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[ "this is the place for euchorda definition. you find here euchorda meaning, synonyms of euchorda and images for euchorda copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word euchorda. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word euchorda and, of course, euchorda synonyms and on the right images related to the word euchorda .\nchelaria euchorda meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 31; tl: brazil, para, parintins\nhypatima antsianakella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 209\nhypatima issikiana; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima manjakatompo viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 211\nhypatima perinetella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 210\nhypatima venefica; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhave a fact about hypatima ovata? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for hypatima ovata? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about hypatima fuscella? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for hypatima fuscella? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about hypatima rhomboidella? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for hypatima rhomboidella? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhypatima anguinea; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37\nhypatima antiastis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima apparitrix; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima aridella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima caryodora; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima cirrhospila; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima corynetis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima ericta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima indica; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima instaurata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima isopogon; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima isoptila; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima isotricha; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima lactifera; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima melanocharis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima nodifera; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima orthomochla; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima parichniota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima particulata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima phacelota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima pilosella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima rhicnota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima silvestris; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima syncrypta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima tephroptila; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima tonsa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima verticosa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima xerophanta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima xylotechna; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima acicula park & ponomarenko, 1999; species diversity 4: 326; tl: s. thailand, khaoyai\nhypatima stenosa park & ponomarenko, 1999; species diversity 4: 331; tl: s. thailand, khaoyai\nhypatima mangiferae satter, 1989; bull. ent. res. 79 (3): 412; tl: kenya\nhypatima disetosella park, 1995; tropical lepid. 6 (1): 75; tl: nantou co. , taiwan\nhypatima issikiana park, 1995; tropical lepid. 6 (1): 77; tl: pingtung co. , taiwan\nhypatima nigro - grisea [ = nigrogrisea ] janse, 1949; moths s. afr. 5 (1): 47\nchelariinae crasimorpha meyrick, 1923 infuscate hodges, 1963 peragrata meyrick, 1923 prostomeus busck, 1903 brunneus busck, 1903 hypatima hübner, [ 1825 ] chelaria haworth, 1828 hypatina stephens, 1835, missp. allocota meyrick, 1904 cynestomorpha meyrick, 1904 deuteroptila meyrick, 1904 semodictis meyrick, 1909 allocotaniana strand, 1913 episacta turner, 1919 cellaria neave, 1939, missp. cheleria lhomme, [ 1948 ], missp. euchorda (meyrick, 1923) (chelaria) hora (busck, 1914) (psoricoptera )\nhypatima rhomboidella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40; [ fe ]\nhypatima spathota; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima excellentella ponomarenko, 1991; ent. obozr. 70 (3): 617; tl: barabash - levada, primorskii krai\nhypatima venefica ponomarenko, 1991; ent. obozr. 70 (3): 616; tl: barbash - levada, primorskii krai\nhypatima disetosella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 47; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima pentagonia park & ponomarenko, 1999; species diversity 4: 325; tl: nw. thailand, chiang mai, doi suthep - pui np, 1380m\nhypatima arignota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38; park & ponomarenko, 1999, species diversity 4: 330\nhypatima haligramma; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39; park & ponomarenko, 1999, species diversity 4: 332\nhypatima iophana; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 29; park & ponomarenko, 1999, species diversity 4: 322\nhypatima teramotoi ueda, 2012; trans. lepid. soc. japan 62 (2): 81; tl: japan, honshu, osaka pref. , sakai city\nhypatima acris park, 1995; tropical lepid. 6 (1): 83; tl: taiwan, tainan co. , 2 - 3km s kwantzuling, ca. 350m\nhypatima excellentella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38; bae, lee & park, 2014, ent. res. 44: 19 (list )\nhypatima (chelariini); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ fe ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 182; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 166; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 189; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 192; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 249; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 167; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 198; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\nchelaria agriogramma meyrick, 1926; sarawak mus. j. 3: 153; tl: mt murud, 4500ft\nchelaria albo - grisea [ = albogrisea ] walsingham, 1881; trans. ent. soc. 1881 (2): 264, pl. 12, f. 34; tl: spring vale\nchelaria ammonura meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 430; tl: queensland, brisbane\nchelaria anguinea meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 161; tl: khasi hills, assam\nanthotypa (meyrick, 1939) (chelaria); trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 89 (4): 54\nchelaria antiastis meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 514; tl: andamans, port blair\nchelaria apparitrix meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 164; tl: java, preanger, 5000ft\nchelaria aridella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 639; tl: sarawak, borneo\nartochroma diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 20\nchelaria attenuata meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 300; tl: new south wales, sydney\nchelaria baliodes lower, 1920; trans. proc. r. soc. s. aust. 44: 66; tl: warra, s. queensland\nchelaria binummulata meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 513; tl: natal, weenen\nchelaria brachyrrhiza meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 431; tl: fiji, lautoka\nchelaria caryodora meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 164; tl: khasi hills, assam\nchelaria cirrhospila meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 302; tl: khasi hills, assam\nchelaria corynetis meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 162; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\ncryptopluta diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 21\nnothris cyrtopleura turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 165; tl: n. australia, port darwin; n. queensland, kuranda\nchelaria demonstrata meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 303; tl: new guinea, kei is .\nchelaria dermatica meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 432; tl: queensland, brisbane\ntaiwan, thailand, philippines, ceylon, andaman is. , borneo, sulawesi, queensland. see [ maps ]\ntituacea [ sic ] deviella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 43\nchelaria discissa meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 581; tl: queensland, cairns\ndisposita (meyrick, 1931) (chelaria); exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 71\nnothris dissidens meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 301; tl: waterval onder\nephippias (meyrick, 1937) (chelaria); exotic microlep. 5 (3): 95\nchelaria ericta meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 162; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\ncymatomorpha euplecta meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 412; tl: brisbane, queensland; sydney, new south wales; gisborne, victoria; quorn, south australia\nlarva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nchelaria formidolosa meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 581; tl: natal, pinetown\nchelaria haligramma meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (12): 382; tl: anakapalli, s. india\nlarva on anacardium occidentale ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nchelaria harpophora meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 431; tl: queensland, brisbane\npsoricoptera hora busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 14; tl: alhajuela, panama\nchelaria improba meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 297; tl: barberton\ngelechia indica swinhoe, 1885; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1885: 884; tl: bombay, india\nchelaria instaurata meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 165; tl: java, preangor, 5000ft\nchelaria iophana meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 162; tl: ceylon\nchelaria isopogon meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 513; tl: belke, kanara, india\nchelaria isoptila meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 163; tl: kandy, ceylon\nchelaria isotricha meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 164; tl: java, preangor, 5000ft\nchelaria lactifera meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 161; tl: khasi hills, assam\nchelaria lecticata meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 282; tl: transvaal, pilgrims rest\nchelaria loxosaris meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 21; tl: natal, umkomaas\nchelaria mancipata meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 297; tl: three sisters\nchelaria melanecta meyrick, 1914; ann. s. afr. mus. 10 (8): 246; tl: transvaal, johannesburg\nchelaria melanocharis meyrick, 1934; exotic microlep. 4 (16 - 17): 511; tl: telawa, java\nchelaria meliptila meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 283; tl: new ireland, st. matthias i .\nchelaria metaphorica meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 430; tl: queensland, brisbane\nchelaria microgramma meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 301; tl: new south wales, sydney\nmycetinopa (meyrick, 1934) (chelaria); exotic microlep. 4 (15): 451\nchelaria nimbigera meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 283; tl: new ireland, new hanover i .\nchelaria nodifera meyrick, 1930; ann. soc. ent. fr. 99 (suppl): 724; tl: tonkin\nchelaria orthomochla meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (7): 199; tl: java\nchelaria orthostathma meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 429; tl: queensland, brisbane\nchelaria parichniota meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 4; tl: likiang, china\nchelaria particulata meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 167; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\nchelaria phacelota meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 166; tl: peradeniya, ceylon\ngelechia pilosella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 640; tl: sarawak, borneo\nchelaria probolaea meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 298; tl: barberton\nallocota procax meyrick, 1911; trans. linn. soc. lond. (2) 14: 274\nchelaria rhicnota meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 580; tl: shevaroys, s. india\nlarva on mangifera indica ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\n=; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40; [ nhm card ]\n=; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40; [ nhm card ]\nlarva on betula spp. , alnus spp. , corylus avellana, carpinus betulus, populus spp. ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nchelaria scopulosa meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 165; tl: karwar, kanara\ncymatomorpha scotia turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 160; tl: n. queensland, kuranda\nchelaria silvestris meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 164; tl: khasi hills, assam\nallocota simulacrella meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 420; tl: sydney, new south wales\nchelaria solutrix meyrick, 1911; ann. transv. mus. 3 (1): 69; tl: woodbush village\nsorograpta (meyrick, 1931) (chelaria); exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 70\nchelaria spathota meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 165; tl: konkan, bombay\nlarva on mangifera indica, lannea grandis ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\ndeuteroptila sphenophora meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 419; tl: brisbane, queensland\nchelaria stasimodes meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 70\nsubdentata diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 17\ngelechia sublectella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 640; tl: sarawak, borneo\nchelaria syncrypta meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 580; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\nchelaria tenebrosa meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 301; tl: south australia, quorn\nchelaria tephroplintha meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 30; tl: fiji, labasa\nchelaria tephroptila meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 70; tl: mahableshwar, bombay\nlarva on quercus acutissima, quercus serrata, q. variabilis, q. glauca, q. phillyraeoides ueda, 2012, trans. lepid. soc. japan 62 (2): 85\nchelaria tessulata meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 431; tl: queensland, cairns\nsemodictis tetraptila meyrick, 1909; ann. transv. mus. 2 (1): 16, pl. 5, f. 7; tl: kranspoort, pretoria\nchelaria tonsa meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 164; tl: khasi hills, assam\nepisacta toreuta turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 162; tl: n. queensland, kuranda, near cairns\nchelaria trachyspila meyrick, 1933; exotic microlep. 4 (12): 354\nchelaria triannulata meyrick, 1911; ann. transv. mus. 3 (1): 69; tl: woodbush village\ntricosma (meyrick, 1933) (chelaria); exotic microlep. 4 (12): 355\nlarva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nchelaria verticosa meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 166; tl: n. coorg, 3500ft\nchelaria xerophanta meyrick, 1930; ann. soc. ent. fr. 99 (suppl): 724; tl: tonkin\nchelaria xylotechna meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (7): 199; tl: java\nchelaria zesticopa meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 514; tl: texas, alpine, fort davis, 5000 - 8000ft; new mexico, bent, 7000ft\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea, results of the third archbold expedition (american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939). part iv\nthe natural history of british insects; explaining them in their several states... with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope\nlepidoptera britannica, sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter... adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum clases, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, symonymis, locis. tomis i. 10th edition\nin gardiner, no. xii. tortricina and tineina. results of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905\nwalsingham, 1881 on the tortricidae, tineidae, and pterophoridae of south africa trans. ent. soc. 1881 (2): 219 - 288, pl. 10 - 13\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsangmi lee and richard l. brown mississippi entomological museum, box 9775, mississippi state, ms 39762 e - mail (sl): microlepi @ urltoken\nnealyda dietz, 1900 accincta meyrick, 1923 bicolor (walsingham, 1891) (didactylota) bougainvileae e. m. hering, 1955 leucozostra meyrick, 1923 pisoniae busck, 1900\nmegacraspedus zeller, 1839 neda chambers, 1874, preocc. by mulsant, 1850 pycnobathra lower, 1901 autoneda busck, 1903, repl. name toxoceras chrétien, 1915 megacraspedas in barnes & mcdunnough, 1917, missp. exilis walsingham, 1909 isophrictis meyrick, 1917 actiella barners & busck, 1920 monochroa heinemann, 1870 catabrachmia rebel, 1909 absconditella (walker, 1864) (gelechia) palpiannulella (chambers, 1872) (gelechia )\naristotelia hübner, [ 1825 ] ergatis heinemann, 1870, preocc. by blackwall, 1870 isochasta meyrick, 1886 eucatoptus walsingham, 1897 aphiltra meyrick, 1917 argyractis meyrick, 1923 calculatrix meyrick, 1923 chalybeichroa (walsingham, 1897) (eucatoptus) chalybochroa meyrick, 1925, emend. corallina walsingham, 1909 cosmographa meyrick, 1917 crassicornis walsingham, 1897 cynthia meyrick, 1917 cytherae meyrick, 1917 dasypoda walsingham, 1910 diolcella forbes, 1931 elachistella (zeller, 1877) (gelechia) erycina meyrick, 1917 eupatoriella busck, [ 1934 ] hieroglyphica walsingham, 1909 howardi walsingham, 1909 lignicolora forbes, 1931 naxia meyrick, 1926 oribatis meyrick, 1917 pantalaena (walsingham, 1911) (untomia) paphia meyrick, 1917 parephoria clarke, 1951 paterata meyrick, 1914 penicillata (walsingham, 1897) (eucatoptus) perfossa meyrick, 1917 radicata meyrick, 1917 perplexa clarke, 1951 probolopis meyrick, 1923 pudibundella (zeller, 1873) (gelechia) intermediella (chambers, 1879) (gelechia) pulicella walsingham, 1897) pyrodercia walsingham, 1910 roseosuffusella (clemens, 1860) (gelechia) belella (walter, 1864) (gelechia) rubidella (clemens, 1860) (gelechia) rubensella (chambers, 1872) (gelechia) pudibundella (chambers, 1877) (gelechia), misid. (not zeller, 1873) sarcodes walsingham, 1910 saturnina meyrick, 1917 squamigera walsingham, 1909 subrosea meyrick, 1914 trossulella walsingham, 1897 vagabundella forbes, 1931 veteranella (zeller, 1877) (tachyptilia) vicana meyrick, 1917\nagnippe chambers, 1872 evippe chambers, 1873 phaetusa chambers, 1875, preocc. by wagler, 1832 aganippe chamber, 1880, missp. tholerostola meyrick, 1917 aequorea (meyrick, 1917) (recurvaria) aulonota (meyrick, 1917) (aristotelia) evippeella busck, 1906 leuconota (zeller, 1873) (gelechia) plutella (chambers, 1875) (phaetusa) omphalopa (meyrick, 1917) (tholerostola) plumata (meyrick, 1917) (aristotelia )\nrecurvaria haworth, 1828 lita kollar, 1832 telea steph. , 1834, preocc. by hübner, 1819 aphanaula meyrick, 1895 hinnebergia spuler, 1910 microlechia turati, 1924 annulicornis (walsingham, 1897) (aristotelia) eromene (walsingham, 1897) (aristotelia) febriculella (zeller, 1877) (teleia) filicornis (zeller, 1877) (teleia) flagelifer walsingham, 1910 flagellifera meyrick, 1925, missp. insequens meyrick, 1931 intermissella (zeller, 1877) (teleia) kitella (walsingham, 1897) (aristotelia) melanostictella (zeller, 1877) (teleia) merismatella (zeller, 1877) (teleia) nothostigma meyrick, 1914 ornatipalpella (walsingham, 1897) (aristotelia) ostariella (walsingham, 1897) (aristotelia) penetrans meyrick, 1923 picula walsingham, 1910 pleurosaris meyrick, 1923 putella busck, 1914 rhicnota walsingham, 1910 rhombophorella (zeller, 1877) (teleia) sartor walsingham, 1910 saxea meyrick, 1923 senariella (zeller, 1877) (teleia) sticta walsingham, 1910 synestia meyrick, 1939 thiodes meyrick, 1917 thysanota walsingham, 1910 trigonophorella (zeller, 1877) (teleia) xanthotricha meyrick, 1917\ncoleotechnites chambers, 1880 evagora clemens, 1860, preocc. by péron & lesueur, 1810 eidothea chambers, 1873, preocc. by risso, 1826 eidothoa chambers, 1873, missp. eucordylea dietz, 1900 pulicalvaria freeman, 1963 hapalosaris meyrick, 1917 coleotechnistes in busck, [ 1903 ], missp. elucidella (barnes & busck, 1920) (eucordylea) petulans (meyrick, 1917) (hapalosaris) vagatioella (chambers, 1873) (eidothoa [ sic ]) dorsivittella (zeller, 1873) (gelechia) schistophila chrétien, 1899 fuscella forbes, 1931\nexoteleia wallengren, 1881 paralechia busck, 1903 heringia spuler, 1910, preocc. by rondani, 1856 heringiola strand, 1917, repl. name ithycosma (meyrick, 1914) (strobisia )\ntelphusa chambers, 1872 adrasteia chambers, 1872 adrastia kirby, 1874, missp. geniadophora walsingham, 1897 auxoptila meyrick, 1926 callitechna meyrick, 1914 praefinita (meyrick, 1917) (mompha) delatrix meyrick, 1923 distictella forbes, 1931 extranea (walsingham, 1892) (poecilia) hemicycla meyrick, 1932 latebricola meyrick, 1932 medulella busck, 1914 melanoleuca walsingham, 1911 obligata busck, 1914 ochrifoliata walsingham, 1911 orgilopis meyrick, 1923 penetratrix meyrick, 1931 perspicua (walsingham, 1911) (gelechia) quinquedentata (walsingham, 1911) (gelechia) ripula walsingham, 1911 smaragdopis meyrick, 1926 translucida (walsingham, 1892) (bryotropha )\nthiotricha meyrick, 1886 reuttia hofmann, 1898 thiotrica inoue, 1954, missp. thiothricha hartig, 1956, missp. argoxantha meyrick, 1914 aucupatrix meyrick, 1929 cleodorella (zeller, 1877) (gelechia) godmani (walsingham, 1892) (polyhymno) laterestriata (walsingham, 1897) (polyhymno) sciurella (walsingham, 1897) (polyhymno) argoxantha meyrick, 1914\nstomopteryx heinemann, 1870 inotica meyrick, 1913 instica sharp, 1915, missp. acraeologa meyrick, 1921 stomopterix turati, 1922, missp. stromopteryx pierce & metcalfe, 1935, missp. phaeopa meyrick, 1918\nfriseria busck, 1939 acaciella (busck, 1906) (telphusa) caieta hodges, 1966 cockerelli (busck, 1903) (gelechia) lindenella (busck, 1903) (gelechia) malindella (busck, 1910) (gelechia) sarcochlora (meyrick, 1929) (gelechia) infracta (walsingham, 1911) (gelechia) lacticaput (walsingham, 1911) (gelechia) lacticeps (meyrick, 1925) (gelechia), emend. nona hoges, 1966 paphlactis (meyrick, 1912) (gelechia) repentina (walsingham, 1911) (gelechia )\ngelechia hübner, [ 1825 ] guinea bruand, 1850 galechia desmarest, [ 1857 ], missp. cirrha chambers, 1872 oeseis chambers, 1875 mesogelechia omelko, 1986 gelecia watt, 1920, missp. bathrochlora meyrick, 1932 bufo walsingham, 1911 cacoderma walsingham, 1911 caespitella zeller, 1877 cerussata walsingham, 1911 chlorocephala meyrick, 1932 clopica meyrick, 1931 concinna walsingham, 1911 creberrima walsingham, 1911 cuneifera walsingham, 1911 delapsa meyrick, 1931 diacmota meyrick, 1932 dolbyi (walsingham, 1911) (dichomeris) elephantopis meyrick, 1936 exclarella möschler, 1890 flammulella walsingham, 1897 gnathodoxa meyrick, 1926 goniospila meyrick, 1931 hetaeria walsingham, 1911 impurgata walsingham, 1911 lapidescens meyrick, 1916, repl. name lithodes walsingham, 1911, preocc. (not meyrick, 1886) leptospora meyrick, 1932 nephelophracta meyrick, 1932 neptica walsingham, 1911 nigripectus walsingham, 1911 nucifer walsingham, 1911 nucifera meyrick, 1925, emend. ophiaula meyrick, 1931 ophiomorpha meyrick, 1935 pertinens meyrick, 1931 petraea walsingham, 1911 picrogramma meyrick, 1929 platydoxa meyrick, 1923 pleroma walsingham, 1911 protozona meyrick, 1926 rhypodes walsingham, 1911 scotodes walsingham, 1911 sonorensis walsingham, 1911 suspensa meyrick, 1923 synthetica walsingham, 1911 tannuolella rebel, 1917 thymiata (meyrick, 1929) (nothris) traducella busck, 1914 veneranda walsingham, 1911 xylobathra meyrick, 1936\ngnorimoschmea busck, 1900 lerupsia riedl, 1965 neoschema povolny´, 1967 atriplicella keifer & jörgensen, 1910 borsaniella köhler, 1939 cestrivora clarke, 1950 cestivora hayward, 1969, missp. dudiella busck, 1903 euchthonia (meyrick, 1939) (phthorimaea) exacta (meyrick, 1917) (phthorimaea) involuta (meyrick, 1917) (phthorimaea) motasi povolny´, 1976 perfidiosa (meyrick, 1917) (phthorimaea) saphirinella (chambers, 1875) (gelechia) urosema (meyrick, 1917) (phthorimaea )\nphthorimaea meyrick, 1902 phtyrimaea turner, 1919, missp. phthorimoea povolny´ & zakopal, 1951, missp. pthorimaea issiki, 1957, missp. phthorimea diakonoff, [ 1968 ], missp. phtorimea oei - dharma, 1969, missp. argentinae povolny´, 1989 euchthonia meyrick, 1939 ferella (berg, 1875) (gelechia) impudica walsingham, 1911 interjuncta meyrick, 1931 jamaicensis (walsingham, 1897) (gelechia) operculella (zeller, 1873) (gelechia) terrella walker, 1864, preocc. by d. & s. , 1775 solanella boisduval, 1874 tabacella (ragonot, 1879) (gelechia) sedate (butler, 1880) (gelechia) epicentra meyrick, 1909 robusta povolny´, 1989 sphenophora (walsingham, 1897) (gelechia )\ngnorimoschema busck, 1900 gnorimochema dyar, [ 1903 ], missp. lerupsia riedl, 1965 larupsia soffner, 1967 ventralella (zeller, 1877 )\nscrobipalpula povolny´, 1964 acuta povolny´, 1990 albolineata povolny´, 1987 atra povolny´, 1987 chiquitella (busck, 1909) (gnorimoschema) conifera (meyrick, 1916) (chelaria) crustaria (meyrick, 1917) (phthorimaea) daturae (zeller, 1877) (doryphora) densata (meyrick, 1917) (gnorimoschema) laciniosa (meyrick, 1931) (phthorimaea) ephoria (meyrick, 1917) (aristotelia) falcate povolny´, 1987 fjeldsai povolny´, 1990 flava povolny´, 1987 gregalis (meyrick, 1917) (phthorimaea) gregariella (zeller, 1877) (lita) hastata povolny´, 1987 henshawiella (busck, 1903) (gnorimoschema) ochreostrigella (chambers, 1877) (gelechia), preocc. (not chambers, 1875) incerta povolny´, 1989 ilyella (zeller, 1877) (lita) incerta povolny´, 1989 isochlora (meyrick, 1931) (phthorimaea) latisaccula povolny´, 1987 latiuncula povolny´, 1987 megaloander povolny´, 1987 melanolepis (clarke, 1965) (gnorimoschema) motasi povolny´, 1976 omicron povolny´, 1987 pallens povolny´, 1987 patagonica povolny´, 1977 psilella (herrich - schäffer, 1855) (gelechia) quinoae povolny´, 1997 radiata povolny´, 1987 rosariensis povolny´, 1987 stirodes (meyrick, 1931) (phthorimaea) subtenera povolny´, 1987 tenera povolny´, 1987 transiens povolny´, 1987 trichinaspis (meyrick, 1931) (phthorimaea )\nkeiferia busck, 1939 tildenia povolny´, 1967 brunnea povolny´, 1973 chloroneura (meyrick, 1923) colombiana povolny´, 1975 elmorei (keifer, 1936) (gnorimoschema) funebrella povolny´, 1984 griseofusca povolny´, 1984 gudmanella (walsingham, 1897) (gelechia) n. comb. keiferioides (povolny´, 1987) (scrobipalpula) lobata povolny´, 1990 lycopersicella (walsingham, 1897) (eucatoptus) lenta (meyrick, 1917) (phthorimaea) lycopersicella (busck, 1928) (phthorimaea) preocc. by walsingham, 1897 propria povolny´, 1990 rusposoria povolny´, 1979 subtilis povolny´, 1984 vitalis povolny´, 1990\nchionodes, hübner, [ 1825 ] chionoda hübner, [ 1826 ], missp. oxycryptis meyrick, 1912 argosema (meyrick, 1917) (gelechia) consona (meyrick, 1917) (gelechia) dryobathra (meyrick, 1917) (gelechia) eburata (meyrick, 1917) (gelechia) icriodes (meyrick, 1931) (gelechia) lacticoma (meyrick, 1917) (gelechia) litigiosa (meyrick, 1917) (gelechia) mediofuscella (clemens, 1863) (gelechia) vagella (walter, 1864) (gelechia) fuscoochrella (chambers, 1872) (gelechia) liturosella (zeller, 1873) (gelechia) rhedaria (meyrick, 1923) (gelechia) pentadora (meyrick, 1917) (gelechia) perissosema (meyrick, 1932) (gelechia) salva (meyrick, 1925) (phthorimaea), repl. name leucocephala (walsingham, 1897) (gelechia), preocc. (not lower, 1893) spiridoxa (meyrick, 1931) (gelechia )\nfaculta busck, 1939 inaequalis (busck, 1910) (gelechia) inaequalis (walsingham, 1911) (gelechia) preocc. by busck, 1910 anisectis (meyrick, 1923) (gelechia) clistrodoma (meyrick, 1923) (gelechia) stegasta meyrick, 1904 biniveipunctata (walsingham, 1897) (gelechia) bosqueella (chambers, 1875) (oecophora) basqueella (chambers, 1875) (oecophora), missp. bosquella (chambers, 1878) (gelechia), emend. costipunctella (moschler, 1890) (gelechia) capitella (fabricius, 1794) (alucita) capitatus (fabricius, 1798) (ypsolophus), repl. name robustella (walker, 1864) (gelechia) rivulella (moschler, 1890) (gelechia) comissata meyrick, 1923 donatella (walker, 1864) (gelechia) phalacra (walsingham, 1911) (gelechia) postpallescens (walsingham, 1897) (gelechia) scoteropis meyrick, 1931 zygotoma meyrick, 1917\nuntomia busck, 1906 acicularis meyrick, 1918 alticolens walsingham, 1911 alticolans meyrick, 1925, emend. horista walsingham, 1911 juventella (walsingham, 1897) (ypsolophus) latistriga walsingham, 1911 melanobathra meyrick, 1918 rotundata walsingham, 1911\nbattaristis meyrick, 1914 duvita busck, 1916 acroglypta meyrick, 1929 amphiscolia meyrick, 1914 ardiophora meyrick, 1914 atelesta meyrick, 1914 bistrigella (buskc, 1914) (anacampsis) concisa meyrick, 1929 coniosema meyrick, 1922 curtella (busck, 1914) (anacampsis) emissurella (walker, 1864) (gelechia) severella (walker, 1864) (cryptolechia) fuliginosa (r. felder & rogenhofer, 1875) (gelechia) dorsalis (busck, 1914) (anacampsis) astroconis (meyrick, 1918) (compsolechia) ichnota meyrick, 1914 melanamba meyrick, 1914 nigratomella (clemens, 1863) (gelechia) apicilinella (clemens, 1863) (gelechia) apicistrigella (chambers, 1872) (parasia) orthocampta meyrick, 1914 parazela meyrick, 1929 perinaeta (walsingham, 1910) (anacampsis) prismatopa meyrick, 1914 rhythmodes meyrick, 1929 sphenodelta meyrick, 1922 stereogramma meyrick, 1914 symphora (walsingham, 1911) (untomia) syngraphopa meyrick, 1922 syngraphora meyrick, 1925, missp. synocha meyrick, 1922 tricentrota meyrick, 1931 unistrigella (busck, 1914) (anacampsis )\nholophysis walsingham, 1910 hoplophysis mcd. , 1939, missp. anoma walsingham, 1910 autodesma (meyrick, 1918) (zalithia) auxiliaris (meyrick, 1918) (zalithia) barydescma (meyrick, 1918) (zalithia) quadrimaculata walsingham, 1910 stagmatophoria walsingham 1910 tentatella (walker, 1864) (gelechia) xanthostoma walsingham, 1910\nsemophylax meyrick, 1932 apicepuncta (busck, 1911) (psoricoptera) praesignis (meyrick, 1913) (anisoplaca) apicipuncta (meyrick, 1925) (chelaria), emend .\nsitotroga heinemann, 1870 silotroga kirby, 1871, missp. nesolechia meyrick, 1921 syngenomictis meyrick, 1927 sitotrogus matsumura, 1931, missp. sitotrega borg, 1932, missp. sititroga costa lima, 1945, missp. cerealella (olivier, 1789) (alucita) hordei (kirby, 1815) (tinea) arctella (walker, 1864) (gelechia) melanarthra (lower, 1900) (gelechia) palearis (meyrick, 1913) (epithectis) ochrescens (meyrick, 1938) (aristotelia) coarctella zeller, 1877\ndichomeridinae acompsia hübner, [ 1825 ] acampsia westwood, 1840, missp. accompsia bruand, 1850, missp. brachycrossata heinemann, 1870 brachicrossata hartmann, 1880, missp. cathegesis walsingham, 1910 angulifera walsingham, 1897 psoricopterella (walsingham, 1892) (brachycrossata) vinitincta (walsingham, 1910) (cathegesis )\nanorthosia clemens, 1860 sagaritis chambers, 1872, preocc. by billberg, 1820 [ crustacea ] anorthodisca gaede, 1937, missp. capillata walsingham, 1911 punctipennella clemens, 1860 gracilella (chambers, 1872) (sagaritis )\nhelcystogramma zeller, 1877 ceratophora heinemann, 1870 chambersella (murtfeldt, 1874) (gelechia) subalusella (chambers, 1874) (gelechia) parvipulvella (chamber, 1874) (gelechia) inaequepulvella (chambers, 1875) (gelechia) subalbella (walsingham, 1911) (dichomeris), emend. subalbella meyrick, 1925, emend. convolvuli (walsingham, 1908) (trichotaphe) crypsilychna meyrick, 1914 dryadopa meyrick, 1918 effera (meyrick, 1918) (lecithocera) emigrans (meyrick, 1921) (lecithocera) cornuta (busck, 1914) (dichomeris) n. comb. luminosa (busck, 1914) (dichomeris) n. comb. leucopleura meyrick, 1914 perceptella (busck, 1914) (dichomeris) n. comb .\nbrachmia hübner, [ 1825 ] braclunia stephens, 1834, missp. cladodes heinemann, 1870, preocc. by solier, 1849 [ coleoptera ] ceratophora heinemann, 1870, preocc. by gray, [ 1835 ] [ reptilia ] eudodacles snellen, 1889, repl. name aulacomima meyrick, 1904 apethistis meyrick, 1908 lyrella (walsingham, 1911) (dichomeris) virescens walsingham, 1911 brachyacma meyrick, 1886 lathontogenes walsingham, 1897 paraspistes meyrick, 1905 lipatia busck, 1910 paraspistis busck, 1914, missp. brachyaema povolny´, 1964, missp. lathontogonus diakonoff, [ 1968 ], missp. brachiacma common, 1970, missp. lathontogenes hodges, 1983, missp. palpigera (walsingham, 1891) (gelechia) adustipennis (walsingham, 1897) (lathontogenus) iolocha (meyrick, 1905) (paraspistes) crotalariella (busck, 1910) (lipatia) epichorda turner, 1919\nonebala walker, 1864 helcystogramma zeller, 1877 dectobathra meyrick, 1914 adaequata (meyrick, 1914) (helcystogramma) adequate clarke, 1969, missp. anisopa (meyrick, 1918) (anacampsis) archigrapha meyrick, 1929 carycastis (meyrick, 1922) (helcystogramma) cerinura (meyrick, 1923) (brachmia) chalyburga (meyrick, 1922) (helcystogramma) daedalea (walsingham, 1911) (dichomeris) elliptica (forbes, 1931) (trichotaphe) meconitis (meyrick, 1913) (trichotaphe) ribeella (zeller, 1877) (helcystogramma) rusticella (walker, 1864) (gelechia) sertigera (meyrick, 1923) (helcystogramma) stellatella (busck, 1914) (dichomeris) symbolica (meyrick, 1914) (helcystogramma) tegulella (walsingham, 1897) (trichotaphe) servilis (walsingham, 1911) (dichomeris) trichocyma (meyrick, 1923) (brachmia )\ndeoclona busck, 1903 proclesis walsingham, 1911 lioclepta meyrick, 1922 deoclana fletcher, 1929, missp. complanata (meyrick, 1922) (lioclepta) eriobotryae busck, 1939 xanthoselene (walsingham, 1911) (proclesis) xanthoselena meyrick, 1925, emend .\nadullamitis meyrick, 1932 adullanitis gaede, 1937, missp. emancipate meyrick, 1932\nanthistarcha meyrick, 1925 antistarcha costa lima, 1945, missp. binocularis meyrick, 1929 geniatella (busck, 1914) (gelechia )\nbeltheca busck, 1914 anterethista meyrick, 1914 antherethista gaede, 1937, missp. phosphoropa (meyrick, 1922) (anterethista) picolella busck, 1914 heteractis (meyrick, 1914) (anterethista )\ncommatica meyrick, 1909 apopira walsingham, 1911 acropelta meyrick, 1914 bifuscella (forbes, 1931) (anacampsis) chionura meyrick, 1914 crossotorna meyrick, 1929 cryptina (walsingham, 1911) (untomia) cyanorrhoa meyrick, 1914 emplasta meyrick, 1914 eremna meyrick, 1909 extremella (walker, 1864) (gelechia) falcatella (walker, 1864) (gelechia) rostella (r. felder & rogenhofer, 1875) (gelechia) hexacentra meyrick, 1922 lupata meyrick, 1914 metochra meyrick, 1914 nerterodes meyrick, 1914 palirrhoa meyrick, 1922 parmulata meyrick, 1914 phanocrossa meyrick, 1922 placoterma meyrick, 1918 pterygota meyrick, 1929 servula meyrick, 1922 stygia meyrick, 1922 xanthocarpa meyrick, 1922\ncompsosaris meyrick, 1914 gompsosaris gaede, 1937, missp. flavidella (busck, 1914) (recurvaria) testacea meyrick, 1914\npavolechia busck, 1914 desmaucha meyrick, 1918 argentea busck, 1914 chrysostoma (meyrick, 1918) (desmaucha) pelocnistis meyrick, 1932 xylozona meyrick, 1932 perioristica walsingham, 1910 chalcopera walsingham, 1910 phylopatris meyrick, 1923 terpnodes meyrick, 1923 promolopica meyrick, 1925 epiphantha meyrick, 1925 ptilostonuchia walsingham, 1911 ptilonostychia fletcher, 1929, missp. plicata walsingham, 1911 satrapodoxa meyrick, 1925 regia (meyrick, 1914) (strobisia) sclerograptis meyrick, 1923 oxytypa meyrick, 1923 simoneura walsingham, 1911 ophitis walsingham, 1911 sorotacta meyrick, 1914 bryochlora meyrick, 1922 viridans, meyrick, 1914 stachyostoma meyrick, 1923 psilodoxa meyrick, 1923 stagmaturgis meyrick, 1923 catharosema meyrick, 1923 steremniodes meyrick, 1923 sciactis meyrick, 1923 stereodmeta meyrick, 1931 xylodeta meyrick, 1931 stibarenches meyrick, 1930 bifissa meyrick, 1930 symphanactis meyrick, 1925 hetaera (meyrick, 1914) (ptocheuusa )\nsynactias meyrick, 1931 micranthis meyrick, 1931 tabernillaia walsingham, 1911 tabernillaea meyrick, 1925, emend. ephialtes walsingham, 1911\ntecia kieffer & jörgensen, 1910 fapua kieffer & jörgensen, 1910 lata kieffer & jörgensen, 1910 orsotricha meyrick, 1914 brachypsaltis meyrick, 1931 scrobischema povolny´, 1980 albinervella (kieffer & jörgensen, 1910) (fapua) arnicella (clarke, 1942) confirmans strand, 1910 kiefferi kieffer & jörgensen, 1910 petasitis (pfaffenzeller, 1867) petrella (busck, 1915) solanivora (povolny´, 1973) subalbata (meyrick, 1931) tetradymiella (busck, 1903) venosa (butler, 1883) mendozella kieffer & jörgensen, 1910 baccharisella (brethes, 1917) (holcocera) vergarai (povolny´, 1980) (scrobischema) thrypsigenes meyrick, 1914 thripsigenes clarke, 1955, missp. colluta meyrick, 1914 furvescens meyrick, 1914 trichembola meyrick, 1918 idiarcha meyrick, 1931 zelosyne walsingham, 1911 olga meyrick, 1915 poecilosoma walsingham, 1911 “gaea” lilloi köhler, 1941, mispl .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant no. deb 416078. any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national science foundation." ]

{ "text": [ "hypatima euchorda is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by meyrick in 1923 .", "it is found in brazil ( para ) .", "the wingspan is 11-12 mm .", "the forewings are fuscous , with some scattered blackish scales and with a suffused blackish-fuscous longitudinal streak from before the middle of the disc to the termen .", "there are raised tufts on the fold before the middle and near the tornus , and there is some blackish-fuscous irroration on the fold between these .", "the hindwings are dark grey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "hypatima euchorda is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it was described by meyrick in 1923. it is found in brazil (para). the wingspan is 11-12 mm. the forewings are fuscous, with some scattered blackish scales and with a suffused blackish-fuscous longitudinal streak from before the middle of the disc to the termen. there are raised tufts on the fold before the middle and near the tornus, and there is some blackish-fuscous irroration on the fold between these. the hindwings are dark grey." ]

[ "© 2016, butterfly conservation society, ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nintroduction to zambian butterflies by r. c. dening f. r. e. s .\nackery, p. r. , smith, c. r. & vane - wright, r. i. 1995. carcassonfs african butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the papilionoidea and hesperioidea of the afrotropical region. csiro, australia .\nackery, p. r. & vane - wright, r. i .\n1995. a discussion on the larval food of the subfamily lipteninae (lepidoptera, lycaenidae) .\n1894. on two collections of lepidoptera sent by h. h. johnston, esq. , c. b. , from british central africa .\n. correction of locality name of new butterflies caught by h. cookson in 1903, 1904, and 1905 and described by h. druce .\na catalogue of the african hesperiiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the british museum .\n1991. systematic, evolutionary and ecological implications of myrmecophily within the lycaenidae (insecta: lepidoptera: papilionoidea) .\ngroup of swallowtails (lepidoptera: papilionidae). systematics, phylogeny and biogeography .\nsubgenera and descriptions of two new species of lycaenidae (lepidoptera) from zambia .\n. 1997. a review of african genera of the tribe aphnaeini (lepidoptera: lycaenidae) .\n1992. phylogenic notes on the african species of the subfamily acraeinae - part 1 (lepidoptera: nymphalidae) .\n1993a. phylogenic notes on the african species of the subfamily acraeinae - part 2 (lepidoptera: nymphalidae) .\n1993b. phylogenic notes on the african species of the subfamily acraeinae - part 3 (lepidoptera: nymphalidae) .\nhewitson (lepidoptera: lycaenidae) with descriptions of seven new species and two new subspecies .\nspecies complex in southern africa with descriptions of two new species and two new subspecies .\nhübner (lepidoptera: lycaenidae) with descriptions of nine new species and three new subspecies .\n( excluding madagascar and other indian ocean islands). (lepidoptera satyridae) .\n1910. zoological collections from northern rhodesia and adjacent territories: lepidoptera, rhopalocera .\n, 2nd edition. revised by henning, g. a. , pringle, e. l. l. , & ball, j. b. , struik winchester, cape town, 800 pp .\n1990. butterfly phylogeny and fossils. pp. 152 - 298. in: kudrna, o. [ ed. ]\n1983 - 2000, report no 28, the winand storing centre, wageningen, netherlands. issn 0924 - 3062 .\n1993. list of butterfly species collected in mwinilunga region, north western zambia 18 - 26 dec. 1991 .\n1949. the butterflies of southern africa. part i. papilionidae and pieridae .\n1955. butterflies of southern africa. part ii. nymphalidae: danainae and satyrinae .\n1963. the butterflies of southern africa. part iii. nymphalidae: acraeinae .\n1979. the butterflies of southern africa. part iv. nymphalidae: nymphalinae .\n. unpublished thesis, university of the witwatersrand, for the degree of master of science, vol. 1: 19 - 20\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "aslauga purpurascens is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .", "it is found in cameroon , gabon , the republic of the congo , the central african republic , the democratic republic of the congo ( kinshasa , ituri and north kivu ) , uganda , rwanda , burundi , kenya , tanzania and zambia .", "the habitat consists of forests .", "the larvae feed on oxyrachis , mesohomotoma and stictococcus species .", "they are shaped like a limpet shell , and coloured in mottled greys and greens to represent lichen or moss on bark . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 24, 8, 1 ] }

[ "aslauga purpurascens is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family. it is found in cameroon, gabon, the republic of the congo, the central african republic, the democratic republic of the congo (kinshasa, ituri and north kivu), uganda, rwanda, burundi, kenya, tanzania and zambia. the habitat consists of forests. the larvae feed on oxyrachis, mesohomotoma and stictococcus species. they are shaped like a limpet shell, and coloured in mottled greys and greens to represent lichen or moss on bark." ]

[ "dichomeris japonicella; bae, lee & park, 2014, ent. res. 44: 19 (list )\ngelechia (ceratophora ?) japonicella zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 365, pl. 5, f. 124\nbrachmia infixa meyrick, 1938; inst. parcs nat. congo belge 14: 17\nbrachmia leucopla meyrick, 1938; inst. parcs nat. congo belge 14: 16\nbrachmia leucospora meyrick, 1938; inst. parcs nat. congo belge 14: 17\nbrachmia neuroplecta meyrick, 1938; inst. parcs nat. congo belge 14: 17\nbrachmia fuscogramma janse, 1960; moths s. afr. 6 (2): 209\nbrachmia insuavis meyrick, 1914; suppl. ent. 3: 51; tl: kankau\nbrachmia tholeromicta meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 84\nbrachmia circumfusa; [ nhm, [ ref. on card incorrect ] card ]; [ afromoths ]\nbrachmia antichroa meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 156; tl: ceylon, kandy\nbrachmia brunneolineata legrand, 1966; mém. mus. hist. nat. paris (a) 37: 81\nbrachmia ioplaca meyrick, 1934; exotic microlep. 4 (15): 453; tl: taiwan, alikano\nbrachmia obfuscata meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 436; tl: queensland, brisbane\nbrachmia obtrectata meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (16): 506; tl: china, shanghai\nbrachmia perumbrata meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 113; tl: bengal, pusa\nbrachmia resoluta meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 113; tl: bengla, pusa\nbrachmia tepidata meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (16): 505; tl: china, shanghai\nbrachmia autonoma meyrick, 1910; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1910: 369; tl: chagos islands\nbrachmia circumfusa meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (16): 506; tl: french guinea, konakri\nbrachmia liberta meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (10): 291; tl: madagascar, antananarivo\nbrachmia (cladodes) procursella rebel, 1903; verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 53: 97\nbrachmia velitaris meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 295; tl: barberton\nbrachmia deltopis meyrick, 1920; in alluaud & jeannel, voyage afr. orientale, ins. lép. 2: 79\nbrachmia ditemenitis meyrick, 1934; ann. mag. nat. hist. (10) 14 (82): 408\nbrachmia infuscatella rebel, 1940; soc. sci. fenn. , comm. biol. 8 (1): 38\nbrachmia melicephala meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 114; tl: burma, lashio, 3000ft\nbrachmia strigosa meyrick, 1910; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1910: 450; tl: borneo, kuching\nbrachmia torva meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (9): 278; tl: nyassland, mt mlanje\nbrachmia craterospila meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 46; tl: assam, shillong\nbrachmia syntonopis meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 48; tl: bombay, belgaum\nbrachmia apricata meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 295; tl: barberton, waterval onder\nbrachmia cenchritis meyrick, 1911; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (3): 721; tl: khasis\nbrachmia hedemanni caradja, 1920; dt. ent. z. iris 34 (1 / 2): 112; tl: darjeeling\nbrachmia ptochodryas meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 46; tl: assam, shillong, 5000ft\nbrachmia custos meyrick, 1911; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (3): 725; tl: nilgiris, 6000ft\nbrachmia robustella rebel, 1910; verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 60: 28, f. 1; tl: herzegovina\nbrachmia amphisticta meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (9): 279; tl: portuguese east africa, e of mt. chiperone\nbrachmia sigillatrix meyrick, 1910; rec. ind. mus. 5: 222; tl: ernaculam, cochin state, malabar coast; karwar, kanara\nbrachmia vecors meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 112; tl: s. india, palnis and gooty, madura, hampsagaram\nbrachmia insuavis; [ nhm card ]; park & hodges, 1995, korean j. syst. zool. 11 (2): 232 (unrecognized )\nbrachmia ioplaca; [ nhm card ]; park & hodges, 1995, korean j. syst. zool. 11 (2): 233 (unrecognized )\nbrachmia (dichomeridinae); [ nacl ], 24; [ sangmi lee ]; [ afromoths ]; [ fe ]; karsholt, mutanen, lee & kaila, 2013, syst. ent. 38: 343\nanacampsis anisopa meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 140; tl: colombia, la crumbre, 6000ft\nballotellus (amsel, 1935) (hypsolophus); mitt. zool. mus. berl. 20 (2): 298\napethistis carphodes meyrick, 1908; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 18 (2): 459; tl: khasi hills\naulacomima ceramochroa turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 150; tl: queensland, brisbane\ndilutiterminella (gerasimov, 1930) (cladodes); ann. mus. zool. acad. sci. leningr. 31 (1): 33, pl. 7, f. 3\ndryotyphla meyrick, 1937; exotic microlep. 5 (4 - 5): 123\ngelechia inornatella douglas, 1850; trans. ent. soc. lond. (n. s .) 1: 65; tl: charlton\nmonotona caradja, 1927; mem. sect. stiint. acad. rom. (3) 4 (8): 420\nmurinula turati, 1930; atti soc. ital. sci. nat. 69: 80\nopaca meyrick, 1927; bull. acad. (3) 4: 421 [? ] 9\northomastix meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 84\nphilochersa meyrick, 1938; trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 87: 514\nphilodema meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 7\nceratophora radiosella erschoff, 1874; in fedschenko, travels in turkestan. 2 (5): 102, pl. 6, f. 115\nstactopis meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 84\nsubsignata diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 61\nlecithocera triophthalma meyrick, 1910; rec. ind. mus. 5: 220; tl: tenmalai, w. ghats, travancore\naulacomima trinervis meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 395; tl: sydney, new south wales\nxeronoma meyrick, 1935; exotic microlep. 4 (18 - 19): 591\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea, results of the third archbold expedition (american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939). part iv\nzur lepidopteren - fauna mittel - asiens. 1. microheterocera aus dem distrikt kaschka - darja (so - buchara )\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz. 2. abteilung, kleinschmetterlinge. 2. die motten und federmotten\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland. fascicle 7. 1. gelechioidea, gelechiidae (part), dichomeridinae\nh. sauter' s formosa ausbeute. pterophoridae, tortricidae, eucosmidae, gelechiadae, oecophoridae, cosmopterygidae, hypomeutidae, sesiadae, glyphipterygidae, plutellidae, teneidae, adelidae (lep. )\nvoyage de ch. alluaud et r. jeannel en afrique orientale (1911 - 1812). résultats scientifique. insectes lépidoptères. 2. microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,\nthe percy sladen and godman trusts expedition to the islands in the gulf of guinea, october 1932 march 1933. iii. micro - lepidoptera\nzeller, 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 3 - 493, pl. 1 - 6\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc.." ]

{ "text": [ "brachmia japonicella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by zeller in 1877 .", "it is found in japan and korea .", "the wingspan is 15-19 mm . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9 ] }

[ "brachmia japonicella is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it was described by zeller in 1877. it is found in japan and korea. the wingspan is 15-19 mm." ]

[ "depressaria beckmanni heinemann, 1870; schmett. dtl. scweitz. (2) 3: 179\ndepressaria genistella walsingham, 1903; ent. mon. mag. 39: 266\ndepressaria radiosquamella walsingham, 1898; ent. mon. mag. 34: 132\ndepressaria hystricella möschler, 1860; wien. ent. monats. 4: 275\ndepressaria subalbipunctella lvovsky, 1981; trudy zool. inst. leningr. 103: 78\ndepressaria irregularis matsumura, 1931; 6000 illust. insects japan. - empire: 1090\ndepressaria krasnowodskella hannemann, 1953; mitt. zool. mus. berl. 29: 314\ndepressaria kollari zeller, 1854; linn. ent. 9: 336; tl: sidney\ndepressaria bupleurella heinemann, 1870; schmett. dtl. scweitz. (2) 3: 171\ndepressaria nemolella svensson, 1982; ent. scand. 13 (3): 293; tl: sweden\ndepressaria ivinskisi lvovsky, 1990; ent. obozr. 69 (3): (638 - 655 )\ndepressaria hannemanniana lvovsky, 1990; ent. obozr. 69 (3): (638 - 655 )\ndepressaria rjabovi lvovsky, 1990; ent. obozr. 69 (3): (638 - 655 )\ndepressaria zelleri staudinger, 1880; horae soc. ent. ross. 15 (2 - 3): 300\ndepressaria assalella chrétien, 1915; ann. soc. ent. fr. 84: 343; tl: gafsa\ndepressaria chlorothorax meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (13): 392; tl: palestine, nazareth\ndepressaria compactella caradja, 1920; dt. ent. z. iris 34 (1 / 2): 133\ndepressaria niphosyrphas meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (5): 120; tl: s. ussuri\ndepressaria saharae tabelli buchner, 2017; zookeys 684: 143; tl: canary is. , tenerife, guimar\ndepressaria aurantiella tutt, 1893; ent. rec. j. var. 4: 241; tl: deal\ndepressaria lacticapitella klimesch, 1942; zs. wiener entver. 27: 148, pl. 12, f. 1\ndepressaria pentheri rebel, 1904; ann. mus. wien 19: 360, pl. 5, f. 26\ndepressaria basicostata matsumura, 1931; 6000 illust. insects japan. - empire: 1089; tl: japan, sapporo\ndepressaria artemisiella mcdunnough, 1927; can. ent. 59: 271; tl: seton l. , british columbia\ndepressaria discipunctella var. helladicella rebel, 1906; berl. ent. z. 50 (3 / 4): 311\ndepressaria fuscipedella chrétien, 1915; ann. soc. ent. fr. 84: 343; tl: frenda, oran\ndepressaria leptotaeniae clarke, 1933; can. ent. 65: 87, pl. 4; tl: pullman, washington\ndepressaria hofmanni stainton, 1861; nat. hist. br. tineina 6: 176, pl. 5, f. 2\ndepressaria pyrenaella sumpich, 2013; ent. rec. j. var. 125 (3): (114 - 118 )\ndepressaria taciturna meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 166; tl: simla\ndepressaria clausulata meyrick, 1911; ann. transv. mus. 3 (1): 74; tl: ngqeleni, west pondoland\ndepressaria colossella caradja, 1920; dt. ent. z. iris 34 (1 / 2): 133; tl: tjutjuje\ndepressaria saharae gaston & vives, 2017; arquivos ent. 17: 352; tl: spain, burgos, la vid, 850m\ndepressaria floridella mann, 1864; wien. ent. mon. 8 (6): 186, pl. 4, f. 14\ndepressaria basicostata; ridout, 1981, ins. matsumurana 24: 31, pl. 1, f. 1; [ nhm card ]\ndepressaria panurga meyrick, 1920; ann. s. afr. mus. 17 (4): 289; tl: cape colony, knysna\ndepressaria prospicua meyrick, 1914; ann. s. afr. mus. 10 (8): 249; tl: cape colony, capetown\ndepressaria reticulatella bruand, 1851; mém. soc. doubs 3 (3, livr. 5 - 6): 39; tl: france\ndepressaria orthobathra meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 31; tl: natal, umkomaas; zululand, nkwaleni\ndepressaria indecorella rebel, 1917; verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 67 (s. b .): 25; tl: orenburg\ndepressaria (group hystricella - taciturna); buchner, kemal & kizildag, 2018, centr. ent. stud. misc. pap. 170: 10\ndepressaria juliella busck, 1908; proc. ent. soc. wash. 9 (1 - 4): 91; tl: pecos, new mexico\ndepressaria (group hystricella - taciturna) hystricella; buchner, kemal & kizildag, 2018, centr. ent. stud. misc. pap. 170: 11\ndepressaria (group hystricella - taciturna) taciturna; buchner, kemal & kizildag, 2018, centr. ent. stud. misc. pap. 170: 10\ndepressaria (group hystricella - taciturna) nomia; buchner, kemal & kizildag, 2018, centr. ent. stud. misc. pap. 170: 10\ndepressaria (group hystricella - taciturna) irregularis; buchner, kemal & kizildag, 2018, centr. ent. stud. misc. pap. 170: 10\ndepressaria sp. b; mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 40 (modoc co. , ca )\ndepressaria ultimella stainton, 1849; trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 5: 166, pl. 17, f. 6; tl: lewes\ndepressaria cinderella corley, 2002; nota lepid. 24 (4): 29; tl: portugal, alto alentejo, serra de são mamede, minhota, 650m\ndepressaria cervicella herrich - schäffer, 1854; syst. bearb. schmett. europ. 5 (64): 130, (53) f. 431 - 432\ndepressaria despoliatella erschoff, 1874; in fedschenko, travels in turkestan. 2 (5): 101, pl. 6, f. 113; tl: maracanda\ndepressaria rhodoscelis meyrick, 1920; ann. s. afr. mus. 17 (4): 288; tl: cape colony, gt. winthoek, 4500ft\ndepressaria (depressariini); hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 57, 9; [ nacl ], 12; [ fe ]\ndepressaria multifidae clarke, 1933; can. ent. 65: 85, pl. 4; tl: snake r. , whitman co. , opposite clarkston, washington\ndepressaria pteryxiphaga clarke, 1952; smithson. misc. collec. 117: 16, pl. 6, f. 3, 4; tl: ten sleep, wyoming\ndepressaria macrotrichella rebel, 1917; verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 67 (s. b .): 26; tl: schahkuh, n. iran\ndepressaria villosae corley & buchner, 2018; ent. rec. j. var. 130: 105; tl: portugal, trás - os - montes, parâmio, vilarinho, 780m\ndepressaria nomia butler, 1879; ill. typical spec. lep. het. colln br. mus. 3: 82, pl. 60, f. 13; tl: yokohama\ndepressaria atrostrigella clarke, 1941; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 90 (3107): 168, pl. 35, f. 194; tl: aweme, manitoba\ndepressaria palousella clarke, 1941; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 90 (3107): 171, pl. 48, f. 284; tl: pullmann, washington\ndepressaria constancei clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37 (1): 5, f. 2, 9; tl: yreka, siskiyou co. , california\ndepressaria betina clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37 (1): 9, f. 3, 10; tl: gilmer, klickitat co. , washington\ndepressaria moya clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37 (1): 13, f. 4, 11; tl: hornbrook, siskiyou co. , california\ndepressaria kailai lvovsky, 2009; zoosyst. rossica 18 (1): 70; tl: kazakhstan, 43°24' n 75°02' e, dzhambul prov. , 70km nne of frunze, 950m\ndepressaria (group hystricella - taciturna) bayindirensis buchner, kemal & kizildag, 2018; centr. ent. stud. misc. pap. 170: 11; tl: turkey, izmir, bayindir\ndepressaria besma clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37 (1): 14, f. 5, 12; tl: fort lewis, pierce co. , washington\ndepressaria armata clarke, 1952; smithson. misc. collec. 117: 19, pl. 6, f. 5; tl: slate peak, whatcom co. , washington, 6500'\ndepressaria f. / sp. ? albiocellata staudinger, 1871; horae soc. ent. ross. 7 (1870): 247, pl. 3, f. 8; tl: greece\ndepressaria schellbachi clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37 (1): 10, f. 6, 13; tl: sshohone point, grand canyon, arizon, 7050'\ndepressaria angelicivora clarke, 1952; smithson. misc. collec. 117: 15, pl. 6, f. 1 - 2; tl: macdonald pass, 15 mi w of helena, montana, 6100'\ndepressaria eleanorae clarke, 1941; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 90 (3107): 178, pl. 38, f. 204, pl. 47, f. 279; tl: hymers, ontario\ndepressaria artemisiella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 67, pl. 4, f. 35; [ nacl ], # 927; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria cinereocostella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 63, pl. 4, f. 6 - 11; [ nacl ], # 921; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria yakimae clarke, 1941; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 90 (3107): 185, pl. 37, f. 201, pl. 48, f. 285; tl: yakima, yakima co. , washington\ndepressaria sp. a; mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 39 (park co. , wy, lemhi co. , ca, alpine co. , ca, modoc co. , ca )\ndepressaria togata; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 75, pl. 5, f. 11 - 12, 15; [ nacl ], # 939; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria alienella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 12; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 66; [ nacl ], # 926; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria whitmani clarke, 1941; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 90 (3107): 182, pl. 36, f. 200, pl. 48, f. 286; tl: snake r. , whitman co. , wahsington, opposite clarkston\ndepressaria angustati clarke, 1941; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 90 (3107): 189, pl. 36, f. 198, pl. 48, f. 287; tl: skyline ridge, mt baker distr. , whatcom co. , washington, 6200'\ndepressaria atrostrigella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 20; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 62, pl. 4, f. 2; [ nacl ], # 918; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria schellbachi; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 125; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 70, pl. 4, f. 38; [ nacl ], # 931; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria angelicivora; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 14; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 70, pl. 4, f. 39; [ nacl ], # 932; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria yakimae; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 148; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 71, pl. 5, f. 4; [ nacl ], # 934; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria moya; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 95; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 72, pl. 5, f. 8; [ nacl ], # 936; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria besma; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 23; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 74, pl. 5, f. 10; [ nacl ], # 937; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria pteryxiphaga; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 118; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 74, pl. 5, f. 9; [ nacl ], # 938; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria armata; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 18; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 75, pl. 5, f. 14; [ nacl ], # 940; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria angustati; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 14; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 75, pl. 5, f. 13; [ nacl ], # 941; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria juliella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 76; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 65, pl. 4, f. 14 - 17; [ nacl ], # 923; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria eleanorae; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 50; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 66, pl. 4, f. 21 - 22; [ nacl ], # 925; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria constancei; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 38; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 67, pl. 4, f. 28 - 31; [ nacl ], # 928; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria whitmani; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 147; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 68, pl. 4, f. 36 - 37; [ nacl ], # 930; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria leptotaeniae; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 81; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 70, pl. 4, f. 40 - 41; [ nacl ], # 933; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria multifidae; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 95; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 72, pl. 5, f. 5 - 7; [ nacl ], # 935; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria betina; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 24; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 68, pl. 4, f. 23, 32 - 34; [ nacl ], # 929; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for. the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard. e. g.' papilio *'. keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature. unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance. meanwhile, please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr. 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail: fauna - eu (at) mfn - berlin. de website: urltoken\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 57; [ nacl ], 12; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; [ afromoths ]\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 57; [ nacl ], 12; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\neu, ..., nova scotia, s. canada, british columbia - arizona, washington. see [ maps ]\n=; karsholt, lvovsky & nielsen, 2006, nota lepid. 28 (3 / 4): 184; [ fe ]\n=; karsholt, lvovsky & nielsen, 2006, nota lepid. 28 (3 / 4): 184\nlarva on heracleum lanatum, pastinaca sativa hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 65 mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 39\ncanary is. , france, ausria, s. germany, .... see [ maps ]\neu, ..., washington, british columbia, montana, sw. manitoba. see [ maps ]\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 63; [ nacl ], # 919; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on artemisia drancunculoides hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 63\nmorocco, tunisia, spain, hungary, sicily, dalmatia, asia minor, palestine, .... see [ maps ]\nmarcella marcidella walsingham, 1907; ent. mon. mag. 43: 215\nlarva on (for prangosella) prangos ferulacea walsingham, 1903, ent. mon. mag. 39: 268\nlibya, eu, caucasus, ..., mongolia. see [ maps ]\nbadiella frustratella rebel, 1936; dt. ent. z. iris 50: 97\nhungary, balkans, greece, sweu, asia minor, palestine. see [ maps ]\nlarva on pimpinella villosa corley & buchner, 2018, ent. rec. j. var. 130: 105\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 65; [ nacl ], # 924; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; [ fe ]\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 66; [ nacl ], # 924; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on cicuta douglasi hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 66, oenanthe sarmentosa mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 39\nswitzerland, dalmatia, balkans, sicily, .... see [ maps ]\nthoracella müller - rutz, 1922 ²; mitt. schweiz. ent. ges. 13 (5): 237\n603x653 (~ 83kb) russia: moscow area (36°25' e, 56°00' n), 9. 5. 2009, photo ©\nsweu, sardinia, sicily, dalmatia, croatia, asia minor, palestine. see [ maps ]\nlarva on conopodium capillifolium corley, 2002, nota lepid. 24 (4): 31\nceu, hungary, dalmatia, austria, ..., =. see [ maps ]\ndanilevskyi lvovsky, 1981; trudy zool. inst. leningr. 103: 73\ndjakonovi lvovsky, 1981; trudy zool. inst. leningr. 103: 82\nfilipjevi lvovsky, 1981; trudy zool. inst. leningr. 103: 80\nillepida hannemann, 1958; dt. ent. z. 5 1: 461\njugurthella (lucas, 1849) (haemylis); explor. sci. algérie (zool .) 3: 411, pl. 4, f. 10\nkarmeliella amsel, 1935; mitt. zool. mus. berl. 20 (2): 295\nkasyi hannemann, 1976; dt. ent. z. 23 (4 - 5): 239\nkondarella lvovsky, 1981; trudy zool. inst. leningr. 103: 75\nlongipennella lvovsky, 1981; trudy zool. inst. leningr. 103: 75\nmanglisiella lvovsky, 1981; trudy zool. inst. leningr. 103: 78\nparahofmanni hannemann, 1958; dt. ent. z. 5 1: 564\npetronoma meyrick, 1934 ²; exotic microlep. 4 (15): 475\nplatytaeniella hannemann, 1977; dt. ent. z. 24 (1 - 3): 41\nschaidurovi lvovsky, 1981; trudy zool. inst. leningr. 103: 75\nsibirella lvovsky, 1981; trudy zool. inst. leningr. 103: 80\nspectrocentra meyrick, 1935 ²; exotic microlep. 4 (18 - 19): 593\nsubhirtipalpis hannemann, 1958; dt. ent. z. 5 1: 463\ntabghaella amsel, 1935; mitt. zool. mus. berl. 20 (2): 294\nvarzobella lvovsky, 1982; ent. obozr. 61 (3): 582\nsw. manitoba, nova scotia - na. georgia, nebraska. see [ maps ]\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 64; [ nacl ], # 921; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on oxypolis rigidior, sium suave, cicuta maculata, carum carvi, ligusticum scoticum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 64\nwashington, oregon, wyoming, utah, new mexico. see [ maps ]\nlarva on cicuta occidentals hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 65, cicuta maculata mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 39\nnova scotia, connecticut, s. canada, british columbia - california, arizona, northwest territories. see [ maps ]\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 66; [ nacl ], # 926; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on artemisia, achillea hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 67\nlarva on artemisia hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 67\nlarva on lomatium californicum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 78\nlarva on lomatium nudicaule, l. triternatum, l. columbianum, l. dissectum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 68, lomatium triternatum mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 39\nlarva on lomatium macrocarpum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 70\nlarva on lomatium macdougalii hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 70\nlarva on angelica arguta hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 70 mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 39\nlarva on lomatium dissectum mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 39, leptotaenia multifida ?\nlarva on pteryxia terebenthina foeniculacea hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 72\nlarva on lomatium columbianum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 72, lomatium grayi, pteryxia terebinthina var. californica, p. terebinthina var. foeniculacea mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 39\nlarva on lomatium vaginatum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 74\nlarva on lomatium utriculatum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 74\nlarva on preryxia terebinthina hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 74, pteryxia terebinthina var. calcarea mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 39\nmontana, british columbia - arizona, oregon, washington. see [ maps ]\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 75; [ nacl ], # 939; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on lomatium ambiguum, lomatium triternatum macrocarpum, perideridia bolanderi, preryxia terebenthina foeniculacea hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 75, lomatium togata, brandegei mckenna & berenbaum, 2003, j. lep. soc. 57 (1): 39\nlarva on lomatium brandegei hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 75\nlarva on lomatium angustatum hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 76\npleurota aragonella seebold, 1899; dt. ent. z. iris 11 (2): 297 (ragonot i. l. )\noecophora pavoniella amary, 1840; eserc. accad. aspir. nat. , napoli 2 (1): 84, pl. 6, f. 1a - b\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not. i don' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nnatürliche familien des thierreichs. aus dem französischen, mit anmerkungen und zusätzen in latreille ,\nlepidoptera britannica, sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter... adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa, zugleich als text, revision und supplement zu j. hübner' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge, die schaben und federmotten, (1847 -) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland. fascicle 6. 2. gelechioidea, oecophoridae\n) in the caucasus, with a discussion of the nomenclature of a. heracliana (linnaeus )\nexploration scientifique de l' algerie pendant les annees 1840, 1841, 1842. histoire naturelle des animaux articules (3) insectes\nsp. n. - a confused species from south - western europe (lep. : depressariidae )\nzeller, 1854 die depressarien und einige ihne nahe stehende gattungen linn. ent. 9: 189 - 403, pl. 2 - 3\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken, dr erik j. karsholt, dr ole & by dr. alexander lvovsky\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n: agassiz, d. j. l. , beavan, s. d. & heckford r. j. (2013) checklist of the lepidoptera of the british isles. (including appendix a: adventive species, not including appendix b: questionable records )\n: bradley, j. d. (fletcher, d. s .) checklist of lepidoptera recorded from the british isles (2000) second ed. (* = proposed bf code )\n: karsholt, o. & nieukerken, e. j. van (2013) lepidoptera, moths. fauna europaea version 2. 6 ,\n: karsholt, o. , razowski, j. (1996) the lepidoptera of europe: a distributional checklist .\nwheeler, j. r. (2017) micro moth vernacular names: a nomenclatural checklist of british microlepidoptera .\nmoth dissection checklists include additional european species, and species new to britain up to may 2018 .\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc.." ]

{ "text": [ "depressaria beckmanni is a moth of the depressariidae family .", "it is found in portugal , spain , france , germany , the czech republic , slovakia , austria , switzerland , italy , finland , serbia and montenegro , albania , the republic of macedonia and greece .", "the wingspan is 18 – 22 mm .", "the larvae feed on the leaves of pimpinella major . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 8 ] }

[ "depressaria beckmanni is a moth of the depressariidae family. it is found in portugal, spain, france, germany, the czech republic, slovakia, austria, switzerland, italy, finland, serbia and montenegro, albania, the republic of macedonia and greece. the wingspan is 18 – 22 mm. the larvae feed on the leaves of pimpinella major." ]

