]

{ "text": [ "the olive-backed pocket mouse ( perognathus fasciatus ) is a species of rodent in the family heteromyidae .", "it is found in the central great plains of canada and the united states where it is widespread and relatively common ; the iucn considers it to be of \" least concern \" . " ], "topic": [ 29, 17 ] }

[ "the olive-backed pocket mouse (perognathus fasciatus) is a species of rodent in the family heteromyidae. it is found in the central great plains of canada and the united states where it is widespread and relatively common; the iucn considers it to be of \" least concern \"." ]

[ "cryptophasa argyrias turner 1906 (xyloryctidae: xyloryctinae), female - qld, kuranda, a. sundholm leg. (lwc) .\ncryptophasa argyrias turner, 1906; trans. r. soc. s. austr. 30: 141; tl: n. queensland, kuranda\ncryptophasa argyrias turner 1906 (xyloryctidae: xyloryctinae), female - qld, stannary hills, f. p. dodd leg. (anic) .\ncryptophasa argyrias turner 1906 (xyloryctidae: xyloryctinae), male - qld, kuranda, 1. dec. 1906, f. p. dodd leg. (anic) .\ncryptophasa bi - punctata [ = bipunctata ] scott, 1864; aust. lepid. 1: 9\ncryptophasa transversella snellen, 1878; tijdschr. ent. 21: 136, pl. 7, f. 12 - 16\ncryptophasa argyrocolla turner, 1917; proc. r. soc. qd 29: 93; tl: w. australia, cunderdin\ncryptophasa atecmarta turner, 1917; proc. r. soc. qd 29: 94; tl: w. australia, cunderlin\ncryptophasa catharia turner, 1917; proc. r. soc. qd 29: 92; tl: w. australia, waroona\ncryptophasa blosyra turner, 1917; proc. r. soc. qd 29: 91; tl: n. queensland, stannary hills\ncryptophasa epixysta turner, 1917; proc. r. soc. qd 29: 90; tl: n. a, port darwin\ncryptophasa irrorata lewin, 1805; nat. hist. lepid. insects n. s. w. : 11, pl. 10\ncryptophasa psilocrossa turner, 1902; trans. proc. r. soc. s. aust. 26: 203; tl: brisbane\ncryptophasa russata butler, 1877; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1877 (3): 475; tl: cape york\ncryptophasa sacerdos turner, 1902; trans. proc. r. soc. s. aust. 26: 204; tl: brisbane\ncryptophasa semnocrana meyrick, 1928; exot. microlep. 3 (14 - 15): 433; tl: new britain, talesea\ncryptophasa megalorma meyrick, 1910; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1910: 457; tl: new guinea, ron i .\ncryptophasa merocentra meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 147; tl: moluccas, buru, 2700ft\ncryptophasa zorodes turner, 1917; proc. r. soc. qd 29: 92; tl: n. a. , port darwin\ncryptophasa byssinopis turner, 1902; trans. proc. r. soc. s. aust. 26: 205; tl: townsville, queensland\ncryptophasa ensigera meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 150; tl: new guinea, dampier i .\ncryptophasa porphyritis turner, 1906; trans. r. soc. s. austr. 30: 140; tl: n. queensland, kuranda\ncryptophasa themerodes turner, 1904; trans. r. soc. s. austr. 28: 244; tl: qeensland, stradbroke i .\ncryptophasa mesotoma meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 149; tl: moluccas, buru, 2700 - 5000ft\ncryptophasa alphitodes turner, 1904; trans. r. soc. s. austr. 28: 244; tl: n. queensland, thursday i .\ncryptophasa amphicroca meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 151; tl: dutch new guinea, weyland mts, 6000ft\ncryptophasa crocochorda meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 151; tl: dutch new guinea, weyland mts, 6000ft\ncryptophasa hormocrossa meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 148; tl: dutch new guinea, weyland mts, 6000ft\ncryptophasa neocrates meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 146; tl: dutch new guinea, weyland mts, 6000ft\ncryptophasa nesograpta meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 150; tl: dutch new guinea, weyland mts, 6000ft\ncryptophasa argophanta meyrick, 1917; exotic microlep. 2 (2): 55; tl: molucca is. , amboina; new guinea, yule i .\ncryptophasa phaeochtha meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 147; tl: dutch new guinea, oetakwa r. , 3000ft\ncryptophasa hyalinopa; turner, 1902, trans. proc. r. soc. s. aust. 26: 204; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]\ncryptophasa panleuca; turner, 1902, trans. proc. r. soc. s. aust. 26: 205; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]\ncryptophasa xylomima turner, 1906; trans. r. soc. s. austr. 30: 140; tl: n. queensland, mulgrave r. , near cairns\ncryptophasa leucadelpha meyrick, 1887; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. (2) 1 (4): 1040; tl: wimmera, victoria\ncryptophasa chionotarsa meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 148; tl: dutch new guinea, nomnagihé, s of wangaar r. , 2000ft\ncryptophasa sceliphrodes meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 150; tl: dutch new guinea, nomnagihé (2000ft), weyland mts (6000ft )\ncryptophasa malevolens meyrick, 1928; exot. microlep. 3 (14 - 15): 433; tl: dutch new guinea, upper setekwa r. , snow mts, 2000 - 3000ft\ncryptophasa vacuefacta meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 148; tl: dutch new guinea, nomnagihé, s of wangaar r. , 600 - 2000ft\ncryptophasa psammochtha meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 47; tl: dutch new guinea, nomnagihé, s of wangaar r, 2000ft; fakfa, 1700ft\n♀ - qld, kuranda, a. sundholm leg. (lwc). [ amo ] .\ncommon, in nielsen, edwards, & rangsi, 1996, checklist of the lepidoptera of australia. monographs on australian lepidoptera, 4: i - xiv, 1 - 529 & cd - rom [ 86 ] .\nn. q. , kuranda, in january; one female and a mutilated male received from mr. f. p. dodd .\nthe adult moths of this species are white, with dark brown margins to each wing. the abdomen is dark brown with a pale anal tuft of hairs. the wingspan is about 5 cms .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 30704d03 - b3a5 - 4425 - 862a - 32f47e60cb6d\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 376894\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\naethoptera meyrick, 1938; trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 87: 516\ncryptophaga aglaodes lower, 1893; trans. proc. r. soc. s. austr. 17 (1): 171; tl: arthurton, yorke peninsula\nlarva on casuarina quadrivalvis lower, 1893, trans. proc. r. soc. s. austr. 17 (1): 172\narithmologa meyrick, 1938; trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 87: 517\ncryptophaga cannea lucas, 1901; proc. r. soc. qd 16: 85; tl: sunny bank, brisbane\nchionacra diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 124\ncryptophaga chionodes turner, 1898; ann. qd. mus. 4: 9\nchionosema meyrick, 1938; trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 87: 517\nchlorotis diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 118\ncryptophaga citrinopa lower, 1915; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 40 (3): 484; tl: broken hill, new south wales\ncryptophaga delocentra meyrick, 1890; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 13: 39; tl: sydney, new south wales\ncryptophaga diplosema lower, 1903; trans. r. soc. s. austr. 27 (2): 199; tl: duaringa; towsville, queensland\ncrossosticta meyrick, 1938; trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 87: 517\n: dutch new guinea, nomangihé, 2000ft; oetakwa r. , 3000ft; weyland mts, 6000ft\ncryptophaga epadelpha meyrick, 1890; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 13: 36; tl: brisbane, queensland\n: dutch new guinea, oetakwa r. , 3000ft; british new guinea, dampier i. , goodenough i. , 3000ft\ncryptolechia flavolineata walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 749; tl: sydney\ngeron diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 126\ncryptophaga gypsomera lower, 1903; trans. r. soc. s. austr. 27 (1): 70; tl: bairnsdale, victoria\ncryptophaga hyalinopa lower, 1901; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 25 (2): 82; tl: duaringa, queensland\ntortrix? insana felder & rogenhofer, 1875; reise fregatte novara, bd 2 (abth. 2) (5): pl. 140, f. 33; tl: australia\niorhypara diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 116\nluciflua meyrick, 1938; trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 87: 516\ncryptophaga melanoscia lower, 1903; trans. r. soc. s. austr. 27 (2): 198; tl: birchip, victoria\ncryptophaga nephrosema turner, 1898; ann. qd. mus. 4: 7\ncryptophaga nigricincta turner, 1898; ann. qd. mus. 4: 9\nniphadobela diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 119\ncryptophaga intermedia var. alba lucas, 1894; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. (2) 8 (2): 162\nlarva on tristania suaveolens lucas, 1894, proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. (2) 8 (2): 162\nnymphidias turner, 1926; inst. austr. n. z. : 425, pl. 33, f. 3\nobscura diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 113\ncryptophaga ochroleuca lower, 1892; trans. r. soc. s. austr. 15: 15; tl: blackwood\ncryptophaga opalina turner, 1900; trans. proc. r. soc. s. aust. 24: 7; tl: brisbane, queensland\ncryptophaga panleuca lower, 1901; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 25 (2): 83; tl: cooktown, queensland\ncryptophaga phaethontia meyrick, 1890; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 13: 36; tl: duaringa, queensland\ncryptophaga phycidoides lucas, 1901; proc. r. soc. qd 16: 84; tl: brisbane\ncryptophaga platypedimela lower, 1894; trans. proc. r. soc. s. aust. 18: 90; tl: mackay, queensland\nranunculus diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 121\ncryptophaga rubra meyrick, 1890; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 13: 37; tl: ardrossan, south australia\ncryptophaga sarcinota meyrick, 1890; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 13: 37; tl: duaringa, queensland\nsepiogramma meyrick, 1938; trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 87: 516\nlarva on banksia serrata scott, 1864, aust. lepid. 1: 10\ncryptophaga stenoleuca lower, 1894; trans. proc. r. soc. s. aust. 18: 89; tl: duaringa, queensland\ncryptophaga stochastis meyrick, 1890; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 13: 30; tl: york, west australia\ncryphophaga monoleuca lower, 1894; trans. proc. r. soc. s. aust. 18: 91; tl: new south wales\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea, results of the third archbold expedition (american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939). part iv\nreise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b. von wüllerstorf - urbair. zoologischer theil. band 2. abtheilung 2. lepidoptera. rhopalocera\n- 120, (inhalts - verz .) 1 - 9 (pl. 1 - 74), (felder & rogenhofer, 1874), (5): pl .\nwalker, 1866 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 31: 1 - 322 ([ 1865 ]), 32: 323 - 706 (1865), 33: 707 - 1120 (1865), 34: 1121 - 1534 ([ 1866 ]), 35: 1535 - 2040 (1866 )\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy." ]

{ "text": [ "cryptophasa argyrias is a moth in the xyloryctidae family .", "it was described by turner in 1906 .", "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland .", "the wingspan is about 60 mm .", "the forewings are shining silvery white with a dark-fuscous line along the costal and terminal edge , broader on the latter .", "the hindwings are ochreous-whitish-grey with the terminal edge fuscous . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1 ] }

[ "cryptophasa argyrias is a moth in the xyloryctidae family. it was described by turner in 1906. it is found in australia, where it has been recorded from queensland. the wingspan is about 60 mm. the forewings are shining silvery white with a dark-fuscous line along the costal and terminal edge, broader on the latter. the hindwings are ochreous-whitish-grey with the terminal edge fuscous." ]

[ "wikipedia article copyright notice: this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license. it uses material from the wikipedia article\npleurocera alabamensis\n.\nno one has contributed data records for pleurocera annuliferum yet. learn how to contribute .\nfacts summary: the mud elimia (pleurocera alabamensis) is a species of concern belonging in the species group\nsnails\nand found in the following area (s): alabama. this species is also known by the following name (s): elimia alabamensis .\npleurocera (neochrysis) linsenmaier 1959: 74. generotype: chrysis punctatissima spinola 1840 (nec villers 1789 = carina brulle 1846), original designation .\nbogan a. e. (1996). elimia alabamensis. 2006 iucn red list of threatened species. downloaded on 6 august 2007 .\nthis page is based on the copyrighted wikipedia article pleurocera alabamensis; it is used under the creative commons attribution - sharealike 3. 0 unported license (cc - by - sa). you may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the cc - by - sa\ndillon r. t. (2011) .\nrobust shell phenotype is a local response to stream size in the genus pleurocera (rafinesque, 1818 )\n. malacologia 53 (2): 265 - 277. doi: 10. 4002 / 040. 053. 0205 .\ndiagnosis: t - iii with four apical teeth, pit row distinct or represented by a deep crease, no nearly complete lateral pronotal carina, a sharp or peglike projection basomedially on propodeum, irons with tfc, six described species but only one in america north of mexico: alabamensis (mocsary) .\ndiscussion: bohart (1963) synonymized this species with panamensis. reexamination of the types has led us to reverse this decision. n. alabamensis can be distinguished from panamensis by the “pinched’, sharply edged forefemur (fig. 466), malar space longer than 1. 0 mod, f - i 2. 4 to 2. 6 times as long as wide and f - v wider than long .\nthese characteristics in panamensis are: forefemur rounded (fig. 465), malar space less than 1. 0 mod, f - i length 3. 0 times width, and f - v about as wide as long. the only member of exochrysis found north of mexico, alabamensis can be immediately distinguished by the basomedial projection of the propodeum. the sternal spots are as far apart as wide (males) or three times as far apart as wide (females). body length is about 8. 5 mm) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthis article is only an excerpt. if it appears incomplete or if you wish to see article references, visit the rest of its contents here .\nglenn, c. r. 2006 .\nearth' s endangered creatures - mud elimia facts\n( online) - licensed article from wikipedia: the free encyclopedia. accessed\nwant to help save endangered species, but don' t have a lot of money to donate? there are actually a lot of creative ways you can help endangered species, even if you are an individual and not a funded organization. we' ve put together a list of ways you as an individual can help save endangered species .\nlist of all endangered animals. list of all endangered plants. list of all endangered species (animals & plants). by species group (mammal, birds, etc)... united states endangered species list. browse by country, island, us state... search for an endangered species profile .\nare you inspired by endangered animals? check out our games and coloring pages! more to come soon .\n© 2002–2012 mdi biological laboratory. all rights reserved. © 2012–2018 mdi biological laboratory & nc state university. all rights reserved. data updated june 26, 2018 revision 15488\nlua error in package. lua at line 80: module' module: buffer' not found .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\nr. m. bohart and l. s. kimsey, 1982 · 9 exochrysis tolteca\nr. m. bohart and l. s. kimsey, 1982 · 1 exochrysis tolteca, forefemur\ntaken from: r. m. bohart and l. s. kimsey. 1982. a synopsis of the chrysididae in america north of mexico .\nhost: podium rufipes (fabricius) and p. luctuosum f. smith (krombein 1958, 1967) .\ndistribution: georgia, florida, maryland, kansas, oklahoma, virginia, arkansas, north carolina, louisiana, district of columbia, pennsylvania, south carolina and wisconsin. collection dates are april through november .\nneochrysis (exochrysis) bohart 1966: 141. generotype: chrysis panamensis cameron 1888, original designation .\n, no lateral pronotal carina, propodeum simple, frons without tfc, seven or eight described species but only two in america north of mexico: arizonensis kimsey and montezuma (cameron) .\n2. pronotum without almost complete, well developed lateral carina; t - iii pit row obsolete to completely lacking (fig. 469); frons without cross carina or subcarinae extending back to ocelli (fig. 467); t - iii with four apical teeth (subgenus neochrysis). .\npronotum with practically complete, well developed lateral carina (fig. 464); t - iii pit row well developed (fig. 471); frons with cross carina and / or with carinae extending back to ocelli; t - iii with six apical teeth in nearctic species (subgenus ipsiura )\n3. f - i twice as long as broad or shorter; t - iii with basolateral whitish spot; male f - i - iii with erect white hairs, 1. 0 mod long or longer (fig. 467) ...\nf - i over twice as long as broad, usually 2. 5 to 3. 0 times; t - iii without a basolateral whitish spot; male f - i - iii without long white hairs .\n4. forefemur with distinct angle or tooth beneath (fig. 464); t - iii pit row preceded by a strong transverse swelling; pits large and elongate (fig. 464 )\nforefemur without distinct angle or tooth beneath; t - iii pit row preceded by a gentle transverse swelling, pits small and nearly hidden in a creaselike pit row (fig. 470).." ]

{ "text": [ "the mud elimia , scientific name pleurocera alabamensis , is a species of freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum , an gastropod mollusk in the family pleuroceridae .", "this species is endemic to the united states .", "this species was known as elimia alabamensis up to 2011 , when dillon ( 2011 ) synonymized elimia with the genus pleurocera . " ], "topic": [ 2, 2, 26 ] }

[ "the mud elimia, scientific name pleurocera alabamensis, is a species of freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an gastropod mollusk in the family pleuroceridae. this species is endemic to the united states. this species was known as elimia alabamensis up to 2011, when dillon (2011) synonymized elimia with the genus pleurocera." ]

[ "the similar yellow cardinalfish, ostorhinchus flavus, differs in having a pair of white stripes running through the eye, vs neon blue stripes in o. capricornis .\n( of ostorhinchus capricornis (allen & randall, 1993) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\na capricorn cardinalfish, ostorhinchus capricornicus, at north solitary island, new south wales - depth 23 m. source: ian v. shaw / reef life survey. license: cc by attribution\nbright orange body with a black spot on tail base, rather than band as in ostorhinchus aureus (ringtail cardinalfish), and blue lines through eye, rather than white, as in a. flavus .\napogon capricornis allen & randall, 1993, rev. fr. d' aquariol. herpétol. 19 (4): 112, fig. 5. type locality: outer reef on north side of one tree island, capricorn group, great barrier reef, qld .\nthe capricorn cardinalfish is a small, subtropical marine species. it is yellowish fish with a black spot on the caudal peduncle .\nthe capricorn cardinalfish is dusky yellow above and brassy to golden below. it has a black spot on the caudal peduncle and bright blue lines that run from the snout through the eye. the lower line reaches the posterior margin of the operculum .\nit has been found in scattered localities from the southern great barrier reef, queensland south to sydney, new south wales .\nthe map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums. source: atlas of living australia .\nkuiter, r. h. 1996. guide to sea fishes of australia. new holland. pp. 433 .\nrandall, j. e. , allen, g. r. & r. c. steene. 1997. fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea. crawford house press. pp. 557 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\na dusky yellow cardinalfish becoming brassy or golden yellow below, with a black spot centred on the caudal peduncle, and pair of neon blue stripes through the eye .\ncapricorn group, southern great barrier reef, queensland, and reefs in the southern part of the coral sea, to at least sydney, new south wales, with juveniles as far south as montague island; also lord howe island and norfolk island in the tasman sea. the species occurs elsewhere in the tropical, south - west pacific (chesterfield islands, coral sea, and new caledonia). usually shelters in caves and crevices during the day .\ndusky yellow grading to brassy or golden yellow below, with a black spot (slightly smaller in size than pupil) centred on the caudal peduncle, and pair of bright blue stripes running through the eye (lower stripe extending to the rear of the gill cover) .\nusually active at night, and individuals or small groups emerge at dusk to feed on benthic invertebrates and zooplankton .\nallen, g. r. & randall, j. e. 1993. three new species of cardinalfishes (apogonidae) from australia and adjacent seas .\njohnson, j. w. 2010. fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters, queensland, australia. pp. 299 - 353 in davie, p. j. f. & phillips, j. a. proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop, the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay .\n. sydney, nsw, australia: new holland publishers xvii, 434 pp .\nmabuchi, k. , fraser, t. h. , song, h. , azuma, y. & nishida, m. 2014. revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (percomorpha: apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters .\nreef and shore fishes of the south pacific. new caledonia to tahiti and the pitcairn islands\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution. it is calculated as the% of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect, where present .\nedit by: rd stuart - smith, gj edgar, aj green, iv shaw. 2015. tropical marine fishes of australia. reed new holland\nplease use this form only for a single type of error. if you see multiple errors on the page for this species, please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error. we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\nallen, g. r. ; randall, j. e. (1993). three new species of cardinalfishes (apogonidae) from australia and adjacent seas. rev. fr. aquariol. 19 (4): 107 - 114. [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmarine; reef - associated; depth range 2 - 15 m (ref. 26154). temperate\nwestern pacific: capricorn group on the southern great barrier reef and chesterfield group in the coral sea, and sydney, new south wales of australia .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 5. 8 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 26154 )\nmouthbrooders (ref. 240). distinct pairing during courtship and spawning (ref. 205) .\nallen, g. r. and j. e. randall, 1993. three new species of cardinalfishes (apogonidae) from australia and adjacent seas. rev. fr. aquariol. 19 (4): 107 - 114. (ref. 26154 )\n): 24. 5 - 28. 3, mean 26. 6 (based on 403 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01096 (0. 00498 - 0. 02415), b = 3. 11 (2. 92 - 3. 30), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 4 ±0. 5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (10 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\neschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. ; van der laan, r. (eds). (2017). catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. electronic version. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ostorhynchus) smith, j. l. b. (1961). fishes of the family apogonidae of the western indian ocean and the seychelles. ichthyological bulletin 22. [ details ]\ndownload' provisional import health standard (ihs) for ornamental fish and marine invertebrates' | mpi - ministry for primary industries. a new zealand government department .\nyour document' provisional import health standard (ihs) for ornamental fish and marine invertebrates' should start downloading automatically. if it does not, follow this link to your document .\nthe taxonomic information and the basic database has been provided by; e - mail: igor sheremetyev; this is a conversion from a database dump, and there are probably many odd things as result of automatic conversion." ]

{ "text": [ "ostorhinchus capricornis , also known as the capricorn cardinalfish , is a fish that lives in the oceans on the western side of australia .", "the black spot , slightly smaller than the pupil , is centred on the rear fin .", "bright blue lines are located on the head , the lower of the two extends a little past the end of the eye .", "the color of the ostorhinchus capricornis is a yellowish on the top , and a golden color on the bottom . " ], "topic": [ 15, 23, 23, 23 ] }

[ "ostorhinchus capricornis, also known as the capricorn cardinalfish, is a fish that lives in the oceans on the western side of australia. the black spot, slightly smaller than the pupil, is centred on the rear fin. bright blue lines are located on the head, the lower of the two extends a little past the end of the eye. the color of the ostorhinchus capricornis is a yellowish on the top, and a golden color on the bottom." ]

[ "also known as banded blanquillo, striped blanquillo, false whiting, sand tilefish, eye of the sea .\nactivities: clay lick travel life manu blanquillo, parrot clay - lick blanquillo, clay - lick maquisapayoc, blanco lake (cocha), camungo lake, manu national park, manu blanquillo, clay lick travel life .\na blue blanquillo, malacanthus latovittatus, at tulamben, bali, indonesia. source: ian v. shaw / reef life survey. license: cc by attribution\nblue - footed booby sula nebouxii, española. the egg is just visible under the breast .\nmost species are strictly marine; an exception is found in the blue blanquillo (malacanthus latovittatus) which is known to enter the brackish waters of papua new guinea' s goldie river .\nbirds blanquillo – macaw – of the early morning group, blue - headed and mealy parrots were the most aggressive and orange - cheeked parrots were the least aggressive. red and green macaws were more aggressive than scarlet macaws; the parakeets were equally aggressive. all species had more aggressive interactions with conspecifics than with other species blanquillo macaw clay licks .\na bluish tilefish with a broad dark midlateral band and a white terminal blotch on the tail. juveniles have a black midlateral band from the tip of the snout to the tail. the blue blanquillo usually hovers above the bottom on outer reef slopes .\nstage lights and different shapes art gallery. series 3 + version from 1 to 26 + orange - blue - purple and white color series\nlocation: southern peru, madre de dios department, manu national park, jungle trips, macaw caly lick manu blanquillo .\nyellow - crowned parrots (or amazons) amazona ochrocephala and mealy parrots a. farinosa, blanquillo clay lick, peru .\n. (a) blue marks: stranded fish; red marks: fish captured before natural hypoxia; green marks: fish captured after natural hypoxic event. (b) blue marks: fish captured during 2007; red marks: fish captured during 2008; green marks: fish captured during 2009. (c) blue marks: 1º cohort; red marks: 2º cohort; green marks: 3º cohort (see fig. 5a )\nnazca booby colony on plateau, española. they are bigger birds than the blue - foots, and like the albatrosses appreciate the advantages of cliff - top takeoffs .\nmany creatures change during their life. juvenile fish become adults and some change shape or their colour. some species change sex and others just get older. the following creature (s) are known relatives of the blue blanquillo. click the image (s) to explore further or hover over to get a better view !\nit' s been a while now since i offered one of my intermittent series on colour in nature. the last two series were on yellow and blue. i mention these specifically because both are essential to understanding green in animals. among vertebrates in particular, green pigments are almost unknown (like blue), and what looks green to our eyes is a clever sleight of hand (or eye), almost universally formed by a combination of yellow pigments (especially carotenoids which, as mentioned in the earlier article, must be obtained from plant material) and structural blue. in very brief, this involves light scattering by appropriately sized' bubbles' in feathers or skin which reflect only blue light - there' s a lot more detail in the earlier posting, linked above .\nmanu jungle trips it offers different excursions like manu forest cloudy, cultural zone, biosphere of the manu, blanquillo collpa of guacamayo. tour expedition visiting the cloud forest and the cultural reserve of the manu and cocha camungo and blanquillo leaving by the city of puerto maldonado. por please get in contact us manu jungle trips and we will write to advise charming adventure travel to the jungle .\nthe principle applies not just to birds however. frogs, despite famously being green (though most aren' t !), have no green pigments either. their skin structure is very complex; blue frogs have a layer of dark melanophores, overlaid by iridophores that reflect blue light. green frogs have a layer of yellow pigmented xanthophores on top of that - extraordinary! but clearly to those frogs that possess it, green is an important colour to be .\n. estudio biológico - pesquero de los recursos cabinza, machuelo, sierra y blanquillo en la iii y iv regiones, 247 pp. informe final corregido fip nº 2006 - 53: 1 - 247. <\nclay lick - macaw blanquillo: in native language, macaw means, “that who cries along the river”. they are highly intelligent animals and can live up 50 or 60 years old. . there are sixteen species in total. six species are extinct, while eight species are at present in danger of extinction in amazon wildlife in peru. macaws clay lick have big reproducing... read manu blanquillo macaw caly lick\nwild guacamon collpa - manu blanquillo 7 days: in manu, typical areas of macaw salt stones are the (scheela butyracea) palm trees, known as shebonal. pew nutrients, a high concentration of aluminum, and low organic matter characterize these areas. there is poor drainage due to the high concentration of clay in the soil. thus, during the rainy season, areas are... read manu blanquillo macaw caly lick\ntravel manu jungle - we have all the official permits of our company manu jungle trips. for the safety of our customers who are not cut off or injured on your tour of the manu national park, manu culture zone, collpa de guacamayos manu blanquillo ,\nwhat i am uncertain of with regard to the beetle is whether pigment is also involved, or whether a different wave - length is being reflected, so that it is green, rather than blue light being bounced to our eyes. certainly several bird groups use this more direct approach to produce green. here are some examples .\nwe wake up very early to go to the famous and splendid parrot’s clay - lick of blanquillo to watch big flocks of macaws (ara chloroptera), parrots and parakeets! ! they come there to eat clay that helps them to digest and clean body from toxins! after this activity, we continue towards the camungo lake where a 42 meter high observation tower is situated. we climb it to be able to enjoy a view of amazonian landscapes. later on, we explore paths around blanquillo on our way back to the lodge. optional: a night walk .\nwild guacamon collpa - manu blanquillo 7 days: in manu, typical areas of macaw salt stones are the (scheela butyracea) palm trees, known as shebonal. pew nutrients, a high concentration of aluminum, and low organic matter characterize these areas. there... read more\nclay lick - macaw blanquillo: in native language, macaw means, “that who cries along the river”. they are highly intelligent animals and can live up 50 or 60 years old. . there are sixteen species in total. six species are extinct, while... read more\nlike virtually all green birds, the lorikeets' feathers are really yellow, with blue light reflecting through them, which our eyes interpret as green. presumably green confers camouflage protection in foliage - though in the case of the parrots, the contrasting other colours (mostly pigments) might seem to defeat that purpose! here are some more examples - enjoy !\nalso known as banded blanquillo, striped blanquillo, false whiting, sand tilefish and eye of the sea. found singly or in pairs in self - made burrows and caves at the bases of reefs or piles of rock. they feed on various small bottom creatures. length - 35cm depth - 5 - 30m widespread indo - pacific tilefish form undersea pueblo villages made from gravel or sand substrate these self - made burrows and caves are at the base of reefs or piles of rock, often in canyons or at the edge of steep slopes. if disturbed they quickly dive head - first into their constructed retreats .\nblanquillo – macaw – three distinct mixed - species groups used the licks: in the early morning (parrots and small macaws), in mid - morning (large macaws), and in the early afternoon (parakeets), although the latter two groups used the licks at other times of day as well. the first parrots to begin eating at the lick in the early morning were macaw yellow - crowned parrots (amazona ochrocephala) and dusky - headed parakeets (aratinga weddellii), followed by blue - headed parrots pionus sordidus, and then by mealy (amazona farinosa) and orange - cheeked (pionopsitta barrabandi) parrots, and chestnut - fronted macaws (ara severa) .\nbut when you can finally tear yourself away from the albatross colony there are other special seabirds to admire from close range too, including two species of booby. these lovely tropical gannets have been known as boobies in english for over 400 years; it is apparently derived from spanish bobo, a fool, based on their trusting habits which enabled sailors to slaughter them with ease at breeding colonies. we really are shockers at times! blue - footed boobies are the ones most readily encountered throughout the galápagos, though they are actually the least abundant of the three species - the other two however breed only on remote islands, so are less evident to most visitors. i can' t ever imagine not stopping to admire the blue - foots though !\nall macaws have large, strong bills, bright plumage and long tapered tails, but their distinguishing field characteristic is the bare patch of facial skin around the eye and beak. . the three larger species of the amazon peru macaw are much brighter in color than the other two red and green macaws and scarlet macaws are both bright crimson, but red and greens have no yellow feathers on their wings (scarlet do). blue and yellow macaws, as their name suggests, are bright cobalt blue and gold in the amazon peru all three have (harsh crow - like calls that echo around the forest, whether in flight, feeding in fruiting trees or at the colpas, they are never quiet. amazon peru macaws nest in holes in trees or in the branches of large emergent trees. blue and yellows are the most selective - in choosing a nest site, generally only nesting inside old puna palms. this is a growing problem for these spectacular birds as the bird trade has cut down many of these nest sites in the search for chicks to export. there are research programmers, however in tambopata that erect artificial nest sites, in likely trees to hopefully safeguard the future of these incredible birds in the amazon peru the two smaller in the amazon peru macaw species both have mainly green plumage with blue wings. the chestnut flouted macaw is distingue from the red bellied macaw by having white facial skin and a reddish color on the underside of its wings and tail. the red bellied macaw has yellow facial skin and a yellowy color under the wings and tail the red bellied macaw and chest nut are usually seen flying in the large flocks (up to twenty individuals) in the amazon peru\ngreat northern tilefish, lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps generally shallow - water fish, tilefish are usually found at depths of 50 - 200 metres found in both temperate and tropical waters of the atlantic, pacific and indian oceans. . all species seek shelter in self - made burrows, caves at the bases of reefs or piles of rock, often in canyons or at the edges of steep slopes. either gravelly or sandy substrate may be preferred, depending on the species. most species are strictly marine; an exception is found in the blue blanquillo (malacanthus latovittatus) which is known to enter the brackish waters of papua new guinea' s goldie river. tilefish feed primarily on small benthic invertebrates, especially crustaceans such as crab and shrimp. mollusks, worms, sea urchins and small fish are also taken .\nclay lick – macaw blanquillo - manu national park: in native language, macaw means, “that who cries along the river”. they are highly intelligent animals and can live up 50 or 60 years old. . there are sixteen species in total. six species are extinct, while eight species are at present in danger of extinction in amazon wildlife in peru. manu jungle trips in peru\ncusco ninamarca cloud forest to pilcopata. atalaya port to rainforest lodge manu park. travel life day 3: manu rainforest lodge to bocamanu - maquisapayoq lodge. day 4 macaw caly lick maquisapayoq lodge - cocha blanco lake. manu macaw caly lick blanquillo to camungo lake. manu to boca manu – aguas caliente – albergue rainforest. : manu albergue rainforest to atalaya port back to cusco city .\nalthough eating clay at “licks” (a form of geophagy) has been described, there are few behavioral data on temporal patterns, social interactions, species associations, or reactions to potential predators. we examined the behavior of nine species of macaws, parrots, and parakeets at the machiguenga ccolpa, a clay lick on the rio manu, peru in the dry season – blanquillo macaws clay lick .\nyour passport should be valid, please let us know if you have or will change your passport after booking the trip (inca trail authorities are not very pleasant to passport control in controlling the km 82). isic card (if applicable) must also be valid at the time of starting their inca trail, sandoval lake lodge, manu national park, tambopata reserve, manu blanquillo, etc .\nafter breakfast, we explore nearby paths. afterwards, we board our boat to navigate down the river for half an hour until we reach blanquillo lodge, a place of a big concentration of macaws we accommodate ourselves and have lunch there. later, we visit the cocha blanco (blanco lake) where we observe a giant river otter family fishing. if we are lucky, we can spot a big variety of birds playing, for example, a prehistoric bird called hoatzin. in the afternoon, we return to the lodge where our cook serves us dinner. after that, we are given an opportunity to go in search of caimans which are usually active at night waiting for their victims. then we get back to the lodge to overnight night walk in the clay lick wild – manu blanquillo .\nwe visit a special site of the manu national park – a private reserve of manu maquisapayoq and manu blanquillo, situated in the southern part of the park! we discover there some paths going through this virgin part of the jungle manu center. to get there, we use the newly paved interoceanic highway for the most of the travel followed by a much shorter travel on the madre de dios river by motorboat. . blanquillo offers perfect conditions to observe river otters in a nearby lake and macaws, parrots and parakeets in one of the best clay licks of manu center! !. tours in manu maquisapayoq is an exceptional clay - lick serving to tapirs and other animals to eat clay! there is also a special roofed platform with mosquito´s nets where visitors can overnight while watching tapirs arriving to eat at nights in manu center .\nafter 11: 00 in the morn¬ing, you’d think it was a dirt cliff face along the river like any other. but arrive just a few hours earlier and it’s trans¬formed into one of the most fascinating break¬fast stops in the natural world: that of the wild parrots of peru in manu blanquillo clay lick it doesn’t appear on any map. nor do tourist books mention its name. but this parrot haven, called blanquillo, clay lick in the southeastern, is perhaps one of the most rare and spectacular of all rain forest attractions. and to think our visit there was merely by chance. in fact, it was an afterthought. a pit stop between point a finds b. we – myself and two brothers jeff and mark – had just surfaced from the depths of manu na¬tional park, a four and a half million acre biosphere reserve that boasts some of the most diverse and untouched fauna and flora in the world. after spending weeks in this paradise, you’d think we’d seen it all. or at least, we thought, there would be no better place to see it. clay lick blanquillo manu park way to our next destination: puerto maldonado, the capital city of peru’s madre de dios jungle region, and gate¬way to bolivia. it was said to be a place where there were parrots – even macaws clay lick the world’s largest parrots. a local couple was building a lodge there and we might be able to stay with them. it was all so vague, but after all, wildlife was wild¬life, and that’s what we were there to see manu blanquillo clay lick so we continued our journey down the rio madre de dios from our base just downriver from shintuya to communiti\nthe macaw clay lick. here bird - watchers can view one of the world’s phenomenal avian spectacles, as hun - dreds of red, blue, and green parrots and macaws gather at the lick daily. squawking raucously, they wheel through the air before landing together on the river bank to eat clay. this breathtaking display can only be seen where there is undisturbed rainforest with healthy populations of wild macaws, as in southeast peru. below: sunset on trails around the macaw lick offer the river manu (\namazon fields bird - clay lick: parrots are an anatomically homogeneous group of birds. they are most abundant in tropical and temperate regions in australia. they are noisy, social, and they have heavy hook bills and yoke - tipped feet. their reputation precedes them; which need little presentation. the parrots are gregarious frugivores. in the forest, herds look out for fruits, flowers, ... read manu blanquillo macaw caly lick\ntilefishes, also known as blanquillo, are mostly small perciform marine fish comprising the family malacanthidae. commercial fisheries exist for the largest species, making them important food fish, although the american food and drug administration warns pregnant or breastfeeding women against eating them due to mercury contamination. the smaller, exceptionally colourful species are enjoyed in the aquarium. due to their low fecundities, commercially important species are threatened by overfishing via long - line and bottom trawling methods .\nonly red and green macaws, grunflugel (ara chloptera) have been observed to frequently visit the clay blanquillo clique. in my personal opinion, a layer of clay can be a social place where single macaws seek out their parent pair. when feeding on a hand, macaws are very nervous as they can be easily attacked by predators on the open wall. they are especially vulnerable because their head is inside a hole to eat the clay. the souls that left this world follow the direction of the waters of the seronhai river. that is the river of those who were born to the other world. then it is a point in the seronhai opens in two directions. in the middle is the yongkatone, a giant macaw. you have to give him something to eat and he will let you in, to continue his trip to wanamei, to the tree where he will live happily and nothing less. for that reason, it is good to give something to eat those who are dying of hunger because if you do not give him something to eat at yongkatone, it becomes bitter and he cut his head and throw it across the river, where there is a fire in collpa wild – manu blanquillo. wild collpa – manu blanquillo is “collpa” in quechua language (native mountain) salt of the earth. also native to the jungle used it to designate certain areas used by animals indefinitely for a supplement of salts and minerals in their diet. these help against strong alkaloids and toxins found in plants and many tropical rainforest trees. during the peru nature tour, we will visit one of the most famous “collpas” (that means collpa in english) – collpa blanquillo! ! you are not given the opportunity to see a large number of macaws, parrots and parrots! in addition, you can observe the wildlife and lush vegetation of the culture zone of the manu national park, blanco lago (cocha) and camungo lake !\nriver mapacho going through the hill that city paucartambo is characterized by well - painted houses, some white and others blue with blue balconies narrow streets well paved with river stones is also famous party of the virgin del carmen celebrated with much pomp on 16 july, with the large variety of groups of dancers who sing beautiful songs. this town is located 77 kilometers from the city of cusco. after passing the town of paucartambo climb to the highest point called acjanacu at the entrance of manu national park is 104 kilometers an hour to three quarters of the 3, 500 m located and 3 degrees celsius temperature where the first checkpoint is the manu national park. this place is open to whose right hand there are high mountains over 4, 000 meters as qañaqway, known to the locals in the andean idiosyncrasy under the name of apu qañaqway or tutelary deity of the area, while the left side branches within the manu national park, 15 kilometers road heading east, which goes to sunrise observatory, called tress cruces or the east balcony 3, 800 m in whose area the rough straw and intense cold prevails there begins the entrance to the reserve manu national park .\nwild guacamon collpa – manu blanquillo 7 days: in manu, typical areas of macaw salt stones are the (scheela butyracea) palm trees, known as shebonal. pew nutrients, a high concentration of aluminum, and low organic matter characterize these areas. there is poor drainage due to the high concentration of clay in the soil. thus, during the rainy season, areas are easily flooded and during the form of clay bricks dry season. it is not surprising that these macaws use high concentrated aluminum clay to cure their stomach pains. aluminum hydroxide medications are also used in the manu national park .\ngeophagy and consumption of mineral - rich water is common in the tropics especially among frugivorous birds such as parrots and pigeons. this said, we still do not know how common and widespread geophagy is in birds – largely because it is difficult to observe in the vast and little - known tropical forests. previous work by dr craig symes, another south african who worked in our group, recorded fourteen pigeon species and six parrot species practising geophagy, or drinking salt water in a forest in papua new guinea (61% of the sites parrots and 30% of parrots). cassowary was recorded eating blue soil rich in iron and the conclusion from this study is that different birds in the area were using different dirt for different reasons (symes et al. 2006) .\nthe surprising lack of suitable nest sites is one of the biggest obstacles. the nests are built in certain kinds of trees. for the blue and yellow macaws the most common site is on the top part of dead pona palm trees. the scarlet macaws nest in hard wood tree holes. macaws cannot hack out holes for nests by themselves because of their down curved bills. thus they use holes made previously, for example by woodpeckers. existing holes are not always abundantly available. nesting starts in december, so macaws start to look for their favorite tree from august. often it occurs that two couples see the tree at the same time. they may start to fight for it, sometimes until death. a fighting macaw may even go as far as to pull a competing macaw’s chicks from their nest .\nin 1789 he was made a captain in the new south wales corps and given the task of both recruiting and commanding a company which he was to take to the new south wales colony, where he arrived in 1791 and was immediately made commander of troops on that most brutal of convict outposts, norfolk island. his determination at this time was to collect a specimen of every norfolk island plant, as well as rock specimens and insects, during his 16 months of service there. back in sydney in 1793 he made one of the first attempts to enter the blue mountains by boat along the grose river; with the knowledge of the time it wasn’t a silly idea at all, but he found that the waterfalls somewhat restricted navigation to the boat. he did of course make plant collections here including some hitherto unknown species .\nwe leave cusco early in the morning to start our adventurous trip! first, we are taken by private transport to the place called ninamarca to observe pre - incan “chullpas” (tombs) of the lupaca’s culture. then, we continue to paucartambo, a colonial town with narrow streets and beautiful church, where people still keep their old customs. then, we ascend to the viewpoint tres cruces (3, 900 masl) to observe one of the best sunrises of the world! from there, we start descending to the manu national park, a place of presence of cock of the rock (a peruvian national bird), hummingbirds, strikingly coloured quetzals, trogons, spotted flycatcher and woolly monkey. from flora, we can view a variety of orchids, mosses, ferns, etc. finally, we get to pilcopata (700 masl) where we overnight in lodge after enjoying dinner and shower. clay lick wild – manu blanquillo\nan eventful one - day trip turned into two before we finally reached the shores of blanquillo. clay lick i think we were infinitely happier to have departed the boat than we were to have arrived at our destination. the day was hot. bloodthirsty black flies swarmed our legs, and sweat bees, crazed by the saltiness of fresh new vic¬tims, came at us like kamikazes. we doused with jungle juice and made it up the embankment to a thatched hut – the only sign of civilization in sight. was another owner and would be back later. would we like something to eat or drink? the thatched hut doubled as a “roadside” diner for travelers. we surveyed our funds. pretty bleak. we were in dire need of a money changer. but after the boat ordeal, we deserved a decent meal. a round of cusqueñas (the local beer), rice, fried plantains, and fresh river fish. and all for only one million intis each (a couple of dollars) .\nthis is one of the most fascinating nature trips in the world – blanquillo macaws. our overland route crosses an extraordinary range of life zones from highlands to lowlands of manu park, taking us through an array of ecosystems found nowhere else on the planet in such close proximity. we see high altitude farming valleys and traverse stark highland puna, plunge through layers of grassland, elfin forest, layers of lush, ever‐changing cloud forest, and then lowland tropical valleys where farmers cultivate coca and exotic fruits. all the way we traverse the habitat of innumerable bird species – macaws clay licks. then our journey winds its way by river through lowland rainforest, taking us to a remote jungle village, then to manu park wildlife center, located in the heart of manu, the upper amazon basin’s greatest national park, in manu we navigate the waters of an isolated oxbow lake, home to giant otters, caimans, monkeys and an endless variety of birds – manu jungle trips. our trip ends downriver with the amazon’s finest wildlife viewing opportunities, at manu wildlife center .\namazon fields bird – clay lick: the human groups that live in association with macaws in the amazon directly affect the population largely because of land use, but also to a lesser degree due to physically trapping birds for the pet trade or their feathers. in most cases the humans living in macaw - inhabited areas rely heavily on agriculture for subsistence, meaning that they have to clear portions of the forest to create fields to grow their crops, which include bananas, manioc, yucca, pineapple, and local fruits. the land development necessary for agriculture directly affects macaw populations, especially the scarlet macaws that are so dependent upon mature trees to nest in. additionally, gold mining operations and other land use can affect the clay lick areas where macaws congregate because the mining activity physically destroys the adjacent shoreline. another case of human interference with macaws is the example of a small clay lick near the bolivian border of peru that attracts critically endangered blue­headed macaws (ara couloni) and also lies on privately owned land that the owner would like to clear. [ 1 ] such loss of critical habitat would be devastating for the population of these endangered birds, but this trend occurs throughout the macaw range. loss of habitat is perhaps the main and also most challenging aspect facing macaws today because it continues to persist and encroach upon crucial habitat .\nmanu road amazon field: will travel adventure with hiking within the manu reserve where they collected in the morning from the hotel in cusco and travel in our private transportation with a tour in the majestic mountains of the andes to the amazon rainforest blanquillo clay lick of manu, through the funeral towers ninamarca, lupacas cemeteries in the village of huancarani which is a traditional village of the pre - inca culture. then pass through paucartambo known for its folklore customs (variety of dances that are presented each year in honor of the virgen del carmen). in the afternoon we arrive at the entrance to the reserve of manu national park where we will enter the most protected in all of south america (subamerica) natural areas. we will continue our journey with a small road transport and a thick fog in the forest to reach the home of the exotic peruvian national bird called the ” cock of the rocks ” where amazed by the spectacle and an impressive range of sounds that you can only find in the jungle of manu. then we will go more into the jungle to continue to observe the variety of species that live within the biosphere of manu jungle trips is peru amazon clay lick in amazon wildlife\nboats were supposed to come every day or so. but it was july and the river was low and travel was more difficult. we had been wait¬ing, bags packed, for sev¬eral days, scanning the river for any sign of a boat, dally¬ing away our time watching leaf cutter ants devour the forest and black flies de¬ our legs. and then our “ship” came in. actually a 45 ft. motorized dugout canoe typical of river travel. and it was a miracle we even found room to sit. the middle part of the boat was stacked high with passen¬ger gear and luggage. the two ends were stacked high with people – most heading toward the small mining shantytown of manu blanquillo clay lick three days downriver, and just short of puerto maldonado. like many, they were hoping to strike it rich. what mostly happens is they work like dogs mak¬ing someone else rich. my brothers found “seats” along the edge of the boat in the back by the ‘captain. ’ ’ i was shuffled to the only other available spot at the other end of the boat next to a bitter, retired policeman with gold fever, and a mother and baby who were on a diaper - changing marathon .\njungle guide 20s, ex¬plained that they had started running tours into manu national park and currently didn’t have a boat to take us to the clay lick just down¬stream. our options? there was a trail at one time, he said. it used to lead to a point on the river next to the lick. a back door of sorts. now, however, the forest had probably swallowed up the passageway. and even so, you couldn’t see much from the side of the river the lick was on. for a good view, you had to be across from it on the other side. some time ago, he ex - plained, a film crew from britain came out to do a documentary on the ma¬caws. they used a “blind a canoe with a camou¬flaged covering over it — to drift in the waters in front of the birds without alarming them or causing them to fly off. however, the last time he had checked, the blind was in no shape to sail. miraculously, a pair of peruvian scientists ap¬peared with their boat. they were study¬ing tree growth on cocha blanquillo, an oxbow lake a couple hundred meters inland from the river. they could take us the next morning it seemed we were getting taken for a ride here .\nmanu wildlife center is located in a wooded area that boasts some of the highest diversity of microhabitats in the manu park area. land - firm, transitional flood plain, varzea and bamboo forests is located near the cottage more willow and succession cane found on the beaches and islands of rivers, resulting in some of the highest biodiversity of manu. more than 580 species of birds have been recorded in the area between boca manu and the country house, and in the surrounding jungle. the blanquillo macaws and clay parrots are only 25 minutes away in rio, and a skin of up to 200 red and green macaws and many hundreds of their smaller relatives come to eat the clay necessary for their digestion. there are two area coves with floating platforms for wildlife observation, and two endangered giant otter families inhabit these lakes and small streams. about an hour walk from manu wildlife center through the forest is a large mammal lama where the tapir, the largest terrestrial mammal in south america, come regularly in search of minerals. there is a large hide here, equipped with mattresses and mosquito nets for those who want to spend the night in comfort watching these nocturnal creatures. during the day, several species of parrots and small parrots, as well as turkeys, currassows, peccaries and red howler monkeys visit the colpa. there are 12 species of monkeys that will be spotted while hiking the trails to manu wildlife center, including the emperor marmoset, monkey spider and saki monk. canopy access is easy, with two\ndescription found on outer reef slopes at depths below 5 m. a wary species that tends to swim away from its pursuer rather than enter ...\ndescription found on outer reef slopes at depths below 5 m. a wary species that tends to swim away from its pursuer rather than enter its burrow (ref. 1602). inhabits burrows in sandy bottoms (ref. 8991). [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of labrus latovittatus lacepède, 1801) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of malacanthus taeniatus valenciennes, 1839) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of malacanthus urichthys fowler, 1904) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of taenianotus latovittatus (lacepède, 1802) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of oceanops latovittatus (lacepède, 1801) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nreference summary - kuiter, r. h. and t. tonozuka, 2001\nkuiter, r. h. and t. tonozuka, 2001. pictorial guide to indonesian reef fishes. part 1. eels - snappers, muraenidae - lutjanidae. zoonetics, australia. 1 - 302 .\nall species entered except for apogon melanorhynchus (p. 209) and apogonichthys amblyuropterus (p. 229) .\ncreated to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .\ngreek, mala = a lot + greek, akantha = thorn (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; reef - associated; depth range 5 - 65 m (ref. 90102), usually 20 - 65 m (ref. 27115). tropical; 22°c - 28°c (ref. 27115); 35°n - 25°s\nindo - pacific: red sea and kenya east to hawaiian islands, fanning islands and samoa; northward to japan south to australia. apparently not found off new zealand (ref. 8991) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 45. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 8991); common length: 35. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 9645 )\ndorsal spines (total): 3 - 4; dorsal soft rays (total): 43 - 47; anal spines: 1; anal soft rays: 37 - 40 .\nfound on outer reef slopes, hovering above the bottom. they swim often high above the substrate to pick prey from the substrate with their excellent eyesight (ref. 48635). tends to swim away from its pursuer rather than enter its burrow (ref. 1602). solitary or in pairs (ref. 9710), adults form monogamous pairs (ref. 37816). maximum depth from ref. 027115 .\nmonogamous mating is observed as both obligate and genetic (ref. 52884) .\ndooley, j. k. , 1978. systematics and biology of the tilefishes (perciformes: branchiostegidae and malacanthidae) with descriptions of two new species. noaa tech. rep. nmfs circ. no. 411: 1 - 78. (ref. 8991 )\n): 24. 6 - 29, mean 27. 9 (based on 1578 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 6250 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00537 (0. 00238 - 0. 01210), b = 3. 03 (2. 82 - 3. 24), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 5 ±0. 50 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): moderate to high vulnerability (52 of 100) .\ndirk hartog island, western australia to ashmore reef, timor sea, and the great barrier reef, queensland, to seal rocks, new south wales; also cocos (keeling) islands and christmas island in the indian ocean. elsewhere, the species occurs on the tropical indo - west pacific. inhabits outer reef slopes, usually seen hovering above the bottom .\nallen, g. r. smith - vaniz, w. f. 1994. fishes of the cocos (keeling) islands .\nchristmas island natural history association, christmas island, indian ocean, 6798, australia. 197 pp .\ndooley, j. k. 1978. systematics and biology of the tilefishes (perciformes: branchiostegidae and malacanthidae) with descriptions of two new species .\ngloerfelt - tarp, t. & kailola, p. j. 1984 .\n. jakarta: dir. gen. fish. (indonesia), german tech. coop. , aust. dev. ass. bur. 406 pp .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nyearsley, g. k. , last, p. r. & morris, g. b. 1997 ,\ncodes for australian aquatic biota (caab): an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases\n, pp. 15 pp. + appendices\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 22619ce8 - 5837 - 4984 - 9127 - d2814a976702\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: e633c8fb - 4736 - 40d4 - a978 - afcc3d2a79eb\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 435005\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others. more information! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey' s business dictionary (german - english). thanks on that account! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome! questions and answers\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nfound on outer reef slopes, hovering above the bottom. they swim often high above the substrate to pick prey from the substrate with their excellent eyesight (ref. 48635). tends to swim away from its pursuer rather than enter its burrow (ref. 1602). solitary or in pairs (ref. 9710), adults form monogamous pairs (ref. 37816) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ncfm script by eagbayani, 28. 08. 01, php script by cmilitante, 04 / 03 / 10, last modified by cmilitante, 11 / 12 / 12\nthe two subfamilies appear to be morphologically different, with members of branchiosteginae having deep bodies, large heads and large, somewhat subterminal mouths. in contrast, members of malacanthinae are slender with elongate bodies, smaller heads and terminal mouths. tilefish range in size from 11 centimetres (yellow tilefish, hoplolatilus luteus) to 125 centimetres (great northern tilefish, lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps) and a weight of 30 kilograms. both subfamilies have long dorsal and anal fins, the latter having 1 - 2 spines. the gill covers (operculum) have one spine which may be sharp or blunt; some species also have a cutaneous ridge atop the head. the tail fin may range in shape from truncate to forked. most species are fairly low - key in colour, commonly shades of yellow, brown and gray. notable exceptions include three small, vibrant hoplolatilus species: the purple sand tilefish (h. purpureus), starck' s tilefish (h. starcki) and the redback sand tilefish (h. marcosi). tilefish larvae are notable for their generous complement of spines and serrations on the head and scales. this feature also explains the family name malacanthidae, from the greek words mala meaning\nmany\nand akantha meaning\nthorn\n.\ntilefish live in burrows, sometimes forming undersea pueblo villages. lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps active fish, tilefish keep to themselves and generally stay at or near the bottom. they rely heavily on their keen eyesight to catch their prey. if approached, the fish will quickly dive into their constructed retreats, often head - first. the chameleon sand tilefish (hoplolatilus chlupatyi) relies on its remarkable ability to rapidly change colour (with a wide range) to evade predators. many species form monogamous pairs, while some are solitary in nature (e. g. , ocean whitefish, caulolatilus princeps), and others colonial. some species, such as the rare pastel tilefish (hoplolatilus fronticinctus) of the indo - pacific, actively builds large rubble mounds above which they school and in which they live. these mounds serve as both refuge and as a micro - ecosystem for other reef species. the reproductive habits of tilefish are not well studied. spawning occurs throughout the spring and summer; all species are presumed not to guard their broods. eggs are small (< 2 mm) and made buoyant by oil. the larvae are pelagic and drift until the fish have reached the juvenile stage .\ngreat northern tilefish, lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps there are forty - two species in five genera. the family is further divided into two subfamilies: branchiosteginae or latilinae and malacanthinae. some authors regard these subfamilies as two evolutionarily distinct families (in which case the former subfamily is recorded as branchiostegidae) .\nsearch engine submission - urltoken: urltoken - south florida charter boat captain mark the shark is voted number one charter boat in florida. charter legend, captain\nmark the shark\nhas been credited for capturing more sharks on rod and reel than any human being on the planet! voted number one bachelor party boat. voted number one fishing website in the world. miami beach number one charter boat. urltoken covers usa, canada, south america, new york, chicago and toronto: - south florida charter boat - miami charter .\nwhich taxonomic groups does the family malacanthidae belong to and what are the different malacanthidae genus? below, you will find the taxonomic groups the family malacanthidae belongs to and the taxonomic tree with all the different genus .\nwhich are the most common photographed malacanthidae genus? below, you will find the list of genus commonly photographed by underwater photographers .\nmanu biosphere reserve: feel trips manu tour of a natural experience: the most important request for the development of the ecotourism is the sustainable use the conservations of nature we, manu jungle trips, are a company with conservation in mind, and we are aware of the changes that have occurred on our planet. manu jungle trips in peru" ]