[ "middle ferritin genes from the icefish chionodraco rastrospinosus: comparative analysis and evolution of fish ferritins .\nthis ocellated ice (chionodraco rastrospinosus) fish has water - clear transparent haemoglobin - free blood .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nrengasjääkala\nto\nchionodraco rastrospinosus dewitt & hureau, 1979\n.\nmiddle ferritin genes from the icefish chionodraco rastrospinosus: comparative analysis and evolution of fish ferritins. - pubmed - ncbi\nyan wong added the german common name\nstacheligen eisfisch\nto\nchionodraco rastrospinosus dewitt & hureau, 1979\n.\nchha = chionodraco hamatus; chra = chionodraco rastrospinosus; tnb = terra nova bay; ei = elephant island; ssi = south shetland islands; mna = the national museum of antarctica felice ippolito .\nyan wong marked the english common name\nocellated icefish (german: stacheligen eisfisch )\nfrom\nchionodraco rastrospinosus dewitt & hureau, 1979\nas untrusted .\nin this context, our present study focused on the structure and function of sexually dimorphic anal fins in two congeneric icefish species, chionodraco hamatus and c. rastrospinosus, endemic to the high - antarctic region .\nc. hamatus and c. rastrospinosus are both late summer / early autumn spawning species [ 7 ]. sexual dimorphism has been described in chionodraco sp. [ 7 ]. c. hamatus mature males and females differ based on dorsal fin height and body color [ 28 ]. no data are currently available on sexual dimorphism in c. rastrospinosus .\nthree species, hamatus, myersi and rastrospinosus, are presently included in the genus chionodraco. the former two species have a circum - antarctic distribution, whereas c. rastrospinosus is confined to the southern scotia arc and antarctic peninsula [ 7 ]. the three icefish species are typically epibenthic with a wide bathymetric distribution and range from shallow waters up to 1000 m deep [ 5 ] .\ndeep in the southern ocean, just off the coast of antarctica, there lives the channichthyidae family of fish. these fish are highly unusual, and one of its species, the ocellated icefish (chionodraco rastrospinosus), was just bred successfully in captivity for the first time .\nthe ocellated icefish (chionodraco rastrospinosus) comes from the antarctic. the two at tokyo sea life park, which are similar to the one shown above, were found and brought back to japan by krill fishermen and are believed to be the only specimens in a public aquarium .\nalthough nest construction has only been observed in c. hamatus, the close phylogenetic relationship between the two chionodraco species [ 27 ], their similar ecological habits and the shared sexual anal fin dimorphism described in this paper for c. hamatus and c. rastrospinosus, make it reasonable to hypothesize an identical nesting behavior in chionodraco sp. moreover, our data also support the possibility that c. aceratus would actively construct its nest, as presumed by detrich and colleagues [ 11 ] based on the features of the nest and surrounding area .\nc. hamatus and c. rastrospinosus, herein studied, differ in a few morphological characteristics: the presence of a rostral spine on the tip of the snout in c. rastrospinosus and a different number of gillrakers [ 26 ]. however, a comprehensive analysis integrating mitochondrial dna with morphological data has recognized the validity of these two phylogenetically related species [ 27 ] .\nage and growth of ocellated icefish, chionodraco rastrospinosus, were investigated using counts of annual growth increments from sagittal otoliths. samples were collected during research surveys by benthic trawl carried out around elephant and south shetland islands in january–february 2002 and december 2006–january 2007. a total of 290 specimens were selected for the study, consisting of 120 females and 170 males. the age of fish was estimated by counting annuli on transverse sections obtained by grinding and polishing whole otoliths embedded in epoxy resin. the precision - of - age estimates within and between readers were tested applying both the average percent error (ape) and the coefficient of variation (cv). the estimated age - range was 1–12 for both sexes of c. rastrospinosus. applying the von bertalanffy growth function to the age–length data, a growth curve was obtained for each sex. the estimated values of vb growth parameters l ∞ and k were, respectively, 47. 9 cm and 0. 28 for females and 42. 9 cm and 0. 36 for males. compared to other congeneric species, the growth performance of c. rastrospinosus was relatively high, being 2. 82 and 2. 81 in males and females, respectively. age at sexual maturity was estimated to be about 4 years in both sexes. c. rastrospinosus captured in the studied area consisted mainly of adult specimens between 3 and 8 years, with few older fish .\nhearts from three species of notothenioid fishes. the channichthyid icefish chaenocephalus aceratus has a pale yellow ventricle (far left) and lacks myoglobin (mb) protein expression. the channichthyid icefish chionodraco rastrospinosus expresses myoglobin protein and displays a rose - colored ventricle (middle). the related notothenioid species notothenia coriiceps has a characteristically red ventricle (far right) associated with the presence of myoglobin protein. note that both channichthyid hearts are considerably larger than that from the red blooded species despite all having been dissected from animals of equivalent body mass. (figure is from moylan and sidell, 2000. )\nin addition to a possible involvement in intersexual selection, the modified anal fin traits in chionodraco males could function in an intra - sexual context as signals of maturity and strength. in some cichlid fish, a peculiar color pattern on the male anal fin, with a role in spawning behavior, have been experimentally related to differences in male aggressive behavior and not in female preference [ 34 ]. therefore, although our observations were limited to two fish, we cannot exclude that conspicuous and evident fin knobs could allow chionodraco males to gain deference from other males in a natural context and thus increase their reproductive success .\ncitation: ferrando s, castellano l, gallus l, ghigliotti l, masini ma, pisano e, et al. (2014) a demonstration of nesting in two antarctic icefish (genus chionodraco) using a fin dimorphism analysis and ex situ videos. plos one 9 (3): e90512. urltoken\na macroscopic analysis of the anal fin in c. hamatus and c. rastrospinosus specimens emphasized the presence of two morphological variants relative to the appearance of the distal end of the fin rays: a) they were thin, sharp and light gray or b) thick, rounded and white (figures 1a, b) .\nthe c. rastrospinosus specimens were dead in the catches obtained by bottom trawl nets during the german polarstern research cruise xxviii / 4 authorized by the ccamlr (commission for the conservation of antarctic marine living resources) in accordance with conservation measure 24 - 01 for scientific research activities in the ccamlr statistical sub - area 48. 1 .\nsexual dimorphism has been observed in several icefish species. a significant difference between sexually mature males and females was observed for the height of the dorsal fin in champsocephalus gunnari, c. wilsoni and species of the genus chionodraco [ 7 ]. dimorphism of the anal fin rays was reported in chionodraco hamatus and c. wilsoni [ 14 ]. in sexually mature males (gonads in maturity stages iii, iii–iv, iv, v and vi) of the above - mentioned species, the rays of the anal fin are mace - shaped and white with a probable outgrowth of connective tissue [ 14 ]. however, no additional data are currently available regarding the structure and function of these sexually dimorphic structures .\neighteen adult c. rastrospinosus were collected by bottom trawling during the ant xxviii / 4 expedition on - board the r / v polarstern (march - april 2012) in the elephant island – south shetland islands areas. fifteen adult c. hamatus were collected by trammel nets in the terra nova bay (ross sea) at the beginning of january 2013 during the xxviii italian antarctic expedition .\nin the present study, the histological analysis of adult specimens sampled in the field were coupled with ex situ observations performed on two c. hamatus individuals during a reproductive event as it occurred in an exhibit tank at the “acquario di genova”. the integration of structural data and videos provided the first documentation of active nesting in a chionodraco species and established a specific function of dimorphic anal fins during pre - spawning activities .\nmyoglobin enhances the performance of icefish hearts. cardiac output was measured in hearts from mb - containing chionodraco rastrospinosus and mb - lacking chaenocephalus aceratus at their inherent rhythms. the afterload against which the heart pumped perfusate was incrementally increased to describe the decay in heart performance as a function of pressure challenge. (a) when pumping oxygenated ringers solution, mb - containing hearts (mb +, filled circles) were able to maintain cardiac output to greater afterload challenges than could mb - lacking hearts (mb–, open circles). (b) when 5 mmol l –1 nano 2, which selectively poisons mb function, was incorporated into the perfusate, mechanical performance of mb - containing hearts was decremented so dramatically that they were outperformed by mb - lacking hearts, which were refractory to the treatment. (adapted from acierno et al. , 1997. )\nsexual dimorphism has been observed in a number of channichthyidae species and is often related to the length of the first dorsal fin but also occasionally with other body measurements [ 7 ]. the presence of sex - linked anal fin knobs in c. hamatus was initially described by gerasimchook [ 14 ]. the present study confirmed the result of gerasimchook and also revealed similar sexually dimorphic anal fins in the co - generic species c. rastrospinosus .\nwe have compared structural features of hearts from three species of antarctic notothenioid fishes that differ in expression of oxygen - binding proteins: gobionotothen gibberifrons (a red - blooded species whose heart also contains mb), chionodraco rastrospinosus (an hb - lacking icefish that does express cardiac mb) and, chaenocephalus aceratus (an hb - and mb - lacking icefish). at the tissue - level, we found that hearts of both hb - lacking icefishes were more spongy (i. e. the average diffusion distance that oxygen would have to traverse between lumenal blood and the tissue was shorter) than were hearts from red - blooded species (o' brien et al. , 2000) (table 3). hearts of both mb - expressing and mb - lacking icefishes, however, showed no significant difference in this feature. it appears that icefish hearts have developed a more pervasive system of blood - filled lacunae within their spongy myocardium to ensure adequate oxygen delivery from their comparatively oxygen deficient blood .\nwe cannot exclude that in addition to their evident role in nesting, the fin knobs might also play a role in the reproductive process of chionodraco sp. as a secondary sexually dimorphic characteristic. in many species, dimorphic characteristics are involved in sexual selection and male - male competition. in many fish, females apparently prefer to spawn in nests that contain eggs and are attracted to males guarding eggs [ 32 ]. egg - guarding males in some species evolved deception tactics based on egg - mimicking body ornaments, including egg - mimicking fleshy knobs, designed to attract females to prepared nests [ 33 ]. in the case of chionodraco sp. , the appearance of white and round anal fin knobs might indicate that a sexual selection strategy based on egg mimicry would apply. however, according to our observations at the “acquario di genova”, only the female c. hamatus guarded the eggs; therefore, the putative attraction effect of egg - mimicking fin knobs appears unlikely in this species. however, we are aware that captivity could influence reproductive behavior in some cases and further in situ data are necessary to corroborate this hypothesis .\nferritin is a major intracellular iron storage protein in higher vertebrates and plays an important role in iron metabolism. this study reports the identification from the antarctic icefish chionodraco rastrospinosus of a complete mrna sequence and four partial mrna sequences, all encoding the ferritin m subunit and sharing a clear homology with the ferritin m - chain of other fish species. the open reading frame of the complete ferritin m transcript is of 528 base pairs and encodes a protein of 176 amino acids that retains the residues involved in the ferroxidase diiron center and in the ferrihydrite nucleation center. despite the absence of hemoglobin and of any appreciable amount of iron in the icefish blood, rt - pcr analysis shows that h and m ferritin subunits are expressed both in blood and in other tissues, such as spleen, head kidney, liver and kidney. phylogenetic analysis shows that the h and m subunits form two well separated clusters. basal to these two clusters emerges a heterogeneous cluster, formed by two danio rerio m, a salmo salar m and an orechromis niloticus h isoforms; these forms maybe represent the heritage of ancestral forms from which arose the two major h and m subunits of the fishes .\naccording to present analysis of c. hamatus and c. rastrospinosus, there was a correlation between the rounded white anal fin knobs and mature males. the histological analyses excluded the presence of any sensory or glandular structures and assessed whether the fin knobs were comprised of a thicker epithelium. moreover, the temporary nature of such fleshy knobs was shown, at least for c. hamatus, because they were observed to detach in the post - spawning stage with evident necrosis. the exclusive presence of fin knobs in mature males and their transient nature appears to imply the involvement of fin modification in reproduction. however, such a hypothesis would be difficult to demonstrate based only on morphological data .\neven more compelling evidence of mb function in icefishes has been obtained from isolated, perfused heart studies (acierno et al. , 1997). hearts from icefish species that possess mb can maintain cardiac output at higher afterload pressures than closely related species that lack mb (fig. 4). we were further able to substantiate that these differences in cardiac performance were unequivocally due to the presence or absence of mb, by using sodium nitrite, a selective poison of mb oxygen - binding function. when 5 mmol l –1 nano 2 is incorporated into the perfusate, mechanical performance of hearts from species that express the protein is significantly impaired, while those naturally lacking the protein are refractory to this treatment (fig. 4). the unexpected result of these experiments, however, was that hearts that naturally lack mb performed better than mb - expressing hearts in which the function of the protein had been chemically ablated. this result suggested that physiological features have developed to compensate for the lack of mb in those hearts that normally do not express the protein. several lines of evidence indicate that nano 2 is an mb - specific inhibitor and does not release no into the perfusate, which would confound these conclusions. this point is essential because nitric oxide can affect cardiac function in several ways. first, at high concentrations, no inhibits the activity of cytochrome c oxidase (cox) (antunes et al. , 2004). this does not appear to occur in the experiments. we have previously shown that the activity of cytochrome c oxidase per g ventricular tissue is equivalent between c. aceratus and c. rastrospinosus (o' brien and sidell, 2000). thus, if no is present at sufficient levels to inhibit cytochrome oxidase, it should inhibit cox activity to the same extent in hearts from both species. this is clearly not the case; hearts from c. aceratus are refractory to the treatment of nano 2, whereas cardiac output in hearts from c. rastrospinosus significantly declines. second, no has a positive inotropic effect on hearts of icefish (pellegrino et al. , 2004). thus, if no were being released from nano 2, one would anticipate an increase in cardiac output, particularly in hearts of c. aceratus lacking mb, and not a decrease, as was seen in hearts from c. rastrospinosus .\nat the level of fine cellular structure, mitochondrial densities in the oxidative muscle of antarctic fishes are also correlated with the presence or absence of hb and mb (o' brien and sidell, 2000). mitchondria (1) account for approximately 16% of cell volume in hearts of red - blooded gobionotothen gibberifrons, which also contain mb; (2) account for ∼20% of cell volume of cardiomyocytes in chionodraco rastrospinosus, which lack hb but express mb, and (3) displace ∼36% of cell volume in cardiac myocytes from chaenocephalus aceratus, which are devoid of both hb and mb (table 3; o' brien and sidell, 2000). thus, loss of hb results in only a modest (∼4 %) expansion of the mitochondrial population in heart muscle, as long as the tissue continues to express mb. however, when both hb and mb are absent, expansion of the mitochondrial population is dramatic (i. e. a further 16% increase in cell volume). surprisingly, the high densities of mitochondria in the hearts of fishes lacking hb and mb do not increase aerobic metabolic capacity. in fact, the activity of aerobically poised enzymes (per g cardiac tissue) such as cytochrome oxidase and citrate synthase, are equivalent among all three species, despite the dramatic differences in mitochondrial number. the high densities of enlarged mitochondria in icefishes lacking hb and mb, result in the formation of an interwoven network of membranes. this lipid highway likely serves as an important pathway for oxygen, enhancing its delivery in the absence of oxygen - binding proteins (sidell, 1998) .\nvisual observations and videos of chionodraco hamatus icefish at the “acquario di genova” and histological analyses of congeneric species c. hamatus and c. rastrospinosus adults sampled in the field provided new anatomical and behavioral information on the reproductive biology of these white blooded species that are endemic to the high - antarctic region. during the reproductive season, mature males of both species, which are different from females and immature males, display fleshy, club - like knob modifications of their anal fin that consisted of a much thicker epithelium. histology indicated that the knobs were without any specialized glandular or sensorial organization, thus suggesting a mechanical and / or ornamental role of the modified anal fin. in addition, the occurrence of necrotic regions at the base of the thickened epithelium and the detachment of the knobs in post - spawning c. hamatus males indicated the temporary nature of the knobs. the role of these structures was confirmed as mechanical and was clarified using visual observations and videos of the behavior of two c. hamatus during a reproductive event that occurred in an exhibit tank at the “acquario di genova”. the reproductive process included pre - spawning activity, preparation of the nest, egg guarding and successfully ended with egg hatching. when the spawning event approached, the male prepared the nest. the nest was constructed on an accurately selected bottom surface, which was flattened and maintained free from sand or debris by a combination of radial body movements and continuous anal fin sweeping, thus demonstrating the important mechanical / abrasive function of the anal fin knobs. the present data are the first records of active nesting in icefish and clarify the meaning of dimorphic temporary structures, whose function would have been difficult to obtain in the field .\ncrawl of outlinks from urltoken started march, 2016. these files are currently not publicly accessible. properties of this collection. it has been several years since the last time we did this. for this collection, several things were done: 1. turned off duplicate detection. this collection will be complete, as there is a good chance we will share the data, and sharing data with pointers to random other collections, is a complex problem. 2. for the first time, did all the different wikis. the original runs were just against the enwiki. this one, the seed list was built from all 865 collections .\ngreek, chionos, - a, - on = snow + greek, drako = dragon (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; benthopelagic; depth range 0 - 1000 m, usually 200 - 400 m. polar; 60°s - 67°s, 69°w - 43°w\nsouthern ocean: ranges from the south orkney islands, south shetland islands to the antarctic peninsula .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 52. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 5200); common length: 30. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 2805 )\nfound most commonly at depths from 200 - 400 m. adults feed mainly on fishes and krill. larval pelagic phase is long (ref. 71843) .\nhureau, j. - c. , 1985. channichthyidae. p. 261 - 277. in w. fischer and j. c. hureau (eds .) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes. southern ocean (fishing areas 48, 58 and 88). rome. vol. 2. (ref. 2805 )\n): - 1. 4 - 1. 3, mean 0. 5 (based on 43 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 6250 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00263 (0. 00152 - 0. 00454), b = 3. 61 (3. 46 - 3. 76), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & (sub) family - body (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 9 ±0. 62 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (assuming tm < 5) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100) .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nkoubbi ph, duhamel g and pavoine s, 2006. the scar - marbin register of antarctic marine species: pisces. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nduhamel g, gasco n and davaine p, 2005. poissons des iles kerguelen et crozet. paris: muséum national d' histoire naturelle, 2005. [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission (ioc) of unesco. the ocean biogeographic information system (obis), available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe antarctic icefishes (family channichthyidae) provide excellent examples of unique traits that can arise in a chronically cold and isolated environment. their loss of hemoglobin (hb) expression, and in some cases, loss of myoglobin (mb) expression, has taught us much about the function of these proteins. although absences of the proteins are fixed traits in icefishes, the losses do not appear to be of adaptive value. contrary to some suggestions, loss of hb has led to higher energetic costs for circulating blood, and losses of mb have reduced cardiac performance. moreover, losses of hb and mb have resulted in extensive modifications to the cardiovascular system to ensure adequate oxygen delivery to working muscles. recent studies suggest that losses of hb and mb, and their associated nitric oxide (no) - oxygenase activities, may have accelerated the development and evolution of these cardiovascular modifications. the high levels of no that should occur in the absence of hb and mb have been shown in other animal groups to lead to an increase in tissue vascularization, an increase in the lumenal diameter of blood vessels, and an increase in mitochondrial densities. these characteristics are all hallmark traits of antarctic icefishes. homeostatic feedback mechanisms thus may have accelerated evolution of the pronounced cardiovascular traits of antarctic icefishes .\ncomparative physiologists instinctively are drawn to organisms that display superlative physiological characteristics. this really is a corollary to the famous 'august krogh principle' that states: “ for a large number of problems there will be some animal of choice or a few such animals on which it can be most conveniently studied ” (krogh, 1929). although we may take issue with the grammar of this sentence, the concept is unassailable. in the realm of comparative cardiovascular physiology, few groups of animals can rival the antarctic icefishes in meeting the criterion described by krogh. it is upon this group that we will focus our commentary .\nthe antarctic icefishes (family channichthyidae) are one of eight families of the single perciform suborder, notothenioidei, which dominate the fish fauna surrounding antarctica (for excellent reviews, see eastman, 2005; kock, 2005). they occupy the coldest, most thermally stable marine environment on earth. sea temperatures near the ross ice shelf at mcmurdo station, antarctica, are nearly constant at– 1. 9°c (littlepage, 1965) and even those in the more northerly antarctic peninsula range only between summer temperatures of + 1. 5°c to winter temperatures of– 1. 8°c (dewitt, 1971). the water column south of the antarctic polar front is exceedingly well mixed vertically, and all depths are close to complete oxygen saturation. because oxygen solubility in seawater is inversely proportional to temperature, the cold antarctic seas thus are an exceptionally oxygen - rich aquatic habitat .\nnotothenioids account for approximately 35% of fish species and 90% of fish biomass found south of the antarctic polar front (ekau, 1990). radiation of closely related notothenioid species has occurred rapidly (within the last 12 million years, my) (bargelloni et al. , 1994) and under a very unusual set of conditions. first, notothenioids have evolved in relative oceanographic isolation from other faunas due to circumpolar currents and deep ocean trenches surrounding the continent. second, the southern ocean has been characterized by severely cold water temperatures for the last 10–14 my (kennett, 1977). finally, evolution of these fishes has progressed under conditions of very low levels of niche competition because a dramatic crash in fish diversity occurred in the southern ocean sometime between the mid - tertiary and present (see eastman, 1993; eastman, 2005). these features make antarctic notothenioid fishes an uniquely attractive group for the study of physiological and biochemical adaptations to cold body temperature. today' s notothenioids are arguably the end result of an extraordinary natural experiment. they provide a window into the exceptional physiological characteristics that can arise in animals living at chronically cold body temperatures. some of these characteristics clearly are adaptive (e. g. development of antifreeze glycoproteins). others would be deleterious, if not lethal, in warmer and more competitive environments .\none of the most unusual and fascinating physiological characteristics of antarctic notothenioids is the complete loss of hemoglobin (hb) in the family channichthyidae. these peculiar looking fishes were appropriately named ice fish, by early british whalers and were first described physiologically in 1954 (ruud, 1954) .\nicefishes are the only known vertebrate animals to lack hb as adults (fig. 1). oxygen is found solely in physical solution in icefish blood, which has an oxygen carrying capacity of < 10% of that seen in red - blooded notothenioid fishes (holeton, 1970). several fairly draconian modifications of the cardiovascular system of icefishes compensate for their lack of a circulating oxygen - carrier. icefishes possess very large hearts compared to red - blooded fishes of equivalent body size, resulting in a weight - specific cardiac output that is four - to fivefold greater than that of red - blooded species (hemmingsen et al. , 1972; fig. 2). the blood volumes of icefishes are up to fourfold those of red - blooded teleosts, and the diameter of their capillaries is unusually large (fitch et al. , 1984). these features collectively permit a large volume of blood to circulate throughout the bodies of icefishes at high flow rate, yet, at low vascular pressure because of decreased peripheral resistance. combined with the very high oxygen content of antarctic waters and relatively low absolute metabolic rates, these unusual cardiovascular attributes ensure that adequate oxygen is delivered to tissues to support the obligately aerobic mode of metabolism of these animals (hemmingsen, 1991) .\nlack of circulating hemoglobin and red cells is the signature characteristic of antarctic icefishes. these two tubes contain freshly drawn blood from a hemoglobin - expressing notothenioid fish (notothenia coriiceps) on the left and a hemoglobinless antarctic icefish (chaenocephalus aceratus) on the right .\nthe intracellular oxygen - binding protein, myoglobin (mb), is also not uniformly expressed in species of family channichthyidae. myoglobin is widely distributed in aerobically poised tissues of animals, and has been ascribed critical roles in both intracellular storage and diffusion of oxygen (wittenberg and wittenberg, 2003). indeed, the journal of experimental biology recently carried a commentary (ordway and garry, 2004), the title of which indicated that myoglobin was an 'essential hemoprotein in striated muscle'. it would appear that the channichthyid icefishes confirm the old adage that there are exceptions to every rule. among the 16 known species of the family, ten icefish species do express mb in their heart muscle, while six others do not produce the protein (grove et al. , 2004) .\nthe very close phylogenetic relationship among families of hb - expressing and hb - less notothenioids and among mb - expressing and mb - lacking icefishes presents an unique matrix of 'naturally occurring genetic knockouts' that can be exploited to probe and understand the myriad of processes that regulate both oxygen delivery and utilization in aerobic tissues. because these 'knockouts' have withstood the tests of real - world biology, they offer advantages over experimentally produced genetic knockouts for mb expression in mice (garry et al. , 1998; gödecke et al. , 1999) .\nthe pattern of hb and mb expression in icefishes leads us to a series of intriguing questions. how and when did the losses of expression of these important oxygen - binding proteins come about? was loss of expression of either hemoglobin or myoglobin of adaptive value? if 'yes', what advantage was conferred? if 'no', why have the traits persisted in populations of these animals? how has the suite of physiological characteristics, which appear to be aimed at compensating for loss of each of these proteins, come about? obviously, many of the 'answers' to these questions must, of necessity, fall within the realm of speculation. however, recent findings are pointing toward a series of provocative explanations .\nbecause the hemoglobinless condition is synapomorphic among the entire icefish family (i. e. a derived or specialized character shared by two or more groups that originated in their last common ancestor), it is clear that the original mutation that ablated hb expression occurred at, or near the point of divergence of channichthyids from their notothenioid ancestors. ruud recognized that the stably cold and well - oxygenated conditions of the modern southern ocean are undoubtedly environmental characteristics required for survival of the group (ruud, 1954; ruud, 1965). these conditions are thought to have been attained ca. 10–14 mya (kennett, 1977). this timing is consistent with the emergence of most notothenioid lineages, which is thought to have occurred 12–5 mya, based on genetic distances (bargelloni et al. , 2000). these same genetic data suggest that the channichthyid icefishes diverged only 5. 5–2 mya. by this time, the southern ocean had become a stable, cold environment, favoring the survival of this group. despite their descent from an ancestral red - blooded stock, genomic dna of today' s icefishes completely lacks any detectable vestiges of the gene for β - globin and contains only remnants of the gene encodingα - globin, the two subunits of which hb is composed (cocca et al. , 1995; cocca et al. , 1997) .\nthe pattern of mb loss among the channichthyid icefishes is more puzzling. we have been unable to detect expression of mb in oxidative skeletal muscle of any icefish or red - blooded notothenioid species that we have examined to date, suggesting that this phenotype is even more ancient than absence of hb (moylan and sidell, 2000). a 'myoglobin - like' protein has been detected in glycolytic skeletal muscle of icefishes based upon immunochemical methods (morlá et al. , 2003). this observation seems perplexing, given that mb expression is typically restricted to aerobically poised oxidative muscle, and is not expressed in anaerobically poised glycolytic, skeletal muscles; we have been unable to duplicate their results .\nseveral independent mutational events have led to loss of myoglobin (mb) expression during evolution of the icefish family. expression of mb is mapped on the consensus phylogeny of the family channichthyidae. vertical red bars indicate points of independent mutational events leading to loss of mb expression. the figure is modeled after that from grove et al. (grove et al. , 2004) and based upon a cladogram originally presented by near et al. (near et al. , 2003) .\nas mentioned earlier, mb is expressed in heart ventricle of 10 of the 16 known species of icefishes, while six others lack the protein. by mapping loss of mb expression on the consensus phylogeny of the icefishes, it is clear that ability to produce mb has been lost at several discrete times during evolution of the family (fig. 3). we also have identified at least three entirely different mutational mechanisms that account for loss of mb expression in the different clades of non - expressers (table 1; small et al. , 1998; small et al. , 2003). the most parsimonious interpretation of this pattern is that mb is nonfunctional at the very cold body temperature of these animals and its loss, by whatever mechanism, might be advantageous, or selectively neutral at worst (sidell et al. , 1997). all available data, however, point toward rejection of this hypothesis .\nthe multiple occurrences of mb loss observed among the icefishes are even more perplexing. this is particularly evident when one realizes that each clade characterized by lack of mb expression is more closely related to clades that produce the protein than to those that do not (cf. fig. 3). the ability to produce mb has thus been lost through several completely independent mutational events. this pattern suggests that mb might be a 'vestigial' protein that may not work well at the severely cold body temperature of icefishes. we have pursued several independent lines of investigation to evaluate this possibility .\nwe used stopped - flow spectroscopy to establish that oxygen binds and dissociates from icefish mb more rapidly than from mammalian mbs at all temperatures (cashon et al. , 1997). when measurements are compared at respective physiological temperatures, however, mbs of these two groups show very similar kinetics of binding and dissociation. in short, icefish mb appears to function at 0°c as well as mammalian mb does at 37°c. our results also showed that cold - temperature function of mb is not unique to icefishes, but is a trait shared with other teleosts. the enhanced activity of teleost mbs at cold temperature appears to be due to the replacement of the common d - helix found in mammalian mbs with a random - coil. this substitution undoubtedly confers greater conformational flexibility to the protein, enhancing oxygen' s entry and exit from the heme binding - pocket (cashon et al. , 1997). oxygen - binding kinetics, therefore, demonstrate that icefish mb is functional at cold temperature .\nall of the evidence cited above strongly indicates that the losses of the ability to express hb and mb were not advantageous. indeed, available information clearly suggests that each of these losses must have resulted in a decrement in physiological performance of the fishes. under the nomenclature of baum and larsen, this would qualify both of these traits as 'disaptations' (baum and larsen, 1991). indeed, multiple losses of myoglobin during evolution of the icefishes have been cited as a prime example of a disaptation among antarctic fishes (montgomery and clements, 2000). such a conclusion appears at odds with modern evolutionary theory, which suggests that selective pressure should lead to the retention of hb and mb expression, and that mutations causing their loss should be subject to negative selection and eliminated from the population. regardless of the specific nomenclature employed to describe them, persistence of these traits appears to be a conundrum .\nlike virtually all such evolutionary questions, there is no means of arriving at a definitive answer to the question above. the abundance and obvious success of icefishes in the southern ocean, however, begs us at least to speculate on a possible explanation. to do so, we must marshal information from areas as diverse as geology, climatology, oceanography and biology. in combination, these features underscore the truly unique set of conditions under which the notothenioid fishes of antarctica have evolved .\nboth environmental and physiological characteristics help explain why hb and mb losses are not lethal at the level of the individual organism. we have seen that the very cold temperature and extensive vertical mixing of the southern ocean results in highly oxygenated water. moreover, the absolute metabolic rates of antarctic fishes are relatively low because of cold body temperature and their modest locomotory activity, as a result of their descent from a common sluggish demersal ancestor. convergence of these features likely ensured sufficient tissue oxygenation to sustain life in early channichthyids, despite the loss of oxygen - binding proteins. although providing an explanation of why losses of oxygen - binding proteins may not have been lethal, this line of reasoning still does not address the more difficult question of why such apparently 'disadvantageous' traits were maintained at the population level .\nit is essential to remember that, if a trait is sublethal, then it is 'disadvantageous' only within the context of competition with other organisms. in other words, if competition is relaxed sufficiently and environmental resources (e. g. caloric resources) are not limiting, sublethal traits may have no real effect on the fitness of organisms. the unusual evolutionary history of the antarctic fish fauna suggests that they may have radiated under conditions of little or no niche competition. the massive crash of species diversity among fishes in the southern ocean occurring between the mid - tertiary and present left an ancestral stock of demersal notothenioids to colonize approximately 10% of the world' s ocean volume. the prevailing view is that this event explains the ultimate dominance of notothenioid species in antarctic seas (eastman, 1993) .\nthe final piece of the puzzle comes with recognition that the climatic cooling of antarctica during the last 25 my has not been smoothly monotonic. indeed, evidence exists to suggest that deep (> 100 m) ice - free marine embayments developed during periodic recessions of the glacial shield of the continent on several occasions during even the last 5 my (e. g. see webb, 1990). periodic availability of these deep fjords to colonization by sparsely distributed notothenioids provides the final ingredient of refugia that may have contributed to both the exceptionally rapid radiation of notothenioid species in general, and the fixation of the unusual hb - less and mb - less traits of some icefish species .\nif the relaxed - competition interpretation above is correct, then we are confronted with another pressing question. in the absence of significant competition, what has driven development of the many physiological characteristics that can be viewed as compensations for the loss of expression of hb and / or mb? these compensatory characteristics are manifold and observed at all levels of biological organization. in addition to the striking differences in cardiovascular physiology already described, the channichthyids also display two other notable features .\nreflecting their very large blood volumes, antarctic icefish display large lumenal diameters of the microvasculature (fitch et al. , 1984). although we have long known that the capillary bore of hb - less icefishes is two - to threefold greater than that of red - blooded relatives (fitch et al. , 1984), the majority of vascular adaptations that have been described for these fish are at the gross systemic level. in collaboration with dr joseph eastman of ohio university, we recently performed a series of preliminary vascular perfusions of hb - producing and hb - lacking antarctic notothenioids that reveal stunning differences in the vascular densities of a highly aerobic tissue, the retina of the eye (fig. 5). vascular densities of the hb - less icefish are dramatically greater than those of hb - expressing notothenioid species. this has the effect of reducing the diffusion distance for oxygen and ensuring greater oxygenation of the highly aerobic retinal tissue in animals whose blood has an oxygen carrying capacity per unit volume far below that of their red - blooded counterparts .\nretinal vasculature of: (a) pagothenia borchgrevinki, an hb - expressing nototheniid (reproduced with permission from eastman and lannoo, 2004). (b) chaenocephalus aceratus, a hb - lacking icefish (j. eastman and b. d. sidell, unpublished). lenses and vitreous bodies have been removed from the eyes to allow a clear view of the blood vessels. yellow coloration is from perfusion and filling of the vasculature with microfil ™ silicone rubber compound .\nthe suite of anatomical and physiological characteristics of icefishes that appear to be linked to the loss of hb and mb expression is extensive. how then could these apparently adaptive traits have evolved under conditions of relaxed competition? one possibility is that the loss of hb and mb triggered immediate, ameliorating modifications in icefish physiology, which became fixed traits over time. in other words, the initial loss of hb and mb accelerated the evolution of secondary cardiovascular traits. this idea is supported by recent studies illuminating the novel role of hb and mb in the metabolism of the potent signaling molecule, nitric oxide .\nfish physiologists studying the channicthyid icefish have thus far focused on questions related to the economy of oxygen delivery and consumption. logically, these were the most pertinent and primary problems to address, given our understanding of hemoglobin and myoglobin as critical oxygen storage and transport proteins. however, recent studies on the evolution of globin proteins have revealed an additional function for these proteins. we now know that vertebrate hemoglobins are derived from the more primitive globins of bacteria, nematodes and yeast, which all metabolize nitric oxide (no) (liu et al. , 2000; minning et al. , 1999; gardner et al. , 1998). these ancestral globins function as no oxygenases, using oxygen to convert no to nitrate. studies of hb–no oxygenase activity in unicellular organisms provided precedence for later work on vertebrate hemoglobins, which showed that in addition to binding oxygen, both hb and mb also break down no to nitrate (gardner, 2005; flögel et al. , 2001). moreover, this function is integral to an animal' s physiology. the absence of mb in the much - studied myoglobinless mice leads to enhanced sensitivity to no and the activation of downstream pathways regulated by no (flögel et al. , 2001; grange et al. , 2001) .\nthese findings prompt us to widen the scope of our questions related to the physiology of icefish and ask: what are the potential effects of the loss of hb and mb as no - oxygenases? the answers are enticing, and suggest that the loss of no - oxygenase activity, and subsequent elevation of no levels, could explain many, if not all, of the unique cardiovascular and physiological traits that have evolved in icefishes .\n). in higher vertebrates, no is the product of a reaction catalyzed by three distinct isoforms of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (nos; e. c. 1. 14. 13. 39): endothelial nos (enos, nos - iii), neuronal nos (nnos, ncnos, nos - i) and inducible nos (inos, mnos, nos - ii). all nos isoforms catalyze a 5 - electron oxidation of arginine to produce no and\nall three isoforms of nos are present in fish. endothelial nos (enos) has been reported in vascular endothelium and heart muscle of developing zebrafish (fritsche et al. , 2000), and the presence of nnos and inos clearly has been established in a variety of tissues from several fish species (e. g. holmqvist et al. , 1998; holmqvist et al. , 2004; morlá et al. , 2003, pellegrino et al. , 2002; pellegrino et al. , 2004). a recent study shows that nnos is expressed at a higher level in skeletal muscle from icefishes than in the tissue from red - blooded species (morlá et al. , 2003). both enos and inos have been identified in ventricular cardiomyocytes of white and red - blooded nototheniods, and enos is also found in the endothelium and epicardium in heart ventricles from these fishes (tota et al. , 2005). no has been shown to regulate cardiovascular activities in icefish, including dilation of branchial vasculature, cardiac stroke volume and power output (pellegrino et al. , 2003). interestingly, no has a positive inotropic effect on cardiovascular function in icefish, whereas in other fish and mammals, no has a negative inotropic effect (tota et al. , 2005). at this point it is unknown if this difference is related to the absence of hemoglobin, or some other species - specific difference in the expression of signaling molecules operating downstream of no. regardless, it seems likely that if no is present at sufficient levels to control these processes, then it likely also contributes to the regulation of additional features of the cardiovascular and muscular system .\nnitric oxide is best known for its function as a vasodilator that enhances blood flow and thus oxygen delivery to tissues (palmer et al. , 1987). in addition, no - mediated pathways have been implicated in promoting the growth of capillary networks (angiogenesis) (reviewed by conway et al. , 2001). angiogenesis involves the expansion, growth and remodeling of blood vessels into a mature network. this process occurs via sprouting of new vessels from the ends and sides of existing vessels or by longitudinal splitting of existing vessels. no induces upregulation of one of the most potent factors influencing blood vessel proliferation, vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) (kimura et al. , 2000). nitric oxide appears to play a role in both hypoxia - and exercise - induced stimulation of vegf and angiogenesis in muscle (milkiewicz et al. , 2005; kimura and esumi, 2003). it is also noteworthy that vegf, along with angiopoietin - 1 (ang - 1), promote enlargement of the lumenal diameter of the microvasculature (suri et al. , 1998) .\nonly within the last couple of years we have learned that another very important role of no is to stimulate and maintain high densities of mitochondria in a variety of tissues (nisoli et al. , 2003; nisoli et al. , 2004). no induces mitochondrial biogenesis via a guanylate cyclase and cgmp - dependent pathway (fig. 6). it also plays a role in maintaining constitutive levels of mitochondrial densities. null - mutant mice, lacking enos, have lower levels of mtdna, as well as mrna levels of subunit iv of cytochrome oxidase (coxiv) and cytochrome c, compared to wild - type mice in brain, liver and heart tissue (nisoli et al. , 2003)." ]

{ "text": [ "the ocellated icefish ( chionodraco rastrospinosus ) is a fish of the family channichthyidae .", "it lives in the cold waters off antarctica and is known for having transparent haemoglobin-free blood .", "c. rastrospinosus live in the southern ocean up to a depth of 1 km .", "they grow up to 52 centimetres ( 20 in ) and average 30 centimetres ( 12 in ) .", "the adults feed on krill and other fish .", "larvae are 17 mm long when they hatch , and grow by about 2 mm a week .", "the larval stage lasts for up to 18 months during which they feed mainly on krill .", "they become sexually mature at four years , and normally live up to about eight years , but sometimes as long as twelve .", "in the antarctic autumn , adult c. rastrospinosus migrate to shallow waters to spawn at a depth of 200 – 300 m .", "the eggs are scattered and hatch six months later around april . " ], "topic": [ 21, 13, 18, 0, 8, 9, 8, 15, 13, 28 ] }

[ "the ocellated icefish (chionodraco rastrospinosus) is a fish of the family channichthyidae. it lives in the cold waters off antarctica and is known for having transparent haemoglobin-free blood. c. rastrospinosus live in the southern ocean up to a depth of 1 km. they grow up to 52 centimetres (20 in) and average 30 centimetres (12 in). the adults feed on krill and other fish. larvae are 17 mm long when they hatch, and grow by about 2 mm a week. the larval stage lasts for up to 18 months during which they feed mainly on krill. they become sexually mature at four years, and normally live up to about eight years, but sometimes as long as twelve. in the antarctic autumn, adult c. rastrospinosus migrate to shallow waters to spawn at a depth of 200 – 300 m. the eggs are scattered and hatch six months later around april." ]

[ "stenodactylus (ceramodactylus) pulcher anderson 1896: 19 stenodactylus pulcher — schmidt 1953: 256 stenodactylus pulcher — wermuth 1965: 177 stenodactylus pulcher — kluge 1993 stenodactylus pulcher — rösler 2000: 115 stenodactylus pulcher — bauer et al. 2013\nstenodactylopsis pulcher steindachner 1870 diplodactylus pulcher — günther 1885: 102 diplodactylus pulcher — boulenger 1885: 102 diplodactylus bilineatus lucas & frost 1903 (fide loveridge 1934) diplodactylus pulcher var. dorsotaeniata pellegrin 1909 diplodactylus pulcher var. pulcher werner 1910 diplodactylus pulcher var. dorsalis werner 1910 diplodactylus lucasi fry 1914 (nom. subst. for d. bilineatus lucas & frost) diplodactylus pulcher — wermuth 1965: 24 diplodactylus dorsalis — wells & wellington 1985 diplodactylus pulcher — kluge 1993 diplodactylus pulcher — cogger 2000: 224 diplodactylus pulcher — pianka & vitt 2003: 180 diplodactylus pulcher — wilson & swan 2010\nlectotype: nmw 17572: 3 (stenodactylus pulcher) (des. by kluge 1967) = syntype fide tiedemann et al. 1994. holotype: nmv d7570 (diplodactylus bilineatus) holotype: mnhn 1909 - 190 (d. pulcher var. dorsotaeniata )\nmolecular phylogeny and phylogeography of the australian diplodactylus stenodactylus (gekkota; reptilia) species - group based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes reveals an ancient split between pilbara and non - pilbara d. stenodactylus\nmolecular phylogeny and phylogeography of the australian diplodactylus stenodactylus (gekkota; reptilia) species - group based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes reveals an ancient split between pilbara and non - pilbara d. stenodactylus .\nmolecular phylogeny and phylogeography of the australian diplodactylus stenodactylus (gekkota; reptilia) species - group based on mitochondrial and n... - pubmed - ncbi\npepper, mitzy; paul doughty, j. scott keogh 2006. molecular phylogeny and phylogeography of the australian diplodactylus stenodactylus (gekkota; reptilia) species - group based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes reveals an ancient split between pilbara and non - pilbara d. stenodactylus. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 41: 539–555 - get paper here\narnold e n 1980. reptiles of saudi arabia. a review of the lizard genus stenodactylus (reptilia: gekkonidae). fauna of saudi arabia 2: 368 - 404\nour concept of the d. conspicillatus group includes only species that are part of a strongly supported clade of related forms that have previously been synonymised or confounded with the nominate species. this is contra kluge [ 77 ] and storr et al. [ 79 ], who included the nominate species and some or all of d. kenneallyi, d. pulcher and d. savagei; the phylogenetic relationships of which, based on available data, remain unclear. however, they do not show any evidence of a strong or close affinity to the d. conspicillatus group [ 25 ] .\na contribution to the herpetology of arabia. with a preliminary list of the reptiles and batrachians of egypt: anderson, john, 1833 - 1900: free download, borrow, and streaming: internet archive\na contribution to the herpetology of arabia. with a preliminary list of the reptiles and batrachians of egypt\nthere are no reviews yet. be the first one to write a review .\nnote: tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well. we are working on it .\nanderson, john 1896. a contribution to the herpetology of arabia, with a preliminary list of the reptiles and batrachians of egypt. london, r. h. porter, 124 pp .\narnold, e. n. 1977. little - known geckoes (reptilia: gekkonidae) from arabia with descriptions of two new species from the sultanate of oman. the scientific results of the oman flora and fauna survey, 1975. journal of oman studies, special report, (1): 81—110 [ 1975 ]\nbauer, aaron m. ; rafaqat masroor, james titus - mcquillan, matthew p. heinicke, , juan d. daza & todd r. jackman 2013. a preliminary phylogeny of the palearctic naked - toed geckos (reptilia: squamata: gekkonidae) with taxonomic implications. zootaxa 3599 (4): 301–324 - get paper here\nrösler, h. 2000. kommentierte liste der rezent, subrezent und fossil bekannten geckotaxa (reptilia: gekkonomorpha). gekkota 2: 28 - 153\nschmidt, k. p. 1953. amphibians and reptiles of yemen. fieldiana zoology 34: 253 - 261. - get paper here\nsindaco, r. & jeremcenko, v. k. 2008. the reptiles of the western palearctic. edizioni belvedere, latina (italy), 579 pp. - get paper here\nsteindachner, franz 1903. batrachier und reptilien von südarabien und sokotra, gesammelt während der südarabischen expedition der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften. sitzungsb. akad. wiss. wien, math. - naturwiss. kl. , 112, abt. 1: 7 - 14 - get paper here\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz (database content) and jakob hallermann, zoological museum hamburg (new species and updates) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nbauer, a. m. , masroor, r. , titus - mcquillan, j. , heinicke, m. p. , daza, j. d. and jackman, t. r. 2013. a preliminary phylogeny of the palearctic naked - toed geckos (reptilia: squamata: gekkonidae) with taxonomic implications. zootaxa 3599 (4): 301 - 324 .\nbusais, s. m. s. , al jumaily, m. m. & shobrak, m .\njustification: this species is listed as least concern as there are no major threats, and local population densities can be high .\nthis species is found in coastal areas of southern yemen, where it has been recorded at five localities between wadi hajr in the west and qishn in the east .\nthis species has been found in locally high densities (baha el din et al. in litt. )\nthis is a lizard of sandy habitats close to the sea, where it may occur in coastal dunes (baha el din et al. in litt .) .\nthere is some resort development within this lizard' s range. this is localized at present, but may become more widespread in future. it is unknown whether the gecko is sensitive to this disturbance. human population density is low throughout its range in coastal habitats, and there are no known major threats .\nthis lizard is not known from any protected areas, although a protected area is proposed for the region (m. shobrak pers. comm. february 2012). more research is needed into the lizard' s population status, ecology and sensitivity to the effects of tourist development .\nbusais, s. m. s. , al jumaily, m. m. & shobrak, m. 2012 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nschool of botany and zoology, the australian national university, canberra, act 0200, australia .\naplin kp & adams m 1998. morphological and genetic discrimination of new species and subspecies of gekkonid and scincid lizards (squamata: lacertilia) from the carnarvon basin of western australia. j. roy. soc. western australia 81: 201 - 223\nboulenger, g. a. 1885. catalogue of the lizards in the british museum (nat. hist .) i. geckonidae, eublepharidae, uroplatidae, pygopodidae, agamidae. london: 450 pp. - get paper here\ncogger, h. g. 2014. reptiles and amphibians of australia, 7th ed. csiro publishing, xxx + 1033 pp .\ncogger, h. g. 2000. reptiles and amphibians of australia, 6th ed. ralph curtis publishing, sanibel island, 808 pp .\ndoughty, paul; oliver, paul; adams, mark 2008. systematics of stone geckos in the genus diplodactylus (reptilia: diplodactylidae) from northwestern australia, with a description of a new species from the northwest cape, western australia. rec. west. austr. mus. 24: 247 - 265 - get paper here\nfry, d. b. 1914. on a collection of reptiles and batrachians from western australia. rec. west. austral. mus. 1: 174 - 210 - get paper here\nglauert, l. 1956. geckonidae (part ii). western australian naturalist 5 (3): 49 - 56\nkinghorn, j. roy 1929. herpetological notes no. i. rec. austral. mus. 17 (2): 76 - 84 - get paper here\nlucas, a. h. s. , and c. frost 1903. description of two new australian lizards, varanus spenceri and diplodactylus bilineatus. proceedings of the royal society of victoria, 15: 145—147. - get paper here\noliver, paul; andrew hugall, mark adams, steven j. b. cooper and mark hutchinson 2007. genetic elucidation of cryptic and ancient diversity in a group of australian diplodactyline geckos: the diplodactylus vittatus complex. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 44 (1): 77 - 88 - get paper here\npellegrin, j. 1909. sur une collection de lézards de l’australie occidentale. bulletin de la société zoologique de france, 34: 241—245. - get paper here\npianka, e. r. 1969. habitat specificity, speciation, and species density in australian desert lizards. ecology 50 (3): 498 - 502 - get paper here\npianka, e. r. ; pianka, h. d. 1976. comparative ecology of twelve species of nocturnal lizards (gekkonidae) in the western australian desert. copeia 1976 (1): 125 - 142 - get paper here\npianka, e. r. & vitt, l. j. 2003. lizards - windows to the evolution of diversity. university of california press, berkeley, 347 pp. [ review in copeia 2004: 955 ] - get paper here\nsteindachner, f. 1870. herpetologische notizen (il). reptilien gesammelt während einer reise in sengambien. sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften in wien, 62: 326 - 348. - get paper here\ntiedemann, f. ; häupl, m. & grillitsch, h. 1994. katalog der typen der herpetologischen sammlung nach dem stand vom 1. jänner 1994. teil ii: reptilia. kat. wiss. samml. naturhist. mus. wien 10 (vertebrata 4): 1 - 110\nwerner, f. 1910. reptilia (geckonidae und scincidae). in: michaelsen, w. , and r. hartmeyer: die fauna südwest - australiens. vol. 2. g. fischer, jena, pp. 451 - 493. - get paper here\nwilson, s. & swan, g. 2010. a complete guide to reptiles of australia, 3rd ed. chatswood: new holland, 558 pp .\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncitation: oliver pm, couper pj, pepper m (2014) independent transitions between monsoonal and arid biomes revealed by systematic revison of a complex of australian geckos (diplodactylus; diplodactylidae). plos one 9 (12): e111895. urltoken\ncopyright: © 2014 oliver et al. this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited\ndata availability: all relevant data are within the paper and its supporting information files. sequence data has been uploaded to genbank and the accession numbers can be found in table 1 .\nfunding: this work was supported by mckenzie postdoctoral fellowship at the university of melbourne to paul oliver, an australian research council linage grant to paul oliver, mike lee and paul doughty, an australian biological resources survey grant to mark hutchinson, mark adams, paul oliver and paul doughty, and the queensland museum. mitzy pepper’s contributions were supported by an australian research council grant to j. scott keogh. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\nthe extent and intensity of arid conditions in the southern hemisphere has increased through the late neogene, and expansive deserts are now a prominent feature of most southern continents (africa, australia and south america) [ 1 – 4 ]. these generally young arid zones are characterised by low, unpredictable rainfall and strong seasonal variation in temperature, and this major climatic shift has had profound biological implications; some lineages have adapted to aridity, while many others have retreated into shrinking mesic refugia or simply gone extinct [ 5 – 10 ] .\nthe australian arid zone (aaz) and australian monsoonal tropics (amt) are two of the largest australian biomes, and share a long border than spans most of northern australia [ 9, 17 ]. many lineages occur across both regions, suggesting there has been significant evolutionary interchange, however only a small number of studies have examined the diversification of taxa spanning these two areas [ 14, 18 ]. this work has generally supported the hypothesis that lineages in the amt are characterised by higher taxonomic or genetic diversity and more narrow distributions (indicative of persistence and localised diversification), while the aaz is inhabited by a smaller number of derived and often relatively widespread lineages (indicative of colonisation and range expansion) [ 14, 16, 18 ]. however the total number of studies remains few, and broader insight into how often, and when lineages diversified across these two biomes requires examination of additional lineages .\nthis study utilised specimens and tissues held in the australian museum (ams), national museum of victoria (nmv), northern territory museum and art gallery (ntm), queensland museum (qm), south australian museum (sama) and western australian museum (wam). where possible, specimens included in genetic analyses were also included in morphological analyses. tissue samples from nominated holotypes for all three newly described taxa were included in assessments of genetic diversity .\nmorphological characterisation of the types of d. conspicillatus and its synonyms (as listed in cogger et al. , 1983), d. hillii, gymnodactylus laevis and d. platyurus, was made by direct examination (d. conspicillatus [ nmv ] and d. hillii [ qm ]) or using photographic images generously provided by dr h. g. cogger (gymnodactylus laevis [ naturmuseum senckenberg, frankfurt ] and d. platyurus [ british museum of natural history, london ]) .\nphylogenetic relationships were estimated using standard maximum likelihood (raxml v7. 2. 8) [ 37 ] and bayesian techniques (beast v1. 8. 0) [ 38 ]. all unique samples were included in initial analyses (s1 fig .), however for subsequent phylogenetic analyses we focused on a reduced subset of data from which a number of identical or near identical sequences for the two most extensively sampled major clades were removed. maximum likelihood analyses were run using the default settings for raxml on the cipres portal; the gtr + g model of sequence evolution (as preferred by stamatakis, [ 37 ]), and ceasing bootstrapping when mre - bootstrapping criteria had been reached .\npink = d. custos sp. nov. , blue = d. hillii, green = d. barraganae sp. nov. , purple = d. platyurus (circle = lineage f, star = lineage g, squares = lineage h), red = d. conspicillatus (squares = northern lineage, circles = southern lineage), white = d. laevis, yellow = d. bilybara sp. nov. the dashed line corresponds to the transition between regions with a moisture index (mean annual rainfall divided by evaporation) less than 0. 4 (arid) to greater than 0. 4 (semiarid to mesic) and is widely used as an approximate boundary of the australian arid zone. inset map on the top left corner indicates putative regions of endemism mentioned in the text; p = pilbara, k = kimberley, te = “top end”, g = gulf country .\nall measurements (except svl) and bilateral counts were recorded from the left side. the following measurements were taken using mitutoyo electronic callipers: snout to vent length (svl), tip of snout to anterior margin of cloaca with body straightened; tail length (t), from posterior margin of cloaca to tip of tail; tail width (tw), widest point across original tail; head length (hl), mid anterior margin of ear to tip of snout; head width (hw), widest point of head, usually corresponding with, or slightly posterior to, position of ear opening; head depth (hd), lower jaw to top of head at mid orbit; snout length (s), tip of snout to anterior margin of orbit; eye to ear (ee), posterior margin of orbit to mid anterior margin of ear; length of forelimb (l1) and hindlimb (l2), from insertion to tip of longest digit (claw included), with limb stretched straight perpendicular to body; and (ag) axilla to inguinal region with body straightened .\nthe electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended international code of zoological nomenclature, and hence the new names contained herein are available under that code from the electronic edition of this article. this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank, the online registration system for the iczn. the zoobank lsids (life science identifiers) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix\nurltoken\n. the lsid for this publication is: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: pub: c410144b - ec99 - 4aa4 - 8780 - a2858356cf32. the electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an issn, and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories: pubmed central, lockss .\nmonophyly of d. conspicillatus sensu lato was strongly supported in all analyses (fig. 2a–b). within this clade we identified the nine major lineages corresponding to the candidate species identified by oliver et al. [ 30 ], specifically; d. conspicillatus sensu stricto —widespread in the arid zone and extending into the amt; lineage a—gulf region, north queensland; lineage b—western pilbara and carnarvon region, western australia; lineage c—widespread arid zone; lineage d—western top end, northern territory; lineage e—kimberley, western australia; lineage f—channel country, western and central queensland and far north - west new south wales; lineage g—around townsville, queensland; and lineage h—gulf country, north queensland (fig. 1). monophyly of all major clades is strongly supported, and mean uncorrected genetic divergence between lineages is relatively high (11. 3–22. 5 %) (s1a table). lineages b, c, d and e form a clade that is well supported as sister to another clade comprising d. conspicillatus sensu stricto and lineage a. collectively these clades (d. conspicillatus sensu stricto and a–e) are well supported as sister to the most divergent clade of the complex which contains lineages f–h from eastern australia .\ndistributional data based on morphotyped samples indicates that of the nine major lineages in the d. conspicillatus complex, five (a, d, e, g and h) are absent from the central arid zone (and are mostly restricted to the amt), two (d. conspicillatus sensu stricto and f) occur in the both amt and aaz, and two (lineages b and c) are restricted to the aaz (although the range of the former is centred on the comparatively mesic pilbara [ see discussion below ]) (fig. 3). support for most ancestral state reconstructions was relatively weak, but our results suggest that monsoonal environments are ancestral and also provide strong evidence that there have been multiple transitions between the arid and monsoonal areas (fig. 2b) .\npink = d. custos sp. nov. , blue = d. hillii, green = d. barraganae sp. nov. , purple = d. platyurus, red = d. conspicillatus, white = d. laevis, yellow = d. bilybara sp. nov. dashed lines indicate approximate locations of biogeographic breaks mentioned in the text .\n( a) canthal stripe present (d. conspicillatus sama r32133); (b) canthal stripe absent or very weakly developed (d. platyurus ams r158426). condition a applies to all members of the d. conpicillatus group except d. platyurus. (c) 1 st supralabial (1) greatly enlarged and contacting nasal scale (n) (d. conspicillatus sama r42589); (d) 1 st supralabial (1) not enlarged and widely separated from ventral edge of nasal scale (n) (d. platyurus ams r 158426). condition c is found in all members of the d. conspicillatus group except d. platyurus. note in images c & d that r = rostral scale (images: a & b jeff wright, qm; c & d geoff thompson, qm) .\narrangement of scales on neck and back of head— (a) scales small, only slightly larger those on side of neck (d. conspicillatus sama r42569); b) d. laevis (sama r56481) scales on nape and back of head large and plate - like and continuous with enlarged dorsal scales on trunk. condition a applies to all members of the d. conspicillatus group except d. laevis. (c) plate - like vertebral scales (1), appreciably larger than those of dorsolateral area (2) (d. conspicillatus sama r42569); (d) dorsal scales granular, those of vertebral area (1) not appreciably larger than those of the dorsolateral area (2) (d. hillii ntm r27363). condition d only occurs in d. hillii and d. barraganae sp. nov. (images: a–c, jeff wright qm; d, peter waddington qm) .\n( a) d. conspicillatus (sama r32133) tail spade - like and lacking attenuated tip; dorsal scale arrangement transverse, includes rows of both large and small scales. (b) d. laevis (sama r56481) tail ends in distinct attenuated tip; dorsal scale arrangement transverse, includes rows of both large and small scales (photographs—jeff wright, qm). (c) d. hillii (ntm r24364) tip spade - like; dorsal scales relatively large and not arranged in clear transverse rows. (d) d. barraganae (ntm r21395) tip spade - like; dorsal scales arranged in transverse rows which may include rows of both large and small scales. (e) diplodactylus bilybara (samr22819) short to moderate, acute attenuated extension at tip; alternating transverse rows of large and smaller dorsal scales (f) d. custos (wamr164780) tip moderately attenuated; dorsal scales arranged in transverse rows of relatively uniform size (images: jeff wright, qm) .\nformal diagnoses and descriptions of the seven species we recognise within the d. conspicillatus complex are provided in the systematics section at the end of this paper, however for the remainder of this discussion we consider each of these seven species as separate entities and use our revised binomial arrangement (see figs. 1 – 3 for a summary of phylogenetic and distributional information) .\ndiplodactylus platyurus has a distribution centred on queensland, ranging from subhumid areas in the east and north and extending into the periphery of the aaz in the west. this species contains two deeply divergent lineages from the amt (fig. 2, lineages g and h), while samples from a wide region along the eastern periphery of aaz (lineage f) cluster together in a third lineage. the distribution of lineage f corresponds with the periodically flooded channel country in western queensland, a region that provides a set of microhabitats that are not typical of the aaz, and is home to a suite of taxa that are absent from less watered areas to the west [ 16, 53, 54 ] .\nthe overall timeframe and pattern of divergences in the d. conspicillatus complex implies that intensifying aridity since the late miocene has played a central but at times contrasting role in shaping diversification in the amt and aaz [ 9 ]. lineages in older and shrinking mesic zones (such as the amt) are restricted to relatively small and largely allopatric patches of habitat, a distribution indicative of long - term persistence, but with increasing attenuation and potentially non - adaptive diversfication [ 6, 8, 9 ]. in contrast, the vast sandy plains of the central aaz appear to have a more dynamic recent history of ecological adaptation, colonisations and large scale range shifts, but less in the way of intra - regional diversification and speciation [ 9, 14 ] .\nbayesian reconstruction of biome shifts within the d. conspicillatus complex suggests that mesic biomes are ancestral. while support for many ancestral state reconstructions in the tree is low, this overall pattern is consistent with the widely held idea that the australian arid biota is largely derived from peripheral and more mesic biomes [ 9, 14, 60 ]. furthermore, as intimated above, our simple binary classification of arid vs not arid is also probably overly simplistic; while peripheral regions such as the pilbara (d. bilybara sp. nov .) and much of the channel country (d. platyurus lineage f) are technically within the aaz, compelling arguments can be made as to why they could be viewed as mesic refugia [ 24, 53, 61 ]. under this interpretation only two widespread species (d. conspicillatus and d. laevis) would be considered successful colonists of the aaz, and the diversity in this zone would be rendered more clearly depaurate, recent and derived than that of the amt .\na final notable pattern is that the two most widespread arid zone taxa (d. conspicillatus and d. laevis) have broadly overlapping distributions in the southern and eastern arid zone (figs. 1 & 3); the only instance of widespread sympatry within the d. conspicillatus complex. relatively closely related congeners with overlapping distributions in the aaz have been found in other widely distributed australian lizard radiations [ 12, 21, 63 ] —sympatric diversity in these closely related lizard taxa may be further evidence of a relatively dynamic recent history of range expansion and ecological diversification in the vast but young arid biome [ 9 ] .\ndiplodactylus conspicillatus was described from specimens collected by mr p. m. byrne at charlotte waters in the southern northern territory (nt). in subsequent taxonomic work three additional, closely allied taxa have been named: diplodactylus hillii longman [ 73 ] from port darwin, n. t. ; gymnodactylus laevis sternfeld [ 74 ] from hermannsburg mission, n. t. and diplodactylus platyurus parker [ 75 ] from torrens creek, queensland (qld) .\ndiplodactylus hillii (as d. hilli) was placed in the synonymy of d. conspicillatus by kluge [ 76 ]. in this work kluge only examined type material held in australian museums and no consideration was given to the taxonomic status of g. laevis or d. platyurus. however, when kluge revisited d. conspicillatus for his revision of the genus [ 77 ], both g. laevis and d. platyurus were also listed with d. hillii in the synonymy of d. conspicillatus (although the g. laevis type material is not listed amongst the specimens examined). two of these synonyms (d. hillii and d. platyurus) were resurrected from the synonymy of d. conspicillatus by wells and wellington [ 78 ] but, as no justification was given, this action was widely ignored. kluge’s d. conspicillatus synonymy was followed by cogger [ 29 ] who examined the type specimens of all the listed synonyms .\nbased on a combination of morphology and genetics the available names can readily be assigned to the various taxa under consideration here. key diagnostic characters are discussed in detail in the species accounts .\nthe order of authorships for the three new species herein do not follow that of the paper as a whole .\n( a) diplodactylus conspicillatus from 10km north of barkley hwy on ranken to alexander station road, north - eastern northern territory (image: ross sadlier); (b) diplodactylus conspicillatus alice springs, northern territory (image: eric vanderduys); (c) d. hillii, dorat road, northern territory (image: paul horner); (d) diplodactylus laevis in life from morgan range, western australia (image: mark hutchinson); (e) diplodactylus platyurus, brooklyn station, north queensland (image: eric vanderduys); (f) diplodactylus platyurus myendetta stn, charleville, queensland (image: steve wilson); (g) diplodactylus bilybara sp. nov. onslow, western australia (image: ryan ellis); (h) diplodactylus custos sp. nov. gibb river road turnoff via wyndham, western australia (image: steve wilson). there are currently no images available of d. barraganae sp. nov. in life .\ndiagnosis. a large member of the d. conspicillatus group (max svl 62 mm) with a bold canthal stripe and a greatly enlarged first supralabial (contacting ventral edge of nasal scale. mid - dorsal scales on trunk plate - like and markedly larger than smaller dorsolateral scales. scales on nape granular and only slightly larger than granules on side of neck. original tail spade - like and lacking an acute attenuated extension at tip. scales on dorsal surface of tail arranged in transverse rows (which usually include rows of both large and small scales). pattern generally spotted and often with numerous dark blotches that contrast strongly with base colour (fig. 7a–b) .\nthe wide range of this species and observed deep phylogenetic structure suggests additional taxonomic investigations are necessary .\nd. conspicillatus (in part; cogger, h. g. in cogger et. al. , 1983 )\nmaterial examined. qm j1994, port darwin (13° 21’ s, 130° 42’ e) nt, holotype; ntm r17871, arnhem hwy, 5km e corroboree taven (12° 45’ s, 131° 29’ e) nt; ntm r9933, reynolds river, litchfield np (13° 16’ s, 130° 41’ e) nt; ntm r17894, kakadu np, headwaters of katherine river (13° 16’ 12” s, 133° 00’ 36” e) nt; ntm r20552, stuart hwy, near robin falls (13° 21’ s, 131° 08’ e) nt; ntm r27363, dorat rd, daly river region (13° 30’ s, 131° 17’ e) nt; ntm r25027, douglas stn, daly river region (13° 31’ 13” s, 131° 16’ 09’ e) nt; ntm r11690, katherine gorge np (14° 18’ 48” s, 132° 32’ 54” e) nt; ntm r0802, katherine, 10 miles n (14° 22’ s, 132° 19’ e) nt; ntm r0152–53, katherine, 2 miles n (14° 27’ s, 132° 16’ e) nt; ntm r3772–73, manbuloo stn (14° 31’ s, 132° 12’ e) nt; ntm r6300, katherine, 40km south (14° 39’ s, 132° 26’ e) nt; ntm r4514, s of katherine, stuart hwy (14° 40’ s, 132° 40’ e) nt; ntm r0364–65, 5 miles n katherine (14° 44’ s, 132° 04’ e) nt; ntm r24364, king river, katherine (14° 46’ 29” s, 132° 15’ 10” e) nt; ntm r23310, elsey np (14° 54’ 54” s, 133° 13’ 45” e) nt .\ndiagnosis. a moderate - sized member of the d. conspicillatus group (max svl 52 mm) with a bold canthal stripe and greatly enlarged first supralabial (contacting ventral edge of nasal scale). mid - dorsal scales on trunk small and only slightly larger than dorsolateral scales. original tail spade - like and lacking an acute attenuated extension at tip. scales on dorsal surface of original tail all large and not arranged in clearly defined transverse rows (pine cone - like appearance) .\nmeasurements and scale counts of holotype. qm j 1994 (male, fig. 9). svl = 47. 42mm, ag = 22. 88mm, l1 = 13. 84mm, l2 = 15. 46mm, hl = 9. 28mm, hd = 4. 63mm, hw = 6. 97mm, s = 4. 42mm, ee = 2. 43mm, tl = 14. 52mm, tw = 9. 35mm, scales contacting posterior edge of rostral = 5, scales contacting posterior edge of mental = 9, lamellae beneath 4 th finger = 12, lamellae beneath 4 th toe = 14, medial scale rows on tail from fracture plane (1 st autotomy septum) to tip = 29, rows of scales across original tail 14, supralabials = 18, infralabials = 19 .\ndistribution and ecology. found in eastern and central “top end”, from close to darwin south as far as elsey national park (fig. 3). its habitat preferences within this area have not been determined .\ncomments. the holotype of d. hillii, (qmj 1994; fig. 9), was examined and exhibits a unique scale configuration found only in d. conspicillatus sensu lato populations from the n. t. occurring above 15° s (i. e. scales on dorsal surface of original tail all large and not arranged in clearly defined transverse rows) .\nhermannsburg mission, northern territory. (image: dr hal cogger). this specimen was removed from the gut of a varanus gouldii and is partially digested and in poor condition .\nmaterial examined. smf8242, hermannsburg mission nt, lectotype; wam r168509, coulomb point (17° 27’ 44” s, 122° 09’ 09” e) wa; ntm r32478–79, tanami (19° 54’ s, 130° 41’ e) nt; ntm r32472, lake surprise (20° 0 6’ s, 131° 00’ 28” e) nt; wam r161640, 12. 5km nne goldsworthy (20° 14’ 31” s, 119° 34’ 28” e) wa; ntm r15137, ntm r15157, ntm r15191–92, sangster’s bore, 12km sw (20° 52’ s, 130° 16’ e) nt; ntm r18018, lake mackay (22° 29’ s, 129° 04’ e) nt; wam r166303, 3. 2km n pungkulpirri waterhole (24° 37’ 43” s, 128° 45’ 20” e) wa; sama r36126, sama r36129, sama r36149, sama r36151, yulara town site (25° 14’ s, 131° 01’ e) nt; sama r29928, 22km along mulga pk rd sse curtin springs homestead (25° 30’ s, 131° 49’ e) nt; sama r29936, 24km along mulga pk rd sse curtin springs homestead (25° 31’ s, 131° 49’ e) nt; sama r49965, 46. 6km e of purni bore (26° 19’ 18” s, 136° 33’ 40” e) sa; sama r63874, 100. 9km n innamincka (26° 50’ 16” s, 140° 40’ 57” e) sa; sama r63894, 76. 5km n innamincka (27° 03’ 03” s, 140° 40’ 21” e) sa; sama r56481, 7. 4km ese (106 degrees) mount hoare (27° 04’ 37” s, 129° 46’ 22” e) sa; sama r56495 (27° 05’ 03” s, 129° 44’ 20” e) sa; sama r49077, sama r 49081, 1. 7km ne of candradecka dam (27° 12’ 04” s, 140° 52’ 42” e) sa; wam r172202, great victoria desert (28° 20’ 01” s, 127° 23’ 50” e) wa; sama r62236, 184km ssw wartaru (28° 30’ 28” s, 129° 00’ 17’ e) sa; sama r62383, 164. 7km sse wartaru (28° 31’ 55” s, 129° 57’ 27” e) sa; sama r62397, 164. 7km sse wartaru (28° 32’ 01” s, 129° 54’ 43” e) sa; sama r62346, 166. 7km sse wartaru (28° 32’ 33” s, 130° 04’ 18” e) sa; sama r57170, 11. 2km e vokes hill corner (28° 33’ 42” s, 130° 47’ 40” e) sa .\npattern (in spirit). variable. most specimens tan to mid - brown with a darker reticulated pattern of fine to moderate wavy lines that extend over the entire dorsum. many specimens exhibit fine pale spotting that is most evident on the flanks. head, as for body with dark reticulations on crown. a pale canthal stripe present, extending from anterior edge of orbit to tip of snout and producing a distinctive ‘v’ shaped marking which has dark edging. a broad dark zone on side of face extends posteriorly beyond eye to temporal region. a poorly to well - defined pale zone below eye extends to the ear. limbs weakly mottled or spotted and inner digits with reduced pigmentation. tail marked with small dark flecks. ventral surfaces off - white, immaculate .\ndistribution and ecology. widely distributed over much of the australian arid zone, occurring from the dampier peninsula, pilbara and great victoria desert in the west, through much of north - western south australia and the southern half of the northern territory, with an apparently isolated eastern population in the channel country around north - eastern south australia (fig. 3) .\npattern (in spirit). variable. most specimens tan to mid - brown with varying degrees of spotting; most prominent on flanks. dorsum with an overlay of fine, dark reticulations or a more solid dark pattern. vertebral zone with reduced pigment but often broken by transverse bars, isolating a series irregular pale blotches along back. in some specimens the vertebral zone is largely unpatterned and has a wavy edge where it borders the darker paravertebral zone. head, as for dorsal ground colour with scattered dark flecks or blotches. canthal stripe absent or very weak without sharply defined edges and not contrasting strongly with other facial markings. limbs with fine reticulations, inner digits of forelimb with reduced pigmentation. ventral surfaces off - white, immaculate .\ncomparisons. d. platyurus is readily distinguished from d. conspicillatus, d. laevis, d. hillii, d. bilybara sp. nov. , d. custos sp. nov. and d. barraganae sp. nov. by the condition of the 1 st supralabial (small and not differentiated from the rest of the supralabial row in d. platyurus vs greatly enlarged and contacting ventral edge of nasal scale) and by the absence of a well - defined canthal stripe (vs canthal stripe well - developed) .\ndistribution and ecology. occurs over much of eastern and central queensland, from the normanton and around cairns in the north, south to around rockhampton in the east, and throughout much of the channel country to west of the great dividing range, extending south as far as north - west new south wales and north - east south australia (fig. 3). occurs in subhumid to arid woodland habitats on a range of sand and clay based substrates (a. emmott pers. com) .\nthe taxonomic assignment of two specimens from the edward river region on western cape york peninsula (qm j58251 melon yard, strathgordon h, 14°43’12”s, 142°18’e and qm j81110 edward river, 14°24’36”s, 142°09’36”e) remains unresolved. whilst this population is geographically most proximate to d. platyurus, these specimens have an enlarged 1 st supralabial and may represent an additional taxon not included in our limited genetic sampling .\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 6dee15d3 - 30fa - 4c8f - 89af - 9fb06db43480\nmusselbrook reserve, border waterhole, northern territory / queensland border. (image: jeff wright) .\nholotype. ntm r21395, musselbrook reserve, border waterhole (18° 36’ 30” s, 137° 59’ 18” e) nt / qld border .\nparatypes. ntm r21886, ntm r21892, sherwin ck / roper river junction (14° 40’ s, 134° 22’ e) nt; ntm r21088, carpentaria hwy, 100km e stuart hwy (16° 25’ 35” s, 134° 10’ 48” e) nt; ntm r20606, cape crawford area (16° 42’ 07” s, 135° 31’ 04” e) nt; ntm r20605, cape crawford area (16° 53’ 42” s, 135° 40’ 31” e) nt; qm j11035–37, doomadgee mission stn (17° 55’ 48” s, 138° 49’ 12” e) qld; qm j51987, lawn hill np (18° 42’ 30” s, 138° 28’ 30” e) qld; qm j75143, lawn hill (18° 42’ 30” s, 138° 28’ 48” e) qld; qm j52723, lawn hill stn, century project site (18° 45’ s, 138° 35” e) qld; ams r162275, riversleigh world heritage area (19° 00’ 11” s, 138° 40’ 03” e) qld; qm j85474, riversleigh (19° 00’ 47’ s, 138° 40’ 06” e) qld; qm j49251, gregory r, nr ‘rackham’s roost’, riversleigh stn (19° 02’ s, 138° 45’ e) qld; ams r17974 –, 75, mount isa (20° 44’ s, 139° 29’ e) qld .\netymology. named for maría elena barragán (fundacion herpetologica gustavo orces. quito, ecuador) in recognition of her contributions to reptile conservation and public education .\ndiagnosis. a small member of the d. conspicillatus group (max svl 49 mm) with a bold canthal stripe and greatly enlarged first supralabial (contacting ventral edge of nasal scale). mid - dorsal scales on trunk small and only slightly larger than the dorsolaterals. original tail spade - like and lacking an acute attenuated extension at tip. scales on dorsal surface of tail arranged in transverse rows (which include rows of both large and small scales). pattern not strongly contrasting, usually some indication of a pale, jagged - edged vertebral zone .\nmeasurements and scale counts of holotype. ntm r21395 (male, fig. 12) svl = 40. 58mm, ag = 18. 31mm, l1 = 13. 09mm, l2 = 13. 94mm, hl = 8. 25mm, hd = 3. 33mm, hw = 6. 38mm, s = 3. 71mm, ee = 2. 14mm, tl = 14. 77mm, tw = 7. 2mm, scales contacting posterior edge of rostral = 6, scales contacting posterior edge of mental = 11, lamellae beneath 4 th finger = 10, lamellae beneath 4 th toe = 11, medial scale rows on tail from fracture plane (1 st autotomy septum) to tip = 36, rows of scales across original tail 16, supralabials = 16, infralabials = 16 .\npattern (in spirit). tan to mid - brown, suffused with darker pigment on back and flanks. pattern incorporates diffuse spotting and obscure reticulations and a pale, continuous or broken, vertebral zone. head with numerous dark scales that often form a fine netted pattern. a moderately well - developed pale canthal stripe present, extending from anterior edge of orbit to tip of snout and producing a distinctive ‘v’ shaped marking. a diffuse dark zone on side of face extends posteriorly beyond eye to temporal region. limbs obscurely marked with vague spotting or netted pattern and inner digits of fore and hindlimb with reduced pigmentation. ventral surfaces off - white, immaculate .\ncomparisons. diplodactylus barraganae sp. nov. is readily distinguished from d. platyurus in possessing an enlarged first supralabial that contacts the ventral edge of the nasal scale (vs 1 st supralabial small and not differentiated from the rest of the supralabial row). it is distinguished from d. conspicillatus, d. laevis, d. bilybara sp. nov. and d. custos sp. nov. in having small mid - dorsal scales that are only slightly larger than the dorsolaterals (vs mid - dorsals enlarged and plate - like, conspicuously larger than the dorsolaterals) and further distinguished from d. laevis, d. bilybara sp. nov. and d. custos sp. nov. by the shape of the original tail (tail blunt, spade - like without an acute attenuated extension at tip in d. barraganae sp. nov. vs tail with an acute attenuated extension at tip) .\ndistribution and ecology. occurs over a broad band along the southern edge of the gulf of carpentaria, from the roper river region in the northwest, east and south as far as mt isa (fig. 3). the holotype was collected in ‘open woodland on red sandy soil’ (p. horner pers. com .) .\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 0405e99f - 8082 - 4da3 - 851b - 6872d674a414\n21km south of barradale, western australia. (image: peter waddington, qm) .\nholotype. wam r174500 (formerly sama r22820), 21km s barradale (22° 55’ s, 114° 46’e) wa .\nparatypes. wam r132531 - 32, burrup peninsula (20° 40’ 36” s, 116° 45’ 08” e) wa; wam r132529, burrup peninsula (20° 40’ 49” s, 116° 44’ 37” e) wa; wam r110058, 3. 5km s karratha (20° 46’ 04” s, 116° 50’ 31” e) wa; wam r110027, 6km s karratha (20° 47’ 40” s, 116° 51’ 24” e) wa; wam r165155, 8. 5km wsw yanyare river mouth (20° 50’ 40” s 116° 22’ 02” e) wa; wam r159892, wam r159894, wam r159940, wamr159947, 10km s mallina homestead (20° 58’ 10” s, 118° 02’ 54” e) wa; wam r165177, 9. 5km ese marda pool (21° 03’ 47” s, 116° 14’ 00” e) wa; wam r110182, wam r110218, wam r110220, 12. 5km sw millstream (21° 40’ 37” s, 116° 58’ 30” e) wa; wam r134523, 8km n exmouth (21° 52’ 12” s, 114° 07’ 01” e) wa; wam r110148, 8km s coolawanyah (21° 52’ 55” s, 117° 47’ 40” e) wa; wam r163018, 7km sse mount minnie (22° 10’ 10” s, 115° 33’ 39” e) wa; wam r162059, 19. 5km ssw mount amy (22° 25’ 09” s, 115° 50’ 16” e) wa; wam r162052 - 53 21km sse mount amy (22° 26’ 05” s, 115° 55’ 49” e) wa; wam r158331, wam r159932, giralia homestead (22° 41’ 38” s, 114° 23’ 28” e) wa; sama r22905, 6km s barradale (22° 52’ s, 114° 52’ e) wa; sama r22818, 11km s barradale (22° 52’ 30” s, 114° 50’ e) wa; sama r22819, 9km s barradale (22° 53’ s, 114° 52’ e) wa; sama r22821 21km s barradale (22° 55’ s, 114° 46’e) wa; ams r165713, jack hills (26° 03’ 24” s, 117° 12’ 58” e) wa .\netymology. refers to the pilbara region where this species occurs. the name pilbara is said to be derived from the aboriginal word bilybara, meaning' dry' in the languages of the nyamal and banyjima people .\nmeasurements and scale counts of holotype. wam r174500 (male, fig. 13). svl = 47. 45mm, ag = 23. 65mm, l1 = 13. 45mm, l2 = 115. 97mm, hl = 8. 92mm, hd = 4. 97mm, hw = 7. 91mm, s = 4. 27mm, ee = 2. 45mm, tl = ∼16. 89mm (tail bent sideways during preservation), tw = 9. 8mm, scales contacting posterior edge of rostral = 6, scales contacting posterior edge of mental = 10, lamellae beneath 4 th finger = 13, lamellae beneath 4 th toe = 14, medial scale rows on tail from fracture plane (1 st autotomy septum) to tip = 37, rows of scales across original tail 14, supralabials = 14, infralabials = 20 .\ndistribution and ecology. occurs in the carnarvon, west pilbara and west gascoyne regions along the central west coast of western australia (fig. 3). it is most abundant on less rocky habitats such as triodia sandplains and mulga woodlands on sandy loam substrates (b. maryan pers. com .) .\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 303fdf6f - 03ba - 45a5 - b2a9 - 10f86e98a799\nthe grotto, western australia. (image: peter waddington, qm) .\nholotype. wam r164780, the grotto (15° 43’ 04” s, 128° 15’ 35” e) wa .\nparatypes. wam r77417, port warrender (14° 34’ s, 125° 48’ 15” e) wa; wam r78243, mitchell plateau (14° 44’ s, 125° 44’ e) wa; wam r172916, doongan stn (15° 13’ 44. 5” s, 125° 12’ 30. 4” e) wa; wam r132713, 30km sse wyndham (15° 42’ 43” s, 128° 15’ 56” e) wa; sama r63942, the grotto (15° 43’ 04” s, 128° 15’ 35” e) wa; wam r162453, 20km w kununurra (15° 45’ 59” s, 128° 40’ 18” s) wa; wam r85120 - 21, kununurra (15° 46’ s, 128° 44’ e) wa; wam r119666, cockburn ra. (15° 50’ s, 128° 02’ e) wa; wam r172853, ellenbrae stn (15° 59’ 02” s, 127° 03’ 14” e) wa; wam r145042, koolan island (16° 07’ 54” s, 123° 45’ 29” e) wa; wam r11255, wotjulum (16° 11’ s, 123° 37’ e) wa; wam r172675, talbot bay (16° 20’ 07” s, 124° 03’ 10” e) wa; wam r70374, near lissadell homestead (16° 40’ s, 128° 23’ 13” e) wa; wam r103420, wam r103448, bungle bungle np (17° 24’ s, 128° 45’ e) wa." ]

{ "text": [ "stenodactylus pulcher , common name beautiful short-fingered gecko , is a gecko species in the genus stenodactylus .", "it is found in saudi arabia and yemen . " ], "topic": [ 27, 20 ] }

[ "stenodactylus pulcher, common name beautiful short-fingered gecko, is a gecko species in the genus stenodactylus. it is found in saudi arabia and yemen." ]

[ "the grey crowned crane is similar to the black crowned crane, except the pale grey neck contrasting with the darker body .\ngrey crowned crane, darvill bird sanctuary, south africa. [ photo trevor hardaker © ]\nblack crowned - crane, which is found north of the range of the grey crowned - crane along the equator in africa. (steve garvie )\nthe grey crowned crane (balearica regulorum) lives on dry savannah land but nests on wetlands .\ngrey - crowned crane nest seen from above, lothair, south africa. [ photo warwick tarboton © ]\n(\nthe cranes. status survey and conservation action plan grey crowned crane (balearica regulorum) .\n, 2006 )\ndowny chicks of grey - crowned cranes are usually a pale buff with an ivory head .\nwhooping cranes are the least common crane species. red - crowned cranes are the second rarest crane species .\ngrey - crowned cranes may live up to 22 years in the wild or 25 in captivity .\nthe grey crowned crane, scientifically known as balearica regulorum gibbericeps, inhabited uganda’s swamps and fields long before the coming of tribes in our territory .\nthe grey crowned crane’s range stretches from the eastern democratic republic of congo, uganda and kenya to southeastern south africa. grey crowned cranes are non - migratory, but undertake variable local and seasonal movements and are most abundant in uganda, kenya and tanzania .\nseeds make up a portion of grey - crowned cranes' diets, thus the birds are likely an important seed disperser for the plants. grey - crowned cranes also are a food source for predators such as domestic dogs .\nbeing considered to bring good luck has been the rare grey crowned crane' s undoing in rwanda. but a young vet is intent on saving the species\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - grey crowned - crane (balearica regulorum )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - grey crowned - crane (balearica regulorum )\ntitle =\narkive species - grey crowned - crane (balearica regulorum )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nengaging communities in the conservation of grey crowned cranes and their wetland habitats across east and southern africa. we are :\nrange: the grey crowned crane is found in e and s africa, from e democratic republic of congo and uganda, and kenya to e south africa .\nthe grey crowned - crane is classified as endangered (en) on the iucn red list (1) and listed on appendix ii of cites (3) .\nclassification: grey - crowned cranes are a descendant of the most primitive of the living gruidae. primitive species of crowned cranes date back in the fossil record to the eocene period .\nvoice: sounds by xeno - canto the grey crowned crane utters trumpeting flight call “may hem” and low - pitched honks “huum huum” during the breeding season and the displays .\nfinding and advocating for ways to reduce the conflict between farmers and grey crowned cranes in agricultural landscapes where substantial crop damage occurs .\nthe ugandan crane has mainly grey body plumage. the wings are predominantly white, but with feathers of various colours .\nthe grey crowned - crane has adapted as well as any bird possibly could to humans, but many use the p - word to describe one of africa’s most glamorous birds .\ndescription: the grey crowned crane is the traditional bird of uganda. on the coat of arms of this country, the subspecies b. r. gibbericeps appears on the right of the shield. this crane is often confused with the very similar black crowned crane (balearica pavonina). see below both species and their differences .\nflight: the grey crowned crane has powerful flight, but it has to run before to take flight. the wing beats are strong and steady, but it also uses thermals .\nthey slightly differ in head pattern. the grey crowned crane has white cheek patch, with a small red patch only at top. the eyes are pale grey to pale blue. the red throat wattles or gular sacs are larger than in “ pavonina ” .\nas with all cranes, the grey crowned - crane is omnivorous and will consume a multitude of different prey types including insects, lizards, amphibians, fish, grasses and seeds (4). the grey crowned - crane prefers to forage in short to medium height grasslands but will also enter cultivated land to forage for crops (5). this generalist diet allows the grey crowned - crane to inhabit various habitats and adapt to environmental changes, and as a result the species has proven adept to colonising human altered landscapes (4) (7) .\nat 4 kg (9 lb) and a wingspan of 2 meters (6. 5 ft) the grey (and black) crowned - cranes are slightly smaller than africa’s blue crane and north america’s sandhill crane. however, the crowned - cranes have raised color and ornamentation to high avian fashion .\nthe east african grey crowned crane originated in eastern democratic republic of the congo and was adopted in 1962 as uganda’s national bird because of its peacefulness. this subspecies is also present in kenya .\ngrey crowned cranes at the umubano hotel, kigali, which has already released four of its birds back into the wild. photo: polly braden\nboth sexes of breeding adults are similar except the male is slightly larger. breeding adult grey - crowned cranes are known for their large yellow crowns. each feather of the crown is tipped with black. breeding adults also have pale grey to blue irises. grey - crowned cranes have a bare white cheek patch with a reddish tint. in the sub - species ,\naway from human controversy, conflict and cultivation, the grey crowned - crane appears to be in a fashion show. its main competition is a similar - sized sister species to the north, the vulnerable black crowned - crane. the black has a smaller waddle, darker neck and a smudged of red on its white cheek patch instead of the grey’s more defined red streak. these differences matter to cranes .\n• once, the gray - crowned - crane and black - crowned crane, balearica pavonina, were thought to be two subspecies of crowned crane. now, they’re recognized as two of the 15 crane species i in the family gruidae, including the common, whooping, sandhill, sarus; black - necked, hooded, wattled, manchurian; japanese, siberian white; demoiselle and stanley’s cranes, and the brolga .\nmccann k. 2003. population size and distribution of blue, grey crowned and wattled crane in kwazulu - natal, south africa, determined by an aerial survey during july 2003. indwa, 1: 18–26 .\nbehaviour: the grey crowned crane forages in grassland and cultivated areas, giving rapid pecks to reach the food. this crane feeds on seed heads of sedges and the fresh parts of the grasses. it may uproot some plants, and sometimes stamps feet when searching for invertebrates and small preys such as insects, frogs and lizards on the ground. this species can be seen following the cattle, probably benefiting from disturbed prey items. the grey crowned crane does not defend its feeding areas .\nboth sexes are similar. the juvenile is grey overall with brown crown and nape. the body is grey to brown. the eyes are brown. the cheeks are feathered .\nthe grey crowned - crane is listed under appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species (cites), meaning that international trade in this species requires permits and must be carefully monitored (3) .\n2006 .\nthe cranes. status survey and conservation action plan grey crowned crane (balearica regulorum) .\n( on - line). usgs northern prairie wildlife research center. accessed december 06, 2010 at urltoken .\nmurphy l, schad k. 2013. population analysis & breeding and transfer plan for grey - crowned crane (balearica regulorum) yellow species survival plan program. aza population management center at lincoln park zoo, chicago, illinois .\nolivier nsengimana, who works for gorilla doctors as well as his own grey crowned cranes project, at volcanoes national park in north - west rwanda. photo: polly braden\nhabitat: the grey crowned crane frequents wetlands and open grasslands, savannahs and cultivated areas. in e africa, this crane can be found in modified habitats such as pastures, croplands and irrigated areas. in s africa, it occurs in marshes, grasslands and savannahs, and cultivated fields .\nthe grey crowned crane is non - migratory, only performing local and seasonal movements according to the food resources, the nest - site availability and the rains. these movements can be more important in the drier regions of the range .\nthere is no evidence for dominance hierarchies in this species. like all birds, grey - crowned cranes perceive their environment through auditory, visual, tactile, and chemical stimuli .\neditor’s note: we received an email from jimmy muheebwa, uganda crane and wetland conservation program manager, about a recent milestone in his country for the protection of the endangered grey crowned crane. by working together, the government and conservationists in uganda are committing to reducing threats to the species, with the ultimate goal of preserving grey crowned cranes for generations to come. following is jimmy’s report, which – we think you will agree – gives us all hope for the future !\nat right, jimmy, with the aid of a local community member and his grandsons, rescued two grey crowned crane chicks that were illegally captured in uganda. the chicks were safely re - united with their parents. photo by earnest muheebwa\nkrapu g. in preparation. eurasian crane species assessment. in: harris j, mirande c (eds) wi / iucn crane conservation plan. international crane foundation, baraboo, wisconsin .\ngrey - crowned cranes also utilize visual displays for attracting mates or deterring predators. they have two different displays when dealing with possible threats: a distraction display and an attack display .\n. black feathers surround the cheek patches at the base of these feathers. at the bottom of the chin there is a red gular sac (similar to a wattle, but inflatable). grey - crowned cranes have a short grey bill. the neck feathers as well as most of the body feathers are a pearly grey. this is the one of the differences between closely related\nthe striking gray - crowned crane is adapted to feeding in open country, wading through open grasslands on its long, strong legs to find food .\nbishop ma, tsamchu d. 2007. tibet autonomous region. january 2007 survey for black - necked crane, common crane, and bar - headed goose. china crane news, 11: 24–26 .\nup until early this year, there was no evidence suggesting that the crane population in zambia was being captured and traded. however, in the month of june, we learned about an individual intercepted at the mpika road block mounted by zawa officers. the individual had with him grey crowned crane eggs and heads of the cranes chopped off from their bodies. his intention was to export the eggs to tanzania and to sell the chopped off heads of the grey crowned to local medicine men within zambia and possibly tanzania !\ndiet: the grey crowned crane feeds on plant matter such as seed heads of sedges (cyperus) and fresh parts of grasses. it also takes several types of insects such as grasshoppers, crickets, locusts, and worms, frogs, lizards and crabs .\ncrane symbol: seeing a crane in your dream, represents happiness, maternal love, and your gestures of good will. you look out for those who are near and dear to you - crane symbol traits\ngrey crowned cranes like to share their parental duties. both the male and the female help to build the nest. they both help out with incubating the egg and also caring for the young .\nthe grey crowned crane is listed as endangered on the iucn red list. it’s protected by law in south africa, zimbabwe, uganda and kenya. there are also many conservation efforts in place to ensure the survival of the species. kenya, zimbabwe and uganda are undertaking community based wetland conservation and african crane and wetland training in botswana .\ngrey - crowned cranes are usually found in grasslands close to bodies of water. they prefer to nest near bodies of water that provide cover. however they often feed in open savannas and grasslands. they can also be found in agricultural lands such as pastures, cropland, or fallow fields. in the south they are found in vleis. vleis are shallow intermittent or seasonal lakes. they also often select habitats that include some trees, as grey - crowned cranes are one of only two crane species, along with black - crowned cranes, able to roost in trees .\nduring the breeding season, the grey crowned crane, as other gruidae species, performs beautiful displays. they dance, bow, run and jump, while giving low booming calls involving the inflation of the gular sacs. these calls are given with the head lowered to shoulder level .\nsu l, zou h. 2012. status, threats and conservation needs for the continental population of the red - crowned crane. chinese birds, 3: 147–164 .\nimplementing integrated, community - based projects to secure significant breeding sites for the grey crowned cranes in kenya, rwanda, south africa, tanzania, uganda, zambia and zimbabwe, using regional campaigns to increase pride in the cranes and identifying and training local leaders for crane and wetland conservation .\nthe size of a crane egg depends on the species. the larger the crane, the larger the egg. the largest of crane eggs will be about 4. 6 inches long. they are usually tan with brown speckles .\ngrey - crowned cranes have long hind toes that allow then to roost in trees, making them one of only two crane species able to do so. grey - crowned cranes also display mutual preening, which may support pair bonds outside of the breeding season. although their primary use is in mating rituals, dances are often performed outside of the breeding season as well. though they are non - migratory, they move in relation to food sources and water. in the drier regions their movements are extensive .\ngrey - crowned cranes are known for being wonderful pets and survive well in captivity. they are also the national birds of uganda. cranes that forage for insects in agricultural fields may benefit farmers by reducing crop pests .\na national symbol, the grey crowned crane represents the independence of modern uganda, and continues to play an important role in traditional ugandan culture and folklore. these iconic cranes are also indicators of environmental health, choosing less disturbed wetland habitats for breeding, and contribute to valuable birding tourism in uganda .\nunderstanding and managing black crowned cranes on their breeding grounds in west and central africa. we are :\nreducing the impact of global trade on all african crane species. we are :\nthe crested crane has been uganda’s symbol for nearly 100 years. file photo .\nthe definition of a crane is a wading bird with a long neck and legs and a long straight bill. there are fifteen different species of crane including :\nthey really do. it’s a breeding display and they like to ‘throw shapes’ in order to attract a mate. can you dance like a crane? well, if you can move your feet, bow and jump then you’ve got the basic crowned crane dance steps !\nmore than three - quarters of the world’s grey crowned cranes live in uganda and kenya in east africa, but despite the cultural, ecological, and economic importance of this species, its population has plummeted over the last 3 to 4 decades from over 60, 000 to an estimated 13, 000. as a result, grey crowned cranes are now categorized as endangered, meaning that the species is likely to become extinct if no serious mitigation measures are taken .\n100–110 cm; 3000–4000 g; wingspan 180–200 cm. iris pale grey to pale blue. shares distinctive crown of yellow feathers with\nsu l. 2008. challenges for red - crowned crane conservation in china. in: koga k, hu d, momose k (eds) the current status and issues of the red - crowned crane. proceedings of the meeting “establishment of a feasible international project for protection of the tancho grus japonensis in 2007”. tancho protection group, kushiro, japan, pp 63–73 .\nlike all cranes, the ugandan crane feeds on insects, reptiles and small mammals .\nthe importance and extent of seasonal movements varies between grey crowned - crane populations. the abundance and distribution of food and nesting sites appear to be the main determinant of the timing and extent of migrations, with larger home ranges and seasonal movements in drier regions and areas with low abundance of nesting sites and food (5) .\nthere is no bird more truly representative of uganda with its meadowlands and sparking green grass, than the grey crowned crane. throughout the country, there is not a natural sound more typical than the trumpeting of the crested cranes as they move to their feeding grounds or fly to the roosting sites in the dimming light of evening .\nolupot, w. , h. mugabe, a. plumptre. 2009. species conservation on human - dominated landscapes: the case of crowned crane breeding and distribution outside protected areas in uganda .\ngrey - crowned cranes are very territorial when it comes to nesting sites, however when it comes to foraging sites there have been no observations of a territorial display. estimated territory size ranges from 0. 86 to 3. 88 square kilometers .\nharris j. 2009. safe flyways for the siberian crane: a flyway approach conserves some of asia’s most beautiful wetlands and waterbirds. international crane foundation, baraboo, wisconsin .\n). east african crowned cranes are found in uganda and kenya to northern zimbabwe and northern mozambique. south african crowned cranes are found in southern angola and north namibia and east through botswana to zimbabwe and south to south africa .\nthere are 16 different species of cranes in the world, four of which are found in africa, including the ‘great’ grey crowned crane, the uganda national symbol. all these willowy creatures in the world are in one way or another, facing unfavourable conditions brought about by their ‘greatest friend’, man, who works for their ‘survival and protection’ .\ngrey - crowned cranes are sometimes persecuted due to their use of agricultural land for foraging. often when foraging in fields they may uproot seedlings and damage crops. they also forage on maize and other grain crops, which directly reduces crop yield for farmers .\njohnson dn, barnes pr. 1991. the breeding biology of the wattled crane in natal. in: harris jt (ed) proceedings of 1987 international crane workshop; qiqihar, 1–10 may 1987, heilongjiang province china. international crane foundation, baraboo, wisconsin, pp 377–386 .\nthe grey crown bird adorns the centre of the national flag, standing with one leg raised to show that uganda is not stationary but is moving forward. the crane also decorates the official coat of arms, carefully placed on the right .\nthe crane is a beautiful bird. it has a larger red wattle than does the smaller south african black crowned crane, which breeds from angola to south africa. the ugandan and south african cranes are the only ones that can roost in trees, because of a long hind toe that can grasp branches .\nwe asked our staff for their top ten facts about crane migration to create this ...\nhow big are crane’s wings? big. they have a wingspan of up to two metres .\nolupot w, mugabe h, plumptre aj. 2010. species conservation on human - dominated landscapes: the case of crowned crane breeding and distribution outside protected areas in uganda. africa j ecol, 48: 119–125 .\nprimitive species of crowned cranes date back in the fossil record to the eocene epoch (56 to 33. 9 million years ago). at least 11 species of crowned cranes once existed in europe and north america. however, because crowned cranes are not cold hardy it is believed they died out in these areas as the earth cooled and only survived in warmer africa .\nperhaps the most significant threat to these cranes is the aspect of illegal trade. the beauty of the crowned cranes makes them sought after by private collectors, captive breeding facilities and zoos all over the world. the grey crowned crane’s population has significantly reduced due to their capture and trade to satisfy this demand. most often people collect eggs and young chicks and transport them over long distances to be traded, however many birds die along the way before they even make it to their intended final destination .\nreisse l, marti k. 2011. population analysis & breeding and transfer plan for black crowned crane (balearica pavonina) yellow species survival plan program. aza population management center at lincoln park zoo, chicago, illinois .\nhunt ra, gluesing ea. 1976. the sandhill crane in wisconsin. in: lewis jc (ed) proceedings of the international crane workshop. oklahoma state university, stillwater, pp 19–34 .\njuveniles are generally grey with a brown crown and nape. their irises tend to be brown. the gular sac that usually appears after four months is pink and as the crane matures gains the red coloration. adult plumage is usually gained after 12 months .\nsome researchers believe there are only 14 species (they place the two african crowned cranes together as a single species). other researchers may argue that there are more than 15 species (they “split” the crowned cranes into as many as four species). we believe there are enough genetic differences to justify naming two species of crowned cranes, but not enough differences to recognize four .\ndeveloping new community - based conservation projects for black crowned cranes linked to the broader wetland management programs in west and central africa .\nthe sixth annual chrissiesmeer crane festival, held recently in june, was “hatched” after international ...\ncrowned cranes generally inhabit dry and wet open areas including marshes, damp fields, and open margins of lakes and rivers, but rarely associated with open waters. in uganda, the crowned cranes prefer freshly - ploughed fields to grasslands and short to tall grass .\nswengel s. 1996. red - crowned crane (grus japonensis). in: meine cd, archibald gw (eds). status survey and conservation action plan: the cranes. iucn, gland, switzerland, pp 194–204 .\nadults – grey body, white wings with feathers ranging from white to brown to gold, head topped with stiff golden feathers, white cheek patches, red gular sack under chin, black legs and feet, short, grey bill; juveniles – greyish body, brown nape, buffy face, crown spiky and golden buff .\ncrane symbol there is no exact definition for any symbol; each symbol is open to interpretation and birds are no exception to this. their symbolism can vary greatly depending on different cultures and religion. the crane is generally thought to be a symbol of maternal love and happiness. many cultures consider the crane to be a symbol of communication and specifically believe that the crane is a messenger of the gods. the greeks and romans believed the crane to be a symbol of spring and light and the bird was sacred to apollo .\nthe unusual gracefulness of the crowned crane, aptly typifying the country and its people, attracted then governor of uganda - sir frederick jackson who, in 1893, chose it to embellish the union jack with its exquisite form and heraldic dignity .\ncrane dances are amazing! during the dance, the crane bows, throws its heads back and forth and can even trumpet, throw stones and feathers high in the air. while dancing the crane leaps up and parachutes back down again on its broad wings! this display is usually done in order to attract a mate\nprotection / threats / status: the grey crowned crane is the most abundant species of the african cranes, but declines occurred, due to degradation of the habitat by human developments, changes due to the drought in several regions, loss of the breeding areas due to drainage of wetlands and overgrazing, pet - trade, egg - collecting, hunting and use of pesticides. this species is evaluated as vulnerable .\nextensive wetland drainage and tree loss have reduced the gray - crowned crane’s habitat, but it’s not yet under threat and is common in some areas. but eggs and young are taken for zoos and parks as its colorful plumage is much admired .\npshennikov a. 2012. dynamics of tundra landscapes in areas of siberian crane reproduction. in: harris j (ed) cranes, agriculture, and climate change. proceedings of a workshop organized by the international crane foundation and muraviovka park for sustainable land use. international crane foundation, baraboo, wisconsin, usa, pp 147–148 .\nthis species is gregarious outside the breeding season. they roost together in water or in trees, being with the black crowned crane, the only cranes able to perch in trees thanks to the long hind toe which allows them to grasp the branches .\nchicks have a very sharp shrill “peeep”. parents calling to the chicks usually use a low guttural “purr”. this is the same “purr” that they use when calling to their mates. the usual call of adult grey - crowned cranes is described as a low melancholy “oouuw” or “ya - oou - goo - lung” .\nharris j. 2012a. cranes, agriculture, and climate change. proceedings of a workshop organized by the international crane foundation and muraviovka park for sustainable land use. international crane foundation, baraboo, wisconsin. p 154 .\nsmallie j. 2002. cranes and power lines in the eastern cape. crane link, 12: 8 .\ndemoiselle cranes, the lightest species, weigh about five pounds, and red - crowned cranes, the heaviest, weigh up to 26 pounds .\nblack crowned cranes were protected by turkana (kenya) pastoralists because they were believed to get rid of livestock pests and guarded waterholes and wetlands .\nconducting range - wide status surveys to determine the population and distribution of, and threats to, black crowned cranes across west and central africa .\nthe crane is definitely an object of great beauty. it is a tall bird standing well over three feet, on long - slender black legs. its neck is almost as long as its legs and towards the base, pointed pearl - grey feathers are elongated to form an ornamental fringe .\nthe crane, one of the world’s great birds and a symbol of africa’s wildness, is sometimes called a pest .\n“a pair of african grey crowned cranes (balearica regulorum), believed to have been released from a pet farm in the seletar area a year or two ago, has been attracting attention from birders and non - birders alike for some time now, since these big magnificent birds were first spotted at open fields near seletar airbase .\nit is estimated that number of grey crowned cranes in uganda has reduced from more than 70, 000 in 1970s to less than 10, 000 in 2011. the global threat status declined from near - threatened to vulnerable to endangered in less than five years, and indication of global concern on the survival of cranes in the region .\nkong b, zhang sq, zhang b, na xd, li, xf, lu xn. 2007. analysis of burn severity of wetlands in zhalong nature reserve and impact of fire on red crowned crane habitat. urltoken accessed 10 july 2013. (in chinese )\nwu z, han x, wang l. 1991. observations of migratory siberian cranes at momoge nature reserve. in: harris j (ed) proceedings 1987 international crane workshop. international crane foundation, baraboo, wisconsin, pp 135–137 .\nthe usual location for a nest is in standing water or quite near it. grey - crowned cranes also select areas to nest where there is an abundance of tall vegetation. the vegetation provides cover but allows the crane maximum visibility with only it head showing. they use vegetation that is close to the location for the majority of construction. the estimated sizes of the nests are 50 to86 cm in diameter, and 12. 5 cm above water level .\ncrowned cranes are the only cranes that roost in trees. all of their chicks hatch at the same time as well, which is uncommon among cranes .\nharris j. 1992. managing nature reserves for cranes in china. proc n am crane workshop, 6: 1–11 .\npreviously, we have always thought that the cranes in zambia are mostly confined within protected areas and that they ventured very little into croplands and farming areas of surrounding communities. the maize grains in the stomachs of the 43 grey crowned cranes now suggest that they do in fact, go into maize fields and possibly post - harvest areas to feed on maize grain. the deaths recorded here are significant and some efforts to alleviate further deaths are urgently needed. we need to find out more information about the grey crowned crane and local community interactions and perceptions towards cranes and also what we can do to reduce or possibly alleviate the threats to the cranes. in addition, a lot of work is needed to determine population status, distribution and movement patterns of these cranes in the luangwa valley and elsewhere in the country .\nli f, li p. 1991. the spring migration of siberian cranes at lindian county, heilongjiang province, china. in: harris j (ed) proceedings 1987 international crane workshop. international crane foundation, baraboo, wisconsin, pp 133–134 .\narchibald, g. w. , meine, c. d. & garcia, e. f. j. (2018). grey crowned - crane (balearica regulorum). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\ncrane chicks grow very rapidly up to an inch per day some days, or five feet in three months. some growing crane chicks can put on almost one pound of weight for every pound of food they eat. in the wild, crane chicks may gain up to 20% of their body weight per day, however, we limit them to about 10% per day at icf .\nlacy a. in preparation. developing anthraquinone (aq) as a crane deterrent. in: austin je, morrison k, mirande c (eds) cranes and agriculture — a practical guide to conservationists and land managers. international crane foundation, baraboo, wisconsin .\nnesbitt sa, tacha tc. 1997. monogamy and productivity in sandhill cranes. proc n am crane workshop, 7: 10–17 .\nthe east african crowned crane is slate gray in color with an elongated neck and body. the primary and secondary feathers are dark gray to black with chestnut markings. the cheek patches are bare with white on the bottom and a small red patch on top. a large straw - yellow crown covers head .\ni have lost count of the number of times he said the story wasn’t ‘about me’. but for the record, he was born in 1984 and was nine when the genocide started. he graduated top of his class in veterinary medicine at the institute of agriculture and animal husbandry in 2010, and in addition to the grey crowned crane project and his work for gorilla doctors he is also contributing to the usaid - funded predict programme, which studies infectious diseases in animals that may lead to pandemics among the human population .\nas if performing to a well - known piece of music, groups of gray - crowned cranes display their regal crests and plumage to dramatic effect in their balletic ritual dances .\nthe tail feathers, comparatively short, are the colour of dried straw. when at rest, the crowned crane seems to be enveloped in a cape of exquisite delicacy with its multi - coloured head where the three colours of the uganda’s flag (black, yellow, red) seem to be represented. the conspicuous velvety black forehead, yellowish crest and the vivid bright red wattles, make the crested crane an elegant creature, befitting its emblematic role .\nenabled by a long hind toe that aids the grasping of branches, the grey - necked crowned crane is one of only two cranes that roost in trees. where there are no trees, they will roost in the wetland itself. yet, despite so much aquatic activity, their feet are not webbed and they spend most of their water time wading in the shallows. in contrast to their booming courtship call, pairs normally communicate with a mournful ya - oou - goo - lung. contact calls with their chicks are guttural purrs .\ncrowned cranes are known to breed in swamps but a combination of increasing human population and improved agricultural techniques is leading people to drain swamps often to grow rice in eastern uganda, dairy farming and vegetable cultivation in south western uganda. eastern and south - western uganda are the major critical areas for the survival of the crane .\nchavez - ramirez f, wehtje w. 2012. potential impact of climate change scenarios on whooping crane life history. wetlands 32: 11–20 .\nmorrison k, beall f, friedmann y, gichuki c, gichuki n, jordan m, kaita m, ndang’ang’a p, muheebwa j. 2007. african crane trade project: trade mitigation planning workshop. cbsg southern africa and international crane foundation / endangered wildlife trust partnership, johannesburg .\nauthenticated (01 / 02 / 10) by kerryn morrison, manager, international crane foundation / endangered wildlife trust partnership for african cranes. urltoken urltoken\nthe south luangwa, one of the 4 national parks found in the luangwa valley – is arguably zambia’s premier national park. many mammal species are found here ranging from big cats, endemic large mammals and the ever present elephant! hundreds of grey crowned cranes are also found here; especially in and around the chichele salt pans on the nsefu sector, and the ox - bow lakes and lagoons that characterize the park’s landscape .\nthere are two subspecies: b. r. regulorum is described above. b. r. gibbericeps has more red on the cheek patch. juveniles are grey overall except for a brown crown and nape, colours which provide camouflage .\nto the many different tribes of africa, the call of the crowned crane suggests many word variations and the sounds are varied and full. thus to a muganda the call is ng’aali; to a swahili m’waari; to an acholi, o’welo; to zulu of south africa, the sound is maahem and the same sound is muraaho to a munyarwanda .\n. the wings of grey - crowned cranes are mostly white but can have feathers that range in color from brown to gold. the tail is black and the upper coverts become a pale straw - like yellow. these cranes have black legs and a long hind toe that allows them to perch in trees. they weigh from 3 to 4 kg, and are 100 to 110 cm in length with wingspans of 180 to 200 cm .\ncrane symbol - christian significance a medieval book called a bestiary had allegorical descriptions of real and fabled animals including the crane. these books were often full of symbolism and contained a moral or religious lesson or allegory. a bestiary reflected the belief that the world itself was the word of god, and that every living creature had its own special meaning. the aberdeen bestiary which was written in the 12th century contains the following information regarding the crane as a religious symbol :\nharris j. 2012b. introduction: cranes, agriculture, and climate change. in: harris j (ed) cranes, agriculture, and climate change. proceedings of a workshop organized by the international crane foundation and muraviovka park for sustainable land use. international crane foundation, baraboo, wisconsin, pp 1–14 .\ncrowned cranes are usually found in pairs, but have been seen singularly and in small flocks (3 - 20 individuals). there have been only a few observations ofgroups of 51 - 150 individuals .\ndeveloping a sustainable finance mechanism to support long - term community conservation efforts for key crane sites with tools like carbon trading markets and payment for ecosystem service functions .\ngoroshko o, tseveenmyadag n. 2002. status and conservation of cranes in daurian steppes (russia and mongolia). china crane news, 6: 5–7 .\npictures and videos of crane symbol discover the vast selection of pictures and information which relate to crane symbol and illustrate the many individual symbols that we see in everyday life, each with their own unique meaning. all of the articles and pages can be accessed via the signology index - a great educational resource for everyone !\n: out of breeding season, grey - necked crowned cranes flock and roost in groups of 20 to 200. living in such large groups, they need coded displays in order to prevent confrontations from getting out of hand. for example, the strut is an aggressive display towards an intruder. with crown features expanded, it begins a ritualized walk with bill bobbing in time to its steps. it throws in wing flapping, bows, stomps, and growls .\nthe dance, usually pair related, has many elements such as flapping, rushing, leaping and gaping, all outlets for aggression. though displays are instinctual, the context in which they' re performed is learned. for example, cranes reared by humans will bond with them and perform towards them. during breeding season, about half of grey - necked crowned cranes form into pairs. the rest of the year, it' s only about 10% .\n“crane harassment and trapping were common during breeding, as was crop damage by cranes, ” researchers with the wildlife conservation society reported in the african journal of ecology .\nanother naturalist, sir harry johnstone, deputy commissioner in the uganda government at the turn of the century, more than likely influenced sir frederick in his choice of the crowned crane emblem. as a token of his great admiration for the birds of uganda, sir harry left a painting in his collection of a group of crested cranes. this painting majestically hanged in the governor’s office .\ncrane call... not filtered... parabolic... an escapee from a local zoo / avicultarist... chasing a marsh harrier ...\nkoga k. 2008. the status review of the tancho in hokkaido: current threats. in: koga k, hu d, momose k (eds) the current status and issues of the red - crowned crane. proceedings of the meeting “establishment of a feasible international project for protection of the tancho grus japonensis in 2007”. tancho protection group, kushiro, japan, pp 13–20 .\ngoroshko o. 2012. global climate change and conservation of cranes in the amur river basin. in: harris j (ed) cranes, agriculture, and climate change. abstract in: proceedings of a workshop organized by the international crane foundation and muraviovka park for sustainable land use. international crane foundation, baraboo, wisconsin, p 143 .\nthe sentinel crane represent those who provide goods for others in common, and watch over the obedience of their brothers, protecting them from devils and the incursions of this world .\nseeing a crane in your dream, represents happiness, maternal love, and your gestures of good will. you look out for those who are near and dear to you .\nfrom the nape, pearl - grey feathers gradually elongate to points as they extend down a lengthy neck. pearl grey continues down the back onto the tail. when the wings are unfolded, the primary coverts make white the standout colour. the primaries and the first two secondaries are black. the secondaries continue as black on the inner web, but the outer web is a maroon chestnut. the inner great coverts, broad, long and straw - colored, are disintegrated plumes that hang down over the secondaries. legs are long and black .\nteraoka h. 2008. heavy - metal contamination status of the tancho in japan — extensive mercury pollution. in: koga k, hu d, momose k (eds) the current status and issues of the red - crowned crane. proceedings of the meeting “establishment of a feasible international project for protection of the tancho grus japonensis in 2007”. tancho protection group, kushiro, japan, pp 21–26 .\n: a spray of bristles erupts in a straw - coloured burst from the nape of this crowned crane. tipped in black, the bristles have fine rings of white and brown. from the crown, a mound of velvety feathers runs onto the bill looking like a stylish hat or a bad toupee. more velvety feathers, though quite short, surround a bare, white cheek patch topped by a bright - red half - moon. pale grey or blue eyes look out over a pointy, black bill with large nostrils halfway to the tip. a red gular (throat) sac, black where it attaches to the chin, hangs as a flattened pouch on the throat .\na successful pair of mated crowned cranes will maintain their family structure for as long as 9 - 10 months. after which, the young birds tend to join together in flocks, spending much of their time feeding in fields .\nmirande c, lacy r, seal u. 1992. whooping crane (grus americana) conservation viability assessment workshop report. conservation breeding specialist group, st. paul, minnesota .\nthe crane appears in the blue sky of the eye of the storm, his presence touches your heart and you have a feeling of the miraculous possibilities that are available to you .\nits beauty and elegance were the reasons the crane was chosen as uganda’s national emblem but the destruction of its habitat, and a series of factors, is making it an endangered bird .\nmorrison k, botha b, shaw k. 2012. climate change threatens the agriculture landscape important for blue cranes in south africa. in: harris j (ed) cranes, agriculture, and climate change. proceedings of a workshop organized by the international crane foundation and muraviovka park for sustainable land use. international crane foundation, baraboo, wisconsin, usa, pp 105–108 .\nthe chicks usually stay with the parents less than a year. sandhill crane chicks separate from their parents during the spring migration, or are driven off as the pair establishes their breeding territory .\nborad ck, mukherjee a, patel sb, parasharya bm. 2002. breeding performance of indian sarus crane grus antigone antigone in the paddy crop agroecosystem. biodiv conserv, 11: 795–805 .\nchavez - ramirez f, hunt he, slack rd, and stehn tv. 1996. ecological correlates of whooping crane use of fire - treated upland habitats. conserv biol, 10: 217–223 .\nharris j, zhuang h. 2010. an ecosystem approach to resolving conflicts between ecological and economic priorities for poyang lake wetlands. unpublished report. iucn and international crane foundation, baraboo, wisconsin .\nthe crane symbolism reminds you that all storms pass and that if you can be patient and remain in the core, the storm will pass and you can move forward with new knowledge and clarity .\nthey are pens in which chicks are isolated from all human contact. chicks raised in isolation pens are fed by a crane puppet through an opening in the door, and exercised by a human disguised as a crane; they hear only other cranes, either on tape or in the pen next door. these birds may later be introduced to wild flocks of cranes where they learn additional survival skills .\ncrane chicks eat mostly insects during the spring, since their fast growth requires high - protein foods. later in the summer, they will begin to feed on larger animals along with roots and tubers .\nin japan, the crane is a mystical creature. a thousand paper origami cranes are traditionally given by the bride or grooms father as a wedding gift to wish the couple a thousand years of happiness and prosperity. the paper cranes are also often given to a new baby wishing it long life and good luck. according to ancient japanese legend, anyone who folds a paper crane will be granted a wish\n“crane city” is the breeding area at the back of the property, which now consists of 65 pens. it is off - limits to the public, since breeding cranes are sensitive to disturbance from people .\nmccann k. 2000. blue crane. in: barnes kn (ed) the eskom red data book of birds of south africa, lesotho and swaziland. birdlife south africa, johannesburg, p 92–94 .\nluo j, wang y, yang f, liu z. 2012. effects of human disturbance on the hooded crane (grus monacha) at stopover sites in northeastern china. chinese birds, 3: 206–216 .\ngrey - crowned cranes are a monogamous species and appear to mate for life. during courtship they perform a ”nuptial dance” in which both birds participate. the display includes various bobbing and bowing actions as well as jumps. either the male or the female can initiate the dance. it can begin in many different ways; the pair may be walking together nor not. the dance begins with a series of calls during which the gular sac is inflated. after which they both bob their heads, then spread their wings and begin a series of jumps. either partner may call the display to a halt .\nunfortunately, crowned cranes are not well represented in our protected area systems, since there are few (if any) wetlands in protected areas in uganda. our national symbol is in great danger of complete loss of breeding and feeding grounds if no measures of protection are taken .\nmccann k, theron lj, morrison k. 2007. conservation priorities for the blue crane (anthropoides paradiseus) in south africa — the effects of habitat changes on distribution and numbers. ostrich, 78: 205–211 .\nmales and females participate in constructing the nest. both parents participate in the incubation of the egg. like many cranes, grey crowned chicks are precocial. about 12 hours after hatching they are capable of swimming. they begin eating after 24 hours. by the second day of hatching they are able to wander with their parents in search for food and they return to the nest night for brooding. parents tend to the young until they fledge at 56 to 100 days. they hide the young in tall marsh grasses then fly to nearby trees to roost. after fledging, the young join a group of other juveniles .\nsporadic populations of black crowned cranes are found in eastern africa, centered in senegal and gambia. there is a large population throughout sudan, south sudan, ethiopia and kenya, with separate populations in chad and cameroon. most populations are found within the sahel region of northern africa." ]

{ "text": [ "the grey crowned crane ( balearica regulorum ) is a bird in the crane family gruidae .", "it is found in eastern and southern africa , and is the national bird of uganda . " ], "topic": [ 29, 20 ] }

[ "the grey crowned crane (balearica regulorum) is a bird in the crane family gruidae. it is found in eastern and southern africa, and is the national bird of uganda." ]

[ "lesser dog - like bats do not directly negatively impact humans. however, populations of lesser dog - like bats host bed bugs (\na preview for' lesser dog - like bat' could not be found .\nthe lesser dog - like bat, peropteryx macrotis, is a bat species from south and central america .\nlesser dog - like bat by lambert m. surhone, mariam t. tennoe, susan f. henssonow\n. roosts are sometimes exposed so lesser dog - like bats tend to stay alert while roosting .\nbreeding interval according to the current known samples of pregnant females taken, it appears that the lesser dog - like bat breeds once yearly .\nbreeding interval: according to the current known samples of pregnant females taken, it appears that the lesser dog - like bat breeds once yearly .\n), which are common predators on smaller bats. lesser dog - like bats are vigilant and readily abandon roosts when threatened .\nhumans benefit from lesser dog - like bats because they eat large quantities of insects, including agricultural pests and vectors of disease .\nlesser dog - like bats help to control insect pests and vectors of disease through their insectivory. they act as prey for owls and larger bats. lesser dog - like bats are also host to both internal and external parasites, including nematodes and bed bugs (\na young / baby of a lesser doglike bat is called a' pup'. a lesser doglike bat group is called a' colony or cloud' .\nlesser dog - like bats are insectivorous. their diet consists mainly of small beetles and flies. in human - occupied areas insects are often hunted near street lights .\nlesser dog - like bats are not considered endangered as a species. populations are large, wide - spread, and stable. no known threats are listed, but deforestation does impact populations negatively .\nthe lesser dog - like bat is listed as least concern (lr / lc), lowest risk. does not qualify for a more at risk category. widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category, on the iucn red list of threatened species\nlesser dog - like bats maintain small colonies of 10 to 15. colonies roost in rock crevices, shallow caves (limestone and coral), the hollows and undersides of fallen logs, and rock piles. all members of the genus\npool of roundleaf bat (hipposideros sp .) and horseshoe bat (rhinolophus sp. )\nlesser dog - like bats live in groups of less than 15 individuals. in groups of less than 10 individuals, only one male is present. this suggests a harem mating system. it is speculated that a gland in the male wing is used as a scent display during mating .\ntan, k. h. , zubaid, a. and kunz, t. h. (1999) fruit dispersal by the lesser dog - faced fruit bat, cynopterus brachyotis. malayan nature journal, 53 (4): 57 - 62 .\nfur color in lesser dog - like bats varies geographically and ranges from brown to gray to reddish on the dorsal section and lighter on the ventral side. they can be distinguished from similar species by a wing sac on the antebrachial membrane. the appearance of their faces are somewhat dog - like and their ears are long. their ears are separate at the base, not connected by a membrane as is the case for related species. their fur is roughly 6 to 9 mm in length. the tail is about one - third the length of the body. the dental formula is 1 / 3, 1 / 1, 2 / 2, 3 / 3, with 32 teeth total. wings attach at the ankle. lesser dog - like bats are the smallest members of the genus\nthe lesser short - nosed fruit bat occurs in many different habitats, from pristine primary rainforests, to oil palm plantations, gardens and mangroves (5) .\nenglish: long - nosed bat, sharp - nosed bat; german: nasenfledermaus; spanish: murciélago de trompa .\nthe mauritian tomb bat is distinguished from other species of bat by a completely white ventral area. the dorsal surface of\nis unavailable. however, like other mammals, females invest heavily in young through gestation and lactation .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - lesser short - nosed fruit bat (cynopterus brachyotis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - lesser short - nosed fruit bat (cynopterus brachyotis )\ntitle =\narkive species - lesser short - nosed fruit bat (cynopterus brachyotis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nenglish: white bat, jumbie bat; german: geisterfledermaus, weisse fledermaus; spanish: murciélago blanco, murciélago albino .\nwith an appearance typical of a fruit bat, the lesser short - nosed fruit bat is a beautiful example. its dog - like face with large, appealing eyes and white edging on the ears give this bat a magical quality. when roosting, the bat wraps its black wings tightly around its body like a cloak, leaving only the head visible. the white finger bones stand out against the black wing membranes, adding to the striking effect. the fur is short and greyish brown to yellowish brown on the back and paler on the underside. adult males have a dark orange - red collar and females a more yellow - orange collar. juveniles lack this collar and tend to be uniformly grey (2) .\ninhabits forests; daytime roosts may be found at exposed sites like hollow logs, caves, or rock shelters .\nlesser dog - like bats exhibit seasonal polyestry, with the timing varying geographically. in central and south america, they mate during both dry and wet seasons. the timing of breeding varies regionally, but occurs for several months of each year in any given area. females gestate their young for 4 to 4. 5 months. single births are the most common .\nlesser dog - like bats are found from southern mexico to central and south america. they can be found in guatemala, honduras, nicaragua, costa rica, el salvador, panama, columbia, venezuela, brazil, and the northern parts of ecuador, peru, and bolivia. they are not known to live south of northern paraguay. there are three named subspecies :\nenglish: greater white - lined bat, greater two - lined bat; german: große taschenflügelfledermaus, große sackflügelfledermaus; spanish: murciélago de listas .\nplease note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online. the lesser dog - like bat, peropteryx macrotis, is a bat species from south and central america. bats are flying mammals in the order chiroptera. the forelimbs of bats are webbed and developed as wings, making them the only mammals naturally capable of true and sustained flight. by contrast, other mammals said to fly, such as flying squirrels, gliding possums and colugos, glide rather than fly, and can only glide for short distances .\nthe chestnut sac - winged bat, or wagner' s sac - winged bat (cormura brevirostris) is a species of sac - winged bat native to south and central america. it is the only species within its genus .\nregions of countries such as the sudan and chad. the bat' s kidneys have a mean\nemballonurid bats exhibit a variety of different mating systems. similar to other mammalian groups, polygynous mating patterns are most common. however, exceptions are for example the monogamous mating system of cormura brevirostris and possibly also of the greater dog - faced bat, peropteryx kappleri, and some members of the genus taphozous. the proboscis bat is considered to have a promiscuous mating pattern. among emballonurid bats, the greater sac - winged bat, saccopteryx bilineata, is the best studied species .\noaxaca, guerrero, and yucatán (mexico) to peru, paraguay, and south and east brazil, tobago, magarita, aruba, trinidad, grenada (lesser antilles) .\nthe present work is part of karlla morganna da costa rego’s master’s thesis; we would like to thank prodema / capes for conceding a scholarship to mrs. rego throughout the master’s period. we would like to extend our gratitude to the staff of reserva biológica guaribas for the support and aid during the field work period, especially mediating the contact with the villages. we would also like to thank mrs. patricia elaine tanner for proofing the manuscript. the last author acknowledges cnpq for awarding productivity in research scholarship .\nthe respondents reported four ‘varieties’ of bats: the “rampa”, the “mirim”, the striped bat and the black bat. both the “rampa” and the striped bat might refer to “great fruit - eating bat” artibeus lituratus, matching the description of a large bat with facial stripes and being very common in the area. we believe it is unlikely that they refer to a closely related species, the “flat - faced fruit - eating bat” artibeus planirostris (also abundant in the area) because the facial stripes of the species are commonly faded, matching the colour of the rest of the fur. the “mirim” and the black bat seem to represent a small sized insectivorous bat. it is likely that these bats members of the families vespertilionidae, molossidae, emballonuridae or a small member of phyllostominae (such as micronycteris); each family matching the description of a small, fast flying bat that feeds on flying insects .\nalthough its population and the population trend are unknown, the bat is easily found throughout its range .\ntaylor, p. j. (july 1999) .\necholocation calls of twenty southern african bat species\n. south african journal of zoology (durban natural science museum and durban bat interest group) 34: 114–125 .\nthe tomb bat prefers sites where there is overhead shelter, but are situated in exposed positions for easier take off .\nwilson de 1973. bat faunas: a trophic comparison. syst zool 22: 14 - 29. [ links ]\nthe gular sac is present in some females, depending on which region africa the bat is found. in areas such as\nwhen questioned about the bat diversity, 50 (55 %) of the respondents declared to know or recognize the existence of various bat species or varieties, but had no means to differentiate or describe the variety. a total of 22 (25 %) respondents pointed out that they recognized two species, the “rampa” and the “mirim”, 3 (4 %) said that there were the “black bat” and the “striped bat”, the remaining 14 (16 %) had no answer to the question .\nwitte ej 1954. bat rabies in pennsylvania. am j public health nations health 44: 186 - 187. [ links ]\nsevere rabies - like disease in humans has led to additional studies of flying - foxes, resulting in a greater understanding of the epidemiology and geographic distribution of australian bat lyssavirus. based on this evidence, fraser et al. (1996) suggested that bats may play a more important role in the circulation of virus diseases than had been previously realised .\nthe term\ntomb bat\nwas given because the genus is commonly seen on the walls of old tombs in their respective ranges .\nthe mauritian tomb bat can detect movement from a distance away, which suggests that the bat' s eyesight is superior to that of other insect - eating bats. this advanced eyesight plays a large role in finding a suitable roost for the day and detecting predators .\nkupferschmidt k 2013. link to mers virus underscores bat' s puzzling threat. science 341: 948 - 949. [ links ]\nseba' s short - tailed bats [ carollia perspicillata (phyllostomidae) ]; b: greater spear - nosed bats [ phyllostomus hastatus (phyllostomidae) ] using human - made constructions as day roosts; c: flying - foxes (pteropidae) hanging on trees during the day; d: lesser dog - like bats [ peropteryx macrotis (emballonuridae) ] roosting in the crevice of a rock in the edge of a river (the inset shows the entrance to the crevice). a and b are courtesy of a pol (federal rural university of rio de janeiro, brazil), c was acquired from shutterstock inc and d is courtesy of e rubião (self - employed contractor). photographers are the copyright holders of the images .\nthe current decline in many populations of the lesser short - nosed fruit bat is due to deforestation of primary and secondary forests for timber and palm oil plantations. loss of habitat is a threat to the vast majority of southeast asian bat species, as even protected areas of forest are felled to create land for crops, plantations, and villages. fruit bats are also commonly persecuted by fruit farmers for the damage they do to their yield, although the importance of fruit bats in pollinating crops is often underestimated (1) (2) .\nkoopman kf 1984. a synopsis of the families of bats, part vii. bat research news 25: 25 - 29. [ links ]\nemballonurid bats inhabit humid rainforests, seasonal semi - deciduous forests, and savannas. most species roost in well - lit places like entries to caves and temples, at the outside of buildings, or in hollow trees and buttress cavities of large trees .\nbats of the family emballonuridae usually give birth to a single offspring per year. exceptions to this rule may be small species like the proboscis bat that reproduce twice each year. most emballonurid bats show a seasonal pattern of reproduction with females giving birth to their offspring at the beginning of the rainy season. sperm storage or delayed embryonic development occurs in some old world members within the family emballonuridae. the mating system varies by species .\ndixon md. relationship between land cover and insectivorous bat activity in an urban landscape. urban ecosystems. 2011; 15 (3): 683–95. doi :\nsmall bat, forearm 1. 7–1. 9 in (4. 3–4. 7 cm), weight 0. 18–0. 21 oz (5–6 g) .\nfleming, t. h. ; et al. (1972) .\nthree central american bat communities: structure, reproductive cycles, and movement patterns\n.\nflaquer c, torre i, arrizabalaga a. comparison of sampling methods for inventory of bat communities. j mammal. 2007; 88 (2): 526–33 .\nsazima i, vogel s, sazima m 1989. bat pollitation of encholirium glaziovii, a terrestrial bromeliad. plant syst evol 168: 167 - 179. [ links ]\nstevens rd. gradients of bat diversity in atlantic forest of south america: environmental seasonality sampling effort and spatial autocorrelation. biotropica. 2013; 45 (6): 764–70 .\ngehrt sd, chelsvig je. bat activity in an urban landscape: patterns at the landscape and microhabitat scale. ecol appl. 2003; 13 (4): 939–50 .\nlau sk, woo pc, li ks, huang y, tsoi hw, wong bh, wong ss, leung sy, chan kh, yuen ky 2005. severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus - like virus in chinese horseshoe bats. proc natl acad sci usa 102: 14040 - 14045. [ links ]\nthe dorsal side of these bats is mottled in appearance – consisting of brown, grey and white. the distinguishing feature for these little tykes is a completely white underbelly. the wing membranes are furless and brown. when the bat is not in flight, the wings will contract and stick to the sides of the body to allow the bat to crawl freely .\ngarbutt, nick (2007). mauritian tomb bat. mammals of madagascar: a complete guide. yale university press. p. 67. isbn 0 - 300 - 12550 - x .\nzortéa m, chiarello ag. observations on the big fruit - eating bat, artibeus lituratus in an urban reserve of southeast brazil. mammalia. 1994; 4 (58): 665–70 .\nmauritian tomb bats roost singly or in small groups of up to 5 individuals. these groups usually consist of one sex. females tend to roost in larger numbers but do not clump together like other bats. instead, they prefer to roost with plenty space between individuals. frequently used roosts become stained by secretions from the gular sac .\nhadjisterkotis e. the destruction and conservation of the egyptian fruit bat rousettus aegyptiacus in cyprus: a historic review. eur j wildl res. 2006; 52 (4): 282–7. doi :\npawan jl 1936. the transmission of paralytic rabies in trinidad by the vampire bat (desmodus rotundus murinus wagner, 1840). ann trop med parasitol 30: 101 - 129. [ links ]\npodlutsky aj, khritankov am, ovodov nd, austad sn 2005. a new field record for bat longevity. j gerontol a biol sci med sci 60: 1366 - 1368. [ links ]\nsimmons nb, seymour kl, habersetzer j, gunnell gf 2008. primitive early eocene bat from wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation. nature 451: 818 - 821. [ links ]\nis latin and means\nlong ears\n. in spanish, the common name of this bat is\nmurcielago orejudo de sacos alares\n, translated as long - eared sac - winged bats .\nsugar plum (uapaka kirkiana; phyllanthaceae) with bat tooth marks on fruits husks, zambia. courtesy of jakob fahr (max planck institute for ornithology, germany), the copyright holder of the image .\nsimon r, holderied mw, koch cu, von helversen o 2011. floral acoustics: conspicuous echoes of a dish - shaped leaf attract bat pollinators. science 333: 631 - 633. [ links ]\nspringer ms, teeling ec, madsen o, stanhope mj, jong ww 2001. integrating fossil and molecular data reconstruct bat echolocation. proc natl acad sci usa 98: 6241 - 6246. [ links ]\nsimmons nb 1998. a reappraisal of interfamilial relationships of bats. in th kunz, pa racey, bat biology and conservation, smithsonian institution press, washington dc, p. 3 - 26. [ links ]\n]. the main goal of the questionnaire was to comprehend the relationship between the residents and their local bat fauna. the questionnaire addressed their knowledge about bat biology (diet, habitat, behaviour), their roles in nature and public health, and perceived medicinal or mystical uses. additionally, information about the socioeconomic status of each participant was collected. the questions were either discursive or multiple choice, according to the information expected .\nsazima m, buzato s, sazima i 2003. dyssochroma viridiflorum (solanaceae), a reproductively bat - dependent, epiphyte from the atlantic rainforest in brazil. annals of botany 92: 725 - 730. [ links ]\nli wd, shi zl, yu m, ren wz, smith c, epstein jh, wang h, crameri g, hu z, zhang h, zhang j, mceachern j, field h, daszak p, eaton bt, zhang s, wang lf 2005. bats are natural reservoirs of sars - like coronaviruses. science 310: 676 - 679. [ links ]\nheckel, g. , c. c. voigt, f. mayer, and o. von helversen .\nextra - harem paternity in the white - lined bat saccopteryx bilineata .\nbehaviour 136 (1999): 1173 .\nsimply means\nof mauritius ,\nwhere it was first discovered. though the name would suggest a dark, closed - in habitat, the mauritian tomb bat lives in a variety of environments and is not restricted tombs or caves .\nthey prefer to hunt in open spaces such as over an open field or body of water, so they can easily swoop down and grab the insects they feed on. the mauritian tomb bat captures its prey and consumes it while in flight .\nbarr ja, smith c, marsh ga, field h, wang l - f 2012. evidence of bat origin for menangle virus, a zoonotic paramyxovirus first isolated from diseased pigs. j gen virol 93: 2590 - 2594. [ links ]\nemballonurid bats are small bats with relatively large eyes. the ears have a tragus and, in some species, the ears are connected. males of some new world species (sac - winged bats) have a sac - like organ in the frontal wing membrane that contains a strong smelling liquid. females have only rudiments of this organ and it is not known if females use it in a behavioral context. position and size of these sacs vary among species. the ghost bats, genus diclidurus, have a sac - like organ in the wing - tail membrane. these bats are also an exception within the whole family as they have white fur. within the genus taphozous, some members possess a gland at the chest. in general, emballonurid bats have grayish to brown fur. the tail emerges free through the tail membrane and projects above its dorsal surface .\nthe mauritian tomb bat is often found in groups of around five individuals. these groups are usually either made up of entirely male or female individuals; when they are found in mixed gender groups, the two sexes are separated by at least 100 mm .\no' shea tj, cryan pm, cunningham aa, fooks ar, hayman dts, luis ad, peel aj, plowright rk, wood jln 2014. bat flight and zoonotic viruses. emerg infect dis 20: 741 - 745. [ links ]\nshaw ti, srivastava a, chou wc, liu l, hawkinson a, glenn tc, adams r, schountz t 2012. transcriptome sequencing and annotation for the jamaican fruit bat (artibeus jamaicensis). plos one 7: e48472. [ links ]\nsimmons nb, geisler jh 1998. phylogenetic relationships of icaronycteris, archaeonycteris, hassianycteris and palaeochiropteryx to extant bat lineages with comments on the evolution of echolocation and foraging strategies in microchiroptera. b am mus nat hist 235: 1 - 182. [ links ]\nmauritian tomb bats communicate primarily through audible calls, chirruping while at rest but screeching when encountering aggressive situations. whenever another member of a roosting group approaches, the members of the group already in the roost will emit three - syllable calls at 2 - 3 second intervals. the reason for these particular social calls is currently unknown. like most other mammals, they are likely to use chemical cues and touch as well in social communication .\nsimmons nb 1995. bat relationships and the origin of flight. in pa racey, sm swift, ecology, evolution and behavior of bats, zoological society of london symposia 67, oxford university press, oxford, p. 27 - 43. [ links ]\nwacharapluesadee s, lumlertdacha b, boongird k, wanghongsa s, chanhome l, rollin p, stockton p, rupprecht ce, ksiazek tg, hemachudha t 2005. bat nipah virus, thailand. emerg infect dis 11: 1949 - 1951. [ links ]\na novel filovirus, provisionally named lloviu virus (the only virus in the genus cuevovirus), was detected during the investigation of bat die - offs in cueva del lloviu in spain in 2002. lloviu virus is genetically distinct from marburgviruses and ebolaviruses and is the first filovirus detected in europe that was not imported from an endemic area in africa. whereas infections of bats with marburgviruses and ebolaviruses do not appear to be associated with disease in the bats, lloviu virus was detected in a dead schreibers' s long - fingered bat .\nluckett wp 1980. the use of fetal membrane data in assessing chiropteran phylogeny. in de wilson, al gardner (eds .), proceedings of the fifth international bat research conference, texas tech press, lubbock, p. 245 - 265. [ links ]\ndrexler jf, corman vm, wegner t, tateno af, zerbinati rm, gloza - rausch f, seebens a, müller ma, drosten c 2011. amplification of emerging viruses in a bat colony. emerg infect dis 17: 449 - 456. [ links ]\nhibernation also may allow not only virus persistence in the bat, but trans - seasonal persistence as well, allowing virus to amplify and re - emerge when conditions are more amenable to transmission, such as seasonally for arthropod - borne viruses, colony formation and movement to maternity caves .\nagnelli p, maltagliati g, ducci l, cannicci s 2011. artificial roosts for bats: education and research. the\nbe a bat' s friend\nproject of the natural history museum of the university of florence. hystrix 22: 215 - 223. [ links ]\n). despite this fact, nearly half of the respondents in our study area referred to bats as blood feeders. additionally, many of them associated this dietary habit with the transmission of diseases, especially the rabies virus. the bat fauna samplings performed in this study registered only 21 individuals of\nithete nl, stoffberg s, corman vm, cottontail vm, richards lr, schoeman mc, drosten c, drexler jf, preiser w 2013. close relative of human middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in bat, south africa. emerg infect dis 19: 1697 - 1699. [ links ]\nmauritian tomb bats are distinguishable from other bats by an entirely white ventral surface, combined with mixed - gray dorsal pelage. they have sleek, short hair. their wings are long and narrow, generally with a pale, parchment - like coloration, and are attached at the ankle. the long, narrow tip of the wing is shortened somewhat to facilitate crawling when the wings are folded. the ears are erect, triangle - shaped, with rounded edges and no papillae on the inner margins .\nfinally, can we confidently link bats with emerging viruses? no, or not yet, is the qualified answer based on the evidence available. only integrative and organised field and laboratory research, using ecological and epidemiological approaches conducted by bat biologists and medical researchers, will provide a useful and satisfactory solution .\nfollowing are some examples of viruses of humans and livestock associated with bats and which have been important in many ways, including bringing bats to the attention of the scientific and medical communities. studies of these diseases, their causative agents, the peculiar biology of bats, the relationships of bat viruses to other viruses, the evolution of these viruses, the causes of disease outbreak initiation (epidemiology), the prevention of diseases and the expanded studies of bats for one reason or another likely will provide more information about the bats themselves and, in the long run, help us protect bat populations from further decline .\nthe mauritian tomb bat (taphozous mauritianus) is native to central and southern africa as well as madagascar. its range expands over grasslands, tropical and semi - arid habitats. it is by no means restricted to the inside of a dark, dingy tomb. they prefer the outer walls of tombs instead .\nblehert ds, hicks ac, behr m, meteyer cu, berlowski - zier bm, buckles el, coleman jt, darling sr, gargas a, niver r, okoniewski jc, rudd rj, stone wb 2009. bat white - nose syndrome: an emerging fungal pathogen? science 323: 227. [ links ]\nemballonurid bats are aerial insectivorous bats that can be easily observed hunting for insects in a slow butterflylike flight. larger emballonurid species, like the genus taphozous, have a more pronounced, powerful flight. emballonurids are among the first bats to start foraging in the evening. during periods of bad weather, some species may even start foraging in the afternoon. occasionally, some species also glean insects from leaves. the diet of neotropical emballonurids consists mostly of small insects, primarily beetles and flies. in s. bilineata, colony members forage in an area where only they have access to. when insect abundance is declining, the whole colony moves to a different foraging site. within foraging areas, single individuals forage in beats of 32. 8–98. 4 ft (10–30 m). the proboscis bat, rhynchonycteris naso, hunts insects above or close to water surfaces. ghost bats, genus diclidurus, forage above the\nsulkin se, allen r, sims r, singh kv 1966. studies of arthropod - borne virus infections in chiroptera. iv. immune response of big brown bat (eptesicus f. fuscus) maintained at various environmental temperatures to experimental japanese b encephalitis virus infection. am j trop med hyg 15: 418 - 427. [ links ]\nunder favourable conditions, female lesser short - nosed fruit bats give birth to one pup twice each year, once between mid january and mid april, and again between mid june and early october. pregnancy lasts between five and six months and the birth of the pups does not necessarily occur in time with flowering or fruiting (6). females carry their pup in flight for the first few months of life, until it has learnt to fly with confidence (2). the young become sexually mature at seven months, and females will give birth to their first pup at just over 12 months old (6) .\nthe iucn chiroptera specialist group lists two species as critically endangered (coleura seychellensis, which is endemic to the seychelles, and taphozous troughtoni, of which only six specimen have ever been collected), two species as endangered (balantiopteryx infusca is threatened by habitat destruction and emballonura semicaudata by development and cyclone damage), and 10 species as vulnerable. in tropical regions, forest specialists seem to face an uncertain future if habitat destruction and forest fragmentation continues. opportunistic species like rhynchonycteris naso, saccopteryx bilineata, or some species within the genus taphozous may even live around buildings when humans do not distrub them .\nvoigt c. c. , g. heckel, and o. von helversen .\nconflicts and strategies in the mating system of the sac - winged bat .\nin functional and evolutionary ecology of bats, edited by g. f. mccracken, a. zubaid, and t. h. kunz. oxford: oxford university press, 2003 .\n]. bats are commonly undesired guests in human altered landscapes due to a combination of their bad reputation, the perceived threat to personal gardens and orchards, and their use of roofs as roosts. roosting on roofs is undesirable for villagers because it is common for bat faeces and urine accumulate and cause strong odours, along with the possibility of disease transmission [\nb: many of the viruses listed in this table were first isolated from sources other than bats. the bat hosts listed here are those from which these viruses were first obtained or otherwise detected. note that certain of the viral nucleic acid sequences detected have been identified to virus family or to genus, but not to species, thus this is a provisional list ;\nzhang h, todd s, tachedjian m, barr ja, luo m, yu m, marsh ga, crameri g, wang l - f 2012. a novel bat herpesvirus encodes homologues of major histocompatibility complex classes i and ii, c - type lectin and a unique family of immune - related genes. j virol 86: 8014 - 8030. [ links ]\nhead and body length 2. 7–3. 2 in (68–82 mm); forearm 2. 4–3. 6 in (63–93 mm); weight 0. 6–0. 8 oz (17–24 g). large white bat with yellowish ears; grayish hair bases may be visible; ears short and rounded; tail membrane with single brown sac close to the tip of the tail .\nit was antonio carini (1911) - an italian physician, bacteriologist and professor and director of the pasteur institute of são paulo - who presented findings that rabies of herbivores could be transmitted by bats. however, the first isolation of rabies virus was from a common vampire bat [ desmodus rotundus (phyllostomidae) ] in 1931 (baer 1991). the same conclusion drawn by carini was made by lima (1934), also in brazil, and pawan (1936), in trinidad; the latter also made the connection between fruit - eating bats and paralytic rabies (pawan 1948). these studies truly turned the direction of rabies, virus and bat research forward, but it was not until relatively recently that other viruses and bats themselves came into prominence, as mentioned below .\nbats are key components to the neotropical forests. unfortunately, their bad reputation is a major obstacle in their conservation as it creates fear and hostility towards them. understanding this reputation acquired by bats and studying interactions between bats and humans has shown fundamental promise when creating strategies to forge a non - antagonistic coexistence between both parts and in the promotion of bat conservation in areas with ever - rising human occupation .\ninitially discovered in ancient egyptian tombs by the scientists who accompanied napoleon on his campaign. the name tomb bat is basically unjustified, because these animals are not generally associated with tombs. daytime roosts are found in rather open spaces that are occasionally penetrated by daylight, such as underneath roofs or on walls. in colonies, individuals roost as pairs in close association. individuals move quickly sideways or upwards when disturbed .\nhead and body length 1. 4–1. 9 in (36–48 mm); forearm 1. 4–1. 6 in (36–40 mm); weight 0. 10–0. 21 oz (3–6 g). very small bat with two wavy, faint dorsal stripes. upperparts with grizzled, whitish fur. nose projecting beyond mouth. tufts of grayish hair on forearms and wing membrane. wing and tail membrane brown .\nwhen it is dark, they use echolocation calls to forage. during daylight hours, they can rely on vision to look for prey and intruders. the echolocation in t. mauritianus is unique in that their frequency pulses are emitted in patterns of twos and threes separated by long intervals of silence. this helps observers distinguish the species from other kinds of bats. the bats can adjust the frequency they emit to fit a given situation. for example, the bat can decrease the frequency to less than 20 hertz to hunt insects that are attuned to bat echolocation, which gives them an advantage and increases their number of potential food sources. they are capable of emitting frequencies more than 25 hertz, which allows them to hunt in less open habitats. this increases their range of habitats, and allows them to be flexible in their choice of environments .\nafter analysing most of the disease outbreaks that have been tentatively linked to bats, it is obvious that there are at least two transmission routes: from bats directly to humans and from bats to humans through intermediate hosts or vectors. the first one seems to be possible via bites during occasional interactions with bats in roosts or bats on the ground (saéz et al. 2015) and through contact with bat fluids during capturing and preparing them as food (apes, other primates and carnivores can be infected while feeding on bats). however, transmission by contact or ingestion of infected droppings in bat roosts cannot be discounted (saéz et al. 2015), inasmuch as viruses or viral nucleic acid sequences have been retrieved from urine and faeces of bats (halpin et al. 2000). the disease caused by the zaire ebolavirus is a potential example of this route .\nplowright rk, eby p, hudson pj, smith il, westcott d, bryden wl, middleton d, reid pa, mcfarlane ra, martin g, tabor gm, skerratt lf, anderson dl, crameri g, quammen d, jordan d, freeman p, wang lf, epstein jh, marsh ga, kung ny, mccallum h 2015. ecological dynamics of emerging bat virus spillover. proc biol sci 282: 20142124. [ links ]\nintriguing evidence for infection with a henipavirus in african bats was presented by hayman et al. (2008) who reported finding antibody to henipaviruses in african straw - coloured fruit bats from ghana. as a follow - up, drexler et al. (2009) detected henipaviral rna in an african straw - coloured fruit bat. clearly, information regarding the geographic distribution and medical and veterinary importance of the henipaviruses and their relationship with bats is not nearly complete .\nis restricted to the female of any mating pair, and is similiar to the majority of other bat species. the female gives birth to a single young, with remains with the mother at all times until it is able to fly on its own. although there is little to no research in this particular area, it is possible that this time spent with the mother allows the offspring time to observe hunting behavior and to learn other necessary behaviors for later in life .\na second paramyxovirus detected in flying - foxes is menangle virus (genus rubulavirus), responsible for a 1997 zoonotic disease affecting pigs and humans in new south wales, australia. antibodies capable of neutralising menangle virus were detected in flying - foxes, providing provisional evidence of a bat origin for this virus; the virus later was isolated from black flying - foxes (barr et al. 2012). samples of indonesian bats have revealed the presence of henipavirus and rubulavirus rnas .\ndeforestation of primary forest for oil palm plantations, including within protected areas, is an issue of major concern and one that relies on both governmental action and consumer concern. some large retailers have agreed, in collaboration with the wwf, to source products containing palm oil from plantations that are not on deforested land (8). many scientific and charitable groups contribute to bat monitoring and local education programmes that can help to reduce persecution and raise awareness of the natural assets of the land (7) .\n]; hence being able to survive in human occupied areas as they lose their habitat. this attribute allows bats to be present and abundant in the villages that were studied. when questioned about the presence and abundance of bats in the villages the respondents mentioned factors that are related to habitat loss and human alteration on their landscape as causes of bat invasion of anthropic areas. in contrast, this was described as a cause for their decline in abundance, as well. deforestation is a major cause of biodiversity loss [\namong the scores of viruses and viral sequences identified from bats (table ii), several have been isolated or detected in bat tissues or excreta. however, this does not prove a relationship between the presence of a virus (or its nucleic acid sequence, albeit a nucleotide sequence is not a virus) and the disease the virus might cause. some of these viruses or viral sequences might have been in food eaten by bats and at least some (or most) are irrelevant with respect to viral disease epidemiology .\nside flat against a surface. the mauritian tomb bat is nocturnal and rests during the day; however, it does not sleep much and remains watchful while roosting. if disturbed, they will fly off to another site or move quickly up under the eaves of the building. very rarely do they travel far from their day roosting site, and roosts are often recolonized. over time these sites become stained with gular sack secretions and urine. the stains are typically a rectangular brown shape roughly 150 mm long and 100 mm wide .\nlesser short - nosed fruit bats become active shortly after sunset and fly directly to fruiting trees up to 2 km away (7) to feed on small fruits, including mangoes (6) and figs, as well as on nectar (8). they fly around the trees several times before settling on the fruit (7), where they use claws on the first and second digits of the hands, as well as their strong feet, to cling on to bunches of fruit whilst feeding. as fruit bats do not echolocate, they must find their food using their large eyes and strong sense of smell. during the day, they return to their roosts under shaded trees, tree - ferns and near the entrances of caves (8). this species is a particularly important seed - disperser; it is a seasonal specialist, and over an annual fruiting cycle can consume the fruits of 54 species, the leaves of 14 species and the flower parts of four species (9) .\n, who have more of a gray hue. this species has a conically shaped face, which is covered in a thin layer of hair. the area below and in front of the eyes is bare, and the frontal portion of the face is sunken around the eyes. the eyes are large (2–3 mm). the ears are triangular - shaped, erect, and have rounded edges. the inner margins of the ear lack papillae, which is the inner sensory surface of the bat' s ear. one of the larger species in the\nin addition, fieldwork is necessary to continually searching for new pathogens and to understand the mechanisms underlying the dynamics of zoonotic diseases. it is important to design field studies to understand the role of different biotic and abiotic factors affecting bat populations and pathogen circulation in bats and how these factors may favour spillovers to humans (e. g. , habitat disruption, faunal poverty, climate change) (chua et al. 2002, parrish et al. 2008, daszak et al. 2013, wynne & wang 2013, saéz et al. 2015) .\nalthough many bat viruses have been associated with human, livestock and wild animal diseases, the sudden appearance of newly recognised viruses causing dreadful diseases has been surprising, sometimes shocking to the scientific and medical communities. humans have responded to these diseases in rapid and often unprepared and disorganised ways. in part, this has occurred because bat biologists have been in denial regarding their favourite mammals due to the fear of further damage to the illogical and false reputation of bats as vampires and as carriers of rabies virus. this has been a disservice to both our understanding of the biology of bats and to the various medical and research communities and their patrons. false images of bats engendered by entertaining, but preposterous motion pictures, alarmist stories in the popular press and ancient superstitions have been embedded in the minds of the public and have impeded education and acceptance of these remarkable, useful and widely diverse animals. thus, until relatively recently, studies of the relationships of bats and viruses have lagged far behind studies of viruses in humans, livestock, birds, other wild vertebrates and arthropods (calisher et al. 2006) .\nbecause of the many gaps in our knowledge linking bats and zoonotic viruses, associating bats with these events without any further evidence is a disservice, with negative consequences for bats and humans. for bats, because it puts them on target for' control' and it disseminates fear among the general public. for humans, because putting efforts to control the wrong reservoir or disease carrier can postpone appropriate mitigation actions that could avoid more deaths or interrupt the spread of the disease and because a potential' control' of bat populations may deny us their important ecosystem services .\nzhang g, cowled c, shi z, huang z, bishop - lilly ka, fang x, wynne jw, xiong z, baker ml, zhao w, tachedjian m, zhu y, zhou p, jiang x, ng j, yang l, wu l, xiao j, feng y, chen y, sun x, zhang y, marsh ga, crameri g, broder cc, frey kg, wang lf, wang j 2013. comparative analysis of bat genomes provides insight into the evolution of flight and immunity. science 339: 456 - 460. [ links ]\nduring flight and when perched. the young will remain with the mother, clinging to her chest wherever she goes, until it is able to fly. the mother nurses the young during this time. the young drink their mother' s milk until they are weaned onto there adult diet of insects. the time spent with the mother allows the young to observe hunting behavior as well as learn other skills necessary for survival as an adult. once the young bat is able to fly, it can forage for itself. it may stay with the mother' s colony or find another when it is grown .\nseim i, fang x, xiong z, lobanov av, huang z, ma s, feng y, turanov aa, zhu y, lenz tl, gerashchenko mv, fan d, yim sh, yao x, jordan d, xiong y, ma y, lyapunov an, chen g, kulakova oi, sun y, lee s - g, bronson rt, moskalev aa, sunyaev sr, zhang g, krogh a, wang j, gladyshev vn 2013. genome analysis reveals insights into physiology and longevity of the brandt' s bat myotis brandtii. nat commun 4: 1 - 8. [ links ]\n]. the bat sampling that was performed in the villages registered 14 species. nevertheless, the majority of the respondents expressed that they knew more than one species but they were not able to distinguish between more than two species or “kinds”; a fact that is understandable, as bats are not of interest or utility to their daily life. it has been confirmed that wide array of species might be referred to using a single term (such as “bats”, in our case) by traditional communities when they are not of interest or use to the villagers; in contrast, these communities may notice greater differentiation in more popular taxa [\nwe know that bats produce igm, igg, iga and ige antibodies, but not whether these bat immunoglobulins react as do similar immunologic isotypes of other vertebrates. there are clear differences between bats of different species. for example, only a single igg subclass has been identified in seba' s short - tailed bats [ carollia perspicillata (phyllostomidae) ], whereas little brown myotis [ myotis lucifugus (vespertilionidae) ] have five igg subclasses (butler et al. 2011). one can conclude from this that bats of different species differ, which is not enlightening taxonomically, but is informative in regard to the danger of making generalisations about bats .\nthe mauritian tomb bat is widely distributed from the middle to the southern regions of africa, as well as on many of the surrounding islands. they are found in angola, benin, botswana, central african republic, chad, republic of the congo, democratic republic of the congo, ivory coast, equatorial guinea, ethiopia, gabon, gambia, ghana, kenya, madagascar, malawi, mauritius, mozambique, namibia, nigeria, réunion, são tomé and príncipe, senegal, seychelles, sierra leone, somalia, south africa, sudan, swaziland, tanzania, togo, uganda, zambia, and zimbabwe. some mauritian tomb bats have been found on bourbon .\ndiversity, distribution and biology - bats vary widely in size and form. their body masses range from 2 g in the bumblebee bat [ craseonycteris thonglongyai (craseonycteridae), the second smallest mammal known ] to 1 kg in some flying - foxes [ pteropus spp (pteropodidae) ], whose wingspans can reach 2 m (wilson 1997). among mammals, bats are second only to rodents in species richness, with more than 1, 300 species recognised currently (fenton & simmons 2015). this total comprises almost one fifth of the world' s mammal species, with more than 175 genera (simmons 2005, wilson & reeder 2005) arranged in 20 families .\non the difference between the number of bats seen in the villages today compared to years ago, 28 (31 %) respondents answered no noticeable change on their abundance, 27 (30 %) said that they have become more visible, and 16 (17 %) pointed to a decrease on their abundance. upon further questioning about why the bats were increasing abundance in the villages, the respondents mentioned deforestation as a factor; pushing them into the urbanized areas. another response was that their crops are a source of resources that attract bats into the villages. those who said that the bat abundance was declining also pointed the deforestation (loss of habitat and roosts) and the pesticides used in the crops .\nthis species of fruit bat is found across southern and southeast asia, from sri lanka to indonesia and the philippines. it has many subspecies that vary in size and colouration: cynopterus brachyotis altitudinis (cameron highlands of peninsular malaysia) (3); cynopterus brachyotis brachyotis (borneo, lombok, peninsular malaysia, the philippines, sulawesi) (4); cynopterus brachyotis brachysoma (andaman islands) (4); cynopterus brachyotis ceylonensis (sri lanka) (4); cynopterus brachyotis concolor (enganno island) (3); cynopterus brachyotis hoffeti (vietnam) (3); cynopterus brachyotis insularum (kangean island) (3); cynopterus brachyotis javanicus (java) (3); cynopterus brachyotis minutus (nias islands) (4)." ]

{ "text": [ "the lesser dog-like bat ( peropteryx macrotis ) , also known as peters ' sac-winged bat , is a species of bat from south and central america .", "first described in 1826 , it was renamed in 1843 because the original scientific name was already in use for another species . " ], "topic": [ 25, 5 ] }

[ "the lesser dog-like bat (peropteryx macrotis), also known as peters' sac-winged bat, is a species of bat from south and central america. first described in 1826, it was renamed in 1843 because the original scientific name was already in use for another species." ]

[ "distribution. south - east of european russia, the caucasus, kazakhstan, kyrgyzstan, tajikistan, afghanistan, china, south of western siberia. marasmarcha colossa caradja, 1920\nmarasmarcha colossa caradja, 1920: 84. (type locality: east turkestan [ n - w china ]) material: 4 ex. , pavlodarskoe, 12. vii. 2014; 1 $, kurkeli, 24. vii. 2014; 5 ex. , toraigyr, 14. vi. 2014, 2 $, 13. vii. 2015, titov s. ; 22 ex. , pavlodar env. , 21 - 28. vii. 2014, blochin v\npterophorus rhypodactylus staudinger, 1870: 327. (type locality :\nsarepta\n[ krasnoarmeisk ], russia). pterophorus ehrenbergiana var. decolorum caradja, 1920: 84. (type locality: turkey). marasmarcha kucocrossa meyrick, 1936: 64. (type locality: iraq). pterophorus terrenus meyrick. 1936: 64. (type locality: iraq) .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken, dr erik j. karsholt, dr ole & by dr. cees gielis\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 5 / 1 / 2016. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 1 / / en\nurltoken\n( the republic of kazakhstan). we sampled 30 species of 13 genera; 29 of them are listed for the first time for\nbiological bulletin of bogdan chmelnitskiy melitopol state pedagogical university, 6 (3), pp. 73—79, 2016\npeter ustjuzhanin, 1, 5 sergey titov2, vasily kovtunovich3 & kanat akhmetov4 15altai state university, lenina 61, barnaul, ru—656049, russia, petrust @ urltoken 2pavlodar state university, the research center for environmental\nmonitoring\n', lomova str. 64, kz - 140008, pavlodar ,\nkazakhstan. e - mail: s. titov @ urltoken 3moscow society of nature explorers. home address: malaya filevskaya str. , 24 / 1, app. 20, ru—121433, russia, vasko - 69 @ urltoken 4pavlodar state university, faculty of chemical technology and natural sciences, lomova str. 64, kz - 140008, pavlodar, kazakhstan. e - mail: kanakam61 @ urltoken 5corresponding author. e - mail: petrust @ urltoken\nin present study we review the pterophoridae family of pavlodar region (the republic of kazakhstan). we sampled 30 species of 13 genera; 29 of them are listed for the first time for pavlodar region .\nkey words: lepidoptera, pterophoridae, pavlodar region, fauna, new data .\nregion. biological bulletin of bogdan chmelnitskiy melitopol state pedagogical university, 6 (3), 73—79 .\nusers are permitted to copy, use, distribute, transmit, and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship .\nin the recent years there were several studies on pterophoridae of the central asia, carrying out an inventory of the fauna, identifying the composition and distribution of the species on the territory of iran, kyrgyzstan, mongolia, afghanistan: alipanah & ustjuzhanin (2005); alipanah & gielis (2010); ustjuzhanin & kovtunovich (2008); ustjuzhanin & kovtunovich (2011); ustjuzhanin et al. (2014); ustjuzhanin et al. (2016) .\nliterature provides almost no data on pterophoridae of pavlodar region. there is only one reference to agdistis tamaricis zeller for the city of aksu, arenberger (1995) .\npavlodar region is located in the north - eastern part of the republic of kazakhstan, in the middle basin of the river irtysh between 54°27. 5' — 49°55' n and from 73°22' to almost 80°e. its area is 127. 500 km2. in the north and north - east it borders with the russian federation, omsk and novosibirsk regions, in the east - with the altai territory, in the south - with karaganda and east kazakhstan region, in the west - with the north kazakhstan and akmola regions. the territory of pavlodar region belongs to the natural steppe zone .\nthe area of pavlodar region is divided into two geomorphological portions: the larger which is the plain area including the south - eastern part of the west siberian plain (with altitudes predominantly in the range of 100 - 200 m) and the smaller formed by mountains and low hills, occupying about a third of the area in the south and representing by the north - eastern outskirts of kazakhstan upland with a peculiar broken topography and altitudes from 150 to 1055 m .\nwe conducted a series of special entomological expeditions for the collection of pterophoridae in pavlodar region. the trapping was carried out by modern methods on the remote and stationary\nlight traps\n. the insects were also collected by the air butterfly net over the vegetation between the start and end of the twilight. some specimens were trapped on odorous wine baits .\nthe collections were performed in 7 districts of the studied region in 2008 - 2016 (fig. 1) .\nthe examined material is stored in the authors' collections. list of collecting zhelezinka district — z\nz / 1 michailovka - michailovka vill. , birch groves, 53°50' n 76°30' e, h = 103m. z / 2 krasnovka —krasnovka vill. , birch groves, 53°44' n 76°56' e, h = 103m .\nz / 4 moiseevka — moiseevka vill. , floodplain forest in the river irtysh valley, 53°26' n 75°28' e, h = 106m. (fig .\nk / 11 baikonys (kaz. bankphbic) — baikonys vill. , meadows, the irtysh river valley, 52°56' n 76°23' e, h = 93m. pavlodar district — p\np / 12 pavlodarskoe vill. , floodplain forest in the river irtysh valley, 52°22' n 76°52' e, h = 110m. p / 19 zjertumsyk (kaz. ^. eptymcbik ;) - village neighborhood, 52°02' n 77°08' e, h = 122m, steppe, sand dunes .\np / 22 baydala (kaz. bangaaa) - village neighborhood, 52°08' n 77°03' e, h = 111m. , border damp meadows and steppes in the valley of the irtysh river .\np / 23 zhetekchi (kaz. ^ £tekmi) - village neighborhood 52°18' n 77°07' e, artemisia, feather grass steppe. shcherbakty district — s\ns / 23 sharbakty (kaz. map6a ^ tw), village neighborhood, steppe, 52°29' n 78°09' e, h = 148m. lebyazhye district — l\nl / 24 tuz (kaz. туз) - tuz lake, pinery, salt lake, salt lake, 51°17' n 78°37' e, h = 168m. l25 border of pavlodar and east kazakhstan regions, m - 38 highway, 51°15' n 78°32' e, steppe near deciduous grove, h = 172m .\nl / 26 shcherbakty (kaz. щербацты) — village neighborhood, forest pinus, 51°50' n 78°30' e, h - 161m .\nl / 27 borly (kaz. борлы) — borly salt lake, steppe, sogra, 51°49' n 77°56' e, h = 135m. l / 28 akku (kaz. аццу) - village neighborhood, 51°28' n 77°46' e, h = 116m. bayanaul district — b (fig. 2 )\nfigure 2. biotope: bayanaul district, zhosaly village neighborhood, 50°23' n 76°10' e, h—735m .\nb / 30 kurkeli - (ka3. kypkeai) tract, 50°44' n, 75°38' e, mixed forest, outgrowth of shrubs, rocky outcrops, h = 566m .\nb / 31 shonai (kaz. moh, an) - the tract shonai, 50°48' n 75°44' e. village neighborhood, h = 478m. b / 33 toraigyr (kaz. topanfbip) - mountains above the lake toraigyr, 50°51' n 75°40' e, h = 847m. b / 34 akbet (kaz. ^ bipfbim aaah, bi) - the tract kirgichi, the mountain akbet, 50°50' n 75°44' e, h = 520m. b / 35 zhosaly (kaz. ; 4vah, a ^ cocaabi) village neighborhood, 50°23' n 76°10e, h = 735m (fig. 3) .\nfigure 3. biotope: zhelezinka district, moiseevka vill. , floodplain forest in the river irtysh valley ,\ne / 46 shiderty (kaz. migepti) — river valley shiderty, the tract zhartas rocky steppe, hills, 51°38' n 74°39' e, h = 245m .\ne / 47 karazhar (kaz. ^ apa«ap) - karazhar vill. , auliekol lake, steppe, 52°11' n 74°43' e, h = 103m (fig. 4) .\nfigure 4. biotope: ekibastuz district, karazhar vill. , auliekol lake, steppe, 52°11' n 74°43' e, h = 103m .\ne / 51 ul' ken akzhar (kaz. yakeh ak ^ ap) - may distr. , the riverbed of shiderty, steppe, 52°03' n 74°19' e, h = 103m .\nalucita adactyla hubner, [ 1819 ]: t. 7, figs. 32 - 34. (type locality: austria) .\nmaterial. 4 s, 1 9, shcherbakty, 11. viii. 2013, 2 s, 10. viii. 2014, 1 9, 19. viii. 2014; 3 ex. , tuz, 9 - 12. viii. 2014; 4 ex. , pavlodarskoe, 4. viii. 2013, 5 ex. , 13. vii. 2015; 1 s, moiseevka, 24 - 25. vii. 2013; 2 s, 1 9, shonai, 9 - 10. viii. 2013; titov s. ; 1 9, pavlodar, 20. vii. 2012, tarasovskaya n. distribution. temperate zone of palaearctics. agdistis intermedia caradja, 1920\nagdistis benneti var. intermedia caradja, 1920: 88. (type locality: uralsk, kazakhstan). agdistis hungarica amsel, 1955: 53. (type locality: hungary). material. 3 9, borly, 23. vi. 2013; 1 s, karazhar, 11. ix. 2015, titov s .\ndistribution. central europe (hungary), east europe, kazakhstan, south of western siberia. agdistis kulunda ustjuzhanin, 1991\nagdistis kulunda ustjuzhanin, 1991: 85. (type locality: karasuk, sw siberian, russia). material. 1 s, pavlodarskoe, 12. vii. 2014, titov s .\ndistribution. south western siberia (the steppe areas of omsk, novosibirsk regions and altai territory), north kazakhstan .\nagdistis tamaricis zeller, 1847: 899. (type locality: france) .\ndistribution. europe, turkmenistan, kazakhstan, kyrgyzstan, tajikistan, uzbekistan, iran, afghanistan, pakistan, mongolia, china (tianjin, hebei, inner mongolia, shanghai, shandong, shaanxi, gansu, ningxia, taiwan) .\nnote. indicated for aksu (arenberger, 1995) but not found by us in pavlodar region. gillmeria macrornis (meyrick, 1930 )\nplatyptilia macrornis meyrick, 1930: 567. (type locality: se kazakhstan) platyptilia kerzhneri zagulajev, 1972: 688. (type locality: mongolia). material. 1 s, pavlodarskoe, 03. ix. 2015, titov s .\ndistribution. south - eastern european russia, central asia, kazakhstan, south siberia, the russian far east, china (shaanxi, sichuan), mongolia .\nalucitapallidactyla haworth, 1811: 478. (type locality: great britain) .\nplatyptilia sachalinensis matsumura, 1911: 58. (type locality: sakhalin, russia). platyptilia pallidiola matsumura, 1931: no. 2069. (type locality: japan). material. 1 $, shonai, 23. vii. 2013; 1 9, zhetekchi, titov s .\ndistribution. europe, siberia, russian far east, turkmenistan, kyrgyzstan, uzbekistan, china, japan, korea, north america .\nplatyptilia rhusiodactyla fuchs, 1903: 14. (type locality: yerevan, armenia) .\nplatyptilia armeniaca zagulajev, 1984: 46. (type locality: echmiadzin, armenia) .\ngillmeria uralskinensis gibeaux, 1995: 91. (type locality: uralsk, w kazakhstan) .\nmaterial. 1 $, ne kazakhstan, road, pavlodar - semei, 200 m a. s. l. , 1. vi. 2013, cernila m, titov s ,\ndistribution. armenia, south of the european part of russia, western kazakhstan, iran .\nalucita calodactyla denis & schiffermuller, 1775: 146. (type locality: austria) .\nmaterial. 1 9, baikonys, 25. vi. 2013; 1 $, 1 9, michailovka, 9. vii. 2013; 9 ex. , moiseevka, 24 - 25. vii. 2013; 3 ex. , pavlodarskoe, 4. viii. 2013; 1 $, shonai, 24. vii. 2014, titov s. distribution. temperate zone of palaearctics. platyptilia farfarella zeller, 1867\nplatyptilusfarfarellus zeller, 1867: 334. (type locality: poland). material. 1 $, krasnovka, 3. vi. 2012, titov s. , bychkov v\ndistribution. temperate zone of palaearctics; africa, sri lanka, indonesia, philippines .\nphalaena bipunctidactyla scopoli, 1763: 257. (type locality: slovenia) .\nstenoptilia eborinodactyla zagulajev, 1986: 113. (type locality: taganrog, russia) .\nstenoptiliagratiolae gibeaux & nel, 1990: 200. (type locality: france) .\nmaterial. 3 9, pavlodar, 3. vii. 2012, 5 ex. , 6. vii. 2012, 13 ex. , 16 - 22. viii. 2013, tarasovskaya n. ; 1 $, pavlodarskoe, 3. ix 2013, titov s .\ndistribution. west europe, european part of russia, yakutia, kazakhstan, china (xinjiang) .\npterophorus stigmatodactylus zeller, 1852: 374. (type locality: austria) .\ndistribution. europe, asia minor and north africa, transcaucasia, iran, kazakhstan, south siberia, yakutia, magadan region .\npterophorus annamomeus staudinger, 1870: 326. (type locality :\nsarepta\n[ krasnoarmeisk ], russia). marasmarchaglycyrrhi% ae zagulajev, 1969: 212. (type locality: armenia) .\nmaterial: 30 ex, borly, 23. vi. 2013; titov s, borisov s. ; 1 $, akbet, 23. vii. 2013; 1m. , pavlodarskoe, 12. vii. 2014, 1 $, 03. viii. 2015, 4 ex. , 5. vi. . 2016; 1 $, pavlodar, 27. 07. 2008; 1 $, tuz, 12. viii. 2014, titov s. ; 2 ex. , pavlodar env. , floodplain of irtysh, 21 - 28. vii. 2014, blochin v\ndistribution. turkey, lebanon, iraq, iran, south - east of european russia, west siberia, kazakhstan, west mongolia .\nalucitaparvidactyla haworth, 1811: 480. (type locality: great britain) .\ndistribution. europe, asia minor, the caucasus, iran, southern west siberia .\npterophorus distans zeller, 1847: 902. (type locality: italy) .\noxyptilus supplementum gibeaux, 1997: 432. (type locality: uzbekistan) .\ndistribution. n. africa, the canare islands, europe, the caucasus, asia minor, iran, afghanistan, india, the himalaya, central asia, kazakhstan, china, the southern siberia. crombrugghia tristis (zeller, 1841) pterophorus tristis zeller, 1839: 277. (type locality: poland) .\ndistribution. europe, turkey, syria, the caucasus, iran, central asia, southern west siberia, china (shaanxi) .\nalucita trichodactyla denis & shiffermüller, 1775: 145. (type locality: austria) .\ndistribution. europe, kyrgyzstan, kazakhstan (west kazakhstan region), southern siberia, south of russian far east, japan, china (heilongjiang). hellinsia carphodactyla (hübner, [ 1813 ] )\nalucita carphodactyla hübner, [ 1813 ]: t. 4, fig. 19, 20. (type locality: europe) .\ndistribution. north africa, europe, the caucasus, central asia, kazakhstan, southern west siberia .\nleioptilus chrysocomae ragonot, 1875: 113. (type locality: france) .\nleioptilus go% manji bigot, 1970: 285. (type locality: mongolia) .\ndistribution. europe, the caucasus, kazakhstan, central asia, south siberia, the far east of russia, mongolia, china .\nphalaena alucita didactylites strom, 1783: 89. (type locality: norway) .\nmaterial. 1 akbet, 23. vii. 2013; 1 $, pavlodarskoe, 12. vii 2014; 1 $, shcherbakty, 16. viii. 2014, titov s. distribution. europe, the caucasus, kazakhstan, central asia, siberia, the far east of russia, china: (shaanxi, jilin) .\npterophorus distinctusherrich - schaffer, 1855: 379. (type locality: germany). pterophorus sibiricus caradja, 1920: 86. (type locality: symonowo, amur region, russia). oidamatophorus acutus yano, 1963: 179. (type locality: japan). material. 2 zhana zhosaly, 25. vii. 2014, titov s .\ndistribution. europe, armenia, central asia, siberia, the far east of russia, japan, china (manzhuria, jilin). hellinsia trimmatodactyla (christoph, 1872 )\nleioptilus trimmatodactjlus christoph, 1872: 36. (type locality :\nsarepta\n[ krasnoarmeisk ], russia). material. 1 moiseevka, 24 - 25. vii. 2013; 13 ex. , pavlodarskoe, 4. viii. 2013, 1 03. ix. 2015; 1 toraigyr ,\ndistribution. south - east of european russia, western kazakhstan, southern west siberia, the steppen altai, tuva, west mongolia .\naciptilia marptys christoph, 1873: 37. (type locality :\nsarepta\n[ krasnoarmeisk ], russia). aciptilia kaszabi bigot, 1967: 179. (type locality: central aimak, mongolia) .\ndistribution. the south - eastern european part of russia, kazakhstan, altai, tuva, mongolia, china. emmelina monodactyla (linnaeus, 1758 )\nphalaena alucita monodactyla linnaeus, 1758: 542. (type locality: europe) .\nmaterial. 1 $, pavlodar, 25. vii. 2011, tarasovskaya n. , 2ex. , 27. viii. 2013; 1 $, pavlodarskoe, 14. viii. 2013, 2 ex. , 4. viii. 2013, 2 $, 12. vii. 2014, 6 ex. , 3. ix 2013, 11 ex. , 14. ix. 2013, 4 ex. , 2 ex. , 3. ix. 2015, 4 ex. , 5. vi. . 2016; 1 $, akbet, 23. vii. 2013; 2 ex. , shcherbakty, 19. viii. 2014, titov s; 5 ex. , ul' ken akzhar, 11. iv. 2016; 2 ex. , shonai, 13. iv. 2016; 5 ex. , 18. iv. 2016, kurkeli, titov s, cernila m. ; 2 s, 1? , zhetekchi, 17. vi. 2016, titov s .\ndistribution. north africa, europe, the caucasus, central asia, kazakhstan, southern siberia east to tuva, mongolia, china, india, philippines, north and south america. merrifieldia tridactyla (linnaeus, 1758 )\nphalaena alucita tridactyla linnaeus, 1758: 542. (type locality: europe) .\ndistribution. west europe, the caucasus, turkey, iran, kazakhstan, european part of russia, southern ural, south of western siberia, western yakutia. pterophorus pentadactylus (linnaeus, 1758 )\nphalaena alucitapentadactyla linnaeus, 1758: 542. (type locality: sweden). material. 1 $, akku, 14. vii. 2014, lyakhov o .\ndistribution. europe, asia minor, iran, the caucasus, central asia, kazakhstan, west siberia, south of russian far east, china (jilin, sichuan, yunnan, xinjiang, taiwan). discussion\nthus, 30 pterophoridae species are recorded for pavlodar region. there is no doubt that this list is not final. the discovery of about 10 - 15 more species is quite possible in the examined region, in particular, from the genera platyptilia, stenoptilia, amblyptilia, hellinsia and merrifieldia. acknowledgements\nthe authors are grateful for the participation in the pterophoridae collections on the territory of pavlodar region of kazakhstan to n. e. tarasovskaya, v. i. blokhin, (pavlodar, kazakhstan) and s. m. reznichenko (vil. sharbakty, pavlodar region of kazakhstan), and for the organizations of the expeditions in pavlodar region of kazakhstan - to vk. merz, t. n. smagulov, o. v lyakhov posthumously (pavlodar, kazakhstan), v. s. bychkov (vil. mikhailovka, pavlodar region), o. v. belyalov, n. a. postnikov (almaty, kazakhstan), m. cernila (kamnik, slovenia), s. n. borisov (novosibirsk, russia) .\nthe authors are also grateful to a. v volynkin (barnaul, russia) and s. a. knyazev (omsk, russia) for the assistance and collaboration during the joint expeditions. references\nof iran (lepidoptera: pterophoridae). entomologica fennica, 16 (3), 129—144. alipanah, h. & gielis, c. (2010). notes on the tribes platyptiliini and exelastini from iran (lepidoptera :\npterophoridae). shilap revista de lepidopterologia, 38 (149): 57—63. arenberger, e. (1995). pterophoridae. in amsel, h. g. , gregor, f. & reisser, h. (eds), microlepidoptera palaearctica 9. wien .\nustjuzhanin, p. & kovtunovich, v (2011). the fauna of plume moths (lepidoptera, pterophoridae) of kyrgyzstan .\namurian zoological journal, 3, 268—277. ustjuzhanin, p. & kovtunovich, v. (2008). fauna of plume moths (lepidoptera, pterophoridae) of mongolia. altai zoological journal, 2, 34 - 46 .\nustjuzhanin, p. , kovtunovich v. & yakovlev r. (2014) new data on the plume moths of mongolia (lepidoptera: pterophoridae). shilap revista de lepidopterologia, 42 (167), 1—5 .\nustjuzhanin, p. , kovtunovich, v. , pljushtch, i. , skrylnik, ju. , pak, o. (2016). plume moths of afghanistan (lepidoptera, pterophoridae). biological bulletin of bogdan chmelnitskiy melitopol state pedagogical university, 6 (1), 183 - 192. urltoken\n\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "marasmarcha colossa is a moth of the family pterophoridae .", "it is found in russia ( the west siberian plain ) , turkmenistan. , kyrgyzstan , kazakhstan , afghanistan and tajikistan . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20 ] }