{ "text": [ "the blue blanquillo , malacanthus latovittatus ( also known as the banded blanquillo , striped blanquillo , false whiting , sand tilefish or eye of the sea ) , is a species of tilefish from the family malacanthidae .", "the fish is known to swim at depths of 20 – 22 metres ( 66 – 72 ft ) with temperatures of 22 – 28 °c ( 72 – 82 °f ) . " ], "topic": [ 2, 18 ] }

[ "the blue blanquillo, malacanthus latovittatus (also known as the banded blanquillo, striped blanquillo, false whiting, sand tilefish or eye of the sea), is a species of tilefish from the family malacanthidae. the fish is known to swim at depths of 20 – 22 metres (66 – 72 ft) with temperatures of 22 – 28 °c (72 – 82 °f)." ]

[ "this is the place for visai definition. you find here visai meaning, synonyms of visai and images for visai copyright 2017 © urltoken\n¿qué significa mordellistena? existen 2 definiciones para la palabra mordellistena. también puedes añadir tu mismo una definición para mordellistena\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word visai. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word visai and, of course, visai synonyms and on the right images related to the word visai .\nmordellistena es un género de coleópteros de la familia mordellidae. incluye las siguientes especies: [ 1 ] ​\nlarva: mordellistena is the only genus in this family which larvae have characteristic tergal processes and paired urogomphi (comment by artjom zaitsev) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nformerly treated in a much broader sense; many spp. have been moved to other genera, incl .\nsmall, slender, linear or wedge - shaped. scutellum somewhat trianglular, rounded. antennae usually threadlike, sometimes slightly sawtoothed. eyes coarsely granulate. each hind tibia has 1 - 6 short, more or less oblique ridges on outer surface; tarsal segments may also bear ridges. most are solid black, but some have red, orange or yellow markings\nplants in aster family, some trees, mostly oak. for many species, food in unknown .\nford e. j. , jackman j. a. (1996) new larval host plant associations of tumbling flower beetles (coleoptera: mordellidae) in north america. coleopterists bulletin 50: 361 - 368 .\nnomenclatural changes for selected mordellidae (coleoptera) in north america j. a. jackman & w. lu. 2001. insecta mundi 15 (1): 31 - 34 .\ntaxonomic changes for fifteen species of north american mordellidae (coleoptera) a. e. lisberg. 2003. insecta mundi 17 (3 - 4): 191 - 194 .\namerican beetles, volume ii: polyphaga: scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett, r. h. , jr. , m. c. thomas, p. e. skelley and j. h. frank. (eds .). 2002. crc press llc, boca raton, fl .\na manual of common beetles of eastern north america dillon, elizabeth s. , and dillon, lawrence. 1961. row, peterson, and company .\npeterson field guides: beetles richard e. white. 1983. houghton mifflin company .\nthe book of field and roadside: open - country weeds, trees, and wildflowers of eastern north america john eastman, amelia hansen. 2003. stackpole books .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nkeyword search - try again, but check your spelling, and / or use fewer search terms .\nif we don' t have it today, create a' want' and receive an automated email when the item is listed for sale .\nfind books from over 100, 000 booksellers worldwide, for easy searches and price comparison .\nby using the web site, you confirm that you have read, understood, and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions. © 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc. all rights reserved. abebooks, the abebooks logo, abebooks. com ,\npassion for books .\nand\npassion for books. books for your passion .\nare registered trademarks with the registered us patent & trademark office .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\n- titlesinger (s) length1 .\npoda poda\npradeep kumar04: 002 .\ney sandakaara\ndhee04: 103 .\nmaya\n- rev inst med trop sao paulo. 52 (3): 169 - 170\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors (here). text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 license; additional terms may apply. images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "mordellistena visai is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family .", "it was described by horak in 1963 . " ], "topic": [ 27, 5 ] }

[ "mordellistena visai is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family. it was described by horak in 1963." ]

[ "as long as you do not mind being disappointed here they are. the first picture is an overall photo of the whole drawer. also included in this drawer are some south african specimens from the genus tylopedia (column 1) and phasis in column 2 and 3. the last three columns are various iolaus species. the second photo enlarges the pseudaletis specimens. they were originally determined using libert’s “revision du genre pseudaletis. lambillionea” 2007. i have since modified it after bouyer, “lambillionea, cxiii, 2”, 2013. and also bouyer, “ent africana 19 (1) ”, 2014. there are four specimens, two with a label beside them (tb ?) and two at an angle in the third column that i still need to examine and determine more accurately. any help happily accepted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthis genus was recently revised by libert (2007), whereupon two subspecies of this butterfly were described, the nominate and ssp .\nwill be found much more widely than suggested by its current distribution. the extent of occurrence (eoo) is large, though the known area of occupancy (aoo) probably meets the threshold for vulnerable under criterion b2. however, the facts that, a) it has been collected from ten localities during only the past ten years by specialized collectors and b) that it is not undergoing any major decline or fluctuation in distribution indicate that it cannot classify as threatened under criterion b. it is also not facing any threats at present and must therefore be classified as being of least concern .\nmembers of this genus tend to be rare. however, around appropriate ant trees this species may be abundant .\nthis is a species of moist forest. members of the genus are closely associated with\nalthough this species has a small area of occupancy, it is widely distributed and so does not currently face any major threats .\nno species - specific conservation measures are currently in place for this species, but it would benefit from further research, such as that being carried out by the african butterfly research institute, to better quantify its distribution .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\n© 2016, butterfly conservation society, ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na diverse genus of tropical african, ant - associated butterflies, many species of which are rare and have been described only recently. sexual dimorphism is so extreme that in many instances males and females have not been associated (larsen 2005) .\nackery, p. r. , smith, c. r. & vane - wright, r. i. (ed .) 1995 carcasson' s african butterflies. canberra: csiro .\nlarsen, t. b. 2005 butterflies of west africa. stenstrup, denmark: apollo books .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v. z. brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nis an african genus of lycaenidae, comprised of 25 seldom encountered forest species. the are tied to\nant trees\nwhere the larvae feed, and probably pupate, within the\nant nests. adults, it would seem, prefer to stay perched up in the canopy along the edges of forest clearings, and have been observed to be active as the sun is setting. a number have been taken at moth - lights during the night, suggesting that they are perhaps, in part, nocturnal .\nboth their flight and facies contribute to excellent mimicry of certain day - flying moths. i' ve been fortunate enough to collect a single female of\n( michel libert' s 2007 revision of the genus records only 2 other females from d. r. congo), and, until\npointed out what it was, i had it stored among my moth specimens. it really had me fooled !\nat the bottom - left is one of 4 known specimens of the species (1 male, 3 female), with each specimen having been found singly in separate localities (actually 1 each from guinea, ivory coast, ghana, and cameroon) .\nare known to have been collected from c. a. r. and cameroon (only 4 males) .\nthis species was named by libert in honour of the team at abri. at the time of publishing the revision only 13 females were known (in this box we see 17). the male has yet to be discovered .\nthis male holotype is the only known specimen of p. cornesi, and was collected in nigeria :\n, from togo, is one of only 2 known (the other, from nigeria, is housed in the natural history museum, in london). the female is unknown :\n( including the female allotype... i don' t have a picture of the male holotype which must have been in another box). below we have a close - up of a few males & females from r. c. a. (central african republic) .\n, from guinea, which is known from 2 males & a female, all collected in the month of september .\ndespite the former being white and the latter orange... a feature which seems fairly significant to the divisions within the genus .\n, from ghana, is known from 5 males all caught in light - traps. the holotype is at m. r. a. c. in tervuren, belgium. (i believe the quite beat - up specimen top - left of the first image is one of these 5 males )\n( described by neave in 1910, known from 2 females - se d. r. congo & zambia) and\n( from 1 male, described by druce 1913 - cameroon) are not represented in the abri collection (outside of those images, but can be found at the n. h. m. (london) .\nspecies, as of the year 2007 9 were known from 5 or fewer specimens. if you' re into collected rare butterflies, in my opinion, this group ought to be at the top of your list !\nan amazing series of photographs of a genus that one rarely gets a chance to see, even as plates in an article, revision or book. thank you for showing them. seeing a series, as opposed to a book plate of a singleton, makes it much easier to appreciate and understand the taxonomy involved. it puts my small number of specimens to shame .\ni' d love to see pictures of what you have, if you' d be willing to share .\ns' il n' y pas de solution c' est qu' il n' y a pas de problème! akuna matata... .\nfrom where is the antimachus female from? it looks like unusual ...\nthis is one of the things i love about icf - we get to see all these fantastic species that no - one normally shows us. adam .\nthis forum reminds me how little i know about insects on a daily basis, it really is a gold mine .\nit is no possible to work on picture of course but your zebra include at least 2 different species first zebra (tb ?) and third are probably relied to the 2 other (angled) in the second columns and seems the male of the zebra (ht female fom gabon). the two others may be what libert described taeniata (but photos are not enough) the large marginal black margin of the antimachus female is unusual but this species is very variable (it contains probably a group of species that i didn' t yet had opportunity to study seriously). at least the antimachus from congo seems a different species of that from cameroon and gabon and dardanella may be a good species .\nit' s remarkable to me how much some of these species (especially abriana) resemble certain neotropical riodinids! j. hyatt\nsad to say, another no. i just took a morning to grab pictures of random boxes from within the collection. i' ll be slowly sharing these pictures here over the coming months. perhaps next time around i can take more targeted photos. i was tempted to take more photos of the\nbut they were sitting above ian richardson' s work space, so they were inconvenient to get to .\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc.." ]

{ "text": [ "pseudaletis camarensis is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .", "it is found in cameroon , the central african republic and the democratic republic of the congo . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20 ] }

[ "pseudaletis camarensis is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family. it is found in cameroon, the central african republic and the democratic republic of the congo." ]

[ "brown - mandibled aracari (pteroglossus mariae) is a species of bird in the ramphastidae family .\nthe brown - mandibled aracari (pteroglossus mariae) is a south - american aracari that occurs naturally in the forests south of the amazon river in eastern peru and western brazil as far as the river madeira and south into adjacent areas of bolivia .\noriginal file name: ptemar8325 - brown - mandibled aracari (pteroglossus mariae). jpg resolution: 500x333 file size: 36283 bytes upload time: 2007: 12: 10 21: 29: 35\nthe brown - mandibled aracari has a black crown with chestnut head, nape (back of the neck) and throat. the rump is red. there is a broad red band across the breast with black below separated from a yellow belly by a thin red band. the upper bill is ivory colored and the lower bill is orange - brown .\nit is often treated as a sub - species of ivory - billed aracari (pteroglossus azara) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 336, 016 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nurltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary, © random house, inc. 2018\nfive individuals perched on a tree (ca. 35 m height) and vocalized before you take flight. the voc. is emitted between 5 - 6s and 16 - 20s. in expedition to acre with his friend fernando igor\ngogoy\n.\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\naracaris generally roost socially throughout the year. up to five adults and their fledged offspring sleep in the same hole with their long tails folded over their backs .\nthey nest in trees with appropriate hollows, most of which are previously made by woodpeckers. other hollows are the result of a branch break and ensuing rotting of the heart wood from rain over a period of time .\nboth the male and female share the incubation and chick rearing duties. their eggs are white and elliptical shaped, and are incubated for about 16 days. the newly hatched chicks are blind and naked with short bills and thick pads on their heels to protect them from the rough floor of the nest. both parents, as well as their previous offspring and / or possibly other adults feed the chicks, which leave the nest after about 6 weeks. the adults continue to feed them for several weeks after fledging .\nthe active aracaris require large, planted flights. aracaris are generally docile and can be kept with smaller birds - - but not birds so small that they (or their young) could be considered as prey by these large birds, such as finches. breeding pairs are best kept alone. captive birds may breed in nest boxes with a concave bottom; however, they generally prefer natural nests constructed from palm tree logs, which allows them to dig their nest chambers deeper .\ntoucanets and aracaris... all require the same space. the smallest breeding flight i have used was 4' x 10' x 6 feet high and the flights i currently use are 8' x 12' x 8 feet high and the newest flights are 8' x 16' x 8 feet high .\nthey need the proper diet, a nest log and the pairs must be compatible. these birds are sensitive to iron in the diet, so should be kept on the mazuri low iron softbill pellet plus a variety of fruit - all fruits except citrus, pineapple and tomatoes - are ok .\ni would start with the easiest, so when you have babies you will feel a sense of accomplishment and want to continue. if you start with a difficult species you will have much less luck and may become discouraged .\n( source: jerry jennings, president / director of emerald forest bird gardens )\nfor updates please follow beautyofbirds on google + (google. com / + avianweb )\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however, mistakes do happen. if you would like to correct or update any of the information, please\nthroughout history, crows, ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death. …\nplease note: any content published on this site is commentary or opinion, and is protected under free speech. it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes, and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice. avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material. your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nioc world bird list (v7. 1), gill, f and d donsker (eds). 2017 .\ndistribution maps should be very cautiously looked at. they do not provide with precise location but only give an idea of species global distribution. distribution areas are geopolitical; as a consequence the whole of a country is selected if a species is only located in one single place. for more precise distribution areas please go to iucn site (see link above) .\n← click inside, copy the code and then paste it into your web page code .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants in idaho .\ns, brazil. september 2003. : arthur grosset (www. arthurgrosset. com). source: urltoken\nthe text in this page is based on the copyrighted wikipedia article shown in above url. it is used under the gnu free documentation license. you may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the gfdl .\nurltoken does not have the copyright for this image. this photograph or artwork is copyright by the photographer or the original artist. if you are to use this photograph, please contact the copyright owner or the poster .\ncopyleft © since 1995, animal pictures archive. all rights may be reserved." ]

{ "text": [ "the brown-mandibled aracari ( us : / ˌɑːrəˈsɑːri / ahr-ə-sahr-ee , uk : / ˌɑːrəˈsɑːri / arr-ə-sahr-ee or / ˌɑːrəˈkɑːri / arr-ə-kahr-ee ) , or brown-mandibled araçari ( pteroglossus mariae ) , is a species of bird in the ramphastidae family .", "it is found in bolivia , brazil , and peru . " ], "topic": [ 7, 20 ] }

[ "the brown-mandibled aracari (us: / ˌɑːrəˈsɑːri / ahr-ə-sahr-ee, uk: / ˌɑːrəˈsɑːri / arr-ə-sahr-ee or / ˌɑːrəˈkɑːri / arr-ə-kahr-ee), or brown-mandibled araçari (pteroglossus mariae), is a species of bird in the ramphastidae family. it is found in bolivia, brazil, and peru." ]