[ "marasmarcha colossa is a moth of the family pterophoridae. it is found in russia (the west siberian plain), turkmenistan., kyrgyzstan, kazakhstan, afghanistan and tajikistan." ]

[ "eberti viette, 1968; ergeb. forsch. nepal himalaya 3: 130; tl: thodung, nepal\nthitarodes eberti; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); ueda, 2000, tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 74\nthitarodes albipictus (yang, 1993). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes anomopterus (yang, 1994). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes callinivalis (liang, 1995). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes jianchuanensis (yang, 1994). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes jinshanensis (yang, 1993). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes litangensis (liang, 1995). china (sichuan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes yeriensis (liang, 1995). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes yulongensis (liang, 1988). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes zhongzhiensis (liang, 1995). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nno one has contributed data records for thitarodes baimaensis yet. learn how to contribute .\nthitarodes jialangensis (yang, 1994). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes nebulosus (alpheraky, 1889). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes varians (staudinger, 1896). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes zaliensis (yang, 1994). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes kangdingensis (chu and wang, 1985). china (sichuan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes lijiangensis (chu and wang, 1985). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes menyuanicus (chu and wang, 1985). china (qinghai) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes oblifurcus (chu and wang, 1985). china (qinghai) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes sichuanus (chu and wang, 1985). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes yunglongensis (chu and wang, 1985). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes baqingensis (yang and jiang, 1995). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes pratensis yang, li and shen, 1992). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes renzhiensis (yang et al. , 1991). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes xizangensis (chu and wang, 1985). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes zhayuensis (chu and wang, 1985). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes ferrugineus (li, yang and shen, 1993). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes yunnanensis (yang, li and shen, 1992). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes baimaensis (liang in liang et al. , 1988). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes damxungensis (yang in yang and jiang, 1995). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes markamensis (li, yang and shen, 1992). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes meiliensis (liang in liang et al. , 1998). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes cingulatus (yang and zhang in yang et al. , 1995). china (gansu) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes gonggaensis (fu and huang in fu et al. , 1991). china (sichuan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes luquensis (yang and yang in yang et al. , 1995). china (gansu) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes xunhuaensis (yang and yang in yang et al. , 1995). china (qinghai) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes arizanus; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes richthofeni; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes malaisei; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes sinarabesca; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes nebulosus; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\nthitarodes varius; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\nthitarodes varians; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\nthitarodes nipponensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\nthitarodes luteus; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\nthitarodes maculatum ueda, 2000; tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 72; tl: nepal, chungbu khola (14500ft )\nthitarodes harutai ueda, 2000; tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 85; tl: nepal, mechi, laam pokhari, 2850m\nthitarodes kishidai ueda, 2000; tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 81; tl: nepal, lete nr nilgiri (2400m )\nthitarodes limbui ueda, 2000; tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 85; tl: nepal, mechi, khambachen (3950m )\nthitarodes bibelteus; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes hainanensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes namensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes xigazeensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes yongshengensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes dinggyeensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes nanmlinensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes pui; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes yadongensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes yulongensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes sichuanus; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes xizangensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes variabilis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\nthitarodes nipponensis ueda, 1996; bull. kitakyushu mus. nat. hist. 15: 35; tl: japan, shirakawadani, izumimura, kumanoto pref .\nthitarodes kingdonwardi ueda, 2000; tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 84; tl: se. tibet, tsangpo valley, nyima la (14000ft )\nthitarodes quadrata jiang, li, li, li & han, 2016; shilap revta. lepid. 44 (175): 374; tl: china, sichuan, xiaojin\nthitarodes deqingensis [ sic, recte deqinensis? ]; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nzou, liu & zhang, 2011 two new species of thitarodes (lepidoptera: hepialidae) from tibet in china pan - pacific ent. 87 (2): 106 - 113\nthitarodes sejilaensis zou, liu & zhang, 2011; pan - pacific ent. 87 (2): 107; tl: mt sejila, linzhi county, tibet, 4500m, 29°36' n, 94°35' e\nthitarodes dierli; [ nhm card ]; ueda, 2000, tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 74; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes danieli; [ nhm card ]; ueda, 2000, tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 71; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes jiachaensis zou, liu & zhang, 2011; pan - pacific ent. 87 (2): 110; tl: jiancha county, tibet, 535m, 29°26. 714' n, 94°42. 888' e\nthitarodes namnai maczey, dhendup, cannon, hywl - jones & rai, 2010; zootaxa 2412: 43; tl: bhutan, namna, n 27°44' 02. 3\ne 89°23' 32. 2\n, 4750m\nthitarodes caligophilus maczey, dhendup, cannon, hywl - jones & rai, 2010; zootaxa 2412: 47; tl: bhutan, namna, n 27°44' 02. 3\ne 89°23' 32. 2\n, 4750m\nthitarodes damxungensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes albipictus; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 117\nthitarodes jinshaensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 117\nthitarodes litangensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes callinivalis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes jialangensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes baqingensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes ferrugineus; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes markamensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes zaliensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes zhongzhiensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes yeriensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes pratensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes cingulatus; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes xunhuaensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes armoricanus; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 117\nthitarodes baimaensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes meiliensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes kangdingensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes oblifurcus; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes gonggaensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes zhangmoensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes kangdingroides; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes renzhiensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes (hepialidae); [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); jiang, li, li, li & han, 2016, shilap revta. lepid. 44 (175): 374\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnielsen, e. s. , g. s. robinson, d. l. wagner. 2000. ghost - moths of the world: a global inventory and bibliography of the exoporia (mnesarchaeoidea and hepialoidea) (lepidoptera). journal of natural history 34 (6): 823 - 878 .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\neastern asia between the himalayas, altai, taiwan, japan, and the russian far east. majority of species recorded from eastern tibetan plateau and surrounding areas .\none of the most speciose genera of hepialidae, but doubtfully monophyletic. species with a mottled wing pattern\n=; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); jiang, li, li, li & han, 2016, shilap revta. lepid. 44 (175): 374\n=; jiang, li, li, li & han, 2016, shilap revta. lepid. 44 (175): 374\nahamus zou & zhang, 2010; j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116; ts: hepialus jianchuanensis yang\narizanus (matsumura, 1931) (hepialus); 6000 illust. insects japan. - empire: 1022; tl: japan\n=; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nhepialus albipictus yang, 1993; acta zootax. sinica 18: 184; tl: yunnan, deqin co. , renzhi snow mtn (28°52' n, 99°14' e, 4600 - 4780m )\nhepialus jinshaensis yang, 1993; acta zootax. sinica 18: 185; tl: yunnan, deqin co. , baima, (28°34' n, 99°18' e, 4600m )\nhepialus deqinensis liang, 1988; zool. res. 9 (4): 419, 424; tl: yunnan, deqin county, jiawu snow mtn\nhepialus litangensis liang, 1995; zool. res. 16: 210, 212; tl: litang, sichuan\nhepialus baimaensis liang, 1988; zool. res. 9 (4): 419, 424; tl: yunnan, deqin county, baimae\nhepialus meiliensis liang, 1988; zool. res. 9 (4): 420, 425; tl: yunnan, deqin county, meili snow mtn\nhepialus callinivalis liang, 1995; zool. res. 16: 209, 212; tl: meili snow mtn, deqin county, yunnan\nhepialus jialangensis yang, 1994; zool. res. 15 (3): 6, 10; tl: xizang, zogang county, meili snow mtn (4000 - 4600m )\nhepialus xiaojinensis tu, ma & zhang, 2009; entomotaxonomia 31: 123, 126; tl: xiaojin co. (30°54' n, 102°18' e, 4300 - 4800m, sichuan\ndierli viette, 1968; ergeb. forsch. nepal himalaya 3: 132; tl: nepal\ndanieli viette, 1968; ergeb. forsch. nepal himalaya 3: 128; tl: nepal\nahamus yushuensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nahamus altaicola; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nahamus zhayuensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nahamus lijiangensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nhepialus jianchuanensis yang, 1994; zool. res. 15 (3): 5, 10; tl: yunnan, jianchan county, laojun mtn, 2900 - 3100m\nahamus jianchuanensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nhepialus anomopterus yang, 1994; zool. res. 15 (3): 7, 10; tl: yunnan, jianchan county, laojun mtn, (2800 - 3100m )\nahamus anomopterus; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 117\nhepialus yunnanensis yang, li & shen, 1992; zool. res. 13: 245, 249; tl: yunnan, laojun mtn, 26°45' n, 99°51' e\nahamus yunnanensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nahamus yunlongensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nhepialus yulongensis liang, 1988; zool. res. 9 (4): 421, 425; tl: yunnan, lijiang, yulong snow mtn\n? ahamus menyuanensis [ sic, recte menyuanicus ]; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nhepialus ferrugineus li, yang & shen, 1993; acta ent. sinica 36 (4): 495, 496; tl: yunnan, baima snow mountain, 4200 - 4500m\nhepialus gonggaensis fu & huang, 1991; acta ent. sinica 34 (3): 362; tl: sichuan\nhepialus markamensis yang, li & shen, 1992; zool. res. 13: 246, 249; tl: xizang, markam county, nimasha snow mtn, 28°59' n 98°46' e\nhepialus zaliensis yang, 1994; zool. res. 15 (3): 7, 10; tl: xizang, markam county, zhali snow mtn, 28°58' n 98°48' e, 4600 - 4900m\n=; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nsinarabesca (bryk, 1942) (hepialus); ent. tidskr. 63: 153; tl: kansu\nhepialus nebulosus alphéraky, 1889; in romanoff, mém. lép. 5: 85; tl: ne. tibet\nhepialus variabilis bremer, 1861; bull. acad. imp. sci. st. petersb. 3: 478\nhepialus renzhiensis yang, shen, yang, liang, dong, chun, lu & sinaduji, 1991; acta ent. sinica 34 (2): 218, 224; tl: yunnan\nhepialus zhongzhiensis liang, 1995; zool. res. 16: 207, 211; tl: renzhi snow mtn, deqin county, yunnan\nhepialus yeriensis liang, 1995; zool. res. 16: 207, 211; tl: yeri snow mtn, deqin county, yunnan\nhepialus pratensis yang, li & shen, 1992; zool. res. 13: 247, 250; tl: yunnan, deqin county, baima snow mtn, 28°23' n 99°01' e\nhepialus cingulatus yang & zhang, 1995; acta ent. sinica 38 (3): 360, 362; tl: gansu, wenxian county, 3200m\nhepialus luquensis yang, yang & zhang, 1995; acta ent. sinica 38 (3): 360, 362; tl: gansu, luqu county, 34°13' n, 102°24' e, 4276m\nahamus luquensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 117\nhepialus xunhuaensis yang & yang, 1995; acta ent. sinica 38 (3): 359, 362; tl: qinghai, xunhua county, (35°38' n, 102°42' e), 3800m\nhepialus bibelteus shen & zhou, 1997; acta ent. sinica 40 (2): 198, 200; tl: meidu (28°22' n, 90°01' e), baima snow mountain, deqing county, 4500m, yunnan\nhepialus biruensis fu, 2002; acta ent. sinica 45 (suppl .): 56; tl: xizang, biru county, 4400 - 4700m\nhepialus biruens [ sic, recte biruensis ]; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nahamus zadoiensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nahamus gangcaensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nahamus maquensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\ndongyuensis (yang et al. , 1996) (hepialus); (nom. nud. )\ndongyuensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (nom. nud. )\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nlépidoptères rapportés du thibet par le général n. m. przewalsky de son voyage de 1884 - 1885 in romanoff ,\nneue schmetterlinge aus den reichsmuseum in stockholm. nachtrag zur lepidopteren - ausbeute der sven hedinschen expedition (1927 - 1930 )\nentomological results from the swedish expedition 1934 to burma and british india. lepidoptera: fam. notodontidae stephens, cossidae newman und hepialidae stephens gesammelt von rené malaise\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\ntaxonomic and biological information is reviewed for the forest hepialidae of northeastern india, a poorly known group of moths in a region known for the global significance of its biodiversity. the taxonomic and biological characteriscs are described for genera known from the northeast -\n| | best supported on google chrome, firefox 3. 0 +, internet explorer 8. 0 +, safari 4. 0 +, opera 10 +. powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform. technology partner strand life sciences\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook" ]

{ "text": [ "thitarodes eberti is a species of moth of the family hepialidae .", "it was described by pierre viette in 1968 , and is known from nepal . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5 ] }

[ "thitarodes eberti is a species of moth of the family hepialidae. it was described by pierre viette in 1968, and is known from nepal." ]

[ "species carmenta mimuli - coronopus borer moth - hodges # 2602 - bugguide. net\ncarmenta mimuli (h. edwards, 1881) | butterflies and moths of north america\n© william taft and mich. st. univ. , moth photographers group · 2 carmenta mimuli, male\nmimuli presumably from greek mim, meaning\nmimic .\nlike most sesiidae this species closely resembles a wasp .\ncarmenta guyanensis; eichlin, 1995, j. lep. soc. 49 (1): 39 (name )\ncarmenta theobromae; eichlin, 1995, j. lep. soc. 49 (1): 39 (name )\ncarmenta surinamensis; eichlin, 1995, j. lep. soc. 49 (1): 39 (name )\ncarmenta laurelae brown, eichlin & snow, 1985; j. lep. soc. 39: (262 - 265 )\ncarmenta foraseminis eichlin, 1995; j. lep. soc. 49 (1): 39, f. 1 - 4; tl: panama, is. barro colorado\ncarmenta mimosa eichlin & passoa, 1983; j. lep. soc. 37 (3): 194, f. 1 - 22; tl: honduras, 30km se siguatepeque\ncarmenta tildeni eichlin, 1995; j. lep. soc. 49 (2): 114, f. 1 - 3, 5 - 6; tl: brownsville, cameron co. , texas\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nadult - forewings largely transparent with wide, black distal margin powdered in orange. has orange discal spot. females with yellow - orange labial palpi and generally more orange on the forewings .\nadults often collected using z, z - odda pheromone baits (meyer & cranshaw, 1994) .\nbeuttenmüller, w. 1901. monograph of the sesiidae of america, north of mexico. memoirs of the american museum of natural history 1 (6) :\nedwards, hy. 1881. new genera and new species of the family aegeridae. papilio 1 (10): 200 - 201\nmeyer, w. l. & w. s cranshaw 1994. capture of clearwing borers (lepidoptera: sesiidae) with three synthetic attractants in colorado. southwestern entomologist 19 (1): 71 - 76 (pdf )\npowell, j. a. & p. a. opler 2009. moths of western north america. university of california press. pl. 14. 13m, p. 125\nthe north american clear - wing moths of the family aegeriidae. george p. engelhardt. 1946. united states national museum bulletin 190: 1 - 222, pl. 1 - 32 .\nmonograph of the sesiidae of america, north of mexico. william beutenmüller. 1901. memoirs of the american museum of natural history 1 (6): 218 - 352, pl. 29 - 36 .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell, j. a. & p. a. opler, moths of western north america, pl. 14. 13m; p. 125. book review and ordering\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\na variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos. please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image. use and copyright information, as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location, are available by clicking on the\ntexas, ..., pennsylvania, massachusetts, new york, .... see [ maps ]\nse. arizona, s. texas, mexico (chihuahua, nuevo leon - oaxaca). see [ maps ]\nlarva on prosopis, mimosa biuncifera eichlin & passoa, 1983, j. lep. soc. 37 (3): 203\nlarva on gutierrezia eichlin & passoa, 1983, j. lep. soc. 37 (3): 194\nlarva on mimosa pigra eichlin & passoa, 1983, j. lep. soc. 37 (3): 200\nsesia theobromae busck, 1910; bull. dep. agric. trinidad 9 (1910): 242; tl: trinidad, british west indies\n750x563 (~ 106kb) (in california state collection of arthropods), photo © scott a. kinnee\nbrazil, surinam, guyana, trinidad, panama, costa rica. see [ maps ]\nlarva on (seeds) prioria copaifera, pentaclethra sp. , mora sp. harms & aiello, 1995, j. lep. soc. 49 (1): 46\nlarva on (in seeds) gustavia angustifolia, g. suberba, eschweilera sp. , (and pods of) theobroma cacao eichlin, 1995, j. lep. soc. 49 (1): 40\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\n[ nacl ]; hodges, 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep. am. n of mexico\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nusing this photo this photo and associated text may not be used except with express written permission from kipling will. to obtain permission for personal, academic, commercial, or other uses, or to inquire about high resolution images, prints, fees, or licensing, or if you have other questions, contact kipling will kipwill @ urltoken .\n7777 7777 0410 0252 copyright © 1995 - 2018 uc regents. all rights reserved .\nblue bar represents all specimens collected within a specified date range. red line also represents specimens collected within a specified date range but specimens collected at the same date and location are counted as one specimen." ]

{ "text": [ "carmenta mimuli , the coronopus borer , is a moth of the sesiidae family .", "the dark form is the typical form and is found in arizona .", "the whitish form is non-typical and is known from the south-western united states , from kansas to arizona .", "adults are on wing from late april to november in south-eastern arizona .", "the larvae feed on perennial solanaceae plants . " ], "topic": [ 2, 11, 1, 8, 8 ] }

[ "carmenta mimuli, the coronopus borer, is a moth of the sesiidae family. the dark form is the typical form and is found in arizona. the whitish form is non-typical and is known from the south-western united states, from kansas to arizona. adults are on wing from late april to november in south-eastern arizona. the larvae feed on perennial solanaceae plants." ]

[ "palpita nivea (linnaeus, 1767), originally described as phalaena (noctua) nivea from either norway or south america .\npalpita is a genus of moths of the crambidae family. members of the moth genus stemorrhages may be very similar in appearance .\npalpita ardealis (c. felder, r. felder & rogenhofer in c. felder, r. felder & rogenhofer, 1875 )\nrevision of the genus palpita hubner (crambidae, pyraustinae) from the eastern palaearctic, oriental and australian regions. part 2: group b\npalpita - species dictionary - global: ispot nature - your place to share nature. ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature. once you' ve registered, you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "palpita grandifalcata is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by inoue in 1997 .", "it is found in papua new guinea . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "palpita grandifalcata is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by inoue in 1997. it is found in papua new guinea." ]

[ "the original description as cryptolechia trigama meyrick, is available online in the print references below .\ncryptolechia trigama meyrick, 1928; exot. microlep. 3 (14 - 15): 476; tl: fort davis, 5000', texas\nmachimia trigama; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 86, pl. a, f. 3; [ nacl ], # 952; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nmachimia clemens, 1860; proc. acad. nat. sci. philad. 12: 211; ts: machimia tentoriferella clemens\nmachimia guerneella joannis, 1914; ann. soc. ent. fr. 83: 210; tl: yokohama\nmachimia serva meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (12): 375; tl: victoria, birchip\nmachimia pyrocalyx meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (18): 545; tl: brazil, santa catharina\nmachimia rogifera meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (6): 184; tl: british guiana, mallali\nmachimia sejunctella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 621; tl: ega\nmachimia ochrophanes turner, 1916; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 41 (2): 371\nmachimia intaminata meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (17): 544; tl: brazil, ouro reto, minas geraes\nmachimia morata meyrick, 1912; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1911 (4): 697; tl: argentina, parana\nmachimia cruda meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (10): 311; tl: colombia, alto de las ances, 7250ft\nmachimia eothina meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (12): 376; tl: french guiana, nouveau chantier, r. maroni\nmachimia perianthes meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (18): 545; tl: french guiana, st. laurient, r. maroni\nmachimia neuroscia meyrick, 1930; ann. naturhist. mus. wien 44: 231, pl. 2, f. 28; tl: taperinha, para, brazil\nmachimia trunca meyrick, 1930; ann. naturhist. mus. wien 44: 232, pl. 2, f. 8; tl: taperinha, para, brazil\nmachimia conspersa turner, 1946; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 70 (3 - 4): 106; tl: victoria, macedon\nmachimia rhaphiducha turner, 1946; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 70 (3 - 4): 117; tl: queensland, tweed hds\nmachimia cyphopleura turner, 1946; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 70 (3 - 4): 112; tl: n. queensland, kuranda\nmachimia homopolia turner, 1946; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 70 (3 - 4): 116; tl: new south wales, adaminaby\nmachimia metagypsa turner, 1946; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 70 (3 - 4): 118; tl: w. australia, albany\nmachimia albula turner, 1946; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 70 (3 - 4): 117; tl: queensland, injune; carnarvon rge\nmachimia dystheata turner, 1946; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 70 (3 - 4): 118; tl: n. queensland, cape york\nmachimia tentoriferella; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 86, pl. 5, f. 26 - 28; [ nacl ], # 951; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhodges, r. w. , 1974. moths of america north of mexico, fascicle 6. 2, p. 86; pl. a. 3. order\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nclarke, j. f. g. 1941. revision of the north american moths of the family oecophoridae, with descriptions of new genera and species. proceedings of the united states national museum, 90 (3107) :\nclarke, j. f. g. 1947. notes on occophoridae, with descriptions of new species. journal of the washington academy of science, 37 (1) :\nhodges, r. w. , 1974. the moths of america north of mexico, fascicle 6. 2, p. 86, pl. a - 3 .\ncheck list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico. hodges, et al. (editors). 1983. e. w. classey, london. 284 pp .\nrevision of the north american moths of the family oecophoridae, with descriptions of new genera and species j. f. gates clarke. 1941. proceedings of the united states national museum 90 (3107): 33 - 286 .\nnotes on oecophoridae, with descriptions of new species j. f. g. clarke. 1947. journal of the washington academy of sciences, 37: 2 - 18 .\nthe moths of america north of mexico fascicle 6. 2 gelechioidea, oecophoridae ronald w. hodges. 1974. e. w. classey ltd. and rbd publications inc .\ncontributed by maury j. heiman on 28 june, 2013 - 12: 05am last updated 23 october, 2013 - 4: 32pm\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\ncryptolechia caduca walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 123, pl. 4, f. 10; tl: guatemala, totonicapam, 8500 - 10500ft\ncryptolechia chorrera busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 29; tl: la chorrera, panama\ndepressaria desertorum berg, 1875; bull. soc. imp. nat. moscou 49 (4): 239; tl: rio negro\ncryptolechia dolopis walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 122; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\ncryptolechia ignicolor busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 27; tl: cabima, panama\ncryptolechia illuminella busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 28; tl: panama, trinidad river\ncryptolechia notella busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 30; tl: trinidad river, panama\ncryptolechia peperita walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 122, pl. 4, f. 9; tl: guatemala, baja vera paz, san gerónimo\npyrograpta meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (8 - 9): 278\nnova scotia, wisconsin - virginia, iowa, ontario. see [ maps ]\n=; hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 86; [ nacl ], # 951; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on betula, fraxinus, ulmus, acer, quercus, tilia americana, juglans cinerea, prunus, fagus, sorbus, carya, populus balsamifera, castanea dentata, corylys, pyrus, syringa vulgaris, cornus canadensis hodges, 1974, moths amer. n of mexico 6. 2: 86\nhoplitica miltosparsa turner, 1914; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 39 (3): 560; tl: new south wales, ebor scrub\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland. fascicle 6. 2. gelechioidea, oecophoridae\nlépidoptères recueillis par m. j. de guerne au cours de son voyage en extrême - orient\nergebnisse einer zoologischen sammelreise nach brasilien, insbesonderer in das amazonasgebiet, ausgeführt von dr. h. zerny. v. theil. micro - lepidoptera\nwalsingham, 1912 lepidoptera, heterocera. tineina, pterophorina, orenodina and pyralidina and hepialidina (part) biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 1 - 482, pl. 1 - 10\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser." ]

{ "text": [ "machimia trigama is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "it was described by meyrick in 1928 .", "it is found in mexico and the southern united states , where it has been recorded from texas .", "the wingspan is about 20 mm .", "the forewings are light grey with some scattered black scales .", "there is a small black spot on the base of the costa and a triangular blackish spot on the costa before the middle , as well as some blackish suffusion beneath and confluent with it .", "the plical and first discal stigmata form small black spots and the second discal spot forms a blackish-grey blotch .", "there are two strongly angulated series of small irregular black dots crossing the wing posteriorly , as well as five blackish dots on the posterior part of the costa , and a terminal series .", "the hindwings are light grey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "machimia trigama is a moth in the depressariidae family. it was described by meyrick in 1928. it is found in mexico and the southern united states, where it has been recorded from texas. the wingspan is about 20 mm. the forewings are light grey with some scattered black scales. there is a small black spot on the base of the costa and a triangular blackish spot on the costa before the middle, as well as some blackish suffusion beneath and confluent with it. the plical and first discal stigmata form small black spots and the second discal spot forms a blackish-grey blotch. there are two strongly angulated series of small irregular black dots crossing the wing posteriorly, as well as five blackish dots on the posterior part of the costa, and a terminal series. the hindwings are light grey." ]

[ "geogr. range: alaska to southern california synonyms: neosabellaria cementarium similar species: phragmatopoma californica has similar tubes, but forms large reefs and has purple tentacles + operculum rather than yellow .\ngeogr. range: central california to baja synonyms: similar species: sabellaria cementarium has golden tentacles instead of purple and doesn' t form large reef - size aggregations like phragmatopoma .\n... another possible outcome of the potential future distributional overlap is the formation of a hybrid zone. in the laboratory, some sabellariids are able to interbreed, for example phragmatopoma caudata, p. californica, idanthyrsus ornamentatus and neosabellaria cementarium (smith & chia, 1985; pawlik & chia, 1991), however developed larvae are abnormal. to date there is no evidence that p. caudata, p. virgini and s. nanella have similar spawning periods and would interbreed in situ... .\n( of sabellaria cementarium moore, 1906) kirtley, david w. 1994. a review and taxonomic revision of the family sabellariidae johnston, 1865 (annelida; polychaeta). science series number 1. 1 - 223. sabecon press. vero beach, florida. [ details ]\n( of sabellaria cementarium moore, 1906) liu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of sabellaria cementarium moore, 1906) moore, j. p. (1906). additional new species of polychaeta from the north pacific. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia. 58: 217 - 260 plates x - xii. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n... free fatty acids were found in the tube sand of s. alveolata at much lower concentrations than those found in the tube sand of p. l. lapidosa and p. l. californica. free fatty acids did not induce larval settlement of non - gregarious sabellarid species such as sabellaria floridensis from the caribbean (pawlik, 1988b) and sabellaria cementarium from the eastern pacific ocean (pawlik & chia, 1991). inducers involved in larval settlement of different species of gregarious sabellariids and larval response to free fatty acids is species - specific (pawlik, 1992)... .\nsegmented worms: elongate bodies composed of serially repeated subunits. polychaetes comprise the largest class of the phylum. they are extremely abundant and diverse, but unfortunately they' re noticed only rarely in the field due to small size and cryptic habit. sessile tube - dwellers are most likely to be seen, but free - living burrowers and nestlers are everywhere. 10, 000 living species .\nlarge feather duster worm to 25 cm (usually less); large branchial plume 30 - 40 mm diameter may be pale orange, tan or maroon (inset); tube is non - calcareous parchment .\ncommon, projecting from crevices in rocks; also on wharf pilings and marina floats .\ngeogr. range: alaska to southern california synonyms: similar species: eudistylia vancouveri occurs in soft substrate in monterey rather than rock; its branchial plume is maroon & dark green .\nlarge feather duster worm; branchial plume 40 mm or more across, radioles usually with transverse bands of dark green or tan & maroon. in smaller individuals, end of tube flattens and curls up when worm withdraws .\ncommon; in sandy substrate adjacent to kelp forests in monterey region, usually solitary, but associated with beds of diopatra ornata .\ngeogr. range: alaska to central california synonyms: similar species: eudistylia polymorpha is very similar, but usually occurs in rocky areas and its branchial plume is uniform orange, tan, or maroon .\nbody to 9 cm; branchial plume usually green but also yellow or brown 10 - 15 mm diameter; adjacent radioles of branchial plume connected by membrane, forming a funnel; secretes a thick gelatinous mass (rather than a tube) in which it lives .\ncommon, often occurring in clusters in crevices on rocks or in sandy patches between rocks in kelp forests; branchial plume usually flush with substratum .\ngeogr. range: bering sea to california synonyms: similar species: other sabellids secrete tubes rather than gelatinous masses to live in. chone mollis is a smaller sabellid that occurs in the same microhabitat, but its branchial plume is smaller, more brightly colored & has transverse bands .\ntube worm to 6 cm; tubes of mucus with attached sand grains; branchial plume 5 - 10 mm diameter, pale rose in color often with white bands, flush with surface of substratum; adjacent radioles joined by membrane but tips free .\nlocally abundant; in sand near rocky outcrops usually in between large tubes of diopatra ornata .\ngeogr. range: central to southern california synonyms: similar species: myxicola infundibulum is larger, usually with dull olive or green branchial plume rather than rose .\ntube worm to 5 cm long; branchial plume 15 mm across, pale purple to maroon speckled with dark photosensitive eyespots .\ngeogr. range: alaska to southern california synonyms: sabella crassicornis similar species: eudistylia is larger with more tentacles in its branchial plume and lacks pigmented spots on radioles .\nmembranous tubes covered densely with sand grains; branchial plume 15 mm across, cream with 4 dark concentric pigmented bands; two dorsal - most radioles with black eyes at the tip. worm to 5 cm .\nmoderately common, in rocky crevices and in sandy areas adjacent to rocky outcrops mixed with diopatra ornata .\ngeogr. range: central to southern california synonyms: similar species: eudistylia is larger with more tentacles in its branchial plume. megaloma splendida is similar, but has 4 - 6 radioles tipped with black eye spots rather than just 2 .\ntube of white caco3; often coiled on rocks to 10 cm long. branchial plume 10 mm diameter, red, pink or orange, usually banded with white. one tentacle modified as a trumpet - shaped operculum .\nmass of very delicate fragile white calcareous tubes, each only ~ 2 mm diameter; branchial crown bright red .\ngeogr. range: british columbia to southern california synonyms: similar species: other local serpulids have calcareous tubes, but are much larger in diameter .\nimage: calliarthron (across top), rhodymenia pacifica (bottom rt. )\ntiny white calcareous tube coiled tightly into a spiral only a few mm across & 0. 5 - 1 mm diameter; tentacles orange to red with small trumpet - shaped operculum of same color .\nabundant on undersides of rocks, on algae, shells, or just about any other available surface .\n> geogr. range: occur world - wide synonyms: similar species: there are at least a dozen different species divided into several genera; all require high magnification to distinguish .\nimage: balanus (lower rt .), crisia (top left), several different encrusting bryozoans around worm tubes .\ntubes 3 - 4 mm diameter of cemented sand grains with short purple tentacles & operculum protruding; worm to 5 cm; often in large aggregations (from gregarious larval settlement, not asexual division) .\ncommon; can form large reefs several meters across on rocky substrate in both intertidal & subtidal, especially with moderate water motion and nearby fine sand .\ntubes 3 - 4 mm diameter of cemented sand grains; tentacles & operculum yellow or gold (not purple); worm to 8 cm .\nmoderately common, but less conspicuous than phragmatopoma; sometimes occurs as solitary tubes .\nworms to 28 cm; membranous tubes ~ 5 mm diameter encrusted with sand; numerous long transparent tentacles spread out in all directions from mouth of tube. tentacles cannot be withdrawn fully into mouth .\ncommon, in sandy areas adjacent to rocky outcrops in kelp forests; often in association with beds of diopatra ornata .\nworm to 20 cm with non - calcareous tube terminating in a flattened basket 10 - 12 mm across of reticulating intertwined fibers .\nuncommon, in rocky habitats, in crevices & under rocks. like other terrebellids, deposit feeds with elongate tentacles that harvest particles from surrounding rock or sand surfaces .\ngeogr. range: british columbia to san diego synonyms: similar species: pista pacifca occurs in more protected locations, its tube has a flattened hood at the end instead of a basket - like cap .\nimage: acanthancora (blue), balanophyllia (middle left, rt. side )\nlarge worm 20 cm long, 4 - 6 mm diameter; clusters 20 - 30 mm across of spaghetti - like dorsal tentacular filaments are usually only visible portion of worm .\nmoderately common, but very cryptic, in crevices among rocks or buried in sand between rock outcrops .\ngeogr. range: northern & central california synonyms: similar species: cirriformia moorei occurs on mudflats and is often misidentified as c. spirabrancha .\nmedium - size worm to 40 mm with dark green to black body and tentacles; constructs cloned masses of calcareous tubes 3 - 5 mm diameter .\nerect tube masses common on rocks in kelp forest; forms pavement - like masses in rocky intertidal; feeds on small particulate detritus captured with tentacles .\ngeogr. range: british columbia to southern california synonyms: similar species: dodecaceria concharum is smaller & usually surrounded by encrusting coralline algae or other calcaeous substrate; microscopically, it has more elongate anterior segments & its cirri originate dorsally throughout .\nsmall worm (8 - 10 mm) with dark green to black body and tentacles; most frequently seen as dark crowns of tentacles 0. 5 - 1 mm across protruding from pink encrusting coralline algae .\ngeogr. range: cosmopolitan in n. atlantic & eastern pacific. synonyms: similar species: dodecaceria fewkesi is larger & forms clumps of erect caco3 tubes; microscopically, anterior segements are much more compressed & bases of cirri are dorsal anteriorly but shift to lateral farther back on body .\ntangled mass of tubes, 10 - 15 cm & only 1 - 1. 5 mm diameter; worms extend two palps from end of tube for feeding .\nmoderately common but often inconspicuous, nestled in crevices; rocky habitats & wharf pilings. worms divide asexually within tube & regenerate missing portions; several immature worms may be in a single tube .\nsea mouse; large flattened worm to 18 cm tapering at both ends; covered with fine felt - like setae that trap detritus .\nuncommon, on sand, sometimes in diopatra beds; probably sluggish predators on sessile or small prey and / or deposit feeders .\nsmall worms to 4 cm but usually smaller; dark brown to black with 6 pairs of cirri on head .\ncommon; most frequently encountered as a commensal among tube feet of patiria miniata & other sea stars. also occurs free - living. omnivorous scavengers .\nimage: worms are on oral surface of the bat star, patiria miniata .\ntube worm to 17 cm; distinctive tube arches over so aperture faces downward toward substrate; tube chitinized internally w. external decoratations of shell fragments, algae & other debris on the outside. tube cap ~ 10 cm long .\nvery abundant in sand patches adjacent to rocky outcrops; also in small clusters in rocky crevices. deposit feeder & microcarnivore .\ngeogr. range: central california to baja synonyms: similar species: no other local polychaetes have tubes similar to diopatra .\nlug worms; large burrowers to 18 cm; usually evident in kelp forests only by balloon - like egg cases 15 cm long attached to sandy patches among rocks in spring & summer .\nmoderately common; worm lives in semi - permanent j - shaped burrows; burrowing deposit feeder .\nwindmill worm; tube stiff non - calcified with distinctive radiating arms around aperture; erect portion 4 - 5 cm tall .\nuncommon, may be a recent range extension from southern california; in sandy areas surrounding rocky outcrops. worm secretes mucus strings around radiating arms to capture particulate material on which it feeds .\ngeogr. range: central to southern california (formerly reported only from channel is. off santa barbara). synonyms: similar species: several terrebellids polychaetes have distinctive tube caps (thelepus, diopatra, etc), but none resemble the radiating spokes of praxillura .\nall content © 2017 dr. james watanabe, hopkins marine station, stanford university, 120 ocean view blvd, pacific grove, ca 93950\nread, g. ; fauchald, k. (ed .) (2018). world polychaeta database .\nkirtley, david w. 1994. a review and taxonomic revision of the family sabellariidae johnston, 1865 (annelida; polychaeta). science series number 1. 1 - 223. sabecon press. vero beach, florida. [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nmoore, j. p. (1906). additional new species of polychaeta from the north pacific. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia. 58: 217 - 260 plates x - xii. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsabellaria tottoriensis n. sp. (annelida: polychaeta: sabellariidae) from shallow water off tottori, the sea of japan .\nin: nishimura, s. (ed .), guide to seashore animals of japan with color pictures and keys, vol. i. hoikusha, osaka, 310 - 373 (in japanese) .\noccurrence record in darwincore format (elements of obis schema and some of dwc1. 4 )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nsónia c. s. andrade, marta novo, gisele y. kawauchi, katrine worsaae, fredrik pleijel, gonzalo giribet, greg w. rouse; articulating “archiannelids”: phylogenomics and annelid relationships, with emphasis on meiofaunal taxa, molecular biology and evolution, volume 32, issue 11, 1 november 2015, pages 2860–2875, urltoken\nthe number of sequence reads, used reads, accession numbers, contigs, and other values to assess the quality of the assembled transcriptomes can be found in table 1. our smallest illumina library used approximately 7. 8 million reads (assembled into 117, 423 contigs and n50 = 483, for flabelliderma ockeri), whereas our largest library used almost 157 million reads (assembled into 106, 449 contigs and n50 = 614, for polygordius sp .) .\nspecies included in the analysis, including new and publicly available data and respective accession numbers .\nc megadrilus n. sp. 1 in martínez et al. (2015) .\nd may be naineris robusta moore, 1909, but is listed as n. dendritica in bleidorn, hill et al. (2009) and on genbank data from this locality .\ng data from novo et al. (2013). material deposited in the department of zoology and physical anthropology, universidad complutense de madrid .\n) resulted in a total of 16, 023 orthoclusters—orthogroups found in 2 or more taxa, from which 4, 482 were represented in 30 taxa or more. for matrices 1 and 2 we selected 1, 473 orthoclusters, resulting in matrix occupancy of 95% (\nonline). a separate ortholog clustering analysis was conducted for the 43 - taxon matrix (matrix 3), including published genomes, resulted in a total of 25, 597 orthoclusters, where 2, 934 were represented in 30 taxa or more. for this matrix, we selected only the orthoclusters represented in 98% or more of the taxa, a total of 764 partitions with 192, 008 aligned amino acids (\n). following each partition alignment, trimming and subsequent concatenation, 336, 937 and 337, 236 aligned amino acid positions were used for matrices 1 and 2, respectively. these represent the most complete matrices ever analyzed in a phylogenomic context. as support was near optimal for almost all inferred nodes, we did not evaluate more than three alternative matrices with different occupancy values .\nschematic representation of the 12 data matrices used in this study. matrix 1 represents the original orthomcl matrix for 38 taxa and 1, 473 orthoclusters; all the other matrices, except for matrix 3, are subsets of this one, either a subset of taxa (matrix 2), or a subset of characters (matrices 4–12). matrix 3 is the expanded 43 - taxon matrix (with other terminals not sequenced for this study) for 764 genes obtained by selecting the orthoclusters represented in 98% or more of the sampled taxa. matrix 4 consists of the 100 - slowest genes of matrix 1; matrix 12 consists of the 100 - fastest evolving genes of matrix 1; matrices 5–11 bin genes in increasing groups of 200 by order of evolutionary rate (e. g. , matrix 5 has 200 genes, matrix 6 has 400 genes, etc .) .\nml tree (−ln l = 8, 727, 423. 21) obtained after the analysis of matrix 1 (38 - taxon matrix). numbers on nodes indicate bs values (all nodes receive a posterior probability [ pp ] = 1. 0 in exabayes). gene occupancy matrix is shown at bottom. taxon names in circles at selected nodes: a, annelida; ac, aciculata; c, chaetopteridae; ci, cirratuliformia; e, errantia; m, myzostomida; p, protodrilida; s, spionida / sabellida; se, sedentaria (can arguably be delineated in two ways); sp, sipuncula .\nml tree (−ln l = 7, 363, 315. 46) obtained after the analysis of matrix 2 (33 - taxon matrix). numbers on nodes indicate bs values (all nodes receive a pp = 1. 0 in exabayes). gene occupancy matrix is shown at bottom. taxon names in circles at selected nodes: a, annelida; ac, aciculata; c, chaetopteridae; ci, cirratuliformia; e, errantia; p, protodrilida; s, spionida / sabellida; se, sedentaria; sp, sipuncula .\nml tree (−ln l = 4, 515, 673. 77) obtained after the analysis of matrix 3 (43 - taxon matrix). numbers on nodes indicate bs values. gene occupancy matrix is shown at bottom. taxon names in circles at selected nodes: a, annelida; ac, aciculata; c, chaetopteridae; ci, cirratuliformia; cl, clitellata; e, errantia; m, myzostomida; p, protodrilida; s, spionida / sabellida; se, sedentaria; si, siboglinidae; sp, sipuncula .\nnumber of sequences per taxon used in the ortholog clustering analysis and in the final matrices .\ntwelve and eight independent markov chain monte carlo (mcmc) runs, for 1, 000, 000 generations each, were run for matrices 1 and 2, respectively in exabayes. the first 100, 000 trees (10 %) were discarded as burn - in for each mcmc run prior to convergence (i. e. , when maximum discrepancies across chains < 0. 1). all runs recovered the same consensus topology as observed on the ml approaches for each data set, with high support (not shown) .\nbut did not reach convergence after 4 months of computation on 260 parallelized processors. phylobayes has been found to outperform more simplistic ml models in analyses of complex metazoan data sets (\n), but it also has trouble converging in the more complex analyses. resolution at the base of the annelid tree is similar to that of the ml analyses or published data sets (also based on ml) (\n), but some analyses find that oweniidae and magelonidae form a grade, as do amphinomida and sipuncula (e. g. , matrix 2 analysis ,\n, a rare, completely ciliated meiofaunal worm, is strongly supported as the sister group to sipuncula. for this reason, we do not name the clades formed by “sipuncula + amphinomida” or “oweniidae + magelonidae” at this time. with respect to the remaining tree topology, the phylobayes analysis of matrix 2 (\n). for matrix 1, resolution of the rest of the tree (not shown) was also generally similar to that obtained in the ml analyses, with some unstable branches, but strong support for the aciculata–protodrilida clade (= errantia). we also suspect that the convergence issues are due to the instability of taxa such as myzostomida, which remained as a group with an unresolved position, along with relationship of\nform a grade at the base of sedentaria. other supported results are similar to those of the ml and exabayes analyses .\nplot indicating the ml bs for 12 clades, 10 found in analyses of both matrices 1 and 2 (first 10; see figs. 3 and 4) and 2 found in matrix 1 only (last two; see fig. 3) as a function of the number of genes (100, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1, 000, 1, 200, 1, 400, and 1, 473) .\nwe evaluated the compositional heterogeneity effect on our data analyzing two 100 - partition matrices, one with high heterogeneity (13, 346 aligned amino acids), and one with the lowest heterogeneity and 35, 247 amino acids obtained using bacoca. a relative composition frequency variability (rcfv) analyses showed low to moderate levels of heterogeneity (ranging between 0. 05 and 0. 2) distributed along taxa and orthoclusters (\nonline). the ml analyses from high - and low - heterogeneity matrices showed few supported nodes .\nincongruence inferences with the split networks from superq v1. 1 approach identify strong intergene conflict in all matrices (\n). topology incongruence is also observed in the supernetworks of all the reduced matrices, suggesting that they are not the result of sampling error .\n, rather it formed the sister group to protodrilida and this clade was then sister group to aciculata. also\n, the scaleworm (aphroditiformia) member of phyllodocida used here. such a placement has never been suggested before .\nas close to or even within aphroditiformia may show some parallels with the former family pisionidae. this group also comprises worms that live interstitially and lack scales, but were found to be well nested among the scaleworms, within sigalionidae, and are now regarded as a clade within this family of scaleworms (\ntissues were preserved in at least ten volumes of rnalater soon after the animals were collected; if sent to the laboratory alive, animals were flash - frozen in liquid nitrogen. all samples were stored at −80°c until rna was extracted. total rna was extracted using tri - reagent (ambion), following the manufacturer’s protocol. subsequent mrna purification was performed with the dynabeads mrna purification kit for mrna (invitrogen, carlsbad, ca). purification from total rna preps followed the manufacturer’s instructions. further details of the rna extraction and purification protocols can be found elsewhere (riesgo, andrade, et al. 2012) .\nquantity and quality (purity and integrity) of mrna were assessed by two different methods. quantity of mrna was measured with the fluorometric quantitation performed by the qubit fluorometer (invitrogen). also, capillary electrophoresis in an rna pico 6000 chip was done using an agilent bioanalyzer 2100 system with the “mrna pico series ii” assay (agilent technologies, ca). integrity of mrna was estimated by the electropherogram profile and lack of rrna contamination (based on rrna peaks for 18s and 28s rrna given by the bioanalyzer software) .\nall reads generated for this study are deposited in the national center for biotechnology information (ncbi) sequence read archive (table 1). reads were trimmed at the 5′ - end when needed and the ones that did not have an average quality score of at least 30 based on a phred scale were removed using the python scripts from dunn et al. (2008). de novo assemblies were conducted for each sample in trinity r2013 - 08 - 14 (grabherr et al. 2011; haas et al. 2013) using the default parameters except for –path _ reinforcement _ distance 50, which seems to produce slightly better assemblies, with higher n50 values and longer contigs .\nassembled data were compared with ncbi’s uniprot database with the blastx tool, with an e - value cutoff of 1e - 5. sequences with hits to rrna sequences were excluded. nucleotide sequences were translated with the frameddp v1. 2. 0 pipeline (gouzy et al. 2009) .\nmonophyly masking was conducted to reduce the number of sequences from a given taxon to a single sequence. the resultant 1, 473 phylogenies from the previous step were then analyzed by an iterative paralogy pruning procedure using phylotreepruner (urltoken, last accessed july 25, 2015), by which maximally inclusive subtrees with no more than one sequence per taxon were pruned and retained. fasta - formatted files were generated from subtrees that were produced by the paralogy pruning procedure. these files were then aligned with mafft l - ins - i v. 7. 149 b, trimmed with trimal, and concatenated into the final matrices .\nwe conducted a series of phylogenetic analyses of different matrices (see fig. 2): 1) a matrix with our data only from 38 taxa and 1, 473 orthoclusters (matrix 1; fig. 2), 2) a reduced 33 - taxon matrix excluding five taxa with highly heterogeneous sequences (osedax, dinophilus, and the three myzostomida) (matrix 2; fig. 2), and 3) a larger matrix with 43 species and 764 genes, which includes the following additional species with data derived elsewhere: the capitellid c. teleta, the clitellates helobdella robusta and hormogaster elisae, and the vestimentiferan siboglinids riftia pachyptila and ridgeia piscesae (matrix 3; fig. 2) .\nthe package bacoca v. 1. 1r (kück and struck 2014) was used to estimate the rcfv, which measures the absolute deviation from the mean for each amino acid and for each taxon and sums these up over all amino acids and all taxa (zhong et al. 2011). the higher the rcfv value, the higher the degree of compositional heterogeneity present in that partition. after the analyses, the 100 partitions with the highest compositional heterogeneity and the 100 with the lowest were identified and a matrix for each set of partitions was obtained .\nto investigate potential incongruence between individual gene trees, we employed superq v. 1. 1 (grünewald et al. 2013) to visualize predominant intergenic conflict, for the three original matrices, and then for the 100 slowest, 100 fastest, 100 most heterogeneous, 100 least heterogeneous, and for the complete matrix for all taxa excluding myzostomida. here the gene trees were decomposed into quartets, and a supernetwork assigning edge lengths based on the quartet frequencies was inferred from these quartets selecting the “balanced” edge - weight optimization function using the gurobi optimizer, and the filter parameter set as 0. 1 (see gonzález et al. 2015). to visualize the networks from the latter approach, we used splitstree v. 4. 13. 1 (huson and bryant 2006) .\nwe also conducted an analysis using astral v. 4. 7. 8 (\non the role of character loss in orbiniid phylogeny (annelida): molecules vs. morphology\nlarval development of the polychaete families spionidae sars, disomidae mesnil, and poecilochaetidae n. fam. in the gullmar fjord (sweden )\nanatomy and ultrastructure of the ventral pharyngeal organs of saccocirrus (saccocirridae) and protodriloides (protodriloidae fam. n .) with remarks on the phylogenetic relationships within the protodrilida (annelida: polychaeta )\nraxml: a parallel program for phylogenetic tree inference. poster abstract in proceedings of 2nd european conference on computational biology (eccb2003), paris, france, september 2003. p. 325–326\n© the author 2015. published by oxford university press on behalf of the society for molecular biology and evolution. all rights reserved. for permissions, please e - mail: journals. permissions @ urltoken\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. it furthers the university' s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nkirtley, david w. 1994. a review and taxonomic revision of the family sabellariidae johnston, 1865 (annelida; polychaeta). science series number 1. 1 - 223. sabecon press. vero beach, florida .\npolychaetes are an important component in marine benthic communities having high ecological and economical significance. the scientific information on this group in indian waters is scanty particularly with reference to costal region of maharashtra. there are many polychaete records published from different localities of maharashtra, but comprehensive report is still lacking. hence, a systematic list of all the valid polychaete species along with their distribution is provided in this paper. a total of 180 species and seven subspecies of polychaetes in 113 genera in 21 subfamilies under 41 families and six orders have been recorded so far from maharashtra coast. suggestions are given for further biosystematic studies on the group in the state and the country as a whole .\nwe are grateful to dr. k. venkataraman, director, zoological survey of india, kolkata, for constant support and encouragement. special thanks are due to mr. m. v. rao, scientist - d, wood biodegradation centre (marine), institute of wood science and technology, visakhapatnam, for providing literature. photo courtesy of wikipedia for some polychaetes is sincerely acknowledged .\najmal khan s, murugesan p (2005) polychaete diversity in indian estuaries. ind j mar sci 34 (1): 114–119\nansari za, ingole bs, parulekar ah (1986) effect of high organic enrichment of benthic polychaete population in an estuary. mar pollut bull 17: 361–365\nbakken t, wilson rs (2005) phylogeny of nereidids (polychaeta, nereididae) with paragnaths. zool scr 34 (5): 507–547\ncolbath kg (1989) revision of the family lysaretidae, and recognition of the family oenonidae kinberg, 1865 (eunicida: polychaeta). proc biol soc wash 102 (1): 116–123\nday jh (1967) a monograph on the polychaeta of southern africa. trustees of the british museum (natural history): london: pt 1, erranta, pp 1–458; pt 2, sedentaria, pp 459–878\ndean hk (2008) the use of polychaetes (annelida) as indicator species of marine pollution: a review. rev biol trop 56 (suppl 4): 11–38\ndevi ks, sheba p, balasubramanian t, venugopal p, sankaranarayanan vn (1996) benthic fauna of southwest and southeast coasts of india. the fourth indian fisheries forum proceedings, kochi, kerala, pp 9–12\nfauchald k (1977) the polychaete worms. definitions and keys to the orders, families and genera. nat hist mus los angeles cty sci ser 28: 1–188\n( polychaeta: eunicidae) based upon type material. smithson contrib zool 523: 1–422\nfauchald k, rouse gw (1997) polychaete systematics: past and present. zool scr 26: 71–138\nfauchald k, rouse gw (1998) recent views on the status, delineation and classification of the annelida. am zool 38: 953–964\nfauvel p (1932) annelida, polychaeta of the indian museum. mem ind mus xii (1): 1–262\nfauvel p (1953) the fauna of india including pakistan, ceylon, burma and malaya: annelida, polychaeta. the indian press ltd. , allahabad, 507 p\ngaonkar ca, sawant ss, anil ac, krishnamurthy v, harkantra sn (2010a) changes in the occurrence of hard substratum fauna: a case study from mumbai harbour, india. ind j mar sci 39 (1): 74–84\ngaonkar ca, sawant ss, anil ac, krishnamurthy v, harkantra sn (2010b) mumbai harbour, india: gateway for introduction of marine organisms. environ monit assess 163: 583–589\nglasby cj (1999) the namaneridinae (polychaeta: nereididae). part 1, taxonomy and phylogeny. rec aust mus suppl 25: 1–129\ngobin jf (2010) free - living marine polychaetes (annelida) inhabiting hard - bottom substrates in trinidad and tobago, west indies. rev biol trop 58 (1): 147–157\nharkantra sn, parulekar ah (1994) soft sediment dwelling macro - invertebrates of rajapur bay, central west coast of india. ind j mar sci 23 (1): 31–34\nhartman o (1974) polychaetous annelids of the indian ocean including an account of species collected by members of the international indian ocean expeditions, 1963–1964, and a catalogue and bibliography of the species from india. part ii. j mar biol assoc india 16 (2): 609–644\n( polychaeta, nereididae) from australia, with redescriptions of six additional species. rec aust mus 43 (3): 241–274\ningole bs, rodrigues n, ansari za (2002) macrobenthic communities of the coastal waters of dabhol, west coast of india. ind j mar sci 31: 93–99\ningole b, sivadas s, nanajkar m, sautya s, nag a (2008) a comparative study of macrobenthic community from harbours along the central west coast of india. environ monit assess 154 (1–4): 135–146\njames psbr, thomas pa, gopinadha pillai cs, kumaraswamy achari gp, thomas mm, james db (1969) catalogue of types and of sponges, corals, polychaetes, crabs and echinoderms in the reference collections of the central marine fisheries research institute. bull cent mar res inst 7: 1–66\njayaraj ka, josia j, dinesh kumar pk (2008) infaunal macrobenthic community of soft bottom sediment in a tropical shelf. j coast res 24 (3): 708–718\nla porta b, tomassetti p, lomiri s, marzialetti s, vani d, penna m, lanera p, nicoletti l (2011) ecology and spatial distribution of selected polychaete species from the italian continental shelf. ital j zool 78 (suppl 1): 290–303\nlakshmana rao mv (1969) fouling serpulids from indian harbours. j timber dev assoc india 15 (2): 1–20\n) during pre - 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2005). allied publishers, new delhi, pp 264–270\nsivadas s, ingole b, nanajkar m (2010) benthic polychaetes as good indicators of anthropogenic impact. ind j mar sci 39 (2): 201–211\nsolís - weiss v, bertrand y, helléouet mn, pleijel f (2004) types of polychaetous annelids at the muséum national d’histoire naturelle, paris. zoosystema 26 (3): 377–384\nstruck th, purschke g, halanych km (2006) phylogeny of eunicida (annelida) and exploring data congruence using a partition addition bootstrap alteration (paba) approach. syst biol 55 (1): 1–20\nsukumaran s, sarala devi k (2009) polychaete diversity and its relevance in the rapid environmental assessment of mumbai port. curr sci 97 (10): 1439–1444\nsukumaran s, bhokepode k, telavane m, kubal p, gajbhiye sn (2011) benthic polychaetes in the ratnagiri bay, india: influence of anthropogenic factors. j environ biol 32: 719–724\nsunil kumar r (1999) new record of five annelids (class: polychaeta) from the mangrove habitat of the south west coast of india. j mar biol assoc india 41 (1 & 2): 116–118\nsunil kumar r (2001) a checklist of soil - dwelling polychaetous annelids from some indian mangrove habitats. zoos print j 16 (3): 439–441\nsunil kumar r (2003) a checklist of polychaete species some mangroves of asia. zoos print j 18 (2): 1017–1020\nswami bs, udhayakumar m (2010) seasonal influence on settlement, distribution and diversity of fouling organisms at mumbai harbour. ind j mar sci 39 (1): 57–67\nvarshney pk, govindan k (1995) macrobenthos off mahim (bombay), west coast of india in relation to coastal pollution and aquaculture. j ind fish assoc 25: 47–56\nwafar m, venkataraman k, ingole b, ajmal khan s, lokabharathi p (2011) state of knowledge of coastal and marine biodiversity of indian ocean countries. plos one 6 (1) e14613: 1–12\nwehe t, fiege d (2002) annotated checklist of the polychaete species of the seas surrounding the arabian peninsula: red sea, gulf of aden, arabian sea, gulf of oman, arabian gulf. fauna of arabia 19: 7–238\nspecies (polychaeta: spionidae) from indian waters. cah biol mar 53: 279–287\npati s. k. , swain d. , sahu k. c. , sharma r. m. (2015) diversity and distribution of polychaetes (annelida: polychaeta) along maharashtra coast, india. in: rawat m. , dookia s. , sivaperuman c. (eds) aquatic ecosystem: biodiversity, ecology and conservation. springer, new delhi\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n... hydrodynamic disturbances may also permit col - onization by new recruits in habitats that were fully occupied prior to the disturbance (sousa, 2001). in this case, surviving individuals may increase their reproductive effort in an attempt to occupy the available space (pawlik & chia, 1991; sousa, 2001)... .\nqian py. . larval settlement of polychaetes. hydrobiologia 402: 239 - 253\nchemical induction of larval settlement and metamorphosis in the reef - building tube worm phragmatopo ...\nnaturally - occurring lipophilic inducers of larval settlement and metamorphosis wer isolated and identified for phragmatopoma californica, a gregarious tube worm from southern california. organic solvent extraction of the sand / organic cement matrix of tubes diminished the inducing capacity of the tube matrix. the inducing capacity was restricted to a single, highly active, hplc - purified... [ show full abstract ]\nlarval settlement and metamorphosis of two gregarious sabellariid polychaetes: sabellaria alveolata ...\nlarval settlement and metamorphosis of sabellariid polychaetes, with special reference to phragmatop ...\nthe naturally - occurring inducers of larval settlement and metamorphosis have recently been isolated and identified for the ne pacific reef - building sabellariid polychaete, phragmatopoma californica, and the larval responses of this species compared, in reciprocal laboratory settlement assays, to those of its european counterpart, sabellaria alveolata. the present study includes the larval... [ show full abstract ]\nsome observations on the development and cyclic changes of the oöcytes in a brooding starfish, lepta ...\nthere are two ovaries in each arm and each ovary bears a single oviduct which opens orally at the interradial angle. the ovarian wall consists of three layers: mesothelium, muscular - connective tissue layer and germinal epithelium. the haemal space between the germinal epithelium and muscular - connective tissue layer is filled with a pas positive fluid. it is suggested that this space may... [ show full abstract ]\nnote on the assimilation of glucose and glycine from seawater by the embryos of a sea anemone, actin ...\nthe embryos of a viviparous sea anemone, actinia equina, take up glucose at the rate of 16. 8 μg / g wet weight per hour and glycine at the rate of 8. 2 μg / g wet weight per hour from the seawater. autoradiographic studies showed that glucose was incorporated in both ectoderm and endoderm tissues whereas glycine was incorporated mostly in ectoderm tissues .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en" ]

{ "text": [ "neosabellaria cementarium is a species of marine tube worm in the family sabellariidae , perhaps better known by its previous name , sabellaria cementarium .", "it is found in the north pacific ocean . " ], "topic": [ 16, 20 ] }

[ "neosabellaria cementarium is a species of marine tube worm in the family sabellariidae, perhaps better known by its previous name, sabellaria cementarium. it is found in the north pacific ocean." ]

[ "phyllonorycter hissarella is een vlinder uit de familie van de mineermotten (gracillariidae) .\nguldmalar är ett släkte av fjärilar som beskrevs av hübner 1822. guldmalar ingår i familjen styltmalar. phyllonorycter aberrans\nthe altai accentor (\nprunella himalayana\n) is a species of bird in the prunellidae family .\nthe himalayan pika (\nochotona himalayana\n) is a species of small mammal in the pika family, ochotonidae .\nthe bar - tailed treecreeper (\ncerthia himalayana\n), or the himalayan treecreeper is a species of bird in the certhiidae family .\na review of the species belonging to the genus phyllonorycter hübner, [ 1822 ] (lepidoptera, gracillariidae), which are trophically associated with fagacean plants, is given, being provided with a new determination key and short diagnoses for 20 species recorded for the fauna of russia. a contribution to the taxonomy of the genus phyllonorycter is made based on the comparative morphology of the male genitalia of 54 palaearctic species developing on fagaceae, with 13 new taxonomic groups established within this ecological unit. lectotype of phyllonorycter suberifoliella (zeller, 1850) is designated .\nj. t. chinensis\nbreeds in eastern siberia and northeastern and central china while\nj. t. himalayana\nbreeds in pakistan and the northwestern himalayas .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\noriginal russian text © s. v. baryshnikova, 2012, published in entomologicheskoe obozrenie, 2012, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 106–130 .\n, ed. by sinev, s. yu. (kmk scientific press, st. petersburg - moscow, 2008), pp. 43–51 [ in russian ] .\n, ed. by karsholt, o. van nieukerken, e. j. , version 1. 1 ,\ndavis, d. d. and deschka, g. , “biology and systematics of the north american\nleafminers on salicaceae, with a synoptic catalog of the palearctic species (lepidoptera: gracillariidae), ” smithsonian contrib. zool .\nde prins, j. and de prins, w. , “gracillariidae (lepidoptera), in\nde prins, j. and de prins, w. , “global taxonomic database of gracillariidae (lepidoptera), ” world wide web electronic publication (\ndeschka, g. , “neue lithocolletiden aus tunesien (lepidoptera lithocolletidae), ” nachricht. bayer. entomol .\ndeschka, g. , “blattminierende lepidopteren aus dem nahen und mittleren osten. v. teil, ” z. arb. gem. öster. entomol .\n( far eastern sci. center, acad. sci. , ussr, vladivostok, 1979), pp. 23–26 [ in russian ] .\n( far eastern sci. center, acad. sci. , ussr, vladivostok, 1986), pp. 26–30 [ in russian ] .\nfursov, b. n. , gershenzon, z. s. , nikitenko, g. n. , and sviridov, s. v. , “oak mining moths and other mining lepidopterans on the oak. report 1. general species composition of mining insects, ” vestnik zool .\ngregor, f. and patočka, j. , “die pupen der mitteleuropäischen lithocolletinae, ” mitt. internat. entomol. ver. frankfurt a. m. suppl .\nkumata, t. , “taxonomic studies on the lithocolletinae of japan (lepidoptera, gracillariidae). part i, ” insecta matsum .\nkumata, t. , “taxonomic studies on the lithocolletinae of japan (lepidoptera, gracillariidae). part iii, ” insecta matsum .\nfrom central nepal, with descriptions of twelve new species. notes on gracillariidae (lepidoptera) of nepal: i, ” insecta matsum .\n( nauka, leningrad, 1981), vol. 4, part. 2, pp. 149–311 [ in russian ] .\nkuznetzov, v. i. and baryshnikova (seksyaeva), s. v. , “a brief catalog of mining moths of the family gracillariidae (lepidoptera) of the fauna of russia and adjacent countries, ” trudy zool. inst. akad. nauk sssr\nkuznetzov, v. i. and baryshnikova, s. v. , “evolutionary - morphological approach to the systematics of leafmining moths of the genus\nhbn. (lepidoptera, gracillariidae) with account of species feeding specialization, ” entomol. obozr .\nkuznetzov, v. i. and baryshnikova, s. v. , “taxonomy of leafminers of the genus\nhübner (lepidoptera, gracillariidae) associated with ulmaceous plants (ulmaceae), ” entomol. obozr. ,\nspecies feeding on the plants of the tribe genistae (fabaceae), with descriptions of twelve new species (lepidoptera: gracillariidae), ” acta univ. agric. et silvic. mendel. brun\n, with two new species (lepidoptera: gracillariidae), ” acta univ. agric. et silvic. mendel. brun\nliste systématique et synonymique des lépidoptères de france, belgique et corse. suppl. à alexanor\nlopez - vaamonde, c. , godfray, h. , charles, j. , and cook, j. m. , “evolutionary dynamics of host - plant use in a genus of leaf - mining moths, ” evolution\nlopez - vaamonde, c. , wikström, n. , labandeira, c. , godfray, h. c. j. , goodman, s. j. , and cook, j. m. , “fossil - calibrated molecular phylogenies reveal that leafmining moths radiated million of years after their host plants, ” j. evol. biol .\nspecies from palaearctic region feeding on rosaceae (lepidoptera, gracillariidae), ” bull. mus. civ. stor. nat. verona\n*\nj. t. chinensis\n: oostelijk siberië en noordoostelijk en centraal china .\npyrausta nicalis is een vlinder uit de familie van de grasmotten (crambidae) .\ncallum henry mcmanaman (huyton, 25 april 1991) is een engels voetballer die bij voorkeur als vleugelspeler speelt .\npetaurista xanthotis is een zoogdier uit de familie van de eekhoorns (sciuridae) .\nhet nationaal historisch museum van azerbeidzjan (azerbeidzjaans :\nazərbaycan tarix muzeyi\n) in bakoe is een aan de azerbeidzjaanse geschiedenis gewijd museum en is azerbeidzjans grootste historisch museum .\ncredits - computer translations are provided by a combination of our statistical machine translator, google, microsoft, systran and worldlingo .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience. by continuing to visit this site you agree to our use of cookies. learn more .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nvad betyder guldmalar? här finner du 2 definitioner av guldmalar. du kan även lägga till betydelsen av guldmalar själv\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\naustria, belgium, bulgaria, great britain, hungary, germany, denmark, greece, ireland, italy, latvia, lithuania, netherlands, norway, poland, slovakia, finland, france, czech republic, switzerland, sweden, estonia, yugoslavia .\naustria, belgium, bulgaria, the british isles, france, germany, denmark (mainland), ireland, italy (mainland), latvia, lithuania, netherlands, norway (mainland), poland, romania, slovakia, ukraine, finland, france (mainland), czech republic, switzerland, sweden, estonia .\n[ 10 ] de jong, y. s. d. m. (ed .) (2011) fauna europaea version 2. 4 (faunaeur. org )\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc.." ]

{ "text": [ "phyllonorycter himalayana is a moth of the gracillariidae family .", "it is known from the nepal .", "the wingspan is about 9 mm .", "the larvae feed on quercus semecarpifolia .", "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "the mine has the form of a rather large , elliptical or circular , slightly tentiformed blotch occurring upon the upper surface of the leaf , usually situated on the space between the middle vein and the leaf-margin .", "the upper epidermis of the leaf on the mining part is whitish-brown , smeared with irregular , dark reddish-brown blotches or lines and with many minute , longitudinal ridges in the fully matured stage . " ], "topic": [ 2, 27, 9, 8, 11, 11, 1 ] }

[ "phyllonorycter himalayana is a moth of the gracillariidae family. it is known from the nepal. the wingspan is about 9 mm. the larvae feed on quercus semecarpifolia. they mine the leaves of their host plant. the mine has the form of a rather large, elliptical or circular, slightly tentiformed blotch occurring upon the upper surface of the leaf, usually situated on the space between the middle vein and the leaf-margin. the upper epidermis of the leaf on the mining part is whitish-brown, smeared with irregular, dark reddish-brown blotches or lines and with many minute, longitudinal ridges in the fully matured stage." ]

[ "neocaristius heemstrai. source: australian national fish collection, csiro. license: cc by attribution - noncommercial\nfroese, rainer and pauly, daniel, eds. (2013) .\nneocaristius heemstrai\nin fishbase. february 2013 version .\nthis fish was first described in 2006 and was moved to a monotypic genus of its own, neocaristius, in 2011. [ 2 ]\n( of paracaristius heemstrai trunov, kukuev & parin, 2006) trunov, i. a. ; kukuev, e. i. ; parin, n. v. (2006). materials for the revision of the family caristiidae (perciformes): 1. description of paracaristius heemstrai gen. et sp. nov. journal of ichthyology. 46 (6): 441 - 446. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of paracaristius heemstrai trunov, kukuev & parin, 2006) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ntrunov, i. a. , kukuev, e. i. & parin, n. v. 2006 ,\nmaterials for the revision of the family caristiidae (perciformes): 1. description of paracaristius heemstrai gen. et sp. nov .\n, voprosy ikhtiologii, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 465 - 470\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nfrom the greek neo, meaning\nnew\n, and caristius, a genus masculine in gender (ref. 87954 )\nmarine; bathypelagic; depth range 420 - 1360 m (ref. 57777). deep - water; 31°s - 43°s, 175°w - 169°e\nsouthern hemisphere: from the southern indian ocean (off the coast of africa); south pacific (off the coasts of tasmania and new zealand); south atlantic .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 19. 3 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 87954); 21. 9 cm sl (female )\ndorsal soft rays (total): 28 - 31; anal soft rays: 18 - 21; vertebrae: 32 - 35. this species is distinguished by the following characters: with vomerine but no palatine teeth; posteriorly placed dorsal - fin origin, with predorsal distance > 87% hl; vertically oriented anteriormost dorsal - fin pterygiophores; distinguished from paracaristius by its short pharyngobranchial teeth (vs. long and needle - like in paracaristius), presence of a lateral line, orbit size (> 42% sl vs. < 45% sl in paracaristius); distinguished from all other caristiid genera by the broad suborbital space, with an expanded suborbital shield of bony elements, and by the small mouth, with upper jaw covered laterally by suborbitals and not extending to posterior margin of orbit (ref. 87954) .\narea of collection attributed to notal and adjacent subantarctic waters (ref. 57777) .\nstevenson, d. e. and c. p. kenaley, 2011. revision of the manefish genus paracaristius (teleostei: percomorpha: caristiidae), with descriptions of a new genus and three new species. copeia 2011 (3): 385 - 399 (ref. 87954 )\n): 3. 2 - 7. 2, mean 4. 6 (based on 36 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 1. 0000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01995 (0. 00906 - 0. 04395), b = 3. 01 (2. 83 - 3. 19), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 6 ±0. 5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (17 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n( trunov, kukuev & parin, 2006). accessed through: world register of marine species at: urltoken; = 712723 on 2018 - 07 - 10\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nknown in australian waters from off new south wales (c. 35 28 s) to off southern western australia (c. 35 03 s, 115 00 e), including tasmania; also recorded from the lord howe island region; in midwater depths of about 400 - 1500 m. elsewhere, widespread in southern hemisphere waters, occurring in the atlantic, pacific and indian oceans .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nheemstra, p. c. 1986 ,\nfamily no. 208: caristiidae\n, ed. smith, m. m. & heemstra, p. c. (eds), smith' s sea fishes, pp. 636 - 637, 2 figs, macmillan south africa, johannesburg\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 27306a8a - 07b2 - 4191 - b4da - 71546890fc5b\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 0e8389f1 - 21d4 - 4b4e - a889 - 70a3d6dd3fa2\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 591757\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nstevenson, d. e. and c. p. kenaley. (2011). revision of the manefish genus paracaristius (teleostei: percomorpha: caristiidae), with descriptions of a new genus and three new species. copeia 2011 (3) 385 - 99 .\nthis page was last edited on 20 march 2018, at 22: 35 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\n, select family and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani, 30. 11. 04, , php script by cmilitante, 05 / 11 / 2010, last modified by cmilitante, 14 / 03 / 2013\nif you already know the family, go to search fishbase, select family and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family. if you already know the country, go to search fishbase, select country and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country. if you already know the ecosystem, go to search fishbase, select ecosystem and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani, 11. 11. 04, , php script by cmilitante, 04 / 13 / 2010, last modified by cmilitante, 13 / 06 / 2011" ]

{ "text": [ "neocaristius heemstrai is a species of fish in the family caristiidae , the manefishes .", "it is native to the oceans of the southern hemisphere where it is known to occur at depths of from 420 to 1,360 metres ( 1,380 to 4,460 ft ) .", "this species grows to a length of 11.8 centimetres ( 4.6 in ) sl .", "this fish was first described in 2006 and was moved to a monotypic genus of its own , neocaristius , in 2011 . " ], "topic": [ 21, 18, 0, 26 ] }