[ "new zealand scaup / pāpango (aythya novaeseelandiae) are a protected species of duck endemic to new zealand .\nthe scaup is the smallest new zealand duck, 40cm long and weighing 650g .\nmale scaup preening and bathing. nga manu nature reserve, waikanae, new zealand\nadams, l. 2013. new zealand scaup. in miskelly, c. m. (ed .) new zealand birds online. urltoken\nmeet po; a new zealand scaup who will now have a new home at ngā manu. scaup are also known... … read more »\nstoke, s. 1991. aspects of the breeding biology of new zealand scaup (aythya novaeseelandiae). msc thesis, canterbury university, christchurch, new zealand .\nwakelin, m. 2004. foods of new zealand dabchick (poliocephalus rufopectus) and new zealand scaup (aythya novaeseelandiae). notornis 51: 242 - 245 .\nturbott, e. g. 1990. checklist of the birds of new zealand. ornithological society of new zealand, wellington .\nbuller, walter lawry, birds of new zealand, 1873. buller, walter lawry, birds of new zealand, 1888 .\nsome new zealand ducks do not avoid danger by flying away. scaup tend to dive to avoid it .\nnew zealand scaup. adult male on water. tauranga, july 2012. image © raewyn adams by raewyn adams\nthe scaup is new zealand' s only true diving duck, staying under water for up to twenty seconds .\nthe third species is the new zealand scaup (a. novaeseelandiae). in flight, the white stripe on the rear of the wing extends almost to the wingtip in the greater scaup and only halfway in the lesser scaup .\nfemale paradise duck bathing. nga manu nature reserve, waikanae, new zealand .\nwelcome swallow preening after bathing. nga manu nature reserve, waikanae, new zealand\nshy mollymawk scavenging on some dead marine animal. marlborough sounds, new zealand .\nsome new zealand ducks do not avoid danger by flying away. scaup tend to dive and swim beneath the water to avoid it .\nan endemic species (found only in new zealand), new zealand scaup have been fully protected since 1935. they are sparsely scattered across the north and south islands, the total population being about 20, 000 .\nblue duck. in captivity. nga manu nature reserve, waikanae, new zealand .\nnew zealand scaup are gregarious diving ducks common throughout new zealand. compact and blackish, they have the silhouette of a bath - toy duck. large approachable flocks are a feature of the rotorua and queenstown lakeshores, and scaup are also common on the avon river that flows through christchurch .\nthe new zealand scaup aythya novaeseelandiae, also known as black teal, and to maori as papango, is endemic to new zealand, and is a member of the anatidae family of the anseriformes order of ducks, geese and swans .\nnew zealand scaup may have colonised in new zealand from the northern hemisphere. aythya novaeseelandiae is related to the palearic tufted duck aythya fuligula, and the holarctic true scaups, a. marila and a. affinis (johnsgard 1965) .\nnew zealand: fragmented range on north i, but more widespread throughout w south i .\nthe new zealand scaup population was estimated at 20, 000 birds in the 1990s. this may have increased following the range and population expansion reported in canterbury .\nscaup are listed as' least concern' in the iucn red list of endangered species, and' not threatened' in the new zealand threat classification system .\namong the smallest new zealand ducks, scaup are around 40 centimetres long and weigh 650 grams. males have yellow eyes, and a darker body than females .\nintroduction: the new zealand scaup is the smallest duck of new zealand. formerly widespread throughout this region, the species is now restricted to deeper lakes and lagoons of both north and south islands, due to heavy hunting and changes in its habitat. this species is endemic to new zealand. its maori name is “papango”. it is also known as black teal .\nmorepork arriving to join it' s mate at their regular daytime roost. horowhenua, new zealand .\nsee fish passage management in new zealand for more information on fish passage management for our native fish .\nboth new zealand and exotic birds can be found all over the zoo, find out more about our feathered friends .\nfemale house sparrow feeding on the seed of the toi toi bush. nga manu nature reserve, waikanae new zealand .\nmale tui singing and displaying by puffing up it' s feathers. nga manu nature reserve, waikanae, new zealand\nnew zealand is home to a wide variety of water fowl. water fowl is the common name for the anatidae, the family of birds that includes ducks, geese and swans. most of the anatidae in new zealand ...\nabove: a male (top) and female (below) new zealand scaup aythya novaeseelandiae. photo reese, crown copyright © department of conservation. click on image to view larger & duck slideshow\nalso known as the pacific black duck, the grey duck is native to new zealand, australia, new guinea, indonesia and the southern pacific. the most numerous duck before europeans settled in new zealand, it was harvested by māori after the end of the breeding season, following strict protocols .\nreid, b. ; roderick, c. 1973. new zealand scaup (aythya novaeseelandiae) and brown teal (anas aucklandica chlorotis) in captivity. international zoo yearbook 13: 12 - 15 .\nrange: the new zealand scaup occurs in new zealand, on both north and south islands. it is found mainly on the subalpine lakes on south island, west coast lakes, waterways and hydroelectric lakes. on north island, it can be seen on dune lakes in northland and manawatu, and on several inland lakes .\ngrass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) were introduced to new zealand in the 1960s to help control aquatic weed growths in water bodies .\nmallard, grey duck, grey teal, shoveler, new zealand scaup and black swan all feed on aquatic and emergent plants. the black swan is the most herbivorous and will be the most affected by weed removal\nas with most new zealand ducks, the ability of ducklings to dive provides an effective method of escape before they learn to fly .\nhead of a young caspian tern, in the adults the top half of the head is completely black. kapiti coast, new zealand\nringneck pheasant male. pheasant are one on many species of game bird that have been introduced and have acclimatized well in new zealand .\nbelow: a male (left) and female (right) new zealand scaup aythya novaeseelandiae at queenstown, 1971. photos: peter morrison, crown copyright © department of conservation. click on images to view larger & duck slideshow\nwriting of an attempt to rear scaup, he says further, “little scaup... were tiny brown creatures with disproportionate feet, enormous for their bodies’ size, and remind one of children wearing their father’s fishing brogues. ” scaup apparently take readily to captivity which will ensure their survival .\nhabitat: the new zealand scaup is common on deep freshwater lakes, and it also frequents the shallow lowland lakes where the numbers are increasing. it can be seen too on slow - flowing rivers and salt water. it avoids shallow wetlands and fast - flowing water .\nbehaviour in the wild: the new zealand scaup feeds mainly in the early morning and the evening. it feeds on aquatic invertebrates, fish, tadpoles, gastropods and various insects. but it also consumes plant matter such as algae, seeds and shoots of aquatic plants .\nthe related chestnut - breasted shelduck (tadorna tadornoides) was first recorded as a visitor in new zealand in 1973, and has bred on at least one occasion .\nscaup were first identified at dusky sound in fiordland by forster who accompanied cook in his second voyage in 1773 .\ncalls and songs: sounds by xeno - canto the new zealand scaup male gives high - pitched whistles during the courtship displays “weeee weo - weo weo - weo weo - weoooo”. the female utters low, quiet “wack - wack”. the calls are usually soft with musical sounds .\none of the attractions of a visit to rotorua from here in whakatane is to stop by the lakes along the way to observe the bird life, particularly the new zealand scaup and the more elusive dabchick. there, as one drives along the road around the lakes edge, the scaup can be seen in flocks resting on the water at some distance off shore or closer, near reed swamps .\nthe new zealand scaup is sedentary and only performs localised seasonal movements from lake to lake and according to ice conditions during winter. it is a good flier. it flies low over the water with fast wingbeats and over short distances. it runs actively over the surface before to take off .\nthey are now artificially bred and grown on fish farms licensed by the ministry for primary industries. they are very unlikely to reproduce in new zealand rivers because of their very specific breeding requirements .\nscaup most often dive directly to the lake bed for food, but will also swim just above the bottom without touching it .\ncrossland, a. c. 2010. the avon - heathcote estuary and the bromley oxidation ponds, christchurch, new zealand: an important area for waterbirds. stilt 57: 5 - 10 .\nmarchant, s. ; higgins, p. j. 1990. handbook of australian, new zealand and antarctic birds. vol. 1, ratites to ducks. oxford university press, australia .\nwe first came across the lake as we walked through eat streat. the first thing i noticed was that the lake was full of little black ducks, i later discovered these were the new zealand scaup. further along the shore line there are plenty of black swans, personally i have never seen so many. beautiful place .\nhunters in the late 1800s talked about the ease of killing scaup. like blue duck, they were friendly, unafraid and oblivious to men, guns and dogs, and tasty to eat - familiar circumstances for many indigenous new zealand birds which are extinct or endangered. dogs drove them ashore from the water, where they were sitting ducks .\nscaup are social birds, gathering in large groups on clear - water lagoons and lakes, and often nesting in proximity to one another .\nthe new zealand population was around 150, 000 in 1980. they are partially protected, with around 30, 000 killed each duck - shooting season. some shovelers head out to sea to avoid being shot .\nspotted shags, normally the dullest of the new zealand shags, can become quite attractive during the breeding season when, for awhile, they acquire this elaborate breeding plumage and bright green eye patch. marlborough sounds, nz\nscaup obtain most of their food by diving. prey items include snails, chironomid larvae and caddisfly larvae. plant material is probably taken also .\nprotection / threats / status: the new zealand scaup’s populations suffered declines due to hunting, predation and land clearance. however, conservation and protection measures have allowed expansion in christchurch. the population is estimated to number 3, 300 / 6, 700 mature individuals, and is suspected to be increasing. this species is not currently threatened and evaluated as least concern .\ntwo species of trout are on display – the brown imported from europe around 100 years ago and the rainbow, a north american import. scaup ducks (also known as black teal) dive among the fish for food. while the new zealand long finned eel gliding through the water could live up to 90 years and weigh up to 16 kilos (35lbs) !\ngrey ducks are found all over new zealand, including on the subantarctic, chatham and kermadec islands. it is uncertain whether any of the remaining birds are pure - bred, or whether all now carry some mallard genes .\nthis survey will open in a new tab and you can fill it out after your visit to the site .\nit dives for small fish, and feeds on the lake floor on freshwater snails, other invertebrates and aquatic plants. scaup also eat surface insects .\ngrass carp have preferences for certain aquatic plants and will eat their preferred species first, before eating less favoured plants. there are few aquatic plants in new zealand that are unpalatable to grass carp when their preferred species are not present .\nthe grey warbler, one of our smallest bush birds, has a distinctive and loud song that the male uses to announce his territory. the warbler' s song is one of the characteristic sounds of spring in the new zealand forest .\ngrey teal taking off from the water, it' s wings are beating over five times per second to generate the explosive lift required for these small ducks to get rapidly into the air. nga manu nature reserve, waikanae, new zealand\nall text licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial 3. 0 new zealand licence unless otherwise stated. commercial re - use may be allowed on request. all non - text content is subject to specific conditions. © crown copyright .\nscaup is the most common of the small new zealand ducks and is still found in many parts of the country, although its numbers have been greatly reduced compared with earlier days and in spite of hydro lakes offering additional habitat. they are diving ducks which have come to prefer large bodies of clean water. they can dive to a depth of 2–3 metres in search of fresh water snails and aquatic plants .\nthe scaup is new zealand' s only true diving duck. it can dive more than 2 metres for its food using its feet to swim down. although most dives last 15 - 20 seconds, scaup can stay down for over half a minute. pairs form for one season only after elaborate courtship displays. they build their nests close to each other, resembling a loose colony. they are highly social and show little aggression. widespread until the late 1800s, numbers decreased dramatically due to hunting, competition from introduced ducks and an increase in land being cleared for agriculture .\ncarboneras, c. & kirwan, g. m. (2018). new zealand scaup (aythya novaeseelandiae). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nscaup numbers declined since european settlement, but have begun to recover in some regions. planting low - hanging vegetation along waterways to provide cover has helped in some urban areas .\nin dense cover beside water. made of reeds or grass, the bowl shaped nests are lined with down. scaup build their nests close to each other, resembling a loose colony .\nmale scaup are mainly blackish brown to black on the body, with the head and neck also black but with slight purple reflections when viewed from the front, and green reflections when seen from behind .\nour name ‘ngā manu’ means ‘the birds’ in māori and reflects our primary focus of the conservation of native birds. the kererū, new zealand’s native pigeon, also known as kuku, kūkupa and wood pigeon, is abundant at ngā manu in spring, at the arrival of fruits and berries and is a favourite with visitors .\ncrossland, a. 2005. a national biodiversity hot - spot from the treatment of urban wastewater - the bromley oxidation ponds and te huingi manu wildlife refuge, christchurch. greening the city: bringing biodiversity back to the urban environment. proceedings of the royal new zealand institute of horticulture conference 21 - 24 october 2003. pp: 189 - 192 .\nit is fragmented throughout the north island, more commonly found, sometimes in flocks on the shores of lake taupo and the rotorua lakes. scaup are more widely spread in the west of the south island, including sub - alpine lakes .\nthe kererū is one of new zealand’s iconic birds. they are easily recognised by their iridescent green and bronze feathers and bright white chest. a kererū can live up to and over 20 years! since 2008 the doc conservation status of the kererū has been ‘not threatened’, although they have been much reduced in abundance due to habitat loss, and predation by introduced species .\ngrey ducks were still the most common dabbling duck in new zealand up to the 1950s, but as introduced mallards became established the two species have interbred. numbers of grey ducks dropped from 1. 5 million in 1970 to fewer than 500, 000 in the 1990s. loss of wetlands is another factor in their decline. they are partially protected, and are hunted in season .\nthe kererū may well be the most important bird we have in new zealand as it plays a vital role in the regeneration of our native forest. since the extinction of the moa, the native pigeon is now the only seed disperser with a beak big enough to swallow fruit larger than 12mm in diameter. native trees such as the karaka, taraire, tawa, miro and puriri depend on the kererū to carry their seeds to new areas of forest, so without the kererū, these species would die out. kererū disperse the seeds of over 70 native tree species !\nnew zealand scaup are widely but patchily distributed throughout the north and south islands. they are found on dune lakes in northland and manawatu, and on inland lakes in waikato, taupo, rotorua and hawke’s bay. in the south lsland they are common on west coast lakes, north canterbury waterways (including christchurch), and eastern and southern high country and hydroelectric lakes. they are common on large, deep, freshwater lakes, including hydro - electric lakes, and are becoming increasingly common on shallow lowland lakes, slow flowing rivers and salt water. they are not found on stewart island, and are no longer present on chatham islands .\nthe australasian shoveler (anas rhynchotis) is native to new zealand and australia. it is named because of its long, broad scoop - shaped bill with lamellae – ideal for sieving fine aquatic plants, invertebrates and seeds close to the surface of water or mud. with its bill submerged, the shoveler sieves as it swims – giving rise to the māori name kuruwhengu, meaning to snuffle .\nscaup often congregate in sheltered areas near willows or reed beds, moving as wind conditions change; although they have favoured locations. they are considered non - migratory despite being capable fliers. their numbers can fluctuate greatly on otherwise preferred lakes, suggesting at least some localised seasonal movements. movement is also driven by ice conditions during winter .\ncharles edward douglas, writing around the late nineteenth century, called the scaup the widgeon. “in the bush creeks, in lakes, lagoons and marshes, they swarm like vermin, going in flocks of hundreds in some places, and they can be driven ashore and hunted with dogs like the paradise duck, with this advantage that both young and old will leave the water. they are good eating, easy to catch, and are a happy chubby little bird troubled with few cares about danger from men or dogs. ” commenting on the predator naivety of new zealand’s endemic birds, he goes on to say, “tame and stupid as blue duck is, you have at least to walk to them to get a shot, but in waters where they have not been disturbed they will follow a boat or canoe imploring the occupants to shoot them. ”\n“the discovery of an infinitesimal shred of brown down that could only have come from the covering of the eggs made me certain, and presently the glimpse of eggs was my reward. when the nest has been carefully covered by the scaup before going off, discovery is even more difficult, as the brown down admirably matches the flax waste. ”\n“often the bird sits entirely covered, deep in this dark mat of rotting fibre, and with barely room to raise her head. the bolt holes are so narrow and perpendicular, and the runs so tortuous that no rabbit would ever willingly take refuge in a thicket so liable to be blocked. the scaup sits, moreover, with extraordinary nerve. before i spotted the third nest of the four i found this season, i had burrowed — corkscrewed — deep into years’ accumulation of old flax, and had actually got my nose within a foot of the sitting scaup. it was indeed the smooth shining horn of the bill that first drew my attention to the bird, motionless in the gloom beneath these mats of shredded fibre .\nthey are quite distinctive ducks, the males being black with a purplish, greenish sheen on the head and the rest of the body a brownish black with a green gloss. the eye is distinctly yellow. the female can be easily distinguished with her brown eye and brownish body. in breeding plumage, the scaup has a small white band on the forehead above the beak .\nhowever, it is the inimitable guthrie–smith who has written the more intimately about the bird; “although comparatively easy to locate the whereabouts of a scaup’s nest, its actual espial is by no means a simple matter. indeed, the bird almost seems to disdain concealment of herself, so much does she rely on the difficulties of the discovery of her nest. often she can be seen openly leaving the lake edge and swimming straight out from shore. you may be sure she has just quitted her eggs, and after a few trials be almost equally sure of your failure to find them. the nest is buried among flax roots and fallen blades half supporting layers and layers of rubbish of ten, fifteen, and twenty years accumulation .\nwe enjoy involving the public with our kererū rehabilitation and release through our ‘ranger for the day’ experience, where visitors learn about the work going on behind - the - scenes and are directly involved in it. both children and adults delight in the hands - on experience and end their day with a greater understanding and appreciation of the native birds. the captive kererū are carefully monitored, and once the birds have become fully independent, reached a good weight and have good health they are ready for release. the aviaries are opened up so that the birds can fly free, but often they choose to stay in the aviary and have to be coaxed out or caught in nets and released. sometimes the released birds continue to stay close to their aviary for days before venturing off to explore their new habitat in the reserve .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: this species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size may be small, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe population is estimated to number 5, 000 - 10, 000 individuals, roughly equating to 3, 300 - 6, 700 mature individuals. trend justification: the overall trend is suspected to be increasing (wetlands international 2006) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nvoice: males have a high pitched whistle call weeee weo - weo weo - weo weo - weoooo. the female call is a low quiet wack wack .\nsimilar species: brown teal are a similar size but have a long, flat body. vagrant australian white - eyed ducks are larger and have white undertail coverts. males also have white eyes and both sexes have a pale saddle on the upper mandible. australian coots are similar in body size, shape, colouration and diving behaviour, but have a bright white bill and frontal shield .\npopulations apparently declined during late 1800s and early 1900s due to land clearance, associated hydrological changes, predation and hunting. adults and chicks are vulnerable to predation during nesting and chick - rearing which may result in low breeding success. predator control and provision of suitable feeding and breeding habitat has led to population expansion at bromley oxidation ponds and te huingi manu wildlife refuge in christchurch. the success of this one site has probably allowed the recolonisation of the wider christchurch area .\nthe nest is well concealed on the ground close to the water. nests may be partially open above, or covered, or have a tunnel leading to a concealed chamber. the nest is a tidy bowl consisting of the surrounding materials, and lined with a layer of down. breeding mainly occurs between october and march. they nest solitary or in a loose colony. only females incubate and care for young, but solitary males, or groups of males are often reported close to breeding sites. chicks often form crèches .\ninnes, j. ; whaley, k. ; owen, k. 1999. abundance and distribution of waterbirds of the rotorua lakes, 1985 - 1996. conservation advisory science notes no. 236. department of conservation, wellington .\na small dark round - bodied diving duck. males are dark black - brown with iridescent blue - green head and wings, lighter mottling on the chest and underparts, yellow eyes and blue - grey bill; females are duller chocolate brown with paler underparts, white feathers at the base of a grey bill, and brown eyes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthey are also a highly social species and may nest in close proximity to each other. there is an elaborate courtship display involving the male flinging its head backwards to lie along the back with the bill pointing up and extending its body flat across the water towards the female while whistling softly. while the female is nesting the male stays close by. indeed the occurrence of a solitary male floating near the shoreline during the breeding season, is an almost sure indication of the presence of a nesting duck .\n“the duck allowed me to gently remove much of this half rotten stuff; indeed, her head had become visible, and i was roughly focussing the position with a white handkerchief when at last she scrambled up her bolt hole, hustled along her narrow run, and presently splashed into the water .\n“another nest i found by microscopically careful examination of the lake edge, at first discovering a very distinct trail from water to flax, then in the dark shade of masses of fallen blades, a fairly distinct passage free of all cobweb widening beneath the dead stuff. i became more sure again, noting the traffic route, and especially where the birds had squeezed between a fork of a manuka and exposed flax root .\nmale, black with purplish, greenish sheen on the head, rest of the body brownish black with a green gloss, eye is distinctly yellow; female, brown eye, brownish body; breeding plumage, small white band on the forehead above the beak .\npatchy distribution, most are on dune lakes of northland, , hydoelectric lakes in the upper waikato, rotorua district lakes, taupo, hawke’s bay, west coast, north canterbury, and on high country lakes and tarns of the southern alps .\nreaders digest complete book of nz birds, 1985. guthrie - smith, h. , birds of water, wood and waste, 1927. pascoe, john, mr explorer douglas, 1957 .\nthis species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size may be small, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: aythya novaeseelandiae. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nthey are thinly spread on clear - water lakes and lagoons near the sea over the north and south islands. according to birdlife international, there are an estimated 5, 000 to 10, 000 birds .\nit declined after european mid - 19th century settlement. with complete protection since 1934 the population has recovered and is increasing .\nthe male performs an impressive display of courtship, spreading his body flat across the water towards the female, flinging his head back over his back with his bill pointing up, and softly whistling .\nthe female has lighter brown colour on the body and head. from april until december a white band appears on the forehead .\nthe male has a yellow iris, but the female' s is dark brown. the male has a white speculum, whereas the female' s is dull white .\nnests are close to the water' s edge amongst flax roots and fallen blades, so well hidden that the female may be completely covered with vegetation .\nthe only way to find a nest is to follow the path of the female when she leaves the water. the male stays nearby during incubation, so a sole male near the shoreline is an indication of a nest location .\nwhen alarmed, chicks paddle out towards the centre of the lake, and the adults distract attention near the shore .\nnests are made from grasses, and lined with down. a clutch of five to eight eggs are laid sometime during the summer from october to january. a second clutch may be laid in december if the first fails. the female incubates for nearly one month .\nits' unproportionally huge webbed feet that are further back on its body than other ducks, make it a very adept underwater swimmer down to a depth of three metres, but hinder its movement on land .\nchicks just one day old have been seen diving to the same depth as their parents .\nwhile diving it' s legs seem to be pivoted and moving in all directions, being used sideways, and so high they appear to be above it' s back .\ngenerally considered to be closest to a. collaris and a. fuligula. hybridization with a. ferina and a. nyroca recorded in captivity. population of north i has occasionally been separated as race maui. monotypic .\n40–46 cm; male 630–760 g, female 530–700 g; wingspan c. 60 cm. only male\nthat is dark overall with yellow eye; no eclipse plumage; ...\nconsidered to be generally quiet, with most vocalizations associated with displays: male gives soft ...\nfairly deep, large, freshwater lakes and shallow, coastal lagoons, from sea level to c. 1000 m on ...\napparently mixed diet of aquatic invertebrates, including gastropods and insects (e. g. dragonflies, damselflies, water boatmen and ...\nlays mainly oct / nov, rarely earlier, and season can extend until feb; ducklings mainly observed dec–jan. in single pairs or loose ...\nmostly sedentary, with only small - scale movements recorded; winter congregations suggest local ...\nnot globally threatened (least concern). still widespread, though severely reduced during first decades of present century through hunting, which to some extent remains a ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nall content and images © sylvan heights bird park unless otherwise credited. please click here for photo requests .\nsylvan heights bird park is a 501 (c) (3) nonprofit organization .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 329, 826 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nonly when we understand can we care. only when we care will we help .\nthis is a directory page. britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nanimal, (kingdom animalia), any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms (i. e. , as distinct from…\nthe adult has compact body and blackish plumage. the male has blackish - brown plumage overall with blue - green to purplish iridescence on head and wings. the upperwing shows a broad white band across the secondaries, whereas the underwing is brownish - white. the underparts are dark too, with light mottling on lower breast and belly. on the rounded head, the forehead is vertical. the bill is bluish - black with black nail. the eyes are yellow. legs and webbed feet are black .\nthe female is duller brown with paler underparts. the rump is very dark, almost black. the underparts are mottled brownish - white on lower breast and belly. the bill is brownish - black. the eyes are brown instead of yellow. legs and feet are dark brown. about 50% of females show white feathering around the bill, and mainly during the breeding season .\nthe juvenile resembles female. the young male can be identified at 12 weeks old, when the eyes become yellow .\nit is able to dive until two metres depth while feeding by paddling the feet. it may remain underwater during 15 to 40 seconds. insects are caught from the surface .\nthe breeding season involves courtship displays during which the male extends its body flat on the water while uttering soft wheezy whistles “whe - whe” or “tchi - reup”. it also performs rapid upwards head and bill movements. aggressive disputes may occur between rivals. they form flocks during the autumn. by day, they rest on water or on the shores .\nreproduction of this species: the breeding season occurs between october and march. they may form loose colonies near the water, but this species also nests as isolated pairs. the nest is concealed among the vegetation and placed on the ground. it is bowl - shaped, made with broken reeds and grasses, and well lined with down. the nest is sometimes covered, or may have a tunnel to the nest - chamber .\nthe female lays 5 - 8 eggs and incubates alone during 27 - 30 days, while the male remains in close vicinity. at hatching, the chicks have brown down above and paler down below, with whitish spots on face and back. they leave the nest within 24 hours. they are able to dive and to feed themselves. both parents rear and protect them. they fledge about 7 - 8 weeks after hatching. when threatened, the chicks paddle out towards the centre of the lake while the adults distract attention near the shore .\nphp loader needs to be installed. this is a widely used php extension for running ioncube protected php code, website security and malware blocking. please visit\nwe noticed that you' re using an unsupported browser. the tripadvisor website may not display properly. we support the following browsers :\nthe largest of a dozen lakes formed by volcanic activity, this clear ...\nthe largest of a dozen lakes formed by volcanic activity, this clear, calm lake offers cruises, kayaking and sailing, as well as great trout fishing .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site... (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites. taxes, fees not included for deals content .\nthe grey duck or pārera (anas superciliosa) is a large, finely proportioned duck with tapered dark eye - lines and contrasting pale eyebrows. it is 55 centimetres long. males weigh around 1. 1 kilograms and females 1 kilogram .\nsmall lakes, slow streams or tidal waterways in forest are grey ducks’ preferred habitat. they have not taken to farmland or urban surroundings .\nmāori sometimes called a greedy person ‘he pārera apu paru’, meaning ‘a pārera that gobbles mud’ .\ngrey ducks feed by sieving seeds from the water through lamellae (short comb - like fringes) along the edges of their bill. they also eat aquatic vegetation, or graze above the shoreline. ducklings eat aquatic invertebrates .\nsmall elongated ducks, australasian shovelers are about 49 centimetres long and weigh 650 grams (males) or 600 grams (females). they fly swiftly on long narrow wings, sometimes travelling nearly the length of the country .\nthey prefer shallow, fertile wetlands fringed with raupō (bulrush). flocks of up to 1, 000 birds form on large lakes, where they engage in courtship in july and august (winter). then pairs head off to establish a breeding territory .\nhow to use grass carp to help control aquatic weed growths in water bodies .\nif you want to use grass carp you must apply to move freshwater species. possessing them without approval carries a penalty of $ 5000 .\ngrass carp do not distinguish between native and introduced species of aquatic plants. of the introduced oxygen weeds hydrilla verticillata, elodea canadensis and lagarosiphon major are most preferred, but ceratophyllum demersusm and egeria densa are also palatable. grass carp also eat native species such as potomageton, myriophyllum, nitella and chara .\nazolla species, raupo (typha orientalis) and water lilies (nymphaea) are least preferred by grass carp .\ngrass carp will tolerate a wide range of temperatures and oxygen concentrations. they prefer :\ndifferences in the water chemistry between sites can also influence their preferences for certain plant species .\nthere can be competition between grass carp and trout – though this is generally limited because carp prefer warmer feeding waters than trout, and trout are carnivorous where carp are mainly herbivorous .\nthere may be a reduction in water clarity if aquatic plant density is greatly reduced or eliminated .\nuse of grass carp is renowned for resulting in the total removal of aquatic plants. if you are planning to use grass carp for weed control you will need to assess whether complete plant removal is acceptable .\nstocking rates vary considerably and calculating how many grass carp to stock will depend on a range of factors such as the type of water body, the aquatic weed species, water temperature etc .\nthe rates given below are based on a standard fish size of 250 mm fork length (measured from the tip of the snout to the fork in the tail fin). vegetated hectare is the area of the water body that has aquatic plants growing in it. these rates are a guide only .\nnote: a higher stocking rate is normally used in agricultural drains than lakes and ponds as drains usually have more vigorous weed growth .\nit is extremely important to contain grass carp in the water body you release them to .\nsecurity measures are a balance between allowing fish passage for native species and preventing the escape of grass carp. generally a screen mesh size of 35 mm is used to contain grass carp of 250 mm (fork length). approval is not normally given for fish smaller than 250 mm .\nmesh screens of 35 mm do not usually interfere with the migration of native fish .\nemail the doc hamilton office for more information on the measures you will need to take .\nif you can' t view these files contact us to request another format. about our files .\ncheck out the underwater inhabitants of lake wakatipu at the underwater observatory queenstown. diving ducks, massive trout and slinky eels mix and mingle just metres from the lake shore. informative story boards tell the maori mythological history of the lake and the 55 year history of kjet. the fish feeding offers excitement for the fish as well as the viewers .\nconveniently located on the main town pier at the lake end of the mall, open daily 8. 30am till dusk .\nonly kjet offers over 60 minutes of unforgettable thrills, spins and exhilaration across three waterways in one of the world’s most stunning locations .\nwe have many kererū brought to us in spring by members of the public for rehabilitation. they have often flown into cars, windows or trees, resulting in injury and would not survive if left in the wild. we will not initiate treatment and care if it is not in the birds’ best interests. the bird must not be in severe pain, or be so badly injured that it is unlikely to survive. unfortunately for some sick or injured birds, sometimes euthanasia is the kindest option .\nthe birds are checked by staff at ngā manu, or are taken to raumati veterinary centre for x - rays, a full check - up and diagnosis. they then begin their rehabilitation process at ngā manu. this involves a stepped process, usually beginning with heated confinement for a period while the bird regains its feeding and perching ability, then through to being housed in small aviaries at first where they are able to regain their mobility and wing strength while being closely monitored in a safe environment .\nbirds are cared for until they reach full independence and are able to be released into larger public aviaries or back into the wild. in the springtime we usually have more than a dozen birds in residence, of which more than half are destined to be released in due course .\nthey nest in spring and early summer, producing only one egg at a time. both parents incubate the egg in a well - hidden nest of twigs. the egg hatches after about a month, and parents feed the chick a protein - rich ‘milk’, which they secrete from their crops. the parents add partially - digested fruit to the chicks’ diet after a couple of weeks and continue to feed them for at least another couple of weeks after they have left the nest, at 30 - 45 days old. over the course of a good breeding season, they may raise three chicks. unfortunately some studies have found that fewer than 15 per cent of chicks survive long enough to become independent, as they are the prey of cats, possums, rats and stoats .\nngā manu nature reserve provides a safe haven for kererū and during springtime the male kererū perform amazing aerial mating displays. you can often hear the distinctive sound of their wing beat up in the trees as you explore the native bush and swamp forest .\nif you come across a sick or injured kererū, the best thing to do is to line a cardboard box with newspaper, and then pick the bird up in a clean towel or blanket and place it into the box in a warm, dark and quiet place. contact your local bird sanctuary, vet or the department of conservation and they will be able to advise you on the steps to take. many kererū are only stunned in an accident (especially a window impact) and often just need some quiet time to recover and then fly again, so check on the bird periodically; it may well be able to be released. obvious injuries like a drooping wing (likely broken) are more serious, and you will need to get the bird to an agency for attention." ]

{ "text": [ "the new zealand scaup ( aythya novaeseelandiae ) commonly known as a black teal , is a diving duck species of the genus aythya .", "it is endemic to new zealand .", "in maori commonly known as papango , also matapouri , titiporangi , raipo . " ], "topic": [ 26, 0, 8 ] }

[ "the new zealand scaup (aythya novaeseelandiae) commonly known as a black teal, is a diving duck species of the genus aythya. it is endemic to new zealand. in maori commonly known as papango, also matapouri, titiporangi, raipo." ]

[ "false map turtle - g. pseudogeographica - mississippi map turtle - g. p kohnii - false map turtle - g. s p pseudogeographica\nthe mississippi map turtle is sometimes referred to as the “sawback turtle” because of its unique carapace .\nprofile of a mississippi map turtle sitting on grass. getty images / christopher furlong\nthe mississippi map turtle is nervous and skittish that will get stressed out easily .\nthere are thirteen officially recognized map turtle species. the mississippi map turtle is one of the two subspecies of the false map turtle (an aquatic turtle belonging to the emidadye family). since they’re already a subspecies of the map turtle, the mississippi map has no subspecies of its own .\nthe most popular ones were the sabine map turtle (graptemys ouachitensis) and the false map turtle (graptemys pseudogeographica) – including the subspecies mississippi map turtle (graptemys pseudogeographica kohni) .\nthe mississippi map turtle is one of 13 map turtle species, and it is a subspecies of the false map turtle. it is sometimes referred to as the “sawback turtle” because of its unique carapace, which has a ridge running down the center .\nalthough the mississippi map turtle is beautiful to look at, it can be difficult to keep as a pet .\nthe average lifespan for most mississippi maps lies somewhere between 15 and 20 years, but when kept properly in captivity, a mississippi map turtle can live for up to 30 years or more .\nusa (mississippi: pascagoula river) type locality :\nchickasawhay river, leakesville, greene county, mississippi, usa .\nusa. restricted to the pascagoula and pearl river systems of mississippi and louisiana, as well as the lower escatawpa river of southeastern mississippi .\nstatus: locally common along mississippi and illinois rivers. often confused with ouachita map turtle in the literature. the cook county populations may be introduced .\nplastron on adult northern map turtle. picture by d. gordon e. robertson\nwhile live fish can prove challenging for them to catch, mississippi maps have no problem eating pieces of dead fish. do not feed your mississippi map live mealworms as there is a small risk that the worms may harm your turtle .\nthere has been some concern in recent years about map turtles in the wild, and the loss of suitable map turtle habitats .\nthe false map turtle lives in large streams of the missouri and mississippi river systems, ranging from ohio, indiana, illinois, wisconsin, minnesota, through the dakotas southward to southwestern alabama, southern and western mississippi, through louisiana and eastern texas .\ntips on caring for a mississippi map turtle urltoken twitter: urltoken please subscribe if you enjoyed this video, allot of hard work goes into making our videos. thank you\nthe main difference between the mississippi map and other map species is that mississippi maps have bright yellow reverse - crescents that sweep under and behind both of their eyes. this curved line can be seen on top of the turtle’s head as it runs down the center and splits down each side .\nlovich, jeffrey e. ; will selman, and c. j. mccoy 2009. graptemys gibbonsi lovich and mccoy 1992 – pascagoula map turtle, pearl river map turtle, gibbons’ map turtle. chelonian research monographs 5: 29. 1 - 8 - get paper here\nin the midwest, the false map turtle is a species of special interest in ohio .\nmississippi maps are aquatic turtles; they do just about everything while swimming, including eating. in fact, mississippi maps will only feed when they’re in the water .\nmississippi map turtles require a turtle tank as their enclosure. this is because they will need fully submerged sections without risk of warping or leaking. the mississippi map turtle can grow to 300mm (12'') long and needs a proportional amount of space to live happily. for this reason we suggest a tank with at least 1200mm in width .\ndespite their name, mississippi map turtles aren’t native to mississippi. instead, they get their name from their habitat in the mississippi river, which can be found in 10 states from louisiana to minnesota. you can see these turtles living in the wild in the mississippi valley, which extends from nebraska to illinois, as well as down into mississippi and to texas. they prefer lakes, large streams, and rivers that provide them with plenty of vegetation .\nthe pascagoula map turtle (graptemys gibbonsi) is a species of turtle in the emydidae family. it is native to the southern united states .\nanother, less reliable, way to tell if your turtle is a mississippi map is the round pupil and solid, unbroken iris of the eye. there are exceptions of course, but mississippi maps usually have bright colored eyes with no bar across the pupils .\nall map turtles, including the mississippi map turtle, get their name from the various markings and lines that are found on their carapace. these markings look a lot like the lines that are found on a map. mississippi map turtles will also have a ridge of knobs that are black - tipped along their spine. the rear of the carapace will showcase a jagged edge as well .\ncurrently there are approximately a dozen species of map turtle recognized, but this number varies depending on the authority being consulted. for example, lovich and mccoy recently reviewed the alabama map turtle ,\nin captivity, the mississippi map requires pristine water conditions and a large enclosure. for all of these reasons, map turtles should only be kept by experienced turtle keepers. only acquire them from reputable breeders and not from the wild .\nin honor of carl ernst and j. whitfield gibbons. only time will tell if these new species are accepted or not. another case in point revolves around three map turtles: the false map turtle, the mississippi map turtle, and the ouachita map turtle. each turtle has been separated into its own species or combined with one of the others at some time in its history. most of the difficulty in assigning relationships is due to the variability in head patterning of the three types. however, richard vogt recently published a study that demonstrates that alteration in temperatures during incubation of the eggs can produce patterns that resemble those of other species. this pattern alteration does not breed true, however, and so vogt distinguishes the false map turtle and the ouachita map turtle as separate species, with the mississippi map turtle as a subspecies of the false map turtle. as with the division of the alabama map turtle, the reception this work receives by the scientific community will eventually determine if it is accepted or not. it seems quite possible that there are other, still unrecognized, species of map turtle inhabiting some remote sections of rivers in the central part of the country .\nthe total length of river occupied by the ringed map turtle is just 875 kilometres (1) .\nalabama map turtles (g. pulchra) are found from the yellow river in alabama and florida to the pearl river in mississippi and louisiana .\nit is endemic to the pascagoula river in the united states. it formerly included a population in the pearl river, but in 2010 that population was described as a separate species, the pearl river map turtle, graptemys pearlensis. the pascagoula map turtle shares its range with the yellow - blotched map turtle, graptemys flavimaculata .\njones, r. l. (2006) reproduction and nesting of the endangered ringed map turtle, graptemys oculifera, in mississippi. chelonian conservation and biology, 52 (2): 195 - 209 .\nthe carapace of a mississippi map turtle will usually be anywhere from a brown color to an olive color. you will easily note the patterns of orange to yellow colored semi - circles on the scutes. the pattern on the shell will be more obvious when the turtle is young, and it will fade as the turtle grows .\nmap turtles are sometimes also called “sawback” turtles due to the raised, saw - like appearance on the vertebral (top, or carapace) part of the shell, and here’s a fun fact for you: mississippi map turtles are not native to the state of mississippi, but they do get their name from the mississippi river, which stretches through ten states, from minnesota, south to louisiana .\nmap turtles get their name because the patterns on their shells resemble that of a map. different species and subspecies of map turtles will exhibit different patterns .\nmississippi map turtles, when kept under proper conditions, are a relatively healthy species. however, map turtles as a species are prone to health conditions if high quality, oxygen - rich water isn’t maintained. mississippi maps will only thrive in pristine water conditions and can develop fungal infections if subjected to anything but .\nconnor, p. 1993. cagles map turtle. tortuga gazette, (29) 10: 1 - 4 .\nmississippi map turtles come from the mississippi valley. their natural range starts in illinois and iowa and stretches down through the south into the gulf states of mississippi and texas. they can also be found in nebraska and in some of the other surrounding states along the tributaries of the mississippi river. they are native to open, moving bodies of water like large lakes, streams and rivers, not isolated ponds or small creeks. mississippi maps love areas with lush vegetation and sunny places to bask, but they are very skittish and will disappear into the water at the slightest disturbance .\noccurs in central, northeastern, northwestern, and southeastern missouri. the mississippi map turtle subspecies also occurs in missouri. the ranges overlap in southeastern, eastern, and northeastern missouri, and some turtles have characteristics of both .\n* remember, each turtle order comes with a free starter sample of the same turtle diet your turtle has been raised on - this will last one small turtle a few weeks - to order larger quantities, see the lower left side of this page. *\nsimilar species: the mississippi map turtle subspecies (g. p. kohnii) has a slightly different shape for the yellow mark behind each eye. instead of having the l mark and narrow yellow lines touching the back of each eye, the mississippi subspecies has a crescent behind each eye, and the yellow lines don’t touch the eye. in eastern missouri, especially along the mississippi, it can be difficult to tell the subspecies apart .\nmississippi maps require a nice flat surface or two to bask on, and they love vegetation, so it’s wise to put either live aquatic plants in your turtle home or a few fake ones to help put your turtle’s mind at ease .\none of several notable features of the mississippi map turtle is the head. you will notice that there is a curved line behind and under each eye on the side of the turtle’s head. there is also a line that runs down the center of this turtle’s head, between the two curved lines. also, this turtle’s pupils will be round and bright, and there usually will not be a bar across the pupils .\nduring the day the peninsular turtle will periodically move on to the basking area. this allows the turtle to dry off, warm up, absorb uvb and rest. a good basking spot should be around 80 o f and provide sufficient uv. all turtles require additional uvb lighting. mississippi map turtles require uvb light in order to synthesise vitamin d. without vitamin d (in particular d3) mississippi map turtles are not able to metabolise calcium properly causing problems with bone growth .\nmales of some map turtle species do not exceed four inches in length even in adulthood limiting their availability in the pet trade .\nif you keep your map turtle outside, a heat lamp map can still be used and may even be necessary depending on where you live. if you live in an area where it gets too cold at certain points of the year, an outdoor pond may not be the best choice for your map turtle .\nthe mississippi map turtle is an aquatic turtle therefore it spends the majority of it' s time swimming and the rest of the time eating and basking on a dry rock in the sun. the care of map turtles is much more like a fish than a lizard in that they need a tank almost entirely filled with water in addition to the reptile lighting set up .\nthe very first species of mississippi map was discovered and collected by amateur naturalist joseph gustave kohn (1837 – 1906) in new orleans, louisiana. when taken out of their native range, map turtles are considered an invasive animal .\nthe false map turtle (graptemys pseudogeographica) is a species of turtle endemic to the united states. it is a common pet species. two subspecies are recognized, including the nominotypical subspecies described here .\nhi i have, what i believe to be a mississippi map turtle and was wandering in captivity can a female mississippi map turtle lay eggs all year round or is it just may and june as i have mine indoors at a constant temperature. equally is my mississippi map turtle male or female? it is around 6 inches in shell length and 8 inches from head to end of shell (couldn' t measure tail... tucked in at the time !) however i have another photo of him showing his claws and tail. i am looking at buying a mating partner for him or her, i have a 6 foot tank but only one turtle and no fish or anything. if you could tell me the likely age of the turtle and its sex then i would be very appreciative as i am not sure how old it is and whether it can mate yet. do female mississippi maps lay eggs more than once a year, i. e can lay fertile eggs 2 or 3 times a year ?\nit might be illegal to take a map turtle from the wild in your area. make sure to research what the regulations are in your area before considering catching a wild turtle to keep as a pet .\nthe mississippi map turtle will eat a range of aquatic foods, meat products and livefood. they can also be fed dried foods when the fresh or live options are not available. the dried food should be created with shrimp or meat protien rather than vegetation .\nthe false map turtle (graptemys pseudogeographica) is found from southern minnesota, wisconsin, and southeast to louisiana and texas. they do not have the broad, muscular heads seen in many map turtle species due to their diet which consists almost entirely of insects and insect larvae instead of crustaceans and mollusks seen in other map turtles. female false map turtles reach 9 inches and males reach 5 inches .\na proper map turtle’s diet begins with nutritionally balanced turtle pellets that you can find at the pet store. the turtle’s diet should be supplemented with fresh, leafy greens and healthy, low - fat proteins as well. mississippi maps enjoy dark leafy greens and vegetables like romaine lettuce, dandelion leaves, parsley, and spinach. as for the type of proteins you should give them, gender will be the guiding factor .\n5 common map turtles, or northern map turtles as they are more correctly called. picture by d. gordon e. robertson\nmississippi map turtles are perhaps the most striking of the aquatic turtles. however, they are notoriously difficult to keep successfully as pets. they are very nervous and wary turtles that stress easily .\n3: we have a few 2. 5\ntwo year old high orange mississippi map turtles available - better to go with your larger turtles. * sorry these turtles have been ordered *\naquatic turtles are fun pets to own and watch but not everyone has room for the large enclosures that bigger water turtles, like r ed eared sliders, require. thankfully there are smaller water turtles like the mississippi map turtle that don' t require such large habitats .\nas juveniles the mississippi map turtle can be kept in a 600mm enclosure but this will have to be upgraded as they grow. there are no detremental effects for having them in the enclosure for life straight away so we usually suggest you start with the full set up .\nlindeman, peter v. 2014. geographic distribution: graptemys pearlensis (pearl river map turtle). herpetological review 45 (2): 280\nwithout proper uvb lighting and calcium from the turtle pellets, map turtles will develop metabolic bone disease and shell deformities. if you suspect your turtle has a health issue get him in to see a vet as soon as possible .\nthey occur in the mississippi valley from illinois and nebraska, down into the gulf states from mississippi to texas, usually in rivers, lakes and large streams (not typically in isolated farm ponds or small creeks). they tend to prefer habitat with abundant vegetation .\nmississippi map turtles are usually good community turtles. being of a more timid nature they seldom show aggression. as with other turtle species, aggression may occur among males competing over a female to mate, & sexual harassment of females by males by become troublesome enough to warrant separation .\nnomenclatural history: emys megacephala (holbrook. 1836 .) is a junior synonym. the northern map turtle has been transferred to several genera, including\nthese species are the most popular pet map turtles today as well, but they are much more rare in the pet trade than before. other examples of map turtles that are bred in captivity in the united states are cagle’s map turtle (graptemys caglei), texas map turtle (graptemys versa) and the black - knobbed map turtle (graptemys nigrinoda). the more endagered species, are more rare seen and can only occasionally be found in the pet trade. the rarer species of map turtles are more comon in the european pet trade. this is due to the fact that there are more breeders breeding the species in captivity in europe .\nhaving too little exposure to direct sunlight can negatively impact your map turtle’s health. sunlight deprivation can cause problems with their shell and even fungal infections. if your map turtle is in an outdoor pond, make sure some of its basking areas have access to direct sunlight at any point during the day. if you keep your map turtle in an indoor tank, make sure you have a high quality lamp that simulates the sun’s rays. you may have to take your turtle outside occasionally if the lamp doesn’t seem to be doing enough .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - ringed map turtle (graptemys oculifera )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - ringed map turtle (graptemys oculifera )\ntitle =\narkive species - ringed map turtle (graptemys oculifera )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nlindeman, peter v. 2017. geographic distribution: graptemys pearlensis (pearl map turtle) herpetological review 48 (1): 123 - get paper here\nvogt, r. 1993. systematics and ecology of the false map turtle complex graptemys pseudogeographica. ann arbor, michigan: a bell & howell company .\nfrom the leg and neck cavities of the turtles while they are basking. in addition, false map turtle eggs can be a host to fly maggots .\nthe ringed map turtle is classified as vulnerable (vu) on the iucn red list (1) and listed on appendix ii of cites (3) .\ntry to maintain a high concentration of oxygen in your map turtle enclosure. you can add lots of extra aquatic plants and use a larger - than - expected filtration unit. by keeping oxygen levels high and ph levels appropriate for the species, you will prevent many of the problems normally encountered by map turtle keepers .\ni hadn' t but am now, its great! !! !! !! !! !! ! thank you! i have been told now that my turtle is a sabine map turtle. i love the look of sabine map turtles, the patterns are amazing! i think they are my favorite .\nthe ringed map turtle is endemic to the united states, where it is restricted to the pearl river and its major tributaries in the states of mississippi and louisiana. it is not found in the lower - most section of the west pearl river, which is tidally influenced (1) (2) .\ntexas, louisiana, mississippi and arkansas north along the missouri, mississippi, and ohio river drainages to north dakota, minnesota, wisconsin, illinois, and indiana. isolated populations occur in central ohio and northern indiana (ernst et al. , 1994; conant and collins, 1998) .\ncagle' s map turtle (graptemys caglei) from the guadalupe and san antonio rivers in south central texas, is an ornately patterned species that reproduces well in captivity. as with many map turtle species, there is extreme sexual dimorphism in cagle' s map turtles. adult females typically reach 10 - 12 inches as adults and males mature at 4 inches and rarely reach more than 5 inches .\nthe rare ringed map turtle (g. oculifera) is found in the pearl river in mississippi and louisiana. adult females reach 8 inches and males become sexually active at 4 inches. they feed on a variety of insects and insect larvae and the shy hatchlings enjoy daily feedings of mosquito larvae and live blackworms. female ringed map turtles lay only 3 - 4 eggs per clutch .\nlindeman, peter v. 2017. geographic distribution: graptemys gibbonsi (pascagoula map turtle) herpetological review 48 (1): 122 - 123 - get paper here\nfalse map turtles are not currently considered threatened. turtle populations throughout the united states are affected by collection for the pet trade, freshwater habitat destruction, and water pollution .\nall of these bright colors and unique designs make map turtles fairly exotic looking despite the relative ease in acquiring one as a pet. while not often regarded as the most ideal pet turtle, they are certainly one of the more handsome looking genera of pet turtle .\nstatus: locks and dams and dredging of upper mississippi river have created excellent habitat pools dotted with sand bars. most abundant in northern half of state .\nin louisiana, the ringed map turtle is listed as a ‘species of special concern’ meaning that any person involved in the acquiring, handling, buying or selling of this reptile must hold either a collectors license or a reptile wholesale or retail dealers license (3). it is also protected by law in mississippi (1) .\nall material herein ©' 2004 - 2013\nlong island turtle rescue\n. all rights reserved\ngraptemys pseudogeographica is included in cites appendix iii (united states) since 14 june 2006, meaning its export quantities are monitored. the mississippi map turtle occurs in several more or less protected areas. research of the species' conservation biology, conservation status, and possible conservation actions are desirable, as are minimizing fisheries bycatch through gear modification .\nlovich j e; mccoy c j 1994. graptemys gibbonsi lovich and mccoy, pascagoula map turtle. catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles 586: 1 - 2 - get paper here\nis protected from commercial exploitation in mississippi and possession is limited to four individuals. it is included in cites appendix iii (united states) since 14 june 2006 .\nfalse map turtle hatchlings remain in the nest until the yolk sac is completely absorbed. the hatchlings leave the nest and have to find their way to the water where they live independently .\nfor outdoor enclosures, we suggest that you do not crowd your map turtles. the addition of lots of aquatic plants, especially floating varieties (water lettuce, water hyacinth, and duckweed) helps keep the outdoor map turtle pond healthy and keeps the oxygen level high .\nthere are a few ways to distinguish a male from a female turtle of this breed. the female mississippi map turtle will be larger than her male counterpart, as she will grow to be 6 - 10” while males will only reach 3½ - 5”. females will appear bulkier, while males will be leaner like juveniles. also, a female’s tail will be smaller than a male’s tale, and a male’s tail will have a thicker base. plus, a male turtle will have nails on his forelegs that are a bit longer than those on a female .\nmap turtles follow the general body plan of the more common sliders and painted turtles. however, unlike those turtles, most map turtles have a well - defined keel running down the middle of the carapace. in a number of species this keel also has rather large knobs or spines jutting upward or backward. this feature is responsible for the map turtles' other common name: sawback turtles. the marginal scutes at the rear of the carapace also project backwards in most map turtles, giving the back of the turtle a decidedly serrated appearance. some species have a very large head and jaws, designed to allow the turtle to crush mollusks and snails. and finally, of course, the most noticeable difference is the reason that map turtles are so named - the distinctive thin lines covering the skin and scutes of the turtle, making it appear as if it were a contour or road map. these fine reticulations lend an air of beauty and elegance to the map turtle that is hard to equal .\nis required to trap or collect turtles for personal use; a commercial turtle harvester license is required to trap aquatic turtles commercially. three species of turtles are sufficiently rare that closed seasons have been established to prohibit the trapping, possession or killing of these species. these closed - season species are the alligator snapping turtle, the western chicken turtle and the common map turtle. the two species of box turtles, three - toed box turtle and ornate box turtle, can be collected for personal use but all commercial trade is prohibited in large part because their low reproductive rate makes their populations vulnerable to local depletion in the event of over collection. the remaining species, all of which are aquatic, may be collected for personal use or may be trapped commercially from private waters with an approved commercial turtle harvest license .\nmale mississippi maps are decent beginner turtles. they may be among the more skittish turtles to keep (individuals vary; map turtles as a class have a reputation for being skittish) but overall care is the same as sliders & painted turtles (albeit high water quality may be even more important with some map species). females do get larger, up to 10\n, and can be a strain on housing, so consider an intermediate turtle\nas a treat, and only as a treat, you can feed your turtle fresh chopped apple pieces .\nhe or she is a beaut that i bought last month. i think she is healthy though if you see anything wrong please tell me! i think she / he is a mississippi map but again if it is obvious it is not then tell me !\nan errata assessment is required to generate a revised pdf without the range map which had been included in error; no range map was available when this assessment was originally published .\nbecause of their beautiful coloring and active, aquatic nature, map turtles are one of the most interesting turtle species to keep. bear in the mind that they are for the experienced reptile hobbyist .\nthis is a medium sized, aquatic turtle that reaches an adult length of five to ten inches. like all map turtles, the female mississippi map turtle is normally larger than the male. this species is found in a wide variety of streams, rivers and reservoirs in roughly the eastern quarter of oklahoma but is generally uncommon. its diet is comprised primarily of snails, aquatic insects, crustaceans and small mussels, but it also feeds upon aquatic plants. the profile of the upper shell is relatively low, but there is a distinct jagged ridge running along the shell’s midline. the shell is dark olive to brown in color with numerous yellowish, circular markings. fine yellow lines run the length of the tail, legs and neck, but none of the yellow lines on the neck reach the eye. there is an obvious yellow “v” - shaped marking behind and below each eye. like all map turtles, the mississippi map turtle is active during the daylight hours and frequently basks or suns on logs in the water and along the banks .\nif water quality is a problem, your turtle can get skin, shell, and ear infections from the dirty water. if too much algae is building up on your turtle' s shell or skin, use a soft toothbrush to help keep it clean. ear infections are easily recognized as large bumps behind your turtle' s eye and need to be cleaned out by your vet and your turtle will most likely be placed on antibiotics .\nthe most important decoration in a turtle enclosure is the basking area. it should be large enough to fit the turtle with some room to turn. the basking area should always be in line with the water level to ensure that your turtle can get out easily, there are floating docks available that will reposition to match the water level. a good basking area will also include a ramp for the turtle to make it easier to climb .\nmississippi map turtles are excellent starter turtles, and they make fine community turtles as well. as with most maps, they have very detailed shell and skin patterns. true omnivores, they will take pellets, plant matter, insects, fish, mollusks and earth worms .\nlike many genera of turtle, graptemys are omnivorous. this term means they eat both plant and animal matter .\nif housed indoors, full spectrum uva / uvb lighting and supplemental heat lights are absolutely necessary. mississippi map turtles don' t need extremely warm temperatures but will be more active and eat better if they are kept around 85 degrees fahrenheit. if temperatures are allowed to drop below the 60' s your turtle may become lethargic, not eat well, and start to go into hibernation .\nfalse map turtles populate areas of the mississippi and missouri rivers and their basins in arkansas, iowa, indiana, illinois, kansas, kentucky, louisiana, minnesota, missouri, nebraska, north dakota, ohio, oklahoma, south dakota, tennessee, texas, and wisconsin .\nfish can be hard for them to catch, but they will sometime eat pieces off of dead fish. at pet stores, you can usually find items like frozen shrimp or meal worms, which can be thawed and then given to your map turtle. do not feed your map turtles live meal worms. live meal worms rich in nutrients but there is a small risk that the worms might harm your turtle .\nlovich, jeffery e. and joshua r. ennen. 2014. graptemys gibbonsi lovich and mccoy - pascagoula map turtle. catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles (901): 1 - 8 - get paper here\nshealy, r. m. 1976. the natural history of the alabama map turtle, graptemys pulchra baur, in alabama. bull. florida st. mus. biol. sci. 21: 47 - 111 .\ndifferent species of map turtle are distinguished by the unique patterns of lines on the head and on the scutes. another distinction is the size and shape of the spines or knobs on the carapacial keel. for example ,\nmap turtles have had a devoted following in the turtle hobby for several years. these north american turtles are secretive and many species are rare in their natural habitats. they are alert baskers and active swimmers. most species are beautiful with intricate patterns. sexual dimorphism is extreme in map turtles with females reaching much larger adult sizes than males. map turtles were recently proposed for cites protection. this proposal did not proceed, but map turtles or\nsawbacks\nare a good species to consider for a special breeding program .\nyou will need to have a large aquarium tank or a large outdoor pond if you want to keep a map turtle as a pet. they need lots or room to swim around with plenty of places to hide underwater .\nmap turtles are overall not hospitable to being put into a strange environment. they are one of the harder turtle genera to care for as pets, and may not be a good choice for first time turtle owners. the difficulty in caring for them has kept them from being overly popular in the pet trade, despite their unique and beautiful shell designs .\nthe tank should also be tall enough to provide areas for the turtle to swim so we suggest a minimum height of around 300mm. a ramp and dock should be used to ensure the turtle has a space to get out of the water and bask .\nthere are eleven species of map turtles spread throughout the united states, mostly in the southeastern river systems .\nthe mississippi map turtle has a prominent ridge running along the center (vertebral) part of its carapace, or upper shell, which is serrated, like a saw, along the back edge. shell color is brown or olive and has narrow, yellow, connected lines or circles. the plastron, or lower shell, is a light green - yellow with light brown lines that resemble wood grain running along the seams of the scutes (scales) —the tile shaped sections of shell. the wood - like lines tend to fade and become less distinct as the turtle ages .\nselman, will and robert l. jones 2017. population structure, status, and conservation of two graptemys species from the pearl river, mississippi journal of herpetology 51 (1): 27–36 - get paper here\nthe head of the mississippi map has the main identifying feature. on the side of the head there will be a curved line (a ‘reverse crescent’) that curves down behind & sweeps under the eye. from the top view there is a single line running down the center of the head separating the two crescent lines on the sides. another semi - reliable distinguishing feature is the round pupil & bright, unbroken iris; mississippi maps stereotypically have no bar across the pupil (unlike ouachita & false maps), though exceptions exist .\nlovich, j. e. , selman, w. , and mccoy, c. j. 2009. graptemys gibbonsi lovich and mccoy 1992 – pascagoula map turtle, pearl river map turtle, gibbons’ map turtle. in: rhodin, a. g. j. , pritchard, p. c. h. , van dijk, p. p. , saumure, r. a. , buhlmann, k. a. , iverson, j. b. , and mittermeier, r. a. (eds .). conservation biology of freshwater turtles and tortoises: a compilation project of the iucn / ssc tortoise and freshwater turtle specialist group. chelonian research monographs no. 5, pp. 029. 1 - 029. 8, doi: 10. 3854 / crm. 5. 029. gibbonsi. v1. 2009, urltoken\ntortoise & freshwater turtle specialist group 1996. graptemys gibbonsi. 2006 iucn red list of threatened species. downloaded on 29 july 2007 .\njust make sure the people that you sell it to know that a turtle cant live in a 10 gallon tank all its life .\nfor plant matter, they enjoy dark leafy greens. place the greens on their basking areas above the water, as well as have them floating in the water itself. if you have an outdoor enclosure, you can plant some aquatic plants and let them grow naturally. research what kind of aquatic plants grow around the native area of your specific species of map turtle. there are other benefits to having aquatic plants in your map turtle’s outdoor enclosure, which will be covered later .\nwater temperature in map turtle enclosures should be kept in the low to mid - 70s for adult specimens. turtles self - regulate their body temperature by basking and swimming, so it’s important that you maintain the right temperature range throughout the enclosure .\nthis turtle’s plastron will be yellowish to tan in color, and it will feature brown lines that look a lot like wood grain along the edges of the scutes. like the patterns on the carapace, these will also fade and be less obvious as the turtle ages .\nmississippi maps are fond of basking, but quickly dive in when approached. in time, they overcome this instinct and become quite tame. they are very good tank turtles, and adults also do well in outdoor ponds .\nmap turtles also eat some insects, crustaceans, and fish. fatty fish like goldfish should be avoided alongside larger high protein food like mice. the majority of their diet should be plant based and from the formulated turtle pellets or the fresh greens .\nterms & conditions | contact | privacy policy ©2007 the turtle source, inc. all rights reserved. | a deep sky studio websit e\nfull grown map turtles need plenty of swimming space but typically a 75 gallon fish tank will do well for one male turtle (females need about a 125 gallon tank). gravel built up with larger rocks to create a beach on one side of the tank serves well as a basking area and dry docking station for your turtle or a variety of floating accessories are available at pet stores .\nmale false map turtles sexually mature at 4 to 6 years and females sexually mature at about 8 to 14 years .\nsome turtle keepers use separate feeding tanks to keep the water - quality in the main enclosure pristine, which can be a good idea depending on your available resources and space. offer only as much food as the turtle will consume in 4 - 5 minutes to avoid overfeeding and obesity .\nin addition to the logs or rocks on the water’s surface that they can climb on, the map turtles will also want some accessories to go below the water’s surface. when map turtles go underwater, they sometimes like to seek out things like logs, thick plants, and mud to hide in. you should have lots of cozy little hiding places that your map turtle can use. make sure that they can no get stuck in the hiding places. if they get stuck they might drown .\nthe shell is typically olive to brown with an intricate pattern of yellow to orange semi - circles on the carapace scutes (reminiscent of a road map); these patterns often fade with age & may be obscured by algae overgrowth. mississippi maps have moderately prominent black - tipped knobbing (less than black - knobbed maps, more than common maps) .\nmap turtles eat their food while swimming. aquatic turtle pellets are a good staple diet for map turtles but they should also get some fresh leafy vegetables or plants. dark, leafy greens like romaine, dandelion greens, and fresh parsley should be placed in the water on a regular basis or clipped to the side of the tank with a suction cup clip sold in the fish department. fresh, chopped apple pieces and freeze dried shrimp can be offered as treats but should not make up a large percentage of your turtle’s diet .\ngraham, sean p. ; chelsea k. ward, jennifer shelby walker, sean sterrett, and mary t. mendonça 2015. sexual dimorphism and seasonal variation of reproductive hormones in the pascagoula map turtle, graptemys gibbonsi. copeia 2015 (1): 42 - 50\nto keep the mississippi mud turtle happy and healthy, you will need to use a high quality water filter to keep the freshwater as clean as possible. the water temperature should also be maintained with the use of a high quality water heater. set the temperature anywhere from the low to mid 70s fahrenheit for adults, but if you have hatchlings, the water temperature should be around 80°f .\nmississippi maps, and map turtles in general, are extremely skittish, though individual exceptions do exist. they love to swim and bask in the sun but prefer to be close enough to the water to escape at a moment’s notice. maps are friendly, community animals, though females will tend to be more dominant and should be limited in number when keeping multiples .\nmississippi map turtles are omnivores (but as adults more carnivorous than sliders). they’re easily over - fed protein resulting in an unhealthy growth rate and pyramiding of the shell. they readily eat live foods such as crickets, earth worms, and meal worms, & commercial dry foods such as mazuri and reptomin. they will also eat some vegetables such as romaine lettuce .\ndistribution and habitat: the northern map turtle is a widespread species and occurs as far north as quebec and as far south as alabama and arkansas. they inhabit northeastern drainages that empty into the atlantic ocean. also found in several southeastern drainages that empty into the gulf of mexico, they are not present in much of the mississippi river or adjacent waterways. individuals of this species prefer large bodies of water, mainly rivers, large streams, and lakes rather than creeks and ponds. they require abundant basking sites, although they are wary baskers. northern map turtles are most likely to be found in clear, flowing aquatic habitats with gravel substrates .\nthe ringed map turtle prefers wide, sand - or clay - bottomed rivers with strong currents and adjacent white sand beaches (2). an abundance of basking sites in the form of brush, logs and debris is also an important part of its habitat (2) .\nin addition to the lines on their shell, map turtles also have thicker lines on their face and limbs. the lines are often a bright yellow, and for many specimens; they are even more noticeable than the “map lines” on their shell .\nmany species of turtle and tortoise are endangered in the wild. always check the rules regarding keeping turtles and tortoises as pets that apply to your area .\nthere are several species of map turtles that are endagered and these species are in some areas illegal to keep without special permits. since some map turtles are so small, the four - inch law can make it harder to find a good pet specimen .\nmississippi map turtles spend most of their time in the water so keeping it warm and clean is a priority. these turtles can be quite messy due to their high protein diet so require quite a strong filter to keep them clean. if you have a powerful filter you should only need to check it once a fortnight and clean the entire enclosure once every 3 months or so .\nknow that aquatic turtles do not like to be held or cuddled. reptiles in general are not affectionate animals, but it is best that you do not pick up your map turtle at all unless you have to. if you do handle your map turtle, wash your hands thoroughly afterward. aquatic turtles can sometimes spread things like salmonella. this is not too big of a danger so long as you use basic care techniques (such as washing your hands after handling) and a little common sense. nut it is still a risk you should be aware of .\na good rule of thumb to determine if an outdoor pond is an option is to research the species of map turtle you own, and see if any live in the wild in your area. if they do live in the wild in your area, then an outdoor pond may have temperatures that are naturally hospitable to them. it is however important to remember that a small pond will get colder in the winter and hotter in the summer than a larger body of water so your pond is not necessarily a good map turtle habitat even if they live in your area .\nmap turtles are omnivores. in captivity, the majority of their captive diet consists of floating aquatic turtle food and a variety of aquatic plants. typically, hatchlings and young map turtles feed on more plant matter than adults. physically, adults develop large, muscular jaws in response to a natural diet of hard - shelled snails and crayfish. they also eat a wide variety of insects. freeze - dried shrimp and krill are a great treat for map turtles. these can be bought in most pet stores that offer tropical fish food and supplies .\nis widespread and locally abundant, while its mobility and reproductive potential appear sufficient to recover relatively rapidly (by turtle standards) from local population impacts. the subspecies\nseveral species of map turtle used to be very popular in the pet trade and bred in captivity in the usa, but their popularity decreased after the enactment of the four - inch regulation in 1975. prior to the new regulation, thousands of map turtles were bred and hatched out in captivity for the u. s pet trade. you can read more about the four - inch regulation further down of the page .\na single clutch hatched out with these stunning orange markings. the parents showed no signs of the trait, but the gene for high color was likely present in both parents. their background and care is otherwise the same as normal mississippi maps, and follows :\nreasons: widespread and possibly abundant in large rivers of the mississippi river basin; possible localized declines, but population trends are not well known; may be moderately threatened due to loss of habitat and collecting; in general, current status is not well documented .\nif you’re dedicated to providing your pet map the best quality of life, they will be active and entertaining to watch for years." ]

{ "text": [ "the mississippi map turtle ( graptemys pseudogeographica kohni ) is a subspecies of land and water turtle belonging to the family emydidae .", "g. p. kohni is endemic to the central united states .", "map turtles get their common name from the lines and markings on their carapace which resemble the contour lines of a map .", "they occur in the mississippi valley from illinois and nebraska , down into the gulf states from mississippi to texas , usually in rivers , lakes and large streams ( not typically in isolated farm ponds or small creeks ) .", "they tend to prefer habitat with abundant vegetation . " ], "topic": [ 21, 10, 21, 13, 24 ] }

[ "the mississippi map turtle (graptemys pseudogeographica kohni) is a subspecies of land and water turtle belonging to the family emydidae. g. p. kohni is endemic to the central united states. map turtles get their common name from the lines and markings on their carapace which resemble the contour lines of a map. they occur in the mississippi valley from illinois and nebraska, down into the gulf states from mississippi to texas, usually in rivers, lakes and large streams (not typically in isolated farm ponds or small creeks). they tend to prefer habitat with abundant vegetation." ]

[ "pesi portal - carabus (mimocarabus) maurus (m. adams, 1817 )\ncarabus (mimocarabus) maurus (adams, 1817) - àâòîð ôîòî ä. â. îáûäîâ\ncarabus (mimocarabus) maurus (adams, 1817) - photo by d. v. obydov\n290 maurus stock photos, vectors, and illustrations are available royalty - free .\nant (messor minor maurus) transporting a seed. arrecife. lanzarote. canary islands. spain .\ncarabus (mimocarabus) maurus (adams, 1817) georgia, gîri, 600 ì, 7. iv. 1989, ì. dànilåvskij leg .\na male siberian stonechat (saxicola maurus) also known as asian stonechat, perched in acacia. gujarat, india\ncarabus (carabus) granulatus yezoensis far east of russia (kunashir is. )\ncarabus (carabus) granulatus telluris far east of russia (s primorje reg .) a -\nthe image\nbeetle carabus maurus on a white background\nfrom als is available on fotolia under a royalty - free license from 1 credit (credit from $ 0. 74) .\na male siberian stonechat (saxicola maurus) also known as asian stonechat, perched on dead branch against a bright sunlit background. gujarat, india\ncasorate primo, october 26 2017. jesus christ on the cross in the san vittore martire church (church of saint victor maurus the martyr) .\na male siberian stonechat (saxicola maurus) also known as asian stonechat, perched on dead branch against a bright sunlit dry grassland background. gujarat, india\nhohenberg, germany - july 04: monk maurus with a violin sitting on the wall around the church of st. james in hohenberg, germany on july 04, 2017 .\nbeautiful sea shell, murex maurus, isolated on white background view from the top. for posters, sites, business cards, postcards, interior design, labels and stickers .\nthe siberian stonechat or asian stonechat (saxicola maurus) is a recently validated species of the old world flycatcher family (muscicapidae). like the other thrush - like flycatchers .\nmonreale, palermo, sicily, italia - april 4, 2018: byzantine mosaic of the cathedral, the image of christ pantocrator and of the archangel gabriel. in the foreground saint maurus and saints bacchus\ngreensburg, pa - november 18, 2017: stained glass window at st. emma' s monastery depicts the story of maurus saving placid from drowning, from the\nlife and miracles of st. benedict\ncarabus (archicarabus) nemoralis nemoralis nw russia (moscow reg .) a -\ncarabus (diocarabus) loschnikovi russia, se siberia (w sayan mts. )\ncarabus (eucarabus) arvensis hokkaidoensis far east of russia (kunashir is. )\ncarabus (pantophyrtus) turcomanorum karaalmicus s kirgizstan (w fergana mt. rng )\ncarabus (pantophyrtus) turcomanorum karaalmicus s kirgizstan (n alai mt. rng )\ncarabus (pseudotribax) ferganicus s kirgizstan (w fergana mt. rng. )\ncarabus (semnocarabus) bogdanowi bogdanowi se kazakhstan (ketmen mts .) a -\ncarabus (trachycarabus) errans errans russia, nw caucasus (krasnodar reg. )\ncarabus (cratocechenus) akinini akinini kirgizstan (terskei ala too mt. rng. )\ncarabus (eucarabus) arvensis faldermanni far east of russia (s primorje reg. )\ncarabus (leptinocarabus) wulfiusi wulfiusi far east of russia (s primorje reg. )\ncarabus (morphocarabus) dshungaricus pseudogebleri e kazakhstan (sw tarbagatai mts .) a -\ncarabus (morphocarabus) putus putus russia, s siberia (n altai mts. )\ncarabus (morphocarabus) regalis regalis f cyanescens ne kazahstan (s altai mts. )\ncarabus (rhigocarabus) cateniger cateniger china (e quinhai, laji shan mts. )\ncarabus (scambocarabus) kruberi bungii russia, s siberia (n altai mts. )\ncarabus (semnocarabus) erosus erosus kirgizstan (kungei ala too mt. rng. )\ncarabus (trachycarabus) latreillei mandschuriensis far east of russia (s primorje reg. )\ncarabus (trachycarabus) mandibularis buchtarmensis ne kazakhstan (s altai mts .) a -\ncarabus (trachycarabus) mandibularis mandibularis e kazakhstan (n tarbagatai mts .) a -\ncarabus (cratocechenus) akinini puellus e kirgizstan (sary - dzhaz riv .) a -\ncarabus (cryptocarabus) turkestanus turkestanus kirgizstan (sw zailijsky mt. rng .) a -\ncarabus (cyclocarabus) karaterkensis karaterekensis kirgizstan (n chatkal mt. rng .) a -\ncarabus (eotribax) eous eous kirgizstan (e terskei ala too mt. rng. )\ncarabus (eucarabus) arvensis hokkaidoensis far east of russia (kunashir is .) a -\ncarabus (morphocarabus) henningi henningi russia, s siberia (kemerovo reg .) a -\ncarabus (rhigocarabus) cateniger cateniger china (e quinhai, laji shan mts .) pair\ncarabus (rhigocarabus) cateniger dabanicola china (quinhai, quilian shan mts .) a -\ncarabus (tachypus) cancellatus tuberculatus s russia (rostov reg .) (bronze colour )\ncarabus (trachycarabus) errans errans russia, nw caucasus (krasnodar reg .) a -\ncarabus (cratocechenus) akinini puellus e kirgizstan (e terskei ala too mt. rng. )\ncarabus (leptinocarabus) wulfiusi wulfiusi far east of russia (s primorje reg .) a -\ncarabus (morphocarabus) hummeli smaragdulus far east of russia (s primorje reg .) a -\ncarabus (morphocarabus) regalis regalis f cyanescens ne kazahstan (s altai mts .) a -\ncarabus (ophiocarabus) aeneolus aeneolus se kazakhstan (n zailijsky mt. rng .) a -\ncarabus (cratocechenus) ovtschinnikovi letellierianus kirgizstan (w kungei ala too mt. rng .) a -\ncarabus (semnocarabus) regulus hauserianus kirgizstan (s terskei ala too mt. rng .) a -\nя так полагаю, carabus (pachycarabus) imitator reitter, 1883. как раз в тех местах живет .\ncarabus (ainocarabus) kolbei aino far east of russia (kunashir is .) (red colour) a -\ncarabus (eucarabus) arvensis faldermanni far east of russia (s primorje reg .) (dark green colour )\ncarabus (ophiocarabus) regeli (striatulus auct .) obscurior kirgizstan (e terskei ala too mt. rng. )\nmaintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort. therefore, we are forced to introduce a partially paid access. we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you, and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys, and more dynamic updates of the site .\nyour subscription will be activated when payment clears. view the status of your subscription in your account .\nthis project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide. contributions at any level help sustain our work. thank you for your support .\n© carabidae of the world, 2007 - 2018 © a team of authors, in in: anichtchenko a. et al. , (editors) 2007 - 2018\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nlorenz, wolfgang m. t. (2005) nomina carabidarum. a directory of the scientific names of ground beetles (insecta, coleoptera\ngeadephaga\n: trachypachidae and carabidae incl. paussinae, cicindelinae, rhysodinae). 2. edition. -: 993 pp. (tutzing: w. lorenz) .\n2010 - 05 - 31 by prof. paolo audisio & by prof. augusto vigna taglianti\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nyou are viewing our newest and freshest images for your search. you can also switch to view results based on popularity or best match .\nby creating an account, i agree to shutterstock' s website terms, privacy policy, and licensing terms .\n© 2003 - 2018 shutterstock, inc. all rights reserved. made in nyc .\nwe couldn' t load this image at the moment. please refresh and try again .\nsign up to browse over million images, video clips, and music tracks. plus, get free weekly content and more .\n( we only support jpg and png images under 5mb and no larger than 4000px on either side at this time. )\nto organize and save selections in a folder you must first register or log in. registration is free !\nlogin or register! to organize the photos in galleries you must first register or login. registration is free !\nour monthly packs allow you to download hi - res photos and vector files whenever you want within a month, with just one simple price for all files .\nif you don' t use all your downloads, they simply roll over to the next month for as long as your pack is active or renewed .\nthe author of this picture, als also has 1, 734 images in the same series .\nto download this image, you can buy fotolia credits, a monthly pack or purchase a subscription plan and benefit from the amazing price of $ 0. 19 per image .\nwith the standard license, images can be used for any illustrative purpose in any type of media. examples: websites, web banners, newsletters, pdf documents, blogs, emails, slide shows, tv and video presentations, cell phones, splash screens, movies, magazine articles, books, advertising, brochures, document illustrations, booklets, billboards, business cards, packaging, etc .\nthe extended license gives you all the rights granted by the standard license, but also the ability to print our creative files more than 500, 000 times and allows you to use them on your own products. an extended license lets you create derivative products or services intended for resale or distribution. examples: postcards, calendars, posters, t - shirts, print & presentations templates, video clips intended for resale, video applications, and any project where the fotolia file lends primary value to the product intended for resale or distribution .\nyou' ll get access to all the essential fotolia content and so much more .\nadobe stock offers an incredible range of exceptional images, videos, and templates plus 3d, editorial, and premium assets to make your work stand out .\npreview watermarked images inside your designs to make sure they look just right. then license and manage them directly within photoshop cc, illustrator cc, indesign cc, and other adobe desktop apps for a seamless workflow .\n{\ninterception\n: {\nipc\n: false ,\nii\n:\n1\n} ,\nfotolia _ tooltip\n: {\nlicenses _ label\n:\nlicenses :\n} ,\nfotolia\n: {\nhost _ base\n:\nurltoken\n} ,\nsearch\n: {\nheader - search\n: {\nautocomplete _ container _ id\n:\nsearch - 5b4483aa38ee7\n,\nautocomplete _ url\n:\nhttps: \\ / \\ / autocomplete. urltoken \\ /? language _ id = 2\n} } }\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "carabus maurus is a species of beetle from carabidae family , that can be found in near east , and countries like armenia , georgia , iran , iraq , israel , lebanon , syria , turkey , turkmenistan , and on cyprus .", "the species are either black or steal coloured .", "subspecies include : carabus maurus maurus carabus maurus osculatii" ], "topic": [ 27, 7, 28 ] }

[ "carabus maurus is a species of beetle from carabidae family, that can be found in near east, and countries like armenia, georgia, iran, iraq, israel, lebanon, syria, turkey, turkmenistan, and on cyprus. the species are either black or steal coloured. subspecies include: carabus maurus maurus carabus maurus osculatii" ]