[ "neocaristius heemstrai is a species of fish in the family caristiidae, the manefishes. it is native to the oceans of the southern hemisphere where it is known to occur at depths of from 420 to 1,360 metres (1,380 to 4,460 ft). this species grows to a length of 11.8 centimetres (4.6 in) sl. this fish was first described in 2006 and was moved to a monotypic genus of its own, neocaristius, in 2011." ]

[ "no one has contributed data records for eufriesea surinamensis yet. learn how to contribute .\nnotes on the emergence of orchid bees, eufriesea surinamensis (l .) (apidae: euglossinae) in costa rican nest cell aggregations\na– eulaema (eulaema atleticana); b– eufriesea (eufriesea surimanensis); c– exaerete (exaerete frontalis); d– euglossa (euglossa pleosticta) .\nlater, seventeen species of euglossini were identified: eufriesea atlantica nemésio, eufriesea surinamensis linnaeus, exaerete smaragdina guérin - méneville, exaerete frontalis guérin - méneville, eulaema niveofasciata friese, eulaema nigrita lepeletier, eulaema cingulata fabricius, eulaema atleticana nemésio, euglossa cordata linnaeus, euglossa fimbriata rebêlo & moure, euglossa hemichlora cockerell, euglossa ignita smith, euglossa liopoda dressler, euglossa nanomelanotricha nemésio, euglossa pleosticta dressler, euglossa securigera dressler, and euglossa townsendi cockerell .\nty - book ti - mature larvae of euglossine bees: a comparative study (apoidea, apidae, euglossini). (american museum novitates, no. 3861) ur - urltoken py - 2016 - 06 - 14 au - rozen, jerome g. , jr. (jerome george), 1928 - kw - bees kw - eufriesea mussitans kw - eufriesea surinamensis kw - euglossa cordata kw - euglossini kw - eulaema polychroma kw - larvae er -\n@ book { bhl211732, title = { mature larvae of euglossine bees: a comparative study (apoidea, apidae, euglossini). (american museum novitates, no. 3861) }, url = urltoken note = urltoken publisher = { }, author = { rozen, jerome g. , jr. (jerome george), 1928 - }, year = { }, pages = { 0 }, keywords = { bees | eufriesea mussitans | eufriesea surinamensis | euglossa cordata | euglossini | eulaema polychroma | larvae | }, }\nthe dissimilarity percentage between the groups was higher between exaerete and euglossa (70. 69 %), which was primarily due to the presence of the alkene double bond in the 9 position. the remaining dissimilarity percentages between groups in descending order were eufriesea and exaerete (66. 34 %), exaerete and eulaema (62. 89 %), eulaema and euglossa (48. 43 %), eufriesea and eulaema (44. 30 %), and eufriesea and euglossa (36. 86 %) .\n-, 2011. a new species of eufriesea cockerell (hymenoptera, apidae, euglossina) from northeastern brazil. revista brasileira de entomologia, vol. 55, p. 35 - 39. urltoken [ links ]\n-, 2011e. rediscovered after forty - two years: the rare orchid bee eufriesea brasilianorum (hymenoptera: apidae) of eastern brazil. north - western journal of zoology, vol. 7, p. 356 - 359. [ links ]\neulaema had the second highest composition of alkadienes, and alkadienes were absent in eufriesea. moreover, some euglossa species had the highest percentages of methyl groups. alkane and alkene were common to all species, with an average percentage composition of 42 and 44% , respectively .\nas faunas de abelhas - das - orquídeas do parque nacional do monte pascoal, do parque nacional do descobrimento e de três outros fragmentos de mata atlântica, com áreas de um a trezentos hectares, foram amostradas no sul da bahia, leste do brasil. iscas com 17 diferentes fragrâncias atrativas a machos de abelhas - das - orquídeas foram utilizadas. um total de 4. 764 machos, pertencentes a 36 espécies, foram ativamente coletados com o auxílio de redes entomológicas durante 300 horas, entre novembro de 2008 e novembro de 2009. a riqueza e a diversidade de abelhas euglossinas encontradas no presente estudo são as mais altas já registradas em todo o domínio da mata atlântica. eufriesea dentilabris (mocsáry, 1897) e eufriesea violacea (blanchard, 1840) foram coletadas no parque nacional do monte pascoal, sendo estes os primeiros registros dessas espécies no estado da bahia e também o registro mais ao norte conhecido para ambas. fêmeas de exaerete dentata (linnaeus, 1758) também foram coletadas no parque nacional do monte pascoal e antigos registros de eufriesea aeneiventris (mocsáry, 1896) neste sítio fazem deste parque a área com a maior riqueza e a maior diversidade de abelhas euglossinas de toda a mata atlântica, mostrando - se similar a áreas da bacia amazônica .\nthe compounds that mostly contributed to the similarity and dissimilarity within and between the groups formed in the cluster analysis were defined by the similarity percentages (simper). with regard to the diagnoses within each group, the major similarity occurred in eufriesea species (67. 12 %), followed by exaerete (65. 50 %), euglossa (65. 14 %) and eulaema (52. 51 %) .\nthe variability of compounds in different species, evaluated by the permutation test through anosim, revealed significant differences among genera (r = 0. 635 and p < 0. 02). to examine the hypothesis of significant differences in the genera, the similarity analysis showed that the major differences were between eufriesea x exaerete (r = 1. 0 and p < 33. 1) and euglossa x exaerete (r = 1. 0 and p < 1. 8) .\n< mods xmlns: xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3. 0\nxmlns: xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi: schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > mature larvae of euglossine bees: a comparative study (apoidea, apidae, euglossini). (american museum novitates, no. 3861) < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > rozen, jerome g. , jr. (jerome george), 1928 - < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> book < / genre > < origininfo > < dateissued > 2016 - 06 - 14 < / dateissued > < / origininfo > < physicaldescription > < form authority =\nmarcform\n> print < / form > < / physicaldescription > < language > < languageterm authority =\niso639 - 2b\ntype =\ntext\n> english < / languageterm > < / language > < subject > < topic > bees < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > eufriesea mussitans < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > eufriesea surinamensis < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > euglossa cordata < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > euglossini < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > eulaema polychroma < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > larvae < / topic > < / subject > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < / mods >\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\norchid bees (apidae: euglossini) in a forest fragment in the ecotone cerrado - amazonian forest, brazil .\nscience 15 jan 1971: vol. 171, issue 3967, pp. 203 - 205 doi: 10. 1126 / science. 171. 3967. 203\nnote: we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body (your name) thought you would like to see this page from the science web site .\n© 2018 american association for the advancement of science. all rights reserved. aaas is a partner of hinari, agora, oare, chorus, clockss, crossref and counter. science issn 1095 - 9203 .\nsorry, preview is currently unavailable. you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we' ll email you a reset link .\nguide to scientific products, instruments and services: science innovation; meeting abstracts (journal, magazine, 1992) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: guide to scientific products, instruments and services: science innovation; meeting abstracts publisher: washington, dc: assoc. , 1992 - 1993. isbn / issn: 0036 - 8075 oclc: 183350662\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nadd tags for\nguide to scientific products, instruments and services: science innovation; meeting abstracts\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nlarge - range movements of neotropical orchid bees observed via radio telemetry. - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nwikelski m 1, moxley j, eaton - mordas a, lópez - uribe mm, holland r, moskowitz d, roubik dw, kays r .\ndepartment of migration and immuno - ecology, max planck institute for ornithology, radolfzell, germany .\npmid: 20520813 pmcid: pmc2877081 doi: 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0010738\nattachment of a micro - radio transmitter to a male orchid bee exaerete frontalis .\ntransmitters (300mg) were attached to the bee' s thorax by the battery, using eyelash adhesive inside, and minute amounts of superglue around the outside of the battery. the angle at which the transmitter stuck off the bee was somewhat variable and usually lower than in this picture, i. e. , the transmitter was closer to the bee' s abdomen. picture by christian ziegler .\nwhile some home ranges are small and centred around the capture sites situated in the ne of the island. others use very large ranges, with one even including a site off the island on the other side of the panama canal. these data are available at www. movebank. org .\nthe different colors indicate different flights of orchid bees, with lines connecting consecutive locations (dots). bees were stationary for variable lengths of time and then flew to a new site where again they remained stationary .\nthe outline of the island is shown, as well as the total area in which a micro - transmitter would have been detected. under worst - case conditions (e. g. , bee in a tree hole), a transmitter can only be observed for 100 metres. usually, detection range is ca. 300 metres even in dense forest understory .\nresearch support, u. s. gov' t, non - p. h. s .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nscience, volume 171, issue 3967, pp. 203 - 205 (sci homepage )\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; 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(american museum novitates, no. 3861) - biodiversity heritage library\nmature larvae of euglossine bees: a comparative study (apoidea, apidae, euglossini). (american museum novitates, no. 3861 )\nrozen, jerome g. , jr. (jerome george), 1928 -\nbiodivlibrary @ artropica @ austmus @ bhl _ au indeed. these are truly works of art 😊\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\nlaboratório de comportamento e ecologia de insetos sociais. departamento de biologia, faculdade de filosofia, ciências e letras de ribeirão preto (ffclrp), universidade de são paulo. av. bandeirantes, 3900. cep 14040–901. ribeirão preto, são paulo, brazil\ncitation: dos santos ab, do nascimento fs (2015) cuticular hydrocarbons of orchid bees males: interspecific and chemotaxonomy variation. plos one 10 (12): e0145070. urltoken\ncopyright: © 2015 dos santos, do nascimento. this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited\ndata availability: all relevant data are within the paper and its supporting information files .\nfunding: this work was funded by fundação de amparo à pesquisa do estado de são paulo: grantes 2010 / 10027 - 5‏ and 2010 / 19449 - 0 to fsn and abs. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\nbeyond the taxonomic identification utility, the most known function of cuticular hydrocarbons (chcs) is communication across species [ 11, 12, 13 ]. chcs act as sex pheromones, recognition cues among species, recognition between colonies, and sexual attractiveness signalers [ 14, 15, 16 ] .\nbees make olfactory distinctions based on chemical cues. for instance, bees learn to discriminate between alkanes that differ by only two carbon atoms [ 17 ]. according to breed & stiller [ 18 ], alkanes are an interesting example of how the chemoreception system can operate. studies honeybees have shown that alkenes along with other cuticular components, such as fatty acids, may be used to determine the division of tasks among individuals [ 19 ] or to recognize nestmates [ 20 ] .\nin ants, martin et al. [ 21 ] compared the chc data obtained in formica with other data using genetic markers to mitochondrial dna [ 22 ], allozymes [ 23 ], morphology, and behavior. they showed that chcs have a genetic origin because these data were aligned with each other. molecular and chemical analyses are complementary because the chcs are the result of genetic inheritance. thus, individuals of the same species have characteristics that are independent of the environment in which they live in [ 24 ] .\nin our study we analyzed the male chemical composition of cuticle in seventeen euglossini species emphasizing the hydrocarbons and aiming to elucidate the potential of this tool to species identification into this tribe. specifically, we aimed (1) to characterize the chc profile of some euglossini species, and from this (2) to quantify the differences among these species, (3) to identify how overall chemical distinctness relates to existing phylogeny, (4) to evaluate the potential of using chc profiling as a diagnostic tool, and (5) to identify the compounds that allow this classification. we found that there is a chemical identity between all the species analyzed; these results support the hypothesis that chcs can be used as chemotaxonomic tools .\nmales of orchid bees were collected in a protection area in capela municipality in sergipe state (10°46' s, 37°01' w), brazil between january 2012 and december 2013. we attracted males by using chemical baits (cineole, eugenol and vanillin), which were separately soaked in cotton balls inside perforated plastic bottles [ 27 ]. each bee was then captured when tried to land on the baits, put in individual vials, and sacrificed by cooling .\nthe compounds from males were extracted by individually adding 2 ml of 95% n - hexane (mallinckrodt chemicals) for 2 min, and the extracts were analyzed using a gcms - qp2010 ultra shimadzu (db - 5ms, 30 m) with helium gas as the carrier (1 ml / min). the oven program included increasing the temperature from 150 to 300°c at a rate of 5°c / min and maintaining the final temperature for 15 min. to identify the double bonds in alkenes and alkadienes, the remaining extract was reacted with dimethyl disulfide (dmds) following the methods of carlson et al. [ 28 ]. the chromatograms were analyzed using n - alkane standards (sigma chemical co .), and the quantification was based on the peak area. in addition to the standards, the nist8. 0 and ffnsc1. 3 libraries as well as the kovats index were used for analysis .\npeak areas were standardized to represent relative contributions, which were then square root transformed. from these data, a triangular similarity matrix based on the bray - curtis index was derived. a typical profile for each species was traced .\nspecies similarity (in relative proportion) was ordinated in two dimensions using nonmetric multidimensional scaling (mds), in which deviations are expressed in terms of “stress”; values < 0. 15 indicate a good fit of the structure plotted. one - way similarity analysis (anosim) was tested among the species [ 29 ]. this type of analysis compared differences among groups using the median values according to the bray - curtis dissimilarity measures multivariate data. in this analysis, the r values range from - 1 to 1, with r = 0 indicating similarity and r = 1 indicating dissimilarity. negative values are rare, and they indicate high dissimilarity within each group and among the groups [ 9 ]. the simper analysis identified the compounds that differed among the species .\nto evaluate the individual influence of hydrocarbons on species and the tendency of the species to separate by gender, a principal coordinate analysis (pco) was used. axes resulting from the pcos were plotted to view the main compounds that separated the groups. pco is a generalization of canonical analysis of principal coordinates, but it preserves different distances of similarity [ 30 ]. centroid analysis calculates the distance between groups and the distance of centroids. centroid analysis was used to verify the distance among the genera. primer v. 6. 0 was used for all of the analyses .\nthe r software [ 31 ] was used for a cluster analysis to separate species according to the compounds in the cuticle, which permitted the identification of potential similarity and dissimilarity among the species. this analysis grouped the species in classes based on similarity degrees considering all variables .\nthe cuticle hydrocarbon analyses revealed 108 compounds in total, including saturated and unsaturated alkanes, alkenes, and alkadienes (s1 table). these compounds ranged from 16 to 37 carbon atoms in chain length. the compounds that were common to all species were (z) - 9 - nonacosene, tricosane, pentacosane, heptacosane, nonacosane, and hentriacontane (table 1). the chemical diversity was higher in eulaema and exaerete .\nrelative contribution (%) of cuticular hydrocarbon composition in euglossini males. number of analyzed individuals in parenthesis .\namong the four genera analyzed (fig 1), exaerete was the only that showed the following exclusive compounds in all of the species identified: one (z, z) - c 33 compound and two (z, z) - c 34 compounds. the other genera exhibited compounds that varied (presence / absence) among the species. exaerete had a higher proportion of alkadienes (ex. frontalis: 33. 33% and ex. smaragdina: 25 %) .\nthe previously performed analysis was represented by cluster analysis using all of the identified hydrocarbons. the heatmap analysis showed the presence or absence of compounds in addition to the peak area percentage in the chromatograms for each species (fig 3) .\nthe color scale represents the relative percentage of a compound contributed to the total area of each peak .\nthe centroids represented the chemical distance among the genera. a higher distinction in exaerete and eulaema was corroborated by the qualitative analysis, and the same results were found in the mds and cluster analyses in which el. cingulata was chemically more similar to euglossa species (table 1) .\nthe level of n - alkanes, which were the second most abundant compounds in this study, has been associated with arid environments that have high temperatures [ 32 ]. n - alkanes have been considered the best hydrocarbons for waterproofing properties [ 33 ]. thus, these compounds may be present more for the control of water loss than for communication between individuals .\nthere are several hypotheses regarding the relationship among euglossini species, their classification within five genera, and advanced analysis based on molecular and morphological characters [ 40 ]. concerning the hydrocarbon composition, species that belong to the same genus are qualitatively similar to each other [ 9 ], which can be verified in this study and in other hymenoptera [ 10 ] .\nin conclusion, the analyses of cuticular hydrocarbon profiles in seventeen species of euglossini showed that the accurate identification of different species through the use of cuticular compounds is possible. despite the presence of compounds common to all individuals, each species presented a characteristic chemical profile that can be used as taxonomic characters .\nwe are thankful to fapesp 2010 / 19449 - 0 and 2010 / 10027 - 5 for the financial support, to the semarh / se (secretaria de estado de meio ambiente e recursos hídricos de sergipe) for permission to work in the protect area as well as to izabel c. c. turatti for collaborating during the identification of compounds, and to jennifer r. r. jesus, mayane menezes and eduarda g. barreto for the helping during the bee collection .\nconceived and designed the experiments: abs fsn. performed the experiments: abs fsn. analyzed the data: abs fsn. contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools: abs fsn. wrote the paper: abs fsn .\nmichener cd. the bees of the world. baltimore, london: johns hopkins; 2000 .\ndressler rl. biology of the orchid bees (euglossini). annu rev ecol syst, 1982; 13: 373–394 .\nchavarria g, carpenter jm. ‘total evidence’ and the evolution of highly social bees. cladistics. 1994; 229–258 .\njallon j - m, david jr. variations in cuticular hydrocarbons among the eight species of the\nhaverty mi, nelson lj, page m. cuticular hydrocarbons of the damp wood termite, zootermopsis: intra and intercolony variation and potential as taxonomic characters. j chem ecol. 1988; 14: 1035–1058. pmid: 24276149\ncruz - landim c. abelhas—morfologia e função de sistemas. são paulo: unesp; 2009 .\nblomquist gj, nelson dr, renobales m. chemistry, biochemistry and physiology of insect cuticular lipids. arch insect biochem. 1987; 6: 227–265 .\nbuckner js, pitts - singer tl, guédot c, hagen mm, fatland cl, kemp wp. cuticular lipids of female solitary bees ,\nsay (hymenoptera: megachilidae). comp biochem phys b. 2009; 153: 200–205 .\npokorny t, lunau k, quezada - euan jjg, eltz t. cuticular hydrocarbons distinguish cryptic sibling species in\nkather r, martin j. evolution of cuticular hydrocarbons in the hymenoptera: a meta - analysis. j chem ecol 2015; 41: 871–883. pmid: 26410609\nblomquist gl, jackson ll. chemistry and biochemistry of insect waxes. prog lipid res. 1979; 17: 319–345. pmid: 382185\nhoward rw, blomquist gj. chemical ecology and biochemistry of cuticular hydrocarbons. ann rev entomol. 1982; 27: 149–172 .\nandrade - silva acr, nascimento fs. reproductive regulation in an orchid bee: social context, fertility and chemical signaling. anim behav. 106: 43–49 .\nespelie ke, gamboa gj, grudzien ta, bura ea. cuticular hydrocarbons of the paper wasp ,\n: a search for recognition pheromones. j chem ecol. 1994; 20: 1677–1687. pmid: 24242660\nsinger tl, espelie ke, gamboa gj. nest and nestmate discrimination in independent - founding wasps. in: vander meer rk, breed md, espelie k e, winston ml. pheromone communication in social insects. boulder: westview; 1998. pp. 104–125 .\nbreed md, stiller tm, moor mj. the ontogeny of kin discrimination cues in the honey bee ,\ngetz wm, smith kb. olfactory sensitivity and discrimination of mixtures in the honey bee\n, nestmate discrimination: hydrocarbon effects and the evolutionary implications of comb choice. anim behav. 1992; 43: 875–883 .\nkather r, drijfhout f, martin s. task group differences in cuticular lipids in the honey bee\ndani fr, jones gr, corsi s, beard r, pradella d, turillazzi s. nestmate recognition cues in the honey bee: differential importance of cuticular alkanes and alkenes. chem senses. 2005; 30: 477–489. pmid: 15917370\nmartin sj, jenner e, drijfhout fp. chemical deterrent enables a socially parasitic ant to invade multiple hosts. proc roy soc b. 2007; 274: 2717–2722 .\ngoropashnaya a. phylogeographic structure and genetic variation in formica ants. norbyv, sweden: uppsala university, 2003 .\npamilo p, varvio - aho sl, pekkarinen a. low enzyme gene 702 variability in hymenoptera as a consequence of haplodiploidy. hereditas. 1978; 88: 93–99 .\nkather r, martin s. cuticular hydrocarbon profiles as a taxonomic tool: advantages, limitations and technical aspects. physiol entomol. 2012; 37: 25–32 .\neltz t, fritzsch f, ramirez - pech j, zimmerma y, quezada - euan jjg, ramírez sr et al. characterization of the orchid bee\n( apidae: euglossini) and a novel cryptic sibling species, by morphological, chemical, and genetic characters. zool j linn soc - lond. 2011; 163: 1064–1076 .\nzimmermann y, ramirez sr, eltz t. chemical niche differentiation among sympatric species of orchid bees. ecology. 2009; 90: 2994–3008. pmid: 19967856\nandrade - silva acr, nemésio a, oliveira ff, nascimento fs. spatial–temporal variation in orchid bee communities (hymenoptera: apidae) in remnants of arboreal caatinga in the chapada diamantina region, state of bahia, brazil. neotrop entomol. 2012 ;\ncarlson da, roan c, yost ra, hector j. dimethyl disulfide derivatives of long chain alkenes, alkadienes, and alkatrienes for gas chromatography / mass spectrometry. anal chem. 1989; 61: 1564–1571 .\nbray jr, curtis jt. an ordination of the upland forest communities of southern wisconsin. ecol monogr. 1975; 27: 325–349 .\nsokal rr, michener cd. a statistical method for evaluating systematic relationships. kans univ sci bull. 1959; 38: 1409–1438 .\nr development core team. r: a language and environment for statistical computing. vienna :\ngibbs a, pomonis jg. physical properties of insect cuticular hydrocarbons: the effects of chain length, methyl - branching and unsaturation. comp biochem physiol b. 1995; 112: 243–249 .\ngibbs ag. water - proofing properties of cuticular lipids. am zool. 1998; 38: 471–482 .\nye g, li k, zhu j, zhu g, hu c. cuticular hydrocarbon composition in pupal exuviae for taxonomic differentiation of six necrophagous flies. j med entomol. 2007; 44: 450–456. pmid: 17547230\ngemeno c, laserna n, riba m, valls j, castañé c, alomar o. cuticular hydrocarbons discriminate cryptic\nspecies (hemiptera: miridae). bull entomol res. 2012; 102: 624–631. pmid: 22717077\nhaverty mi, nelson lj, page m. cuticular hydrocarbons of four populations of\nshikari in the united states: similarities and origins of introductions. j chemi ecol. 1990; 16: 1635–1647 .\nchapman rf, espelier ke, sword ga. use of cuticular lipids in grasshopper taxonomy: a study of variation in\nmartin sj, drijfhout fp. a review of ant cuticular hydrocarbons. j chem ecol 2009; 35 (10): 1151–1161. pmid: 19866237\nhoward rw, blomquist gj. ecological, behavioral, and biochemical aspects of insect hydrocarbons. ann rev entomol. 2005; 50: 371–393 .\nramírez sr, roubik dw, skov c, pierce ne. phylogeny, diversification patterns and historical biogeography of euglossine orchid bees (hymenoptera: apidae). biol j linn soc. 2010; 100 (3): 552–572 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know. thanks for your help !\nlaboratório de comportamento e ecologia de insetos sociais. departamento de biologia, faculdade de filosofia, ciências e letras de ribeirão preto (ffclrp), universidade de são paulo. av. bandeirantes, 3900. cep 14040–901. ribeirão preto, são paulo, brazil ,\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited .\n). these compounds ranged from 16 to 37 carbon atoms in chain length. the compounds that were common to all species were (z) - 9 - nonacosene, tricosane, pentacosane, heptacosane, nonacosane, and hentriacontane (\ncompounds. the other genera exhibited compounds that varied (presence / absence) among the species .\nthe mds “stress” was 0. 1, which showed that the ordination recovered the main patterns of cuticle composition and suggested that there was a tendency of proximity between individuals of the same genus, considering the bray - curtis similarity. the most distinct species was\n. this analysis suggested that 52. 6% of the variation could be explained by the two first axes and that the most important compounds for separation were as follows: (z) - 9 - pentacosene, (z, z) - pentatriacontene - 3, (z) - 9 - tricosene, and (z) - 9 - heptacosene .\nthe previously performed analysis was represented by cluster analysis using all of the identified hydrocarbons. the heatmap analysis showed the presence or absence of compounds in addition to the peak area percentage in the chromatograms for each species (\nthis work was funded by fundação de amparo à pesquisa do estado de são paulo: grantes 2010 / 10027 - 5‏ and 2010 / 19449 - 0 to fsn and abs. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\nbuckner js, pitts - singer tl, guédot c, hagen mm, fatland cl, kemp wp .\ncuticular lipids of female solitary bees, megachile rotundata (f .) and osmia lignaria say (hymenoptera: megachilidae )\nsinger tl, espelie ke, gamboa gj. nest and nestmate discrimination in independent - founding wasps in: vander meer rk, breed md, espelie k e, winston ml .\ndani fr, jones gr, corsi s, beard r, pradella d, turillazzi s .\neltz t, fritzsch f, ramirez - pech j, zimmerma y, quezada - euan jjg, ramírez sr et al .\nr development core team. r: a language and environment for statistical computing. vienna: urltoken; 2011 .\nye g, li k, zhu j, zhu g, hu c .\ngemeno c, laserna n, riba m, valls j, castañé c, alomar o .\n] / index [ 104 24 ] / info 103 0 r / length 73 / prev 342789 / root 105 0 r / size 128 / type / xref / w [ 1 2 1 ] > > stream hþbbd\u0010 '` b 'ö\u0000\u0012 m @ ‚) \u0011h°. \u0003‰±\u0001 ®e ± = v\u0014ðj\u0000\u0012bj @ ‚% ˜tŠ‰‘á; h / \u0003 # ñäæŠï\u0000\u0001\u0006\u0000fâ \u0016 endstream endobj startxref 0% % eof 127 0 obj <\n> / procset [ / pdf / text ] > > / rotate 0 / trimbox [ 0. 0 0. 0 504. 0 720. 0 ] / type / page > > endobj 107 0 obj <\n> stream hþì– } oû6\u0010‡? á¾\u0003ÿl1¤' ¾‰\u0012p\u0004pò¦éúôíéë–\u0005 * ó±vyr% 9múéû; ênœæn³n\u0018\u0006' ‘: gòáiéd $ ¤l\u0004 > ¤l Ž thñ (j «% þjè (†pš ·\u0018! óða r1÷‰ –‘\u0014\u000f ò # ßv­h\u0013\u0018 ~ ½½ } l\u0007»»; yëg° / ¹í\u0004: ƒƒ¡\u0018geëi琞×í4 + iw 䃈 ^ ¼\u0014 ] 3÷x Šˆ†ƒ¾6 < ìúð¬ < ] î < = ¾èž »¬ó”g¡ [ = Šûûl½í } õái©h7›íûâlò‰8±´; 隡ïîq; ërô­§óŒ & —³‰¯h曢 ñ\u0017ßôäãtŸkê & ÷4®ç µå\u0005\u0005c4 ] zlût @ ¿\u0011¼§\u0017ôš†tdoè - 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(according to d. w. roubik, not an\n) ] (friese, 1925: 27–28), lectotype ƥ, designated by moure, 1967 b: 406, zmhb: peru, cusco, vilcanota .\n: brazil, minas gerais, marliéria, parque estadual do rio doce, leg. nemésio .\n( eulema !) ] (friese, 1899: 156), holotype 3, zmhb: paraguay, central, asunción .\n( = false type): paraguay, central, asunción, leg. anisits: not synonymized in moure et al. (2007) .\n: brazil, paraíba, santa luzia, 300 m, leg. portela: not synonymized in moure et al. (2007) .\n] (moure, neves, & viana, 2001: 842–844, figs. 1–4), image: nemésio, 2009 a: 20 a–f, holotype 3, dzup\n: brazil, bahia, barra, leg. neves & viana: not synonymized in moure et al. (2007) .\n: venezuela, amazonas, san carlos de río negro, leg. chacón & yépez .\nssp. ] (friese, 1899: 147), image: nemésio, 2009 a: 43 a–b, 45 a–d, holotype ƥ, zmhb: brazil, espírito santo .\n) ] (friese, 1923: 27–28), lectotype ƥ, designated by moure, 1967 b: 407, zmhb: peru .\n: venezuela, bolívar, la paragua, e of chigua river, 425m, leg. instituto de zoología agrícola expedition .\n) ] (friese, 1923: 27), lectotype 3, designated by moure, 1967 b: 407 (cf. iczn art. 74. 6), amnh\n] (lepeletier de saint fargeau, 1841: 11), lectotype 3, designated by moure, 1967 b: 407 (cf. iczn art. 74. 6), mnhn\nssp. ] (friese, 1899: 151), image: nemésio, 2009 a: 5 a–d, lectotype 3, designated by moure, 1967 b: 407, zmhb: nicaragua .\nssp. ] (friese, 1899: 151), holotype ƥ, zmhb: peru, loreto, pebas (not brazil, tebas) .\n] (lepeletier de saint fargeau, 1841: 13), lectotype ƥ, designated by moure, 1967 b: 407 (cf. iczn art. 74. 6), mrsn: french guiana, cayenne .\n) ] (friese, 1925: 27), lectotype 3, designated by moure, 1967 b: 408 (cf. iczn art. 74. 6), zmhb: ecuador, guayas, guayaquil, leg. buchwald .\n] (smith, 1854: 381), lectotype 3, designated by moure, 1967 b: 408, bmnh 17 b 1175: brazil, pará .\n) ] (mocsáry, 1908: 581), lectotype ƥ, designated by moure, 1967 b: 408 (cf. iczn art. 74. 6), hnhm\n: brazil, tocantins, santa isabel do morro, ilha do bananal, leg. alvarenga: locality originally in the state of goiás .\n: bolivia, cochabamba, chapare, chimoré river, close to entre ríos, 310 m, leg. heider .\n: brazil, pará, belém, leg. ducke: the nomen appeared first both in a key and accompanied by a brief description (october 1 st), thus giving this paper priority over the actual description, ducke, 1902 b: 567, 575 (december) .\n: brazil, piauí. basalis [ eulema! ] (friese, 1898: 203–204), lectotype ƥ, designated by moure, 1967 b: 407, zmhb: suri - name, leg. fruhstorfer .\n) ] (friese, 1925: 28), lectotype ƥ, designated by moure, 1967 b: 408 (cf. iczn art. 74. 6), zmhb: ecuador, guayas, guayaquil, leg. buchwald .\n: panama, panama, el llano–cartí road, 19 km n of el llano, leg. siri .\n[ paleoeuglossa ] (poinar, 1998: 31–34, figs. 1–5), holotype ƥ, waca\n: dominican republic (amber inclusion). according to d. w. roubik, not an\n] (fabricius, 1787: 301), image: nemésio, 2009 a: 50 a–d, lectotype ƥ, designated by moure, 1967 b: 408 (cf. iczn art. 74. 6), zmuc\n( type status unconfirmed): ecuador, bolívar, balsapamba (balzapamba), leg. schulz (durch a schulz) .\n) ] (friese, 1899: 142–143), nemésio, 2005: 41, 3; image: nemésio, 2009 a: 52 a–d, 53 d, holotype ƥ, zmhb: brazil, pará .\n) ] (mocsáry, 1908: 582), lectotype 3, designated by moure, 1967 b: 409 (cf. iczn art. 74. 6), hnhm\n: brazil, pará: purchased through dr. o. staudinger’s insect dealership, dresden, germany .\n( eulema !) ] (friese, 1903: 575), syntype ƥ, moure, 1967 b: 408 (cf. iczn art. 74. 6), ?; “ amnh\n” (false type): colombia, valle del cauca, cauca–tal, near popayán: friese cited ecuador and caucatal as the type locality. however, cauca–tal is in colombia. the presumably false type from amnh\n] (smith, 1854: 381), image: nemésio, 2009 a: 7 a–d, holotype ƥ, bmnh 17 b 948: brazil, pará, tapajós .\n) ] (friese, 1899: 152–153), lectotype ƥ, designated by moure, 1967 b: 409, zmhb: mexico .\n( eulema !) ] (friese, 1925: 26), lectotype 3, designated by moure, 1967 b: 409, zmhb: costa rica, heredia, puerto viejo de sarapiquí, leg. schmidt (albert) .\n] (perty, 1833: 150, pl. 28, fig. 13), image: nemésio, 2009 a: 30 (org. plate), 33 (org. plate), 55 a–d, 57, holotype 3, zsm\n] (hoffmannsegg, 1817: 53), holotype 3, ?: brazil, pará. manni [\n: suriname, leg. rolander: (not linnaeus, 1758: 575). see linnaeus, 1767: 961 for first reviser action and van der vecht, 1959: 211 for a discussion of the priority of this nomen. tropica [\nabdomen flavum ] (de geer, 1773: 574, pl. 28, figs. 9, 10), image: nemésio, 2009 a: 34 (org. plate), holotype ƥ, nhrs\n] (mocsáry, 1908: 581–582), image: nemésio, 2011 a: 1, 2, lectotype ƥ, designated by moure, 1967 b: 409–410 (cf. iczn art. 74. 6), hnhm\n: guyana, upper demerara – berbice, mazaruni–potaro river, rockstone, leg. williams .\n] (blanchard, 1840: 405, pl. 7, fig. 3), image: nemésio, 2009 a: 61 (org. plate), 63 a–d, neotype 3, nemésio, 2009 a: 69, fig. 63, ufmg\nno known copyright restrictions apply. see agosti, d. , egloff, w. , 2009. taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the plazi approach. bmc research notes 2009, 2: 53 for further explanation .\nwe are very grateful to probiota consultoria ambiental and santo antônio energia for the execution of the entomological monitoring program from santo antônio uhe, and full support in the field during the report of the association between gaesochira obscura and anoplotermes banksi. partial support was provided by coordenação de aperfeiçoamento de pessoal de nível superior (capes), ph. d. scholarship (to tfc) and fundação de amparo à pesquisa do estado de são paulo (fapesp), ph. d. scholarship 07 / 01296 - 0 (to rbg). special thanks for jerome g. rozen jr. , eliana m. cancello, felipe vivallo, the associate editor of this journal, miriam richards, and an anonymous review for comments on the manuscript .\naraujo r. l. 1970. termites of the neotropical region. in :\n( krishna k. and weesner f. m. , eds), academic press, new york. pp 527–576\nbarreto l. s. and castro m. s. 2007. ecologia de nidificação de abelhas do gênero\nbourguignon t. , šobotník j. , lepoint g. , martin j. m. and roisin y. 2009 niche differentiation among neotropical soldierless soil - feeding termites revealed by stable isotope ratios .\ncamargo j. m. f. 1970. ninhos e biologia de algumas espécies de meliponídeos (hymenoptera: apidae) da região de porto velho, território de rondônia, brasil .\ncamargo j. m. f. and moure j. s. 1994. meliponinae neotropicais: os gêneros\ncamargo j. m. f. and pedro s. r. m. 2003. meliponini neotropicais: o gênero\nschwarz, 1939 (hymenoptera, apidae, apinae) - bionomia e biogeografia .\ncamargo j. m. f. and posey d. a. 1990. o conhecimento dos kayapó sobre as abelhas sociais sem ferrão (meliponinae, apidae, hymenoptera): notas adicionais .\ncardinal s. , straka j. and danforth b. n. 2010. comprehensive phylogeny of apid bees reveals the evolutionary origins and antiquity of cleptoparasitism .\nconstantino r. 1999. chave ilustrada para a identificação dos gêneros de cupins (insecta: isoptera) que ocorrem no brasil .\nconstantino r. 2005. padrões de diversidade e endemismo de térmitas no bioma cerrado. in :\n( scariot a. o. , silva j. c. s. and felfili j. m. , eds), ministério do meio ambiente, brasília. pp 319–333\nconstantino r. and acioli a. n. s. 2006. termite diversity in brazil (insecta: isoptera). in :\n( moreira f. , siqueira j. o. and brussaard l. , eds), cab international, wallingford. pp 117–128\ncorville r. e. , gordon w. f. and vinson b. s. 1983. nests of\n( hymenoptera: anthophoridae) with a review of the nesting habits of the genus .\ncosta c. and vanin s. a. 2010. coleoptera larval fauna associated with termite nests (isoptera) with emphasis on the “bioluminescent termite nests” from central brazil .\ncosta d. a. , carvalho r. a. , lima filho g. f. and brandão d. 2009. inquilines and invertebrate fauna associated with termite nests of\n( isoptera, termitidae) in the emas national park, mineiros, goiás, brazil .\ndeligne j. , quennedey a. and blum m. s. 1981. the enemies and defense mechanisms of termites. in :\n( hermann h. r. , ed), academic press, new york. pp 1–76\ndodson c. h. 1966. ethology of some bee of the tribe euglossini (hymenoptera; apidae) .\neardley c. d. 2004. taxonomic revision of the african stingless bees .\n( abe t. , bignell d. e. and higashi m. , eds), kluwer academic publishers, dordrecht. pp 25–53\nemerson a. e. 1925. the termites from kartabo, bartica district, british guiana .\ntermitologia, tome iii. comportement, socialité, ecologie, evolution, systématique .\nhigashi m. and abe t. 1997. global diversification of termites driven by the evolution of symbiosis and sociality. in :\n( abe t. , levin s. a. and higashi m. eds), springer, new york, pp 83–112\nkerr w. e. , sakagami s. f. , zucchi r. , portugal - araujo v. and camargo j. m. f. 1967. observações sobre a arquitetura dos ninhos e comportamento de algumas espécies de abelhas sem ferrão das vizinhanças de manaus, amazonas .\nkistner d. h. 1979. social and evolutionary significance of social insect symbionts. in :\n( hermann h. r. , ed), academic press, new york. pp 339–413\n( hermann h. r. , ed), academic press, new york. pp 1–244\n( krishna k. and weesner f. m. , eds), academic press, new york. pp 525–557\nlaroca s. , reynaud dos santos d. t. and schwartz filho d. l. 1993. observations on the nesting biology of three brazilian centridini bees :\nmartius c. and ribeiro j. d’a. 1996. colony populations and biomass in nests of the amazonian forest termite\n( cockerell 1914) (hymenoptera: colletidae), in se australia: unique termite - mound - nesting behavior and impacts of bushfires on local populations." ]

{ "text": [ "eufriesea surinamensis belongs to the tribe of euglossine bees and as such is a species of orchid bee .", "this should not be mistaken with the species group surinamensis , which includes ef .", "surinamensis among other eufriesea species .", "these bees have been observed to return to their nests from distances as far as 23 km . " ], "topic": [ 10, 3, 3, 16 ] }

[ "eufriesea surinamensis belongs to the tribe of euglossine bees and as such is a species of orchid bee. this should not be mistaken with the species group surinamensis, which includes ef. surinamensis among other eufriesea species. these bees have been observed to return to their nests from distances as far as 23 km." ]

[ "onchidoris bilamellata - swarming in scotland again. from: jim anderson, october 23, 2002\nre: conga lines - onchidoris bilamellata from: david l. washburn, march 19, 2008\nre: onchidoris bilamellata spawning from: j. hildering & g. miller, december 5, 2007\nonchidoris bilamellata pacifica (var .) bergh, l. s. r. , 1880: alaska\ndear bill, locally this animal is called the rough - mantled nudibranch. we believe it is onchidoris bilamellata .\nonchidoris bilamellata liturata (var .) beck, h. h. in bergh, l. s. r. , 1878\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nbraungefleckte warzenschnecke\nto\nonchidoris bilamellata (linnaeus, 1767 )\n.\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\nrough - mantled nudibranch\nto\nonchidoris bilamellata (linnaeus, 1767 )\n.\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\nrough - mantled doris\nto\nonchidoris bilamellata (linnaeus, 1767 )\n.\nonchidoris bilamellata is supposed to be circumboreal and to occur off the entire west coast of the usa so celeste' s animal could be this species .\nhi bill, following my earlier message here are some pictures of onchidoris bilamellata swarming in carmel. photos showing egg laying are in a separate message. clinton\ndear bill, i am sure that the nice brown onchidoris from the message of paul young is o. bilamellata - our white sea [ nw russia ] specimens of o. bilamellata are looking just the same. best wishes, irina roginskaya .\ncitation :\nbarnacle - eating onchidoris nudibranchs, onchidoris bilamellata ~ marinebio. org .\nmarinebio conservation society. web. accessed tuesday, july 10, 2018. < urltoken >. last update: 1 / 14 / 2010 2: 22: 00 pm ~ contributor (s): marinebio\nworms - world register of marine species - onchidoris fusca (müller o. f. , 1776 )\nto accompany my message about the swarming behaviour of onchidoris bilamellata, here are some other photos from the same dive. they include an aggregation of egg masses, and animals swarming over another group of egg masses .\nstatus in world register of marine species accepted name: onchidoris fusca (müller o. f. , 1776 )\nif you look at the other messages concerning onchidoris bilamellata you will see that mass movements mass matings and egg laying seem to be part of this species' way of life in much of the temperate waters of the northern hemisphere .\nreference: • pelseneer, p. (1922) sur une habitude de doris bilamellata. annls. soc. roy. zool. belg. , 53: 28 - 32 • thompson, t. e. (1984) migrations of onchidoris bilamellata during tidal emersion: a refutation. journal of molluscan studies, 50 (2): 123 .\npicton, b. e. & morrow, c. c. (2016). onchidoris bilamellata (linnaeus, 1767). [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland. urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 10\n( of doris bilamellata linnaeus, 1767) pelseneer, p. (1922). sur une habitude de doris bilamellata. ann. soc. r. zool. bel. 53: 28 - 32 (look up in imis) [ details ]\nhereby reporting the annual mass spawning event of onchidoris bilamellata from british columbia. all animals found above 20'. amazing density and highly active. one image shows the trailing behaviour reported in the message\nconga lines of brown nudis in california .\nwhile going through my pictures i found this reasonable picture of onchidoris bilamellata and their eggs encountered on a dive in the grevelingen, the netherlands. i hope you can use this sighting. they are my favourite nudi' s, so cute: )\nhi bill: concerning celeste' s conga line... after a couple interactions with her we believe mystery critters to be onchidoris bilamellata (linnaeus, 1767) which gary mcdonald and i have on rare occasions observed in large aggregations. adults of this species feeds on acorn barnacles while juveniles feed on encrusting bryozoans. gary and i are at a loss to explain the tailing behavior celeste observed, however. pretty interesting observation. the attached photo of onchidoris bilamellata was taken by hans bertsch at hat island, washington in 1995. dave behrens\nencyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland marine life information network - uk to barcode of life (12 barcodes) to biodiversity heritage library (1 publication) (from synonym lamellidoris fusca (muller, 1776) ) to biodiversity heritage library (13 publications) to biodiversity heritage library (57 publications) (from synonym lamellidoris bilamellata (linnaeus, 1767) ) to biodiversity heritage library (70 publications) (from synonym doris bilamellata linnaeus, 1767) to biodiversity heritage library (9 publications) (from synonym onchidoris fusca (müller o. f. , 1776) ) to clemam to clemam (from synonym doris fusca o. f. müller, 1776) to clemam (from synonym onchidoris leachii blainville, 1816) to clemam (from synonym doris bilamellata linnaeus, 1767) to encyclopedia of life to encyclopedia of life (from synonym onchidoris fusca (müller o. f. , 1776) ) to genbank (3 nucleotides; 0 proteins) to marine species identification portal (from synonym onchidoris fusca (müller o. f. , 1776) ) to pesi (from synonym onchidoris fusca (müller o. f. , 1776) ) to pesi to pesi (from synonym doris fusca o. f. müller, 1776) to pesi (from synonym onchidoris leachii blainville, 1816) to pesi (from synonym doris bilamellata linnaeus, 1767) to sea slug forum (via archive. org) to itis\nlowell, i found this cluster of onchidoris bilamellata on a piling at edmonds oil dock in the sound. note the pure white one in the middle. i asked around about it and was told that it' s 99% certain it' s the same species, just a color variant (albino ?) .\nedwards, r. v. 2004. onchidoris bilamellata a sea slug. in tyler - walters h. and hiscock k. (eds) marine life information network: biology and sensitivity key information reviews, [ on - line ]. plymouth: marine biological association of the united kingdom. [ cited 10 - 07 - 2018 ]. available from: urltoken\ndear bill, following on my earlier message here is another mass spawing event of onchidoris bilamellata. this time at eilean balnagowan island in loch linnhe on the west coast [ of scotland ]. large patches of spawn and animals were found between 16 and 12 metres on rock surfaces. date 31 august 2003, water temp. 14 deg c. regards, jim a\nhi bill, just wanted to send a note out saying that i saw several incredibly large aggregations of onchidoris bilamellata in carmel [ california ] today. they literally carpeted every square mm of the reef in places. i' ll send some pictures when i get a chance. the two sites i saw them were honeymoon rocks which is just south of point lobos and pescadero point. both aggregations were in about 30m of water .\nwhen i see photos like these i can understand why ecologists in the northern hemisphere have been attracted to onchidoris bilamellata. we can see in your middle photos that the animals cluster into depressions and channels in the rock at low tide, which i guess is to keep them moist. we don' t get any shallow water dorids appearing in these densities down here in australia and new zealand, but we often find sea hares doing so .\nhere are some pictures of onchidoris bilamellata from a project studying population density in intertidal areas that i took a year ago. just thought you might like the nudis on the driftwood and the huge population density in the pools - up to 1023 individuals in a space of 915 square meters. a lot of these pictures are out of focus because i didn' t have an underwater camera with me - and it would have been useless anyways, judging from the shallowness of the water .\nhello bill. while checking on slug at the lagoon point harbor, i came across lonely onchidoris bilamellata. after checking on forum' s fact sheet, i am looking forward the swarms everybody was reporting on in the past, especially since this is the first time for me ever. locality: harbor, 10 feet, washington usa, puget sound, ne pacific ocean, 22 february 2006, muddy. length: 14 mm. photographer: jan kocian. best regards, jan\nhi bill, to accompany my other message here are some pictures of swarming onchidoris bilamellata in carmel laying eggs. one thing to note is the large number of small barnacles in the bottom of the lower picture [ also see inset in upper photo ]. i believe these are balanus crenatus. we' ve had an incredible bloom of these barnacles lately. they literally covered everthing; bryozoans, hydrocorals even kelp. i' m guessing the current explosion of this barnacle - eating nudibranch is a natural response to the barnacle bloom .\n( of lamellidoris bilamellata (linnaeus, 1767) ) backeljau, t. (1986). lijst van de recente mariene mollusken van belgië [ list of the recent marine molluscs of belgium ]. koninklijk belgisch instituut voor natuurwetenschappen: brussels, belgium. 106 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of onchidoris leachii blainville, 1816) blainville h. m. d. de (1816). quatrième mémoire sur les mollusques, de l' ordre des cyclobranches. bulletin des sciences, par la société philomathique de paris, 1816: 93 - 97. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nonchidoris bilamellata can grow to 4 cm in length and are usually white with a brown pattern on the mantle. however immature specimens and the occasional adult may be completely white in colour. it bears many (usually white) club shaped projections (tubercles) on its mantle and has two ringed sensory tentacles on its head. the numerous (up to 29) retractile gills are speckled brown around the edges and arranged in a horseshoe shape. the head extends to form an oral veil which lacks tentacles. the spawn is in the shape of a flattered coil attached to the substratum by one edge and contains many thousand eggs .\nhi bill, concerning celeste' s message i saw onchidoris bilamellata behaving like this off the aran islands, co. galway, ireland in early september 2001. all the animals were about 10 - 15mm in length and they were aggregating to spawn. in places the entire seabed was covered with individuals all facing in the same direction like an army on the march! they were climbing up onto sponges and soft corals and anything firm sticking up off the seabed to lay eggs where the current would catch them. the seabed was flat limestone with some loose shelly gravel in a slight current. i guess the shelly gravel is partly barnacle plates .\n( of doris bilamellata linnaeus, 1767) linnaeus c. (1767). systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. ed. 12. 1. , regnum animale. 1 & 2. holmiae, laurentii salvii. holmiae [ stockholm ], laurentii salvii. pp. 1 - 532 [ 1766 ] pp. 533 - 1327 [ 1767 ]. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of onchidoris fusca (müller o. f. , 1776) ) gofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca. in: costello, m. j. et al. (eds), european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. patrimoines naturels. 50: 180 - 213. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of onchidoris fusca (müller o. f. , 1776) ) de kluijver, m. j. ; ingalsuo, s. s. ; de bruyne, r. h. (2000). macrobenthos of the north sea [ cd - rom ]: 1. keys to mollusca and brachiopoda. world biodiversity database cd - rom series. expert center for taxonomic identification (eti): amsterdam, the netherlands. isbn 3 - 540 - 14706 - 3. 1 cd - rom. (look up in imis) [ details ]\ngofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca. in: costello, m. j. et al. (eds), european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. patrimoines naturels. 50: 180 - 213. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nde kluijver, m. j. ; ingalsuo, s. s. ; de bruyne, r. h. (2000). macrobenthos of the north sea [ cd - rom ]: 1. keys to mollusca and brachiopoda. world biodiversity database cd - rom series. expert center for taxonomic identification (eti): amsterdam, the netherlands. isbn 3 - 540 - 14706 - 3. 1 cd - rom. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlocality: bar island, deer island, maine, usa, penobscot bay, atlantic ocean, intertidal, 23 august 2008, rocky shore. length: ~ 1 - 2. 5 cm. photographer: drew villeneuve\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\ndoris liturata beck, h. h. in mřller, h. p. c. , 1842: n atlantic\ndoris vulgaris leach, w. e. in gray, j. e. , 1852 ,\n1847\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\nthe evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined. using an extended and updated data set, and improved statistical methods, it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual, but that its central conclusion is robust. it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade, that its strength increases markedly with depth, but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .\nthe replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed—which are currently much disputed. the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths, and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .\ncitation: welch jj (2010) the “island rule” and deep - sea gastropods: re - examining the evidence. plos one 5 (1): e8776. urltoken\ncopyright: © 2010 john j. welch. this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding: some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\nhere, i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule, making use of the improved statistical methods, and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ], which has been both expanded, and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ]. it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al. [ 12 ] is robust, and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .\nthe body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners. “shallow - water” species were never observed below 200m, and “deep - sea” species never observed above depths of a: 200m, b: 400m and c: 600m. separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda (black points) and all other groups (grey points). the dotted line is the 1∶1 expected under the null. genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .\nwe are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed – and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ], [ 4 ], [ 11 ], [ 12 ]. a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ], [ 12 ], [ 19 ], [ 20 ] .\nmany thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database. many thanks also to lucy weinert, nicolas bierne, gary rosenberg, shai meiri. simon joly and an anonymous reviewer, who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .\nconceived and designed the experiments: jw. performed the experiments: jw. analyzed the data: jw. wrote the paper: jw .\nfoster jb (1964) evolution of mammals on islands. nature 202: 234–235 .\nvan valen l (1973) pattern and balance in nature. evolutionary theory 1: 31–49 .\nlomolino mv (1985) body size of mammals on islands: the island rule re - examined. am nat 125: 310–316 .\nlomolino mv (2005) body size evolution in insular vertebrates: generality of the island rule. j biogeog 32: 1683–1699 .\nmacarthur rh, wilson eo (1963) an equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography. evolution 17: 373–387. (doi :\nroth vl (1992) inferences from allometry and fossils: dwarfing of elephants on islands. oxford survey of evolutionary biology 8: 259–288 .\nsmith fa (1992) evolution of body size among woodrats from baja california, mexico. funct ecol 6: 265–273. (doi :\nmarquet pa, taper ml (1998) on size and area: patterns of mammalian body size extremes across landmasses. evol ecol 12: 127–139 .\nclegg sm, owens ipf (2002) the ‘island rule’ in birds: medium body size and its ecological explanation. proc r soc b 269: 1359–1365 .\npalkovacs ep (2003) explaining adaptive shifts in body size on islands: a life history approach. oikos 103: 37–44. (doi :\nmcclain cr, boyer ag, rosenberg g (2006) the island rule and the evolution of body size in the deep sea. j biogeog 33: 1578–1584 .\nrosenberg g (1993) a database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy, biogeography and diversity, with examples from western atlantic marine gastropods. american malacological bulletin 10: 257–266 .\ndayton pk, hessler rr (1972) the role of biological disturbance in maintaining diversity in the deep sea. deep–sea research 19: 199–208 .\ngage jd, tyler pa (1991) deep–sea biology: a natural history of organisms at the deep–sea floor. cambridge, uk: cambridge university press. 524 p .\nrex ma, etter rj, morris js, crouse j, mcclain cr, et al. (2006) global bathymetric patterns of standing stock and body size in the deep–sea benthos. mar ecol prog ser 317: 1–8 .\nmeiri s (2007) size evolution in island lizards. global ecol biogeogr 16: 702–708 .\nmeiri s, dayan t, simberloff d (2005) area, isolation and body size evolution in insular carnivores. ecol lett 8: 1211–1217 .\nmeiri s, cooper n, purvis a (2008) the island rule: made to be broken? proc r soc b 275: 141–148. (doi :\nwelch jj (2009) testing the island rule: primates as a case study. proc r soc b 276: 675–682 .\nprice td, phillimore ab (2007) reduced major axis regression and the island rule. j biogeog 34: 1998–1999 .\nmartin rd, barbour ad (1989) aspects of line–fitting in bivariate allometric analyses. folia primatologica 53: 65–81 .\nwarton di, wright ij, falster ds, westoby m (2006) bivariate line–fitting methods for allometry. biological reviews 81: 259–291 .\nrosenberg g (2009) malacolog 4. 1. 1: a database of western atlantic marine mollusca. available :\nbouchet p, rocroi j–p (2005) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. malacologia 47: 1–397 .\nsmith cr, de leo fc, bernardino af, sweetman ak, martinez arbizu p (2008) abyssal food limitation, ecosystem structure and climate change. trends ecol evol 23: 518–528 .\nsokal rr, rohlf fj (1995) biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in biological research. 3rd edition. new york: w. h. freeman and co .\nr development core team (2006) r: a language and environment for statistical computing. vienna: r foundation for statistical computing. available :\nguo h, weiss re, gu x, suchard ma (2007) time squared: repeated measures on phylogenies. mol biol evol 24: 353–362 .\ngage jd, bett bj (2005) deep–sea benthic sampling. in: eleftheriou a, mcintyre a, editors. methods for the study of marine benthos: third edition. oxford: blackwell science ltd. pp. 273–325 .\n( mollusca: caenogastropoda) from the southwestern caribbean. zootaxa 49: 1–7 .\nmcclain cr, rex ma, jabbour r (2005) deconstructing bathymetric body size patterns in deep–sea gastropods. mar ecol prog ser 297: 181–187 .\nschmidt nm, jensen pm (2003) changes in mammalian body length over 175 years - adaptations to a fragmented landscape? conservation ecology 7: 6 .\nreyment ra (1983) palaeontological aspects of island biogeography: colonization and evolution of mammals on mediterranean islands. oikos 41: 299–306 .\nlomolino mv (1984) immigrant selection, predatory exclusion and the distributions of microtus pennsylvanicus and blarina brevicadua on islands. am nat 123: 468–483 .\nmcnab bk (2002) minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands. ecol lett 5: 693–704 .\nduncan rp, blackburn tm (2004) extinction and endemism in the new zealand avifauna. global ecol biogeogr 13: 509–517 .\nvale fk, rex ma (1988) repaired shell damage in deep - sea prosobranch gastropods from the western north atlantic. malacologia 28: 65–79 .\nvale fk, rex ma (1989) repaired shell damage in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope south of new england. nautilus 103: 105–108 .\nwalker se, voight jr (1994) palecological and taphonomic potential of deep - sea gastropods. palaios 9: 48–59 .\nmccollom tm (1999) geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes. deep sea research i: oceanographic research papers 47: 85–101 .\nwassersug rj, yang h, sepkoski jj jr, raup dm (1979) the evolution of body size on islands: a computer simulation. am nat 114: 287–295 .\nwilliams gc. natural selection: domains, levels and challenges. oxford: oxford university press. .\nraia p, meiri s (2006) the island rule in large mammals: paleontology meets ecology. evolution 60: 1731–1742. (doi :\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know. thanks for your help !\nnorth atlantic - britain and france north along norwegiian coast to white sea, spitzbergen, west to iceland, greenland and down north american coast to connecticut. also north pacific with records from bering sea, alaska, pujet sound south to california .\noff mount desert island, new england, usa [ atlantic coast ]. , 2 - 3 cm long. photo: paul young\nreaches 40mm in length and found from intertidal to 20m. often very abundant locally, feeding on barnacles (elminius, balanus) .\nits range in the eastern pacific is from alaska to baja california, mexico. occurs in the eastern and western atlantic basins. widely distributed in north west europe reaching its southern limit on the french atlantic coast .\ncan be found in the intertidal and shallow sublittoral, to a depth of 20 m .\nthis species produces acid secretions from the mantle when disturbed. it is gregarious and feeds exclusively on barnacles, especially\nhayward, p. j. & ryland, j. s. (ed .) 1995a. the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe. volume 2. molluscs to chordates. oxford science publications. oxford: clarendon press .\nhowson, c. m. & picton, b. e. , 1997. the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas. belfast: ulster museum. [ ulster museum publication, no. 276. ]\njncc (joint nature conservation committee), 1999. marine environment resource mapping and information database (mermaid): marine nature conservation review survey database. [ on - line ] urltoken\nnational biodiversity network (nbn) atlas website. available from: http: / / www. nbnatlas. org. accessed 01 april 2017\npicton, b. e. & morrow, c. c. , 1994. a field guide to the nudibranchs of the british isles. london: immel publishing ltd .\npicton, b. e. , 2000. nudibranchs of the british isles. urltoken 2003 - 09 - 11\nthompson, t. e. & brown, g. h. , 1976. british opisthobranch molluscs. london: academic press. [ synopses of the british fauna, no. 8. ]\nmarine life information network (marlin), the marine biological association of the uk (see contact us) © 2018 the marine biological association of the uk, all rights reserved .\nthe information (text only) provided by the marine life information network (marlin) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2. 0 uk: england & wales license. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse. permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here. based on a work at urltoken\nlinnaeus c. (1767). systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. ed. 12. 1. , regnum animale. 1 & 2. holmiae, laurentii salvii. holmiae [ stockholm ], laurentii salvii. pp. 1 - 532 [ 1766 ] pp. 533 - 1327 [ 1767 ]. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndistribution range: 72. 78°n to 30. 3°n; 87°w to 0°w. distribution: greenland; greenland: west greenland; usa: maine, massachusetts, new ...\ntaxonomy suborder: doridacea, according to trott (2004). [ details ]\n( of doris fusca o. f. müller, 1776) müller, o. f. (1776). zoologiae danicae prodromus: seu animalium daniae et norvegiae indigenarum characteres, nomina, et synonyma imprimis popularium. hafniae, typiis hallageriis. 1 - 274. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ancylodoris baicalensis w. dybowski, 1900) dybowski w. (1900). beschreibung einer hinterkiemer - schnecke aus dem baikal - see (ancylodoris baicalensis m .). nachrichtsblatt der deutschen malakozoologischen gesellschaft. 32: 143 - 152, pl. 2. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhowson, c. m. ; picton, b. e. (1997). the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas. ulster museum publication, 276. the ulster museum: belfast, uk. isbn 0 - 948150 - 06 - 8. vi, 508 (+ cd - rom) pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nbleakney, j. s. 1996. sea slugs of atlantic canada and the gulf of maine. the nova scotia museum field guide series. nimbus publishing. halifax. 216 p. [ details ]\nbrunel, p. ; bosse, l. ; lamarche, g. (1998). catalogue of the marine invertebrates of the estuary and gulf of st. lawrence. canadian special publication of fisheries and aquatic sciences, 126. 405 p. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nfahey s. j. & valdés a. (2005). review of acanthodoris gray, 1850 with a phylogenetic analysis of onchidorididae alder and hancock, 1845 (mollusca, nudibranchia). proceedings of the california academy of sciences. 56 (20): 213 - 273. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ntrott, t. j. (2004). cobscook bay inventory: a historical checklist of marine invertebrates spanning 162 years. northeastern naturalist. 11, 261 - 324. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of lamellidoris fusca (muller, 1776) ) linkletter, l. e. (1977). a checklist of marine fauna and flora of the bay of fundy. huntsman marine laboratory, st. andrews, n. b. 68: p. [ details ]\n( of lamellidoris fusca (muller, 1776) ) abbott r. t. (1974). american seashells. the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america. ed. 2. van nostrand, new york. 663 pp. , 24 pls. [ october 1974 ]. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / ietf / / dtd html 3. 0 / / en\nhtml. dtd\nthis intriguing slug is one of the non - sponge - feeding dorids. it eats barnacles, which is no mean feat, considering that barnacles (as described by our buddy chuck darwin) have all sorts of calcareous defensive structures to protect themselves from predation. but you know how evolution works. evolve a defense, and sooner of later some predator will come along and evolve a way to get you anyway! !\nthe photograph shows the animal among its prey barnacles. the white splotches are yesterdays' meals, the intact\nvolcano plugs\nare tomorrows' !\nhas a dirty white ground color on its dorsum, with splashes of brown covering the basic coloration .\nits range in the eastern pacific is from alaska, to usa, to cabo colnett, baja california, mexico. it also occurs in the eastern and western atlantic basins. this is termed a circumboreal distribution pattern (literally, around the northern latitudes) .\nassoc. prof. dept. of math and natural sciences national university 192 imperial beach blvd. # a imperial beach, ca 91932 fax (619) 423 - 9118 send hans e - mail at hansmarvida @ urltoken\n© the slug site, michael d. miller 1998. all rights reserved .\ndescription: this nudibranch is usually white with a brown pattern on the mantle, however immature specimens and occasional adults may be all white. the mantle bears many club shaped papillae. the rhinophores are lamellate and the numerous gills are arranged in a horseshoe. adults may attain a length of 40mm .\nhabitat: this species is gregarious, and large numbers of individuals are often found feeding on barnacles on the low shore and sublittorally. the spawn is a short flat ribbon laid in a curve or concertina shape .\ndistribution: found all around the british isles and northwards into the arctic circle and to america. it reaches the southern limit of its distribution on the french atlantic coast .\ndistribution map from nbn: interactive map: national biodiversity network mapping facility, data for uk .\n• home • marine flatworms • nudibranch species • urltoken • select from the thumbnails to view larger images and details of the animal .\nfor more information about this species go to one of the links below. opk - opistobranquis • nudibranchs of the british isles • sea slug forum\nturgeon, d. d. , j. f. quinn, jr. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, f. g. hochberg, w. g. lyons, et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks, 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nwell, if those guys are doing a conga line, i guess these guys are doing a waltz? actually, knowing the way nudibranchs spawn head - to - tail, it' s probably more like an orgy. whether or not the huge bunch of egg ribbons are the result of this convention or another, i don' t know .\nlocality: warren avenue bridge, bremerton, washington, 25 feet, washington, usa, puget sound, 15 march 2008, concrete bridge piling. length: 1 inch. photographer: dave washburn. dave washburn\ninteresting too to find several hermissenda crassicornis atop the masses (photo available if of interest. )\nlocality: bear cove, 15', british columbia, canada, pacific ocean, 02 december 2007, rocks. length: 1. 5 cm. photographer: jackie hildering .\nthis phenomenon must be an amazing sight - and so widespread in the northern hemisphere. if you think the hermissenda were interested in the egg ribbons it would be useful to have a record of it on the forum for future reference\nlocality: grevelingen, 15 m, the netherlands, june 2006, on rock covered with sand and hydroid growth. photographer: jeroen ronk .\nlocality: edmonds oil dock, 12 ft, washington, usa, puget sound, 17 july 2007, pilings in gravel bottom. length: 1 / 2 inch. photographer: dave washburn .\ndave behrens in his reply to that message said it was definitely what you might call an' albino' form, so i guess that may be the case here. best wishes, bill rudman\nlocality: harper' s ferry fishing pier, port orchard, 15 - 20 fsw, washington state, usa, puget sound, 02 december 2006, on pilings. . length: less than 1 inch. photographer: lowell thomson .\nthis species is amazingly common around the sound. populations come and go with the settlement of barnacle larvae. these guys feed on the juvenile barnacles before they form their hard volcano shaped shell, then when the food resource is exhausted, lay hordes of eggs. on my first intertidal collecting trip in the sound, we came across literally thousands of this dorid, huge masses of them and the egg masses were everywhere .\ndear jan, i hope it arrives in plenty and you are able to give it the melibe treatment. best wishes, bill rudman\nlocality: wreck of marine electric, maryland, usa, maryland, usa, atlantic coast. depth: 160 fsw. length: not sure. july 2005. on wreck [ steel ] with minor growth. :\nheagy, vernon, 2005 (aug 15) mystery nudibranch behavior in maryland .\nrudman, w. b. , 2005 (aug 15). comment on mystery nudibranch behavior in maryland by vernon heagy .\nthanks jim, from earlier reports on the forum it looks like mass spawning occurs in the uk region from at least july to september, and from august to december in california. it certainly appears to be a spectacular sight - perhaps not quite up there with coral spawning - but close cheers, bill rudman\ndear bill, we observed a swarm of these little animals at 24 metres on a reef in loch nevis on the west coast of scotland. sorry but i have no photos but there were several hundred of them with spawn. sea temp was 14 deg c. this is only a few miles from the site we saw a similar event in august 2001 - see urltoken for details of that event and urltoken for details of a previous event in 2000. regards, jim a\nthanks jim, from your records and the others already on the forum from california and ireland, these breeding swarms seem to be a normal occurrence for this species. it would be interesting to know if these breeding swarms are the result of them all migrating to' breeding grounds' or whether its the result of all the animals in one area just reaching maturity at about the same time. best wishes, bill rudman\nfigured this might be of interest to the california branching crowd. this was a new branch for me. pretty bizzare to not only find a new species but to literally see thousands of them !\ndear clinton, considering that this animal is supposedly a resident of both sides of the north american continent and western europe, sightings like this are not just of interest to the california crowd. i look forward to some photos. hopefully they will help comfirm the identity of this' swarmer' .\nbehrens, d. , 2001 (nov 16) re: conga lines of brown nudis in california .\nrudman, w. b. , 2001 (nov 16). comment on re: conga lines of brown nudis in california by dave behrens .\nat about the same time jim anderson saw the same thing off scotland. if the population is continuous between us this must be the most common nudibranch on the planet! !; - )\npicton, b. e. , 2001 (nov 16) re: conga lines .\ndear bernard, thanks for these wonderful photos and observations. i have put two of your photos of the egg masses in a separate message. as i commented in dave behren' s message, it looks like pelseneer wasn' t seeing things in 1922 when he reported this phenomenon. best wishes, bill rudman\nrudman, w. b. , 2001 (nov 16). comment on re: conga lines by bernard picton .\na month or two ago we saw large numbers of a type of nudibranch we hadn' t seen before. basic body plan of a sea lemon (rough surface, cirri on the front, gills on the back) except smaller (about an inch long) and brown / tan mottled coloration, almost camouflaged. what was interesting is that they were out in droves. mainly following each other in lines, but in some places they looked like some kind of 70' s shag carpet. never seen that before !\nmonastery beach in monterey, california at around 70 feet on coarse sand near a rocky reef. couldn' t find them in sea challengers! any hints? thanks much! celeste fowler\nfowler, c. , 2001 (nov 14) conga lines of brown nudis in california .\ndear celeste, if it looked like a typical dorid [ sea lemon = anisodoris nobilis ] then this trailing behaviour is not one i would normally associate with most dorids. if you had said a sea hare, i would not have been surprised. but i have no personal experience of peculiar californian behaviours so i will wait for a reply from our colleagues from that part of the world. best wishes, bill rudman\nrudman, w. b. , 2001 (nov 14). comment on conga lines of brown nudis in california by celeste fowler .\nthis looks like the correct identification to me: we have this little critter, too in british columbia, canada. i find it fascinating that we have the same creatures, although divided by a huge land mass! marli wakeling\nit is found on rocks and spawns on rocks. it is 2 - 3 cm. this photo was taken off mount desert island, new england, usa [ atlantic coast ] but we have seen them as far south as rhode island .\nm. j. de kluijver, s. s. ingalsuo & r. h. de bruyne\n( rare individuals, usually juveniles, may be pale all over). the ample\nof various sizes, usually lacking the brown pigment. there may be as many as 29 separate simple pinnate\nmay drop abruptly to 1 - 3 on abrupt disturbance as defensive acid secretions are released. each\nthis species feeds upon a variety of acorn barnacles; examination of dead prey showed that the cirri and other remains of the chitinous exoskeleton had been left behind, the dorids having taken mainly the soft parts. it seems likely that the juveniles may attack encrusting bryozoans such as\n). elsewhere it is known from greenland and iceland to the atlantic coast of france, and from both coasts of north america, to 250 m .\nseaward, d. r. , 1990. distribution of the marine molluscs of north west europe. nature conservancy council .\nthompson, t. e. & g. h. brown, 1976 / 1984. biology of opisthobranch molluscs, volume i and ii. ray society. london .\nthompson, t. e. , 1988. molluscs: benthic opisthobranchs (mollusca: gastropoda). synopses of the british fauna (ns), 8: 1 - 356 .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nbatschelet, e. : statistical methods for the analysis of problems in animal orientation and certain biological rhythms, 57 pp. amer. inst. biol. sci. monograph 1965\nbirkeland, c. , f. s. chia and r. r. strathmann: development, substratum selection, delay of metamorphosis, and growth in the seastar\ncameron, r. a. and s. c. schroeter: sea urchin recruitment: effect of substrate on juvenile distribution. mar. ecol. prog. ser .\nconnell, j. h. : community interactions on marine rocky intertidal shores. ann. rev. ecol. syst .\n: adaptations to environment: essays on the physiology of marine animals, pp 83–124. ed. by r. c. newell: london: butterworths 1976\ngoodall, d. w. and n. e. west: a comparison of techniques for assessing dispersion patterns. vegetatio\ngreig - smith, p. : the use of random and contiguous quadrats in the study of the structure of plant communities. ann. bot. lond. n. s .\nhyman, l. h. : the invertebrates: echinodermata, 763 pp. new york: mcgraw - hill (1955 )\nclark, m. s. thesis, university of washington, seattle, 56 pp. (1960 )\nmauzey, k. p. , c. birkeland and p. k. dayton: feeding behavior of asteroids and escape responses of their prey in the puget sound region. ecology\nmeadows, p. s. and j. i. campbell: habitat selection by aquatic invertebrates. adv. mar. biol .\nmoore, p. g. : the role of habitat selection in determining the local distribution of animals in the sea. mar. behav. physiol .\npielou, e. c. : population and community ecology: principles and methods, 424 pp. london: gordon and breach 1974\npielou, e. c. : mathematical ecology, 385 pp. new york and london: wiley and sons 1977\npoole, r. w. : an introduction to quantitative ecology, 532 pp. new york: mcgraw - hill 1974\nscheltema, r. s. : biological interactions determining larval settlement of marine invertebrates. thalassia jugoslavica\n: settlement and metamorphosis of marine invertebrate larvae, pp 235–246. ed. by f. s. chia and m. rice. amsterdam: elsevier / north holland 1978\nstrathmann, r. r. and e. s. branscomb: adequacy of cues to favorable sites used by settling larvae of two intertidal barnacles .\n: reproductive ecology of marine invertebrates, pp 77–89. ed. by s. e. stancyk. columbia: university of south carolina press 1979\nthorson, g. l. : light as an ecological factor in the dispersal and settlement of larvae of marine bottom invertebrates. ophelia\nthorson, g. l. : some factors influencing the recruitment and establishment of marine benthic communities. neth. j. sea. res .\ncan grow to 4 cm in length and are usually white with a brown pattern on the mantle. however immature specimens and the occasional adult may be completely white in colour. it bears many (usually white) club shaped projections (tubercles) on its mantle and has two ringed sensory tentacles on its head. the numerous (up to 29) retractile gills are speckled brown around the edges and arranged in a horseshoe shape. the head extends to form an oral veil which lacks tentacles. the spawn is in the shape of a flattered coil attached to the substratum by one edge and contains many thousand eggs. this species produces acid secretions from the mantle when disturbed. it is gregarious and feeds exclusively on barnacles, especially\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npender island - roesland park, intertidal. 1 - 3cm long, feasting on barnacles .\ndescription: pender island - roesland park, intertidal. 1 - 3cm long, feasting on barnacles .\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution. it is calculated as the% of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect, where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error. if you see multiple errors on the page for this species, please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error. we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\ntop left and right: small even by its standards, this barnacle nudibranch was not even the width of one finger. it was found with around one hundred others of its kind, all feeding on barnacles on a dock piling on calvert island. photos by teegan bennington (left) and christian kelly. bottom left photo: rhinophores visible. photo by stuart higgs .\nlamb, a. , and hanby, b. (2005). marine life of the pacific northwest [ electronic version ]. madeira park, bc: harbour publishing .\npicton, b. e. and morrow, c. c. (2015) .\nthis translation tool is powered by google. fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nthis home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap! if you would like to help out or know of a great video, photo or site about this species, let us know and we' ll notify you as soon as it is finished. our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year. if you' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio, check out our marinebio projects page .\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page. we greatly appreciate all feedback !\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world, raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly, providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today, and the scientists, teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support, most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected, if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity. we sincerely thank our thousands of members, donors and sponsors, who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88. 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation, education, research, and a sea ethic ~ marinebio. org, inc. is a u. s. 501 (c) 3 charitable, nonprofit organization. contact: info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states. > < (( (( ° > © 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use. privacy policy. > - < °° > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea — to oceanus, the ocean river, like the everflowing stream of time, the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson\n, takes place via a single ctenidium or gill located in the mantle cavity (= pallial cavity). a collection of\n, one of each sex, in 2 of the sea hares. the crabs appear to have the run of the pallial cavity, but whether they interfere with ctenidial function is not known .\nis found also in a variety of other mollusks, including snails, chitons, and bivalves, and also in certain sea cucumbers .\nphotograph courtesy freshwater & marine image bank, university of washington libraries, seattle .\nlocated around the anus. the gills consist of a circlet of individual pinnules, each supplied with an afferent (outward - flowing) and efferent (inward - flowing) vessel (see drawing above right) .\nnote the vascular loops in each pinnule that ensure that most circulating hemolymph contacts the surface epithelium. flow of hemolymph within the pinnules tends to be in the opposite direction to the flow of seawater past them, creating a counter - current exchange system. from the gills the oxygenated blood flows to the heart for circulation to the rest of the body .\ncilia covering the external surface of the pinnules beat to drive water through the gill pinnules and away from the body, and this flow carries fecal pellets away from the anus (see drawing lower right). on the body, water is moved outwards from the midline, and this may additionally function to distribute mucus over the body surface." ]

{ "text": [ "onchidoris bilamellata , common name the rough-mantled doris , is a species of sea slug , a dorid nudibranch , a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family onchidorididae . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "onchidoris bilamellata, common name the rough-mantled doris, is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family onchidorididae." ]

[ "how can i put and write and define pancheloniidae in a sentence and how is the word pancheloniidae used in a sentence and examples? 用pancheloniidae造句, 用pancheloniidae造句, 用pancheloniidae造句, pancheloniidae meaning, definition, pronunciation, synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha. net .\n' pancheloniidae\n' is a clade of sea turtles belonging to the sea turtle superfamily chelonioidea .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon: chelonioidea according to j. f. parham and n. d. pyenson 2010\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthe cheloniidae are a family of sea turtles belonging to the sea turtle superfamily chelonioidea. it was named by nicolaus michael oppel in 1811. [ 1 ]\nbelow is a cladogram showing the phylogenetic relationships of living and extinct sea turtles in the family cheloniidae based on lynch and parham (2003) [ 2 ] and parham and pyenson (2010). [ 3 ]\njames f. parham; nicholas d. pyenson (2010) .\nnew sea turtle from the miocene of peru and the iterative evolution of feeding ecomorphologies since the cretaceous\n.\nrhodin, anders g. j. ; van dijk, peter paul; inverson, john b. ; shaffer, h. bradley; roger, bour (2011 - 12 - 31) .\nturtles of the world, 2011 update: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution and conservation status\n.\nphylogenetic arrangement based on turtles of the world 2012 update: annotated checklist. extinct turtles not included .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. world heritage encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the world public library association, a non - profit organization .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from world ebook library are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department." ]

{ "text": [ "pancheloniidae is a clade of sea turtles belonging to the sea turtle superfamily chelonioidea .", "it is defined as all turtles more closely related to cheloniid sea turtles than to dermochelyid ( \" leatherback \" ) sea turtles . " ], "topic": [ 2, 21 ] }

[ "pancheloniidae is a clade of sea turtles belonging to the sea turtle superfamily chelonioidea. it is defined as all turtles more closely related to cheloniid sea turtles than to dermochelyid (\" leatherback \") sea turtles." ]