[ "animal unique | smooth hammerhead shark | the smooth hammerhead shark (sphyrna zygaena) is a type of hammerhead shark, family sphyrnidae ...\ncomparison of hammerhead sharks: a. smooth hammerhead, b. scalloped hammerhead, c. great hammerhead, d. bonnethead. photos © george burgess\nsmooth hammerhead (sphyrna zygaena). illustration courtesy fao, species identification and biodata\nthe smooth hammerhead is classified as vulnerable (vu) on the iucn red list (1) .\ncheck out this video of a rare smooth hammerhead at the boat during a trip with florida shark diving. floridasharkdiving. com\nsmooth hammerheads feed on bony fish and elasmobranchs including stingrays. photo © george ryschkewitsch\n3d segmentation of the brain, major sensory systems, and internal organs of the smooth hammerhead (segmentation by kristen gledhill) .\ndorsal view of the brain of a juvenile smooth hammerhead (yopak et al. , 2007) (photo by kara yopak )\ntaxonomy and phylogeny smooth hammerhead shark the name was later changed to sphyrna zygaena. the specific epithet comes from the greek word zygaena zygon, which means\nyoke\n, referring to the shape of his head. other common names for this species include common hammerhead, smooth hammerhead sharks common, around the head hammerhead, or just hammerheads. phylogenetic analysis based on morphology, isozymes and mitochondrial dna show that the scalloped hammerhead shark (sphyrna lewini) is the sister species of the smooth hammerhead shark, and that the two of them form a clade with the great hammerhead (s. mokarran). distribution and habitat\non occasion, the smooth hammerhead has been known to enter freshwater habitats including the indian river along the coast of florida (us) .\nthere are approximately 10 related species of hammerheads throughout tropical and temperate regions including the bonnethead (sphyrna tiburo), great hammerhead (sphyrna mokarran), and smooth hammerhead (sphyrna zygaena) .\nall hammerhead sharks are easily recognized by the unique and striking head they have, which is the origin of their name in english (hammerhead shark). the most popular species are the great hammerhead shark (sphyrna mokarran), the scalloped bonnethead (sphyrna corona), the smooth hammerhead shark (sphyrna zygaena) and the scalloped hammerhead shark (sphyrna lewini) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - smooth hammerhead (sphyrna zygaena )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - smooth hammerhead (sphyrna zygaena )\ntitle =\narkive species - smooth hammerhead (sphyrna zygaena )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nsmooth hammerheads reach a maximum total length of approximately 13 feet (4 m). photo courtesy noaa\npreferring shallow waters, the smooth hammerhead in usually found inshore over continental shelves, or in bays and estuaries. it may also be found well offshore in deeper waters, particularly when migrating. the smooth hammerhead has also been seen in freshwater habitats such as the indian river, along the coast of florida, usa (2) .\nadult smooth hammerhead sharks are either solitary or form small groups. the smooth hammerhead shark is an active - swimming predator that feeds on bony fish, rays, sharks (including its own species), cephalopods, and to a lesser extent crustaceans such as shrimps, crabs and barnacles. like other hammerhead, smooth hammerhead shark is viviparous: once the young exhaust their supply of yolk, the yolk sac is empty converted into a compound across the placenta, which provides power to the mother. birth takes place between january and march, with ovulation place around the same time. this shark is thought to live 20 years or more. human interactions smooth hammerhead shark the smooth hammerhead shark is potentially dangerous to humans. as of 2008, the international shark attack file lists 34 attacks attributed to great hammerhead sharks, 17 of them unprovoked (1 fatal). however, because of the smooth hammerhead shark is born in the temperate regions where people are less likely to go into the water, it was probably responsible for a minority of these attacks. of southern california, this species is reported to catch anglers and divers to steal .\ncool fact — smooth hammerhead sharks have a keen sense of hearing that allows them to hear low frequency vibrations, such as those that might be made by a wounded fish .\nlike all other hammerhead sharks, the great hammerhead shark has a streamlined body and a\nhammer\non its head. they have usually been confused with the scalloped hammerhead shark and the smooth hammerhead shark, but adult great hammerhead sharks can be identified by their wide cephalofoil which has an almost straight margin at the front, and by their first dorsal fin, which is tall and sickle - shaped. the cephalofoil is usually around 1 to 1. 5 meters long .\ndescription smooth hammerhead shark the second largest next to the great hammerhead shark hammerhead, smooth hammerhead sharks usually measures 2. 5 to 3. 5 m (8. 2 to 11 ft) long with a maximum recorded length and weight of 5 m (16 ft) and 400 kg (880 lb), respectively. the smooth hammerhead shark is distinguished from other large hammerhead sharks in the form of her cephalofoil, a curved front margin, without a notch in the middle. . each tooth is triangular in shape, with smooth to slightly serrated edges. the body is streamlined, without a dorsal ridge between the two dorsal fins. the dorsal fin is larger than the second dorsal fin, long free rear tip and a strong notch at the rear margin. the dermal teeth are closely packed, each with 5 - 7 horizontal ridges (3 young people), leading to a w - shaped rear margin .\ndentition there are 13 - 15 triangular, smooth - edged teeth in each side of the upper jaw sometimes along with a small symphyseal tooth. the lower jaw includes 12 - 14 smooth or weakly serrated teeth along with a single symphyseal tooth .\npredators larger sharks will prey on juvenile and subadult smooth hammerheads, with no major predators of the adults of this species .\nthe smooth hammerhead migrates northward during the summer to find cooler water. when overheating, it can be seen swimming slowly at the surface with the dorsal fin out of the water (5) .\nthe hammerhead, smooth hammerhead shark is the most tolerant species in temperate waters, and occurs worldwide at higher latitudes than any other species. compared with the scalloped hammerhead shark and large, the smooth hammerhead shark remains closer to the surface in water less than 20 m (66 ft) deep. however contained diving to a depth of 200 m (660 ft). it prefers coastal waters such as bays and estuaries, but can sometimes be found in the open ocean on the continental shelf, and around oceanic islands. this shark has also been reported entering freshwater habitats, such as the indian river in florida. in summer, smooth hammerhead sharks migrate pole ward to stay in colder water, on the way back to the equator in the winter .\nhuman interactions smooth hammerhead shark the smooth hammerhead shark is potentially dangerous to humans. as of 2008, the international shark attack file lists 34 attacks attributed to great hammerhead sharks, 17 of them unprovoked (1 fatal). however, because of the smooth hammerhead shark is born in the temperate regions where people are less likely to go into the water, it was probably responsible for a minority of these attacks. of southern california, this species is reported to catch anglers and divers to steal. many other fisheries every ocean too smooth hammerhead sharks as bycatch, and are caught by recreational fishermen in some songs. smooth hammerhead sharks are also slain by shark entangled in nets used to protect beaches. less than 10 smooth hammerhead sharks were caught annually in the nets off kwazulu - natal, south africa, from 1. 978 to 1990. in contrast, in the nets in new south wales, australia, smooth hammerhead shark is 50% of the sharks from 1972 to 1. 990 4715. at present this species is still relatively common and is assessed as\nlower risk / near threatened\nby the world conservation union. from new zealand, it is a prohibited target species and is the most common sharks along the northwest coast. nor does it seem to be negatively impacted by fishing on the southern australia. off the eastern united states, the catch of this species is regulated by the national marine fisheries service (nmfs) atlantic shark fishery management plan (fmp), which is classified as a large coastal shark (lcs) .\nthe species is found worldwide, including along the continental shelf, but it prefers moderate water temperatures. despite its preference for more shallow waters over the continental shelf it has also been sighted around hawaii and the galapagos. of all hammerhead shark species the smooth hammerhead can best tolerate colder waters .\n) is one of the larger hammerhead sharks, found world - wide in temperate and tropical seas, with a wider range than other members of its family. it is semipelagic and occurs on the continental shelf. although few data are available on the smooth hammerhead' s life - history characteristics, it is a large hammerhead shark and presumably at least as biologically vulnerable as\nscalloped hammerhead (sphyrna lewini). illustration courtesy fao, species identification and biodata\nnear - term scalloped hammerhead embryo, dorsal and ventral view. photo © flmnh\nin the us, smooth hammerhead sharks are grouped with large coastal species, a group that biologist consider to be most vulnerable to overfishing. it is also taken by gillnet and longline and as bycatch in driftnet fisheries. mortality is likely to be significant although little data is available on populations and fishing impact. the smooth hammerhead is difficult to identify in high seas fisheries where observers are often not present, resulting in insufficient bycatch data .\na member of a large and easily recognisable group of sharks, the smooth hammerhead can be distinguished from the other hammerhead species by the single notch in the centre of its hammer - shaped head. the eyes are located at either end of the hammer, and the particularly arched mouth is in line with the trail edge of the head (3). olive - grey above and white below, the smooth hammerhead has a tall and sickle - shaped first dorsal fin and plain pectoral fins with black tips (4) .\nthe smooth hammerhead is widespread in temperate and tropical waters, including the atlantic, pacific and indian oceans and the mediterranean and black seas. it migrates northward in search of cooler waters for the summer months (3) .\nphylogenetic relationships of hammerhead sharks, based on morphology, isozymes, and mitochondrial dna .\nalthough they have been said to be dangerous towards humans, great hammerhead sharks rarely ever attack humans. divers have reported that great hammerhead sharks are shy and avoid humans .\nare wider than in non - hammerhead sharks (albeit more medial than in other hammerhead sharks). along with its basal position in hammerhead phylogeny, this lends support to the idea that this structure originally evolved for a sensory, rather than hydrodynamic, function .\neven though great hammerhead sharks are apex predators, young pups have been seen eaten by bull sharks. yellow jacks have been seen rubbing themselves against great hammerhead sharks, probably to get rid of parasites. pilot fish have been seen swimming with great hammerhead sharks .\nthe\nhammer\nof the great hammerhead is wide with a distinctively straight leading edge .\nsmooth hammerhead sharks are large sharks with a rather steeply ascending first dorsal fin which tapers into a sickle form at the back. unlike the brownish color of many other hammerhead shark species, its primary color on the top is olive green or dark gray - brown and white underneath. their pectoral fins have black tips at the underside .\nthe smooth hammerhead (sphyrna zygaena) is the third most captured shark species in peru, a nation with one of the largest shark fisheries in the pacific ocean. we sought to better understand the trophic ecology of this shark in northern peru by analyzing stomach contents. from 2013 through 2015, we collected 485 samples of gut contents from sharks measuring 53 - 294 cm in total length. our results show that the smooth hammerhead is a top predator with a diet dominated by jumbo flying squid (dosidicus gigas) and the patagonian squid (doryteuthis (amerigo) gahi). smooth hammerheads displayed different diets with different body size, and this finding indicates that sharks change their distribution and habitat during development. this study represents the most comprehensive investigation to date of the trophic ecology of smooth hammerhead in waters off peru. we propose that these waters represent an important eastern pacific ocean feeding ground for smooth hammerhead. because this species is commercially important and also preys upon other commercial species, these findings could contribute to the design and implementation of plans for ecosystembased fisheries management. © 2017, national marine fisheries service. all rights reserved .\nthe smooth hammerhead shark, like other members of sphyrnidae, reproduces via placental viviparity (compagno 1984; dulvy and reynolds 1997), wherein embryos receive nutrients directly from the mother through a placental blood vessel link (dulvy and reynolds 1997) .\nthe cerebellum, which is a neural structure that evolved first in early elasmobranchs (butler 2003) and has been carried through vertebrate evolution to humans, is also quite distinguishable in the smooth hammerhead shark. this structure occupies 22% of the brain of\nthe body of the smooth hammerhead is dark olive to brownish - gray in color with a white underside. this is in contrast to the brown coloration that is common to many other species of hammerheads. some individuals have dusky or black edged pectoral fins .\nthe smooth hammerhead sharks feeds on different species of fish, small sharks and rays. however, spineless fish such as crawfish, squid and other similar fish have also been found in analyses of stomach contents. this species is also known to eat carrion .\nwhat to look for a large hammerhead without a notch at the center of its curved head .\n). the great hammerhead catch rate in indian ocean has declined 73% from 1978 to 2003, though it is yet undetermined whether these represent localized or widespread depletion. the great hammerhead is\nmost hammerhead species are fairly small and are considered harmless to humans. however, the great hammerhead' s enormous size and fierceness make it potentially dangerous, though few attacks have been recorded .\nwithin the hammerhead family, several species are differentiated from each other by variations within the cephalophoil. the\na great hammerhead caught by a sport fisherman. human exploitation now threatens the survival of this species .\nhammerhead sharks are consummate predators that use their oddly shaped heads to improve their ability to find prey .\n) is much easier to identify with a shovel - shaped head. another distinguishing characteristic of the great hammerhead is the curved rear margins on the pelvic fins while the scalloped hammerhead has straight posterior edges .\nbiology of three hammerhead sharks (eusphyra blochii, sphyrna mokarran and s. lewini) from northern australia\nprimarily a piscivore, the smooth hammerhead feeds on a variety of bony fishes including clupeids and small scombrids as well as elasmobranchs such as smaller sharks (as well as its own species) and stingrays. in fact skates and stingrays make up the majority of its diet in inshore locations. invertebrate prey includes benthic crustaceans and cephalopods. in northern europe, this shark feeds on herring and bass, while in north america spanish mackerel and menhaden are commonly consumed fish. the smooth hammerhead has also been observed scavenging from surface longlines in the mediterranean sea .\nbaum noted that just last month, the world conservation union' s shark specialist group listed great hammerhead and scalloped hammerhead sharks as in danger of extinction, and dusky and sandbar sharks as vulnerable to extinction .\nin waters off new zealand, the smooth hammerhead is a prohibited target species and is the most abundant shark along the northwest coast. this hammerhead does not appear to be negatively impacted by fishing pressure off the southern coast of australia. the iucn is a global union of states, governmental agencies, and non - governmental organizations in a partnership that assesses the conservation status of species .\nthe scalloped hammerhead is distinguished from other hammerheads by an indentation located centrally on the front margin of the broadly arched head. the head is expanded laterally, resembling a hammer, hence the common name\nhammerhead\n. two more indentations flank the main central indentation, giving this hammerhead a\nscalloped\nappearance .\nsize, age, and growth the average size of the smooth hammerhead ranges between 8 - 12 feet (2. 5 - 3. 5 m) in length with a maximum total length of 16 feet (5 m) and maximum weight of 880 pounds (400 kg). although maximum age has yet to be determined for this species, it is believed the smooth hammerhead may have a lifespan of 20 years or longer. at birth, smooth hammerheads measure approximately 20 inches (. 5 m) in length. females reach maturity at approximately 8. 7 feet (2. 7 m) and males at 7 - 8 feet (2. 1 - 2. 5 cm) in length, depending upon locality .\nbrazil then submitted proposal 43 to list three species of hammerhead sharks. the scalloped hammerhead shark occurs widely in coastal warm temperate and tropical seas and is exploited extensively for its fins. the proponents highlighted the significant declines in the population of the species that have been reported in many areas, and it emphasized the importance of the outcomes of the rio + 20 summit last year for better protection of marine species. two other species of hammerhead sharks (the great hammerhead and smooth hammerhead) have similar fins that are hard to distinguish in trade, and the proponents, recommended that these too be subject to cites trade controls. the proposal was adopted by secret ballot with 91 votes in favour, 39 against and 9 abstentions .\nshark - fining is banned in us waters, and the smooth hammerhead is a prohibited target species in new zealand waters. despite relatively few attacks on humans, many people fear hammerhead sharks and so conservation efforts can be difficult. currently this species is not immediately threatened with extinction, and whilst there is much research into its ecology and physiology, there is little targeted conservation action (2) .\nknown for their spectacular schooling behaviour, the smooth hammerhead gathers into these large groups as juveniles, but as adults they occur singly or in small groups. they hunt for bony fish, small sharks and stingrays and are known to be cannibalistic on occasion. when inshore, their diet consists mainly of skates and stingrays. pinning their prey down with the hammer, the smooth hammerhead bites chunks from the wings of the stingray until it is immobilised. it is not unusual to see hammerheads with the barbs from stingrays implanted into their heads. in deeper waters they may also feed on crustaceans and cephalopods. in northern europe, the smooth hammerhead eats mainly herring and bass, and in the mediterranean, it is known to scavenge from longline fisheries. other large shark species may prey on juvenile smooth hammerheads, but adults have no natural predators (2). the hammer - shaped head is thought to be a mechanism to spread out the ampullae of lorenzini – sensory organs that detect electric currents, chemicals in the water, and temperature changes (6) .\nfeeding habits — certain photographs of the smooth hammerhead shark provide an eerie hint of its feeding methods. due to its white coloration near the mouth, red blood sometimes can be seen smeared across its face. that is because this fish may consume animals and even other sharks, including members of its own species. triangle - shaped, smooth teeth can pierce through numerous types of flesh. most frequently, however, this shark will consume schooling fish that may include herring and menhaden .\ncharles h. peterson, a professor of marine sciences biology and ecology at the university of north carolina at chapel hill, who helped write the paper, said he and his colleagues calculated that between 1970 and 2005, the number of scalloped hammerhead and tiger sharks may have declined by more than 97 percent along the east coast and bull, dusky and smooth hammerhead sharks have dropped by more than 99 percent .\nsome species of hammerhead sharks often migrate during the summer months, when they travel to cooler waters. not all species of this shark family like shallow waters. some, like the great hammerhead shark, stay in deep waters .\n, often live in coastal and reef - associated habitats and are considered to be social animals (springer 1967; myrberg and gruber 1974; klimley 1985), which both aggregate and form true schools. the relative size of the forebrain, or telencephalon, of the smooth hammerhead (and indeed other members of\nenglish language common names for this shark include smooth hammerhead, common hammerhead, common hammerhead shark, common smooth hammerhead shark, hammerhead, hammerhead shark, round - headed hammerhead, and round - headed hammerhead shark. other common names include abou bornita (arabic), awal (bikol), balagbagan (tagalog), boat (marathi), cabeza de martillo (spanish), cachona (spanish), cagnole (french), cambeba (portuguese), carnuda (spanish), corna (spanish), cornuda (portuguese), diarandoye (wolof), gemeiner hammerfisch (german), gladde hammerhai (dutch), gladde hamerkop (afrikaans), hamerhaai (dutch), hammerhaj (swedish), iskandar (arabic), jarjur (arabic), kodosan (visayan), kurazza (maltese), leunada (spanish), marteau (french), martell (spanish), martelo (portuguese), martillo (spanish), pata (portuguese), pateritza (greek), pesce martello (italian), pez martillo (spanish), requin marteau (french), sarda de cachas (spanish), shiro - shumokuzame (japanese), tampugan (bikol), variocha (kannada), vasarahai (finnish), yu palang (malay), and zygaena (greek) .\nstatus this species is considered near - threatened, and may be confused with the scalloped hammerhead shark in the tropics .\n2014: competitive state wildlife grant. relative abundance and trophic ecology of two sympatrically distributed sphyrnids, the scalloped hammerhead (\nthe streamlined body of the great hammerhead with the expanded cephalofoil is typical of the hammerhead sharks. adult great hammerheads can be distinguished from the scalloped hammerhead and the smooth hammerhead by the shape of the cephalofoil, which has a nearly straight front margin (as opposed to arched), with prominent medial and lateral indentations. the width of the cephalofoil is 23–27% of the body length. the teeth are triangular and strongly serrated, becoming more oblique towards the corners of the mouth. there are 17 tooth rows on either side of the upper jaw with 2–3 teeth at the symphysis (the midline of the jaw), and 16–17 teeth on either side of the lower jaw and 1–3 at the symphysis .\nhammerschlag, rick. sandy plains: great hammerhead shark. reefquest centre for shark research. retrieved on october 18, 2008 .\nthey are considered dangerous to humans, but they are not particularly aggressive. most hammerhead shark species are very small and harmless .\ngreat hammerhead sharks' favourite prey are rays and skates; its favourite type of ray are stingrays. the venomous spines of the stingrays don' t seem to affect them, because a great hammerhead shark caught off florida had 96 venomous spines found in and around its mouth. the cephalofoil of the great hammerhead shark is said to be used to pin stingrays down, because one great hammerhead shark was found attacking a southern stingray in the bahamas; the great hammerhead shark first pinned the stingray down by hitting the stingray with its cephalofoil, and then it grabbed the stingray in its jaws and started to rip apart the stingray by shaking its head rapidly. another great hammerhead shark was found attacking a spotted eagle ray in open water; the great hammerhead shark first bit off one of the ray' s pectoral fins, and then pinned the ray down with its cephalofoil, and then ate the ray head - first .\nwith its large size and cutting teeth, the great hammerhead is certainly capable of inflicting fatal injuries to a human and caution should be exercised around them. this species has a (possibly undeserved) reputation for aggression and being the most dangerous of the hammerhead sharks .\nno conservation measures specifically protecting the great hammerhead have been enacted. it is listed on annex i, highly migratory species, of the\nbester, cathleen. biological profiles: great hammerhead. florida museum of natural history ichthyology department. retrieved on october 18, 2008 .\nthis shark' s distinctive head is designed for greater agility and panoramic vision, making the hammerhead a hunter to be reckoned with .\nuntil recently, the scalloped hammerhead (sphyrna lewini) was thought to be distinct from the whitefin hammerhead (sphyrna couardi). despite its name, the whitefin hammerhead does not have white or white - tipped fins. on the basis of broadly overlapping morphometric characters, this species was synonymized under sphyrna lewini by john mceachran and bernard seret in 1987 (cybium, 11 [ 1 ]: 39 - 46 )\nalthough smooth hammerheads are the most frequently seen species of hammerheads, their behavior has not yet been studied in detail. it is known that they prefer to stay in very shallow waters where they are often seen in larger schools .\nthe smooth hammerhead' s back is smooth, lacking a mid - dorsal ridge. the moderately tall first dorsal fin has a rounded apex and is falcate in shape with a free rear tip in front of the origin of the pelvic fins. the origin of this first dorsal is located over the pectoral fin insertions. the low second dorsal fin is shorter than the anal fin, with the free rear tip not extending to the precaudal pit. pelvic fins are not falcate with straight of slightly concave posterior margins. the pectoral fins have only slightly falcate posterior margins. the anal fin has a deeply notched posterior margin .\nreproduction the smooth hammerhead is viviparous with the eggs hatching inside the body and the embryos nourished by a yolksac placenta. this placenta also tranports oxygen to the embryo and removes wastes. birth occurs during summer months, resulting in a large litter of 20 - 40 pups following a 10 - 11 month gestation period. pups measure approximately 20 inches (50 cm) in length at birth .\nin the tropics and these two species are probably misidentified with each other in some areas. time series data on population trends in hammerhead sharks, including\nare falcate with concave rear margins, in contrast to the straight - margined pelvic fins of the scalloped hammerhead. the skin is covered with closely placed\ncommon names in the english language include scalloped hammerhead, bronze hammerhead shark, hammerhead, hammerhead shark, kidney - headed shark, scalloped hammerhead shark, and southern hammerhead shark. other common names are abul - garn (arabic), aka - shumokuzame (japanese), cação - cornudo (portugese), cachona (spanish), chadayan sravu (malayalam), cornuda (spanish), geschulpte hamerhaai (dutch), glowomlot tropikalny (polish), jarjur (arabic), jerong tenggiri (malayan), kalhigandu miyaru (maldivian), kampavasarahai (finnish), krusan (bikol), ktenozygena (greek), mano kihikihi (hawaiian), morfillo (spanish), peixe - martelo (portuguese), pez martillo (spanish), requin marteau (french), skulprand - hamerkop (afrikaans), tiburón martillo (spanish), and yu palang (malay) .\nthis species is of recreational and commercial importance: it is utilized fresh, smoked, and dried / salted for human consumption; hides are processed for leather products; liver oil is utilized for vitamins; carcasses are distributed in fishmeal; and fins are processed into soups (compagno 1984). the finning industry, in particular, is a major cause of overexploitation in many large - bodied shark species, including the smooth hammerhead, though it is often difficult to assess the impact of bycatch and finning on a particular species due to inaccurate catch statistics, generic categorizations, and / or misidentification with other morphologically similar sharks (abercrombie et al. 2005). the iucn red list categorizes the smooth hammerhead shark as being near - threatened and is considered to be at a low risk of extinction (\nspecific data on populations of this species are generally unavailable in many areas because hammerhead shark catches are often grouped to include several sphyrna species. furthermore, this species has sometimes been confused with the scalloped hammerhead (s. lewini) in the tropics and these two species are probably misidentified with each other .\nduring summer months, smooth hammerheads sometime form schools during migrations northward to cooler which is later followed by a return south in the winter. during hot summer weather, adults and juveniles can sometimes be seen swimming along the surface with their dorsal fins exposed .\n. assessment of its conservation status is difficult as few fisheries separate the great hammerhead from other hammerheads in their reported catches. this species is listed as globally\nthe smooth hammerhead is rarely fished intentionally, but may be used for its liver oil in vitamins, its fins for shark fin soup in asia, its hide for leather and the carcass is used as fishmeal (2). it forms part of accidental catch in gillnet, longline and driftnet fishing operations but, as the fins are prized in asia, it is rarely released alive when caught (3) .\nsmooth hammerheads are found worldwide in temperate waters. in the western atlantic ocean, this species is found from canada south to the virgin islands and from brazil south to argentina, while in the eastern atlantic it occurs from the british isles south to côte d' ivoire, including the mediterranean sea. in the western indian ocean, the smooth hammerhead occurs off the coasts of south africa, india, and sri lanka. the distribution within the pacific ocean includes from vietnam to japan and australia and new zealand in the west, the hawaiian islands in the central region, and california (u. s .), panama, galapagos, ecuador, and chile in the east .\nmembers of its family, reflecting the traditional view that cephalofoil size gradually increased over the course of hammerhead shark evolution. however, this view has been refuted by\nthe average great hammerhead measures up to 3. 5 m (11. 5 ft) long and weighs over 230 kg (500 lb). a small percentage of the population, mostly or all females, are much larger. the longest great hammerhead on record was 6. 1 m (20 ft) .\nthe heaviest known great hammerhead is a 4. 4 m (14. 4 ft) long, 580 kg (1, 280 lb) female caught off\nthe great hammerhead is a solitary, nomadic predator that tends to be given a wide berth by other reef sharks. if confronted, they may respond with an\npreferring shallow waters less than 65 feet (20 m) in depth, the smooth hammerhead lives close to shore over continental shelves and in inshore waters including bays and estuaries. however this species has been reported in depths from 0 - 656 feet (0 - 200 m) including those reported from offshore locations. in some areas, juveniles may be abundant and form large aggregations. adults occur either singly or in small groups .\nthe smooth hammerhead shark, sphyrna zygaena (linnaeus, 1758), is the third shark specie most captured in peru, its situation is vulnerable and is included in cites. however, their fishery lacks management and its biology is poorly understood. this study aims to know the trophic ecology and identify their nursery areas in northern peru, through the analysis of stomach contents, fishing areas, ... [ show full abstract ]\nthe smooth hammerhead shark was originally described by swedish natural historian karl linnaeus in 1758 as squalus zygaena. this name was later changed to sphyrna zygaena (linnaeus 1758) which is currently the valid name. the name sphyrna translates from greek to the english language\nhammer\n, referring to the hammer - shaped head of this species. linnaeus, considered the\nfather of taxonomy\n, created the system of naming species that is still in use today. synonyms referring to this species include zygaena malleus valenciennes 1822, zygaena vulgaris cloquet 1830, and zygaena subarcuata storer 1848. there are approximately 10 related species of hammerheads throughout tropical and temperate regions including the bonnethead (sphyrna tiburo), great hammerhead (sphyrna mokarran), and scalloped hammerhead (sphyrna lewini) .\nduring an 11 – 12 month gestation, the eggs of the smooth hammerhead hatch inside the female’s body. the embryos are nourished by a yolk sac placenta and during the summer months, once the yolk sac has been used, between 20 and 40 young sharks hatch. measuring just 0. 5 m at birth, males and females reach maturity at 2. 1 – 2. 5 m and 2. 7 m respectively (2) .\nthe meeting reached a climax today after an attempt to reopen the debate on these species in the closing plenary was narrowly defeated. the parties confirmed a decision made by one of the conference’s committees earlier in the week to include five commercially valuable shark species in appendix ii. the oceanic whitetip (carcharhinus longimanus), scalloped hammerhead (sphyrma lewini), great hammerhead shark (sphyrna mokarran), smooth hammerhead shark (sphyrna zigaena) and the porbeagle shark (lamna nasus) are harvested in huge numbers for their valuable fins and, in some cases, meat. from now onwards, they will have to be traded with cites permits and evidence will have to be provided that they are harvested sustainably and legally. these listings mark a milestone in the involvement of cites in marine species .\nthe smooth hammerhead (sphyrna zygaena) is the third most captured shark species in peru, a nation with one of the largest shark fisheries in the pacific ocean. we sought to better understand the tro - phic ecology of this shark in north - ern peru by analyzing stomach contents. from 2013 through 2015, we collected 485 samples of gut con - tents from sharks measuring 53–294 cm in total length... . [ show full abstract ]\nmartin, r. aidan. (february 24, 1998). recent changes in hammerhead taxonomy. reefquest centre for shark research. retrieved on october 18, 2008 .\n. this species is caught with a wide variety of gears in both coastal and oceanic fisheries, as bycatch and a target. therefore in some areas, all size classes and reproductive stages are susceptible to capture. the smooth hammerhead' s large fins are highly valued for their high fin ray count and they are being increasingly targeted in some areas in response to increasing demand for the fin trade. few species - specific data are available to assess population trends because catches of hammerhead sharks are often grouped together under a single category. very often these sharks are finned and the carcasses discarded. this species has sometimes been confused with\ncavalcanti, m. j. (2007) .\na phylogenetic supertree of the hammerhead sharks (carcharhiniformes: sphyrnidae )\n. zoological studies 46 (1): 6–11 .\nthe great hammerhead shark (sphyrna mokarran), is the largest species of the hammerhead shark group. it can be identified by the shape of its\nhammer\n( called the\ncephalofoil\n), which is wide and has an almost straight margin at the front, and by its first dorsal fin which is tall, and is sickle - shaped .\nthe great hammerhead shark has been listed as endangered by the international union for the conservation of nature (iucn), because of fishing for its fins, which are made into shark fin soup, for its skin which is made into leather, and their liver oil for vitamins. populations of the great hammerhead shark have decreased by 50% because of fishing .\nhammerhead sharks are carnivorous and feed on a variety of prey. their diet includes bony fish, squid, octopus, crustaceans and their favorite food: rays. occasionally they practice cannibalism .\ntranslates from greek to the english language\nhammer\n, referring to the hammer - shaped head of this species. synonyms used in past scientific literature to refer to the scalloped hammerhead include\nthe smooth hammerhead is taken in the shark fisheries of south florida and the west indies and utilized fresh, dried - salted, and smoked for human consumption. however, in most markets, the meat is considered undesirable and not marketed. the liver oil is used in vitamins, fins for soup, hide for leather, and carcasses for fishmeal. this shark has the highest rated fins for the asian market where sharkfin soup is a delicacy. however, shark finning is banned in u. s. waters .\nthe\nhammer\nof the great hammerhead is wide with a distinctively straight leading edge. the individual pictured here also demonstrates the rolled swimming that the species employs as its primary form of locomotion .\ngreat hammerhead sharks are viviparous, meaning they give live birth. females are pregnant for around 11 months, before giving birth to a litter of 6 - 56 pups. when they are born, the pups are around 50–70 cm (20 to 28 in) long. males mature when they are about 2. 3 to 2. 8 meters long, and weigh around 51 kg. females mature when they are about 2. 5 to 3 meters long, and weigh around 41 kg. great hammerhead sharks live for around 20–30 years, but the oldest great hammerhead shark ever found was said to be 40–50 years old .\nthe great hammerhead is the largest of the nine identified species of this shark. it can grow up to 20 feet in length and weigh up to 1, 000 pounds, although smaller sizes are more common .\nalthough potentially dangerous, the great hammerhead rarely attacks humans. it sometimes behaves inquisitively toward divers and should be treated with respect. this shark is heavily fished for its large fins, which are extremely valuable on the asian market as the main ingredient of shark fin soup. as a result, great hammerhead populations are declining substantially worldwide, and it has been assessed as endangered by the international union for conservation of nature (iucn) .\ngreat hammerhead sharks are known to hunt at dawn and at dusk. they feed on crustaceans like crabs and lobsters, molluscs like squids and octopuses, bony fish like tarpon, sardines, herrings, sea catfish, toadfish, porgies, jacks, croakers, groupers, flatfish, boxfish, and porcupine fish. they also eat other sharks like smoothhounds and grey reef sharks. great hammerhead sharks have been known to eat others of their kind .\nthe scalloped hammerhead is circumglobal, residing in coastal warm temperate and tropical seas. in the western atlantic ocean, this shark is found from new jersey (us) south to brazil including the gulf of mexico and caribbean sea; and in the eastern atlantic from the mediterranean sea to namibia. distribution in the indo pacific includes from south africa and the red sea, throughout the indian ocean, and from japan to new caledonia, hawaii, and tahiti. off the coasts of southern california to ecuador and perhaps south to peru are locations where the scalloped hammerhead is found in the eastern pacific ocean. in australia, this hammerhead may be found off the northwestern western australia coast .\nthe smooth hammerhead gets its common names from the large hammer - shaped head. this compressed head is also referred to as a\ncephalophoil\n, allowing for easy distinction from other types of sharks. the cephalophoil is broad and flattened with a broadly rounded unnotched anterior margin. the eyes are located on the outer edges of the cephalophoil with the nostrils also spread far apart. the head is scalloped with a depression opposite each nostril. the ventrally - located mouth is strongly arched. it is thought that the head structure may give the shark some sensory advantages or that perhaps it improves maneuverability or increases lift .\nthe great hammerhead (sphyrna mokarran) is the largest species of hammerhead shark, belonging to the family sphyrnidae, attaining a maximum length of 6. 1 m (20 ft). it is found in tropical and warm temperate waters worldwide, inhabiting coastal areas and the continental shelf. the great hammerhead can be distinguished from other hammerheads by the shape of its\nhammer\n( called the\ncephalofoil\n), which is wide with an almost straight front margin, and by its tall, sickle - shaped first dorsal fin. a solitary, strong - swimming apex predator, the great hammerhead feeds on a wide variety of prey ranging from crustaceans and cephalopods, to bony fishes, to smaller sharks. observations of this species in the wild suggest that the cephalofoil functions to immobilize stingrays, a favored prey. this species has a viviparous mode of reproduction, bearing litters of up to 55 pups every two years .\ndenticles smooth hammerheads have denticles that are densely arranged with w - shaped posterior margins. denticles are as broad as they are long with small specimens possessing three ridges extending from the center to the posterior edge while large individuals have five to seven ridges extending about halfway back from the anterior margin and three to five teeth along the posterior margin with the middle one the longer than the others .\nand finally, the familial status of the hammerhead sharks appears to be no longer warranted. naylor (1992) examined 17 presumed loci of structural proteins in 37 species of carcharhinoid shark. despite only limited overlap between the genetic markers used and including many species not examined by lavery (1992), both naylor and lavery' s results fully support compagno (1979, 1988)' s contention that the hammerhead sharks form a monophyletic group, closely allied with the genus\nacross their ontogeny, both scalloped and great (s. mokarran) hammerhead alternate between coastal and pelagic phases. off the us east coast, the great hammerhead also undergoes extensive migrations into international waters, where little or no protection exists, which makes them particularly prone to unregulated harvest, despite the reduced threats that would have been associated with aggregative behavior (hammerschlag et al. 2011). however, despite the well - documented risks to large sharks from commercial fisheries and bycatch, coastal habitats can often be highly altered and, therefore, pose numerous threats to these species. gravid great hammerhead sharks, for example, enter shallow tropical coastal bays to give birth, which subjects the pregnant females and their young to coastal fishing and a potentially higher degree of anthropogenic impacts because of pervasive and intensifying coastal development. indeed, recent work suggests that recreational fishers disproportionately target great hammerhead sharks compared with other species (shiffman and hammerschlag 2014) .\na hammerhead shark is any of the ten species that make up the sphyrnidae family. this family belongs to the order carcharhiniformes and has two genera: eusphyra and sphyrna, the first with one species and the latter with the remaining nine .\npublished scientific estimates of hammerhead shark population declines from various ocean basins worldwide. the estimated decline, the year and area (ocean basin), and the sampling tool are noted in each example. sources: the relative published population estimates are, starting at top right and moving counterclockwise, from ferretti and colleagues (2010), ferretti and colleagues (2008), myers and colleagues (2007), baum and colleagues (2003), and baum and blanchard (2010). in all cases, declines were categorized for the large hammerheads (listed as hammerhead spp. except in ferretti et al. 2010 and myers et al. 2007, who identified sphyrna lewini specifically). ferretti and colleagues (2010) showed that, at one of two studied beach sites, scalloped hammerheads experienced the most severe population declines in the analysis; ferretti and colleagues (2008) noted that hammerhead shark populations declined the fastest of any assessed species; myers and colleagues (2007) and baum and colleagues (2003) affirmed that the hammerhead population declines were among the most severe of any studied species; and baum and blanchard (2010) most recently reaffirmed that hammerhead population declines were “precipitous” and remained the most severe of any studied species. some of these estimates have been challenged in the literature (i. e. , see burgess et al. 2005). a scalloped hammerhead (s. lewini) is pictured. photograph: tom burns .\nin the us, hammerhead sharks are grouped with large coastal species, a group that biologist consider to be most vulnerable to overfishing. along with being a targeted species, this hammerhead is also taken by gillnet and longline and as bycatch in driftnet fisheries. mortality is likely to be significant although little data is available on populations and fishing impact. different species of hammerheads are sometimes difficult to identify in high seas fisheries where observers are often not present, resulting in insufficient bycatch data .\nother physical characteristics of the hammerhead sharks are similar to another shark species. they have nostrils at the tip of their head and large eyes at each side of it. the mouth is small, contains serrated teeth and locates under the head .\ngreat hammerhead sharks are around 2. 85 to 5. 5 meters long, and weigh around 450 kg, but the longest ever found was 6. 1 meters long. the heaviest ever found was a 4. 4 meter long female, which weighed 580 kg, and was caught off boca grande, florida. but the female weighed this much because it was pregnant. the top part of the great hammerhead shark is grey - brown or green, and the belly is white .\na lot has happened in hammerhead systematics and taxonomy in recent years. as yet, the nomenclatural dust has not settled, but i will try to bring you (and anyone else who' s interested) up to speed as best i can .\nthe scalloped hammerhead is fished both as a gamefish and commercially. it is readily accessible to inshore fishers as well as offshore commercial operations. this shark can be caught on longlines, bottom nets and trawls. although the flesh is sold fresh, dried, smoked, and frozen, this species is also highly regarded for its fins and hides. the remainder of the shark is used for vitamins and fishmeal. scalloped hammerhead pups reside in shallow coastal nursery areas making them quite vulnerable to fishing pressures .\ndifferent species of hammerhead sharks inhabit temperate and tropical waters around the world, along coastal lines and continental shelves. they dwell the mesopelagic zone and up to 80 meters deep. their most common habitats are reefs of shallow waters and occasionally visit brackish waters." ]

{ "text": [ "the smooth hammerhead ( sphyrna zygaena ) is a species of hammerhead shark , and part of the family sphyrnidae .", "this species is named \" smooth hammerhead \" because of the distinctive shape of the head , which is flattened and laterally extended into a hammer shape ( called the \" cephalofoil \" ) , without an indentation in the middle of the front margin ( hence \" smooth \" ) .", "unlike other hammerheads , this species prefers temperate waters and occurs worldwide at medium latitudes .", "in the summer , these sharks migrate towards the poles following cool water masses , sometimes forming schools numbering in the hundreds to thousands .", "the second-largest hammerhead shark after the great hammerhead shark , the smooth hammerhead can measure up to 5 m ( 16 ft ) long .", "it is an active predator that takes a wide variety of bony fishes and invertebrates , with larger individuals also feeding on sharks and rays .", "as in the rest of its family , this shark is viviparous and gives birth to litters of 20 – 40 pups .", "a relatively common shark , it is captured , intentionally or otherwise , by many commercial fisheries throughout its range ; its fins are extremely valuable for use in shark fin soup .", "this shark is potentially dangerous and has likely been responsible for a few attacks on humans , though it is less likely to encounter swimmers than other large hammerhead species due to its temperate habitat . " ], "topic": [ 25, 25, 13, 14, 25, 15, 14, 15, 15 ] }

[ "the smooth hammerhead (sphyrna zygaena) is a species of hammerhead shark, and part of the family sphyrnidae. this species is named \" smooth hammerhead \" because of the distinctive shape of the head, which is flattened and laterally extended into a hammer shape (called the \" cephalofoil \"), without an indentation in the middle of the front margin (hence \" smooth \"). unlike other hammerheads, this species prefers temperate waters and occurs worldwide at medium latitudes. in the summer, these sharks migrate towards the poles following cool water masses, sometimes forming schools numbering in the hundreds to thousands. the second-largest hammerhead shark after the great hammerhead shark, the smooth hammerhead can measure up to 5 m (16 ft) long. it is an active predator that takes a wide variety of bony fishes and invertebrates, with larger individuals also feeding on sharks and rays. as in the rest of its family, this shark is viviparous and gives birth to litters of 20 – 40 pups. a relatively common shark, it is captured, intentionally or otherwise, by many commercial fisheries throughout its range; its fins are extremely valuable for use in shark fin soup. this shark is potentially dangerous and has likely been responsible for a few attacks on humans, though it is less likely to encounter swimmers than other large hammerhead species due to its temperate habitat." ]

[ "hoplosternum littorale catfish. watch it in high quality. and watch this too: urltoken\nkeywords: oreochromis mossambicus; hoplosternum littorale; distribution; diet overlap; competition; suriname .\nthe non - native brown hoplo, hoplosternum littorale. photo courtesy usgs, photograpger howard jelks .\nfroese, rainer and pauly, daniel, eds. (2007) .\nhoplosternum littorale\nin fishbase. july 2007 version .\nnico l. g. , and p. fuller. 2007. hoplosternum littorale. usgs nonindigenous aquatic species database, gainesville, fl. available online .\nramnarine iw, 1994. larval culture, development and growth of the cascadu, hoplosternum littorale (hancock 1828: callichthyidae). aquaculture, 126: 291 - 298 .\nramnarine iw, 2001. hatching trials with eggs of the armoured catfish hoplosternum littorale (hancock). aquaculture, 198 (1 / 2): 123 - 127 .\nramnarine i. w. 1994b. larval culture, development and growth of the cascadu, hoplosternum littorale (hancock 1828; callichthyidae). aquaculture 126: 291 - 298 .\nramnarine iw, 1996. early development of the cascadu hoplosternum littorale (hancock; osteichthyes, callichthyidae). journal of aquaculture in the tropics, 11 (2): 97 - 104 .\nramnarine iw, 1994. a field trial of the semi - intensive culture of the cascadu, hoplosternum littorale (hancock, 1828). tropical agriculture (trinidad), 71: 135 - 138 .\nmachado - allison, a. & t. m. zaret. 1984. datos sobre la biologia reproductiva de hoplosternum littorale (siluriformes - callichthyidae) de venezuela. acta cientifica venezolana 35: 142–146 .\nramnarine i. w. 1994a. a field trial of the semi - intensive culture of the cascadu, hoplosternum littorale (hancock, 1828). tropical agriculture (trinidad) 71: 135 - 138 .\nnico lg; walsh sj; robins rh, 1996. an introduced population of the south american callichthyid catfish hoplosternum littorale in the indian river lagoon system, florida. florida scientist, 59: 189 - 2000 .\n18. machado - allison aj, zaret tm. datos sobre la biologia reproductiva de hoplosternum littorale (siluriformes - callichthyidae) de venezuela. acta cien venez 1984; 35: 142 - 144. [ links ]\npascal m; hostache g; tessier c; vallat p, 1994. cycle de reproduction et fecondite de l’atipa, hoplosternum littorale (siluriforme) en guyane francaise. aquatic living resources, 7: 25 - 37 .\nwinemiller ko, 1987. feeding and reproductive biology of the curito, hoplosternum littorale in the venezuelan llanos with comments on the possible functions of the enlarged male pectoral spines. environmental biology of fishes, 20: 219 - 227 .\ndistribution and feeding ecology of the african tilapia oreochromis mossambicus (teleostei, perciformes, cichlidae) in suriname (south america) with comments on the tilapia - kwikwi (hoplosternum littorale) (teleostei, siluriformes, callichthyidae) interaction .\nwinemiller k. o. 1987. feeding and reproductive biology of the curito, hoplosternum littorale, in the venezuelan llanos with comments on the possible functions of the enlarged male pectoral spines. environmental biology of fishes 20: 219 - 227 .\n21. jucá - chagas r, boccardo l. the air - breathing cycle of hoplosternum littorale (hancock, 1828) (siluriformes: callichthyidae). neotrop ichthyol 2006; 4 (3): 371 - 373. [ links ]\nwinemiller, k. o. 1987. feeding and reproductive biology of the currito, hoplosternum littorale, in the venezuelan llanos with comments on the possible function of the enlarged male pectoral spines. env. biol. fish. 20: 219–227 .\nduxbury, c. , j. holland, and m. pluchino. 2010. experimental evaluation of the impacts of the invasive catfish hoplosternum littorale (hancock, 1828) on aquatic macroinvertebrates. aquatic invasions 5 (1): 97 - 102 .\npascal m. , hostache g. , tessier c. , and p. vallat. 1994. cycle de reproduction et fecondite de l' atipa, hoplosternum littorale (siluriforme) en guyane francaise. aquatic living resources 7: 25 - 37 .\nhostache g; mol jh, 1998. reproductive biology of the neotropical armoured catfish hoplosternum littorale (siluriformes - callichthyidae): a synthesis stressing the role of the floating bubble nest. aquatic living resources, 11 (3): 173 - 185 .\nluquet p; moreau y; medale f; kaushik sj, 1991. utilization of the principal nutrients for routine metabolism in atipa (hoplosternum littorale) on starvation. journal of aquaculture in the tropics, 6 (1): 69 - 77 .\ntorres a; matos e; azevedo c, 1994. fine structure of henneguya amazonica (myxozoa) in ovarian follicles of hoplosternum littorale (teleostei) from the amazon river. diseases of aquatic organisms, 19 (3): 169 - 172 .\nfishbase, 2004. entry for hoplosternum littorale. main ref. reis re, 1997. revision of the neotropical catfish genus hoplosternum (ostariophysi: siluriformes: callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. ichthyol. explor. freshwat. 7 (4): 302 - 305. online at www. fishbase. org. accessed 13 october 2004 .\nhostache g. , and j. h. mol. 1998. reproductive biology of the neotropical amoured catfish hoplosternum littorale (siluriformes - callichthyidae): a synthesis stressing the role of the floating bubble nest. aquatic living resources 11: 173 - 185 .\nhulen k. g. 2004. feeding and reproductive biology of the brown hoplo hoplosternum littorale (siluriformes: callichthyidae) in the st. johns river canal system, florida: implications for management. university of florida dept. of zoology invited symposium presentation .\ngiamas mtd; vermulm junior h; barbieri g; campos ec, 2000. reproduction dynamics aspects of\ntamboatá\nhoplosternum littorale hancock, 1828 (callichthyidae, osteichthyes). revista brasileira de medicina veterinária, 22 (4): 154 - 159 .\npascal, m. , g. hostache, c. tessier & p. vallat. 1994. cycle de reproduction et fecondité de l' atipa, hoplosternum littorale (siluriforme), en guyane française. aquat. living resour. 7: 25–37 .\nduxbury et al. (2010) found that h. littorale reduced both abundance and diversity of aquatic macroinvertebrates in experimental enclosures .\nmachado - allison a. 1986. aspectos sobre la historia natural del curito hoplosternum littorale (hancock, 1828) (siluriformes, callichthyidae) en el bajo llano de venezuela: desarollo, alimentacion y distribucion espacial. acta cientifica venezolana 37: 72 - 78 .\nnico l. g. , walsh s. j. , and r. h. robins. 1996. an introduced population of the south american callichthyid catfish hoplosternum littorale in the indian river lagoon system, florida. florida scientist 59: 189 - 200 .\nnico l. g. , and a. m. muench. 2004. nests and nest habitats of the invasive catfish hoplosternum littorale in lake tohopekaliga, florida: a novel association with non - native hydrilla verticillata. southeastern naturalist 3: 451 - 466 .\nbrauner cj; ballantyne cl; randall dj; val al, 1995. air breathing in the armoured catfiosh (hoplosternum littorale) as an adaptation to hypoxic, acidic and hydrogen sulphide - rich waters. canadian journal of zoology, 73: 739 - 744 .\n22. winemiller ko. feeding and reproductive biology of the currito, hoplosternum littorale, in the venezual llanos with comments on the possible function of enlarged male pectoral spines. environ biol fishes 1987; 20 (3): 219 - 227. [ links ]\nboujard t; keith p; luquet p, 1990. diel cycle in hoplosternum littorale (teleostei): evidence for synchronization of locomotor, air breathing and feeding activity by circadian alternation of light and dark. journal of fish biology, 36: 133 - 140 .\nwinemiller, k. o. 1987. feeding and reproductive biology of the currito, hoplosternum littorale, in the venezuelan llanos with comments on the possible function of the enlarged male pectoral spines. environmental biology of fishes 20 (3): 216 - 227. urltoken .\nboujard t. , keith p. , and p. luquet. 1990. diel cycle in hoplosternum littorale (teleostei): evidence for synchronization of locomoter, air breathing activity by circadian alternation of light and dark. journal of fish biology 36: 133 - 140 .\n7. hostache g, mol jh. reproductive biology of the neotropical armoured catfish hoplosternum littorale (siluriformes, callichthyidae): a synthesis stressing the role of the floating bubble nest. aquat living resour 1998; 11 (3): 173 - 185. [ links ]\nnico, l. g. and a. m. muench. 2004. nests and nest habitats of the invasive catfish hoplosternum littorale in lake tohopekaliga, florida: a novel association with non - native hydrilla verticillata. southeastern naturalist 3 (3): 451 - 466 .\nmachado - allison a, 1986. aspectos sobre la historia natural del\ncurito\nhoplosternum littorale (hancock, 1828) (siluriformes - callichthyidae) en el bajo llano de venezuela: desarollo, alimentacion y distribucion espacial. acta cientifica venezolana, 37: 72 - 78 .\nit remains uncertain whether h. littorale will become more broadly established in the eastern united states or what impacts would result from reagional establishment .\ntable 1. states with nonindigenous occurrences, the earliest and latest observations in each state, and the tally and names of hucs with observations†. names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records. the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of hoplosternum littorale are found here .\nnico, l. g. , s. j. walsh, and r. h. robins. 1996. an introduced population of the south american callichthyid catfish hoplosternum littorale in the indian river lagoon system, florida. florida scientist 59 (3): 189 - 200 .\nhostache, g. , and j. h. mol. 1998. reproductive biology of the neotropical armoured catfish hoplosternum littorale (siluriformes - callichthyidae): a synthesis stressing the role of the floating bubble nest. aquatic living resources 11 (3): 173 - 185. urltoken .\nhostache, g. , m. pascal p. planquette. 1993. saisonalité de la reproduction chez l' atipa, hoplosternum littorale (siluriforme, teleostei), par l' analyse de l' évolution du rapport gonado - somatique. aquat. living resour. 6: 155–162 .\nnovoa, d. r. 1982. la pesqueria del busco (hoplosternum littorale) en el delta del orinoco. pp. 151–161. in: d. r. novoa (ed .) los recursos pesqueros del rio orinoco y su explotacion, corporacion venezolana de guyana, caracas .\ngestring, k. b. , p. l. shafland, m. s. stanford, and r. l. eisenhauer. 2009. status and selected life history attributes of the illegally introduced brown hoplo (hoplosternum littorale) in florida. florida scientist 72: 37 - 47 .\nramnarine iw, 1995. the effects of varying dietary protein levels on growth, feed conversion, protein retention, and body composition in the armoured catfish, hoplosternum littorale (hancock, 1828). journal of aquaculture in the tropics, 10 (2): 159 - 165; 19 ref .\nty - jour ti - distribution and feeding ecology of the african tilapia oreochromis mossambicus (teleostei, perciformes, cichlidae) in suriname (south america) with comments on the tilapia - kwikwi (hoplosternum littorale) (teleostei, siluriformes, callichthyidae) interaction t2 - instituto nacional de pesquisas da amazônia ur - urltoken pb - instituto nacional de pesquisas da amazônia py - 1995 - 01 - 01 au - mol, jan h. au - van der lugt, frank l. kw - competition kw - diet overlap kw - distribution kw - hoplosternum littorale kw - oreochromis mossambicus kw - suriname er -\ncallichthys littoralis, c. laevigatus, c. albidus, c. subulatus, c. chiquitos, c. melampterus hoplosternum laevigatum, h. stevardii, cataphractops melampterus, h. schreineri, cascadura maculocephala, h. shirui, h. littorale daillyi, h. littoralis daillyi, h. thoracatum cayennae\nlow temperature may ultimately prove to be the key factor limiting the northern range limits of hoplosternum littorale in florida. temperature is likely to be less important in mediating brown hoplo populations in central florida where mean temperatures are milder than in parts of the species' native range (nico et al. 1996) .\ngiamas mtd; alexandrina ac; farias ec; vermulm junior h; barbieri g; campos ec, 2000. caracteristicas morfologicas das gonadas do tamboata (hoplosternum littorale, hancock, 1828) (siluriformes, callichthyidae), durante o ciclo reproductivo. revista brasileira de medecina veterinaria, 22: 63 - 70 .\na fossil identified as a hoplosternum species has also been identified from the middle miocene in the la venta formation, magdalena river basin, colombia. [ 10 ]\n@ article { bhlpart164411, title = { distribution and feeding ecology of the african tilapia oreochromis mossambicus (teleostei, perciformes, cichlidae) in suriname (south america) with comments on the tilapia - kwikwi (hoplosternum littorale) (teleostei, siluriformes, callichthyidae) interaction }, journal = { instituto nacional de pesquisas da amazônia }, url = urltoken publisher = { instituto nacional de pesquisas da amazônia }, author = { mol, jan h. and van der lugt, frank l. }, year = { 1995 - 01 - 01 }, keywords = { competition | diet overlap | distribution | hoplosternum littorale | oreochromis mossambicus | suriname | }, }\n10. doro abdallah v, kozlowiski azevedo r, luis luque j. ecologia da comunidade de metazoários parasitos de tamboatá hoplosternum littorale (hancock, 1828) (siluriformes, callichthyidae) do rio guandu, estado do rio de janeiro, brasil. acta sci biol sci 2006; 28 (4): 413 - 419. [ links ]\n15. segatti hahn n, lescano de almeida vl, gaspar da luz kd. alimentação e ciclo alimentar diário de hoplosternum littorale (hancock) (siluriformes, callichthyidae) nas lagoas guaraná e patos, da planície do alto rio paraná, brasil. rev bras zool 1997; 14 (1): 57 - 64. [ links ]\nthe subfamily callichthyinae contains callichthys, dianema, hoplosternum, lepthoplosternum, and megalechis. according to a 1997 paper, callichthys is the most basal member of the subfamily. [ 7 ] in a 2004 study, different relationships among the callichthyines were found: dianema and hoplosternum form the most basal clade, and callichthys is sister to lepthoplosternum and megalechis. [ 8 ]\nnico, l. , p. fuller, and m. neilson, 2018, hoplosternum littorale (hancock, 1828): u. s. geological survey, nonindigenous aquatic species database, gainesville, fl, urltoken revision date: 6 / 19 / 2013, peer review date: 2 / 10 / 2016, access date: 7 / 10 / 2018\nmoreau y; médale f; boujard t; luquet p, 1993. energy resources in\natipa\n, hoplosternum littorale. a neotropical air breathing catfish. fish nutrition in practice: 4th international symposium on fish nutrition and feeding. biarritz, france, june 24 - 27, 1991. , 803 - 805; [ les colloques no. 61 ] .\nthe brown hoplo, hoplosternum littorale is nearly unmistakable with its plate - like armor consisting of two rows of large bony scales running along the length of each side of the body. the armored appearance of this animal gives it the alternate common name armored catfish. individuals range in color from dark brown to black. two pairs of long chin barbels are present. (fwc) .\nthe genus hoplosternum was reviewed and revised by reis (1997), who also provided keys, distinguishing characteristics, and illustrations. a photograph also appeared in nico et al. (1996) .\nhoplosternum littorale inhabits swamps and during the rainy season adults consume a great quantity of chironomids associated with detritus. during the dry season, they feed mostly on terrestrial insects, micro - crustaceans, aquatic diptera, and detritus and absorb a great quantity of anaerobic bacteria from the substrate. first reproduction occurs after one year. used to be cultured commercially in guyana. cultured in trinidad on a semi - commercial scale .\nmagnivitellinum corvitellinum sp. nov. is a parasite from the intestine of tamboatá hoplosternum littorale, a freshwater catfish from paraná river, brazil. this species has an elongate body, a small cirrus - sac, testes in the posterior half of the body and well - developed follicular vitellines. it differs from the only other species in the genus, m. simplex, in having tegumental spines along the body, ventral sucker distinctly bigger than oral sucker, oesophagus absent and vitellaria extending from posterior margin of ventral sucker to near posterior extremity of body. an emendation of the generic diagnosis is proposed in view of the presence of tegumental spines along the body, absence of oesophagus, relative size of ventral and oral suckers and uterus covering caeca from the level of ventral sucker to the end of caeca. this is the fourth trematode species recorded parasitizing hoplosternum littorale .\nnico et al. (1996) reported the first occurrence of hoplosternum littorale in the irl region. this occurrence consisted of a population of hoplo living in stormwater ditches adjacent to the irl in brevard county. the species has been collected and positively identifieed in brevard and indian river counties. nico et al. (1996) suggest that it is likely to occur in other counties of the irl watershed and may be established there as well. hulen (2004) suggests that official collection records maintained by fws, usgs, flmnh, etc. , are incomplete and that h. littorale probably exists in most of the habitable freshwater systems south of titusville .\nreis, r e. 1997. revision of the neotropical catfish genus hoplosternum (ostariophysi: siluriformes: callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 7: 299–326 .\nhoedeman, j. j. 1952. notes on the ichthyology of surinam (dutch guiana). the catfish genera hoplosternum and callichthys, with key to the genera and groups of the family callichthyidae. beaufortia 1: 1–11 .\nthe population features of h. littorale in a hypereutrophic reservoir in a semi - arid region in northeastern brazil presented allometric growth, decreased condition factor during the rainy season, and occurrence of mature females during the entire sampling period .\nreis r. e. 1997. revision of the neotropical catfish genus hoplosternum (ostariophysi: siluriformes: callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 7: 299 - 326 .\nin this study, 155 specimens of h. littorale were captured. the standard length ranged from 12. 8 to 19. 2 cm (modal = 15. 7 cm), resulting in all specimens to be sexually mature .\nthe armored appearance of the brown hoplo makes positive identification on the east coast of florida relatively easy. on the gulf coast, hoplosternum littorale may be confused for the cascarudo (callichthys callichthys). another non - native armored catfish of family callichthyidae, cascarudo that has been collected from gulf coast drainage ditches but is not considered to be established there. brown hoplo has teeth on both the upper and lower jaws, whereas only the lower jaw of c. callichthys possesses teeth .\nthree sympatric, closely related armoured catfishes showed a similar, bimodal breeding season in coastal plain swamps in suriname (south america). the bimodal pattern of reproduction in callichthys callichthys, hoplosternum littorale and hoplosternum thoracatum was correlated to the annual distribution of rainfall. floating bubble nests were constructed throughout the period of swamp inundation (rainy season). close inspection of the timing of reproduction of h. littorale in northern south america revealed the relationship between reproduction and rainfall, but also unexpected differences in the length of the breeding season. strong interspecific competition among the three species was probably avoided through differentiation of nest sites with respect to water depth, distance to the nearest tree, distance to the edge of the swamp, and cover above the nest. nests of h. littorale were built in herbaceous swamps, while c. callichthys and h. thoracatum build their nests in swamp - forest. nests of c. callichthys were observed in extremely shallow water or in holes. few nests of the three species were observed in canals. over large parts of their geographical range c. callichthys and h. thoracatum are found in small rainforest streams. several aspects of the reproductive ecology and behaviour of both species are probably related to the unpredictability of the stream habitat .\nthe spread of h. littorale through the florida peninsula in the decade following the initial collection has been rapid. hulen (2004) suggests the species may now occur in a majority of freshwater systems south of titusville although state collection records do not yet reflect this assessment .\nthe objective of this study was the analysis of a population of brown hoplo or tamoatá (regional common name of hoplosternum littorale; callichthyidae), a non - rare siluriform species from the amazon basin (7). the tamoatá is a nocturnal bottom - dweller widely distributed on floodplains and in swamps, being reproductively adapted to these environments (8) and has the ability to survive in low dissolved oxygen environments (7, 9). under conditions of hypoxic stress, the tamoatá may even use its intestinal epithelial cells for gas exchange (10) .\ncallichthyids are fairly small catfish, and range in size from some tiny corydoras species that do not exceed 2 cm (0. 79 in) to hoplosternum littorale, which some sources list as growing to a length of up to 24 cm (9. 4 in) tl. [ 2 ] [ 11 ] the mouth is small and ventral with one or two pairs of well - developed barbels. [ 3 ] the dorsal and pectoral fins have strong spines, and a spine is found at the anterior border of the adipose fin. [ 3 ]\nbreeding habits are also variable. corydoradines breed over the substrate (such as rocks, logs, or leaves) as most catfish. however, the members of the subfamily callichthyinae are known for building and guarding floating foam bubble nests; hoplosternum littorale is reported to have the most complex nest structure. [ 13 ] these floating nests are made of foam and plant debris. spawning and caring for the eggs and larvae takes place in these nests. [ 2 ] [ 14 ] parental care in callichthyines is by the male. [ 15 ] in corydoras and hoplosternum, fertilization of eggs involves' sperm drinking'; the female and male form the\nt - position\nwith the female' s mouth over the male' s genital opening, and then the female drinks the sperm, releasing the sperm and eggs simultaneously. [ 16 ]\nreis, r. e. , 1997. revision of the neotropical catfish genus hoplosternum (ostariophysi: siluriformes: callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. ichthyol. explor. freshwat. 7 (4): 299 - 326. (ref. 26144 )\na small commercial and recreational castnet fishery for h. littorale has commenced in florida, which is a popular food fish in its native range. part of the species' rapid expansion throughout peninsular florida may have resulted from illegal movement by castnet fishermen to enhance local fisheries (gestring et al. 2009) .\nue to the increased popularity of the new cw numbers of corydoras and the ever increasing l - numbers of the loricariidae the hoplosternum genera tend to be overlooked as they have been available in the hobby for as long as i can remember, but from recent comments from aquarists this is still a real favourite among catfish aficionado' s .\nhoplosternum littorale is typically found in a variety of freshwater habitats, including slow - moving rivers, canals, streams, and pools (nico et al. 1996; gestring et al. 2009). this species is a facultative air breather, an adaptation that allows it to colonize and survive in habitats with low dissolved oxygen (winemiller 1987; brauner et al. 1995), such as the seasonal wetlands of the florida peninsula (kline et al. 2013). this species is a benthic scavenger, primarily consuming benthic microcrustaceans (e. g. , cladocerans, ostracods), aquatic insect larvae, detritus, and plant matter (winemiller 1987; gestring et al. 2009) .\nover its native range, this species occurs in lowland areas of trinidad, guyana, suriname, french guiana, bolivia, paraguay, argentina and brazil (nico et al. , 1996). for the gulf of mexico states, h. littorale has been reported in the indian river lagoon system, brevard county, florida, usa (nico et al. , 1996) .\nthe brown hoplo' s broad tolerance in regard to salinity, dissolved oxygen levels, and habitat disturbance allow the species to thrive in a variety of habitats and potentially engage in competitive interactions with a number of co - occurring species. the gulf states marine fisheries commission suggests that the adaptability and eurytopic nature of h. littorale may allow it to become a dominant species in those aras where it becomes established .\nobjetivo. la relación peso - longitud y el factor de condición son indicadores del estado fisiológico en peces y pueden estar relacionados con la reproducción y los períodos de alimentación. se realizó una evaluación de estos parámetros en hoplosternum littorale en el reservorio santo anastácio, localizado en la ciudad de fortaleza, ceará, brazil. materiales y métodos. se colectaron ciento - cincuenta y cinco muestras entre octubre de 2009 y marzo de 2010 utilizando redes de enmalle, y se registraron datos de longitud (cm), peso total (g), sexo y estado de maduración de órganos sexuales. resultados. la relación peso - longitud presentó un crecimiento alométrico negativo (2. 72). para el análisis del factor de condición, la determinación del sexo y la clasificación del estado gonadal fueron analizados únicamente en 70 individuos. en noviembre se presentaron los valores mas altos del factor de condición, y los mas bajos se presentaron en febrero, sin diferencia en la proporción sexual (χ 2 = 13. 683, p = 0. 057). durante todo el tiempo del estudio se capturaron hembras maduras. conclusiones. los resultados indican que la especie h. littorale presenta deficiencias en el crecimiento y cambios en la estrategia reproductiva en el ambiente hipereutrófico que habitan .\nthe neotropical family callichthyidae is found in most south american river drainages (paraná - paraguay, são francisco, atlantic coastal basins in brazil, amazon, orinoco, maracaibo, magdalena). hoplosternum punctatum is the only species in central america, as it occurs in a few rivers in panama. callichthyidae present the highest species richness in the headwaters of the amazonas drainage and those rivers draining the guiana shield. [ 2 ]\n< mods xmlns: xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3. 0\nxmlns: xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi: schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > distribution and feeding ecology of the african tilapia oreochromis mossambicus (teleostei, perciformes, cichlidae) in suriname (south america) with comments on the tilapia - kwikwi (hoplosternum littorale) (teleostei, siluriformes, callichthyidae) interaction < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > mol, jan h. < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > van der lugt, frank l. < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < subject > < topic > competition < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > diet overlap < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > distribution < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > hoplosternum littorale < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > oreochromis mossambicus < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > suriname < / topic > < / subject > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > instituto nacional de pesquisas da amaz & # 244; nia < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < publisher > instituto nacional de pesquisas da amaz & # 244; nia < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < date > 1995 - 01 - 01 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < / mods >\ntypically, h. littorale has a seasonal reproductive cycle and spawns during the first month of the rainy season (2, 7, 22). thus, the presence of mature females throughout the entire sampling period may be associated to a change in the reproductive strategy of the species in response to environmental pressure, especially hypereutrophication. nevertheless, our data is not sufficient to confirm a seasonal change in the reproductive period of the tamoatá in the santo anastácio reservoir .\nsampling. monthly samplings of h. littorale were performed from october 2009 to march 2010 using nine gillnets with graded mesh sizes (25 to 70 mm between opposite knots) measuring 20 m by 1. 5 m (212. 45 m 2). to cover both the limnetic zone and the lakeside, the nets were deployed perpendicularly to the shoreline for approximately three hours (from 8: 00 to 11: 00) and collected only once a day (11: 00) .\nstevens et al. (2010) found that h. littorale was an important part of the diet of common snook (centropomus unidecimalis) in the tidal freshwater portion of the peace river immediately following hurricane charley in 2004. it is also consumed by other large piscivores, including largemouth bass (micropterus salmoides), butterfly peacock bass (cichla ocellaris), alligators, double - crested cormorant (phalacrocorax auritus), and great blue heron (ardea herodias) (gestring et al. 2009) .\nthe first reported of that h. littorale in florida was in 1995 when a specimen was collected from a drainage ditch within the indian river lagoon watershed in brevard county. nico et al. (1996) reported the subsequent collection of more than 30 individuals from the area. although none of the fish were sexually mature the author suggested at least one breeding event had occurred based on the numbers collected. no source of this initial florida introduction was confirmed (nico et al. , 1996) .\nbaensch, h. a. and r. riehl 1985 aquarien atlas. band 2. mergus, verlag für natur - und heimtierkunde gmbh, melle, germany. 1216 p. froese, r. and d. pauly. editors. 2009. fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. www. fishbase. org, version (04 / 2011). reis, roberto e. 1996. hoplosternum gill 1858. version 29 april 1996 (under construction). urltoken in the tree of life web project, urltoken\nthe santo anastácio reservoir suffers strong and frequent impacts from human activity (11), potentially affecting the growth and well - being of local fish populations. biological, chemical, physical and morphological analyses indicate the reservoir is currently hypereutrophic (12). a temporary evaluation in the condition factor and weight - length relationship of the tamoatá in the santo anastácio reservoir can provide useful information of how these variables affect fish populations in hypereutrophic environments. this study describes related population features of h. littorale in a hypereutrophic environment .\nwinemiller (22) recognized three main reproductive strategies in south american freshwater fish, with the possibility of intermediate stages. thus, fish of the genus hoplosternum produce a small offspring by the end of the dry season (2). based on our observations in the santo anastácio reservoir, the reproduction strategy of the tamoatá is seasonal with parental care, but, depending on circumstances, may be continuous (occurrence of mature females all year). this could be explained by changes in the reproductive pattern above (25). as explained by lowe - mcconnell (2), the life cycle of fish is regulated by seasonal changes in the environment, which affects feeding, migration, growth and breeding patterns .\nthe geographical distribution of the african tilapia oreochromis mossambicusin suriname is restricted to a narrow strip of land along the atlantic coast. within the coastal plain, o. mossambicusoccurs in brackish lagoons, oligohaline canals, and shell - sand pit lakes. physico - chemical characteristics and phytoplankton composition of representative tilapia water bodies are described. blue - green algae and fine flocculent detritus are dominant food items in the diet of the tilapia, while rotifera and microcrustacea are also important in the diet of larvae and juveniles. intraspecific diet overlap among ontogenetic stages of the tilapia did not differ significantly from 1, which means that these diets showed complete overlap. interspecific diet overlap between the tilapia and the indigenous armoured catfish hoplosternum littoralewere moderate or low. the results are discussed in relation to recent developments in the surinamese fisheries and aquaculture sector .\ndata analysis. the sampled h. littorale (n = 155) were transported in ice boxes to the laboratory of experimental zoology of the federal university of ceará (ufc) for measurement of standard length (cm) and total weight (g). length measures were organized into 1 - cm intervals, and the length - weight relationship was determined by estimating the value of the a - intercept and the b - slope. the determinations of sex and gonadal stage were made only in 70 individuals chosen randomly and based on the following classification: i = immature, ii = maturing, iii = mature, iv = spent, and their values for length and weight were used to calculate the relative condition factor (k) using the formula k = w / al b (3). for comparison purposes, k values and their respective variation coefficients were averaged monthly .\ngreek, hoplon = weapon + greek, sternon = chest (ref. 45335 )\nfreshwater; demersal; depth range 1 -? m (ref. 11225). subtropical; 18°c - 26°c (ref. 2060); 11°n - 37°s\nsouth america: most cis - andean south american river drainages north of buenos aires, argentina (ref. 37395). introduced in the usa (ref. 104645) .\nmaturity: l m 16. 7 range? -? cm max length: 26. 3 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 104645); max. reported age: 4 years (ref. 51639 )\ninhabits swamps (ref. 11225). during the rainy season, adults consume a great quantity of chironomids associated with detritus. during the dry season, they feed mostly on terrestrial insects, micro - crustaceans, aquatic diptera, and detritus. absorbs a great quantity of anaerobic bacteria from the substrate (ref. 27188). first reproduction occurs after one year (ref. 35381). used to be cultured commercially in guyana (ref. 7306). cultured in trinidad on a semi - commercial scale (ref. 11225) .\nreproduction begins with the rainy season (december - january). the male, at times helped by the female, builds a nest made of a cluster of mucus bubbles and vegetal matter. responding to a nuptial parade, the female lays down her eggs (5, 000 to 20, 000, measuring1. 8 mm in diameter) which are fertilized by sprinkling sperm previously collected in her mouth. the male guards the eggs during incubation and becomes very aggressive (ref. 35381) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 6250 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01950 (0. 01404 - 0. 02708), b = 2. 99 (2. 90 - 3. 08), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 2. 7 ±0. 0 se; based on diet studies .\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (tmax = 4; k = 0. 6 - 1. 3; fec = 5, 000) .\nprior r = 0. 87, 2 sd range = 0. 48 - 1. 61, log (r) = - 0. 14, sd log (r) = 0. 31, based on: 1 k, 4 tgen, 1 tmax, 2 fec records\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (14 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure. the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information. occurrences are summarized in table 1, alphabetically by state, with years of earliest and most recent observations, and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed. the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states, years, and drainages selected. references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .\ntropical america. occurs in trinidad, and is widespread in south america east of the andes and north of buenos aires, including the rio orinoco, coastal rivers of the guianas, rio amazonas basin, rio paraguay, lower rio parana and coastal systems in southern brazil (reis 1997) .\nalafia; big cypress swamp; caloosahatchee; cape canaveral; charlotte harbor; crystal - pithlachascotee; daytona - st. augustine; everglades; florida southeast coast; hillsborough; kissimmee; lake okeechobee; lower st. johns; manatee; myakka; northern okeechobee inflow; oklawaha; peace; st. marys; tampa bay; upper st. johns; western okeechobee inflow; withlacoochee\nbrown hoplos are sexually dimorphic, with males larger than females and possessing enlarged pectoral fin spines and adjacent fat deposits during the reproductive season. these enlarged spines are used in aggressive or defensive encounters (winemiller 1987; hostache and mol 1998). nico and muench (2004) describe nesting habits of this species in florida. spawning season in florida occurrs from may to september, coinciding with the rainy season and generally higher water levels and temperatures, and similar to the timing of the reproductive season in the native range (winemiller 1987). numbers of bubble nests and gonadosomatal indices (gsi) for both males and females peak in august - september (nico and muench 2004; gestring et al. 2009) .\nunknown. possibly released food fish, aquarium release, or escape from aquaculture ponds. expanded range around florida may have been assisted by humans to establish both commercial and subsistence fisheries (gestring et al. 2009) .\nestablished in florida (nico et al. 1996), this species has expanded its range throughout peninsular florida, as far north as the jacksonville area in duval county .\nlargely unknown. in several florida water bodies, this species is locally abundant; because it feeds heavily on benthic invertebrates and detritus, the species had negative effects on the benthic invertebrate communities, possibly competing with native fishes when prey are limited (duxbury et al. 2010). this species utilizes atmospheric oxygen by surfacing to breath, and can tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions (e. g. , fresh and brackish waters). there is concern that it will eventually invade many natural freshwater wetlands and coastal marshes in florida (nico et al. 1996) .\nvoucher specimens: fsbc 19134, 19483, 19509, 19514, 19705, 19722, 19760 - 61, 19841 - 42; uf 101746 - 48, 103796, 113315, 118271, 124361, 126665, 126693, 127537, 133208, 136069, 139830, 143223, 143235, 143270, 143511, 143550, 143560, 143786, 143799, 147247, 147323, 147356, 148180, 148626, 163651, 163721, 164139, 169265, 171019, 172851, 173733, 173780, 174466, 174971, 174972, 177080, 177881, 177902, 178791, 179022, 179223; ummz 231955; ypm 16437 .\nbrauner, c. j. , c. l. ballantyne, and d. j. randall. 1995. air breathing in the armoured catfish (\n) as an adaptation to hypoxic, acidic, and hydrogen sulphide rich waters. canadian journal of zoology 73: 739–743 .\ncall, c. l. 2003. exotic catfish invade myakka river. venice gondolier sun, april 26, 2003 .\ncharlotte harbor nep. 2004. minutes of the technical advisory committee, habitat conservation subcommittee. february 19, 2004, punta gorda .\nkline, j. l. , w. f. loftus, k. kotun, j. c. trexler, j. s. rehage, j. j. lorenz, and m. robinson. 2013. recent fish introductions into everglades national park: an unforeseen consequence of water - management? wetlands. urltoken .\nlohrer, f. e. 2005. fishes of buck island ranch, lake placid, florida: a preliminary checklist. urltoken. created on 02 / 10 / 2005. accessed on 05 / 01 / 2013 .\nnico, l. g. 2005. changes in the fish fauna of the kissimmee river basin, peninsular florida: nonnative additions. pages 523 - 556 in rinne, j. n. , r. m. hughes, and b. calamusso, eds. historical changes in large river fish assemblages of the americas. american fisheries society symposium 45. american fisheries society. bethesda, md .\nshafland, p. l. , k. b. gestring, and m. s. stanford. 2008. florida' s exotic freshwater fishes - 2007. florida scientist 71 (3): 220 - 245 .\nstevens, p. w. , d. a. blewett, t. r. champeau, and c. j. stafford. 2010. posthurricane recovery of riverine fauna reflected in the diet of an apex predator. estuaries and coasts 33: 59 - 66 .\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision. it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science. the information has not received final approval by the u. s. geological survey (usgs) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u. s. government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy, scale, completeness, extent of coverage and origin. it is the user' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations. we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information: u. s. geological survey. [ 2018 ]. nonindigenous aquatic species database. gainesville, florida. accessed [ 7 / 10 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted. for queries involving fish, please contact pam fuller. for queries involving invertebrates, contact amy benson .\ncrested caracara, caracara cheriway, with a juvenile brown hoplo in its beak. photo courtesy arnold durbin .\nthis species exhibits sexual size dimorphism with males growing larger than females (machado - allison 1986, nico et al. 1996). in breeding males the enlarged pectoral spines are bright red in color and curve upward at the tips .\nthe native range of the brown hoplo is in tropical eastern south america. reis (1997) indicates the species is widespread in the river systems east of the andes and north of buenos aires .\nthe non - native florida range of the brown hoplo currently encompasses much of peninsular florida within which populations are established in several drainage basins from the st. johns and and kissimmee river drainages to lake trafford (nico et al. 1996, nico and muench 2004). the range of the species is currently expanding northward in the state (nico and fuller 2007) .\nhulen (2004) reported adult brown hoplo in his study as having a standard length (sl, measured from stout to caudal peduncle or base of the tail) ranging from 136 - 197 mm. hostache and mol (1998) indicate a lifespan of approximately 4 years .\nbrown hoplo exhibit high fecundity. for individuals in their native habitat hostache and mol (1998) report an approximate lifetime fecundity of greater than 300, 000 eggs / female. hulen (2004) suggests a lifetime fecundity of at least 50, 000 eggs / female in florida .\nsexual maturity is reached at approximately 80 - 86 mm sl (machado - allison, 1986; nico et al. 1996) .\nin native waters the reproductive season coincides with the rainy season spanning from november through may (winemiller 1987, pascal et al. 1994, ramnarine 1994a, mol 1995). in the indian river lagoon region of florida the breeding season occurs during the summer months, as examination of multiple adult specimens by nico et al. (1996) in collected in december revealed that none possessed developed gonads .\nmales construct bubble nests in vegetated shallows that they cover with aquatic plants and leaf litter (mol 1994). observations of pond - reared hoplo suggest some nests remain unused while others are used multiple times by several different spawning females. females can spawn more than a dozen times over the course of a spawning season and each spawning event results in an egg mass containing from 5, 000 to more than 50, 000 eggs (machado - alliso 1986) .\nbreeding males are aggressive in protecting their territory, using the enlarged, hook - tipped pectoral spines as defensive weapons (nico et al. 1996) .\nembryonic development inside the eggs is rapid relative to the developmental rates of related species. under culture eggs hatched just four days after spawning. rapid larval growth continues after hatching, such that young reach 40 mm sl in under two months (ramnarine 1994b, 1996) .\npreferred habitats within the native range of the hoplo vary from freshwater to brackish marshes up to 16 ppt salinity (nico et al. 1996). mol (1994) reported slower rates of growth at reduced salinity and high larval mortality in rainwater. this author also noted that the native freshwater systems in which this species is abundant tend to be rich in dissolved minerals .\nbrown hoplo is a facultative air breather and is tolerant of hypoxic conditions as well as acidic waters and elevated hydrogen sulfide levels (hulen 2004) .\nbrown hoplo is an opportunistic omnivore / scavenging generalist that consumes a variety of benthic invertebrates, algae and detrital material. individuals exhibit an ontogenetic shift from a microphagus larval and juvenile diet of rotifers, copepods, cladocerans, etc. , to an adult diet consisting of larger crustaceans, insects and insect larvae, detritus and algae (fwc, winemiller 1987, mol 1995). feeding activity occurs primarily during the night (boujard et al. 1990) .\nbreeding males are aggressive and may direct their aggression toward co - occurring species .\nalthough there is no commercial harvest or culture of brown hoplo in florida, it is a food fish in its native range (fwc) .\nmol j. h. 1994. effects of salinity on distribution, growth and survival of three neotropical armoured catfishes (siluriformes, callichthyidae). journal of fish biology 45: 763 - 776 .\nmol j. h. 1995. ontogenic diet shifts and diet overlap among three closely related neotropical armored catfishes. journal of fish biology 47: 788 - 807 .\nreport by: j. masterson, smithsonian marine station submit additional information, photos or comments to: irl _ webmaster @ urltoken page last updated: september 30, 2007\nhow to catch big catfish - baits, rigging, cast net tutorial, and location (ft. catfish and carp )\nnelson, joseph s. , edwin j. crossman, h. espinosa - pérez, l. t. findley, c. r. gilbert, et al. , eds .\nfull author list: nelson, joseph s. , edwin j. crossman, héctor espinosa - pérez, lloyd t. findley, carter r. gilbert, robert n. lea, and james d. williams\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou came across this error because the pageyou were trying to visit does not exist .\nwe' ve recently redesigned the site so old links may not work. have a look at some of these changes .\nyou may want to update your bookmarks or try to find the updated information using the links below. if you are still unable to find the information you are looking for, please contact the webmaster using the information below .\nfaculties / academics - find links to all faculties, departments and other academic resources e. g. handbooks, prospectus\nmedia centre - find media relations information here eg. news releases, events and announcements information\nprogrammes - view the faculty booklets containing the programmes available at the st. augustine campus\nresearch & innovation - view the cutting - edge research being done at the st. augustine campus\ncopyright 2015 the university of the west indies st. augustine, trinidad and tobago\nour 7 faculties, professional schools offer more than 200 programs to some 15, 000 graduate, undergraduate and continuing studies students .\nthe uwi, st. augustine ranks first in trinidad and tobago among accredited tertiary - level programmes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nyou can identify this species from megalechis thoracata and lepthoplosternum pectorale by the shape of its caudal fin, it being forked while m. thoracata is truncate (square) and l. pectorale' s caudal fin is rounded .\nsecond infraorbital bone extremely developed, articulating with the pterotic - supracleithrum and covering the entire area of skin between eye and opercle; coracoids exposed ventrally but not in contact in the midline even in fully matured males; 4 - 6 scutes of upper lateral series with lateral line perforations .\nprovide large echinodorus plants in pots as they will dig plants up if planted in the substrate. provide floating plants at the surface to darken the aquarium and also provide strong filtration in the tank .\npeaceful. as they can grow to a reasonable size they will predate on small fish so as long as companions are the same size in a good sized aquarium with plenty of room they will be fine .\nthey are bubble nesters so the male will build a nest at the surface. you could also place a piece of polystyrene in the tank as the male will often use this to build the nest. after the eggs are laid the male will chase the female away and guard the nest. it may be advisable to move the female from the tank as the male will get quite aggressive. the eggs will hatch in three days and the fry should be fed small foods such as brine shrimp naupli and crushed flake or fry flakes, manufactered small grain foods. you may have to remove the male at this point but this will depend from species to species .\nsexually mature males have a thick first ray to the pectoral fin which in adult specimens can turn upwards. the females have a thin first ray to the pectoral fin .\nworm foods, tablets, live and frozen foods. not a fussy eater .\nscutes: bony covering. lateral line: a sensory line, along the sides of the body. pectoral fin: the paired fins just behind the head .\nif you found this page helpful you can help keep scotcat running by making a small donation, thanks .\nlike most websites we use cookies. this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies. if you would like to, you can learn more about the cookies we use." ]

{ "text": [ "hoplosternum littorale is a species of catfish ( order siluriformes ) belonging to the callichthyinae subfamily of the family callichthyidae .", "it is known as tamuatá in brazil , atipa in french guiana , hassar in guyana , kwi kwi ( or kwie kwie ) in suriname , cascadu ( ra ) in trinidad and tobago , and busco or currito in venezuela . " ], "topic": [ 26, 10 ] }

[ "hoplosternum littorale is a species of catfish (order siluriformes) belonging to the callichthyinae subfamily of the family callichthyidae. it is known as tamuatá in brazil, atipa in french guiana, hassar in guyana, kwi kwi (or kwie kwie) in suriname, cascadu (ra) in trinidad and tobago, and busco or currito in venezuela." ]