[ "this is the place for melanozona definition. you find here melanozona meaning, synonyms of melanozona and images for melanozona copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word melanozona. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word melanozona and, of course, melanozona synonyms and on the right images related to the word melanozona .\nhave a fact about telphusa melanozona? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for telphusa melanozona? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ntelphusa melanozona meyrick, 1913; exot. microlep. 1 (3): 65; tl: bengal, pusa\ntelphusa iosticta meyrick, 1937; exotic microlep. 5 (3): 92\ntelphusa necromantis meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (7): 194\ntelphusa xyloptera meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (11): 350\ntelphusa chloroderces meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 487; tl: manchuria\ntelphusa semiusta meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (16): 500; tl: china, shanghai\nnuntia omelko, 1995; biol. issled. gornot. stants. 2: 242; ts: telphusa necromantis meyrick\ntelphusa amphichroma meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 286; tl: barberton\ntelphusa calathaea meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 286; tl: barberton\ntelphusa conviciata meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 487; tl: assam, cherrapunji\ntelphusa improvida meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 275; tl: bombay, karwar\nlarva on (for telphusa agrifolia) quercus agrifolia braun, 1921, ent. news 32 (1): 9\ntelphusa auxoptila meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 276; tl: colombia, san antonie\ntelphusa microsperma meyrick, 1920; in alluaud & jeannel, voyage afr. orientale, ins. lép. 2: 69\ntelphusa phaulosema meyrick, 1920; in alluaud & jeannel, voyage afr. orientale, ins. lép. 2: 70\ntelphusa delatrix meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 17; tl: peru, iquitos\ntelphusa nephelaspis meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 276; tl: kumaon, muktesar, 7000ft\ntelphusa objecta meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 70; tl: rhodesia, salisbury\ntelphusa orgilopis meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 16; tl: brazil, para\ntelphusa retecta meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 70; tl: natal, karkloof\ntelphusa smaragdopis meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 275; tl: costa rica, san josé\n= telphusa longifasciella; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 258\ntelphusa iriditis meyrick, 1920; ann. s. afr. mus. 17 (4): 282; tl: sw. protectorate, narugas\ntelphusa melanoleuca walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 56; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\ntelphusa obligata busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 15; tl: la chorrera, panama\ntelphusa nigrimaculata braun, 1923; proc. calif. acad. sci. (4) 12 (10): 118; tl: escondido bay, california\ntelphusa medulella busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 15; tl: porto bello and trinidad r. , panama\ntelphusa ochrifoliata walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 56, pl. 2, f. 15; tl: mexico, vera cruz, cordova\ntelphusa ripula walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 57, pl. 2, f. 16; tl: guatemala, totonicapam, 8500 - 10500ft\ntelphusa alexandriacella; [ nacl ], # 1855 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee & brown, 2008, zootaxa 1818: 54; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 9 (incertas sedis )\ntelphusa fasciella; [ nacl ], # 1856 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee & brown, 2008, zootaxa 1818: 54; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 9 (incerate sedis )\nadrasteia alexandriacella chambers, 1872; can. ent. 4 (8): 149; tl: alexandria, kentucky\natomatma (meyrick, 1932) (phthorimaea); exotic microlep. 4 (7): 196\nlarva on prunus persica meyrick, 1929, exot. microlep. 3 (16): 487\ncanary is. , morocco, sweu, s. france, s. italy, greece. see [ maps ]\nlita cistiflorella constant, 1890; bull. soc. ent. fr. 1889: cxxv\ndistictella forbes, 1931; j. agric. porto rico 15 (4): 372\nadrasteia fasciella chambers, 1872; can. ent. 4 (8): 149; tl: kentucky\nlarva on odina wodier meyrick, 1926, exot. microlep. 3 (9): 276\ngelechia incognitella caradja, 1920; dt. ent. z. iris 34 (1 / 2): 100; tl: kasakewitsch\nnuntia incognitella; bae, lee & park, 2014, ent. res. 44: 19 (list )\nlarva on (mines) euphorbia neriifolia meyrick, 1913, exot. microlep. 1 (3): 65\nmelitocyela meyrick, 1935; mat. microlep. fauna chin. prov. : 65\npenetratrix meyrick, 1931; j. linn. soc. lond. (zool .) 37: 279\ngelechia perspicua walsingham, 1897; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1897: 72; tl: west indies, haiti\npistaciae sattler, 1982; ent. gaz. 33 (1): 17\ngelechia prasinoleuca meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 161; tl: java, preangor, 5000ft\ngelechia quinquedentata walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 63, pl. 2, f. 19; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\nlarva on (for gelechia nigrorosea) rhus dioica walsingham, 1904, ent. mon. mag. 40: 267\nsyncratopa meyrickin, 1935; mat. microlep. fauna chin. prov. : 66\ntetragrapta meyrick, 1937; exotic microlep. 5 (4 - 5): 121\nbryotropha translucida walsingham, [ 1892 ]; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1891: 520; tl: west indies, st. vincent; dominica\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nexpedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921. the tineid moths\nvoyage de ch. alluaud et r. jeannel en afrique orientale (1911 - 1812). résultats scientifique. insectes lépidoptères. 2. microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,\nwalsingham, 1911 lepidoptera, heterocera. tineina, pterophorina, orenodina and pyralidina and hepialidina (part) biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 1 - 482, pl. 1 - 10\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "telphusa melanozona is a moth of the family gelechiidae .", "it is found in india ( bengal ) .", "the wingspan is 9 – 10 mm .", "the forewings are ochreous-whitish irrorated with light grey and with the base of the costa blackish .", "there is a moderately broad straight black transverse fascia at one-fourth and a minute black dot in the middle of the disc , as well as two black dots transversely placed in the disc at two-thirds , surrounded with whitish-ochreous , the upper forming the apex of a triangular blackish costal spot .", "the hindwings are light grey .", "the larvae feed on euphorbia neriifolia .", "they mine the leaves of their host plant . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 8, 11 ] }

[ "telphusa melanozona is a moth of the family gelechiidae. it is found in india (bengal). the wingspan is 9 – 10 mm. the forewings are ochreous-whitish irrorated with light grey and with the base of the costa blackish. there is a moderately broad straight black transverse fascia at one-fourth and a minute black dot in the middle of the disc, as well as two black dots transversely placed in the disc at two-thirds, surrounded with whitish-ochreous, the upper forming the apex of a triangular blackish costal spot. the hindwings are light grey. the larvae feed on euphorbia neriifolia. they mine the leaves of their host plant." ]

[ "pine (mammalia: didelphimorphia: didelphidae), an endemic peruvian mouse opossum, with a reassessment of its affinities .\nis one of the least frequently observed and most poorly known of all mouse opossums .\nseveral juvenile individuals were found climbing in bamboo, and the morphology of the species is consistent with an arboreal or scansorial lifestyle. one adult was found inside a bamboo cane. like other\nfor as much human influence is found in the area, there are many chances to see some wildlife. animals as large as a moose to as small as a mouse can be found in the peruvian gulch. a colorful variety of birds can be seen, as well as a wide assortment of flowers .\nrainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal .\nroute to the top of mt. baldy. the peruvian gulch is also a popular skiing location hosted by the snowbird mountain resort. if you are interesting in the skiing, see the\nall the way to the top of the peruvian gulch. you will be dropped off just below the saddle between hidden peak and mount baldy. then you will only have to climb the switchback road up to the saddle and then follow the ridgeline to the top of mount baldy .\nthere are a few different ways to get gain access into the peruvian gulch. the road that loops around and above the parking garage is what provides access to the hiking trails that you will be looking for. you have the option of hiking along either side of the gulch to begin with. use the\nmount a sip and puff switch easily on the edge of a desk, table, bed headboard / sideboard, etc. works great for left & right mouse clicking with smartnav & other head mice and environmental control. includes sip - n - puff switches on a 24 inch 3rd arm flexarm mount with c - clamp base, 2 anti - contamination mouthpieces, 2 bite bulbs (allowing use as bite switch )\nfor more details. the peruvian gulch route can be used to access a few different mountains in the area. information on this page could also be used in regards to hidden peak, sugarloaf peak or american fork twin peaks. but, mt. baldy will be the focus of this page. the peruvian gulch is a route that starts from the snowbird mountain resort and ascends up the northwest slope of the mountain. this is a very scenic hike, as far as the natural landscape goes. yet, there are plenty of man - made structures and roads that can never be completely avoided. needless to say, this is a popular route for hikers, bikers and tourists. be prepared to share the trail, but also be prepared to still enjoy the natural qualities and the remarkable scenery of this mountain .\ncomments: r. leucodactylus section sensu tribe (1996). retained as a species until judged the same as r. l. leucodactylus by cabrera (1961). j. a. allen (1901b), however, pointedly contrasted his new species with peruvian r. leucodactylus; musser and carleton (1993) and tribe (1996) retained it as species. geographic range and closest specific relative uncertain\nthis mouse attains a head - and - body length of between 130 and 165 mm (5. 1 and 6. 5 in), with a relatively long tail some 135% of the head - and - body length. the fur is coarse and rather short. the general colour is yellowish - to reddish - brown agouti (with banded hairs) which contrasts with dark guard hairs. the underparts are whitish, the hairs having pale to dark grey bases, and there is sometimes an orange patch in the centre of the breast. the tail is mid to dark brown, sparsely covered with hair, and terminates in a moderately - long tuft of hair. the hindfeet are broad and their upper surfaces bear large dark patches that sometimes extend onto the digits. [ 3 ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthis species is listed as least concern because it has a wide distribution and it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category. habitat loss is occurring throughout much of its range due to deforestation for the cultivation of illicit crops. further information is needed to confirm the species presence in protected areas and the effect of habitat conversion on populations .\nthis species occurs at middle elevations in east andean slopes, central peru. it has an altitudinal range of 700 to 1, 800 m (tribe 1996, musser and carleton 2005) .\nit is presumably an arboreal, nocturnal species. it is present in lower montane forest, cloud forest and east andean slopes. it is not known if the species can persist in secondary habitats, although one specimen was collected from an abandoned shed (tribe 1996) .\nthis species is threatened by deforestation through conversion of land to agricultural use and illicit crops (e. g. coca) .\nit has not been recorded from any protected areas, although there are seven protected areas within the general range of this species. further research is needed into the distribution of this species .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nmammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together. * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production. a valuable reference work and a vital tool, particularly for researchers. * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections. * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work, and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come. * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work. * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work. - - g. r. seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist, and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines. * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals. this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries. * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues, we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003... we can say that the wait was worth it. - - sergio solari and robert j. baker * journal of mammalogy *\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers, open access publishing, and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act (fastr), wikimedia foundation, inc. , public library of science, the encyclopedia of life, open book publishers (obp), pubmed, u. s. national library of medicine, national center for biotechnology information, u. s. national library of medicine, national institutes of health (nih), u. s. department of health & human services, and urltoken, which sources content from all federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government publication portals (. gov, . mil, . edu). funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u. s. congress, e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. world heritage encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the world public library association, a non - profit organization .\n, but he pulled him out by the tail, ’— when an alarum came in the s... ... otatoes. and charlotte was in rather an excited state at the presence of a\nproduction, and the flutter of expecting a letter which would make... ... hat clara found herself thinking of miss faithfull’s two sandy cats over a\n; but she kept her simile to herself, finding that isabel regarded the... ... r such an escort, ’ said isabel, ‘especially as it was to es - cape from our\nrelative. ’ ‘poor man! it was a great pity he did not come last yea... ... bold speculations to bring modern science to profit by the leavings of the\nand their destroy - 112 dynevor terrace v olume ii ers. it was a... ... ave a chamois, or a barefooted indian, or a sailor— for the midshipman was\naloft in such places, that t om’s chief work was to summon him bac... ... ive me again my hollow tree, my crust of bread, and liberty. —the town\n... my dear? i forget the precise circumstances. ‘in pumping water out of the\nmines, ’ replied miss to x. ‘not being a pumper himself, of course... ... something in this. mrs pipchin’s husband hav - ing broken his heart of the\nmines was good. it had a rich sound. besides, mr dombey was in a s... ... had, as shown just now, his own established views. broke his heart of the\nmines, mused mr dombey. well! a very respectable way of doing it... .... man said yes; and as they passed in, looked at paul as if he were a little\n, and the house were a trap. he was a weak - eyed young man, with the fi... ..., since then, a useful foil to you. y ou have trodden on me freely in your\nup. don’t spurn me with your heel! ’ a silence ensued. after a time... ... me! not paul, assuredly. as the happy time drew near, the lions and tigers\nup the bedroom walls became quite tame and frolicsome. the grim sl... ... dainty steadfastness and patience at his work, as if he were waiting at a\n’s hole. at length the letters were disposed of, excepting one which h... ... treet at the side. lad - ders were raised against the walls; labourers were\nup and down; men were at work upon the steps of the scaffold - 410 ...\n, would but the trees let us see it. there is to be no inquiry here... ... orture by restraint, and the habitual criminal plays the part of a damaged\nat the mercy of the cat of our law. he has his little painful run, an... ... y things had been suggested, swordplay and tests that verged on tor - ture ,\nin giddy places and the like, before this was chosen. partly, it i... ... chinese, the * the t rue - born englishman. 200 a modern utopia hindoos, the\n, and all uncivilised people are repre - sented as the inferior rac ...\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nwikinow lets you discover the news you care about, follow the topics that matter to you and share your favourite stories with your friends .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3. 2 / / en\nthe amazon is home to more species of plants and animals than any other terrestrial ecosystem on the planet - - perhaps 30 percent of the world' s species are found there .\nmore than 430 species of mammal are found in the amazon, the majority of which are bats and rodents .\nthe amazon is home to the world' s largest rodent, the capybara which can weigh 200 pounds (91 kg) .\n, anteaters, and armadillos - - are common residents of the amazon rainforest and only exist in the new world .\nin 2013, scientists announced the discovery of a previously undescribed species of tapir .\nnote: this list is not comprehensive. some species may live outside the amazon rainforest biome .\ncarbon dioxide (co2) emissions generated from urltoken operations (server, data transfer, travel) are mitigated through an association with anthrotect, an organization working with afro - indigenous and embera communities to protect forests in colombia' s darien region. anthrotect is protecting the habitat of mongabay' s mascot: the scale - crested pygmy tyrant .\nrainforest\nis used interchangeably with\nrain forest\non this site .\njungle\nis generally not used .\nsigmodontinae is the second - largest subfamily of muroid rodents, with 377 species and 74 genera in eight tribes. members of this group, the new world rats and mice, display a vast array of habits and physical characteristics that is surpassed in scope only by the\nmusser, g. , m. carleton. 2005. superfamily muroidea. d wilson, d reeder, eds. mammal species of the world. baltimore and london: the johns hopkins university press .\nsigmodontines range from tierra del fuego north throughout south america, central america, and mexico, and into the united states as far north as nebraska and new jersey. they are also found on the galapagos islands .\nnowak, r. 1999. walker' s mammals of the world, vol. ii. baltimore and london: the johns hopkins university press .\nsigmodontines are small to medium - large muroid rodents - - head and body length ranges from 62 to 360 mm, tail length ranges from 30 to 330 mm, and they weigh 7 to 455 grams. they are extremely diverse in body form, resembling\n. they have short to long fur, ranging from soft to coarse and including spiny forms. fur colors include many different shades of brown, gray, reddish, and yellow, with the pelage generally paler, even white, on the underparts. some populations are polymorphic in fur color or pattern. sigmodontine tails are naked to well - furred, and some have tufted tips. ears can be very short and nearly hidden in the fur, to very long - - almost 1 / 3 the length of the head and body. most sigmodontines have feet adapted for cursorial locomotion, but some have specializations for digging (such as long, heavy foreclaws) or swimming (such as webbed hind feet). many male sigmodontines have prominant ventral sebaceous glands, but they usually lack rump, hip, and flank glands .\n, which has the formula 1 / 1, 0 / 0, 0 / 0, 2 / 2 = 12. the\n). each molar has a longitudinal enamel crest (mure or murid). the molars range from\n, and the third molars are usually smaller than the second molars. sigmodontine skulls generally have flat\nis of parallel construction. all other sigmodontine skull characteristics vary widely. a skeletal characteristic shared by most sigmodontines is the presence of a prominant neural spine on the second thoracic vertebra. finally, sigmodontines have one - or two - chambered stomachs, and the tongue bears a single circumvallate papilla .\ncarleton, m. , g. musser. 1984. muroid rodents. pp. 289 - 379 in d wilson, d reeder, eds. orders and families of recent mammals of the world. new york: john wiley and sons .\nsigmodontines live in a wide range of habitat types, including grasslands, deserts, wet and dry forests, scrub forests, savannahs, steppes, agricultural areas, marshes, swamps, streams, sandy coastlines, barren highlands, alpine meadows, and human habitations. they live at elevations from sea level to over 5, 500 meters .\nthese rodents are herbivorous, omnivorous, or carnivorous. foods consumed by the group as a whole include: grasses, seeds, fruit, berries, fungi, lichen ,\nsigmodontines are primary and higher - level consumers, and they are food for a wide range of other animals. some species are commensal with humans, depending on human food stores or agriculture to survive. others take advantage of burrows made by other animals, such as armadillos (\n. some, as mentioned in the previous section, rely on other animals to help them avoid predation. finally, sigmodontines may be important dispersers of mycorrhizal fungi (mangan and adler 2000) .\nmangan, s. , g. adler. 2000. consumption of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi by terrestrial and arboreal small mammals in a panamanian cloud forest. journal of mammalogy, 81 (2): 563 - 570 .\n. the neutral - colored coats of sigmodontines may help them blend in with their background. most species are vigilant and agile, helping them to avoid predation. semiaquatic species avoid predation by quickly diving into the water when threatened. one sigmodontine species ,\nsigmodontines perceive their environment using vision, hearing, touch, smell, and taste. hearing and olfaction may be especially important, as auditory and chemical cues are often used for communication. sigmodontines make a variety of squeaking sounds in social contexts, and they can detect and produce ultrasounds. territorial males use their urine and feces to scent - mark their domains .\nsigmodontines have short lives. most do not make it past their first birthday. in captivity, some species have lived as long as five years .\nmost sigmodontines have a promiscuous mating system. during mating, a copulatory plug forms and seals the female' s reproductive tract, preventing subsequent males from successfully fertilizing the female' s eggs .\nmany rodents are prolific breeders and sigmodontines are no exception. they breed year round or seasonally, and during a year or season females often have two to three, or even six to seven litters. ovulation is spontaneous, and females of many species have a postpartum estrus, becoming pregnant again just a few hours after giving birth. in some species, the embryos do not implant until the current litter is weaned; gestation after implantation occurs usually lasts 20 to 30 days. some species can have as many as 13 young in a litter, although many have just three to five. the young are altricial and open their eyes anywhere from 1 to 11 days after birth. they are weaned as early as five and as late as 30 days. female sigmodontines reach sexual maturity several weeks before males do. some have been known to give birth at just four weeks of age. other species mature much later, and do not reproduce until they are at least four months old .\nsigmodontine females generally do not have any help in caring for their young. most build nests out of plant material where they raise their babies. the young are altricial, and they nurse for 5 to 30 days. in a few species, the young remain with the mother for a few days after weaning is complete .\n) sigmodontine species on the iucn' s red list of threatened species. in addition, three species are lacking sufficient data to be assessed, and five species have gone extinct recently (both\niucn, 2004 .\n2004 iucn red list of threatened species\n( on - line). accessed june 29, 2005 at urltoken .\nseveral sigmodontine species are considered household or agricultural pests. they raid buildings, gnawing on and destroying household goods and food stores, and they damage crops. some also carry diseases such as haemorrhagic fever .\nsome sigmodontines are used in laboratory disease research. others are trapped for their fur .\nas part of a larger definition of sigmodontinae. when those genera are included, the species count numbers at least 508. their distribution includes much of the\nsigmodontines proceeded to diversify explosively in the formerly isolated continent. they inhabit many of the same\nthe\nthomasomyini\nfrom the atlantic forest of brazil are generally thought to be not especially related to the\nreal\nthomasomyini from the northern andes and amazonia. the genera wiedomys and sigmodon are generally placed in their own tribe, and the\nphyllotines\nirenomys, punomys, euneomys, and reithrodon are considered incertae sedis .\nd' elía, g. ; luna, l. ; gonzález, e. m. ; patterson, b. d. (february 2006) .\non the sigmodontinae radiation (rodentia, cricetidae): an appraisal of the phylogenetic position of rhagomys\n. molecular phylogenetics and evolution (elsevier) 38 (2): 558–564. doi: 10. 1016 / j. ympev. 2005. 08. 011. pmid 16213166 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\n. you will need to find a place to park in the area of the snowbird lodge. there is plenty of parking around the parking garage for the lodge. creek road (or\n) also loops around the south side of the parking garage. along this road, right above the garage there is a large, paved\nalong the road where cars can park. this might be the closest place to park to the trailhead .\nbe prepared to use either access, as either trail could closed to hiking for construction or other purposes .\nusing the blackjack trail will take you to more of a service road that you can use for a route. the hiking trail on the other side of the gulch may be a better hiking trail. this portion of the hike provides excellent views across the canyon to superior peak. eventually, the two\nfrom the trail merge the route is very easy to follow. just follow the canyon all the way to the top of the\nbetween hidden peak and mt. baldy. you can simply follow the service road. there are occasional footpaths that can be found if you prefer to not take the road. just use the path of the road or the ski lift as your general guide as you ascend .\nthat climb the saddle and to the top of hidden peak. use these switchbacks to gain access to the saddle just below hidden peak .\nonce you reach the saddle, you simply need to follow the ridge to the east where you will make your final ascent to the summit of mt. baldy. there is a distinct footpath that leads along the\nto the top of the peak. the views on the top are amazing .\nthanks to the snowbird mountain resort facilities, you can also get a boost on your attempt to hike mt. baldy. you can take a\nthat will take you to the top of hidden peak. from there you can descend to the saddle between hidden peak and mount baldy, and then ascend the ridgeline to the summit of mount baldy .\nlog me out when i close my browser. keep me logged in all the time .\nis only known from three localities in the andean foothills of southeastern peru (cusco department) .\nis a small, pouchless marsupial with large, membranous ears; prominent eyes; a mask of dark fur surrounding the eyes; and a long, slender, prehensile tail. the dorsal fur is reddish - brown and the ventral fur is abruptly paler (whitish yellow with gray - based hairs). among other diagnostic traits, this species differs from other members of the genus by its very large postorbital processes, very narrow interorbital region, and by having two rows of long silvery hairs on the underside of the tail (flanking the midventral naked prehensile surface). only three adult specimens have been collected, so the known range of measurements and weights (below) do not represent the full range of morphometric variation in this species .\n). females have nine mammae, so the average litter size is unlikely to be larger than nine .\nalthough parental care has not been observed in this species, females presumably nurse neonatal young, groom them, and protect them from predators .\ncommunication has not been studied in this species, but adults of both sexes have sternal glands that probably have some social - marking function .\nthe eyes, ears, nasal turbinates (thin bones that support olfactory epithelium), and tactile hairs (vibrissae) are well developed in this species (as in other opossums), so vision, hearing, and touch are presumably important senses .\nthe diet of this species is unknown, but its dentition is consistent with insectivory. like other species of\nthe ecosystem roles of this species are unkown, but it probably eats small animals (e. g. , insects). it probably is eaten by larger animals, and it is probably host to both internal and external parasites. probable ectoparasites include species of arachnida (\nalthough this species has a restricted geographic range, the region that they inhabit is still largely undeveloped .\nrobert voss (author), american museum of natural history, sharon jansa (editor), american museum of natural history, alexa unruh (editor), animal diversity web staff .\nliving in the southern part of the new world. in other words, central and south america .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching. in birds, naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhaving markings, coloration, shapes, or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\noffspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc .) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23. 5 degrees north to 23. 5 degrees south .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\nto cite this page: voss, r. 2013 .\nmarmosa andersoni\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nyou must have javascript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website .\nthe smartnav ring lets you control your computer’s cursor without taking your hands off the keyboard .\ndual bite switches mounted on 18\nflexarm. alternative to sip and puff switches ideal for anyone with breathing difficulties such as ventilator dependent .\nraised button surfaces make it easy to activate with side of hand, head, or any other part of body. sensitive, easy activation for md / sma very limited strength fingers. auditory feedback for quads, als, ms with little or no sensation. extremely durable. takes a lick' nn and keeps on clicking! can survive being driven over by a power chair. also available as head switch on mount for wheelchair headrest post and on adjustable necklace for chin activation .\n2 inputs and 2 outputs for eyebrow, jaw, muscle twitch, touch, pressure, slight joint movement. includes 2 coin touch / pressure sensors & 2 rectangular movement piezo sensors .\nuse any one muscle as a single or dual ability switch! sensitive to even the lightest muscle witch. perfect companion to control the powergrip assisted grasp orthosis for users with movement and only one arm but can be used with any device capable of accepting inputs from ability switches. includes 1 box disposable adhesive sensors, 1 box adhesive reference pads & sensor, rechargeable batteries, and pre - configuration. combined with housemate or macbook with grid 2 software installed, identical package provides better functionality at 1 / 3 the price of nueroswitch\nour new wireless sip & puff switches with a bluetooth wireless sip and puff headset are highly recommended. faster, more responsive, and less strain on your neck trying to hold steady for dwell clicking. (older less expensive wired also available )\nyes, works perfect with windows xp, vista, 7, and windows 8. additional software option for macintosh. we highly recommend with dragon naturally speaking to replace keyboard with dictation. software / drivers install only 7. 9 mb. uses very small amount of hard drive space .\nuse spaces to separate tags. use single quotes (') for phrases .\noutside us, ca, and uk, no mobiles, landlines only please .\nwhen you buy direct you get a personalized experience while saving on distribution & retail showroom costs .\nsip - n - puff xbox 360 motorola nfl - style gaming headset - 3. 5mm stereo headphone jack\nindependence through assistive technology for quadriplegics, als, muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, stroke, elderly, amputees, and other disabled and handicapped wheelchair users with upper extremity limitations. live your life !\n© 2011 broadened horizons inc. all rights reserved. all images are © copyright of broadened horizons inc. or their respective owners .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nthis species is generally uncommon and is poorly known. its primary habitat is virgin forest and it is not known whether it can adapt to secondary forest, although one individual was discovered in an old shed. the population trend is probably downward as the forest within its distributional range is being cleared for agricultural use and the production of illegal crops (coca), but its distribution is wide and the international union for conservation of nature has rated its conservation status as being of\nleast concern\n. there are a number of protected areas within its general range but it is not known whether it is present in any of these. [ 1 ]\n( 3rd ed .). johns hopkins university press. p. 1170 .\npatton, james l. ; pardiñas, ulyses f. j. ; d' elía, guillermo (2015) .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nmusser, guy g. , and michael d. carleton / wilson, don e. , and deeann m. reeder, eds .\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. , vol. 2\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2nd ed. , 3rd printing\nwith contributions by bernadette n. graham, adam p. potter, and mariana m. upmeyer\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\n). photo courtesy by urltoken foundation, steven leatherwood. all rights reserved .\nextinctions have occurred in all animal and plant groups, but some are more studied than others. some species, subspecies and varieties are not seen for many years. proving extinction beyond reasonable doubt is often very difficult. the number of recent extinctions documented by the extinct (ex) and extinct in the wild (ew) categories on the iucn red list of threatened species is likely to be a significant underestimate. the tags ‘possibly extinct’ and ‘possibly extinct in the wild’ have therefore been developed by the iucn red list to identify critically endangered species that are likely to already be extinct (or extinct in the wild), but for which confirmation is required. they should not be listed as extinct until local or unconfirmed reports have been discounted, and adequate surveys have failed to find any individuals .\nthis page identifies those species and subspecies that are likely to be extinct, but for which there is a small chance that they may still be extant. surveys to discover whether these species and subspecies still exists should be carried out urgently, followed by appropriate conservation action if needed. the sixth extinction website classifies these missing animals and plants as possibly extinct (pe) .\nnote: the lists with possibly extinct species and subspecies presented here are incomplete and will regularly be updated with new entries. do you know a species or subspecies that should be included or has been rediscovered? please contact us if you have more information .\nthe effective extinction date (eed) is the last reliable record of collection or observation .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. and fishpool, l. d. c. 2014. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 1: non - passerines. lynx edicions and birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. , fishpool, l. d. c. , boesman, p. and kirwan, g. m. (2016). hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 2: passerines. lynx edicions and birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\nfrost, darrel r. 2017. amphibian species of the world: an online reference. version 6. 0 (22 july 2017). electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history, new york, usa .\ngroves, c. and grubb, p. (2011). ungulate taxonomy. johns hopkins university press, baltimore, maryland .\nhume j. p. & walters m. (2012). extinct birds. london: t & ad poyser, 544 pp. isbn 978 - 1 - 4081 - 5725 - 1 .\niucn (2016). the iucn red list of threatened species. version 2016 - 3. available at: urltoken. (accessed: 25 december 2016) .\niucn (2017). the iucn red list of threatened species. version 2017 - 3. < http: / / www. iucnredlist. org >. downloaded on 9 march 2018 .\nturvey, s. (2008). witness to extinction. how we failed to save the yangtze river dolphin. oxford university press, new york .\nuetz, p. , freed, p. & hošek, j. (eds .) (2016). the reptile database. http: / / www. reptile - database. org, accessed 25 december 2016 .\nwilson, d. e. & reeder, d. m. (editors). (2005). mammal species of the world. a taxonomic and geographic reference (3rd ed), johns hopkins university press, 2, 142 pp. urltoken\nzippel, k. c. . (conservation breeding specialist group (cbsg), amphibian program officer), personal communication, october 2010 .\nmaas, p. h. j. (2018). missing: possibly extinct. in: tsew (2018). the sixth extinction. urltoken. downloaded on .\nif you see any errors, questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please contact us so that we can correct or extend the information provided." ]

{ "text": [ "the peruvian climbing mouse or lesser peruvian rhipidomys ( rhipidomys modicus ) , is a south american species of rodent in the family cricetidae .", "it is endemic to the eastern slopes of the andes in central peru , where it is found at altitudes from 700 to 1,800 metres ( 2,300 to 5,910 ft ) .", "the species is nocturnal and arboreal , and lives in lower montane forest and cloud forest .", "it is threatened by forest clearance for agriculture and coca cultivation but is listed as a \" least-concern species \" by the international union for conservation of nature . " ], "topic": [ 29, 18, 24, 17 ] }

[ "the peruvian climbing mouse or lesser peruvian rhipidomys (rhipidomys modicus), is a south american species of rodent in the family cricetidae. it is endemic to the eastern slopes of the andes in central peru, where it is found at altitudes from 700 to 1,800 metres (2,300 to 5,910 ft). the species is nocturnal and arboreal, and lives in lower montane forest and cloud forest. it is threatened by forest clearance for agriculture and coca cultivation but is listed as a \" least-concern species \" by the international union for conservation of nature." ]

[ "the longnose sucker has the greatest state - wide distribution of any sucker species in the united states .\nformation of lake koocanusa by libby dam has been very favorable to longnose sucker populations. longnose suckers x white sucker hybrids reported in montana .\nthe longnose sucker (top) has a longer snout and smaller scales than the white sucker (bottom) .\nthe longnose sucker can be differentiated from another catostomus species, the white sucker, by its scales which are much finer .\nhabitat suitability index models [ microform ]: longnose sucker / by elizabeth a. edwards\ninterestingly, the teeth of the longnose sucker are found within the throat rather than the mouth .\nhabitat suitability index models [ microform ]: longnose sucker / by elizabeth a. edwards | national library of australia\nthe hearing organ of the longnose sucker is connected to the swim bladder, which helps to sense sound and vibrations .\nhabitat suitability index models. longnose sucker [ electronic resource ] / by elizabeth a. edwards; proj ...\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - longnose sucker (catostomus catostomus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - longnose sucker (catostomus catostomus )\ntitle =\narkive species - longnose sucker (catostomus catostomus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe sucker with the greatest statewide distribution is the longnose sucker. it is found in all three of our major drainages and from mountainous streams to plains reservoir habitats. in montana, the largest weigh about 5 pounds. longnose suckers are most abundant in clear, cold streams. in the springtime, spawning migrations into small tributaries are common and males develop bright red colors on their bodies. longnose suckers are one of the most frequently caught fish by montana anglers .\nthe longnose sucker is found in the clear, cold, deep water of lakes and tributary streams and is occasionally found in brackish water in the arctic (4) (5) .\nbrown, c. j. d. & r. j. graham. 1953. observations on the longnose sucker in yellowstone lake. trans. am. fish. soc. 83: 38–46 .\nsucker family - catostomidae, pp. 607 - 691 ff. pdf (39. 5 mb )\nbrown, c. j. d. , and r. j. graham. 1954. observations on the longnose sucker in yellowstone lake. transactions of the american fisheries society 83: 38 - - 46 .\nthe longnose sucker relies on clean, well - oxygenated gravel for correct egg development, which may be altered when the habitat is modified, particularly through erosion, sedimentation, flow alteration, and increased water temperature (6). the construction of dams may interrupt this species’ migration routes to spawning sites and prevent reproduction from occurring (6). the longnose sucker feeds largely on aquatic insects, which is likely to increase sensitivity to water pollution because many insects cannot tolerate even moderate water pollution (7). in pennsylvania, the longnose sucker population has declined due to severe acidification of its habitat which has been caused by mine drainage (7) .\nthe longnose sucker lives for up to 20 years, and spawns multiple times throughout its life (6). spawning generally occurs between may and july, although this is dependent on the water temperature. this fish species migrates upstream into shallow areas with a gravelly substrate to spawn (6). the male longnose sucker reaches sexual maturity at around four years of age, and the female can reproduce after around five years (5) .\nedwards, e. a. 1983. habitat suitability index models: longnose sucker. u. s. fish and wildlife service report no. fws / obs - 82 / 10. 35. fort collins, colorado. 21 pp .\nhabitat suitability index models. longnose dace [ electronic resource ] / by elizabeth a. edwards, hiram l ...\nsimilar to adults, but sometimes with three large diffuse irregular blotches on flanks (similar to appearance of white sucker) .\nhabitat suitability index models [ microform ]: longnose dace / by elizabeth a. edwards, hiram li and car ...\nsaint - jacques, n. , h. harvey, d. jackson. 2000. selective foraging in the white sucker (\nthe longnose sucker forages for invertebrates around the bottom of rivers or lakes (4), and its main prey items include insects, molluscs and crustaceans as well as algae and fish eggs. the downwards - facing mouth and large lips of this species allow it to suck up its prey with ease (3). the longnose sucker is prey for larger fish, such as the northern pike (esox lucius), bass (micropterus species), walleye (sander vitreus) and burbot (lota lota), as well as certain mammal species and fish - eating birds (2) .\nlongnose sucker lives in cooler streams and lakes with clean gravel, and is native to 13 of 18 watersheds. it has declined in the ontario, susquehanna and raquette watersheds; it appears most stable in eastern and northern watersheds. it remains in about half of the areas where it was known historically .\nthe longnose sucker is unique in having more than 90 lateral - line scales. it can also be distinguished by its number of dorsal rays (9 - 11), lateral line scales (91 - 115), and its lower lip that is broad and fleshy throughout. see also similar species information .\nthe longnose sucker (catostomus catostomus) is a long, cylindrically shaped fish with a single dorsal fin. the adult is reddish - brown, dark green or black from above with a paler underside. the juvenile of this species is usually dark grey and the body is patterned with small black spots. during the breeding season, the male has a brilliant reddish stripe along each side of its body and may develop tubercles for this period. the breeding female longnose sucker also has red stripes along the sides of its body, but they are much less distinct than in the male (3) (4) (5). the caudal fin of both sexes is forked with rounded lobes (3) .\nthe longnose sucker is common throughout most of canada and alaska, and can also be found in other areas of the united states such as the delaware river in new york, the monongahela river in maryland and west virginia and the missouri river in nebraska and colorado. this species is also found in the arctic basin of siberia in russia (4) (5) .\nedwards, elizabeth a. & u. s. fish and wildlife service. division of biological services. & western energy and land use team. (1983). habitat suitability index models longnose sucker. washington, dc: western energy and land use team, division of biological services, research and development, fish and wildlife service, u. s. dept. of the interior\nbarton, b. a. 1980. spawning migrations, age and growth, and summer feeding of white and longnose suckers in an irrigation reservoir. can. field - nat. 94: 300–304 .\nedwards, elizabeth a. and u. s. fish and wildlife service. division of biological services. and western energy and land use team. habitat suitability index models [ microform ]: longnose sucker / by elizabeth a. edwards western energy and land use team, division of biological services, research and development, fish and wildlife service, u. s. dept. of the interior washington, dc 1983\nedwards, elizabeth a. & u. s. fish and wildlife service. division of biological services. & western energy and land use team. 1983, habitat suitability index models [ microform ]: longnose sucker / by elizabeth a. edwards western energy and land use team, division of biological services, research and development, fish and wildlife service, u. s. dept. of the interior washington, dc\nthe male longnose sucker positions itself above the female and stays in place by grasping the female with its pelvic fins. the female then vibrates its body and releases eggs, while the male fertilises them. the female can produce up to 60, 000 eggs which fall into crevices within the substrate (3). the eggs are yellowish in colour and usually take around two weeks to hatch, depending on the water temperature (3) .\nthe mouth of the longnose sucker is downward - facing, allowing it to feed easily on the bed of rivers or lakes. the mouth is lined with small fleshy projections which allow the fish to create suction to pull prey items into its mouth (3). interestingly, there are no teeth located on the jaws, and instead this fish has teeth further along the digestive tract to process food after it has been swallowed (3) .\nthere are not known to be any conservation measures currently in place for the longnose sucker, although it is classified as critically imperilled in pennsylvania (7). in 2007, a petition to provide the population of this species in the monongahela river with endangered species protection was rejected. although this population was thought to represent an ecologically and scientifically distinct group, the lack of scientific evidence meant that the population did not receive any legal protection (8) .\n{ { citation | title = habitat suitability index models [ microform ]: longnose sucker / by elizabeth a. edwards | author1 = edwards, elizabeth a | author2 = u. s. fish and wildlife service. division of biological services | author3 = western energy and land use team | year = 1983 | publisher = western energy and land use team, division of biological services, research and development, fish and wildlife service, u. s. dept. of the interior | language = english } }\ntripp, d. b. , and p. j. mccart. 1974. life histories of grayling (tnymallus arcticus) and longnose suckers (catostomus catostomus) in the donnelly river system, northwest territories. pages 1 - 91 iji arctic gas biological report series, volume 20, aquatic environments limited, calgary, alberta .\ntwomey, k. a. , k. l. williamson & p. c. nelson. 1984. habitat suitability index models and instream flow suitability curves: white sucker. u. s. fish and wildlife service report no. fws / obs - 82 / 10. 35. fort collins, colorado. 56 pp .\nthis is the most widespread sucker in northern north america. it occurs throughout most of alaska and canada, south to new england, west virginia - maryland, northern ohio, northern indiana, minnesota, nebraska, eastern colorado, idaho, and washington; also in northeastern asia. it has been introduced in the upper colorado river drainage, wyoming and colorado, and in europe in finland .\nyoung white suckers less than a year old form schools of several hundred fish. adult and juvenile white suckers feed day and night but are more active at night when they move into shallower water. white suckers tend to coordinate their movement so they are inshore during the evening and offshore by morning. in stream habitats, large white suckers can be found in deep pools. white suckers are also excellent dispersers, particularly after spawning. in one such case, an individual white sucker ended up 56 km away from the area it was tagged 5 years previously .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nback, upper sides, and head to below the eye dark olive to slate; underparts white or yellow. breeding males are nearly jet black on upper half of head and body and may have red midside band. has 9 to 12 rays in dorsal fin and more than 15 scales above lateral line .\nspawning fish usually move upstream or from lakes into tributary stream. fish also move into tributary streams .\ncold, clear streams and lakes; sometimes moderately warm waters and turbid waters. spawns over loose gravel beds in riffle areas .\nsexually mature males in 4 years, females in 5 years. spawns april - early july at 54 - 59 degrees f. incubation: 10 - 20 days. middle missouri river populations spawn mid april - mid june with peak in may .\nzackheim, k. 1973. exhibit h: wildlife study. in ash grove cement co. files .\n. you can download select species by searching or when you' re on a taxa page like class, order, and family .\ngreek, kata = down + greek, stoma = mouth (ref. 45335 )\nfreshwater; brackish; demersal; ph range: 6. 5 - 7. 8; dh range: 5 - 25; depth range? - 180 m (ref. 1998). temperate; 0°c - 15°c (ref. 12468); 38°n - 32°n\nnorth america: throughout most of canada and alaska; atlantic slope south to delaware river drainage in new york, usa; great lakes basin; upper monongahela river drainage in maryland and west virginia, usa; missouri river drainage south to nebraska and colorado, usa. also in arctic basin of siberia in russia. occurs in columbia river system (molly hallock, pers. comm .) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 64. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 5723); common length: 22. 5 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 12193); max. published weight: 3. 3 kg (ref. 28924); max. reported age: 20 years (ref. 12193 )\ndorsal spines (total): 0; dorsal soft rays (total): 9 - 11; anal spines: 0; anal soft rays: 7; vertebrae: 45 - 47. distinguished by the sucking mouth located on the ventral sides of the head and thick papillose lips (ref. 27547). gill rakers short; lateral line complete, inconspicuous; caudal tips slightly rounded (ref. 27547). adults may be reddish brown, dark brassy green or black above, paler on the lower sides, with the ventral parts white; young fish are usually dark gray with small black spots; breeding males are usually dark above with a brilliant reddish stripe along each side, while females are greenish gold to copper, with a less brilliant red stripe; breeding males show prominent tubercles on the rays of the anal and caudal fins and also on the head (ref. 27547) .\nfound in clear, cold, deep water of lakes and tributary streams; occasionally found in brackish water in the arctic (ref. 5723). moves from lakes into inlet streams or from slow, deep pools into shallow, gravel - bottomed portions of streams to spawn (ref. 27547). feeds on benthic invertebrates (ref. 1998). young are preyed upon by other fishes and fish - eating birds; while adults in spawning streams are taken by mammals, osprey and eagles (ref. 1998). utilized as a food fish or as dog food (ref. 27547) .\npage, l. m. and b. m. burr, 1991. a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico. houghton mifflin company, boston. 432 p. (ref. 5723 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01349 (0. 00792 - 0. 02298), b = 2. 99 (2. 83 - 3. 15), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & (sub) family - body (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 2. 5 ±0. 3 se; based on diet studies .\nresilience (ref. 69278): low, minimum population doubling time 4. 5 - 14 years (tm = 2 - 10; tm = 20) .\nprior r = 0. 39, 2 sd range = 0. 2 - 0. 79, log (r) = - 0. 94, sd log (r) = 0. 35, based on: 8 tgen, 1 tmax, 1 fec records\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): high vulnerability (64 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure. the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information. occurrences are summarized in table 1, alphabetically by state, with years of earliest and most recent observations, and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed. the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states, years, and drainages selected. references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .\nscott and crossman (1973); smith (1979); smith (1985); page and burr (1991). size: 64 cm; some populations are dwarfed (lee et al. 1980 et seq. )\natlantic, arctic, and pacific basins throughout most of canada and alaska; atlantic slope south to delaware river drainage, new york; great lakes basin; upper monongahela river drainage, maryland and west virginia; missouri river drainage south to northeastern and central colorado. also in arctic basin of eastern siberia (page and burr 1991) .\ntable 1. states with nonindigenous occurrences, the earliest and latest observations in each state, and the tally and names of hucs with observations†. names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records. the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of catostomus catostomus are found here .\nbait bucket release and contamination of trout stock (brown and graham 1954; woodling 1985). beckman (1952) reported a recent intentional introduction of this species into the colorado river drainage in colorado. no method of introduction given for connecticut. first found in that state in 1992 (whitworth 1996) .\ntyus et al. (1982) gave a distribution map of the this species in the upper colorado basin .\nbaxter, g. t. , and j. r. simon. 1970. wyoming fishes. wyoming game and fish department bulletin 4, cheyenne, wy .\nbeckman, w. c. 1952. guide to the fishes of colorado. university of colorado museum, boulder, co .\nhubert, w. 1994. exotic fish. 158 - 174 in parrish, t. l. , and s. h. anderson, eds. exotic species manual. wyoming game and fish department, laramie, wy .\njones, d. j. 1963. a history of nebraska' s fishery resources. nebraska game, forestation, and parks commission .\nlee, d. s. , c. r. gilbert, c. h. hocutt, r. e. jenkins, d. e. mcallister, and j. r. stauffer, jr. 1980 et seq. atlas of north american freshwater fishes. north carolina state museum of natural history, raleigh, nc .\npage, l. m. , and b. m. burr. 1991. a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico. the peterson field guide series, volume 42. houghton mifflin company, boston, ma .\nscott, w. b. , and e. j. crossman. 1973. freshwater fishes of canada. fisheries research board of canada, bulletin 184. ottawa .\nsmith, c. l. 1985. the inland fishes of new york state. new york state department of environmental conservation, albany, ny .\nsmith, p. w. 1979. the fishes of illinois. university of illinois press, urbana, il .\ntilmant, j. t. 1999. management of nonindigenous aquatic fish in the u. s. national park system. national park service. 50pp .\ntyus, h. m. , b. d. burdick, r. a. valdez, c. m. haynes, t. a. lytle, and c. r. berry. 1982. fishes of the upper colorado river basin: distribution, abundance, and status. 12 - 70 in miller, w. h. , h. m. tyus, and c. a. carlson, eds. fishes of the upper colorado river system: present and future, western division, american fisheries society .\nwhitworth, w. r. 1996. freshwater fishes of connecticut. state geological and natural history survey of connecticut, bulletin 114 .\nwoodling, j. 1985. colorado' s little fish: a guide to the minnows and other lesser known fishes in the state of colorado. colorado division of wildlife, denver, co .\npam fuller, and matt neilson, 2018, catostomus catostomus (forster, 1773): u. s. geological survey, nonindigenous aquatic species database, gainesville, fl, urltoken revision date: 2 / 6 / 2012, peer review date: 4 / 1 / 2016, access date: 7 / 10 / 2018\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision. it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science. the information has not received final approval by the u. s. geological survey (usgs) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u. s. government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy, scale, completeness, extent of coverage and origin. it is the user' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations. we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information: u. s. geological survey. [ 2018 ]. nonindigenous aquatic species database. gainesville, florida. accessed [ 7 / 10 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted. for queries involving fish, please contact pam fuller. for queries involving invertebrates, contact amy benson .\nscales small, usually over 90 in lateral line; lower lip completely cleft, no rows of papillae cross ahead of base, at most 1 row of small papillae on floor of cleft, only 2 rows of papillae on upper lip; cartilagineous edge of jaw not conspicuous without pulling lips back; never a notch at point of lateral connection of upper and lower lips; least caudal peduncle depth more than one - half length of dorsal base; no membranous stays between pelvic fins and body .\nunb’s fredericton campus, located in new brunswick’s capital, was established in 1785; its saint john campus, located in new brunswick’s largest city, was established in 1964 .\nis among the oldest public universities in north america and the oldest english - language university in canada .\nunb was named canada' s most entrepreneurial university by startup canada in 2014 .\nunb' s institute of biomedical engineering is a world - renowned research facility and one of the oldest solely dedicated to this field .\noriginate from more than 100 countries, contributing to the cultural fabric of our host communities and the entire province .\nthe south dakota game, fish and parks values and appreciates the partnerships we have with landowners across the state. they help sustain our wildlife and promulgate our hunting heritage. south dakota is 80 percent privately owned and landowners play a significant role in providing wildlife habitat and outdoor opportunities like hunting and fishing .\nthe department offers a variety of programs available for private landowners to help create wildlife habitat, public hunting access and reduce wildlife damage .\nfor more information about landowner programs, check out habitat pays. habitat pays has been a joint effort with the department of agriculture since 2015; connecting farmers and ranchers to the appropriate habitat resources and helping them implement wildlife habitat where it makes the most sense .\ngfp offers cost share to private landowners interested in developing wildlife habitat on their land through multiple habitat programs. contact one of our private land habitat biologists to learn more about any of our private land wildlife habitat programs or to evaluate your land and help you develop the best habitat to help you meet your land management goals .\nfree food plot seed is available from gfp each spring (corn, sorghum, brood mix) .\nannual payment of $ 20 per acre for food plot acres ($ 40 per acre if planted on walk - in areas) .\nwoody habitat plantings are designed to provide ground level cover during winter conditions for resident wildlife .\nplantings must be at least 8 rows wide and a minimum of 1 acre in size .\ngfp will cost - share 75% of total project costs, up to $ 10, 000 per planting .\nin addition to technical assistance, the wetland & grassland habitat program offers a variety of cost - share options for private landowners to implement conservation practices that benefit wildlife while meeting the needs of working grasslands .\nlandowners are reimbursed for 100% of the costs incurred for seed and planting (up to $ 125 / acre) .\nprograms protect new or existing habitat from livestock, assist with setting up rotational grazing paddocks, replace woven wire fences with wildlife - friendly fences, etc. .\nfor more information about other habitat programs available through our partners visit the habitat resources page of the habitat pays website .\ngfp leases public hunting access on private land across the state to maintain south dakota’s rich hunting heritage through the following programs. contact our staff in your part of the state to learn more about any of these programs .\nthe wia program leases private land with valuable hunting opportunity for unlimited public hunting access (foot - traffic only) in exchange for an annual payment and immunity from non - negligent liability. the walk - in area program began in 1988 leasing public hunting access from 26 landowners on 23, 161 acres, and has grown to partnering with 1, 458 landowners, in 2017, who provide public hunting access to 1, 239, 580 acres of private land. cumulatively over the last thirty years the walk - in area program has paid landowners over $ 3 5 million to provide public hunting access opportunities to over 23. 2 million acres. a legislative commemoration was issued commending the south dakota game, fish and parks and the landowners of south dakota on 30 years of partnership to provide public hunting access through the walk - in area program. more information .\nsimilar to a walk - in area, but a coop allows hunters to drive on harvested cropland for the purposes of placing & retrieving waterfowl decoys. hunters with a disabled hunting permit are also allowed to drive on these areas to hunt any game. all other access is limited to foot traffic only an no hunting is allowed while farm machinery is present .\nchap is a cooperative effort between private landowners and game, fish and parks to provide limited public hunting access on private land landowners who enroll in chap control the amount of hunter use at a given time, set special provisions for use, and place restrictions on big game species allowed to be harvested. for more information or assistance, visit the habitat pays website .\nadministered by the usda' s farm service agency, crep is a\nstate - sponsored\nconservation reserve program designed for a specific geographic area that will address resource concerns identified by state partners. in south dakota, the focus is on creating additional pheasant nesting habitat that is open to public hunting .\nas a vast majority of south dakota is privately owned; farmers, ranchers and other private landowners are the principal stewards of wildlife resources and the habitats in which they depend .\nthe landowners matter newsletter is printed and distributed twice a year; april 1 and october 1 and is mailed to approximately 14, 000 south dakota landowners .\ngfp employs 27 full - time wildlife damage specialists (wds) within its comprehensive wildlife damage management program. these staff work directly with landowners and producers to reduce or alleviate wildlife damage such as: livestock losses, damage to stored - feed supplies and hay, damage to growing crops, as well as damage to personal property. these staff are trained to work with all types of wildlife damage, from coyotes to elk. they also conduct educational programs on sport trapping as a form of recreation and its importance in the management of furbearers. programs can be given in classrooms, meeting halls, summer camps or other group meeting locations .\nfor more information on the below programs please contact your local wildlife damage specialist .\ngfp will provide direct control of prairie dogs that have encroached onto private property from adjacent public lands. to be eligible, landowners must have a minimum of 10 acres of actual prairie colony and must be within one mile of the public land boundary. tribal property or municipality properties are not public lands. if you have questions about prairie dog control from gfp, please call 605. 773. 5913. register for the prairie control program .\ngfp will provide direct control of beavers for landowners or livestock producers that are experiencing damage caused by beavers. however, for problems with beaver damage inside city limits, people are encouraged to contact their local city officials for these types of requests. gfp only provides technical advice in these situations. for damage caused from raccoon, skunks, mink, and other nuisance wildlife species, gfp can provide technical assistance and loan live - traps for people outside of city limits. every situation is unique, and gfp staff working cooperatively with the affected landowner will determine the most effective approach. contact your local wildlife damage specialist for assistance .\ngfp has several programs and services available to assist landowners and producers with deer damage. gfp offers up to $ 5, 000 worth of cost - share assistance to construct permanent protective stackyards or can provide protective, portable panels that protect stored livestock - feeds (i. e. hay, corn, silage, etc .) from deer damage during the winter months. these two programs are very popular and provide long - term solutions. gfp also provides direct assistance when deer are causing damage to growing crops, shelter - belts and other issues on private lands by utilizing hazing, temporary fencing, short - stop baiting, and in some situations, lethal control and / or depredation hunts. every situation is unique and gfp staff, working cooperatively with the affected landowner will determine the most effective approach .\ngfp will provide direct control (i. e. trapping, snaring, calling, aerial hunting, etc .) of coyotes and red fox to livestock producers or landowners that request assistance with livestock loss issues or livestock protection requests from predators. gfp operates an aggressive predator control program and cooperatively works with thousands of livestock producers and landowners across south dakota, to resolve these problems. every situation is unique and gfp staff working cooperatively with the affected landowner will determine the most effective approach. contact your local wildlife damage specialist for assistance .\ngfp has several programs and services available to assist landowners and producers with damage caused from turkeys. the most popular service is the installation of protective netting which is installed on bales of oats, silage, etc. which gfp will install gfp also provides direct assistance when turkeys are causing damage or other issues on private lands by utilizing hazing, temporary fencing, and alternate feeding sites and in some situations, lethal control and / or depredation hunts. every situation is unique and gfp staff, working cooperatively with the affected landowner will determine the most effective approach .\none of gfp' s primary challenges in wildlife management is working with agriculture producers to minimize the impact that wildlife has on their operations .\nthere are a number of methods for deterring wildlife from causing damage, including: create alternate feeding sites, temporary and permanent fencing, and hazing wildlife away from an area .\nwhen other methods fail, gfp and private landowners may turn to hunters to help reduce the discourage wildlife causing damage .\nsouth dakota residents may sign up for a potential depredation hunt in december. if there is a need, a hunt may occur anytime from december through march .\nregistration begins december 1, 8 a. m. cst more information and signup\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\npage, l. m. and burr, b. m. (1991) a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico. houghton mifflin company, boston, massachusetts .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nthe sides are solid to faintly blotched and have 91 - 115 lateral line scales .\nclose - up dorsal fin: there are 9 - 11 dorsal rays having a straight to slightly concave margin .\nclose - up underside of head: the fleshy and papillose lower lips form an acute angle .\nclose - up flank: the flanks show a solid color with faint mottling / blotches .\nside view of a breeder: this breeders developed a broad, diffuse lateral stripe .\nclose - up head of a breeder: notice the stripe and the elongated snout .\nside view of a breeder: this breeder developed a dark lateral stripe with red above it .\nclose - up caudal region of a breeder: breeders develop tubercles on their anal and tail fins .\nside view of a breeder: breeders develop a dark broad lateral stripe and tubercles on their anal and tail fins .\nside view of a young - of - year: juveniles are similar to adults .\nclose - up head of a young - of - year: juveniles are similar to adults .\nmouth and snout: inferior, no teeth on jaws. no barbels. body patterning, color, and scales: solid color (but see also juveniles and breeding adults). body usually dark olive, slate gray, or brown, changing abruptly to a whitish belly. tail and dorsal fin slate colored; other fins usually clear or whitish with limited dark pigment. 91 - 115 (usually > 95) cycloid lateral line scales. body shape and size: body fusiform or slightly dorsal - ventrally flattened and elongate; approximately round in cross section (flattened on ventral surface). typically 300 - 450 mm (12 - 18 in) tl; maximum about 600 mm (24 in) .\ntail, dorsal and other fins: forked tail. single dorsal with no spines and 9 - 11 rays. pelvic fins abdominal. adipose fin absent. anal fin with 7 rays .\nmales with tubercles on head, scales, anal, and caudal fin. males also with a dark or crimson broad lateral stripe .\ncopyright 2013 university of wisconsin sea grant institute university of wisconsin sea grant institute, 1975 willow dr. , madison, wi 53706 - 1177 phone: (608) 262 - 0905 if you have trouble accessing this page or wish to request a reasonable accommodation because of a disability contact us. funding provided by the national sea grant college program, national oceanic & atmospheric administration and the state of wisconsin .\n) are a highly ubiquitous species. their range is over 2. 5 million square kilometers, stretching from east of the mackenzie river to labrador in canada, and into 40 states in the eastern and midwestern united states. white suckers are also an introduced species in the colorado river drainage basin .\nwhite suckers occupy a wide range of habitats including streams, rivers, and lakes but are usually found in small creeks with cold, clear water and small or medium - sized rivers. white suckers are also highly tolerant of polluted, murky, and anoxic waters, as well as a wide array of stream gradients. they do not require dense vegetation and prefer temperatures between 11. 8 and 20. 6 degrees celsius. lethal ph for white suckers ranges from 3. 0 to 3. 8 .\nwhite suckers have a long, round body and grow to an average length of 241 mm and a maximum weight of about 2. 5 kg. they have olive brown to black coloration on their back and a lighter colored, or white belly, with dusky or clear fins. breeding males gain gold coloration on their backs and red (or less commonly cream or black) stripes across their sides. they have a toothless, sucking subterminal mouth with no barbels. the mouth region is additionally characterized by thick pappilose lips, with a lower lip that is about twice as thick as the upper lip. white suckers have fewer lateral line scales (between 55 and 58) and a shorter snout than their close relatives ,\nembryonic development of white suckers is faster in warmer temperatures. organs begin developing on the same day as fertilization, indicated by the formation of a head region. soon afterwards, the embryo becomes mobile, develops its circulatory system, and increases in length. their larvae hatch after about 5 to 7 days and are 21 to 25 mm in length, with slanted mouths and short intestines. when white suckers are less than 51 mm in length, they tend to feed in shallow water, 15 to 20 cm deep and along lake shores. in some populations, white suckers are mature by the time they are 2 years old, however, on average, suckers are mature by age 3. in other populations, males mature at a faster rate (2 years old) than females (3 years old) but all are mature by age 4 .\nafter migrating upstream to a spawning area with quick running water and a gravely substrate, female white suckers settle to the bottom. males, who arrived earlier, crowd around her until just two males find a place on either side of her. the three fish then rapidly vibrate together, releasing sperm and eggs. after this brief (1. 5 seconds) spawning act, the female continues upstream to find two more male mates. presumably, the two males may also seek a new mate. males do not compete for females and typically ignore each other .\na single female can produces between 20, 000 and 50, 000 eggs, about 2 to 3 mm in diameter, which are usually fertilized by two males who float on either side of her during the spawning act. all three fish vibrate together rapidly for about 1. 5 seconds while the female releases her eggs and the males release their sperm. the female then swims upstream where she may mate with two more males. due to this, a single female' s eggs may be scattered in clumps over a large area. the sticky eggs sink to the bottom of the spawning area and become attached to gravel and other bottom material. after incubating for 5 to 7 days, the larvae hatch and remain in the area for 1 to 2 weeks. their fry then migrate downstream about 1 month after spawning first occurred. depending on the location, white suckers become sexually mature in 3 to 8 years, with males maturing faster than females. adult white suckers suffer low spawning mortality rates, between 16 and 20 percent .\nbreeding season white suckers breed in the spring, usually from april to early may .\nduring spawning, male white suckers may show\nhead trembling\nbehavior, vibrating their heads rapidly from side to side towards a nearby female, who rests at the bottom of a spawning area, or to other males in the spawning area. males, however, do not compete with each other for access to mates. along with head trembling, male white suckers may also spread their pectoral fins, extend their dorsal fin, and protrude their jaw .\n, and midge larvae carried to them by currents. as white suckers mature, their mouthparts move to their underside, allowing them to bottom - feed. as adults, they feed additionally on fish, fish eggs, plants ,\n, and algae. however, their feeding pattern is nonrandom. adult white suckers feed primarily on zooplankton and benthic invertebrates with mild seasonal variation, but they may also specialize in one or the other as a form of resource partitioning, or selectively feed on the largest individuals if resources are abundant .\n( becker, 1983; saint - jacques, et al. , 2000; zimmerman, 2012 )\nwhite suckers are an important food source for several species of fish and land animals .\ncommonly feed on white suckers during foraging. they are also fed on by bass ,\n. the latter two primarily feed on eggs and small white suckers up to about 203 mm long. small white suckers are also eaten by\nfor benthic invertebrate prey. removal of white suckers from areas with both species results in higher utilization of benthic invertebrates for food and lower consumption of zooplankton by yellow perch, which in turn increases the growth rate of adults. however, removal of white suckers does not significantly increase the population of yellow perch .\nwhite suckers are an under - utilized, yet potentially valuable sport fish. they are caught using worms, spears, dip nets, wet flies, and spinning lures. commercial fisheries catch them using seines, fyke, pound nets, gill nets, and trawls. their catch is then used as food for both humans and animals, including pets. white suckers are also farmed in ponds and pursued by anglers using spears, hooks, and fishing line. the most important economic value of white suckers lies in their use as food or bait. the bait industry for white suckers was valued at $ 300, 000 in wisconsin in 1968. white suckers have sweet, white flesh that is not as firm as that of other sport fish. additionally, white suckers contain large bones between their muscle segments that may render them unappetizing to some. still, they can be smoked, filleted, or ground into patties to produce tasty dishes .\nalthough white suckers feed on fish eggs, this does not seen to adversely affect the populations of other fish .\nwhite suckers are a very robust, common, and wide - ranging species with large population sizes and are therefore designated as a species of least concern according to the iucn red list. in a 1958 study focusing on the removal of the species, 12, 750 white suckers were removed from a southern wisconsin stream over a 3 - year period. afterwards, it was estimated that 7, 411 suckers still remained in the stream .\naldo hernandez (author), university of michigan - ann arbor, jeff schaeffer (editor), university of michigan - ann arbor, leila siciliano martina (editor), animal diversity web staff .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the new world. this includes greenland, the canadian arctic islands, and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nreferring to an animal that lives on or near the bottom of a body of water. also an aquatic biome consisting of the ocean bottom below the pelagic and coastal zones. bottom habitats in the very deepest oceans (below 9000 m) are sometimes referred to as the abyssal zone. see also oceanic vent .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nparticles of organic material from dead and decomposing organisms. detritus is the result of the activity of decomposers (organisms that decompose organic material) .\nreferring to animal species that have been transported to and established populations in regions outside of their natural range, usually through human action .\noffspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc .) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother' s body .\nphotosynthetic or plant constituent of plankton; mainly unicellular algae. (compare to zooplankton. )\nreferring to a mating system in which a female mates with several males during one breeding season (compare polygynous) .\nthat region of the earth between 23. 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north (between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle) and between 23. 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south (between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle) .\nanimal constituent of plankton; mainly small crustaceans and fish larvae. (compare to phytoplankton. )\n. madison, wisconsin: university of wisconsin press. accessed october 21, 2013 at\n. lansing, michigan: michigan dept. of natural resources, fisheries division .\nto cite this page: hernandez, a. 2014 .\ncatostomus commersonii\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: this species is listed as least concern in view of the large extent of occurrence, large number of subpopulations, large population size, apparently stable trend, and lack of major threats .\nthis species is represented by a large number of occurrences (subpopulations), especially in the north. total adult population size is unknown but very large. this fish is common in northern cold waters, sporadic in the southern part of the range (page and burr 2011). trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but probably relatively stable .\nhabitat of this bottom dweller usually is cold, clear, deep water of lakes and tributary streams, to depths of 600 feet in the great lakes; this fish also occurs in brackish water near the mouths of arctic streams (page and burr 2011). spawning often occurs in flowing shallow stream water over gravel; otherwise in lakes. eggs sink and stick to the bottom. young stay in gravel 1 - 2 weeks before emerging .\nthis is a low - value gamefish and of minor value in commercial fisheries .\nno major threats are known in most of the range. this species is threatened in lake michigan due to deteriorating water quality and ecological imbalance caused by introductions of non - native fishes (herkert 1992) .\ncurrently, this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management, monitoring, or research actions .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ndifferences in species composition and feeding ecology of catostomid fishes in two distinct segments of the missouri river, north dakota, u. s. a. | springerlink\ndifferences in species composition and feeding ecology of catostomid fishes in two distinct segments of the missouri river, north dakota, u. s. a." ]

{ "text": [ "the longnose sucker ( catostomus catostomus ) is a species of cypriniform freshwater fish in the catostomidae family .", "it is native to north america from the northern united states to the top of the continent .", "it is also found in russia in rivers of eastern siberia , and thus one of only two species of sucker native to asia ( the other is the chinese myxocyprinus asiaticus ) . " ], "topic": [ 3, 13, 13 ] }

[ "the longnose sucker (catostomus catostomus) is a species of cypriniform freshwater fish in the catostomidae family. it is native to north america from the northern united states to the top of the continent. it is also found in russia in rivers of eastern siberia, and thus one of only two species of sucker native to asia (the other is the chinese myxocyprinus asiaticus)." ]

[ "the masked booby is distinguished from abbott’s booby by its clean, white back and flanks, and its black - and - white upperwings .\nbooby, abbott' s .\nendangered species. . retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nglenn, c. r. 2006 .\nearth' s endangered creatures - abbott' s booby facts\n( online). accessed\nbooby, abbott' s .\nendangered species. . encyclopedia. com. (july 10, 2018). urltoken\nprovide guides to threat abatement and management strategies for the abbott' s booby (deh 2004; deh 2006p; garnett & crowley 2000) .\nnelson, j. b. (1971). the biology of abbott' s booby. ibis. 113: 429 - - 467 .\nnelson, j. b. (1974). the distribution of abbott' s booby. ibis. 116: 368 - - 369 .\nstoddart, d. r. (1981). abbott' s booby on assumption. atoll research bulletin. 255: 27 - - 32 .\ndepartment of the environment and heritage (2005). background information for the abbott' s booby papsasula abbotti recovery plan. available from: urltoken .\nlike other boobies and gannets, the abbott' s booby feeds on fish and squid. the bird dives after its prey from great heights and will often chase it underwater. air sacs under the booby' s skin help soften the impact when it hits the water; they also help the bird to float. the average life span for the abbott' s booby is 25 to 30 years .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - abbott' s booby (papasula abbotti )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - abbott' s booby (papasula abbotti )\ntitle =\narkive species - abbott' s booby (papasula abbotti )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nbreeding populations of abbott' s booby in the western indian ocean had disappeared by 1926 (stoddart 1981; vesey - fitzgerald 1941). its disappearance from these islands was attributed to forest clearing (nelson 1978). it is unknown if there are any population trends affecting australian populations of abbott' s booby. 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article copyright notice: this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license. it uses material from the wikipedia article\nabbott' s booby\n.\nabbott' s bobbies fish in the indian ocean with their main diet consisting of fish and squid .\ngibson - hill, c. a. (1950b). notes on abbott' s booby. bulletin of the raffles museum. 23: 65 - 76 .\nintroduction: the abbott’s booby is placed within its own monotypic genus papasula. its name pays tribute to william louis abbott who discovered this bird in 1892 on assumption island. the abbott’s booby has extremely restricted range on christmas island in the e indian ocean, and the population is decreasing due to habitat destruction. but the major threat is the introduction of anoplolepis gracilipes or yellow crazy ant, which has a significant destructive impact on the ecosystem. control measures in 2009 allowed reducing the populations of this ant, but the abbott’s booby is currently listed as endangered .\nbecking, j. h. (1976). feeding range of abbott' s booby at the coast of java. ibis. 118: 589 - - 590 .\nnelson, j. b. & d. powell (1986). the breeding ecology of abbott' s booby. emu. 86: 33 - - 46 .\ndepartment of the environment and heritage. (2004) national recovery plan for the abbott’s booby papsasula abbotti. department of the environment and heritage, canberra. available at: urltoken\nsea surface temperature conditions abbott' s booby probably relies on a seasonal increase in fish numbers associated with cold water upwellings to raise their young. sea - surface temperature data obtained from satellites was strongly correlated with average annual breeding success of the abbott' s booby, because seasons with long periods of low surface temperature had higher breeding success (reville et al. 1990a). if sea - surface temperatures increase in the future as a result of global warming, this could result in lower breeding success for the abbott' s booby regardless of nest location (deh 2004) .\npowell, d. & j. tranter (1981). the distribution of abbott' s booby: christmas island 1979 / 80. aust. national parks & wildlife service, christmas island .\nfigure 1. distribution of the red - footed booby in the hawaiian archipelago .\nthe main threat to the abbott' s booby for decades has been deforestation. in order to mine underground phosphate (mineral salt) deposits, humans on christmas island have clear - cut a vast majority of mature trees in the booby' s habitat. since 1987, mining activities have been limited to those areas already cleared of trees. attempts have been made to reforest some areas and to establish a national park where the abbott' s booby would be protected, but replanting a rain forest takes a long time and the species reproduces at a very slow rate .\nrange: the abbott’s booby breeds on the small christmas island in e indian ocean. this species forages and disperses over long distances. its range was probably much wider in the past, through indian and pacific oceans .\nreville, b. , j. tranter & h. yorkston (1987). monitoring the endangered abbott' s booby on christmas island 1983 - - 1986. anpws occasional paper. 11: 1 - - 18 .\nvan balen, s. (1996b). note on observations of abbotts booby in the banda sea. kukila. 8: 145 - 46 .\ncommon name: abbott' s booby abbott' s booby is unique amongst the sulids and was recently placed in its own genus (christidis & boles 1994; olson & warheit 1988). it has some very ancient characters and may have diverged from other sulids prior to the divergence of gannets (morus) and boobies (sula). it is unique in its breeding biology and behaviour (nelson 1971), and in its osteology (olson & warheit 1988) .\nreville, b. j. , j. d. tranter & h. d. yorkston (1990a). conservation of the endangered seabird abbott' s booby on christmas island. anpws occasional paper. 20: 1 - 22 .\nhennicke, j. c. , & h. weimerskirch (2014). coping with variable and oligotrophic tropical waters: foraging behaviour and flexibility of the abbott' s booby papasula abbotti. marine ecology progress series. 499: 259 - 273 .\nyorkston, h. d. (1992). a review of the abbott' s booby (sula abbotti) monitoring program on christmas island, indian ocean (1989 - - 1992). aust. national parks & wildlife service, christmas island .\nabbott’s boobies (papasula abbotti) are large endangered seabirds that occur naturally only on and around christmas island (an australian territory in the eastern indian ocean) .\nyorkston, h. d. & p. t. green (1997). the breeding distribution and status of abbott' s booby (sulidae: papasula abbotti) on christmas island, indian ocean. biological conservation. 79: 293 - - 301 .\nthis species was named for william louis abbott, who discovered it on assumption island in 1892 .\ndeterioration of feeding areas currently there is very little information on the areas in which abbott' s booby feeds. it is unknown whether feeding areas are safe or whether over - fishing is a potential problem. abbott' s boobies have been sighted off the coast of java (becking 1976) and if they regularly feed close to the java coast then there could be the potential for competition with indonesian fishermen (deh 2004) .\nhabitat: the abbott’s booby breeds in rainforest in tall trees on the plateau and in the upper terrace forest of christmas island, between 160 and 260 metres of elevation. this species forages in the indian ocean, in a nutrient - rich area off the coast of java .\nprotection / threats / status: the abbott’s booby is mainly threatened by the introduced yellow crazy ant which forms huge colonies and preys on insects, earthworms, crabs (very numerous on the islands), mammals, birds and reptiles, and has a significant destructive impact on the ecosystem and especially on the forest. invasive plant species start to affect the habitat of the abbott’s booby. in addition, the strong winds in this area can impact the breeding success of these birds by destroying the nests. marine pollution and over - fishing are other important threats at sea. the population was evaluated in 1991 at 6, 000 mature birds, equating to 9, 000 individuals in total. all these threats and the restricted breeding range have led to decline of the population, and currently, the abbott’s booby is listed as endangered .\nabbott' s booby was described from a specimen collected from assumption island (north - west of madagascar) by the american naturalist w. l. abbott in 1892. there has been some debate as to whether abbott actually collected the specimen from assumption island or nearby glorioso island (gibson - hill 1950b; nelson 1974, 1978; stoddart 1981). breeding populations in the western indian ocean have largely declined or gone extinct (stoddart 1981; vesey - fitzgerald 1941) .\nclearing of forest and wind turbulence on christmas island, clearing of primary rainforest for phosphate mining has resulted in loss of a large percentage of the boobies' nesting habitat. in the mid 1980s, the abbott' s booby monitoring program estimated that 33% of known abbott' s booby habitat had been cleared (reville et al. 1987). tall emergent rainforest trees which are reasonably sheltered from the prevailing south east winds are required for nesting. loss of nesting trees as a result of clearing for mining has resulted in a decline in the population .\nabbott' s booby feeds on fish and squid (marchant & higgins 1990; reville et al. 1990a). christmas island is close to a number of cold water upwellings that probably provide food that is seasonal in nature, and upon which a number of the seabirds may depend for raising their young. this may be one reason why abbott' s boobies are found only on christmas island. abbott' s booby goes on very long fishing trips in a north - west direction (nelson 1971, 1972) which is the direction of one of the major upwellings. it is thought that they may travel up to 400 km to feeding grounds when they are breeding (becking 1976), but the location of fishing areas has not been confirmed .\nthe majority of abbott' s booby nest sites occur within the christmas island national park, which was established in 1980 and covers 63 percent of the island (6). nest site locations are monitored and the regeneration of previously cleared forest has occurred on much of the island (5). although mining was resumed in 1990, it only involved the reworking of previously mined areas (6). the continued preservation, and ban on clearing, of the unique christmas island rainforest will be the key to the future viability of the abbott' s booby population (5) .\ndunn, a. & hill, f. a. r, (1998). non - current abbott' s booby recovery plan (papasula abbotti) - 1998 - 2002. environment australia. available from: urltoken. in effect under the epbc act from 16 - jul - 2000 .\nabbott’s boobies feed on fish and small squid, which (like other gannets and boobies) they catch by plunge - diving, beak - first, into the sea from varying heights .\nthe abbott' s booby (papasula abbotti) is highly threatened. the species was quite common in the indian ocean during the last century but it has almost been fully eradicated by hunting and by destruction of its breeding habitat. today, the abbott' s booby occurs only on christmas island. its population is estimated at 5, 000 individuals and is declining: since 1970 the last remaining population on christmas island has decreased by nearly 40% . consequently, the species is listed as\nendangered\non the red list of endangered species of the iucn and is an\nalliance for zero extinction\nspecies .\ncalls and songs: sounds by xeno - canto the abbott’s booby is very vocal. it has a wide repertoire of croaks, guttural grunts and groans. at the nest - site, it utters loud “aaw - ah - err” and “ku - ark ko - ark”. behaviour in the wild: the abbott’s booby feeds on fish and squid, found in the cold water upwelling close to christmas island. the fishing trips are usually long and the bird may travel up to 400 kilometres to its feeding areas when breeding on christmas island. like other sulidae species, it feeds by plunge - diving into the ocean .\nthe abbott’s booby is solitary nester. when they return to their breeding areas after the post - breeding dispersal, they use ritual and elaborate courtship displays, in order to re - establish the pair bonds. then, they build the nest in tall trees, between 20 and 40 metres above the ground .\nhennicke, j. c. , & h. weimerskirch (2014a). foraging movements of abbott' s boobies during early chick - rearing and implications for a marine important bird area in christmas island waters. raffles bulletin of zoology. page (s) 60 - 64 .\nthis large seabird is black and white weighing around 3 lb and has a large head and a wingspan of 6 feet. it is found only on christmas island, a small island in the indian ocean south of java. females are slightly larger than males and have pink, sharp conical bills. male' s bills are gray in color. their necks are long and thick with strong muscles. their eyes are located on each side of their bills and are oriented toward the front, giving them excellent binocular vision for fishing from the air. little is known about the abbott' s booby' s behavior but they appear to be very social and have been seen in large colonies located on cliffs. diet consists of fish and squid. during courtship the booby' s use a deep and loud call. little is known about their breeding behavior, but the abbott' s booby is said to be the only species of gannet to nest on the top of trees instead of on the ground. females give birth to one egg and incubate it for 42 to 55 days. both male and female care for the eggs. the hatchling depends on the mother for six to eight months. the main threat to the abbott' s booby is loss of habitat through forest clearance. the current population is believed to be less than 2000 .\nabbott' s booby is a marine species. it spends much of its time at sea, but needs to come ashore to breed. it nests in tall rainforest trees in the western, central and northern portions of christmas island. most nest trees are associated with uneven terrain created by gullies, hill - sides or cliffs. the location of abbott' s booby nest sites is determined by the topography and nature of the canopy, resulting in a patchy distribution. most nest trees are located in uneven canopy containing emergent trees, and sites are densest along crests of gullies and west facing slopes (nelson & powell 1986). the tree species most often used are syzygium nervosum and planchonella nitida. abbott' s booby will also use tristiropsis acutangula trees when they become emergent (nelson & powell 1986; yorkston & green 1997). the nest of abbott' s booby is placed on branches 10 to 40 m above the ground in tall rainforest trees (marchant & higgins 1990; reville et al. 1990a). it prefers nest sites with a clear area below and immediately downwind to facilitate take - off and landing. south - east trade winds prevail between april and november, thus emergent trees which can be approached from the north - west are most often used as nest sites (nelson & powell 1986) .\nsurvey guidelines for australia' s threatened birds. epbc act survey guidelines 6. 2\nthe abbott' s booby nests only on christmas island (territory of australia), a tiny island in the indian ocean lying roughly 200 miles (320 kilometers) south of the island of java (part of indonesia). biologists (people who study living organisms) estimate that about 2, 000 male - female pairs currently exist .\nstorms and cyclones a severe storm in march 1988 damaged significant areas of the island' s rainforest. it felled approximately one third of the nest sites monitored by the abbott' s booby monitoring program and also killed one third of the monitored fledglings (reville et al. 1990a). it is uncertain what effect the storm had on adult mortality; in 1988 and 1989, numbers of adults attempting to nest were significantly lower than previous years (reville et al. 1990a; yorkston 1992), but there was no evidence of a decline in the adult population from a survey in 1991 (yorkston 1992; yorkston & green 1997). it is evident however, that severe storms can have a marked effect on the reproductive rate of the abbott' s booby in ensuing years .\ncurrently, abbott' s booby is only known to breed on christmas island (stokes 1988) and to forage in the waters surrounding the island (becking 1976). within christmas island, most nests are found in the tall plateau forest on the central and western areas of the island, and in the upper terrace forest of the northern coast .\nabbott’s booby is an endangered seabird which breeds only on christmas island in the indian ocean. it nests in emergent trees in the forests which grow on the island’s plateau, and feeds on fish and squid, which are caught in the surrounding seas. the species is considered endangered because of the widespread clearing of its forest habitat for phosphate mining on christmas island, and it is also susceptible to the introduction of exotic pests to the island .\nbooby is the common name for a large seabird that inhabits tropical waters. those members of the same family that inhabit northern waters are called gannets. the abbott' s booby measures 31 inches (79 centimeters) long and weighs about 3 pounds (1. 4 kilograms). it has a wingspan of almost 6 feet (1. 8 meters). the female is slightly larger than the male. this booby is black and white in color and has a saw - toothed bill that is gray in males and pink in females. during greeting and courtship, the bird emits a distinctive deep, loud call .\nwhen not breeding abbott' s boobies may travel large distances. it has been recorded near the chagos archipelago, some 4000 km west of christmas island (hirons et al. 1976). sightings of adult and juvenile abbott' s boobies in the banda sea (around 2000 km north - east of christmas island) has led some authors to speculate there exists another breeding population in that region (cadée 1987; van balen 1996b) .\nabbott' s booby measures about 80 cm from beak to tail; has off - white plumage; black panda - like eye patches; black wings, flank marks and tails; and black outer ends to its blue webbed feet. males have pale grey bills, tipped black, while females have black - tipped pink bills (pizzey & knight 1999) .\ndepartment of the environment and heritage (2004). non - current national recovery plan for the abbott' s booby papasula abbotti. department of the environment and heritage, canberra. available from: urltoken. in effect under the epbc act from 11 - apr - 2005. ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 01 - oct - 2015 .\nthe abbott’s booby is able to travel long - distances, up to thousands of kilometres from christmas island. this large seabird is well - adapted to long - distance flight. due to the long, narrow wings, it needs a clear space to land and to take off. as it nests in tall trees, it can get enough lift from the wind .\nwind turbulence in nesting trees downwind of clearings is a major problem for the abbott' s booby. to alleviate this problem, cleared areas within 300 m of nests need to be rehabilitated as a matter of priority to reduce wind turbulence downwind (deh 2004). a rainforest rehabilitation program to revegetate old mine workings has been underway since 1989 (environment australia 2002i) .\nabbott’s boobies breed only on christmas island in the indian ocean, and are mostly seen in the warm, tropical seas surrounding the island and off nearby java. very occasionally they are seen further west, in the mid - indian ocean .\nvisit birdlife australia’s stunning conservation reserves and sanctuaries overflowing with native birdlife and other incredible flora and fauna .\nour policies, submissions and campaigns make us the leading voice for australia’s birds by influencing decision makers and stakeholders .\nwant to know all about our native birds? explore, learn, discover and enjoy australia’s most comprehensive bird resource .\nfrom urgent conservation activities to ongoing data recording, explore our vital projects that make a real difference to australia’s birds .\naway from christmas island, abbott’s boobies occur in tropical seas, especially around upwellings of water that are nutrient rich and attract prey for them to eat. when breeding, they occur in the tall tropical rainforest that grows on the plateau and high terraces of christmas island, where they build their nests .\nphosphate mining on christmas island in the 1960s and 70s caused the destruction of a third of abbott' s booby nesting habitat and has led to the subsequent deterioration of the remaining forest (4). birds are strongly attached to nest sites, and clearings are more exposed to wind turbulence, which has a detrimental effect on breeding success and causes higher adult mortality (6). recent development proposals for the island have again raised concern over the viability of remaining breeding habitat (5) .\n79 cm; male 1370–1620 g, female 1470–1700 g. a typical booby with large eye and large and coarsely serrated bill; in flight looks very slim, with long and ...\nreproduction of this species: the breeding season takes place between april and july, with mating in april and most laying in may - july. they nest solitary with about 9 pairs / ha. the nest is built in the canopy of tall tree, close to gullies, hills or cliffs for easier take - off and landing. the abbott’s booby has long breeding cycle of 15 - 18 months and the pairs only breed once every two years. both sexes build a stick platform at treetop .\nthe action plan for australian birds 2010 (garnett, s. , j. szabo & g. dutson, 2011) .\njoin our community of dedicated volunteers that help monitor and collect important data on australia’s birds. we always need more citizen scientists .\nthe abbott' s booby is the only member of its family that builds its large, bulky nest at the top of a tall tree instead of on the ground. females of the species lay one very large white egg between may and june. they incubate (sit on or brood) the egg for 42 to 55 days before it hatches. both mother and father care for the chick, which is quite helpless for the first three weeks. it grows slowly and does not take its first flight\ndetectability abbott' s booby is generally conspicuous, but it is only occasionally dectected from ships (olsen 2002). nelson (1971) listened for the loud calls of pairs as they re - united at the nest site and noted that some birds remain at the nest while their partner forages. recommended methods abbott' s booby can be surveyed by observation of birds leaving the island in the morning and returning in the evening from onshore vantage points, preferably about mid - july. searches or transect surveys can be used to detect birds, nests and excreta beneath roost sites. free - flying juveniles regularly return to the nest site (nelson 1971). nesting sites are well documented; previously recorded nest sites have been relocated using computer - generated maps, and new nest sites located by walking transect lines. all nest sites in recent surveys have been mapped for future reference (yorkston & green 1997). aerial surveys for birds and nests have potential, but helicopters are rarely available on the island (olsen 2002) .\ncarboneras, c. , christie, d. a. , jutglar, f. & garcia, e. f. j. (2018). abbott' s booby (papasula abbotti). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nboobies were so - named because of their rather dull facial expression and their extreme tameness. they are easily approached by humans, a factor that led to their early decline. when sailors and early settlers on the island began hunting abbott' s boobies, they merely walked up to the birds and clubbed them to death .\nour bird observatories in western australia may be a little off the track, but that’s what makes them such magical places to see birds .\nbirdlife australia’s beach - nesting birds project works with community volunteers across australia to help raise awareness among beach users about... more >\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nthe abbott’s booby has a white head and neck, and its back and rump are white with black blotches, while the tail is black. the upperwings are wholly black. the underparts are all white except for a black patch on the flanks, while the underwings are mostly white, but with black tips and a black trailing edge. they have a large, blue - black eye - ring, bluish - grey beak and deep - grey legs, while the feet are two - toned: black on the front and grey at the back .\nthese seabirds feed on fish and squid (4), presumably by plunge diving (5). adults return to feed their young in the late afternoon and early evening (5), and it is likely that abbott' s boobies rely on cold upwellings near to christmas island where there is a seasonal abundance of food (6) .\nabbott' s booby pairs stay together through successive seasons and nest colonially between april and october (5). a single egg is laid into a nest constructed from leafy twigs and both parents take it in turns to incubate the egg during the 56 day period; much longer than for other members of this family (6). breeding occurs from about eight years of age and life expectancy may be up to 40 years (4). breeding success averages around 30 percent and one pair will rear roughly two offspring every 9. 5 years (5) .\nabbott' s boobies are thought to be very long lived, and from breeding data it has been estimated that it would take between 24 and 31 years for parents to produce their replacements (nelson & powell 1986; reville et al. 1990a). they probably first breed at eight years of age and the average life span could be around 40 years (reville et al. 1990a). abbott' s booby lays a single egg clutch (marchant & higgins 1990). the mean period from hatching to fledging is 151 days (range 140 to 175 days, sample size 11), 30 to 60 days longer than in other sulidae (gannets and boobies). free - flying juveniles remain dependent on their parents for a further 230 days (range 162 to 260 days). therefore, the total time from hatching to independence is on average, 363 days (range 314 to 418 days, sample size). the complete cycle can take between 486 and 504 days to complete (nelson & powell 1986). most abbott' s boobies can only breed once every two years because of the offspring' s long period of dependence. breeding commences in march, when established pairs begin returning to nest sites and start collecting nest material (nelson & powell 1986). laying may occur at any time between april and october, but most birds lay between mid may and mid july (nelson & powell 1986) .\na new threat to the booby is the yellow crazy ant (anoplolepis gracilipes). the ant, which is native to africa, was introduced to christmas island early in the twentieth century and it became widespread. the crazy ants have wiped out the red crab population of christmas island. the red crab was essential to the ecosystem because it ate weed seedlings and leaves, keeping the balance in the rain forest. scientists predict that unless the yellow crazy ant is eliminated, it will cause a rapid reduction in the population of abbott' s boobies over the next three generations .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis pantropical booby is the smallest of the six booby species found worldwide. named for its distinctive bright red feet (adults only), it has long wings, a wedge - shaped tail, and a conical bill with a slightly decurved tip. in its breeding range, it overlaps considerably masked (sula dactylatra) and brown (s. leucogaster) boobies. all three species may be found nesting and feeding together, along with frigatebirds (fregata). flying fish and squid, caught by red - footed boobies in spectacular plunge dives, form a major part of the diet of all these seabirds .\nsince european settlement one - third of australia’s woodlands and 80% of temperate woodlands have been cleared. the woodland birds for biodiversity... more >\nbreeding in colonies, abbott’s boobies build their solid, cup - shaped nests of sticks in emergent trees in the rainforest, up to 40 metres above the ground. successful pairs nest once every two years. they lay a single, white egg, which both sexes incubate. both parents also feed and brood the nestling, which remains in the nest for 150 days before fledging .\nour education programs share knowledge and experience in a friendly hands - on environment with staff and volunteers that know and love australia' s birds and their habitats .\nabbott' s booby is a large slender - bodied, black - and - white seabird. the head, neck and underparts are white whilst the black upperwing has white flecking and a narrow white leading edge (4). the white lower back and rump are blotched with black and the pointed tail is also black (5). in juveniles the wing and tail are brown in colour (2). in males the bill is a vivid blue - grey, tipped with black (5), whereas in the female it is pink and also tipped with black (5). both sexes have deep grey legs and feet (4) .\ngarnett, s. , j. szabo & g. dutson (2011). the action plan for australian birds 2010. csiro publishing. available from: urltoken .\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates. therefore, it’s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nthe atlas is one of birdlife australia' s greatest resources, allowing us to track changes in birds across the country. since 1998 a dedicated band of... more >\nthe birds prefer to build their nests at the top of very tall rain forest trees on the island' s western plateau. they generally feed at sea northwest of the island .\nthe breeding distribution and population status of the endangered seabird abbott' s booby (sulidae: papasula abbotti (ridgway) olson & warheit, 1988) were assessed by an island - wide survey on christmas island (indian ocean) in 1991. the species is now endemic to the island. a total of 1833 breeding sites were located, and it is estimated that the total breeding population is around 2500 pairs, 600 pairs more than the most recent estimate of 1900 pairs in 1983. we do not interpret the difference as a genuine increase in the breeding population — instead, we attribute it to the discovery of areas on the island where abbott' s boobies have probably always nested, but have never been recorded. although this result has alleviated immediate concern for the future of p. abbotti, fields cleared for phosphate mining prior to 1987 still pose a continuing threat to the species — 36% of the population still nest near enough to clearings to be adversely affected by them. the australian nature conservation agency is currently rehabilitating mined fields to reduce their impact on the breeding population, and to eventually create a new breeding habitat for p. abbotti .\ngarnett, s. , green, p. , hennicke, j. , james, d. , jeffery, m. , low, t. & o' dowd, d .\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name (s) and synonym (s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\nolson, s. l. & k. i. warheit (1988). a new genus for sula abbotti. bulletin of the british ornithologists club. 108: 9 - - 12 .\nit is thought that abbott' s booby may travel up to 400 km to feeding grounds when breeding (becking 1976). when not breeding, the species may also travel large distances. some adults leave christmas island for at least four or five months, returning in april, but it is uncertain where they go (nelson & powell 1986; marchant & higgins 1990). away from christmas island, they have been recorded near the southern coast of java (becking 1976), near the chagos archipelago (around 4000 km west of christmas island) (hirons et al. 1976), in the banda sea (around 2000 km north - east of christmas island) (cadée 1987; van balen 1996b), and at broome, western australia (barc 2002) .\nthe species' s population is estimated to have declined by 30 - 49% over the last 90 years based on its disappearance from much of its former breeding range in the indian and pacific oceans .\ngarnett, s. t. & g. m. crowley (2000). the action plan for australian birds 2000. canberra, act: environment australia and birds australia. available from: urltoken .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmarchant, s. & p. j. higgins, eds. (1990). handbook of australian, new zealand and antarctic birds. volume one - ratites to ducks. melbourne, victoria: oxford university press .\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. therefore, that information is unavailable for most urltoken content. however, the date of retrieval is often important. refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\n79 cm. black - and - white booby. dark eye and dark - tipped bill, pale grey in male, pink in female. white head, neck and most of underparts. black upperwing with white flecking on coverts and narrow white leading edge. black thigh patch and tail. black patch on mantle and back continuous with wings, remainder white. blue - grey legs and feet. juvenile similar to adult male .\nthere were no realistic estimates of numbers of abbott' s boobies before 1967, but it is known that the global range had been severely reduced. in 1967, the breeding population on christmas island was estimated at 2 300 pairs (nelson 1971). in 1979 and 1980, the breeding population was resurveyed and although numbers were not estimated, they found that the distribution of nests had not changed significantly from that of 1967, despite large areas of habitat clearance (powell & tranter 1981). the most recent population survey carried out in 1991 estimated the population at 2 500 pairs (yorkston & green 1997). although this is greater than that estimated by nelson, this survey covered much more of the island and discovered nests in areas not previously known .\na colonial tree - nester, the red - footed booby may nest in colonies of up to several thousand pairs. it builds its nests of twigs, grasses, and other green vegetation, generally laying only one egg. in this species there are several color morphs of adult plumage which are not related to subspecific classification; different color morphs coexist and even interbreed in some areas. morphs range in color from an all chocolate brown bird to an all white one with black primaries and secondaries .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nthis species breeds in the limited suitable habitat of just one area of a very small island, and it has a small population which has declined rapidly owing to the effects of past habitat clearance. recent die - back of some of the breeding habitat indicates that habitat quality continues to decline, although it is unclear whether this die - back has been caused by introduced yellow crazy ants. because of the significance of even minimal declines in habitat quality within the limited breeding habitat of this booby, it is listed as endangered .\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein. note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence (s) displayed. < p > < a href =' / help / protein _ existence' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name (s) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / organism - name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n. less specific threats include over - fishing and marine pollution. in addition, climate change may threaten the species through changes to sea surface temperatures, rainfall patterns and el niño southern oscillation (commonwealth of australia 2004, olsen 2005). effects of increased sea surface temperatures and decreased marine productivity on the foraging ecology, including trip duration, dive depth and prey composition, have been shown for chick - rearing abbott’s boobies (hennicke and weimerskirch 2014b). the species is is unlikely to be affected by sea level rise though as it nests above 100 m asl (d. james in litt. 2005, 2007). at sea, birds suffer from direct hunting (hennicke 2012) and potentially also from bycatch, but the latter has not been documented (commonwealth of australia 2004, olsen 2005). however, birds feeding close to java, in the banda sea and other south - east asian areas will be exposed to taiwanese and indonesian fisheries (olsen 2005) which might result in incidental by - catch .\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number (s). these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries. upon integration into uniprotkb, each entry is assigned a unique accession number, which is called ‘primary (citable) accession number’. < p > < a href =' / help / accession _ numbers' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. it also includes information pertinent to the sequence (s), including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a >. < p > < a href =' / help / sequences _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence (s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100% , 90% and 50 %) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters (< a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a >). < p > < a href =' / help / similar _ proteins _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\nthe introduction article is just the first of 11 articles in each species account that provide life history information for the species. the remaining articles provide detailed information regarding distribution, migration, habitat, diet, sounds, behavior, breeding, current population status and conservation. each species account also includes a multimedia section that displays the latest photos, audio selections and videos from macaulay library’s extensive galleries. written and continually updated by acknowledged experts on each species, birds of north america accounts include a comprehensive bibliography of published research on the species .\nthe head is white. the bill is pale bluish - grey and can be sometimes slightly washed pink. the base is bluer, there is a blackish line between the upper base and the forehead, and the tip is black. the bill is coarsely serrated along the cutting edges of both mandibles. the eyes are dark brown, surrounded by blackish facial skin on lores and eye’s area. the anterior eyelids are mostly pale greyish. legs and webbed feet are bluish - grey with blackish areas on the webs. the claws are horn - coloured .\nmonitor the abundance and spread of a. gracilipes (commonwealth of australia 2004) whilst continuing to implement control measures. develop and implement appropriate monitoring techniques (commonwealth of australia 2004). monitor impact of rehabilitation efforts on trends and distribution. continue to investigate the foraging ecology of adults and juveniles (e. g. by tracking studies) (commonwealth of australia 2004, olsen 2005). negotiate with the mining company to ensure protection of all breeding habitat and appropriate buffers. minimise and monitor effects of developments such as the launch pad (commonwealth of australia 2004). develop a wind turbulence model to guide habitat restoration (commonwealth of australia 2004). continue to implement weed management strategy (commonwealth of australia 2004). monitor likely impact of developing fisheries around christmas island (commonwealth of australia 2004). address threats from global climate change at national and international levels (commonwealth of australia 2004). monitor the possible effects of climate change on the species (commonwealth of australia 2004). protect all existing and potential future breeding habitat, i. e. protect all remaining primary rainforest on the island’s plateau as well as the adjacent secondary growth forests .\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. it is useful for tracking sequence updates. < / p > < p > it should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low. < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs). < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value (crc64) using the generator polynomial: x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1. the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard. < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w. h. , flannery b. p. , teukolsky s. a. and vetterling w. t. < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed. , pp896 - 902, cambridge university press (1993) < / a >) < / p >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nchristidis, l. and boles, w. e. 2008. systematics and taxonomy of australian birds. csiro publishing, collingwood, australia .\n, though it once had a much wider distribution in the indian and probably pacific oceans. one female was recently observed on rota island (northern mariana islands to usa), though it is not known whether it is vagrant or a solitary resident (pratt et al. 2009 )\n. the population was estimated at 2, 300 pairs in 1967, declining to 1, 900 pairs by 1983. the discovered breeding areas on christmas island in 1997 brought the total to an estimated 2, 500 active pairs, following a survey in 1991 (yorkston and green 1997 )\n. overall, it seems that the breeding population was more or less stable between 1991 and 2002 (commonwealth of australia 2004, p. green\n. thus in 2000, following on from the 1991 survey, the total population of mature individuals was estimated at c. 6, 000. it disperses within the indian ocean. recent records from the banda sea may indicate either part of it distribution range or unknown breeding colonies .\nfollowing an estimate of 2, 500 active pairs in 1991, the total number of mature individuals has been put at c. 6, 000, equating to c. 9, 000 individuals in total. it should be noted that only a proportion breed in a given year owing to a 15 - 18 month breeding cycle and the possibility that some unsuccessful pairs take' rest years' rather than breed in successive years. despite a helicopter survey in 2002, the 1991 survey is considered the most accurate and comprehensive .\nit nests in tall rainforest trees, mostly above 150 m elevation in the western, central and northern areas of christmas island (commonwealth of australia 2004), and lays one egg. successful parents can only breed biennially. it may first breed at eight years of age, and its average lifespan may be c. 40 years. it feeds at sea on squid and fish. the at sea distribution of this species is poorly known. it was previously thought that cold water upwellings south of java could be important feeding areas for breeding boobies (commonwealth of australia 2004, olsen 2005), however tracking studies showed that chick - rearing adults forage relatively close to christmas island, on average about 60 km off the island, and show no association with oceanographic features (hennicke and weimerskirch 2014a, b) .\nduring 1965 - 1987, phosphate extraction resulted in the destruction of approximately one third of nesting habitat. some trees in nesting areas have degenerated, but the extent of this is unquantified (d. james\n. in 2007, significant patches of mature secondary forest were cleared for mining (d. james\nin 2007, a new application to mine a 250 ha area of rainforest (p. green\n. plans for a satellite launch pad on the island are not proceeding at present (t. low\n. breeding boobies are vulnerable to extreme weather events. in 1988, a cyclone destroyed a third of monitored fledglings and nest - sites. in wind - affected areas, increased turbulence causes higher adult mortality and reduces fledging success. artificial forest clearings, e. g. for roads and buildings, also cause wind turbulence. possibly the most serious threat is the introduced yellow crazy ant\nwhich formed super - colonies during the 1990s and spread rapidly to cover 28% of the forest on the island. however, control efforts have been successful (p. green and d. o' dowd\npresent on christmas island, with densities considerably lower than prior to control (d. james and m. jeffery\n. despite the successes, in 2006 the ants were regarded as widespread and patchily common (t. low\n. allowed to spread uncontrolled ant super - colonies may prey directly on nestlings or cause nest abandonment. however, there have been no observations of ants preying on the species, and comparison of ant distribution and densities with\ndistribution showed no sign of nest abandonment in ant - infested areas (d. james and m. jeffery" ]

{ "text": [ "abbott 's booby ( papasula abbotti ) is an endangered seabird of the sulid family , which includes gannets and boobies .", "it is a large booby , smaller than gannets , and is placed within its own monotypic genus .", "it was first identified from a specimen collected by william louis abbott , who discovered it on assumption island in 1892 .", "abbott 's booby breeds only in a few spots on the australian territory of christmas island in the eastern indian ocean , although it formerly had a much wider range .", "it has white plumage with black markings , and is adapted for long-distance flight .", "it forages around christmas island , often around nutrient-rich oceanic upwellings , although individuals can travel for thousands of kilometres .", "pairs mate for life and raise one chick every two or three years , nesting near the top of emergent trees in the rainforest canopy .", "the population is decreasing .", "historically much of its former habitat was logged to make way for phosphate mining .", "some logging continues , and the effects of the former logging continue to adversely affect the current population .", "another threat has been caused by the introduction of yellow crazy ants , which decrease habitat quality .", "minimal habitat declines have a significant effect on the bird population .", "all nesting areas have been included in a national park . " ], "topic": [ 28, 26, 5, 28, 16, 16, 28, 17, 28, 17, 17, 17, 24 ] }

[ "abbott's booby (papasula abbotti) is an endangered seabird of the sulid family, which includes gannets and boobies. it is a large booby, smaller than gannets, and is placed within its own monotypic genus. it was first identified from a specimen collected by william louis abbott, who discovered it on assumption island in 1892. abbott's booby breeds only in a few spots on the australian territory of christmas island in the eastern indian ocean, although it formerly had a much wider range. it has white plumage with black markings, and is adapted for long-distance flight. it forages around christmas island, often around nutrient-rich oceanic upwellings, although individuals can travel for thousands of kilometres. pairs mate for life and raise one chick every two or three years, nesting near the top of emergent trees in the rainforest canopy. the population is decreasing. historically much of its former habitat was logged to make way for phosphate mining. some logging continues, and the effects of the former logging continue to adversely affect the current population. another threat has been caused by the introduction of yellow crazy ants, which decrease habitat quality. minimal habitat declines have a significant effect on the bird population. all nesting areas have been included in a national park." ]

[ "no one has contributed data records for cylindera apiata yet. дізнайтеся, як робити внесок .\nsynonym for cylindera (verticina) versicolor (w. s. macleay, 1825 )\nmaintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort. therefore, we are forced to introduce a partially paid access. we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you, and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys, and more dynamic updates of the site .\nyour subscription will be activated when payment clears. view the status of your subscription in your account .\nthis project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide. contributions at any level help sustain our work. thank you for your support .\n© carabidae of the world, 2007 - 2018 © a team of authors, in in: anichtchenko a. et al. , (editors) 2007 - 2018\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nmany people know organisms only by the common names, or\nvernacular\nnames. unlike scientific names, common names are almost always different for speakers of different languages. they may also vary regionally within a language. this tab shows all the common names provided to eol for this organism from a variety of providers, including eol curators. currently we can only set one preferred common name per language on a given eol page, but all the names should be searchable .\n. it is found in countries such as argentina, brazil, paraguay, and uruguay and is yellowish - black in colour .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers, open access publishing, and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act (fastr), wikimedia foundation, inc. , public library of science, the encyclopedia of life, open book publishers (obp), pubmed, u. s. national library of medicine, national center for biotechnology information, u. s. national library of medicine, national institutes of health (nih), u. s. department of health & human services, and urltoken, which sources content from all federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government publication portals (. gov, . mil, . edu). funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u. s. congress, e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. world heritage encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the world public library association, a non - profit organization .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department." ]

{ "text": [ "cylindera apiata is a species of ground beetle of the subfamily cicindelinae .", "it is found in countries such as argentina , brazil , paraguay , and uruguay and is yellowish-black in colour . " ], "topic": [ 27, 20 ] }

[ "cylindera apiata is a species of ground beetle of the subfamily cicindelinae. it is found in countries such as argentina, brazil, paraguay, and uruguay and is yellowish-black in colour." ]

[ ", with a review of the family clausiidae. j. nat. hist. 29: 47–65 .\na new species of rhodinicola (copepoda: clausiidae), parasitic copepod of the shell - boring polychaet ...\nwilson & illg (1955) modernized the concept of the family clausiidae. o' reilly (1995) discussed the data obtained about the family and refined its diagnosis. .\nwilson, m. s. & p. l. illg, 1955. the family clausiidae (copepoda, cyclopoida). proc. biol. soc. wash. 68: 129–142 .\nkim, i - h. 2001. a new species of clausia (copepoda, poecilostomatoida, clausiidae) associated with a polychaete in korea. hydrobiologia, 452: 217 - 223. [ links ]\nwilson, m. s. & illg, p. l. 1955. the family clausiidae (copepoda, cyclopoida). proceedings of the biological society of washington, 68: 129 - 142. [ links ]\na new species of the genus clausia associated with the polychaete arenicola brasilliensis nonata is described from intertidal sands in korea. the new species, as a primitive member of the genus, has a large, non - transformed body and fully segmented rami on legs 1–4. this is the second record of clausiidae in the far eastern seas. the genus doviella rocha, originally placed in the clausidiidae, is synonymized with the genus clausia in the clausiidae .\nwalter, t. c. & boxshall, g. (2018). world of copepods database. clausiidae giesbrecht, 1895. accessed through: world register of marine species at: urltoken; = 128568 on 2018 - 07 - 10\no' reilly, m. 1995. a new genus of copepod (copepoda: poecilostomatoida) commensal with the maldanid polychaete rhodine gracilior, with a review of the family clausiidae. journal of natural history, 29: 47 - 64. [ links ]\nho, j - s. & kim, i - h. 2003. new clausiid copepods (poecilostomatoida) associated with polychaetes of korea, with cladisric analysis of the family clausiidae. journal of crustacean biology, 23: 568 - 581. [ links ]\ngooding, r. u. , 1963 (unpublished). external morphology and classification of marine poecilostome copepods belonging to the families clausidiidaem clausiidae, nereicolidae, eunicicolidae, synaptiphilidae, catiniidae, anomopsyllidae and echiurophilidae, (university of washington, ph. d. thesis): 276 pp .\nnovo gênero e nova espécie de clausiidae (crustacea, copepoda) parasita de dipolydora armata (polychaeta, spionidae) no brasil: descrição e ilustração de novo gênero e nova espécie de um copépodo parasita (clausiidae), spionicola mystaceus, associado ao poliqueto dipolydora armata (spionidae). o novo copépodo tem um corpo alongado, antenula penta articulada, ramos biarticulados nos pereiópodos um e dois, dois espinhos representando o pereiópodo 3, pereiópodo 4 ausente, pereiópodo 5 muito desenvolvido e estruturas dos apêndices bucais reduzidas. o hospedeiro é um perfurador de conchas de moluscos coletado ao largo da ilha de são sebastião, estado de são paulo, brasil .\nbocquet, c. & stock, j. h. 1959. copépodes parasites d' invertebres des côtes de la manche. v. redescription de mesnilia cluthae (th. et a. scott) (copépode cyclopoide, famille des clausiidae). travaux de la station biologique de roscoff, 47: 1 - 18. [ links ]\nty - jour ti - the family clausiidae (copepoda, cyclopoida) t2 - proceedings of the biological society of washington. vl - 68 ur - urltoken pb - biological society of washington cy - washington, py - 1955 sp - 129 ep - 141 sn - 0006 - 324x au - wilson, m s au - lug, p l er -\na new genus and species of parasitic copepod (clausiidae), spionicola mystaceus, associated with the polychaete dipolydora armata (spionidae) is described and figured. the new copepod has an elongate body, 5 - segmented antennule, 2 - segmented rami on legs 1 and 2, 2 spines representing leg 3, no leg 4, leg 5 well developed and reduced armature elements on feeding limbs. the host is a mollusk - shell borer, collected off são sebastião island, state of são paulo, brazil. novo gênero e nova espécie de clausiidae (crustacea, copepoda) parasita de dipolydora armata (polychaeta, spionidae) no brasil: descrição e ilustração de novo gênero e nova espécie de um copépodo parasita (clausiidae), spionicola mystaceus, associado ao poliqueto dipolydora armata (spionidae). o novo copépodo tem um corpo alongado, antenula penta articulada, ramos biarticulados nos pereiópodos um e dois, dois espinhos representando o pereiópodo 3, pereiópodo 4 ausente, pereiópodo 5 muito desenvolvido e estruturas dos apêndices bucais reduzidas. o hospedeiro é um perfurador de conchas de moluscos coletado ao largo da ilha de são sebastião, estado de são paulo, brasil .\na new genus and species of parasitic copepod (clausiidae), spionicola mystaceus, associated with the polychaete dipolydora armata (spionidae) is described and figured. the new copepod has an elongate body, 5 - segmented antennule, 2 - segmented rami on legs 1 and 2, 2 spines representing leg 3, no leg 4, leg 5 well developed and reduced armature elements on feeding limbs. the host is a mollusk - shell borer, collected off são sebastião island, state of são paulo, brazil .\n@ article { bhlpart43479, title = { the family clausiidae (copepoda, cyclopoida) }, journal = { proceedings of the biological society of washington. }, volume = { 68 }, copyright = { in copyright. digitized with the permission of the rights holder. }, url = urltoken publisher = { washington, biological society of washington }, author = { wilson, m s and lug, p l }, year = { 1955 }, pages = { 129 - - 141 }, }\n... boxshall & halsey (2004) listed 8 genera and 19 species within the clausiidae, but also noted another four genera inquirenda which might belong in this family. bjørnberg & radashevsky (2009) subsequently established a new genus, spionicola bjørnberg & radashevsky, 2009, to accommodate a new species spionicola mustacia bjørnberg & radashevsky, 2009, parasitic on the spionid dipolydora armata (langerhans, 1880). most clausiids are external associates of maldanid and spionid worms, although some species have been recorded in w ...\n... boxshall & halsey (2004) listed 8 genera and 19 species within the clausiidae, but also noted another four genera inquirenda which might belong in this family. bjørnberg & radashevsky (2009) subsequently established a new genus, spionicola bjørnberg & radashevsky, 2009, to accommodate a new species spionicola mustacia bjørnberg & radashevsky, 2009, parasitic on the spionid dipolydora armata (langerhans, 1880). most clausiids are external associates of maldanid and spionid worms, although some species have been recorded in washings of other invertebrate groups, such as sponges (bocquet & stock, 1963)... .\n... boxshall & halsey (2004) listed 8 genera and 19 species within the clausiidae, but also noted another four genera inquirenda which might belong in this family. bjørnberg & radashevsky (2009) subsequently established a new genus, spionicola bjørnberg & radashevsky, 2009, to accommodate a new species spionicola mustacia bjørnberg & radashevsky, 2009, parasitic on the spionid dipolydora armata (langerhans, 1880). most clausiids are external associates of maldanid and spionid worms, although some species have been recorded in washings of other invertebrate groups, such as sponges (bocquet & stock, 1963)... .\nthe specimens studied belong apparently to the family clausiidae because they have an elongate body, 5 - segmented antennule, simple mandible with one subdistal seta, 1 + 3 setae on the maxillule, reduced number of leg segments, and reduction or absence of the prosomal posterior legs. o' reilly (1995) considers four or five elements on the maxillule as characteristic for clausiids. the maxilla is 2 - segmented and armed with a cutting edge, and a hook - like spine as in clausia antiqua kim (2001). the maxilliped in the female is strongly reduced as in pseudoclausia with a distal and a proximal element. according to o' reilly (1995, p. 59 )\nthe leg morphology exhibits a trend towards reduction\nthis is true for the new species which has a strongly reduced third pair of legs (present in the form of 2 spines) and lacks the fourth pair of legs. the fifth leg of the new species is well developed as in megaclausia mirabilis o' reilly, 1995, but is distinguished from the latter and other clausiid species by having 3 large and 1 minute setae in the female .\nho & kim (2003) analysed cladistically the 21 representatives of the family clausiidae, based on characters and character states of the legs 1 to 4 of each species. our specimens are excluded from ho & kim' s first 4 groups because they have 2 - segmented rami on their legs, and these 4 groups exhibit 3 - segmented rami on all or some of the legs. ho & kim' s group vi contains two species pseudoclausia giesbrechti and p. longiseta with 3 - segmented exopods on legs 1 and 2. group v has no endopod on legs 3 and 4 and bears 2 - segmented rami on legs 1 and 2. group v is therefore the group to which our species shows the greatest affinity, but not all the characters of the group v species agree with those of spionicola: clausia lubocki and indoclausia bacescui have leg 3 with a 1 - segmented ramus (in our species, leg 3 is represented by 2 spines); megaclausia mirabilis, rhodinicola rugosum and r. thomassini have 2 - segmented exopods on legs 3 and 4 (our species bears 2 spines instead of leg 3 and no legs 4). these apomorphies characterize our species combined with the minute female maxilliped, which is reduced to a protuberance bearing minute spines and the very prominent rostrum. therefore it cannot be included in any of the genera or species just mentioned. the specific name refers to the moustache - like aspect of the antennules when viewed ventrally (moustacia, latin for moustache) .\n< mods xmlns: xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3. 0\nxmlns: xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi: schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > the family clausiidae (copepoda, cyclopoida) < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > wilson, m s < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > lug, p l < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 68 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > proceedings of the biological society of washington. < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> washington, < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > biological society of washington < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 68 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 129 < / start > < end > 141 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1955 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright. digitized with the permission of the rights holder. < / accesscondition > < / mods >\ngenus boreoclausia kim i. h. , sikorski, o' reilly & boxshall, 2013\ngenus sheaderia kim i. h. , sikorski, o' reilly & boxshall, 2013\ngenus vivgottoia kim i. h. , sikorski, o' reilly & boxshall, 2013\ngenus doviella rocha c. e. f. , 1989 accepted as clausia claparède, 1863 (synonym )\nboxshall, g. (2001). copepoda (excl. harpacticoida), in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 252 - 268 (look up in imis) [ details ]\nmartin, j. w. , & davis, g. e. (2001). an updated classification of the recent crustacea. science series, 39. natural history museum of los angeles county. los angeles, ca (usa). 124 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ncostello, m. j. ; emblow, c. ; white, r. (ed .). (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50. muséum national d' histoire naturelle: paris, france. isbn 2 - 85653 - 538 - 0. 463 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nm' harzi, a. (1999). phytoplankton community structuring in some areas of the north sea. phd thesis. vrije universiteit brussel: brussel, belgium. 221 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntagea k. s. björnberg i; vasily i. radashevsky i, ii\ni centro de biologia marinha, universidade de são paulo, caixa postal 71, 11600 - 970, são sebastião, sp, brasil ii institute of marine biology, russian academy of sciences, vladivostok 690041, russia. e - mail: radashevsky @ urltoken\npalavras - chave: crustacea; copépodos parasitas; poliquetas; brasil; clausiídeos .\na general survey of the literature on copepod parasites and associates of annelid polychaetes shows that off south america there are very few records of these taxa. rocha (1986) found clausia (doviella) prima living in a mud flat in juréia (são paulo state) with characteristics of a parasite of polychaete. selioides tardus gravier, a parasite of a polynoid annelid, was described for the first time from the south american atlantic (gravier, 1912) .\nthe species studied here was found on the spionid polychaete dipolydora armata (langerhans, 1880) boring in abandoned shells off são sebastião, state of são paulo, brazil. only five specimens were found after examining 200 polychaetes off the southeast and south of brazil .\nthere are few records of copepod parasites on spionid polychaetes. mesnilia cluthae (t. & a. scott, 1896) was found on dipolydora flava (claparède, 1868) and mesnilia martinensis canu, 1898 found among polychaete tubes (bocquet & stock, 1959). ho (1984) registered spiophanicola spinulosus ho, 1984 associated to three species of spionidae: spiophanes berkeleyorum pettibone, 1962; s. kroyeri grube, 1860, and s. missionensis hartmam, 1941. unidentified copepod parasites were also found associated with polydorella dawydoffi radashevsky, 1996 (described by one of us) and polydorella stolonifera (blake & kudenov, 1978) (williams, 2004) .\nfield collections were made in paranaguá bay, paraná (25º34' s, 48º21' w), and são sebastião channel, são paulo (23º49' s, 45º25' w), southern brazil, from november 2000 through june 2004. more than 40 species of spionid polychaetes living in temporary mucous tubes, in permanent silty tubes, boring in sponges and various calcareous substrata were collected intertidally and shallow subtidally using scuba. samples were processed at centro de estudos do mar, universidade federal do paraná, and centro de biologia marinha, universidade de são paulo. mollusk shells were broken with a bench - vice and pliers. living polychaetes were examined with light microscopy to obtain parasitic copepods. one copepod species was found on dipolydora armata, a borer of shells of various mollusks off são sebastião island. copepods were detached from the polychaetes, fixed in 10% formalin solution, rinsed in fresh water, and transferred to 70% ethanol. drawings of entire copepods and dissected parts were made using a camera lucida mounted on a nikon labophot microscope. fixed specimens are deposited at the zoological museum of the university of são paulo, são paulo (mzusp), and at the center of marine biology of the university of são paulo (cebimar). abbreviations used in the text: p1 - p5 - legs. 1 to 5 .\ndiagnosis: body elongate, vermiform, in both sexes with limits of somites not always very clear, maintaining more or less the same width from first to seventh somite and narrowing very little towards the anal region. antennule 5 - segmented with pointed protuberances on first segment. antenna 4 - segmented. labrum small. mandible with strong claw and seta. maxillule with 4 elements. maxilla 2 - segmented with claw - like spine and seta. maxilliped very reduced in female and 4 - segmented in male with long claw. legs 1 and 2 biramous with 2 - segmented rami tipped with 3 elements. leg 3 reduced to spines. leg 4 absent. leg 5 well developed, composed of 2 segments and 3 long strong setae. leg 6 in male reduced to 3 setae. caudal ramus with 5 elements. egg string uniseriate, very long .\netymology: the generic name spionicola is a composition of the host' s family name spionidae with the latin cola, inhabitant .\nmaterial: the study is based on 2 females of which one was ovigerous and 3 males collected on 31 jan. 2004 and on 13 may 2004, at 1 - 5 m depth off praia do curral in são sebastião island, state of são paulo, associated with the polychaete dipolydora armata which inhabits shells of living gastropods or shells of the same gastropods occupied by hermit crabs. the holotype female (mzusp 16319) is deposited in the museum of zoology of the university of são paulo. the paratypes remained at the cebimar (1 male nº 011; 1 female nº 012). one male was lost during manipulation and the other dissected and retained in the authors collection .\ndescription: adult female 1. 52 mm long, vermiform, poorly sclerotized, with two uniserial egg strings, each with 10 reddish - orange eggs (figs. 1 - 2). color: lightbrown - greenish. rostrum pear - shaped, very protuberant, rounded anteriorly (fig. 3). cephalon not completely separated from first pedigerous somite. the ventrally expanded margins of the cephalothorax are densely ornamented with tiny spinules. orange colored eye present dorsally. pedigerous somites not distinctly separated from each other. urosome with five somites. caudal ramus about as long as anal somite, with 5 setae (fig. 4). caudal ramus 0. 100 mm long and 0. 025 mm wide. paired egg strings 0. 961 mm long (fig. 2) attached to second urosomite .\nantennule five - segmented (fig. 3); setal formula: 4, 15, 3, 3, 3. segment 1 with two proximal ventral, pointed processes directed posteriorly. antenna 4 - segmented (fig. 5); segment 3 with one seta; distal segment with a rounded projection and 5 setae, of which 2 longer .\nmandible (fig. 6) with distal pointed hook and 1 setule. maxillule (fig. 7): of velvety appearance, covered by microspines, with 2 digitiform internal protuberances and 3 spines. maxilla covered with minute spines (fig. 8); with 1 small, hook - like terminal spine, 1 cushion - like rounded projection and 2 small terminal spines. maxilliped very small (fig. 9), represented by small hook - like distal spine and 2 lateral minute spines on minute rectangular protuberance .\nlegs (figs. 10 - 13): with patches of minute setules giving them velvety appearance. legs 1 and 2 with strong coxa, small basis with 1 outer spine, and 2 - segmented rami. exopod of leg 1: segment 1 with 1 outer spine; segment 2 with 1 outer and 3 terminal spines. endopod of leg 1 with 3 terminal spines on segment 2 and 1 inner spine on segment 1. exopod of leg 2: segment 1 with 1 outer spine and segment 2 with 3 terminal spines and 1 outer spine. endopod of leg 2 with 3 terminal on segment 2 and 1 distal spine on segment 1. leg 3 reduced to 2 spines. fourth pair of legs absent. fifth pair of legs 2 - segmented; first segment long and wide with 1 spinule; segment 2 about half as long as first and half as wide, with 1 small spinule and 3 robust long setose spines .\nmales (figs. 14 - 15): two specimens, 0. 94 mm and 1. 03 mm long, vermiform, poorly sclerotized like females. rostrum prominent, pear - shaped, tapering towards blunt posterior margin, more or less triangular in ventral view (fig. 16). first pedigerous somite not clearly separated from cephalon. prosome and urosome 5 - segmented. first urosomite with bean - shaped spermatophores. caudal rami about as long as anal somite, armed with 5 setae; mid - terminal seta, mounted on a pedestal, slightly longer than caudal ramus .\nantennule 5 - segmented (fig. 17); setal formula 3, 13, 4, 3, 5. antenna, mandible, maxillule and maxilla as in female. maxilliped 4 - segmented (fig. 18), with 1 strong, very long serrate claw on the distal serrate segment .\nleg 1 covered with setules with separate coxa and basis (fig. 19); exopod 2 - segmented with outer spine on segment 1 and segment two, with 3 terminal setae; endopod 2 - segmented, 2 setulate spines and a thin spine on last segment. leg 2 (fig. 20) covered with setules, with 1 seta on coxobasis and endopod 2 - segmented with 1 inner seta on segment 2, and 3 distal spines on distal segment; exopod 2 - segmented, with 1 outer spine on first segment, and 3 terminal setulate spines on distal segment. leg 3: 2 spines on pedestal. leg 4 absent. leg 5 as in female; leg 6 (fig. 21) represented by 3 small spines on each side of first urosomite .\nyoung female: (copepodid v ?) 1. 18 mm long (fig. 22). cephalon not separate from first pedigerous somite. pedigerous somites 2, 3, 4 and 5 well delimited. rostrum, antennules, antennae, mandibles, maxillules, maxillipeds and legs as in adult female. urosome 5 - segmented. caudal rami as in adult female .\nhabitat: the host polychaete, dipolydora armata is a borer of coralline algae and shells of various mollusks (radashevsky & nogueira, 2003). the largest polychaetes with 35 segments, reach 5. 5 mm long and 0. 3 mm wide. in são sebastião channel, d. armata was found in the shallow subtidal in shells of a variety of live gastropods astraea olfersii (philippi, 1846), morula nodulosa (cb adams, 1845), pisania auritula (link, 1807), pisania pusio (linnaeus, 1758), stramonita haemastoma (linnaeus, 1757) and shells of the same gastropods occupied by hermit crabs paguristes tortugae schmitt, 1933 and pagurus brevidactylus (stimpson, 1859). the polychaetes resided in burrows within the shells. tens of polychaetes were found in a single shell, and up to 15 / cm 2 were found on the shell surface. of 220 shells of the gastropod stramonita haemastoma (22 - 35 mm high), 79. 1% (174 shells, including 10 live mollusks and 164 shells occupied by the hermit crab p. tortugae) were free from d. armata; 20. 9% (46 shells, including 2 live mollusks and 44 shells occupied by hermit crabs p. tortugae) were infested by polychaetes. hundreds of them were examined and only 5 copepods were found. copepods were firmly attached to the dorsal side of the middle segments of the polychaete and probably sucked from the host' s body. we can therefore conclude that spionicola mystaceus is not a common parasite in the region where it was found .\nthis work was supported by the state of são paulo research foundation (fapesp) within the biota / fapesp - the biodiversity virtual institute program (urltoken) (proc. 1998 / 07090 - 3; 2003 / 08688 - 0). financial support was also provided to vir by the ministério da educação do brasil through the universidade federal do paraná (contract 125 / 2000) .\nwe thank the center of marine biology (cebimar) of the university of são paulo, brazil, for providing research space and equipment, also for the help from the staff .\ngravier, c. 1912. sur un crustacé parasite d' un polynoidien de l' atlantique sudaméricaine (selioides tardus nov. sp .). museum d' histoire naturelle de paris bulletin, 18: 63 - 67. [ links ]\nho, j - s. 1984. new family of poecilostomatoid copepods (spiophanicolidae) parasitic on polychaetes from southern california, with a phylogenetic analysis of nereicoliform families. journal of crustacean biology, 4: 134 - 146. [ links ]\nradashevsky, v. i. 1996. morphology, ecology and asexual reproduction of a new polydorella species (polychaeta: spionidae) from the south china sea. bulletin of marine science, 58: 684 - 693. [ links ]\nradashevsky, v. i. ; nogueira, j. m. m. 2003. life history, morphology and distribution of dipolydora armata (polychaeta: spionidae). journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdon, 83: 375 - 384. [ links ]\nrocha, c. e. f. 1986. copepoda of the juréia ecological reserve, state of são paulo, brazil. i. doviella prima, new genus, new species (poecilostomatoidea: clausidiidae). boletim de zoologia, universidade de são paulo, 10: 173 - 187. [ links ]\nav. nazaré, 481, ipiranga 04263 - 000 são paulo sp brasil tel. : (55 11) 2065 - 8133 einicker @ urltoken\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n... however, these genera have also very reduced and modified legs 1 - 4, present the typical clausiid maxillule and maxilla, and have a single free abdominal segment. the clausiid genus spionicola bjornberg & radashevsky, 2009 shares the 5 - segmented antennules with ophelicola (björnberg and radashevsky, 2009), but clearly differs in all remaining characteristics. ophelicola resembles the clausiid genus rhodinicola levinsen, 1878 in having 3 - segmented rami of legs 1 - 4 and in lacking posterior median element at the basis of leg 1 (björnberg and radashevsky, 2011)... .\nkim. i - h. , sikorski, a. , o’reilly, m. , & boxshall, g. (2013). copepods associated with polychaete worms in european seas. zootaxa 3651, 1 - 62 .\nthree benthonic harpacticoida (crustacea) new to science were collected in the são sebastião channel region (se coast of brazil): rhizotrix virginiae n. sp. (rhizotrichidae), galapalaophonte alvaroi n. sp. (laophontidae) and laophontisochra terueae n. sp. (nannopodidae). though similar to described species from the nw atlantic benthos, the caribbean region and the patagonian continental slope, ... [ show full abstract ]\nfoliomolgus cucullus, a new genus and species of clausidiidae (crustacea: copepoda: poecilostomatoid ...\nfoliomolgus cucullus, new genus and species, is described as an associate of the polychaete marphysa sanguinea (montagu) inhabiting the intertidal sands in jeju island in korea strait. the new genus possesses primitive features such as the complete segmentation and setation of rami on legs 1 - 4, 7 - segmented antennule, 4 - segmented antenna, and 5 - segmented female urosome. it possesses also... [ show full abstract ]\nspionidae (annelida) from lizard island, great barrier reef, australia: the genera aonides, dipolydo ...\nnineteen species in seven genera of spionid polychaetes are described and illustrated based on new material collected from the intertidal and shallow waters around the lizard island group, northern great barrier reef. only one of these species had been previously reported from the reef. six species are described as new to science, and the taxonomy of seven species should be clarified in the... [ show full abstract ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al. 2005. common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: crustaceans. american fisheries society special publication 31\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nbiodivlibrary @ artropica @ austmus @ bhl _ au indeed. these are truly works of art 😊\nsp. nov. , parasitic copepods of maldanid polychaetes. ophelia 1: 223–234 .\nho, j. - s. , 1984. new family of poecilostomatoid copepods (spiophanicolidae) parasitic on polychaetes from southern california, with a phylogenetic analysis of nereicoliform families. j. crust. biol. 4: 134–146 .\n, a new poecilostomatoid copepod (clausidiidae) associated with a polychaete in korea. korean j. zool. 33: 231–237 .\nhumes, a. g. & r. u. gooding, 1964. a method for studying the external anatomy of copepods. crustaceana 6: 238–240 .\nhumes, a. g. & j. - s. ho, 1969. new cyclopoid copepods associated with polychaete annelids in madagascar. bull. mus. comp. zool. 135: 377–414 .\nkim, i. - h. , 1988. illustrated encyclopedia of fauna and flora of korea. vol. 38. cirripedia, symbiotic copepoda and pycnogonida. ministry of education, korea: 1038 pp. (in korean) .\nkim, i. - h. , 2000. poecilostomatoid copepods from an intertidal mudflat in the yellow sea. j. nat. hist. 34: 367–432 .\no' reilly, m. g. , 1995. a new genus of copepod (copepoda: poecilostomatoida) commensal with the maldanid polychaete\nrocha, c. e. f. , 1986. copepods of the jur' eia ecological reserve, state of sao paulo, brazil. i .\n, new genus, new species (poecilostomatoida: clausidiidae). bolm zool. , univ. s. paulo 10: 173–187." ]

{ "text": [ "clausiidae is a family of parasitic copepods of the order poecilostomatoida , comprising the following genera : clausia claparède , 1863 donusa nordmann , 1864 flabelliphilus bresciani & lützen , 1962 indoclausia sebastian & pillai , 1974 likroclausia ho & i.h. kim , 2003 megaclausia o'reilly , 1995 mesnilia canu , 1898 pontoclausia bacescu & por , 1959 praxillinicola mcintosh , 1885 pseudoclausia bocquet & stock , 1960 rhodinicola levinsen , 1878 spionicola björnberg & radashevsky , 2009" ], "topic": [ 26 ] }

[ "clausiidae is a family of parasitic copepods of the order poecilostomatoida, comprising the following genera: clausia claparède, 1863 donusa nordmann, 1864 flabelliphilus bresciani & lützen, 1962 indoclausia sebastian & pillai, 1974 likroclausia ho & i.h. kim, 2003 megaclausia o'reilly, 1995 mesnilia canu, 1898 pontoclausia bacescu & por, 1959 praxillinicola mcintosh, 1885 pseudoclausia bocquet & stock, 1960 rhodinicola levinsen, 1878 spionicola björnberg & radashevsky, 2009" ]

[ "the home of the gorilla and chimpanzee are in the tropical forests of the coasts of western africa .\nthe orang is distinct and different from the chimpanzee and gorilla, which are found only in western africa .\nwhy women hunt: risk and contemporary foraging in a western desert aboriginal community .\nchimpanzees had a wide but discontinuous distribution across equatorial africa, from southern senegal across the forested belt north of the congo river to western uganda and western tanzania .\nthe eastern chimpanzee ranges from the ubangi river / congo river in central african republic and drc, to western uganda, rwanda and western tanzania. small, relict populations are found in burundi and south - eastern sudan .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - western chimpanzee - overview\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - western chimpanzee - overview\ntitle =\narkive video - western chimpanzee - overview\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nother names: common chimpanzee, robust chimpanzee, western or masked chimpanzee (p. t. verus), central african or black - faced chimpanzee (p. t. troglodytes), east african or long - haired chimpanzee (p. t. schweinfurthii), nigeria chimpanzee (p. t. vellerosus); chimpanzé (french); chimpancé (spanish); schimpans (swedish )\nchimpanzee subspecies ranges. distribution of the genus pan, including bonobos and the four subspecies of chimpanzee .\n), the chimpanzee is the closest living relative (4) to humans and is estimated to share 98 percent of our genes (6). there are currently four recognised subspecies of chimpanzee, showing differences in appearance and geographic range: the western or masked chimpanzee (\n], one that inhabits the rainforests of western cameroon and a second population that inhabits the ecotone of central cameroon .\nthe scientific name for the western gorilla stems from a long history of african exploration. hanno, a navigator from carthage, documented his travels in western africa before 480 b. c. e. ; the greek translation of his records reveals that he learned the word\ngorillai\nfrom natives there to name what he described as a\ntribe of hairy women .\nin 1847, dr. thomas savage also traveled to western africa and scientifically described the western gorilla for the first time, giving it the new latin name\n- the western subspecies (found in côte d' ivoire, plus some small populations in guinea, sierra leone, and liberia) .\nthe\nwestern gorilla :\nfound in west - equatorial africa; slightly smaller than g. beringei with several defining features (see speciation )\n, commonly known as the western gorilla, is outlined in the following table, along with a list of defining characteristics for each of the taxa .\nresults from the largest ever research study of gorillas and chimpanzees in western equatorial africa show population numbers higher than first believed, but their future still remains in peril .\nfig. s4. testing for signatures of host individual in chimpanzee gut microbiomes .\nchimpanzees have by far the widest geographic distribution of any great ape, with a range of over 2. 6 million km² (derived from iucn shapefiles). they have a discontinuous distribution from southern senegal across the forested belt north of the congo river to western tanzania and western uganda, between 13°n and 7°s. the four subspecies recognised here are distributed as follows :\n• n. a great ape (genus pan) with large ears, mainly black coloration, and lighter skin on the face, native to the forests of western and central africa .\npan t. schweinfurthii (giglioli 1872) ranges from the ubangi river / congo river in southeast central african republic (car) and democratic republic of congo (drc), to burundi, rwanda, western uganda and western tanzania, with a small, relict population in south sudan. the albertine rift escarpment is a stronghold for this subspecies (plumptre et al. 2010a) .\nngogo chimpanzee project co - directed by professor david watts, dept. of anthropology yale university\nthe natural history of the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes verus) at mt. assirik, senegal .\ntool - assisted predation on a squirrel by a female chimpanzee in the mahale mountains, tanzania .\nchimpanzee .\na dictionary of zoology. . retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nchimpanzee .\noxford dictionary of rhymes. . retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nchimpanzee. grooming session. jane goodall institute, gombé stream national park, gombé, tanzania .\ndeforestation is most advanced in west africa, where only remnant tracts of primary rainforest remain. the small populations of western, nigerian, and eastern chimpanzees are primarily located in remnant forest reserves and national parks .\nthe western chimpanzee (pan troglodytes verus) is classified as endangered (en a4cd) on the iucn red list 2008 (humle et al. , 2008) indicating that it has a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future. it is also listed on appendix i of cites .\na comparison of bonobo and chimpanzee tool use: evidence for a female bias in the pan lineage .\nhawks, john .\nhow strong is a chimpanzee ?\nslate, february 25, 2009 .\npan t. verus (schwarz 1934) is found in west africa from senegal to ghana, but has almost certainly been extirpated from benin, burkina faso and togo. more research is needed to determine whether the chimpanzee population in western nigeria is allied to p. t. verus or to p. t. ellioti .\n], which suggests that adaptation to different niches may play a role in the diversification of chimpanzee subspecies .\nmcgrew wc. chimpanzee material culture: implications for human evolution. cambridge, cambridge university press; 1992 .\nchimpanzee .\nthe columbia encyclopedia, 6th ed... retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nchimpanzee .\nthe oxford pocket dictionary of current english. . retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nchimpanzee .\nthe concise oxford dictionary of english etymology. . retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nhobaiter c, zuberbühler k. the waibira chimpanzee database. st andrews: university of st andrews; 2017 .\nboesch, c. 2009. the real chimpanzee: sex strategies in the forest. cambridge: cambridge university press .\nchimpanzee .\na dictionary of zoology. . encyclopedia. com. (july 10, 2018). urltoken\nchimpanzee .\noxford dictionary of rhymes. . encyclopedia. com. (july 10, 2018). urltoken\nthe chimpanzee is the animal that is closest to people genetically; people and chimps have very similar dna (about 98% of human and chimpanzee dna is identical). genetic studies show that chimpanzees and humans share a common ancestor .\nhabitat destruction is the greatest threat of the chimpanzee. large population decreases are also blamed on hunting and commercial exportation .\nchimpanzee\nin american heritage dictionary of the english language, fifth edition, houghton mifflin harcourt publishing company, 2011 .\npan troglodytes verus (schwarz 1934) is found in west africa, and is patchily distributed from senegal to ghana. it is possible that its geographic range extends further east, but genetic evidence is needed to confirm whether or not p. t. verus occurs in western nigeria. in high altitude parts of their range, western chimpanzees are found up to 1, 200 m asl (koops et al. 2012), and occasionally go beyond 1, 300 m asl (k. koops pers. comm. 2016) .\ngagneux p, gonder mk, goldberg tl, morin pa. gene flow in wild chimpanzee populations: what genetic data tell us about chimpanzee movement over space and time. philos trans r soc b. 2001; 356 (1410): 889–97 .\nmary - claire king (1973) protein polymorphisms in chimpanzee and human evolution, doctoral dissertation, university of california, berkeley .\nmcbrearty, s. ; n. g. jablonski (2005 - 09 - 01) .\nfirst fossil chimpanzee\n.\nosvath, mathias (2009 - 03 - 10) .\nspontaneous planning for future stone throwing by a male chimpanzee\n.\nthe four chimpanzee subspecies face similar threats, but to varying degrees in different regions. the major threats to pan troglodytes are :\nchimpanzee .\nthe columbia encyclopedia, 6th ed... encyclopedia. com. (july 10, 2018). urltoken\nchimpanzee .\nthe oxford pocket dictionary of current english. . encyclopedia. com. (july 10, 2018). urltoken\nchimpanzee .\nthe concise oxford dictionary of english etymology. . encyclopedia. com. (july 10, 2018). urltoken\nuehara s. predation on mammals by the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes). primates. 1997; 38 (2): 193–214 .\nanother interesting thing about chimpanzee diets is that some populations use different tools or techniques based on the area in which they live in. for example, chimpanzees in gombe climb a palm tree in order to obtain a food item known as a palm nut. while others found in the tai forest and bossou, the western part of africa, use a rock as a hammer and another as an anvil to open coula nuts .\nthree subspecies of common chimpanzees are distributed across the forest zone of africa from guinea to western tanzania and uganda. another species of chimpanzees, the bonobo (pan paniscus), is found exclusively in central democratic republic of congo. in east africa the chimpanzee is found in the wild in tanzania and uganda, but only in captivity in kenya. gombe national park in tanzania is the first park in africa specifically created for chimpanzees .\nteelen s (2008) .\ninfluence of chimpanzee predation on the red colobus population at ngogo, kibale national park, uganda\n.\ngardner, r. a. , gardner, b. t. (1969) .\nteaching sign language to a chimpanzee\n.\nthe wwf african great ape programme is working with many partners to conserve remaining chimpanzee populations, especially in west africa. our approach includes :\ndeveloping chimpanzee - focused ecotourism, e. g. . in campo ma' an national park, cameroon and the central african republic .\nlaporte mn, zuberbühler k. vocal greeting behaviour in wild chimpanzee females. anim behav. 2010; 80 (3): 467–473 .\nmake a symbolic chimpanzee adoption to help save some of the world' s most endangered animals from extinction and support wwf' s conservation efforts .\nwhat if i told you there were populations of chimpanzees that made spears to hunt, lived in caves, and loved playing in water? these are behaviors usually associated with ancient humans, not chimpanzees. however, recent research has revealed that there are populations of western chimpanzees (pan troglodytes verus) that engage in all of these behaviours, and it is challenging our current understanding of chimpanzee taxonomy. in other words, they may not be chimpanzees !\nl hunt differently. the chimpanzees found in the tai forest hunt adult red colobus monkeys, where as the chimpanzee in gombe or mahale will hunt juveniles (the younger monkeys). the chimpanzees in western africa will also hunt together and share the meat more often than their cousins in eastern africa. in addition, only the tai forest chimpanzees have been seen to eat the bone marrow (the inside of the bones of their prey) from their kills .\ndata files containing raw data on fongoli chimpanzee tool - assisted hunting behaviour analysed in this study can be found in the dryad database (urltoken) .\nchimpanzee (pan troglodytes verus) behavioral responses to stresses associated with living in a savanna - mosaic environment: implications for hominin adaptation to open habitats .\ncarvalho susana; et al. (2008) .\nchaînes opératoires and resource - exploitation strategies in chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) nut cracking\n.\nviewer discretion advised. it was a grisly sight: a murdered chimpanzee, his body beaten, bloodied—and partially cannibalized—by the community he used to lead .\ntool - assisted hunting by chimpanzee at fongoli, sénégal. adult male chimpanzee uses tree branch with modified end to (a – c) stab into a cavity within a hollow tree branch that houses a galago he ultimately captures as (d) his adolescent brother looks on. images are courtesy of bbc .\n( the central chimpanzee). the ranges of these two subspecies meet along the sanaga river in central cameroon, which has been proposed to separate them [\nkühl hs, n’guessan a, riedel j, metzger s, deschner t. the effect of climate fluctuation on chimpanzee birth sex ratio. plos one .\ngoodall, j. 1962. nest building behavior in the free ranging chimpanzee. annals of the new york academy of sciences. 102: 455 - 467 .\ngruber t, potts kb, krupenye c, byrne mr, mackworth - young c, mcgrew wc, et al. the influence of ecology on chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) cultural behavior: a case study of five ugandan chimpanzee communities. j comp psychol. 2012; 126 (4): 446–57. pmid: 22746159\nimages: top: male chimpanzee: hans hillewaert / cc - by - sa - 3. 0; bottom: chimps from fongoli, photo by joshua marshack .\nmaintaining large, well - protected areas of forest will be key to maintaining chimpanzee populations in the long term, and this can only be done by a combination of the actions detailed above. the iucn ssc primate specialist group has published regional conservation action plans for each subspecies of chimpanzee. the most recent of these documents are kormos\n] suggesting that chimpanzees across this region are divided into as many as three distinct populations. a primary division of chimpanzee populations occurs at the sanaga river, which separates\nbowden r, macfie ts, myers s, hellenthal g, nerrienet e, bontrop re, et al. genomic tools for evolution and conservation in the chimpanzee :\nnoisy and curious, intelligent and social, the chimpanzee is the mammal most like a human. chimpanzees fascinate humans and are favorites both in zoos and the wild .\nthe main threats to the chimpanzee are habitat loss and hunting for bushmeat. the relative severity of these threats differs from region to region, but the two are linked .\ncite this page as: cawthon lang ka. 2006 april 13. primate factsheets: chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) conservation. < urltoken >. accessed 2018 july 10 .\ncite this page as: cawthon lang ka. 2006 april 13. primate factsheets: chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) behavior. < urltoken >. accessed 2018 july 10 .\ntakahata y, hasegawa t, nishida t. chimpanzee predation in the mahale mountains from august 1979 to may 1982. int j primatol. 1984; 5: 213–233 .\nthe fossil record of chimpanzees has long been absent and thought to have been due to the preservation bias in relation to their environment. however, in 2005 chimpanzee fossils were discovered and described by sally mcbrearty and colleagues. existing chimpanzee populations in west and central africa are separate from the major human fossil sites in east africa; however, chimpanzee fossils have been reported from kenya, indicating that both humans and members of the pan clade were present in the east african rift valley during the middle pleistocene. [ 17 ]\npan t. ellioti (gray 1862) is found only in nigeria and cameroon, north of the sanaga river, and has the smallest geographical range the four chimpanzee subspecies .\na concrete test of this would be to perform dietary analyses on faecal samples of non - habituated chimpanzee groups; if habituation does disrupt hunting we would predict that the prey preferences and hunting frequency in unhabituated groups should resemble those of communities in which hunting has resumed. similarly, while not yet widely employed, it may be possible in the future to investigate unhabituated chimpanzee behaviour through the use of passive acoustic monitoring systems. recently used to establish chimpanzee and other primate species density, ranging, and territory use [ 73, 74 ], the ability to triangulate the co - occurrence of both chimpanzee hunting barks and prey - species alarm calling may provide more detail on encounter rates and unsuccessful hunting attempts in unhabituated communities .\nebola can have a massive impact on chimpanzee populations (walsh et al. , 2003). in the northeast minkébé forest of gabon, the recorded chimpanzee population declined by 99% due to an ebola epidemic (huijbregts et al. , 2003). female chimpanzees give birth for the first time at about age fourteen and once every 4 - 5 years thereafter. even with perfect protection from hunting, it would take approximately 150 years for these chimpanzee populations to recover to pre - ebola levels (tutin et al. , 2005) .\nmorgan b, adeleke a, bassey t, bergl r, dunn a, fotso r, et al. regional action plan for the conservation of the nigeria - cameroon chimpanzee (\nanatomical differences between the common chimpanzee and the bonobo are slight, but sexual and social behaviours are markedly different. the common chimpanzee has an omnivorous diet, a troop hunting culture based on beta males led by an alpha male, and highly complex social relationships. the bonobo, on the other hand, has a mostly frugivorous diet and an egalitarian, nonviolent, matriarchal, sexually receptive behaviour. [ 25 ] bonobos frequently have sex, sometimes to help prevent and resolve conflicts. different groups of chimpanzees also have different cultural behaviour with preferences for types of tools. [ 26 ] the common chimpanzee tends to display greater aggression than does the bonobo. [ 27 ] the average, captive chimpanzee sleeps 9. 7 hours per day. [ 28 ]\nthere are now considered to be two species of gorilla, the western gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and the eastern gorilla (gorilla beringei), each of which is divided into at least two subspecies. the eastern gorilla was “discovered” by europeans as late as 1902 by one captain von beringe who discovered “discovered” it by shooting one, and was rewarded by having it named after him. (eg here )\nchimpanzee, the name of an angolan animal [... ] in the year 1738, we had one of these creatures brought over into england .\n( cited after oed )\ncite this page as: cawthon lang ka. 2006 april 13. primate factsheets: chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) taxonomy, morphology, & ecology. < urltoken >. accessed 2018 july 10 .\ngonder mk, disotell tr, oates jf. new genetic evidence on the evolution of chimpanzee populations, and implications for taxonomy. int j primatol. 2006; 27 (4): 1103–27 .\nwe also develop chimpanzee - focused ecotourism and work to stop illegal poaching in logging concessions. wwf continues to look for ways to reduce the impact of the bushmeat trade on apes and other endangered species .\nwhile, there are plants with medical purposes found in different locations; there are a few chimpanzee groups that have access to different kinds of medical remedies outside of their native location. the chimpanzees found in uganda eat the dirt in order to self - medicate themselves against malaria, an infectious disease passed by mosquitoes. however, the dirt alone is not enough; the chimps also consume the plant trichilia rubescens, which contains the malaria medicine, that mixes with the dirt and effectively protects them against malaria. but, this particular plant is only found in western africa, so gombe and mahale chimpanzees do not use this plant as medicine .\nthe vast majority of p. t. schweinfurthii are found in drc (173, 000–248, 000, plumptre et al. 2010a, 2015). outside the drc, there are roughly 5, 000 in uganda (plumptre et al. 2003a), just over 400 in rwanda (wcs rwanda unpubl. data), fewer than 400 in burundi (hakizimana and huynen 2013), and fewer than 2, 500 in tanzania (a. piel and f. stewart, pers. comm .). almost all chimpanzees in tanzania are found in the greater mahale ecosystem, and their populations appear to be stable (piel et al. 2015). similarly, chimpanzee numbers in rwanda’s nyungwe national park are relatively stable (sop et al. 2015). in western uganda, forest is being lost at many chimpanzee sites; however, data from the protected areas (budongo and bugoma forest reserves, kibale national park) indicate that chimpanzee populations there are relatively stable (wanyama et al. 2009, plumptre et al. 2010b) .\nobserved versus expected tool - assisted hunting frequency in chimpanzee age–sex classes at fongoli, sénégal. expected frequencies are calculated by multiplying the% total hunting frequency by the% of that age–sex class comprising the average chimpanzee party recorded on days on which tool - assisted hunting was recorded. based on 302 tool - assisted hunts where age–sex class was known. adol, adolescent; juv / inf, juvenile and infants .\nbecquet, c. , patterson, n. , stone, a. c. , przeworski, m. , & reich, d. 2007. genetic structure of chimpanzee populations. plos genetics, 3: e66 .\nmight not be confined or unique to humans. the differences between chimpanzee and human laughter may be the result of adaptations that have evolved to enable human speech. self - awareness of one' s situation as seen in the\ndegradation of forests through logging, mining, farming, and other forms of land development is contributing to the decline of primate species throughout tropical africa. remaining habitat patches are often small and unconnected, leaving chimpanzee populations isolated .\nmitchell mw, locatelli s, sesink clee pr, thomassen ha, gonder mk. environmental variation and rivers govern the structure of chimpanzee genetic diversity in a biodiversity hotspot. bmc evolutionary biology. 2015; 15: 1 .\nwatts dp, amsler sj. chimpanzee - red colobus encounter rates show a red colobus population decline associated with predation by chimpanzees at ngogo. am j primatol. 2013; 75 (9): 927–937. pmid: 23775942\nthe chimpanzee' s brain on the left and the man' s brain on the right have been scaled to the same size to show the relative proportions of their parts. these drawings were in a book made in 1904 by\nkeele bf, van heuverswyn f, li y, bailes e, takehisa j, santiago ml, et al. chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic hiv - 1. science. 2006; 313 (5786): 523–6 .\nthe central chimpanzee is the most numerous of all chimpanzee subspecies, with a population of up to 115, 000 individuals, mostly in gabon, cameroon, and congo. small, isolated, or relict populations occur in the central african republic, equatorial guinea, and angola (cabinda enclave), south - east nigeria, and possibly the coastal extension of drc. large populations of this subspecies are now found only where large areas of forest remain relatively undisturbed .\nindividual fongoli chimpanzee hunting success according to vertebrate prey species. in some cases, an individual was in more than one age class when they captured prey. cases in which these individuals captured prey as an adolescent are indicated in parentheses .\ncitation: hobaiter c, samuni l, mullins c, akankwasa wj, zuberbühler k (2017) variation in hunting behaviour in neighbouring chimpanzee communities in the budongo forest, uganda. plos one 12 (6): e0178065. urltoken\nthe brain of a chimpanzee has been measured at a general range of 282–500 cc. [ 21 ] the human brain, in contrast, is about three times larger, with a reported average volume of about 1330 cc. [ 22 ]\n]. a clearer understanding of the role that environmental variation has played in delimiting the distribution of chimpanzee subspecies across this region may help to clarify why this region plays an important role in shaping the distribution of other forest - dwelling primates .\nin chimpanzees, the majority of parental care is the responsibility of the mother and is critical to the survival and emotional health of youngsters (goodall 1986). chimpanzee infants and juveniles benefit from the close relationship with their mothers in terms of food, warmth, protection, and the opportunity to learn skills. there is also some evidence that a young chimpanzee achieves rank according to his or her mother' s status (goodall 1986; boesch & boesch - achermann 2000) .\nand the central chimpanzee. both have been severely affected by the virus, which has drastically reduced populations. the disease reportedly had a great impact in odzala national park, a site known to have the highest density of great apes in africa .\nnewton - fisher ne. chimpanzee hunting behaviour. in: henke w, tattersall i, editors. handbook of palaeoanthropology. springer reference vol. 2. 2nd ed. berlin / heidelberg: springer - verlag; 2014. p. 1–19 .\nghobrial l, lankester f, kiyang j, akih a, de vries s, fotso r, et al. tracing the origins of rescued chimpanzees reveals widespread chimpanzee hunting in cameroon. bmc ecology. 2010; 10 (1): 2 .\npruetz, j. d. & bertolani, p. 2009. chimpanzee (pan troglodytes verus) behavioral responses to stresses associated with living in a savanna - mosaic environment: implications for hominin adaptations to open habitats. paleo anthropology, 252 - 262 .\ncadell last is an evolutionary anthropologist (msc .) with a background studying chimpanzee sleeping patterns and the emergence of human bipedalism. he is currently working on an animated science channel with pbs digital studios and merging anthropological and cybernetic theory with the global brain institute .\nlike with us humans, a chimpanzee’s diet varies depending on where they live. think about it; people in india tend to eat spicier food than people who live in north america. chimpanzees are similar to us because their diet changes based on where they live .\nhughes, n. , rosen, n. , gretsky, n. , & sommer, v. 2011. will the nigeria - cameroon chimpanzee go extinct? models derived from intake rates of ape sanctuaries. biomedical and life sciences, 35: 545 - 575 .\nincreasing population densities are increasing the frequency of encounters between chimpanzees and humans and / or human waste, and are leading to higher risks of disease transmission. the ebola virus was responsible for killing 25% of a chimpanzee community in taï national park, côte d’ivoire in 1994, and in 1999, an acute respiratory disease reduced the community by further 25% (herbinger et al. , 2003). in 2003, 7% of the bossou chimpanzee community in guinea also succumbed to an outbreak of respiratory disease (humle, 2011) .\nsee g. h. bourne, the chimpanzee (6 vol. , 1973); j. goodall, in the shadow of man (1967) and the chimpanzees of gombe (1986); f. de waal, bonobo: the forgotten ape (1998) .\nchimpanzees (sometimes called chimps) are an exclusively african species of extant great ape. native to subsaharan africa, chimpanzees are currently found in the congo jungle. classified in the genus pan, chimpanzees were considered to be one species. however, since 1928, they have been divided into two species: the chimpanzee (p. troglodytes) and the bonobo (p. paniscus). [ 2 ] in addition, the chimpanzee is divided into five subspecies. based on genome sequencing, the two extant pan species diverged around one million years ago .\nthe characteristic chimpanzee shape includes arms that extend beyond the knees, opposable thumbs, and a prominent mouth. the skin on the face, ears, palms, and soles of the feet is bare, and the rest of the body is covered with brown to black hair .\ngilby ic, machanda zp, mjungu dc, rosen j, muller mn, pusey ae, et al. impact hunters’ catalyse cooperative hunting in two wild chimpanzee communities. philos trans r soc lond b biol sci 2015; 370 (1683): 20150005. pmid: 26503679\nfecal samples were collected from chimpanzees under direct observation. the source individual for each sample was verified by genetic markers as described elsewhere (27). samples were immediately suspended in rnalater. upon collection, samples were suspended in an equal volume of rnalater and stored at −80°c. fecal samples were tested for sivcpz antibodies by western blot analysis as reported previously by keele et al. (28). the four samples that tested positive for sivcpz came from a single infected individual that did not display an abnormal microbiome compositional profile, which can sometimes manifest in sivcpz - positive chimpanzees (29) .\noverarching gaps in knowledge and capacity needed to effectively conserve western lowland gorillas include: refinement of survey methods and evaluation of innovative techniques to improve estimates of ape abundance; improvement of information accessibility (through a centralized database with geo - referenced ape survey data); large - scale survey and monitoring (establishment of a regional monitoring programme to coordinate surveys and ensure consistency of monitoring methods); capacity building opportunities in ape research, monitoring methods and technical support for national researchers; and improved understanding of ebola transmission dynamics and potential control measures, and evaluation of alternative vaccine delivery methods for wild ape populations .\nthe eastern chimpanzee is classified as endangered (en a4cd) on the iucn red list 2008 (wilson et al. , 2008) indicating that it has a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future. it is also listed on appendix i of cites .\n. these results provide an ecological basis for the assertion that environmental variation across the region may be driving local adaptation. this is particularly compelling when coupled with the findings of two related studies that found that simple allopatric speciation is unlikely to explain the observed patterns of chimpanzee genetic diversity [\ngonder mk, locatelli s, ghobrial l, mitchell mw, kujawski jt, lankester fj, et al. evidence from cameroon reveals differences in the genetic structure and histories of chimpanzee populations. proc natl acad sci u s a. 2011; 108 (12): 4766–71 .\ndifferences in community memberships (sorensen - dice dissimilarities) of chimpanzee gut microbiomes sampled in the same season plotted against sociability of chimpanzees (mean hwi across all unique dyads of adult male or female chimpanzees) during the season of sampling. points represent pairwise comparisons of microbiome community memberships .\nmany chimpanzees that live in the western parts of africa use rocks to break open nuts, but chimpanzees in eastern africa do not practice such a skill. young chimpanzees learn to collect food by watching and imitating their mothers’ behaviors. each generation learns from older individuals which leads to a difference in collection techniques between regions. like the chimpanzees found in gombe as well as the mahale k group, one of the two groups found in mahale, have been seen fishing for termites with twigs! but, the tai and gombe chimpanzees also fish for and eat driver ants, which the mahale groups usually avoid .\nimplementation of priority actions in these units, if successful, could conserve about 96% of known chimpanzee populations across most of the eco - regions where they occur, and capture the range of ecological and cultural variation that exists within the subspecies (plumptre et al. , 2010) .\ngreat ape population estimates are made using a standard index of abundance: night nest abundance and distribution, sometimes combined with predictive modelling. in 2003, the total chimpanzee population size was estimated to be 172, 700–299, 700 (butynski 2003). current estimates for each subspecies are :\nbuy sustainable wood and paper. by purchasing fsc - certified forest products, consumers, retailers, traders, and manufacturers help protect chimpanzee habitat by encouraging sustainable forestry and limiting illegal logging. without the fsc label, your timber may well stem from illegal or controversial sources in central africa .\nin order to model the distribution of these chimpanzee populations in the future, the following are required: 1) presence localities of chimpanzees in the present time, 2) a set of environmental variables used to describe their habitat for the present time, and 3) a matching set of environmental variables for each year under each climate scenario being explored. since some measures of the environment cannot be predicted well using climate scenarios, due to other factors such as human disturbance, the projected models of distribution for the chimpanzee populations were created using only the climatic and topographic factors summarized in additional file\ncoordinating chimpanzee conservation action between nigeria and cameroon is essential as most of the viable populations straddle the international border (morgan et al. , 2011). importantly all recommendations in the action plan have received the endorsement of the ministers in charge of wildlife in the governments of both cameroon and nigeria .\nin his book, the third chimpanzee, j. diamond proposes that p. troglodytes and p. paniscus belong with h. sapiens in the genus homo, rather than in pan. he argues that other species have been reclassified by genus for less genetic similarity than that between humans and chimpanzees .\nlong - term standardised monitoring of law enforcement efforts and effectiveness, of chimpanzee abundance throughout their range, and of chimpanzee health. a standardised tool for law enforcement monitoring (smart: urltoken) is already in use across much of the range; standard methods for surveying and monitoring great ape populations that facilitate more accurate and precise monitoring of changes in abundance have been recommended for almost a decade (kühl et al. 2008 urltoken); and non - invasive diagnosis of a range of pathogens is now possible, for example, detection of ebolavirus in faeces (reed et al. 2014) .\nmitchell mw, locatelli s, ghobrial l, pokempner a, sesink clee pr, abwe e, et al. the population genetics of wild chimpanzees in cameroon and nigeria suggests a positive role for selection in driving the evolution of chimpanzee subspecies. bmc evolutionary biology. 2015; 15: 3 .\npruetz, j. d. & laduke, t. c. 2009. brief communication: reaction to fire by savanna chimpanzees (pan troglodytes verus) at fongoli, senegal: conceptualization of “fire behavior” and the case for a chimpanzee model. american journal of physical anthropology, 141: 646 - 650 .\nthe central chimpanzee (pan troglodytes troglodytes) is classified as endangered (en a4cd) on the iucn red list 2008 (tutin et al. , 2008) indicating that it has a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future. it is also listed on appendix i of cites .\nthe chimpanzee is tailless; its coat is dark; its face, fingers, palms of the hands, and soles of the feet are hairless. the exposed skin of the face, hands, and feet varies from pink to very dark in both species, but is generally lighter in younger individuals and darkens with maturity. a university of chicago medical centre study has found significant genetic differences between chimpanzee populations. [ 20 ] a bony shelf over the eyes gives the forehead a receding appearance, and the nose is flat. although the jaws protrude, a chimp' s lips are thrust out only when it pouts .\nthe nigeria - cameroon chimpanzee (pan troglodytes ellioti) is classified as endangered (en a4cd) on the iucn red list 2008 (oates et al. , 2008) indicating that it has a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future. it is also listed on appendix i of cites .\neffective, coordinated land - use planning across the geographic range of the species to avoid the clearing of large areas of chimpanzee habitat to establish large - scale agriculture, especially oil - palm plantations (iucn ssc primate specialist group 2014, wich et al. 2014, ruysschaert and rainer 2015). industrial extraction of other natural resources, namely timber and minerals, should be incorporated into a holistic, spatially - explicit approach. such planning needs to be done at both national and regional levels. several of the most important areas for chimpanzee conservation are transboundary, and thus fall within the remit of national agencies from two or three countries .\nthe nigeria - cameroon chimpanzee is the least numerous subspecies with a total population of less than 6, 500 individuals remaining in nigeria and cameroon, north of the sanaga river. the only relatively large and secure populationis in gashaka - gumti national park in nigeria, with an estimated population of up to 1, 500 .\npriority actions for each site reflect site - specific needs and include the following required actions: survey and monitoring; education and awareness campaigns including a national or sub - national programme of environmental education; study on threats including bushmeat, pet trade, and chimpanzee - human competition over natural resources; development, improvement and support for management plans; corridor creation; promotion of chimpanzee related tourism; support to national parks; projects to provide alternative protein sources; building of local capacity; more research on ecology and behaviour; improvement in law enforcement; formalize protected area recognition and legal status; and transboundary programmes (kormos & boesch, 2003) .\nof tropical africa. chimpanzees are mostly black and powerfully built. a smaller chimpanzee of the congo region is sometimes classified as a separate species. chimpanzees often nest in trees, but are mostly on the ground searching for fruit and nuts. they are communicative and, in controlled situations, have learned a limited human vocabulary in\nthere is a great risk of disease transmission in east africa as human - chimpanzee populations generally live in close proximity. human gut fauna are found in chimpanzees and other primates in kibale national park that live adjacent to human settlements, and similarities between the gut fauna of people and primates increases with increasing forest fragmentation (plumptre et al. , 2010). this is further exacerbated by several countries in east africa offering eco - tourism opportunities, where tourists can come within 7 - 10 metres to habituated groups of wild chimpanzees. given the use of tourism in chimpanzee conservation, strict guidelines have been developed to minimize disease risks (macfie & williamson, 2010) .\npan troglodytes ellioti is one of four recognized subspecies of the common (or robust) chimpanzee. as the name suggests, this subspecies only occurs in nigeria and cameroon with its range extending through forested habitats north of the sanaga river in cameroon, the eastern edge of nigeria, and in forest fragments southwestern nigeria and the nigeria delta .\nacross the study period, chimpanzees displayed consistent seasonal changes in social activity, allowing quantification of the influence of social behavior on the composition of chimpanzee gut microbiomes. during dry seasons, chimpanzees spend substantially more time alone or in small groups, whereas during wet seasons, chimpanzees forage together in larger groups (6). accordingly, across the study period, we observed that chimpanzee sociability, calculated as the proportion of time individuals spent together on average [ seasonal mean half - weight index of association (hwi) ], was significantly higher each year during wet seasons (november through april) than during dry seasons (may through october) (fig. s1) .\niowa state university, the national geographic society, the leakey foundation, the wenner - gren foundation for anthropological research, the national science foundation, primate conservation inc. , t. townsend, the us fish and wildlife service, and the american society of primatology provided funding to j. d. p. for the fongoli savanna chimpanzee project .\nin southern cameroon. this region of west central africa is likely to experience drastic alterations that could lead to the loss of nearly all optimal chimpanzee habitat found in central cameroon by 2080. although the threats of hunting and habitat fragmentation by logging and agricultural plantations are immediate and are expected to have a large overall effect on chimpanzees in this region [\nfinally, sanctuaries for orphaned chimpanzees are necessary to rehabilitate the infants and juveniles and save them from an unnatural life in a home. chimpanzee orphanages, while not ideal for developing chimpanzees, could ensure a relatively normal socialization and learning period, and eventually orphaned chimpanzees may be returned to the wild or be used in captive breeding programs, if necessary .\nthe rare depictions of chimpanzees as individuals rather than stock characters, and as central rather than incidental to the plot [ 76 ] are generally found in works of science fiction. robert a. heinlein' s short story\njerry was a man\n( 1947) centers on a genetically enhanced chimpanzee suing for better treatment. the 1972 film conquest of the planet of the apes, the third sequel of planet of the apes, portrays a futuristic revolt of enslaved apes led by the only talking chimpanzee, caesar, against their human masters. [ 76 ] this concept was revisited in the 2011 film rise of the planet of the apes, again with a chimpanzee protagonist named caesar. another short story ,\nthe pope of the chimps\nby robert silverberg, set in the present day, shows the development of the first signs of religiosity in a group of chimpanzees, much to the surprise of the humans observing them. david brin' s uplift novels present a future in which humans have\nuplifted\nchimpanzees (and certain other species) with human - level sapience .\nthe chimpanzee has a thickset body with long arms, short legs and no tail. much of the body is covered with long black hair, but the face, ears, fingers and toes are bare. they have hands that can grip firmly, allowing them to pick up objects. the discovery that they used\ntools\nfor certain purposes surprised the world .\nthe frequency of encounters between chimpanzees and humans, and human waste products, is increasing as human populations expand in number and range, leading to higher risks of disease transmission. in nigeria, most chimpanzee sites are no more than a few hours away from human habitation (oates et al. , 2003). large commercial farms have been developed close to chimpanzee habitat and there is a well developed road network. although the devastating epidemics of ebola virus that have decimated some central african ape populations have not been recorded within the range of p. t. ellioti, habitat loss and hunting has fragmented populations so that many are now small and isolated and at increased risk of extinction from disease (morgan et al. , 2011) .\nanimal sociality facilitates the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms among hosts, but the extent to which sociality enables animals’ beneficial microbial associations is poorly understood. the question is critical because microbial communities, particularly those in the gut, are key regulators of host health. we show evidence that chimpanzee social interactions propagate microbial diversity in the gut microbiome both within and between host generations. frequent social interaction promotes species richness within individual microbiomes as well as homogeneity among the gut community memberships of different chimpanzees. sampling successive generations across multiple chimpanzee families suggests that infants inherited gut microorganisms primarily through social transmission. these results indicate that social behavior generates a pan - microbiome, preserving microbial diversity across evolutionary time scales and contributing to the evolution of host species–specific gut microbial communities .\nnishida t, hasegawa t, hayaki h, takahata y, uehara s. meat - sharing as a coalition strategy by an alpha male chimpanzee. in: nishida t, mcgrew wc, marler p, pickford m, de waal fbm, editors. topics in primatology, vol 1: human origins. tokyo, university of tokyo press; 1992. p. 159–174 .\n( a) microbial species richness of individual gut microbiomes plotted against chimpanzee sociability during the season of sampling (mean hwi across all unique dyads of adult male or female chimpanzees). (b) microbial species richness of individual gut microbiomes plotted against chimpanzee de (shannon’s evenness index of the proportions of dietary foodstuffs; table s6) during the season of sampling. in (a) and (b), the p value indicating whether the slope of the trend line differs from zero is shown. (c) log likelihood of a model of species richness containing hwi and de versus the log likelihoods of models of species richness containing hwi alone or de alone. significant differences were determined by the likelihood ratio test (* * * p < 0. 001) .\nchimps communicate in a manner similar to human nonverbal communication, using vocalizations, hand gestures, and facial expressions. there is even some evidence that they can recreate human speech. [ 46 ] research into the chimpanzee brain has revealed chimp communication activates an area of the chimp brain in the same position as broca' s area, a language center in the human brain. [ 47 ]\nthough it is not well documented, the potential exists for parasitic or pathogenic infections to cause massive mortality in chimpanzee populations (butynski 2001). over 100 parasitic diseases, including protozoal and metazoal pathogens, affect the great apes and they are fatal or cause morbidity with severe consequences for behavior and reproduction. often mortality results from a secondary infection in lesions caused by the primary pathogen (toft 1986) .\necological niche models for chimpanzee populations in cameroon and nigeria. a. two - population model: (i) p. t. ellioti, (ii) p. t. troglodytes, b. three - population model: (i) p. t. ellioti (rainforest), (ii) p. t. ellioti (ecotone), (iii) p. t. troglodytes .\ngonder, m. , locatelli, s. , ghobrial, l. , mitchell, m. , kujawski, t. , lankester, f. , steward, c. , & tishkoff, s. (2011). evidence from cameroon reveals differences in the genetic structure and histories of chimpanzee populations. proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america, 108, 4766 - 4771 .\nlife history (as summarised in williamson et al. 2013): male and female chimpanzees reach puberty at 7–8 years of age. females have a 35 - day reproductive cycle. the first parturition is generally at 13–14 years of age, but as early as 9–10 years in one population of western chimpanzees. chimpanzees reproduce throughout the year. gestation is c. 230 days. the norm is a single infant, but occasionally twins are born. offspring are typically weaned at 4–5 years of age. the interbirth interval averages 4. 6–7. 2 years when the preceding infant survives. females can remain reproductive into their late forties. maximum life span is unknown, but thought to be ca 50 years. female chimpanzees may give birth to as many as nine offspring during their lifetime, but only one third of them survive beyond infancy. generation time is estimated to be 25 years (langergraber et al. 2012) .\nthe fongoli chimpanzee community ranges within the kedougou region in southeastern sénégal (12 ° 40′ n, 12 ° 13′ w). the savannah environment here is a mosaic of woodland, grassland, bamboo and gallery forest habitats [ 3, 18, 20 ]. the extensive dry season lasts over seven months, and rainfall usually averages less than 1000 mm annually [ 21 ]. maximum temperature in the dry season exceeds 40 ° c .\ntheir hair is typically black or brown. males and females differ in size and appearance. chimps and bonobos are some of the most social great apes, with social bonds occurring in large communities. fruit is the most important component of an chimpanzee' s diet; however, the apes will also eat vegetation, bark, honey, insects and even other chimps. they can live over 30 years in both the wild and captivity .\nour observations of the sonso and waibira community hunting behaviour suggest that 1) neither ecological nor genetic factors satisfactorily explain variation in chimpanzee hunting preferences, indicating that behavioural differences may represent responses to human observers or, in the case of red duiker prey, socially learned traditions and that 2) the energetic costs imposed by harassment alone may not provide a complete explanation of meat sharing in budongo chimpanzees, to which social factors appear to make an important contribution .\nwith the publication of the chimpanzee genome, plans to increase the use of chimps in labs are reportedly increasing, with some scientists arguing the federal moratorium on breeding chimps for research should be lifted. [ 59 ] [ 63 ] a five - year moratorium was imposed by the u. s. national institutes of health in 1996, because too many chimps had been bred for hiv research, and it has been extended annually since 2001. [ 59 ]" ]