[ ", 10f, ascot, beating dylan thomas, notnowcato, red rocks, pressing, sir percy .\n, 10f, ascot, to ouija board, electrocutionist, beating david junior, notnowcato, corre caminos, ace .\nhis sire, the british - bred eclipse and juddmonte international stakes winner notnowcato had started his stallion career at stanley house stud in newmarket .\nnotnowcato, meanwhile, has to be one of the best dual purpose sires in the business with custom cut and chil the kite having also reached high levels of achievement on the level while old guard and long dog have excelled over jumps. notnowcato serves for a fee of €5, 000 at knockhouse stud in county kilkenny .\nnotnowcato and maraahel are trained by sir michael stoute, who has shown such faith in moore' s readiness but needs the jockey himself to win over the stable' s patrons. after all, notnowcato would presumably have been ridden by michael kinane, his partner all season, but for his desertion to the odds - on favourite, dylan thomas .\ngiven the circumstances of this win, there is the possibility that notnowcato will lose out in the plaudit stakes once again and, looking back to royal ascot, he was hammered by manduro, undoubtedly the best middle - distance horse in europe at the moment .\nnotnowcato (gb) ch. h, 2002 { 2 - u } dp = 4 - 0 - 5 - 1 - 0 (10) di = 1. 86 cd = 0. 70 - 20 starts, 7 wins, 3 places, 4 shows career earnings: £971, 688\nafter beneficial' s untimely death in 2013, sean kinsella set about building up a new band of stallions and this included notnowcato, who arrived at the stud in november of that same year. in his third season, he covered 170 mares and sean is optimistic that he will prove just as popular for 2017 .\nas authorized, whose tongue lolled out of his mouth as at epsom, battled on bravely to hold the attentions of george washington by a head, notnowcato was never headed again. moore said:' we felt that the stands side was quicker. he' s a brave, honest horse and has not got the credit he deserves.'\nnotnowcato' s one - and - a - half length success over the derby winner with george washington breathing down authorized' s neck in third illustrated once again that racing at the highest level is often decided by narrow margins and moore, who could be seen investigating the track at length before racing, must be given full marks for his enterprise .\nnot the derby winner, authorized, nor the irish derby winner soldier of fortune, but the french five - year - old manduro, who had put dylan thomas in his place in the prince of wales' s stakes at the royal meeting. back in third place that day was notnowcato, also a subsequent group one winner in the coral - eclipse stakes .\nthe emirates airline champion stakes has attracted a strong field, despite its close proximity to the breeders' cup a week later, with notnowcato the one with the best credentials. he is tough and game and quite up to winning this with something up his sleeve. but the value rests in following the two french - trained runners, doctor dino and literato, who will both be well suited .\ncertainly, it had previously seemed incongruous that he should have so much quantity on his cv, yet so little quality. yesterday moore addressed that discrepancy with a first group one success, getting notnowcato home by a nostril in the juddmonte international stakes. that extended his lead over jamie spencer to 28, and while he is not suddenly going to abandon his native habits of diffidence and modesty, he softly acknowledged the significance of the moment .\nit can’t be often that a sire, ostensibly for the national hunt market, has progeny targeting the world’s richest race on turf, a sprint in australia. surely this has to be some sort of first? either way, it now appears very likely that redkirk warrior will represent knockhouse stud stallion notnowcato in the everest next month having impressed with an all - the - way success in the group 2 bobbie lewis quality in melbourne on saturday .\nnotnowcato, a 7 - 1 shot, may still have won had he stuck with the rest of the field but that seems open to doubt and it was noticeable that, once shown the fastest ground, jockeys in the final four races stuck rigidly to the stands' side, so much so in the concluding event that they got in each other' s way, allowing seb sanders, who stuck to the far rail, to score unhindered on soft morning .\ndanehillsundance added to his score in the seven - furlong handicap. the 23 - year - old jockey is not flashy and does not forget to engage his brain when riding. in notnowcato he has found the perfect partner. dogged and determined, the son of inchinor gave moore his first win at group one level in last year' s international at york and edged out dylan thomas in the tattersalls gold cup at the curragh while moore was on the injured list .\nin 2003 ryan notched up 59 winners and claimed the award for leading apprentice of the year. during 2006 ryan rode his first group 1 winner aboard notnowcato in the juddmonte international stakes and went on to win the professional jockeys championship. following time out from injury ryan regained the title in 2008, with an impressive 186 wins, before repeating the feat in 2009, a year in which he also won the breeders' cup turf, king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes .\nhe takes his name from the dogged manservant of inspector clouseau in the pink panther films who leaps out on his master to practise his martial arts every time he returns to his flat. while clouseau may, for the most part, have been able to be rid of cato by shouting' not now!' at him, for dettori and authorized, notnowcato would not go away once he and moore had snatched the initiative, and the lead, at around the three - furlong pole .\ndylan' s conquerors this year before his unsuccessful tilt at the breeders' cup turf are also off to start fatherhood. manduro, who brushed him aside in the prince of wales' s stakes at ascot, will start his stud life at ¿40, 000, at kildangan in co kildare; authorized, who beat him in the york international, will cost £25, 000 at dalham hall in newmarket; and notnowcato, a head in front in the tattersalls gold cup, £8, 000 at stanley house in newmarket .\nin yesterday' s race, manduro got a strong lead from sir percy, last year' s derby winner, who was in front to the two - furlong pole before dropping away with the meekness of a horse who simply cannot compete at the highest level any longer. stéphane pasquier, manduro' s jockey, was soon into a lead that he was never going to surrender on the way to winning with his debut ride at the meeting, though dylan thomas and christophe soumillon did their best to run him down. notnowcato was four lengths adrift in third .\nthe former home of that outstanding sire of staying chasers roselier and the recent champion nh sire beneficial, knockhouse is located just north of the pleasant city of waterford in the interestingly named hamlet of kilmacow. the stud stands the first grandson of galileo to enter the nh market, dante winner and derby second libertarian, the recently - repatiated irish derby winner grey swallow, the consistent st leger winner millenary, the tough 10 furlong performer notnowcato and two sons of the german sire lando in prince fiori and touch of land. the popular lie forrit' s sire subtle power is also in residence .\nnot that his victory could eclipse moore, who punched home another three winners to make it four in a row on the day for a 2, 375 - 1 four - timer, some way short of dettori' s 25, 091 - 1 seven - timer at ascot in 1996, but no mean feat on an enthralling day' s racing .\nmoore had spent three months on the sidelines this season with a broken arm but he has returned in the sort of form that helped make him champion jockey last year, although he endured a wretched royal ascot, finishing a close second four times .\nyet yesterday turned out to be a nightmare for authorized' s jockey frankie dettori and nearly perfect for him. he won the big mile handicap on ordnance row, admitting after the eclipse that he would also have brought that mount stands' side had he not be surrounded by other horses, and he steered selinka, one of those just beaten at ascot, to victory in the fillies' listed race .\ndettori said ruefully:' my horse thinks he won. i made my decision to follow george washington and had to stick with it.' and when asked when he had walked the course before racing, he replied with just a terse' yes.' if dettori did not spot what moore spotted, then neither did aidan o' brien and his team. the irish trainer was responsible for three others in the eight - runner field besides george washington but none was to follow moore' s move .\nthings were even worse for dettori when he received a three - day ban, his second of the day, for careless riding when interfering with the fourth home yellowstone. he will begin a 14 - day ban for whip abuse on friday and now will have to sit out most of the glorious goodwood meeting and the friday of ascot' s king george meeting. it never rains but it pours it seems, the italian must have thought as he trailed in last of four on the geezer in the all - blue colours of his retainers, godolphin, in the esher stakes .\nin the aftermath of the eclipse, stoute, never one to stand chatting to the press for long, hung around enough to tell us that he and his jockey discussed tactics as early as wednesday, when the possibility of coming stands' side was mooted. stoute intended to walk the track yesterday but, like many present, he was held up in a traffic jam, probably caused by the nearby hampton court flower show. not that he needed to worry with his jockey there early enough. as he put it,' it was a good bit of professionalism from ryan and he deserves a lot of credit.'\n© 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies. all rights reserved .\n: call the fbi, the cia and the pentagon. find out who won that game !\n: now then, what do we know? one, that professor fassbinder and his daughter have been kidnapped. two, that someone has kidnapped them. three, that my hand is on fire .\n: that is what i have been saying, you idiot. reum. zimmer .\n: look, there is no need for you to speak unless i ask you a question. what is your name ?\n: there is someone in this room who knows more about the murder than he is telling .\n: i - i - i don' t know, y - you said\nmurder\n.\n: you said there is someone in this room who knows more about the murder than he is telling .\n] of course it won' t be easy; nothing worthwhile ever is. that is why i have always failed where others have succeeded .\n: good evening commissioner. how are you, how is madame and all the little commissioners ?\n] i' m afraid today is just not your day, my friend .\n] oh, but it is! it is, my\nfriend\nafter three, long terrible years it is at last my day! i will not permit ,\nrepeat ,\nnot permit anything ...\nrepeat\nanything to spoil it. now, i will walk you to the gate, to the car which should rightfully be mine. and then i will kiss you goodbye !\n: and then i will have my meeting with the sanity commission, and they will set me free! and then ...\n: yes, i know that. it is a large beump. you could receive the concussion from such a beump .\n: i was known as the pavlova of the parallels. oh, yes .\n] hello? ... yes. there is a beautiful woman in my bed, and a dead man in my bath .\n: every day and in every way, i am getting better, and better .\n: now this is my plan. step number one: i will recruit the world' s greatest criminal mind. step number two: i will build an organization so sinister, so powerful, that by comparison la cosa nostra will seem like the vienna boys' choir !\n: a beekeeper who has lost his voice, a cook who thinks he' s a gardener, and a witness to a murder .\n: no crater? but i want a crater! i want wreckage, twisted metal. something the world will not forget !\n: they won' t? wonderful. i have to tinkle again. don' t do anything till i get back .\n: no of course not, bruno. the inspector here was just warning me that i had to watch my step. you see, back in france, he' s known as king of the tango .\n: this is a very serious matter, and everyone is this reum is under the suspicions .\n: something so very, very painful, so hideous, your father will have no choice but to cooperate .\n: he has pulled the wrong tooth! there' s only one man who would pull the wrong tooth. it' s clouseau! kill him! kill him !\n: most ingenious. the old closet ploy. i really must congratulate you. if there' s one thing i do enjoy, it' s a good closet ploy .\n: oh, yes. it is obvious to my trained eye, that there is much more going on here than meets the ear. before you are dismissed, mr. stiffsticker, i suggest you count your bees. may find one of them is missing .\n: no! i' m fine. never better. just a little... a little shaky. probably the shock of... i mean, the surprise of seeing you here again today .\n: you have several of the world' s greatest criminal minds right here, in this very room .\n: good? ha, he' s not good, he' s terrible; he' s the worst. there' s not another man like him anywhere in the world. compared to clouseau this doomsday machine, it' s just a mere water pistol .\n: now doctor, there are some who would find your methods rather unorthodox .\n: just seeing if i am a better doctor than you are a detective .\n] hello... it' s dr. schirtz from the village, you know .\n: i have just received word that former chief inspector dreyfus has escaped from the insane asylum. for some reason, the deputy commissioner thinks that he might try to kill me. obviously, the poor man is crazier than anyone gives him the credits for .\n: madame, i arrest you for the murder of the man in this bathtub .\n: and i must warn you that anything you say will be taken down and used in evidence against me. you .\n: you' ve done everything i asked so far, but i have not asked everything .\n: what you mean is that you have no intention of letting us go. you plan to continue your reign of terror whether clouseau is eliminated or not .\n: now we' ll see who has the last laugh. they' ve all betrayed me, and now they will have to pay. what shall i destroy? buckingham palace? too small. how about london? not big enough. england! yes, england .\n: yes, but if dreyfus is what we suspect, he probably has an army behind him .\n: no, of course it won' t be easy, but nothing worthwhile ever is. that is why i have always failed where others have succeeded .\nryan moore will hardly permit the use of the\nc - word\nin his hearing, but perhaps now even he might accept that talk of the championship is no longer presumptuous. after all, even if they bestride the turf, the meek still have a long way to go before they can inherit the earth .\nobviously i' m in a good position in the championship, but there' s a long way to go and it' s not all over yet ,\nhe said .\nanyway, even if i do get the title, i would say winning this race will mean more to me .\ncharacteristically, moore deceived himself that he had just been thwarted by maraahel - an illusion prompted by an incautious salute to the crowd from richard hills. and if the breakthrough seemed overdue, it should be remembered moore is still only 22. it was at this meeting that he had twice been foiled in similar finishes to the nunthorpe stakes, on the tatling, but it was not so much the stage that was fitting as the impresario .\nmoore and stoute had earlier been dispirited by a tame performance from papal bull in the ladbrokes great voltigeur stakes, though there was another epic finish. richard hughes and youmzain crept through to pounce on dettori and red rocks, who had led going well halfway up the straight .\nhe broke his tooth in the stalls ,\nhughes said .\ni was a little worried in the first half mile, as he was carrying his head funny. but he' s a pretty good horse .\nthe sponsors offer 7 - 1 against him following up in the st leger, staged here next month with doncaster closed for redevelopment. brian meehan is keen for a rematch, feeling that red rocks may have been in front too long, though it must be said his colt has run at least as well making the running in the past, and cannot be certain to last the extra distance .\nthere were anxious undertones about the success of sergeant cecil in the weatherbys insurance lonsdale cup. in this instance it was the winner' s usual jockey, alan munro, who is in the wars. rod millman, sergeant cecil' s trainer, said that munro has\na bug\nbut otherwise there has been no confirmation of the condition that reportedly required his plane to france on sunday to turn around .\nmunro missed the group one success of dutch art and now had to watch dettori win on his old favourite .\nfrankie gave him a fantastic ride but it is alan who gave this horse his confidence ,\nmillman said .\nlet' s hope he' s back soon .\nfollow the independent sport on instagram here, for all of the best images, videos and stories from around the sporting world .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n2013 group winner custom cut, stakes winner and 2013 gr. 2 placed chil the kite, royal ascot winner fast or free and group placed miss cato\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\ninfo = link with more information australia mc: melbourne cup england d: epsom derby o: epsom oaks sl: doncaster st. leger 1g: 1, 000 guineas 2g: 2, 000 guineas dc: doncaster cup france gpp: grand prix de paris pjc: prix du jockey club (french derby) arc: prix de l' arc de triomphe fo: prix de diane (french oaks) usa kd: kentucky derby cca: cca oaks p: preakness stakes b: belmont stakes germany dd: deutches derby italy di: derby italiano io: italian oaks steeplechases gn: grand national (england) gsp: grand steeple - chase de paris (france) agn: american grand national (usa) cgc: cheltenham gold cup (england) gpm: the gran premio merano (italy) ign: the irish grand national (ireland) mhc: the maryland hunt cup (usa )\nincludes winners on the flat in classic races and some important handicap races in england, the u. s. a. , france, germany, italy, australia, and some principal steeplechase races. info behind names links to biographic information on the horse .\na selection of top articles hand - picked by our editors available only to registered users .\nvirtually all 500, 000 of the world’s thoroughbred racehorses are descended from 28 ancestors, born in the 18 th and 19 th centuries, according to a new genetic study. and up to 95% of male thoroughbreds can be traced back to just one stallion .\nthoroughbred horses were developed in 18 th century in the uk. english mares were bred with arabian and other stallions to create horses with great stamina for distance racing. today, thoroughbreds are the most valuable of breeds, representing a multi - billion dollar annual industry, worldwide .\nto assess the genetic diversity of modern racing horses, geneticist patrick cunningham of trinity college in dublin, ireland, compared 13 microsatellite dna loci – repeating sequences of dna which vary in length – in 211 thoroughbreds and 117 other shetland, egyptian and turkish horses. he also examined studbooks dating back to 1791 .\nhe found the majority of the half million progeny alive today are descended from just 28 “founder” horses .\nit was already known that just a handful of stallions (but many mares) were used to found the thoroughbred breed. but startlingly, the new research finds that, in 95% of modern racehorses, the y - chromosome can be traced back to a single stallion – the darley arabian, born in 1700 .\nrelated work on sequencing the horse genome is also uncovering genes in thoroughbreds linked to speed and stamina. screening for these traits could one day guide owners’ and breeders’ decisions when buying horses, which may sell for many millions of dollars .\n“we hope to produce sounder, faster and better - performing horses, ” says cunningham. he and colleague emmeline hill at university college dublin is also using the horse genome to uncover genes that explain why one animal runs faster than another .\n“horses are flight animals naturally selected for speed and stamina in the wild, ” explains hill. “with domestic selection, speed was further augmented in the thoroughbred. ”\nthirty - five per cent of the difference in racing performance between horses can be explained by genetics alone, says hill. she is cross - referencing up to 140 recently discovered human genes for fitness and performance in a bid to track down equine equivalents. these genes are involved in traits related to the cardio - respiratory system, muscle strength and metabolism, she says .\nhowever, the analysis of thoroughbred genetics is also revealing the other side of the coin, notes matthew binns of the royal veterinary college in london, uk. many negative traits are associated with inbreeding in the diminutive gene pool, he says. “the selections we’ve made for fantastic beasts have had some detrimental consequences. ”\none tenth of thoroughbreds suffer orthopaedic problems and fractures, 10% have low fertility, 5% have abnormally small hearts and the majority suffer bleeding in the lungs, says binns .\nbut as well as allowing breeders to select for performance - related genes, elucidating the horse genome may allow researchers to breed out negative traits, he says .\n“now we have a good amount of the horse genome, there are interesting times ahead, ” says binns. “over the next 10 years there will be some changes in this very traditional industry. ”\ncunningham presented his findings on monday at the british association festival of science in dublin .\ndylan thomas, the pride of ballydoyle, will start his second career at coolmore stud next year at a fee of ¿50, 000 (£35, 000). and therein lies the difference between a colt as an earner on the racecourse and in the breeding shed. in three seasons on the track dylan thomas earned £3. 3m for his 10 victories, including six at group one level, from 19 outings. if he covers only 100 mares (a small enough harem these days), he will generate almost exactly that sum in his first spring as a stallion in co tipperary .\nthe arc and king george hero is the dearest of the 2008 newcomers, and will be the fifth most expensive horse on the 24 - strong coolmore roster. only galileo (whose fee is coyly described as\nprivate\n, which translates as ¿200, 000 and counting), montjeu (¿125, 000), danehill dancer (¿150, 000) and sadler' s wells (private) command a greater dowry .\ndylan thomas' s first sons and daughters will be racing in 2111. but there are, of course, no guarantees, dylan thomas' s poor ill - fated stablemate george washington being a prime example. he retired to stud at a fee of ¿60, 000 after a brilliant track career but, so sadly, proved sub - fertile .\nin france yesterday, thewayyouare confirmed himself a live challenger for middle - distance classic honours next year by completing his four - timer in the penultimate group one contest on the juvenile calendar, the criterium international at saint - cloud .\nat lingfield, seb sanders closed the gap on jamie spencer in the jockeys' championship race to just four after a fine double .\nsire of nh graded winners long dog (gr. 1) cornet obolensky (gr. 1) old guard (gr. 2 )\nsean and janet kinsella, knockhouse stud, kilmacow, co. kilkenny. tel: 00353 (0) 51 885170 or 00353 (0) 51 885363, fax: 00353 (0) 51 885426, sean’s mobile: 00353 (0) 85 7852067, email: seankhstud @ urltoken\nowner: anthony & david de rothschild breeder: southcourt stud winnings: 20 starts: 7 - 3 - 4, £971, 688 1st - eclipse s. (gb - gr. 1, t10f7y), international s. (gb - gr. 1, t10f88y), tattersalls gold c. (ire - gr. 1, t10f110y), brigadier gerard s. (gb - gr. 3, t10f7y), earl of sefton s. (gb - gr. 3, t9f). 2nd - eclipse s. (gb - g1, 10f). 3rd - prince of wales' s. (gb - g1, 10f), juddmonte international s. (gb - g1, 10f). foaled 03 / 25 / 02. trained in gb by sir michael stoute. entré au haras en 2008 (stanley house stud, newmarket); at knockhouse stud, co. kilkenny, ireland, in 2013. (close )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day' s racing news, plus alex hammond' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\n{ { race. shorttrack } } r { { race. number } }\n© 2018 racing victoria limited (rv) and other parties working with it. vic and sa racing materials, including fields, form and results, is subject to copyright which is owned respectively by rv and trsa and other parties working with them .\npunters let out a collective groan when they let the straight track wonder redkirk warrior (gb) go off at 6 / 1 in saturday’s $ 1, 250, 000 group 1 lexus newmarket handicap (1200m) .\nnewmarket handicap hero redkirk warrior (gb) renewed his love affair with flemington straight when he snapped the six - race winning streak of champion sprinter redzel in saturday’s $ 750, 000 group i black caviar lightning (1000m) at flemington .\nmime dance 9 - 8 [ 8 / 1 ] 9th of 9, 14. 00l behind johni boxit\nsomeone exciting 9 - 3 [ 6 / 1 ] 10th of 11, 7. 00l behind burtonwood\ndirty randy 9 - 7 [ 9 / 2 ] 8th of 8, 104. 25l behind jan smuts\nnotnow seamus 11 - 6 [ 9 / 4f ] 1st of 11, 1. 25l to eureu du boulay\nslaying the dragon 11 - 1 [ 25 / 1 ] 2nd of 8, 1. 75l behind lady longshot\nopen an account with betfair and bet at least €5 at min odds of 1 / 5 on the sportsbook. win or lose betfair match your first bet up to €50. free bet stakes not returned\nracing uk is the leading british broadcaster of racing, bringing live pictures and analysis from 33 courses. visit urltoken to view all of our subscription packages\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nthe table in the second section of this article covers the first season sires you should expect to see represented by 2yos in the 2011 season. this section provides details on the information in the table and the links from it .\nthe table provides links to a picture of the sire from the the sire' s name and the, most recent, season page for the sire' s sire from it' s name in the second column .\nmuch of the information in the table is self explanatory but a few items need to be noted. the first column gives the horses name and it' s height were available. for example the sire authorized is 16 hands high as given in the table. see the\non this site if you require an explanation of the use of' hands' in denoting a horse' s height. in some cases the height is given in metres where the horse in at stud outside of the british & ireland. for comparison 1. 60 metres is equivalent to a hands heights of 15. 3 (i. e. 160 centimetres is very close to the 63 inches that\n15. 3hh\nrepresents) .\nfor the most part. note that many of the coolmore (magnier, et al) and darley (maktoum family) sires will be' shuttle sires' and will move to the southern hemisphere (usually australia which ranks second only to the usa in the total number of foals produced each year) to cover mares outside of the european (i. e. northern hemisphere) breeding season. the thoroughbred horse has a gestation period of around 11 months which means that the covering season in the northern hemisphere encompasses the period from february through to june. this means the stallion can then be moved to the southern hemisphere to cover during their breeding season which is from august through to december. this six month relative' shift' between the hemispheres means that a 3yo australian bred sprinter born in, for example, october will be classed as a 4yo if it came to race in britain because of our january 1st' birthday' for all thoroughbreds. the southern hemisphere group birthday is on july 1st .\nthe' fee' column usually gives the cost of having a mare covered by the stallion in 2011 and not in 2008 when these sires first went to stud (in the northern hemisphere). note that the widespread economic downturn since 2008 has affected thoroughbred breeding as well and most studs have downgraded all their sire covering fees to reflect the depressed economic market. therefore a downgrade in covering fee for 2011 may not indicate a sire getting below average results, or getting elderly & unfashionable, as it normally would .\n. yearlings which did not reach their reserve price (equals' not sold' and the abbreviation' ns' used on the b2yor website) or were bought back by their owners (and therefore' retained' with' rtnd' used as the b2yor abbreviation) are not included .\nfor those who do not understand the term' median' a short description is useful. the median figure is produced by ranking all the sire' s yearling sales in a list from highest to lowest. the' middle' figure down this ranking is then chosen as the median figure. if there are an even number of figures in the list the middle two are chosen, added together and divided by two to get the median. why bother with a median figure? the main reason is that averages can be misleading and distorted by a small number of notably high prices. if a sire has 5 yearlings sold, for example, and four sell for 10, 000 gns and one sells for 60, 000 gns the average figure is 20, 000 gns but 80% of his yearlings made much less than that so it is not a representative figure. the median in the example would be a representative 10, 000gns. comparing the average and median figures for the sire gives an indication of how' consistent' the sales prices were (how small the overall range was) .\nnote that the averages are given in the archaic' guineas' denomination because the major european auction house (tattersalls) still sell using them and in britain this has long been the traditional unit of sale. the' guinea' is' one pound and one shilling' in pre - decimal british currency which equates to £1. 05 now. therefore, a sale at the level of\n10, 000 guineas\nmeans a pounds sterling value of £10, 500 prior to any sales taxes and other costs .\nnote that the majority of european sales now use the euro (€) as the sales unit and reporting currency. the second biggest british based auction house (doncaster bloodstock sales) has recently linked up with the irish based\ngoffs\ncompany and now sell in pounds sterling (£gbp) .\nwon 3 from 5 in a 6f maiden at ayr on may 26th, the 6f group 2 gimcrack stakes in august and the 6f group 1 middle park stakes in september. beat red clubs in the last pair having finished behind that horse in the coventry stakes (at york) in june. beaten in a minor event on his third run when dropped to 5f at chester .\nwon 1 from 2 outings, both at 8f. third on debut in an 8f conditions race at newbury in september. won the group 1 racing post trophy on his second run from charlie farnsbarns & medecine path .\nwon one from four as a juvenile in a 5f nursery (off or87) after three runs, with one place, at 6f in maiden and novice events .\nwon 1 from 3 as a 2yo in a 6f maiden on his debut at newmarket in july. second in the 6f doncaster st leger sales race in august, dividing doctor brown (aka helene brilliant in hong kong) & prime defender. third in the 7f group 2 champagne stakes on his final run at 2yo, behind vital equine & eagle mountain .\nonly ran as a 2yo when he had 9 outings. second on debut on 18th april in 5f newmarket maiden then won a 5f chester maiden in early may. unplaced at royal ascot in the windsor castle stakes and then in the 6f group 2 july stakes on his next two runs. on his fifth run won the doncaster st leger sales race over 6f from gypsy baby and unplaced in the 5f group 2 flying childers stakes in early september. later that month won the 6f group 2 mill reef stakes from a weak field and in october successful in the group 1 middle park stakes. beat strike the deal in both group wins with moderate fields behind and winning sub - standard editions of the races. stepped up to 7f for the group 1 dewhurst stakes later in october and finished well beaten. despite being a group 1 winner he started at 25 / 1 for the dewhurst in a strong edition with real top class horses making the first four there .\nwon all four outings as a juvenile beginning with success in a 5f novice on june 5th (from 8f group 1 winning 2yo simply perfect). next time won the 5f group 2 norfolk stakes at royal ascot, from hoh mike. later won two 6f group 1 events starting with the prix morny in august (from magic america & excellent art) followed by the middle park stakes at the end of september (from wi dud) .\nwon two of his four runs as a juvenile, on his first two starts, in a 7f maiden on june 30th and a 7f irish breeders' levy stakes in september. placed second in the 8f group 3 autumn stakes at salisbury and unplaced in the 8f group 1 racing post trophy when second string to septimus who finished third to palace episode .\nfinished 4th of 8 in a mid - october 8f maiden at newmarket on his sole run as a juvenile .\nwon three of his five runs as a juvenile beginning with a pair of 5f successes in a maiden race on april 20th and a listed event in late may. three later runs at 6f that season brought places in the group 2 railway stakes in ireland & the group 1 prix morny. successful in the group 2 mill reef stakes in his last run at 2yo .\nwon one of his two runs as a juvenile when succesful in a 7f maiden at the curragh on july 17th on his second outing having been second in a similar event in june .\nwon one of four runs as a juvenile when successful in a 6f maiden at windsor on his third run in october. placed second in his other three races starting with 6f & 7f maidens in august & september. placed in a listed race over 6f on his final run as a 2yo .\nwon his sole outing as a 2yo in an 8f event for unraced horses on november 12th .\nwon one of four runs as a juvenile in a 6f maiden at windsor on his second outing in august having made an unplaced debut earlier that month. unplaced in the 6f group 3 sirenia stakes and placed in a 5f listed event on his other two outings as a 2yo .\nwon both starts as a juvenile in a 7f race for unraced horses in july and the 7f group 3 prix la rochette in september (on the disqualification of yasoodd) .\nplaced in both outings at 2yo in 7f maiden and novice races in september .\nowner bred by khalid abdulla and trained in france by andre fabre. unraced as a juvenile .\nran nine times as a juvenile for three wins. unplaced over 5f on his debut in april at newmarket. won his next three starts in a 5f maiden in april, 6f novice event in may and the 6f group 2 coventry stakes at royal ascot (at york). 6 later runs at 2yo over 6f to 7f, all in group races. placed in the 6f trio of the group 1 phoenix stakes (behind george washington & amadeus wolf), the gimcrack and the middle park stakes (both to amadeus wolf). unplaced in the 7f group 1 dewhurst stakes on his final run at 2yo (4th at 12 / 1 to sir percy) .\nwon all four outings as a juvenile starting in a 6f maiden at goodwood on may 28th. successful in a minor sales auction race over 6f in june and then the 7f group 2 vintage stakes at goodwood in late july (beating cool creek & black charmer). won the 7f group 1 dewhurst stakes on his final start at 2yo beating horatio nelson .\nran five times as a juvenile for three wins. successful in a 5f maiden at salisbury on his may 18th debut. unplaced in the 5f group 2 norfolk stakes at royal ascot next time. followed that by winning the 6f group 2 july stakes (from 15 race career maiden armigerent) and the 7f group 2 vintage stakes from duke of marmalade. third on his final start at 2yo in the 7f group 1 dewhurst stakes to teofilo .\nonly ran five times in his career, all as a juvenile over 7f, and retired before his 3yo season due to injury. at 2yo won all his starts beginning in a 7f maiden on 16th july and follwed by a 7f listed event at the end of that month. on his third start he won the 7f group 2 futurity stakes (from eagle mountain). successful in the group 1 pair of the national stakes and the dewhurst stakes to finsih his season. beating holy roman emperor in both of those events .\nran five times as a juvenile and first past the post in three races. succesful in a 6f novice event at nottingham on his may 16th debut and followed that by winning the 6f group 2 coventry stakes at ascot (from botanical). disappointing next time when only third in the 6f group 1 phoenix stakes in ireland, as odds - on favourite, behind one cool cat & old deuteronomy. first past the post in the 6f group 1 middle park stakes after that (beating balmont and holborn). he was subsequently disqualified from the win and placed last because a banned substance was present in the post - race samples. final run as a 2yo when second in the 7f group 1 dewhurst stakes behind milk it mick with haafhd & bachelor duke in third and fourth .\nran six times as a juvenile winning the first three of them. successful in a 6f maiden on his may 10th debut and then won a 6f novice event in june. won the 7f group 2 champagne stakes (at york) in september beating eagle mountain. ran in three group 1 events subsequently starting with a thrid place in the 7f grand criterium at longchamp. unplaced afterwards in the 7f dewhurst stakes and the 8f criterium internation at saint - cloud .\nran three times as a juvenile winning twice after a fourth place in a 7f maiden at sandown on his july 21st debut (behind embossed). won a 7f newmarket maiden in early august then returned to sandown later that month to win the 7f group 3 solario stakes (from embossed) .\nnotable honours include: uk champion jockey (2006, 2008, 2009); uk champion apprentice (2003); international jockeys' championship winner (2009 [ shared ] & 2010); longines world' s best jockey award winner (2014 & 2016) .\nijc record: 2016 - 2nd; 2015 - 2nd; 2014 - 4th; 2013 - 5th; 2012 - 3rd; 2011 - 6th (dh); 2010 - won; 2009 - won (dh); 2007 - 10th (dh); 2006 - 6th .\ncopyright © 2000 - 2017 the hong kong jockey club. all rights reserved .\nplaying a mixture of classic 70' s / 80' s rock and 90' s indie music, with the odd more commercial song thrown in. - cato are unique within their field for offering their\nare we too loud - we can turn it down\npledge at every gig .\nthe band have experimented with all acoustic sets but are once again concentrating on their electric set with a few new songs mixed in with their classics .\nborn in brighton, east sussex, ryan’s racing background meant that becoming a jockey was a natural progression. he began his race riding career as an apprentice for his father, the highly regarded dual purpose trainer, gary moore. ryan is brother to jump jockeys jamie and joshua, and amateur flat jockey hayley moore. ryan is based in newmarket with his partner michelle and their three children; toby, sophie and jessie .\nin 2010 ryan became the first jockey in the history of the sport to win the investec oaks, investec derby and prix de l' arc de triomphe in the same year. highlights of the 2012 and 2013 seasons included winning the qipco 1000 guineas stakes and the breeders' cup juvenile turf in america. on 20th june 2013 at royal ascot ryan made sporting history when winning the gold cup on estimate for her majesty the queen who became the first reigning monarch to win the gold cup in its 207 - year history .\n📽 @ dubairacingtv and @ smolyneux79 went to visit lilly hall farm, home of @ eddegilesracing. definitely worth a watch! … urltoken\nbrilliant horse of the year and timeform world champion. sire of vazirabad, the best stayer in france, top - flight juveniles mandaean and french champion ultra, plus g1 - winning fillies ribbons and charity line .\nby monsun (1990) europa preis (g1), aral - pokal (g1), etc. sire of 757 foals aged three and up, including manduro, masterstroke, almandin, amarette, anna monda, estimate, fiorente, floriot, gentlewave, getaway, guadalupe, le miracle, maxios, novellist, protectionist, royal highness, salve regina, samum, schiaparelli, shirocco, silasol, stacelita, vadamos, etc .\n1st dam: mandellicht by be my guest. winner (7½f) at 3, 3rd dusseldorfer stutenpreis der goritz, festa rennen. dam of 13 foals, 10 to race, 6 winners :\nmandela (f acatenango) 3 wins (9f - 11f) at 3 and 4, diana trial – las vegas slenderella rennen, 3rd diana deutches derby (g1), prix de pomone (g2), santa barbara h (g2). dam of :\nworld ace (c deep impact) yomiuri milers cup (g2), kisaragi sho (g3), wakaba s, 2nd satsuki sho (2000 guineas) (g1) .\nmanduras (c tiger hill) 3 wins (8f - 10f) at 4 and 6 .\n2nd dam: mandelauge by elektrant. 2 wins (8f - 11f) at 2 and 3. dam of 7 winners :\nmandellicht (f be my guest) black type placed winner, see above .\nmandel set (f second set) 3 wins at 4. dam of :\nmandamou (f ela - mana - mou) 2 wins at 2 and 4. dam of :\nmanda hill (f tiger hill) winner. grandam of: mary sun (f soldier hollow) 3rd hoppegartener sommerpreis .\n3rd dam: mandriale by norfolk. 3 wins, 2 to 4. dam of 6 winners :\nmandelbaum (c konigsstuhl) mehl - mulhens rennen (g2), zanders union - rennen (g2), dr busch - memorial. sire .\nmaestoso (g dashing blade) jean harzheim rennen, 2nd henninger trophy (g2) .\nmensatiger (c tiger hill) 2nd fruhjahrspreis der bankhaus metzler (g3) .\n, 8f, cologne, by 5l, beating kahn, early wings, arrow, kartago .\n, 10f, hoppegarten, beating soldier hollow, boule d' or, near honor .\n, 10f, capannelle, to soldier hollow, without connexion, epalo, beating delfos, nonno carlo, groom tesse, vol de nuit, altieri .\n, 10f, longchamp, beating corre caminos, archange d' or, kendor dine, gold sound, enforcer, geordieland, ruwi, walk in the park, alost, delfos .\n, 8f, deauville, to librettist, beating peeress, stormy river, ad valorem, special kaldoun, ramonti, new girlfriend, helios quercus, kendargent .\n, 9f, longchamp, to laverock, beating krataios, archange d' or, corre caminos, vatori, turtle bowl, helios quercus, special kaldoun, kendor dine." ]

{ "text": [ "notnowcato is a retired thoroughbred racehorse and active sire , bred and trained in the united kingdom .", "he won several important races in a career which lasted from 2004 to 2007 , but is best known for his victory in the 2007 eclipse stakes . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14 ] }

[ "notnowcato is a retired thoroughbred racehorse and active sire, bred and trained in the united kingdom. he won several important races in a career which lasted from 2004 to 2007, but is best known for his victory in the 2007 eclipse stakes." ]

[ ") nystiellidae clench and turner, 1952. in molluscabase (2016). accessed at\nworms - world register of marine species - nystiellidae clench & r. d. turner, 1952\ntaxonomic review of the genus opaliopsis (gastropoda: nystiellidae) from brazil, with description of ...\ntaxonomic review of the genus opaliopsis (gastropoda: nystiellidae) from brazil, with description of a new species .\ncatalog of the recent taxa of the families epitoniidae and nystiellidae (mollusca: gastropoda) with a bibliography of the descriptive and systematic literature .\ncatalog of the recent taxa of the families epitoniidae and nystiellidae (mollusca: gastropoda) with a bibliography of the descriptive and systemati... - pubmed - ncbi\nmolluscabase (2018). nystiellidae clench & r. d. turner, 1952. accessed through: world register of marine species at: urltoken; = 411726 on 2018 - 07 - 10\na taxonomic revision of the nystiellidae from brazil, including samples from the rio grande rise, south atlantic, was performed based on shell morphology. five genera and 17 species were recognized. for the richest genus ,\nbrown l. g. & neville b. d. (2015). catalog of the recent taxa of the families epitoniidae and nystiellidae (mollusca: gastropoda) with a bibliography of the descriptive and systematic literature. zootaxa. 3907 (1): 1 - 188. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nandrade b. g. , costa p. m. santos & pimenta a. dias (2011) taxonomic review of the genus opaliopsis (gastropoda: nystiellidae) from brazil, with description of a new species. journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom 91 (7): 1561 - 1566. [ details ]\nty - jour ti - a new species of eccliseogyra (gastropoda: nystiellidae) from southeastern brazil t2 - the nautilus. vl - 125 ur - urltoken pb - american malacologists, inc. , etc. cy - melbourne, fla. , etc. , py - 2011 sp - 167 ep - 170 sn - 0028 - 1344 au - garcia, emilio f er -\npimenta a. d. , andrade b. g. & absalão r. s. (2017). taxonomy of nystiellidae (caenogastropoda, epitonioidea) from brazil, with description of three new species from the south - western atlantic. journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom. doi: 10. 1017 / s0025315417000984. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n@ article { bhlpart174687, title = { a new species of eccliseogyra (gastropoda: nystiellidae) from southeastern brazil }, journal = { the nautilus. }, volume = { 125 }, copyright = { in copyright. digitized with the permission of the rights holder }, url = urltoken publisher = { melbourne, fla. , etc. , american malacologists, inc. , etc. }, author = { garcia, emilio f }, year = { 2011 }, pages = { 167 - - 170 }, }\nfour nystiellids belonging to the genera eccliseogyra dall, 1892, opaliopsis thiele, 1928 and papuliscala de boury, 1911 were collected on the continental slope off brazil during the development of the revizee program (2000–2001). of these opaliopsis atlantis (clench and turner, 1952) was the only species known previously. three nystiellids unknown to science, belonging to the genera eccliseogyra and papuliscala, are presented herein based on shell morphology. eccliseogyra maracatu sp. nov. and papuliscala nordestina sp. nov. are described for northeastern brazil. only one specimen of eccliseogyra sp. with damaged shell was found. a formal epithet for this specimen will be delayed until additional material is collected. a checklist of species of nystiellidae clench and turner, 1952 known for the atlantic coast of south america, as well as their geographic and bathymetric distribution based on data from the literature, is presented .\n< mods xmlns: xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3. 0\nxmlns: xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi: schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > a new species of eccliseogyra (gastropoda: nystiellidae) from southeastern brazil < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > garcia, emilio f < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 125 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > the nautilus. < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> melbourne, fla. , etc. , < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > american malacologists, inc. , etc. < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 125 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 167 < / start > < end > 170 < / end > < / extent > < date > 2011 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright. digitized with the permission of the rights holder < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nnützel, a. (1998). uber die stammesgeschichte der ptenoglossa (gastropoda). berliner geowissenschaftliche abhandlungen, ser. berliner geowissenschaftliche abhandlungen, ser e (palaeobiologie). 26: 1 - 229. [ details ]\nbouchet p. , rocroi j. p. , hausdorf b. , kaim a. , kano y. , nützel a. , parkhaev p. , schrödl m. & strong e. e. (2017). revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. malacologia. 61 (1 - 2): 1 - 526. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nvumbaco drive, wallingford, ct 06492, usa. ; email: epmanshell @ aol. com .\n2700 sandy circle, college station, tx 77845 - 5309, usa. ; email: bruce @ bneville. com .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\ngenus: eccliseogyra w. h. dall, 1892 (syn: abyssiscala, solutiscala, ecclesiogyra - db: 13 sp, 8 img )\ngenus: iphitus j. g. jeffreys, 1883 (syn: stylotrochus, iphitella, sculptifer - db: 7 sp, 3 img )\ngenus: murdochella h. j. finlay, 1926 (db: 6 sp, 3 img )\ngenus: narrimania m. taviani, 1984 (db: 3 sp, 1 img )\ngenus: opaliopsis k. h. j. thiele, 1928 (syn: nystiella - db: 10 sp, 6 img )\nthe symbols k. a. c. f. m. an. are used to indicate the geographical range of the species. they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .\nmelbourne, fla. , etc. , american malacologists, inc. , etc .\njournal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom 91: 1561 - 1566 .\noccurrence record in darwincore format (elements of obis schema and some of dwc1. 4 )\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nformed based on shell morphology. five genera and 17 species were recognized. for the richest genus ,\nnov. is described from eastern brazil, diagnosed by its numerous and thinner cancellate sculpture. to the three species of\nby its very thin spiral sculpture, absence of a varix, and thinner microscopic parallel axial striae .\n: (a, d) holotype; (b, e, f) paratype mzsp 100523; (c) mnrj 28181. (a\nwhorl; (f) detail of sculpture on fifth whorl. scale bars: a\n; (b, c) ibufrj 16749; (d) mnrj 17754. (a, b) whole shells; (c) last teleoconch\nteleoconch; (d) detail of sculpture on penultimate whorl of teleoconch; (e) protoconch; (f) detail of last whorl of protoconch. scale bars: a\nd) whole shell; (e) detail of sculpture on second teleoconch whorl; (f) protoconch; (g) detail of last protoconch whorl. scale bars: a –d, 1 mm; e\nteleoconch whorl; (g) detail of sixth teleoconch whorl. scale bars: a\n2012 - 40996 [ 1 shell ]; hmnh 42544 [ 1 shell ]. all from type\nshell turriculated, up to 3. 71 mm in length, 2. 04\n: (a –d) mnhn; (e) mnrj 29152. (a, b, e) whole shells, broken protoconch; (c) detail of last whorl; (d) detail of last protoconch whorl .\nc) whole shells; (d) protoconch; (e) detail of last protoconch whorl; (f) detail of umbilical region on the third whorl .\n): (a) holotype; (b, e) mnrj 28176; (c, d, f) mnrj 28177 .\nwhorl; (f) detail of sculpture on fifth teleoconch whorl. scale bars: a\nshell turriculate, up to 8. 47 mm in length, 1. 97\n61) mnrj 28176; (b –d) mnrj 18104. (a, b) whole shells; (c) protoconch; (d) detail of protoconch; (e) last teleoconch\nwhorl; (f) detail of sculpture on fifth teleoconch whorl. scale bars: a, b, 1 mm; c, d, f, 100\n): mnrj 13347; (b) detail of sculpture on seventh teleoconch whorl. scale\nnew species: holotype. (a) whole shell; (b) protoconch; (c )\nof sculpture on sixth teleoconch whorl. scale bars: a, 1 mm; b, e, 200\n2058, type locality; nhmuk 1887. 2. 9. 2056, isla culebra ;\nd) whole shells (apex partially broken in b and c); (e) protoconch; (f, g) last whorl. scale bars: a\nthat the type from puerto rico (nhmuk 1887. 2. 9. 2056) is a\nwe are grateful to p. bouchet and p. maestrati (mnhn) ,\nl. r. l. simone (mzsp), e. c. rios (\noliveira (morg), j. c. n. barros (ufrpe) and p. m. s. costa\n( fiperj; mnrj), c. miyaji (unimonte), for loan or donation\nof material; c. walter, e. strong, j. harasewych (usnm) ,\nmatters; dr s. f. b. lima (ufcg / cfp / uacen), for discus -\n( 2010) mollusca. in lavrado h. p. and brasil a. c. s. (eds )\nandrade b. g. , costa p. m. s. and pimenta a. d .\n( 2010) familia epitoniidae. in gofas s. , salas c. and moreno d .\n( mollusca) of the gulf of mexico. in felder d. l. and camp d. k .\ncollege station, texas: texas a & m university press, pp. 579\ntunnell j. w. jr. , woods j. c. , kindinger m. e. and kindinger j. l .\ngulf of mexico. report to u. s. geological survey, office of marine\n( 1881) mollusca of h. m. s. ‘challenger’ expedition. part vii .\nturridae (mollusca: gastropoda) of southern africa and mozambique. part 1. subfamily turrinae\nto review the taxonomy of eulimidae from the southwestern atlantic, with focus on the brazilian coast .\nthe genus opaliopsis from brazil is revised based on three deep - water species. opaliopsis atlantis (clench & turner, 1952) is confirmed as occurring in north - eastern and south - eastern localities. opaliopsis opalina (dall, 1927) is reported for the first time in the south - western atlantic. a new species, opaliopsis cearense, is described from the north - eastern brazilian coast, and is... [ show full abstract ]\nreview of the genera eulimastoma bartsch, 1916 and egila dall & bartsch, 1904 (mollusca, gastropoda, ...\nthe taxonomy of the species belonging to the genera eulimastoma bartsch, 1916 and egila dall & bartsch, 1904 from brazil is reviewed: eulimastoma canaliculatum (c. b. adams, 1850), eulimastoma engonium (bush, 1885), eulimastoma surinamense altena, 1975, eulimastoma didyma (verrill & bush, 1900), eulimastoma aff. didymal eulimastoma aff. weberi (morrison, 1965) ,\negila\nvirginiae altena, 1975... [ show full abstract ]\nfifteen new species and ten new records of turbonilla risso, 1826 (gastropoda, heterobranchia, pyram ...\non the taxonomy of turbonilla puncta (c. b. adams, 1850) (gastropoda, pyramidellidae), with the desc ...\npimenta, alexandre d. , absalão, ricardo s. (2002): on the taxonomy of turbonilla puncta (c. b. adams, 1850) (gastropoda, pyramidellidae), with the description of a new species from brazil and remarks on other western atlantic species. zootaxa 78: 1 - 16, doi: 10. 5281 / zenodo. 155937\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nthis translation tool is powered by google. fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\ncorrespondence: r. b. salvador; e - mail: salvador. rodrigo. b @ urltoken\nrodrigo b. salvador, carlo m. cunha; taxonomic revision of the fossil genera bulimactaeon, hemiauricula (= liocarenus) and nucleopsis, with description of a new recent genus and species (gastropoda: heterobranchia: acteonidae), journal of molluscan studies, volume 82, issue 3, 1 august 2016, pages 472–483, urltoken\nthe current knowledge on the ecology and life histories of acteonoids is also far from complete. studies on feeding behaviour and gut content of a few species indicate that they are vermivorous, feeding on polychaete worms (yonow, 1989; wägele et al. , 2008). the animals are considered to be infaunal, burrowing through soft sediments and occurring from the lower intertidal to depths exceeding 3, 000 m (burn & thompson, 1998; helwerda, 2015). recently, a large number of new acteonoid species from the tropical southwestern pacific have been described, showing a previously unrecognized high diversity of this group in deep - water environments (valdés, 2008; provisionally designated as ‘ acteon ’ due to lack of information on radular characters) .\nthe acteonidae also contain six fossil genera (bouchet et al. , 2015). the family' s fossil record dates back to the lower jurassic (pliensbachian or even sinemurian) of france, but it only diversified later, in the upper jurassic and cretaceous (cossmann, 1895; tracey, todd & erwin, 1993; gründel & nützel, 2012) .\nliocarenus harris & burrows, 1891 was originally proposed for fossil species and has commonly been considered to include three subgenera (e. g. cossmann, 1895): liocarenus s. s. , bulimactaeon cossmann, 1892 and nucleopsis conrad, 1865b. these were considered distinct genera by zilch (1959), who erected the subfamily liocareninae for them. tornatella globulina forbes, 1844 was tentatively included in the genus liocarenus by nordsieck (1972) and this has since been accepted in the literature (see synonymy below). however, as discussed below, liocarenus is an unnecessary replacement name and hemiauricula deshayes, 1853 has priority .\nas this genus complex (and putative subfamily) is poorly discussed and figured in the literature, we present here a taxonomic revision of all fossil and recent species that have been included within it. based on conchological differences, we describe a new genus to accommodate the recent snails previously assigned to liocarenus, as well as a new recent species. finally, we consider whether this putative subfamily is a natural grouping within the acteonidae .\nstudy material, including type specimens, was obtained from 10 museums, university collections and private collections worldwide (of more than 60 contacted). material examined is listed in supplementary material. for those species where specimens could not be studied, original literature and illustrations were used to assess their validity and status. for detailed examination, samples were mounted on stubs and observed uncoated in an environmental scanning electron microscope at the smns and at the department of malacology of the ansp (phenon). measurements were made with the software imagej (rasband, 2012) .\nabbreviations used in the text are as follows: ansp, academy of natural sciences of drexel university (philadelphia, usa); beg, bureau of economic geology, university of texas (austin, usa); fs, frank swinnen, private collection (belgium); mnhm, muséum national d' histoire naturelle (paris, france); nhmw, naturhistorisches museum wien (vienna, austria); pri, paleontological research institution (ithaca, usa); rmnh, naturalis biodiversity centre (former rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie; leiden, the netherlands); smns, staatliches museum für naturkunde stuttgart (stuttgart, germany); sss - ifsm, stichting schepsel schelp, international fossil shell museum (utrecht, the netherlands); ucmp, university of california museum of paleontology (berkeley, usa). shell measurements: h, shell height parallel to coiling axis; d, greatest shell width perpendicular to h; h, aperture height (maximum length parallel to coiling axis); d, greatest width of aperture (maximum width perpendicular to coiling axis). the ratios d / h, h / h and d / h are used as measures of shell shape; spire height is defined as (h - h) .\nactaeon (bulimactaeon) cossmann, 1892: 72 (type species: actaeon bernayi cossmann, 1892, by original designation) .\ndiagnosis: shell ovate - conical (‘bulimoid’); spire profile slightly convex; sculptured by fine, widely - spaced spiral grooves. aperture ovate, peristome slightly thickened .\ndescription: shell ovate - conical (‘bulimoid’); imperforate; d / h 0. 48. teleoconch sculptured by fine, widely - spaced, spiral grooves (c. 13); each groove composed of small punctae. spire profile slightly convex; spire whorls convex; suture distinct. aperture ovate, relatively small; h / h 0. 53. peristome slightly thickened, especially on columellar and lower parietal regions .\nremarks: as material of this genus could not be found, the diagnosis and description are based on the descriptions and figures of the type species by cossmann (1892, 1895) and zilch (1959). bulimactaeon differs from hemiauricula, nucleopsis and other acteonids by its higher spire and smaller aperture, displaying, as its name implies, an overall shell profile reminiscent of the land snail genus bulimulus (bulimulidae). as such, the shell of b. bernayi closely resembles those of species of the acteonid genus crenilabium, but its shape is more broadly ovate, the spire less elongated, more convex and less turreted .\nthe teleoconch sculpture of the single included species, b. bernayi, consists of widely spaced fine spiral grooves (cossmann, 1895; zilch, 1959), with each groove appearing to be composed of small punctae (cossmann, 1892: pl. 3, fig. 10; reproduced in fig. 1 a). this is a common (and likely plesiomorphic, see above) pattern among recent acteonids, but not shown by either hemiauricula or nucleopsis (see below). based on these differences, we consider bulimactaeon to be a distinct genus from both hemiauricula and nucleopsis .\na. bulimactaeon bernayi, original illustration by cossmann (1892: pl. 3, fig. 10) (h = 7. 5 mm, according to cossmann, 1893). b, c. hemiauricula conovuliformis, original illustrations by deshayes (1824: pl. 6, figs 9, 10, respectively) (h not reported). d–h. hemiauricula edentula, syntype mnhn. f. a 52951 (h = 14. 8 mm), valognes? (see text). d. apertural view. e. lateral view. f. dorsal view. g. protoconch detail. h. teleoconch sculpture detail. i–q. hemiauricula edentula in apertural view, showing variation in shell shape. i. mnhn. f. a 52494 (h = 14. 3 mm), cauvigny [ lutetian ]. j. mnhn. f. a 52496 (h = 18. 0 mm), chaumont - en - vexin [ lutetian ]. k. mnhn. f. a 52499 specimen 1 (h = 18. 1 mm), les groux [ lutetian ]. l. mnhn. f. a 52499 specimen 2 (h = 16. 8 mm), les groux [ lutetian ]. m. mnhn. f. a 52492 specimen 1 (h = 15. 6 mm), cauvigny [ lutetian ]. n. mnhn. f. a 52495 specimen 1 (h = 19. 0 mm), villiers - saint - frédéric [ lutetian ]. o. mnhn. f. a 52498 (h = 13. 9 mm), thiverval - grignon [ lutetian ]. p. mnhn. f. a 52495 specimen 2 (h = 16. 4 mm), villiers - saint - frédéric [ lutetian ]. q. mnhn. f. a 52492 specimen 2 (h = 15. 2 mm), cauvigny [ lutetian ]. r. hemiauricula hilarionis, original illustration by de gregorio (1880: pl. 1, fig. 10) (h = 17 mm, according to de gregorio, 1880) .\nactaeon (bulimactaeon) bernayi cossmann, 1892: 73; pl. 3, fig. 10 (valmondois, val - d' oise, france; eocene [ bartonian ]; whereabouts of types unknown) .\nliocarenus (bulimactaeon) bernayi — cosssmann, 1895: 57. cossmann & pissarro, 1910–1913: fig. 235 - 2 .\nhemiauricula (bulimactaeon) bernayi — le renard & pacaud, 1995: 127. pacaud & le renard, 1995: 172 .\ndiagnosis and description: as for genus (see above). h = 7. 5 mm, d = 3. 5 mm (cossmann, 1893) .\nremarks: this species was originally described from a single specimen in bernay' s private collection. the whereabouts of this collection is unknown and we could not trace the specimen .\northostoma deshayes, 1842: 611 (type species: auricula conovuliformis deshayes, 1824 [ = h. edentula (férussac, 1821) ], by subsequent designation (cossmann, 1895); in part; not lacordaire, 1830: coleoptera) .\nfortisia bayan, 1870: 460 (not rondani, 1861: diptera). bayan, 1870: 476 .\nliocarenus harris & burrows, 1891: 113 (n. syn .). cossmann, 1892: 73. zilch, 1959: 11. akers & akers, 1997: 257 .\ndiagnosis: spire low conical; spire profile almost straight; spire whorls almost flat. teleoconch sculptured by numerous fine spiral striae. aperture tear - drop shaped, elongated; peristome greatly thickened; parietal callus strongly thickened and delimited .\ndescription: shell ovate - conical, imperforate. protoconch rounded, smooth. teleoconch sculptured by numerous fine spiral striae; subsutural thread well developed. spire low conical, profile almost straight; spire whorls almost flat - sided; suture distinct. last whorl rounded, sometimes with slight shoulder. aperture narrowly tear - drop shaped; peristome strongly thickened; parietal callus strongly thickened and delimited. up to 3 well - marked axial clefts on spire and last whorl, interpreted as varices (corresponding to thickening of peristome and subsequent growth) .\nremarks: in the original description of h. conovuliformis, deshayes (1824) placed this species in auricula lamarck, 1799 (= ellobium röding, 1798; ellobiidae) due to a fold on the columella. later deshayes concluded that this fold was caused by an accident in the handling of the fossil (deshayes, 1864) and, therefore, transferred it to the new genus orthostoma, which was a name preoccupied by a coleopteran insect genus. deshayes (1853) finally introduced the generic name hemiauricula in the caption of a plate (as h. conovuliformis), but nevertheless the name is considered valid (iczn, 1999: arts 12. 2. 5, 12. 2. 7). unaware of deshayes' s work, bayan (1870) erected the genus fortisia for h. conovuliformis and also included a new fossil species, h. hilarionis. however, fortisia was also preoccupied, which led harris & burrows (1891) to coin liocarenus as its replacement. liocarenus is therefore an unnecessary replacement for fortisia and an objective synonym of hemiauricula. some recent authors have used the name hemiauricula in this sense, but without discussing the rationale for this usage (e. g. le renard & pacaud, 1995; pacaud & le renard, 1995; pacaud, 2008) .\nlater, additional fossil species were added to liocarenus (e. g. cossmann, 1892; zilch, 1959; akers & akers, 1997) from north america (cylindrites formosus cragin, 1893, acteonina subvaricata conrad, 1860, acteon costellatus conrad, 1833 and acteon latus conrad, 1865a), from europe (b. bernayi) and from the near east (akera eliai shalem, 1928) .\nnot all of these species actually belong to the genus, as we discuss below. in addition, cossmann (1895) alluded to a ‘? liocarenus sp. ’ that could represent another species (see supplementary material). according to nordsieck (1972), tornatella globulina forbes, 1844 was the sole recent species deemed to belong to liocarenus. however, it actually represents a distinct genus (see below). finally, a single fossil species from france, h. edentula, remained largely ignored, but also belongs to hemiauricula, as discussed below .\nthe genera bulimactaeon and nucleopsis were initially considered subgenera of liocarenus (e. g. cossmann, 1895) and raised to full genus rank by zilch (1959); the latter position is adopted here .\nthe strong thickening of the peristome and apertural callus, together with the presence of varices, are noteworthy and suggest an episodic and determinate growth pattern (see discussion, below) .\nauricula edentula férussac, 1821: 104 (valognes (?), normandy, france; syntype mnhn. f. a52951 [ old no. mnhn im - 2000 - 50690; valognes; férussac coll. ], fig. 1 d–h, h = 14. 8 mm, d = 8. 7 mm) .\nauricula conovuliformis deshayes, 1824: 67; pl. 6, figs 9–11, 16 (fig. 1 b–c, herein) (parnes, oise, france; eocene (lutetian); whereabouts of types unknown) .\nhemiauricula conovuliformis — deshayes, 1853: 51; pl. 81, figs 15–16. le renard & pacaud, 1995: 127 .\nliocarenus conovuliformis — cossmann & pissarro, 1910–1913: fig. 235 - 1 (as conovulifornus). zilch, 1959: 11; fig. 26 .\nhemiauricula (hemiauricula) conovuliformis — pacaud & le renard, 1995: 172 .\ndiagnosis: spire low (h / h 0. 7–0. 8); spire profile straight to slightly convex. aperture elongate tear - drop shaped .\ndescription: h = 14. 0–19. 5 mm; d = 8. 0–12. 5 mm; d / h 0. 55–0. 70. shell ovate - conical, 8 whorls, imperforate. protoconch rounded, smooth; about 1 mm diameter and 3 whorls, but transition to teleoconch unclear. teleoconch sculptured by numerous fine spiral striae (interspaces 2–3 times width of grooves). suture distinct; subsutural thread well - marked. spire low conical, spire profile straight to slightly convex; spire whorls flattened. last whorl rounded, sometimes with slight shoulder. aperture elongate tear - drop shaped; h / h 0. 7–0. 8; peristome strongly thickened; parietal callus strongly thickened and delimited. up to 3 well - marked axial clefts on spire and last whorl (fig. 1 d, e, i, p), interpreted as varices .\ndistribution: france: aisne (saint - gobain), oise (cauvigny, chaumont - en - vexin, liancourt, mouchy - le - châtel, parnes, ully - st - georges, vaudancourt), normandy (valognes ?), yvelines (thiverval - grignon; villiers - saint - frédéric). age: eocene (ypresian? [ cuisian ], lutetian) .\nthe syntype of h. edentula (fig. 1 d–h) has a narrower shell with taller spire than deshayes’ (1824) figures of h. conovuliformis (fig. 1 b, c) and also a more narrowly elongated aperture. nevertheless, with a large series of specimens available, it can be seen that these forms represent extremes in a spectrum of shell shape (fig. 1 i–q). the family acteonidae is well known for such intraspecific variability (smriglio & mariottini, 1996; stilwell & zinsmeister, 2002; valdés, 2008). therefore, h. conovuliformis is treated here as a synonym of h. edentula .\nfortisia hilarionis bayan, 1870: 476 (croce grande, lombardy, italy; whereabouts of types unknown). de gregorio, 1880: 7; pl. 1, fig. 10 (fig. 1 r, herein) .\nmeasurements: h = 17 mm, d = 11 mm (de gregorio, 1880) .\ndistribution: italy: lombardy (croce grande), veneto (san giovanni ilarione). age: eocene .\nremarks: unfortunately, no material of this species was found. according to bayan (1870), h. hilarionis can be distinguished from h. edentula by a more elongated shell, lack of sculpture and a narrower and more elongated aperture. this is consistent with the only figure of the species (de gregorio, 1880; fig. 1 r). the lack of sculpture reported by bayan (1870) is likely due to poor preservation. although de gregorio (1880) apparently had access to better preserved material, he did not comment on the presence or absence of sculpture .\njudging by the figure given by de gregorio (1880), h. hilarionis has a more cylindrical and shouldered outline, a taller and slightly concave spire, and a narrower and more crescentic aperture than h. edentula. the sharply curved anterior part of the aperture of h. hilarionis is probably its main diagnostic feature. nevertheless, all these features can be observed, but to a lesser degree, in specimens of h. edentula (cf. fig. 1 p). furthermore, the same kind of morphological variation is seen in n. subvaricatus (see below). therefore, it is possible that h. hilarionis is a synonym of h. edentula, but this can only be addressed when more material becomes available .\nactaeon (nucleopsis) conrad, 1865b: 34 (type species: a. subvaricata conrad, 1860, by subsequent designation, cossmann, 1895) .\ndiagnosis: shell ovate - conical. teleoconch sculptured by coarse spiral threads. spire profile slightly concave. peristome slightly thickened. varices present .\ndescription: shell ovate - conical, c. 7 whorls, imperforate; d / h 0. 62–0. 64. protoconch rounded, smooth, of about 3 whorls and 1 mm diameter; transition to teleoconch clear. teleoconch sculptured by numerous (30–35) coarse spiral threads; distance between threads about 0. 5–1. 0 width of thread, but greater near suture; weak spiral striae present between threads; spiral threads with slight granules where they intersect with axial growth lines. suture distinct. spire with slightly concave profile; spire whorls almost flat - sided. last whorl rounded or slightly shouldered. aperture elongate tear - drop shaped; h / h 0. 60–0. 63. peristome slightly thickened, with a swollen rib - like thickening externally. parietal callus slightly thickened, narrow, well delimited. up to 3 weak axial thickenings on spire and last whorl (fig. 2 c, h), interpreted as varices (corresponding to rib terminating final whorl) .\nnucleopsis subvaricatus. a–d. lectotype ansp 30692 (h = 10. 8 mm). a. apertural view. b. lateral view. c. dorsal view. d. apical view. e. teleoconch sculpture detail. f. paralectotype 1 ansp 30693 (h = 11. 6 mm), apertural view. g. paralectotype 2 ansp 30693 (h = 10. 3 mm), apertural view. h. pri 3374 (h = 9. 1 mm), apertural view .\nremarks: conrad (1865b) did not provide a description for nucleopsis, merely listing it as a subgenus of acteon. the other two species included in nucleopsis by conrad (1865b) also originate from the eocene of alabama, usa: a. costellatus conrad, 1833 and a. latus conrad, 1865a. they were poorly described, not figured and never reported again, thus being considered doubtful by later researchers (cossmann, 1895; palmer, 1937; gardner, 1945). conrad' s types are housed at the ansp, but the type of a. costellatus could not be located (it was considered lost by palmer, 1937); it is considered here as a species inquirenda. the species a. latus actually belongs to ringicula (see supplementary material) .\ngardner (1945) provided a good description of nucleopsis, distinguishing it from other acteonids mainly by its well - marked spiral sculpture. later, zilch (1959) made the distinction between nucleopsis, hemiauricula and the remaining acteonids on the same grounds. in addition, nucleopsis can be distinguished from hemiauricula by the smaller size of the shell and a slightly concave spire profile. however, both show varices and apertural thickening, indicating episodic and determinate growth (see discussion, below) .\nacteonina subvaricata conrad, 1860: 294; pl. 47, fig. 22 (claiborne, alabama, usa; lectotype ansp 30692 [ designated by palmer, 1937 ], fig. 2 a–e, h = 10. 8 mm, d = 6. 7 mm; 2 paralectotypes ansp 30693, fig. 2 f–g) .\ntornatella (nucleopsis) subvaricatus — tryon, 1883: 356; pl. 88, fig. 49 (as subdivaricatus) .\nacteon (nucleopsis) subvaricatus — de gregorio, 1890: 166; pl. 16, fig. 37 (reproduction of conrad, 1860: pl. 47, fig. 22) .\nnucleopsis subvaricatus —conrad, 1893: 48; pl. 1, fig. 6. zilch, 1959: 11; fig. 27. palmer, 1937: 502; pl. 74, figs 23, 24, 26; pl. 90, fig. 18. brann & kent, 1960: 602 .\nnucleopsis subvaricatus — palmer & brann, 1965: 801 (as subvaricata) .\ndiagnosis and description: as for genus (see above). measurements: h = 9. 0–11. 0 mm; d = 6. 0–8. 0 mm .\ndistribution: usa: alabama (monroe county), mississippi (clarke county, wautubbee). mexico: nuevo león (el zacate). age: eocene (bartonian–priabonian) .\nremarks: some specimens show a broader and less rounded shell with a more angled shoulder, which accentuates the conical aspect of the spire, and with the palatal region of the peristome nearly parallel to the coiling axis (including paralectotype 2; fig. 2 g). this is considered to fall within normal intraspecific morphological variation in this family (smriglio & mariottini, 1996; stilwell & zinsmeister, 2002; valdés, 2008) .\ngardner (1945) reported a specimen of nucleopsis sp. from the priabonian (upper jackson formation) of mexico. we have examined this specimen, a juvenile (10 mm, without apertural thickening), and consider it consistent with n. subvaricatus .\nliocarenus — nordsieck, 1972: 9. fasulo, izzillo & perna, 1982: 9. sabelli, giannuzzi - savelli & bedulli, 1990: 52. sabelli, giannuzzi - savelli & bedulli, 1992: 422. segers, swinnen & prins, 2009: 248. hernández, rolán & swinnen, 2011: 270. millard, 2011: 632. (all in part. )\nzoobank registration: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 12e3f740 - 4650 - 4765 - 8b3b - 835310b32fc1\netymology: named after the deep - sea city rapture, from the science - fiction video game series bioshock. gender: feminine .\ndiagnosis: spire low, spire whorls rounded, slightly stepped profile. shell thick. teleoconch sculptured by spiral grooves, each composed of rounded punctae; the two subsutural grooves more closely spaced, composed of punctae of different shape from those of remaining spiral grooves. aperture rounded - trapezoid. columellar region thickened, bearing a weak fold. anal canal narrow, shallow; siphonal canal region rounded. slight tooth - like axial thickening on palatal region of aperture .\nremarks: rapturella is characterized by a slightly stepped spire, a much smaller size and fewer whorls in comparison with bulimactaeon, hemiauricula and nucleopsis. rapturella also differs from hemiauricula and nucleopsis in teleoconch sculpture. rapturella resembles all recent acteonid genera (except ovulactaeon dall, 1889) in having punctate spiral grooves, but it is diagnosable by its combination of thick shell, trapezoid aperture, thickened peristome, only a weak fold on the columellar region and by the unique weak tooth - like thickening on the palatal region (fig. 4 a, d) .\nrapturella resembles bathyacteon valdés, 2008 in its minute size (< 5 mm), well - spaced spiral grooves, well delimited parietal callus and its columellar region, but differs by its stepped spire, having spiral grooves covering the entire teleoconch (the posterior quarter of each whorl lacks spiral grooves in bathyacteon), rounded shape of the punctae forming the spiral grooves (bathyacteon has oval ones) and presence of a columellar fold and palatal tooth - like thickening .\nincluded in this new genus are r. globulina from the eastern atlantic and mediterranean, and r. ryani n. sp. from florida keys .\ntornatella globulina forbes, 1844: 191 (serpho [ seriphos, cyclades ], greece; type material unknown) .\nacteon globulinus — parenzan, 1970: 216 (as actaeon). galindo, 1977: 4 .\nliocarenus (?) globulinus — nordsieck, 1972: 10; pl. 1, fig. 10 .\nliocarenus globulinus — fasulo et al. , 1982: 9; figs 9, 10. cecalupo & giusti, 1986: 295; fig. 5. sabelli et al. , 1990: 228. ardovini & cossignani, 1999: 80; textfig. koutsoubas & koukouras, 1993: 193. smriglio & mariottini, 1996: 187; fig. 12a, b. bouchet, le renard & gofas, 2001: 198. beck, metzger & freiwald, 2006: 25. segers et al. , 2009: 249 [ not pl. 54, fig. 8 ]. coll et al. , 2010: 219. cossignani & ardovini, 2011: 368; textfig. hernández et al. , 2011: 270; fig. 92k, l. manousis, 2012: 202; textfig .\nactaeon pusillus — jeffreys, 1870: 84 (in part; not forbes, 1844) .\ndiagnosis: d / h 0. 60–0. 65. last whorl with 16 spiral grooves. pair of subsutural spiral grooves composed of rounded - quadrangular, closely spaced punctae. aperture relatively narrow; d / h < 0. 6; h / h 0. 55–0. 6. shell imperforate .\ndescription: h 2. 8–3. 5 mm; d 1. 9–2. 2 mm. shell oval, thick, last whorl with rounded profile, imperforate; d / h 0. 60–0. 65; spire short, spire whorls rounded, suture distinct, profile slightly step - like. colour white, glossy. protoconch of 1 whorl, 0. 45 mm diameter, smooth, clearly separated from teleoconch. teleoconch sculptured by regularly spaced, narrow spiral grooves (16 on last whorl; fig. 3 b, d), separated by up to 10 times groove width (0. 12–0. 18 mm), becoming closer towards umbilicus. grooves composed of small (0. 02 mm) round punctae, spaced about half their diameter apart. the two more closely spaced subsutural grooves are different from the rest, composed of rounded - quadrangular punctae, closer together (fig. 4 b, c). aperture anteriorly rounded, narrowed posteriorly, h / h 0. 55–0. 60; anal canal narrow, shallow, 1 / 6 h; parietal region 3 / 5 h, with thin, well delimited callus; columellar region broad, slightly expanded, with sharp edge, bearing a weak fold; palatal region with weak tooth - like axial thickening (fig. 4 a); outer lip sharp, thickened externally .\na, b. rapturella globulina, cape verde, rmnh. mol. 30520 (h = 3. 4 mm), apertural view. c–e. r. globulina, madeira (fs unnumbered; h = 2. 8 mm). c, d. apertural view. e. protoconch and teleoconch sculpture detail. f–k. rapturella ryani n. sp. , holotype, ansp 312562 (h = 3. 4 mm), lower florida keys, usa. f. teleoconch sculpture detail. g, h. apertual view. i. dorsal view. j. protoconch detail, apical view. k. detail of teleoconch sculpture, showing rounded punctae. scale bars: j = 200 µm; k = 50 μm .\na–c. rapturella globulina, cape verde (rmnh. mol. 30520). a. detail of tooth - like axial thickening (pt) on palatal region of aperture, delimiting anal canal. b. detail of penultimate whorl showing pair of subsutural spiral grooves (bg) and adjacent ‘normal’ spiral grooves (sg). c. greater magnification of quadrangular - rounded punctae of subsutural grooves. d–f. rapturella ryani n. sp. , holotype (ansp 312562). d. detail of weak columellar fold (cf). e. detail of penultimate whorl showing pair of subsutural spiral grooves (bg) and the ‘normal’ spiral grooves (sg). f. greater magnification of elongated oval shape of punctae of subsutural grooves. scale bars = 200 µm .\ndistribution: eastern atlantic (portugal, azores, madeira, canary islands, cape verde) and mediterranean (france to aegean sea) (nordsieck, 1972; fasulo et al. , 1982; smriglio & mariottini, 1996; segers et al. , 2009). the records of the species from the coast of israel (avnimelech & boskovitz, 1955; barash & danin, 1971; barash & danin, 1992) seem to belong to japonactaeon pusillus (forbes, 1844) (h. k. mienis, personal communication) .\nhabitat: from 150–1850 m deep (fasulo et al. , 1982), but all records are of empty shells .\nremarks: despite lacking type material and original figure, the description of forbes (1844) has been sufficient to identify this species, mainly by the shell size, colour, number of whorls, short spire, aperture shape and thick columellar region. these characters are adequate, especially in the context of the other acteonids described by forbes. further descriptions by jeffreys (1870) and fasulo et al. (1982) have helped to establish the species identity .\njeffreys (1870) stated that r. globulina was a juvenile of japonacteon pusillus, but then considered it valid since it is easily diagnosed by its more compact and less turreted shell, aperture shape and teleoconch sculpture (fasulo et al. , 1982) .\nthe shell of this species is remarkably constant throughout its distribution, although we could not examine material from the mediterranean (data on specimens from this region comes from literature). unfortunately, previous works did not report the number of spiral grooves or the shape of the subsutural punctae, which might be of taxonomic value .\ntype material: holotype ansp 312562 (h = 3. 4 mm, d = 2. 3 mm, h = 2. 0 mm, d = 1. 1 mm); off alligator reef light, 183 m depth; lower florida keys, florida, usa .\nzoobank registration: lsid: zoobank. org: act: de5af848 - 821c - 444a - b2c8 - 7d4059a85eed\netymology: in honour of andrew ryan, the founder of the deep - sea city rapture, from the science - fiction video game series bioshock .\ndiagnosis: d / h 0. 68. last whorl with 20 spiral grooves. pair of subsutural spiral grooves composed of elongated oval punctae. aperture relatively broad. umbilicus narrow, slit - like .\ndescription: shell oval, thick, last whorl with rounded profile; d / h 0. 68; spire short, spire whorls rounded, suture distinct, profile slightly step - like. colour white, glossy. protoconch of 1 whorl, 0. 48 mm diameter, smooth, clearly separated from teleoconch. teleoconch sculptured by regularly spaced, narrow spiral grooves (20 on last whorl; fig. 3 h), separated by up to 10 times groove width (0. 12–0. 18 mm), becoming closer towards umbilicus. grooves composed of small (0. 02 mm) round to slightly oval punctae, spaced about half their diameter apart. the two more closely spaced subsutural grooves are different from the rest, composed of elongated oval punctae, closer together (fig. 4 e, f). aperture anteriorly rounded, narrowed posteriorly, h / h 0. 59; anal canal narrow, shallow, 1 / 6 h; parietal region 3 / 5 h, with thin, well delimited callus; columellar region broad, slightly expanded, with sharp edge, bearing a weak fold; palatal region with weak tooth - like axial thickening (fig. 4 a); outer lip sharp, thickened externally. umbilicus narrow, slit - like .\nremarks: rapturella ryani n. sp. differs from r. globulina in having a slightly rounder shell, a narrow slit - like umbilicus and a larger number of spiral grooves (20) on the last whorl. it also differs in the morphology of the punctae of the pair of subsutural spiral grooves: elongated oval in r. ryani (fig. 4 e, f) and rounded - quadrangular in r. globulina (fig. 4 b, c). despite being known only from the holotype, the description of this new species is justified not only by its distinct conchological characters, but also by its locality, which falls well outside the known distribution of its eastern atlantic and mediterranean congener. it should also be taken into account that cephalaspids previously considered of amphi - atlantic distribution are now generally not regarded as conspecific (e. g. malaquias & reid, 2008) .\nabout 30 species of acteonidae have been recorded in the western atlantic (marcus, 1974, 1977; rosenberg, 2009; cunha, 2011, zelaya, schejter, & ituarte, 2011), 17 of which occur in the north atlantic. rapturella ryani is clearly diagnosable from nearly all of them by its greatly thickened columellar region, bearing a weak fold and the tooth - like axial thickening on the palatal region. it most resembles a. melampoides, mainly by its trapezoid aperture and weak columellar fold, but differs by having a higher spire (h / h 0. 59 in r. ryani and 0. 65 in a. melampoides), a thicker shell and a more conspicuous columellar fold. despite this close resemblance, examination of the holotype of a. melampoides (usnm 358205) has shown that it lacks the diagnostic features of rapturella: the distinct subsutural grooves and the palatal tooth - like axial thickening .\nrapturella ryani differs from the following species by having a shorter spire and by the tooth - like axial thickening on the palatal region of the aperture: a. danaida dall, 1881, a. incisus dall, 1881, a. perforatus dall, 1881, a. delicatus dall, 1889, a. juvenis dall, 1927, a. lacunatus dall, 1927, a. parallelus dall, 1927, a. finlayi mcginty, 1955, crenilabium exile (jeffreys, 1870) and mysouffa turrita (watson, 1883). finally, r. ryani differs from the following species by having spiral lines distributed over the entire teleoconch: a. splendidulus mörch, 1875, a. exiguus mörch, 1875, a. particolor dall, 1927, a. semicingulatus dall, 1927, a. candens rehder, 1939 and j. punctostriatus (c. b. adams, 1840) .\nthe following species have all historically been classified in liocarenus (= hemiauricula) or nucleopsis, but are here excluded from acteonidae. akera eliai shalem, 1928, from the cretaceous (cenomanian) of jerusalem, is transferred to the genus hamlinia (cylindrobullinidae). cylindrites formosus cragin, 1893, from the cretaceous (aptian–albian) of texas, usa, is reassigned to globiconcha (cylindrobullinidae). nucleopsis latus conrad, 1865, from the early eocene of alabama, usa, is transferred to ringicula (ringiculidae). a more thorough taxonomic treatment of these taxa can be found in the supplementary material .\nthe subfamily liocareninae was established by zilch (1959) to house the three genera hemiauricula (then liocarenus), nucleopsis and bulimactaeon. as shown above, these genera (especially bulimactaeon) are quite different from each other regarding shell morphology and teleoconch sculpture: species of hemiauricula present numerous spiral striae, n. subvaricatus has coarse spiral threads and b. bernayi has finely punctuated spiral grooves. as such, their classification in a single subfamily does not appear to be well supported, since there is no possible synapomorphic conchological feature to unite this group .\na phylogenetic relationship between hemiauricula and nucleopsis could also be indicated by another conchological character: the presence of varices, not found elsewhere in acteonoidea. varices are evidence of periodic halts during growth, when a thickened lip develops (leal, 2002), i. e. growth is episodic (and often determinate). varices are well known in caenogastropoda (e. g. beu, 1980; houart, 1994; andrade, costa & pimenta, 2011) and so could be considered a plesiomorphic character within heterobranchia (and hence, acteonoidea). nevertheless, varices are not unknown elsewhere in heterobranchia, being present in some ellobiidae (e. g. ellobium, glibert, 1962; pythia, martins, 1995). varices could alternatively be a derived character in acteonidae and thus interpreted as a synapomorphy of hemiauricula and nucleopsis .\ntaken together, the absence of punctate sculpture and presence of varices (both possible synapomorphies) in hemiauricula and nucleopsis lead us to propose the restriction of the subfamily liocareninae to these two genera. more rigorous testing of this hypothesis must await further resolution of the phylogeny of recent acteonoids and its integration with the fossil record of the group .\ntaxonomy of gastropods of the families ranellidae (= cymatiidae) and bursidae. part 2. descriptions of 14 new modern indo - west pacific species and subspecies, with revisions of related taxa\nacteon montfort, 1810. world register of marine species. available at urltoken [ accessed 19 march 2015 ]\nfauna di s. giovanni ilarione (parisiano) monografia. parte i: cefalopodi e gasteropodi\nmonographie de la faune éocénique de l' alabama et surtout de celle de claiborne de l’étage parisien (horizon à venericardia planicosta lamk. )\ntraité élémentaire de conchyliologie: avec les applications de cette science a la géologie. explication des planches\nmesozoic gastropods from siberia and timan (russia). part 2: neogastropoda and heterobranchia\nthe living marine resources of the western central atlantic. vol. 1: introduction, molluscs, crustaceans, hagfishes, sharks, batoid fishes, and chimaeras" ]

{ "text": [ "nystiellidae is a family of small sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks within the superfamily epitonioidea which includes the wentletraps , the purple snails and their allies .", "this family was previously considered as a subfamily of epitoniidae .", "it was raised to family status by nützel in 1998" ], "topic": [ 2, 29, 17 ] }

[ "nystiellidae is a family of small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the superfamily epitonioidea which includes the wentletraps, the purple snails and their allies. this family was previously considered as a subfamily of epitoniidae. it was raised to family status by nützel in 1998" ]

[ "information on the rough sculpin is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - rough sculpin camouflaged\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - rough sculpin camouflaged\ntitle =\narkive photo - rough sculpin camouflaged\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - rough sculpin (cottus asperrimus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - rough sculpin (cottus asperrimus )\ntitle =\narkive species - rough sculpin (cottus asperrimus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\npast management of streams for trout fishing was detrimental due to introduction of predatory brown trout and poisoning to eradicate nongame fish (moyle 2002). today, management of fall river and hat creek for wild trout fisheries appears to favour sculpins (moyle 2002). hydroelectric development of the fall and pit rivers has destroyed or degraded some habitat, whereas a series of reservoirs seems to have been colonized by rough sculpins, extending the range downstream by about 22 km (moyle 2002). logging, grazing, and fires have led to increased sedimentation into the fall river, but these threats are being addressed by private landowners and public agencies. increase in wild rice cultivation has resulted in warm, polluted water entering the fall river (moyle 2002). its future currently seems reasonably secure (moyle 2002). however, moyle et al. (2011) put this species in a status category that he regarded as roughly equivalent to iucn' s near threatened category .\nnorth america: occurs only in pit river system in shasta and lassen counties in california, usa .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 9. 6 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 5723); common length: 5. 5 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 12193); max. reported age: 5 years (ref. 6083 )\noccurs in vegetated runs and riffles of creeks and small to medium rivers, usually over mud in clear, fairly deep water (1 - 2 m) .\npage, l. m. and b. m. burr, 1991. a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico. houghton mifflin company, boston. 432 p. (ref. 5723 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 2 ±0. 5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (k = 0. 18; tmax = 5) .\nprior r = 0. 84, 2 sd range = 0. 48 - 1. 47, log (r) = - 0. 17, sd log (r) = 0. 28, based on: 1 m, 1 k, 1 tmax, records\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): moderate vulnerability (39 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: listed as near threatened because the species meets some of the criteria for endangered or vulnerable; extent of occurrence is very small (less than 5, 000 sq km), area of occupancy is small (less than 500 sq km), and abundance may be declining, but the distribution is not severely fragmented, population size likely exceeds 10, 000, and the species occurs in more than 10 locations. however, the distribution is limited and threats to habitat remain, so the species could qualify for a threatened category in a relatively short period of time should threats from fire - caused sedimentation or pollution from rice cultivation continue or increase .\nthis species is represented by several occurrences (subpopulations) in a small range. sixteen occupied areas were found when the range was thoroughly surveyed by moyle and daniels (1982). total adult population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 10, 000. this species is abundant in its small range (page and burr 2011). populations appeared to be stable as of 1990 (california department of fish and game 1990). moyle (2002) stated that the future of this species seems reasonably secure with continued protection .\nhabitat includes vegetated runs and riffles of (often spring - fed) creeks and small to medium rivers, usually over gravel or sand in cool, clear, fairly deep (up to 1 - 2 meters) water (lee et al. 1980, moyle 2002, page and burr 2011) .\nbiology and distribution are well studied. populations should be surveyed every 5 - 10 years. waterways and water quality should be protected in hat creek and fall river .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nclassified as vulnerable (vu) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50, 000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the u. s and canada. natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis (the integrated taxonomic information system) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u. s. fish and wildlife service' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 1 / / en\nurltoken\ndata basin is a science - based mapping and analysis platform that supports learning, research, and sustainable environmental stewardship. more about data basin…\nyour workspace is your dashboard for accessing and managing your content, bookmarks, and groups, as well as viewing messages and seeing your recently viewed content .\nall layer options: layers in this dataset are based on combinations of the following options. you may choose from these options to select a specific layer on the map page .\nclick here to see the full fgdc xml file that was created in data basin for this layer .\nclick here to see the full xml file that was originally uploaded with this layer .\nw. native fishes committee chair with w. div. am. fisheries soc .\nyou have javascript disabled. data basin depends on javascript to do it' s job. to continue using data basin, use your browser tools to enable javascript and then refresh this page .\nthe source of this coverage data set is the fish biodiversity maps created for the nature conservancy (tnc) as part of their hexagon project. professor peter moyle and his graduate student, paul randall, of the department of wildlife and fisheries conservation biology at the university of california, davis were hired to produce range maps for all known fish species that presently occur in california. each coverage denotes a separate fish species (refer to the species coverage key below). the polygons are estimated to be accurate at a scale of roughly 1: 1, 000, 000. other california fish species distributions can be found in a gallery at: urltoken\nthe conservation biology institute (cbi) provides scientific expertise to support the conservation and recovery of biological diversity in its natural state through applied research, education, planning, and community service .\nm. a. clynne, w. d. page and t. l. sawyer provided valuable insight to the tectonic setting, particularly with regards to the age of the basalt flows that immediately predate the formation of pit river falls. m. l. davisson provide information regarding the origin of spring water in the region. the findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the us fish and wildlife service .\narbogast bs, edwards sv, wakeley j, beerli p, slowinski jb (2002) estimating divergence times from molecular data on phylogenetic and population genetic timescales. annu rev ecol syst 33: 707–740\nar technique. in: page wd (ed) quaternary geology along the boundary between the modoc plateau, southern cascade mountains, and northern sierra nevada, friends of the pleistocene—1995 pacific cell field trip. appendix 1–5, pg & e, san francisco, p 9\nbaumsteiger j, kinziger ap, aguilar a (2012) life history and biogeographic diversification of an endemic western north american freshwater fish clade using a comparative species tree approach. mol phylog evol 65: 940–952\nbermingham e, mccafferty ss, martin ap (1997) fish biogeography and molecular clocks: perspectives from the panamanian isthmus. in: kocher td, stepien ca (eds) molecular systematics of fishes. academic press, san diego, pp 113–128\nblakeslee mw, kattenhorn sa (2013) revised earthquake hazard of the hat creek fault, northern california: a case example of a normal fault dissecting variable - age basaltic lavas. geosphere 9: 1–13\n) from the pit river drainage, california. envir biol fish 26: 223–236\ncalifornia department of fish and wildlife, natural diversity database (2015) special animals list. periodic publication, p 51\ncalsbeek r, thompson jn, richardson je (2003) patterns of molecular evolution and diversification in a biodiversity hotspot: the california floristic province. mol ecol 12: 1021–1029\ncavalli - sforza ll, edwards awf (1967) phylogenetic analysis: models and estimation procedures. am j human genet 19: 233–257\nclement m, posada d, crandall k (2000) tcs: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies. mol ecol 9: 1657–1660\ncrandall ka, binindaemonds orp, mace gm, wayne rk (2000) considering evolutionary process in conservation biology. trends ecol evol 15: 290–295\nrutter, in california. cdfg inland fish end sp prog spec pub 82 (1): 20\ndarriba d, taboada gl, doallo r, posada d (2012) jmodeltest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. nat methods 9 (8): 772\ndavis eb, koo ms, conroy c, patten jl, moritz c (2008) the california hotspots project: identifying regions of rapid diversification in mammals. mol ecol 17: 120–138\ndupras d (1999) plio - pleistocene fossil trees found in ancestral lake britton diatomite deposits. calif geol 4: 15–19\nearl da, vonholdt bm (2012) structure harvester: a website and program for visualizing structure output and implementing the evanno method. conserv genet res 4: 359–361\n( pisces: teleostei: cottidae) suggests a pre - pleistocene origin of the major european populations. mol ecol 9: 709–722\nevanno g, regnaut s, goudet j (2005) detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software structure: a simulation study. mol ecol 14: 2611–2620\nexcoffier l, lischer hel (2010) arlequin suite ver 3. 5: a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under linux and windows. mol ecol res 10: 564–567\nfalush d, stephens m, pritchard jk (2003) inference of population structure: extensions to linked loci and correlated allele frequencies. genetics 164: 1567–1587\nfelsenstein j (1993) phylip (phylogeny inference package), version 3. 68. university of washington, seattle\ngoudet j (1995) fstat version 2. 9. 3. 2: a computer program to calculate f - 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san joaquin drainage system, univ. calif publ zool 115: 1–256\nmoyle pb, katz jve, quinones rm (2011) rapid decline of california’s native inland fishes: a status assessment. biol conserv 144: 2414–2423\nmueller rl (2006) evolutionary rates, divergence dates, and the performance of mitochondrial genes in bayesian phylogenetic analysis. syst biol 55: 289–300\nmuffler ljp, clynne ma, champion de (1994) late quaternary normal faulting of the hat creek basalt, northern california. geol soc am bull 106: 195–200\nmyers n, mittermeier ra, mittermeier cg, da fonseca gab, kent j (2000) biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. nature 403: 853–858\npage wd, renne pr (1994) 40 ar / 39 ar dating of quaternary basalt, western modoc plateau, northeastern california: implications to tectonics. in: lanphere ma, dalrymple gb, turrin bd (ed) abstracts of the eighth international conference on geochronology, cosmochronology, and isotope geology, p 240\npritchard jk, stephens m, donnelly p (2000) inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. genetics 155: 945–959\nr development core team (2013) r: a language and environment for statistical computing. r foundation for statistical computing, vienna, austria. isbn 3 - 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{ "text": [ "the rough sculpin ( cottus asperrimus ) is a species of fish in the cottidae family .", "it is endemic to the united states .", "its habitat includes spring-fed tributaries of the pit river system in northeastern shasta county , california , including the fall river and its major tributary , the tule river .", "it reaches a maximum length of 8.4 cm . " ], "topic": [ 29, 0, 13, 0 ] }

[ "the rough sculpin (cottus asperrimus) is a species of fish in the cottidae family. it is endemic to the united states. its habitat includes spring-fed tributaries of the pit river system in northeastern shasta county, california, including the fall river and its major tributary, the tule river. it reaches a maximum length of 8.4 cm." ]