{ "text": [ "the western chimpanzee , or west african chimpanzee , ( pan troglodytes verus ) is a subspecies of the common chimpanzee .", "it inhabits western africa , mainly in côte d'ivoire and guinea but with populations in surrounding countries . " ], "topic": [ 4, 13 ] }

[ "the western chimpanzee, or west african chimpanzee, (pan troglodytes verus) is a subspecies of the common chimpanzee. it inhabits western africa, mainly in côte d'ivoire and guinea but with populations in surrounding countries." ]

[ "nassarius luridus - nassariidae - australian seashell - 16. 2mm - # 5559 on ebid united states | 143020849\nto barcode of life (2 barcodes) (from synonym nassarius luridus (gould, 1850) ) to biodiversity heritage library (1 publication) (from synonym nassarius luridus (gould, 1850) ) to biodiversity heritage library (15 publications) (from synonym nassa dispar a. adams, 1852) to encyclopedia of life (from synonym nassarius luridus (gould, 1850) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection (from synonym nassarius luridus (gould, 1850) )\nparent taxon: nassarius according to a. j. w. hendy et al. 2008\nnassarius (telasco) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 accepted as tritia risso, 1826\n( of nassarius luridus (gould, 1850) ) cernohorsky w. o. (1984). systematics of the family nassariidae (mollusca: gastropoda). bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14: 1 - 356. [ details ]\n( of nassarius (telasco) luridus (gould, 1850) ) cernohorsky w. o. (1984). systematics of the family nassariidae (mollusca: gastropoda). bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14: 1 - 356. [ details ]\n( of nassarius (telasco) luridus (gould, 1850) ) tsuchiya k. (2017). family nassariidae. pp. 910 - 917, in: t. okutani (ed .), marine mollusks in japan, ed. 2. 2 vols. tokai university press. 1375 pp. [ details ]\ncernohorsky w. o. (1984). systematics of the family nassariidae (mollusca: gastropoda). bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14: 1 - 356. [ details ]\ntsuchiya k. (2017). family nassariidae. pp. 910 - 917, in: t. okutani (ed .), marine mollusks in japan, ed. 2. 2 vols. tokai university press. 1375 pp. [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nnassa (alectryon) elegans fulgurans (var .) schepman, m. m. , 1913: indonesia\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nadams, a. 1852 ,\ncatalogue of the species of nassa, a genus of gasteropodous mollusca, belonging to the family buccinidae, in the collection of hugh cuming, esq. , with the description of some new species\n, proceedings of the zoological society of london, vol. 1851, no. 19, pp. 94 - 112\ngould, a. a. 1850 ,\ndescriptions of the shells brought home by the u. s. exploring expedition (cont. )\n, proceedings of the boston society of natural history, vol. 3, pp. 151 - 156\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 608ff325 - 8579 - 49ca - 89f8 - c25959478f02\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 540900\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nmerci de saisir vos informations de connexions. vous pouvez demander la création d' un compte directement en cliquant ici\nmot de passe oublié? saisissez votre adresse email ci - dessous. si vous ne retrouvez pas l' adresse email correspondant à votre compte merci de nous contacter directement\nthis shell has been added to your booking list. show my booking list continue browsing shell\nyou have to be logged to be able to book and buy shells. click here to log in or create an account .\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation. by continuing to browse, you accept the use of cookies; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further. more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito. continuando a navigare accetti l' utilizzo dei cookies, se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente. altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nitem is from australia, bids are aud (a $), usd ($) prices are estimates .\naustralian customers can pay by direct bank deposit (preferred), paypal or cheque. overseas customers please pay by paypal unless other arrangements have been made\nprices quoted below are for regular airmail. please note that we can register and / or insure on larger orders. please enquire .\ncombining items in the one package is the most economical way to buy as postage stays the same up to 500grams .\nas postage figures vary dramatically from state to state and country to country please message us if you need an accurate quote .\nwe offer a money - back guarantee if not happy with the item. money will be refunded once the item has been returned in its original condition. return postage is the buyers responsibility .\nthis is a single item listing. if an auction is running, the winning bidder will be the highest bidder .\nit' s been 8 years since joining ebid! 300, 000 auctions then, now 3. 5 million +! thanks ebid, great having an alternative site to the other two big sites. i' ve tried several other auction sites but have found ebid to be best site in terms of usability, site layout, friendly forums, fair feedback system & most of all. . listening & responding to it' s site users. thx gazza & mark\n42 created tue 10 jul 2018 04: 45: 46 (edt). copyright © 1999 - 2018 ebid ltd\n( of nassa graphitera hombron & jacquinot, 1848) hombron, j. b. & jacquinot, h. (1848) atlas d’histoire naturelle. zoologie par mm. hombron et jacquinot, chirurgiens de l’expédition. in: voyage au pole sud et dans l’océanie sur les corvettes l’astrolabe et la zélée exécuté par ordre du roi pendant les années 1837 - 1838 - 1839 - 1840 sous le commandement de m. dumont - d’urville capitaine de vaisseau publié sous les auspices du département de la marine et sous la direction supérieure de m. jacquinot, capitaine de vaisseau, commandant de la zélée. 26ème livraison: pls 17, 21, 23, 24, 25. page (s): pl. 21 figs 28 - 29 [ details ]\n( of nassa dispar a. adams, 1852) adams a. (1852 - 1853 [\n1851\n]). catalogue of the species of nassa, a genus of gasteropodous mollusca belonging to the family buccinidae, in the collection of hugh cuming, esq. , with the description of some new species. proceedings of the zoological society of london. 19: 94 - 112 [ 7 december 1852 ], 113 - 114 [ 29 april 1853 ]. , available online at urltoken page (s): 96 [ details ]\n( of nassa lurida gould, 1850) gould, a. a. (1850). [ descriptions of new species of shells from the united states exploring expedition ]. proceedings of the boston society of natural history. 3: 151 - 156, 169 - 172, 275 - 278, 292 - 296. , available online at urltoken page (s): 153 [ details ]\n( of nassa (alectryon) lurida gould, 1850) cernohorsky w. o. (1984). systematics of the family nassariidae (mollusca: gastropoda). bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14: 1 - 356. [ details ]\n( of nassa (telasco) dispar a. adams, 1852) cernohorsky w. o. (1984). systematics of the family nassariidae (mollusca: gastropoda). bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14: 1 - 356. [ details ]\n( of nassa (zeuxis) lurida gould, 1850) cernohorsky w. o. (1984). systematics of the family nassariidae (mollusca: gastropoda). bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14: 1 - 356. [ details ]" ]

{ "text": [ "nassarius luridus is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae , the nassa mud snails or dog whelks . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "nassarius luridus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae, the nassa mud snails or dog whelks." ]

[ "species dioryctria auranticella - ponderosa pine coneworm moth - hodges # 5846 - bugguide. net\njudith e pasek and mary ellen dix .\nlife history of a ponderosa pine coneworm, dioryctria auranticella (lepidoptera: pyralidae )\nattracted to lights. i believe this is dioryctria auranticella, mona 5846, based on distribution information and photos on mpg. common name ponderosa pine coneworm moth .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nneunzig, h. h. , 2003. moths of america north of mexico, fascicle 15. 5, p. 168; pl. 6. 9. order\npowell, j. a. & p. a. opler, moths of western north america, pl. 25. 46m; p. 192. book review and ordering\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\nyour browser doesn' t support javascript or you have disabled javascript. please enable javascript, then refresh this page. javascript is required on this site .\neuropean union funding: for a one - year period (2017 - 12 - 16 to 2018 - 12 - 15), eppo has been awarded an eu grant for the further development of the eppo code system (agreement nb: sante / 2017 / gs / eppo / s12. 768842). the eu commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information from this project subsequently included in the eppo global database .\nsymptoms / signs: entire cones are usually killed by pine coneworms; partially killed cones become distorted and do not open. larval feeding cavities inside cones are filled with frass and webbing .\nbiology: larvae begin feeding in ponderosa pine cones in late spring. they make an entry hole in the basal portion of the cone and consume seeds and scale tissues. mature larvae pupate in the cavities in the cones created by feeding activity of the larvae. adults emerge in middle to late summer .\neffects: this obligate seed and cone insect can be destructive when populations are high. up to 80 percent of cones can be damaged per year in the southwest. coneworms feed on seeds and scales from a cavity inside the cone, severely distorting the cone and preventing extraction .\nsimilar insects and diseases: there are a variety of cone and seed feeding insects in the west. other species of insects that feed in seeds and cones of ponderosa pine in the southwest include pine seed chalcid (megastigmus albifrons), ponderosa pine cone beetle (conophthorus ponderosae), and the ponderosa pine seed moth (laspeyresia piperana). this conophyte is distinguished by the entry hole in the basal portion of the cone and larval feeding cavities filled with frass and webbing .\nwe do not yet have descriptive information on this species. please try the buttons above to search for information from other sources .\n. you can download select species by searching or when you' re on a taxa page like class, order, and family .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndu, y. , a. d. roe, and f. a. h. sperling. 2005 phylogenetic framework for\n( lepidoptera: pyralidae: phycitinae) based on combined analysis of mitochondrial dna and morphology." ]

{ "text": [ "dioryctria auranticella , the ponderosa pineconeworm moth , is a species of moth of the family pyralidae .", "it is found in western north america from southern british columbia south to california and arizona , east to south dakota and new mexico .", "its wingspan is 10.5 – 14 mm .", "the forewings are orange and the hindwings are white .", "adults are on wing from mid-july to early august .", "the larvae feed on pinus ponderosa and pinus attenuata .", "they generally feed in the cones of their host plant , but occasionally feed on the twigs . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 8, 8, 11 ] }

[ "dioryctria auranticella, the ponderosa pineconeworm moth, is a species of moth of the family pyralidae. it is found in western north america from southern british columbia south to california and arizona, east to south dakota and new mexico. its wingspan is 10.5 – 14 mm. the forewings are orange and the hindwings are white. adults are on wing from mid-july to early august. the larvae feed on pinus ponderosa and pinus attenuata. they generally feed in the cones of their host plant, but occasionally feed on the twigs." ]

[ "the masked gnatcatcher is probably a species complex, consisting of several of distinct species that look very similar to each other .\nadult male masked gnatcatcher, polioptila dumicola (protonym, sylvia dumicola), photographed at lomas de olmedo in salta province, northwestern argentina (south america) .\ndiet: the masked gnatcatcher feeds on small arthropods by gleaning, hovering, sallying and probing. this is an active bird when searching for food. its diet includes mosquitoes, butterflies, spiders and larvae .\ndescription: the masked gnatcatcher is a small south american songbird, always very active when foraging for insects, hopping, hovering and gleaning upside down in the vegetation. this bird is the largest species of genus polioptila .\ndespite its broad distribution in south america, the masked gnatcatcher has little geographic overlap with other species of polioptila. it often is a common bird in a variety of dry forest types. a subspecies of eastern bolivia and central brazil, berlepschi, is much paler than other populations of masked gnatcatcher, the male has a smaller black\nmask\non the face; some authors believe that it may represent a separate species (ridgely and tudor 1989) .\nthere is one record of co - operative breeding, with one male and two females. all three adults took part in building the nest and feeding the young. the masked gnatcatcher’s nest may be parasitized by the shiny cowbird .\nflight: the masked gnatcatcher performs short flights over short distances. when the male is carrying nest materials or during the territorial chases, it makes conspicuous and direct flights. this bird appears hesitant to cross large rivers in south america .\nthis species has not been assigned an author. if you have information on the masked gnatcatcher that you would like to share, then please contact the project editors at neotropicalbirds @ urltoken, and learn how you can can contribute to neotropical birds online .\nembedded below is a 16 - second recording of a singing masked gnatcatcher, thanks to xeno - canto. because the masked flycatcher is a species complex, i tried to embed a recording of a bird that is probably the same species as the bird in the photograph [ recorded by bernabe lopez - lanus in estancia el potrero (la zanja), gualeguaychu, entre rios ] :\nprotection / threats / status: the masked gnatcatcher is locally common throughout the range. the nominate race and the race “berlepschi” seem to have stable populations, whereas the race “saturata” is restricted to the bolivian montane dry forest, and could be threatened by human settlements and habitat loss for agriculture expansion. but currently, the species is not globally threatened .\nresponse: this cute little passerine is an adult male masked gnatcatcher, polioptila dumicola. (females lack the black streak over the eye and instead have a black\ncomma\non their auricular feathers). the gnatcatchers are mainly a bluish - grey colour and have long, regularly cocked, black - and - white tails. in many species, the males have distinctive black head patterns .\nthe masked gnatcatcher can be aggressive and chases intruders and predators away from its area. some vocal and visual displays occur at the boundaries of the territory, between neighbours. we can ear vocal scolds and bill - snapping, while the tail is fanned, and raised and lowered repeatedly. usually, the male performs the territorial aggressive behaviours, whereas the female chases other females and juveniles. they are often seen in pairs throughout the year, indicating probably permanent pair - bonds .\nvoice: sounds by xeno - canto the masked gnatcatcher of nominate race utters a variable, short, sweet and musical song, a continuous phrase repeated while foraging “suwee, tu - tu - tu - tu”, or “tuawee ti - ti - ti - ti”, or “wit, wit, wit…” and other variations. the race “berlepschi” gives repeated sequences of descending notes “dlééew” and other variable sequences. contact and alarm calls are described as “grehl” and “tserét - greh”. they sing while standing erect .\nhabitat: the masked gnatcatcher of nominate race occurs in several types of habitats such as chaco (dry arid habitat with thorny bushes and cacti), humid chaco (several ecosystems such as woods with savannas), and cerrado (vast tropical savanna). this race occurs mostly below 1000 metres of elevation. the race “berlepschi” is found in cerrado and pantanal (wide humid area) areas, mainly with tree cover without continuous canopy. the race “saturata” occurs in montane dry forest in bolivia, between 1500 - 2000 metres of elevation .\nbehaviour: the masked gnatcatcher feeds on small arthropods. this is a very active foraging bird, searching for preys in tree canopy. it regularly hops on branches while foraging on foliage. to feed, it gleans, and then performs hover - gleaning. it also makes rapid sallies and sometimes probes into the bark crevices. as other polioptilidae species, this bird is always on the move. it flicks wings and tail while foraging. the cocked tail is moved from side to side. it sunbathes every day and preens its plumage .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nsacc. 2005 and updates. a classification of the bird species of south america. available at: urltoken .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but this species is described as' fairly common' (stotz et al. (1996). trend justification: the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction and fragmentation (del hoyo et al. 2005) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are many ways to contribute—we need species information, photographs, audio, video, translations, maps, distribution data, and bird sightings. there' s a role for everyone !\n), in neotropical birds online (t. s. schulenberg, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa. retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\njosep del hoyo, martin manassero, greg baker, jacob. wijpkema, gus yaki, herve jacob .\nmiguel andina, antonio silveira, marco valentini, holger teichmann, jacob. wijpkema, santiago meligeni lozano, christophe gouraud, batitu, cristiano crolle, dusan m. brinkhuizen, richardgreenhalgh031, tadeusz stawarczyk, dubi shapiro, luca boscain, samantha klein, oti, david brassington, nicolas olejnik, glauco kohler, dannie polley, ornithocarlos, ken havard, horacio luna, eduardo de juana, nicelio silva, 72icancho, juanjaimemg, josep del hoyo .\nthis species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: polioptila dumicola. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nimage: paul handford, 16 august 2004 (with permission) [ velociraptorize ]. fuji s7000\nquestion: like many birds, this cute little argentinian mystery bird species has specialised feeding habits. based on its morphology, what would you guess those feeding habits to be? can you identify this species ?\ngnatcatchers' morphology is consistent with insectivory (insect eating). the birds are active daytime hunters, using their long thin beaks like tweezers to pick insects off surfaces and out of small cracks. they cock and flare their tail rapidly so the outer white tail feathers startle insects from their hiding places. this bird' s family, polioptilidae, is sister to the wrens, troglodytidae, another small insectivorous group .\nyou are invited to review all of the daily mystery birds by going to their dedicated graphic index page .\nif you have bird images, video or mp3 files that you' d like to share with a large and (mostly) appreciative international audience here at the guardian, feel free to contact me to learn more .\nwe have switched off comments on this old version of the site. to comment on crosswords, please switch over to the new version to comment. read more ...\n© 2016 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies. all rights reserved .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group (polytypic) group (monotypic) species split life sp. ssp. intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records (accepted, rejected, pending). to filter / search please enter a phrase. e. g. to filter rejected records, type rejected into the search box, all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n© 2018 birdguides, warners group publications plc. all rights reserved. company registered in england no. 2572212 | vat registration no. gb 638 3492 15\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 328, 783 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nthe male adult of nominate race has blue - grey forehead, crown, nape and upperparts. on the wings, the flight feathers are blackish with white - edged secondaries. the tail is black with white outer rectrices .\non the underparts, chin and throat are pale grey, becoming whiter towards belly and undertail - coverts .\nthe male shows a conspicuous black mask from the base of the upper mandible, through the eye and back to ear - coverts. we can see a narrow, white stripe bordering the lower edge of the mask. bill, legs and feet are blackish. the eyes are dark brown .\nthe adult female is almost similar but she lacks the black mask. she has a black border from behind the eye to the rear of the white ear - coverts. the eyes are surrounded by narrow white eye - ring. her plumage is duller, less blue - grey than in male .\nwe can find three subspecies: p. d. dumicola (here described), is found in e bolivia, paraguay and s brazil, s to e argentina and uruguay. p. d. berlepschi is found in c brazil. the male is paler with dull grey mantle and narrower black mask. the female is paler overall. p. d. saturata is found in the highlands of bolivia. this one is darker than nominate, with slate - grey crown, upperparts and underparts .\nthe courtship behaviour is not well known. the male may utter soft song with fluffed plumage and bill pointed upwards. short chases of female may occur around the copulation period, at the nest - site or close to it. during the courtship period and the nest - building, the male feeds the female. they are regularly monogamous .\nreproduction: the breeding season occurs between mid - september and january in nominate race. both sexes build the nest, a small, deep cup made with plants fibres and spider webs to cement the materials together. in order to provide a good camouflage, the outer part is covered with lichens. the inner part is lined with fine and soft materials. the nest is placed about 1 to 6 metres up in tree, and it is often supported by twigs. some materials may come from previous nest .\nthe female lays 3 - 5 white or greenish - blue eggs with brown markings. both sexes incubate during about two weeks. the chicks are fed by both parents and fledge 14 - 15 days after hatching. they may remain in family groups for 6 - 7 months." ]

{ "text": [ "the masked gnatcatcher ( polioptila dumicola ) is a small active insectivorous songbird , found in northern argentina , uruguay , paraguay , bolivia and southern and central brazil .", "it is found in a wide range of semi-open habitats , including dry forest and cerrado .", "it is generally fairly common , and consequently considered to be of least concern by birdlife international and iucn .", "its jizz is similar to that of other gnatcatchers ; a small bird with a relatively long thin bill , a long frequently cocked tail , and grey upperparts .", "the central rectrices are black , while the outer are white ( consequently , the tail appears primarily black from above , white from below ) , and there is a white patch in the wing ( caused by broad white edging to the tertials ) .", "males of the southern and western group ( including subspecies saturata ) , the masked gnatcatchers in the strict sense , have grey underparts and a broad black mask .", "females lack the mask , but instead have a black patch behind the eyes on the auriculars .", "the northern nominate subspecies dumicola is distinctive , with white underparts in both sexes , and a narrow black mask in the male .", "it may be a separate species , berlepsch 's gnatcatcher . " ], "topic": [ 20, 24, 17, 12, 1, 23, 23, 23, 13 ] }

[ "the masked gnatcatcher (polioptila dumicola) is a small active insectivorous songbird, found in northern argentina, uruguay, paraguay, bolivia and southern and central brazil. it is found in a wide range of semi-open habitats, including dry forest and cerrado. it is generally fairly common, and consequently considered to be of least concern by birdlife international and iucn. its jizz is similar to that of other gnatcatchers; a small bird with a relatively long thin bill, a long frequently cocked tail, and grey upperparts. the central rectrices are black, while the outer are white (consequently, the tail appears primarily black from above, white from below), and there is a white patch in the wing (caused by broad white edging to the tertials). males of the southern and western group (including subspecies saturata), the masked gnatcatchers in the strict sense, have grey underparts and a broad black mask. females lack the mask, but instead have a black patch behind the eyes on the auriculars. the northern nominate subspecies dumicola is distinctive, with white underparts in both sexes, and a narrow black mask in the male. it may be a separate species, berlepsch's gnatcatcher." ]

[ "scrobipalpula artemisiella, the thyme moth, is a moth in the gelechiidae family .\nscrobipalpula diffluella, the essex groundling, is a moth of the gelechiidae family .\nscrobipalpula manierreorum priest, 2014; j. lep. soc. 68 (2): 116; tl: michigan, marquette co .\nscrobipalpula inornata landry, 2010; revue suisse zool. 117 (4): 723, 699 (list); tl: galapagos, española, bahia, manzanillo\nscrobipalpula antiochia powell & povolný, 2001; holarctic lepidoptera 8 (suppl. 1): 17; tl: california, contra costa co. , antioch dunes national wildlife refuge\nscrobipalpula gutierreziae powell & povolný, 2001; holarctic lepidoptera 8 (suppl. 1): 17; tl: california, antioch nat. wildlife refuge, contra costa co .\nscrobipalpula caustonae landry, 2010; revue suisse zool. 117 (4): 728, 699 (list, as symmetrichema caustonae); tl: galapagos, florana, punta cormoran\nscrobipalpula equatoriella landry, 2010; revue suisse zool. 117 (4): 726, 699 (list); tl: galapagos, santa crúz, est. cient. charles darwin\nscrobipalpula ramosella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & karsholt, 1998, nota lepid. 21 (1): 40; [ me6 ], 197, 31; [ fe ]\nscrobipalpula diffluella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & karsholt, 1998, nota lepid. 21 (1): 55, 40; [ me6 ], 199, 31; [ fe ]\nscrobipalpula tussilaginis; [ nhm card ]; huemer & karsholt, 1998, nota lepid. 21 (1): 60, 40; [ me6 ], 201, 31; [ fe ]\nscrobipalpula densata; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; landry & roque - albelo, 2010, revue suisse zool. 117 (4): 722, 699 (list )\nscrobipalpula potentella; [ nacl ], # 2020; [ nhm card ]; powell & povolný, 2001, holarctic lepidoptera 8 (suppl. 1): 15; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 26\nscrobipalpula (gnorimoschemini); [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 26; [ me6 ], 194, 31; landry & roque - albelo, 2010, revue suisse zool. 117 (4): 722, 699 (list); [ fe ]\nscrobipalpula psilella; povolný, 1964, acta soc. ent. cechoslov. 61: 341; povolný, 1969, acta ent. bohemoslov. 66: 379; povolný, 1976, acta ent. bohemoslov. 73 (1): 49; povolný, 1977, acta ent. bohemoslov. 74 (3): 197; povolný, 1977, acta ent. bohemoslov. 74 (5): 335; [ nhm card ]; huemer & karsholt, 1998, nota lepid. 21 (1): 43, 40; povolný, 1998, : 340; powell & povolný, 2001, holarctic lepidoptera 8 (suppl. 1): 16; ponomarenko, park & bae, 2006, j. asia - pacif. ent. 9 (2): 109; [ me6 ], 195, 31; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 26; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; [ fe ]\n=; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 26; landry & roque - albelo, 2010, revue suisse zool. 117 (4): 722\nlarva on senecio douglasii powell & povolný, 2001, holarctic lepidoptera 8 (suppl. 1): 17\nlarva on artemisia canadensis kearfott, 1903, j. n. y. ent. soc. 11: 161\nphthorimaea crustaria meyrick, 1917; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1917 (1): 42; tl: peru, lima\ngelechia (doryphora ?) daturae zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 359\nswitzerland, austria, germany, norway, finland, latvia, s. urals. see [ maps ]\n=; huemer & karsholt, 1998, nota lepid. 21 (1): 55, 40; [ me6 ], 199, 31\n=; [ nhm card ]; huemer & karsholt, 1998, nota lepid. 21 (1): 55, 40; [ me6 ], 199, 31\nlarva on erigeron sp. , homogyne alpina, aster alpinus, bellidiastrum michelii, erigeron politus huemer & karsholt, 1998, nota lepid. 21 (1): 59, erigeron acer, e. acer politus [ me6 ], 200\naristotelia ephoria meyrick, 1917; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1917 (1): 36; tl: peru, matucana, 7780ft\ngnorimoschema erigeronella braun, 1921; proc. acad. nat. sci. philad. 73: 7; tl: glacier park station\nphthorimaea gregalis meyrick, 1917; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1917 (1): 43; tl: peru, lima\ngregariella (zeller, 1877) (lita); horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 339, pl. 4, f. 109\nlarva on gutierrezia californica powell & povolný, 2001, holarctic lepidoptera 8 (suppl. 1): 17\ngnorimoschema hemilitha clarke, 1965; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 117 (3508): 81; tl: masatierra, bahia cumberland\nephysteris hodgesi povolný, 1967; acta ent. mus. natn. pragae 37: 119; tl: arizona, coconino co. , fort valley, 7. 5mi nw flagstaff\nisochlora (meyrick, 1931) (phthorimaea); j. linn. soc. lond. (zool .) 37: 280\ngnorimoschema lutescella clarke, 1934; can. ent. 66: 172, pl. 9, f. 1 - 2; tl: washington, pullman\nscrobipalpulopsis lycii powell & povolný, 2001; holarctic lepidoptera 8 (suppl. 1): 15; tl: california, san clemente is. , west cove, los angeles co .\nalberta, british columbia, manitoba, michigan, ontario, quebec. see [ maps ]\nlarva on eurybia (aster) macrophylla adamski, landry, nazari & priest, 2014, j. lep. soc. 68 (2): 122\ngnorimoschema melanolepis clarke, 1965; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 117 (3508): 83; tl: masafuera, quebrada de las casas\nphthorimaea ochroschista meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 494; tl: texas, alpine and fort davis, 5000ft\nparachiquitella povolný, 1968; acta sci. nat. brno 2 (3): 16\ngelechia physaliella chambers, 1872; can. ent. 4 (9): 173; tl: kentucky\nphthorimaea polemoniella braun, 1925; trans. am. ent. soc. 51 (1): 13; tl: brown co. , ohio\nlarva on polemonium reptans braun, 1925, trans. am. ent. soc. 51 (1): 14\ngnorimoschema potentella keifer, 1936; calif. dept. agric. , bull. 25: 238\nlarva on horkelia californica powell & povolný, 2001, holarctic lepidoptera 8 (suppl. 1): 16\neu, naf, russia, mongolia, afghanistan, china (jilin), ..., nepal, japan. see [ maps ]\n=; [ nhm card ]; huemer & karsholt, 1998, nota lepid. 21 (1): 43, 40; [ me6 ], 195, 31\n=; huemer & karsholt, 1998, nota lepid. 21 (1): 43, 40; [ me6 ], 195, 31\n=; huemer & karsholt, 1998, nota lepid. 21 (1): 40; [ me6 ], 195, 31\nlarva on artemisia campestris, a. maritima, a. vulgaris, helichrysum arenarium, aster amellus huemer & karsholt, 1998, nota lepid. 21 (1): 50, chrysanthemum, centaurea scabiosa, aster tripolium, a. amellus, erigeron acer [ me6 ], 196, anaphalis, gnaphalium powell & povolný, 2001, holarctic lepidoptera 8 (suppl. 1): 16\ngnorimoschema radiatella busck, 1904; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 27 (1375): 758; tl: pullman, washington\nlita ramosella müller - rutz, 1934; mitt. schweiz. ent. ges. 16 (2): 120\nlarva on erigeron sp. , centaurea pindicola, achillea holosericea huemer & karsholt, 1998, nota lepid. 21 (1): 53, artemisia umbelliformis [ me6 ], 198\nphthorimaea sacculicola braun, 1925; trans. am. ent. soc. 51 (1): 13; tl: cincinnati, ohio\ngnorimoschema semirosea meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 492; tl: texas, forestburg and alpine, 5000ft\nphthorimaea stirodes meyrick, 1931; an. mus. nac. hist. nat. buenos aires 36: 385\nphthorimaea trichinaspis meyrick, 1917; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1917 (1): 41; tl: peru, lima\nengland, france, netherlands, germany, switzerland, austria, poland, italy, hungary, greece, turkey. see [ maps ]\n=; [ nhm card ]; huemer & karsholt, 1998, nota lepid. 21 (1): 60, 40; [ me6 ], 201, 31; [ fe ]\n=; huemer & karsholt, 1998, nota lepid. 21 (1): 60, 40; [ me6 ], 201, 31\nlarva on tussilago farfara, petasites huemer & karsholt, 1998, nota lepid. 21 (1): 62\nlita pygmaeella heinemann, 1870; schmett. dtl. schweitz (2) 2 (1): 259\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\ncontribution à l' étude des lépidoptères du nord de l' afrique (suite). description et éthologie de trois espèces nouvelles [ lep. gelechidae ]\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz. 2. abteilung, kleinschmetterlinge. 2. die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa, zugleich als text, revision und supplement zu j. hübner' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge, die schaben und federmotten, (1847 -) 1853 - 1855 )\nzeller, 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 3 - 493, pl. 1 - 6\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for. the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard. e. g.' papilio *'. keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature. unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr. 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail: fauna - eu (at) mfn - berlin. de website: urltoken\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken, dr erik j. karsholt, dr ole & by dr ole karsholt\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nexports data using a reporting template, the format and the data being exported depends on the desired template to be selected in the next step .\nexports data using a standard excel tabular display format, the data being exported depends on the desired fields to be selected in the next step .\nprogram manager: dr. ir. maikel aveskamp database manager: ir. edu boer\ncurators: dr. jean - yves rasplus dr. ir. a. j. m. loomans\ncurators: dr. maria bergsma - vlami dr. martine maes prof. dr. paul de vos\ncurators: dr. ulrike damm ir. marcel van raak dr. ewald (j. z .) groenewald\ncurators: dr. mogens nicolaisen prof. dr. assunta bertaccini dr. nicoletta contaldo\ncurators: dr. ir. rené van der vlugt dr. annelien roenhorst dr. stephan winter dr. wulf menzel" ]

{ "text": [ "scrobipalpula seniorum is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by povolný in 2000 .", "it is found in the republic of macedonia and greece .", "the larvae feed on achillea ageratifolia and centaurea pindicola .", "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "the mines have the form of blotches in the lowers leaves .", "mines are also made from between spun leaves . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 8, 11, 11, 11 ] }

[ "scrobipalpula seniorum is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it was described by povolný in 2000. it is found in the republic of macedonia and greece. the larvae feed on achillea ageratifolia and centaurea pindicola. they mine the leaves of their host plant. the mines have the form of blotches in the lowers leaves. mines are also made from between spun leaves." ]

[ "select an image: 1. stripe - breasted woodpecker > > male and female 2. stripe - breasted woodpecker > > male 3. stripe - breasted woodpecker > > male 4. stripe - breasted woodpecker > > male 5. stripe - breasted woodpecker > > female 6. stripe - breasted woodpecker > > male 7. stripe - breasted woodpecker > > female 8. stripe - breasted woodpecker > > female 9. stripe - breasted woodpecker > > female 10. stripe - breasted woodpecker > > female\nstripe - breasted woodpecker (dendrocopos atratus) is a species of bird in the picidae family .\nmale stripe breasted woodpecker puts its head out of a hole being made in a bamboo pole .\nthe stripe - breasted woodpecker (dendrocopos atratus) is a species of bird in the picidae family .\nthe fulvous - breasted woodpecker (dendrocopos macei) is a species of bird in the picidae family .\nthe streak - throated woodpecker (picus xanthopygaeus) is a species of woodpecker found in the indian subcontinent .\nit is found in bangladesh, bhutan, nepal, india and myanmar. the freckle - breasted woodpecker was formerly considered conspecific with this species .\ni just read the original article (chandra & bhatt) about the breeding record of stripe - breasted woodpecker in uttarakhand, far away from the rest of its range. i quote tim inskipp :\nthe description given there is far from conclusive and does not take account of the variation shown by fulvous - breasted woodpecker. it is best disregarded in my view .\nand propose to at least reword the part about distribution to possible breeding record or to omit the article all together .\ngray - breasted partrige arborophila orientalis is split into four monotypic species, following mees (1996): malaysian partridge arborophila campbelli; roll’s partridge arborophila rolli; sumatran partridge arborophila sumatrana; and gray - breasted partridge arborophila orientalis .\nmany woodpeckers give the impression of being solitary and aggressive birds. the widespread temperate - zone species, such as the great spotted woodpecker and its north american analogue, the hairy woodpecker, ...\ncangshan mountain is home to 128 species of bird, amongst others mountain bamboo partridge, kalij pheasant, common buzzard, common kestrel, large hawk cuckoo, black woodpecker, great tit, red - billed blue magpie, red - breasted parakeet and grey - headed parrotbill .\nwinkler, h. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (2018). stripe - breasted woodpecker (dendrocopos atratus). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nof the world’s 216 woodpecker species, ten are officially classified as globally threatened, while the distinctive subspecies ramsayi of the philippine woodpecker, treated by some as a separate species, is also considered threatened. a further twelve species are listed by birdlife ...\nthis species is one of the largest living species of woodpecker. adults range in size from 40 to 48 cm and are second in size only to the great slaty woodpecker among asian woodpecker species. the species is considered closely related to the more northern black woodpecker and the north american pileated woodpecker and is similar in size to these species. body mass can vary from 197 to 350 g. among standard measurements, the wing chord is 20. 5 to 25. 2 cm, the tail is 14. 3 to 18. 9 cm, the bill is 4. 6 to 6 cm and the tarsus is 3. 2 to 4. 3 cm .\na medium - sized, green woodpecker with streaked throat and scaly whitish underparts. green above with yellowish rump, white supercilia and white and black moustache. crown red in male, blackish in female. tail dark and plain. small, dark bill .\na medium - sized, pied woodpecker. upperparts black, heavily barred white. undertail red, breast und belly buffwith light flank barring and slight side streaking. withish cheeks partly bordered by black line. crown red in male with orange forehead, black in female .\nthe sounds emitted by woodpeckers are single short calls, variably protracted series of call notes, often with a rattling quality, and screams. in addition, a variety of instrumental signals is produced. no woodpecker species has the capacity for vocal utterances that attain the musical ...\nprobably the majority of people are able to recognize a woodpecker as such, although many non - naturalists might not be aware that the wrynecks and the piculets are also woodpeckers. with their frequently colourful plumage, their habit of tapping and drumming on wood and other surfaces, and ...\nwinkler, h. & christie, d. a. (2018). streak - throated woodpecker (picus xanthopygaeus). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nthis large black woodpecker is usually seen singly or as a pair that may sometimes be accompanied by a third bird. they have a dipping in which the loud single note laugh like chiank call is produced. they also produce loud drumming especially in the breeding season. the breeding season is mainly january to march. the nest is built in a large dead tree often in open forest. two white eggs are the usual clutch. in bastar in central india, the squabs are sought after by tribals leading to the rarity of these birds .\nforms a species - pair with d. macei. birds from vietnam sometimes separated as race vietnamensis, but available evidence suggests that they are not clearly distinguishable; further study required. monotypic .\nc bhutan # r, ne indian hills (n west bengal, meghalaya, manipur, mizoram), and possibly also c & se bangladesh, to w, s & e myanmar and s china (w & s yunnan), and s to w & c thailand, s laos and sc annam. breeding recorded in 2009 in uttarakhand state, western himalaya, n india # r\n21–22 cm; 42–52 g. male has whitish nasal tufts beneath dark lower forehead, bright red upper forehead to nape (rarely, some admixed yellow) with usually some ...\ninsects, particularly beetle larvae and ants. seen singly, in pairs or in family parties. forages mostly at middle to upper levels, but ...\nmar–may in india and apr–may in myanmar; feb–may elsewhere. nest - hole excavated at up to 4 m in stump, or much higher, to ...\nnot globally threatened (least concern). status in india uncertain, but appears to be uncommon; in bangladesh, possibly rare to scarce, but no recent information. rare ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nkindly address the comment provided above by andre weiss in 2015 and take action. it is best to remove the mention of that record from the species accounts .\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. and fishpool, l. d. c. 2014. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 1: non - passerines. lynx edicions birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\njustification: this species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is reported to be uncommon to rare (del hoyo et al. 2002). trend justification: the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: dendrocopos atratus. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nioc world bird list (v7. 1), gill, f and d donsker (eds). 2017 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\n* mediumsized bird with black upperparts, heavily barred white and white underparts with black stripes * red undertail and white cheeks. the mail has a red crown, the female has a black crown * size: about 22 cm\nit is found in bhutan, china, india, laos, myanmar, thailand, and vietnam .\nits natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .\nthis article uses material from the wikipedia released under the creative commons attribution - share - alike licence 3. 0. please see license details for photos in photo by - lines .\nplease note that this non - official list is not complete nor necessarily accurate. this list is a summary of checklists from other websites, blogs, publications, photo / videos published on various websites or our own findings. we appreciate your contributions with photo proof .\nimportant note; our range maps are generated automatically based on very limited data we have about the protected sites, the data is not necessarily accurate. please help us to improve our range maps by sharing your findings / knowledge .\n© thai national parks, 2018 | t. a. t. license: 12 / 02497, license issued for gibbonwoot (managing company )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe updates and corrections are grouped into four sections. within each section, items are listed in the order in which they are encountered in the ebird / clements checklistv2017 spreadsheet, although we also continue to reference by page number the relevant entry in the last published edition of the clements checklist (6th, 2007) .\nmees, g. f. 1996. geographical variation in birds of java. publications of the nuttall ornithological club number 26. cambridge, massachusetts .\nin accord with aos - nacc (chesser et al. 2017), northern harrier circus cyaneus is split into two monotypic species: hen harrier circus cyaneus, of the old world, and northern harrier circus hudsonius, of north america. this split is based on “differences in morphology, plumage, and breeding habitat (grant 1983, thorpe 1988, dobson and clarke 2011, etherington and mobley 2016) commensurate with differences between other recognized species of circus ” (chesser et al. 2017) .\nchesser, r. t. , k. j. burns, c. cicero, j. l. dunn, a. w. kratter, i. j. lovette, p. c. rasmussen, j. v. remsen, jr. , j. d. rising, d. f. stotz, and k. winker. 2017. fifty - eighth supplement to the american ornithological society’s check - list of north american birds. auk 134: 751 - 773 .\ndobson, a. d. m. , and m. l. clarke. 2011. inconsistency in the taxonomy of hen and northern harriers: causes and consequences. british birds 104: 192–201 .\netherington, g. j. , and j. a. mobley. 2016. molecular phylogeny, morphology and life - history comparisons within circus cyaneus reveal the presence of two distinct evolutionary lineages. avian research 7: 17 .\nthorpe, j. p. 1988. juvenile hen harriers showing ‘marsh hawk” characters. british birds 81: 377–382 .\nthe validity of tanna ground - dove alopecoenas ferrugineus formerly was questioned (peters 1937), but this species now is widely accepted (stresemann 1950, greenway 1958, dutson 2011). insert this species, with range “formerly tanna island (vanuatu). extinct; not reported since 1774”, immediately following thick - billed ground - dove alopecoenas salamonis .\ndutson, g. 2011. birds of melanesia. the bismarcks, solomons, vanuatu and new caledonia. christopher helm, london .\ngreenway, j. c. , jr. 1958. extinct and vanishing birds of the world. special publication number 13. american committee for international wild life protection, new york, new york .\npeters, j. l. 1937. check - list of birds of the world. volume iii. harvard university press, cambridge, massachusetts .\nstresemann, e. 1950. birds collected during capt. james cook’s last expedition (1776 - 1780). auk 67: 66 - 88 .\nthe status of norfolk ground - dove alopecoenas norfolkensis formerly was confused (peters 1937), but this species now is widely accepted as valid (goodwin 1970, gill et al. 2010, forshaw 2015). insert this species, with range “formerly norfolk island (australia). extinct since ca 1800”, immediately following white - throated ground - dove alopecoenas xanthonurus .\nforshaw, j. m. 2015. pigeons and doves in australia. csiro publishing, clayton south, victoria, australia .\ngill, b. j. , b. d. bell, c. k. chambers, d. g. medway, r. l. palma, r. p. scofield, a. j. d. tennyson, and t. h. worthy (checklist committee, ornithological society of new zealand). 2010. checklist of the birds of new zealand. te papa press and the ornithological society of new zealand, wellington, new zealand .\ngoodwin, d. 1970. pigeons and doves of the world. second edition. british museum (natural history), london and cornell university press, ithaca, new york .\nglossy swiftlet collocalia esculenta is split into multiple species, and the sequence of species of collocalia swiftlets is revised. following rheindt et al. (2017) :\nsubspecies collocalia esculenta natalis is elevated to species rank as a monotypic christmas island swiftlet collocalia natalis .\nsubspecies affinis, elachyptera, cyanoptila, vanderbilti, and oberholseri are removed from glossy swiftlet and are recognized as plume - toed swiftlet collocalia affinis .\nsubspecies marginata and septentrionalis are removed from glossy swiftlet and are recognized as gray - rumped swiftlet collocalia marginata .\nsubspecies isonota and bagobo are removed from glossy swiftlet, and are recognized as ridgetop swiftlet collocalia isonota .\nwe recognize tenggara swiftlet collocalia sumbawae, which includes subspecies sumbawae and a newly described subspecies, sumbae. revise the range description of nominate sumbawae from “w lesser sundas (sumbawa, sumba, flores and besar) ” to “western lesser sundas (sumbawa; population on flores and besar possibly also this subspecies) ”. following sumbawae, insert newly described sumbae schodde, rheindt, and christidis 2017, with range “western lesser sundas (sumba) ” .\nsubspecies neglecta and perneglecta are removed from glossy swiftlet, and are recognized as drab swiftlet collocalia neglecta. revise the range description of nominate neglecta from “e lesser sundas (roti, dao, semau, timor and jaco) ” to “lesser sundas (sawu, roti, semau, and timor) ”. revise the range description of subspecies perneglecta from “alor, sawu, wetar, kisar, romang, damar and tanimbar is. ” to “lesser sundas (alor, wetar, and kisar); populations on romang, damar and tanimbar possibly introgressant with glossy swiftlet” .\nsubspecies uropygialis and albidior are removed from glossy swiftlet, and are recognized as satin swiftlet collocalia uropygialis .\nbeehler, b. m. , and t. k. pratt. 2016. birds of new guinea: distribution, taxonomy, and systematics. princeton university press, princeton, new jersey .\ndickinson, e. c. , and j. v. remsen, jr. (editors). 2013. the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world. fourth edition. volume 1. aves press, eastbourne, united kingdom .\npeters, j. l. 1940. check - list of birds of the world. volume iv. harvard university press, cambridge, massachusetts .\nrheindt, f. e. , l. christidis, j. a. norman, j. a. eaton, k. r. sadanandan, and r. schodde. 2017. speciation in indo - pacific swiftlets (aves: apodidae): integrating molecular and phenotypic data for a new provisional taxonomy of the collocalia esculenta complex. zootaxa 4250: 401 - 433 .\nin accord with aos - nacc (chesser et al. 2017), magnificent hummingbird eugenes fulgens is split into two species: rivoli’s hummingbird eugenes fulgens, and talamanca hummingbird eugenes spectabilis. this action is based on an assessment of the degree of plumage differences between them. a phylogenetic survey by zamudio - beltrán and hernández - baños (2015) also revealed a genetic divergence between rivoli’s and talamanca hummingbirds .\nzamudio - beltrán, l. e. , and b. e. hernández - baños. 2015. a multilocus analysis provides evidence for more than one species within eugenes fulgens (aves: trochilidae). molecular phylogenetics and evolution 90: 80 - 84 .\nin accord with aos - nacc (chesser et al. 2017), emerald toucanet aulacorhynchus prasinus is split into two species: northern emerald - toucanet aulacorhynchus prasinus, which includes subspecies wagleri, prasinus, warneri, virescens, volcanius, maxillaris, caeruleogularis, and cognatus; and southern emerald - toucanet aulacorhynchus albivitta, which includes subspecies lautus, griseigularis, albivitta, phaeolaemus, dimidiatus, and cyanolaemus. this split is based on “differences in phenotype and genetic results consistent with those differences (puebla - olivares et al. 2008, bonaccorso et al. 2011, winker 2016) ” (chesser et al. 2017) .\nwithin northern emerald - toucanet, change the english name of the monotypic group aulacorhynchus prasinus wagleri from emerald toucanet (wagler’s) to northern emerald - toucanet (wagler’s). change the english name of the polytypic group aulacorhynchus prasinus [ prasinus group ] from emerald toucanet (emerald) to northern emerald - toucanet (emerald). subspecies stenorhabdus, with range “subtropical s mexico to w guatemala and n el salvador”, and subspecies chiapensis, with range “mts. of extreme s mexico (mt. ovando, chiapas) ”, both are considered to be junior synonyms of virescens (peters 1948, monroe 1968), and are deleted. revise the range description of virescens from “se mexico (chiapas) to honduras and nicaragua” to “southeastern mexico, guatemala, belize, western el salvador, honduras, and northern nicaragua”. change the english name of the polytypic group aulacorhynchus prasinus caeruleogularis / maxillaris from emerald toucanet (blue - throated) to northern emerald - toucanet (blue - throated). change the english name of the monotypic group aulacorhynchus prasinus cognatus from emerald toucanet (violet - throated) to northern emerald - toucanet (violet - throated) .\nwithin southern emerald - toucanet, change the names of the monotypic group emerald toucanet (santa marta) aulacorhynchus prasinus lautus to southern emerald - toucanet (santa marta) aulacorhynchus albivitta lautus. change the names of the monotypic group emerald toucanet (gray - throated) aulacorhynchus prasinus griseigularis to southern emerald - toucanet (gray - throated) aulacorhynchus albivitta griseigularis. change the names of the polytypic group emerald toucanet (andean) aulacorhynchus prasinus albivitta / phaeolaemus to southern emerald - toucanet (andean) aulacorhynchus albivitta albivitta / phaeolaemus. change the names of the polytypic group emerald toucanet (black - throated) aulacorhynchus prasinus [ atrogularis group ] to southern emerald - toucanet (black - throated) aulacorhynchus albivitta [ atrogularis group ] .\nbonaccorso, e. , j. m. guayasamin, a. t. peterson, and a. g. navarro - sigüenza. 2011. molecular phylogeny and systematics of neotropical toucanets in the genus aulacorhynchus (aves, ramphastidae). zoologica scripta 40: 336 - 349 .\nmonroe, b. l. , jr. 1968. a distributional survey of the birds of honduras. ornithological monographs number 7. american ornithologists’ union .\npeters, j. l. 1948. check - list of birds of the world. volume vi. harvard university press, cambridge, massachusetts .\npuebla - olivares, f. , e. bonaccorso, a. espinosa de los monteros, k. e. omland, j. e. llorente - bousquets, a. t. peterson, and a. g. navarro - sigüenza. 2008. speciation in the emerald toucanet (aulacorhynchus prasinus) complex. auk 125: 39 - 50 .\nwinker, k. 2016. an examination of species limits in the aulacorhynchus “ prasinus ” toucanet complex (aves: ramphastidae). peerj 4: e2381 .\neach of the two monotypic groups of horned parakeet is recognized as a separate species, following juniper and parr (1998) and boon et al. (2014): horned parakeet (horned) eunymphicus cornutus cornutus becomes horned parakeet eunymphicus cornutus, and horned parakeet (ouvea) eunymphicus cornutus uvaeensis becomes ouvea parakeet eunymphicus uvaeensis .\nboon, w. - m. , o. robinet, n. rawlence, v. bretagnolle, j. a. norman, l. christidis, and g. k. chambers. 2008. morphological, behavioural, and genetic differentiation within the horned parakeet (eunymphicus cornutus) and its affinities to cyanoramphus and prosopeia. emu 108: 251 - 260 .\njuniper, t. , and m. parr. 1998. parrots: a guide to parrots of the world. yale university press, new haven, connecticut .\nwe add a new species, the recently described tatama tapaculo scytalopus alvarezlopezi (stiles et al. 2017), with range “pacific slope of colombian andes (western antioquia south to southwestern valle del cauca) ”. position tatama tapaculo to immediately follow ecuadorian tapaculo scytalopus robbinsi. tatama tapaculo is the species that long has been known to birders as “alto pisones tapaculo”; alto de pisones is a site at the edge of tamatá national park. please note that the validity of this new species has not yet been reviewed by aos - sacc .\nstiles, f. g. , o. laverde - r. , and c. d. cadena. 2017. a new species of tapaculo (rhinocryptidae: scytalopus) from the western andes of colombia. auk 134: 377 - 392 .\nthe monotypic group cardinal myzomela (samoan) myzomela cardinalis nigriventris is elevated to species rank as samoan myzomela myzomela nigriventris, following pratt and mittermeier (2016) .\npratt, h. d. , and j. c. mittermeier. 2016. notes on the natural history, taxonomy, and conservation of the endemic avifaua of the samoan archipelago. wilson journal of ornithology 128: 217 - 241 .\nin accord with aos - nacc (chesser et al. 2017), northern shrike lanius excubitor is split into two species: great gray shrike lanius excubitor, with subspecies excubitor, homeyeri, and leucopterus; and northern shrike lanius borealis, with subspecies sibiricus, bianchii, mollis, funereus, and borealis. this split is based on “differences in plumage and mtdna (johnsen et al. 2010, olsson et al. 2010, peer et al. 2011) ” (chesser et al. 2017); in particular, northern shrike is more closely related to other species than it is to great gray shrike (olsson et al. 2010) .\njohnsen, a. , e. rindal, p. g. p. ericson, d. zuccon, k. c. r. kerr, m. y. stoeckle, and j. t. lifjeld. 2010. dna barcoding of scandinavian birds reveals divergent lineages in trans - atlantic species. journal of ornithology 151: 565–578 .\nolsson, u. , p. alström, l. svensson, m. aliabadian, and p. sundberg. 2010. the lanius excubitor (aves, passeriformes) conundrum—taxonomic dilemma when molecular and non - molecular data tell different stories. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 55: 347–357 .\npeer, b. d. , c. e. mcintosh, m. j. kuehn, s. i. rothstein, and r. c. fleischer. 2011. complex biogeographic history of lanius shrikes and its implications for the evolution of defenses against avian brood parasitism. condor 113: 385–394 .\nthe extinct genus turnagra, which we previously treated as a single, monotypic species, piopio turnagra capensis, is split into two species, following oliver (1955), holdaway et al. (2001), and gill et al. (2010): a monotypic north island piopio turnagra tanagra, with range “formerly new zealand (north island). extinct; last confirmed report in 1902”; and a polytypic south island piopio turnagra capensis, with subspecies minor and capensis .\nadd a previously overlooked subspecies, turnagra capensis minor, with range “formerly new zealand (stephens island). extinct; last reported 1897” (gill et al. 2010) .\nwith the split of turnagra into two species, and the addition of subspecies minor, revise the range description of nominate capensis from “formerly new zealand. extinct; last reported 1963” to “formerly new zealand (south island). extinct; last confirmed report in 1905” .\nholdaway, r. n. , t. h. worthy, and a. j. d. tennyson. 2001. a working list of breeding bird species of the new zealand region at first human contact. new zealand journal of zoology 28 :\noliver, w. r. b. 1955. new zealand birds. a. h. & a. w. reed, wellington, new zealand .\nsilktail lamprolia victoriae is split into monotypic species, following andersen et al. (2015b, 2017): taveuni silktail lamprolia victoriae, and natewa silktail lamprolia klinesmithi .\nandersen, m. j. , p. a. hosner, c. e filardi, and r. g. moyle. 2015b. phylogeny of the monarch flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly and novel relationships within a major australo - pacific radiation. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 67: 336–347 .\nandersen, m. j. , j. d. manthey, a. naikatini, and r. g. moyle. 2017. conservation genomics of the silktail (aves: lamprolia victoriae) suggests the need for increased protection of native forest on the natewa peninsula, fiji. conservation genetics in press: doi: 10. 1007 / s10592 - 017 - 0979 - x .\nsuperb bird - of - paradise is split into three species, following irestedt et al. (2017). confusingly, the name superba also is transferred from one population to another (irestedt et al. 2017). the resulting species are vogelkop superb bird - of - paradise lophorina niedda, with subspecies niedda and the newly described subspecies inopinata; greater superb bird - of - paradise lophorina superba, with subspecies superba, addenda, and latipennis; and a monotypic lesser superb bird - of - paradise lophorina minor .\nunder vogelkop superb bird - of - paradise (lophorina niedda), add a newly described subspecies, lophorina niedda inopinata irestedt et al. 2017, with range “mountains of the bird’s head peninsula, west papua, new guinea”. insert this subspecies immediately following the entry for the species vogelkop superb bird - of - paradise lophorina niedda. note that the range attributed to this subspecies corresponds to the range formerly attributed to subspecies superba, a name that now is applied to a population in the western highlands of new guinea, and which represents a different species, greater superb bird - of - paradise .\nrevise the range description of subspecies niedda from “w new guinea (mt. wondiwoi in wandammen peninsula) ” to “mountains of the wandammen peninsula, bird’s neck, west papua, new guinea” .\nfollowing irestedt et al. (2017), resurrect subspecies addenda iredale 1948, previously considered to be a synomym of feminina (mayr 1962), with range “eastern ranges of new guinea, from the yuat - strickland river divide and the base of the southeastern peninsula, papua new guinea”. insert subspecies addenda immediately following subspecies superba .\nrevise the range description of subspecies latipennis from “e new guinea (central and e highlands to mts. of huon pen .) ” to “eastern new guinea (mountains of the huon peninsula, and presumably also the herzog and adelbert ranges) ” .\nlesser superb bird - of - paradise (lophorina minor) is monotypic. subspecies sphinx, known from a single specimen, with range “mountains of extreme se new guinea”, is considered to be a junior synonym of minor (irestedt et al. 2017), and is deleted. revise the range description of minor from “mountains of se papua new guinea” to “southeastern papua new guinea (mountains of the papuan peninsula, west at least to the wharton range) ” .\nirestedt, m. , h. batalha - filho, c. s. roselaar, p. g. p. ericson, l. christidis, and r. schodde. 2017. phylogeny, biogeography and taxonomic consequences in a bird - of - paradise species complex, lophorina - ptiloris (aves: paradisaeidae). zoological journal of the linnean society in press .\nmayr, e. 1962. family paradisaeidae, birds of paradise. pages 181 - 204 in e. mayr and j. c. greenway, jr. (editors), check - list of the birds of the world. volume xv. museum of comparative zoology, cambridge, massachusetts .\neach of the two groups in magnifcent riflebird is recognized as a separate species, following beehler and swaby (1991), beehler and pratt (2016), and irestedt et al. (2017): a polytypic magnificent riflebird ptiloris magnificus, including subspecies magnificus and alberti; and a monotypic growling riflebird ptiloris intercedens .\nbeehler, b. m. , and r. j. swaby. 1991. phylogeny and biogeography of the ptiloris riflebirds (aves: paradisaeidae). condor 93: 738 - 745 .\nstreak - eared bulbul pycnonotus blanfordi is split into two monotypic species, ayeyarwady bulbul pycnonotus blanfordi, and streak - eared bulbul pycnonotus conradi (garg et al. 2016). note that the english name “streak - eared bulbul” now is applied to a different scientific name (conradi, not blanfordi) .\ngarg, k. m. , r. tizard, n. s. r. ng, e. cros, a. dejtaradol, b. chattopadhyay, n. pwint, m. päckert, and f. e. rheindt. 2016. genome - wide data help identify an avian species - level lineage that is morphologically and vocally cryptic. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 102: 97 - 103 .\ndickinson, e. c. , and l. christidis. 2014. the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world. fourth edition. volume 2. aves press, eastbourne, united kingdom .\nmanawatthana, s. , p. laosinchai, n. onparn, w. y. brockleman, and p. d. round. 2017. phylogeography of bulbuls in the genus iole (aves: pycnonotidae). biological journal of the linnean society 120: 931 - 944 .\nrand, a. l. , and h. g. deignan. 1960. family pycnonotidae. pages 221 - 300 in e. mayr and j. c. greenway, jr. (editors), check - list of birds of the world. volume ix. museum of comparative zoology, cambridge, massachusetts .\nolive bulbul iole virescens is split into two species, following manawatthana et al. (2017): a monotypic cachar bulbul iole cacharensis; and olive bulbul iole viridescens. revise the range of cachar bulbul from “northeastern india (assam); population in eastern bangladesh possibly also this subspecies (or is nominate virescens ?) ” to “northeastern india (assam) and eastern bangladesh” .\nolive bulbul contains three subspecies: viridescens, and two subspecies that previously were classified under gray - eyed bulbul (iole propinqua), lekhakuni and cinnamomeoventris .\ngray - brown white - eye zosterops cinereus is split into two species, following hayes et al. (2016): pohnpei white - eye zosterops ponapensis, and kosrae white - eye zosterops cinereus .\nhayes, f. e. , h. d. pratt, and c. j. cianchini. 2016. the avifauna of kosrae, micronesia: history, status, and taxonomy. pacific science 70: 91–127 .\npraveen, j. , and p. o. nameer. 2012. strophocincla laughingthrushes of south india: a case for allopatric speciation and impact on their conservation. journal of the bombay natural history society 109: 46 - 52 .\nrobin, v. v. , c. k. vishnudas, p. gupta, f. e. rheindt, d. h. hooper, u. ramakrishnan, and s. reddy. 2017. two new genera of songbirds represent endemic radiations from the shola sky islands of the western ghats, india. bmc evolutionary biology 17: 31 .\nthe monotypic group blue - throated flycatcher (chinese) cyornis rubeculoides glaucicomans is elevated to species rank as chinese blue flycatcher cyornis glaucicomans (zhang et al. 2015). revise the range description from “s china (sichuan, guizhou, w hubei and shaanxi) ” to “breeds southern china (southern shaanxi and western hubei to sichuan and guizhou); winters southwestern thailand and the thai - malay peninsula” .\nzhang, z. , x. wang, y. huang, u. olsson, j. martinez, p. alström, and f. lei. 2015. unexpected divergence and lack of divergence revealed in continental asian cyornis flycatchers (aves: muscicapidae). molecular phylogenetics and evolution 94: 232 - 241 .\nwhite - tailed rubythroat calliope pectoralis is split into two species, based on liu et al. (2016): a polytypic himalayan rubythroat calliope pectoralis, including subspecies pectoralis, confusa, and ballioni; and a monotypic chinese rubythroat calliope tschebaiewi .\nliu, y. , g. chen, q. huang, c. jia, g. carey, p. leader, y. li, f. zou, x. yang, u. olsson, and p. alström. 2016. species delimitation of the white - tailed rubythroat calliope pectoralis complex (aves, muscicapidae) using an integrative taxonomic approach. journal of avian biology 47: 899 - 910 .\nin accord with aos - sacc (proposal 676), sharp - beaked ground - finch geospiza difficilis is split into three monotypic species, based on lamicchaney et al. (2015). aos - sacc has not yet determined english names for these species; provisionally we use the following nomenclature: vampire ground - finch geospiza septentrionalis; genovesa ground - finch geospiza acutirostris; and sharp - beaked ground - finch geospiza difficilis .\nlamichhaney, s. , j. berglund, m. sällman almén, k. maqbool, m. grabherr, a. martinez - barrio, m. promerová, c. - j. rubin, c. wang, c. , n. zamani, b. r. grant, p. r. , grant, m. t. webster, and l. andersson. 2015. evolution of darwin’s finches and their beaks revealed by genome sequencing. nature 518: 371–375 .\nin accord with aos - sacc (proposal 676), large cactus - finch geospiza conirostris is split into two species, based on lamicchaney et al. (2015). aos - sacc has not yet determined english names for these species; provisionally we use the following nomenclature: española cactus - finch geospiza conirostris, which is monotypic; and genovesa cactus - finch geospiza propinqua, which includes subspecies propinqua and darwini .\nin accord with aos - nacc (chesser et al. 2017), the monotypic group yellow - eyed junco (baird’s) junco phaeonotus bairdi is elevated to species rank as baird’s junco junco bairdi. this split is based on “morphology (miller 1941), vocalizations (howell and webb 1995, pieplow and francis 2011), and genetics (mccormack et al. 2012, friis et al. 2016, milá et al. 2016) ” (chesser et al. 2017) .\nfriis, g. , p. aleixandre, r. rodriguez - estrella, a. g. navarro - sigüenza, and b. milá. 2016. rapid postglacial diversification and long - term stasis within the songbird genus junco: phylogeographic and phylogenomic evidence. molecular ecology 25: 6175–6195 .\nhowell, s. n. g. , and s. webb. 1995. a guide to the birds of mexico and northern central america. oxford university press, new york .\nmccormack, j. e. , j. m. maley, s. m. hird, e. p. derryberry, g. r. graves, and r. t. brumfield. 2012. next - generation sequencing reveals phylogeographic structure and a species tree for recent bird divergences. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 62: 397 - 406 .\nmilá, b. , p. aleixandre, s. alvarez - nordström, and j. mccormack. 2016. more than meets the eye: lineage diversity and evolutionary history of dark - eyed and yellow - eyed juncos. pages 179 - 198 in e. d. ketterson and j. w. atwell (editors), snowbird. university of chicago press, chicago .\nmiller, a. h. 1941. speciation in the avian genus junco. university of california publications in zoology 44: 173 - 434 .\npieplow, n. d. , and c. d. francis. 2011. song differences among subspecies of yellow - eyed juncos (junco phaeonotus). wilson journal of ornithology 123: 464 - 471 .\nsandoval, l. , p. - p. bitton, s. m. doucet, and d. j. mennill. 2014. analysis of plumage, morphology, and voice reveals species - level differences between two subspecies of prevost’s ground - sparrow melozone biarcuata (prévost and des murs) (aves: emberizidae). zootaxa 3895: 103–116 .\nin accord with aos - nacc (chesser et al. 2017), the recently described monotypic group, red crossbill (south hills or type 9) loxia curvirostra sinesciuris is elevated to species rank as cassia crossbill loxia sinesciuris. this split is based on evidence for premating reproductive isolation in the face of sympatry with red crossbill (smith and benkman 2007, benkman et al. 2009), and on genomic differences (parchman et al. 2016) .\nbenkman, c. w. , j. w. smith, p. c. keenan, t. l. parchman, and l. santisteban. 2009. a new species of red crossbill (fringillidae: loxia) from idaho. condor 111: 169–176 .\nparchman, t. l. , c. a. buerkle, v. soria - carrasco, and c. w. benkman. 2016. genome divergence and diversification within a geographic mosaic of coevolution. molecular ecology 25: 5705 - 5718 .\nsmith, j. w. , and c. w. benkman. 2007. a coevolutionary arms race causes ecological speciation in crossbills. american naturalist 169: 455–465 .\nin accord with aos - nacc (chesser et al. 2017), thayer’s gull larus thayeri is lumped with iceland gull larus glaucoides, and becomes larus glaucoides thayeri. we continue to recognize this taxon as a monotypic group, iceland gull (thayer’s) larus glaucoides thayeri. this lump is based on “evidence of non - assortative mating between thayeri and kumlieni on baffin and southampton islands (weber 1981, gaston and decker 1985, snell 1989) ” (chesser et al. 2017) .\ngaston, a. j. , and r. decker. 1985. interbreeding of thayer’s gull, larus thayeri, and kumlien’s gull, larus glaucoides kumlieni on southampton island, northwest territories. canadian field - naturalist 99: 257 - 259 .\nsnell, r. r. 1989. status of larus gulls at home bay, baffin island. colonial waterbirds 112: 12 - 23 .\nweber, j. w. 1981. the larus gulls of the pacific northwest interior, with taxonomic comments on several forms (part 1). continental birdlife 2: 1 - 10 .\nwestern olive sunbird cyanomitra obscura is lumped with eastern olive sunbird cyanomitra olivacea, following bowie et al. (2004). the combined species becomes olive sunbird cyanomitra olivacea. the ranges of many subspecies are revised, following fry and keith (2000), and the sequence of subspecies within olive sunbird is reordered .\nrevise the range description of subspecies guineensis from “guinea - bissau to togo” to “senegal to togo”. change the scientific name from cyanomitra obscura guineensis to cyanomitra olivacea guineensis .\nrevise the range description of subspecies cephaelis from “ghana to gabon, democratic republic of the congo, n angola and congo basin” to “benin to northern angola and the congo basin”. change the scientific name from cyanomitra obscura cephaelis to cyanomitra olivacea cephaelis .\nchange the scientific name of subspecies obscura from cyanomitra obscura obscura to cyanomitra olivacea obscura .\nrevise the range description of subspecies ragazzii from “s sudan to uganda, w kenya, w tanzania, e democratic republic of the congo and n zambia” to “southern south sudan and southwestern ethiopia to uganda, western kenya, western tanzania, eastern democratic republic of the congo, and northern zambia”. change the scientific name from cyanomitra obscura ragazzii to cyanomitra olivacea ragazzii .\nrevise the range description of subspecies neglecta from “highlands of ne kenya to ne tanzania” to “central kenya to northeastern tanzania” .\nchange the scientific name of subspecies granti from cyanomitra obscura granti to cyanomitra olivacea granti .\nrevise the range description of subspecies sclateri from “mts. of e zimbabwe and immediately adjacent mozambique” to “eastern zimbabwe and west central mozambique”. change the scientific name from cyanomitra obscura sclateri to cyanomitra olivacea sclateri .\nrevise the range description of subspecies olivacina from “coastal southern tanzania to southern mozambique and northeastern south africa (northeastern kwazulu - natal) ” to “northeastern south africa (northeastern kwazulu - natal) and southern mozambique” .\nrevise the range description of nominate olivacea from “south africa (pondoland to natal and s zululand) ” to “eastern south africa (southern kwazulu - natal to eastern cape) and swaziland” .\nbowie, r. c. k. , j. fjeldså, s. j. hackett, and t. m. crowe. 2004. molecular evolution in space and through time: mtdna phylogeography of the olive sunbird (nectarinia olivacea / obscura) throughout continental africa. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 33: 56 - 74 .\nfry, c. h. , and s. keith (editors). 2000. the birds of africa. volume vi. academic press, london .\nin accord with aou - nacc (chesser et al. 2016), the new world vultures cathartidae are removed from accipitriformes and are placed in a new order, cathartiformes, based on the very deep phylogenomic divergence between vultures and the rest of accipitriformes (jarvis et al. 2014, prum et al. 2015). the position of new world vultures in the linear sequence does not change .\nchesser, r. t. , k. j. burns, c. cicero, j. l. dunn, a. w. kratter, i. j. lovette, p. c. rasmussen, j. v. remsen, jr. , j. d. rising, d. f. stotz, and k. winker. 2016. fifty - seventh supplement to the american ornithologists’ union check - list of north american birds. auk 133: 544 - 560 .\nprum, r. o. , j. s. berv, a. dornburg, d. j. field, j. p. townsend, e. m. lemmon, and a. r. lemmon. 2015. a comprehensive phylogeny of birds (aves) using targeted next - generation dna sequencing. nature 526: 569 - 573 .\nspot - throat modulatrix stictigula, dapple - throat arcanator orostruthus, and gray - chested babbler kakamega poliothorax are removed from promeropidae (sugarbirds), and are placed in a newly recognized family, modulatricidae (dapple - throat and allies), following fjeldså et al. (2015) .\nfjeldså, j. , p. g. p. ericson, u. johansson, and d. zuccon. 2015. three new bird family names. pages 33–34 in d. w. winkler, s. m. billerman, and i. j. lovette, bird families of the world. lynx edicions, barcelona .\nin accord with aos - nacc (chesser et al. 2017), rosy thrush - tanager rhodinocichla rosea is removed from thraupidae (tanagers and allies) and is placed in a new monotypic family, rhodinocichlidae (thrush - tanager), following barker et al. (2013, 2015). position rhodinocichlidae to immediately follow mckay’s bunting plectrophenax hyperboreus .\nbarker, f. k. , k. j. burns, j. klicka, s. m. lanyon, and i. j. lovette. 2013. going to extremes: contrasting rates of diversification in a recent radiation of new world passerine birds. systematic biology 62: 298 - 320 .\nbarker, f. k. , k. j. burns, j. klicka, s. m. lanyon, and i. j. lovette. 2015. new insights into new world biogeography: an integrated view from the phylogeny of blackbirds, cardinals, sparrows, tanagers, warblers, and allies. auk 132: 333 - 348 .\nin accord with aos - nacc (chesser et al. 2017), all new world species of emberizidae (emberizidae (buntings and new world sparrows) are recognized as a separate family, passerellidae (new world buntings and sparrows), following barker et al. (2013, 2015). aos - nacc also revised the linear sequence of families in the nine - primaried oscines (chesser et al. 2017), but we defer completely following the new sequence until our next release (august 2018). in the interim, the relative positions of passerellidae and emberizidae do not change: passerellidae immediately follows thraupidae (tanagers and allies), and emberizidae immediately follows passerellidae. change the english name of emberizidae from “buntings and new world sparrows” to “old world buntings” .\nin accord with aos - nacc (chesser et al. 2017), the palm - tanagers (phaenicophilus) are removed from thraupidae (tanagers and allies), and the genera xenoligea and microligea are removed from parulidae (new world warblers. all three genera are placed in a new family, phaenicophilidae (hispaniolan tanagers), following barker et al. (2013, 2015). the sequence of species in phaenicophilidae is black - crowned palm - tanager (phaenicophilus palmarum) ,\ngray - crowned palm - tanager (phaenicophilus poliocephalus), white - winged warbler (xenoligea montana), and green - tailed warbler (microligea palustris). aos - nacc also revised the linear sequence of families in the nine - primaried oscines (chesser et al. 2017), but we defer completely following the new sequence until our next release (august 2018). in the interim, position phaenicophilidae to follow emberizidae (old world buntings) and calyptophilidae (chat - tanagers) .\nin accord with aos - nacc (chesser et al. 2017), the genus\nis removed from thraupidae (tanagers and allies) and is placed in a new family, spindalidae (spindalises), following barker et al. (2013, 2015). aos - nacc also revised the linear sequence of families in the nine - primaried oscines (chesser et al. 2017), but we defer completely following the new sequence until our next release (august 2018). in the interim, position\nto follow emberizidae (old world buntings), calyptophilidae (chat - tanagers), phaenicophilidae (hispaniolan tanagers), and nesospingidae (puerto rican tanager) .\nonly subscribers have complete access to the families of the hbw alive. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nsmall to rather large birds with straight medium - length bill, short legs with four long toes, some species with only three toes; tail of most long, with strong central feathers; long tongue with barbed tip .\nfossil bones of woodpeckers are rarely found. according to s. - l. - olson, the earliest examples from the northern hemisphere appear from the middle and late miocene, some 16 - 12 million years ago and about 10 million years ago, respectively. in 2001, however, g. mayr reported a fossil ...\nonly members are able to see the rest of the text. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now .\nthe size range of woodpeckers is not especially noteworthy when compared with that of other non - passeriform birds, although extant species vary from as little as about 7 g in the case of the tiny piculets up to about 570 g in the largest species, such as the ...\nthe various adaptations of woodpeckers, manifest in their morphology, locomotion, and foraging and nesting habits, have developed over the course of the evolution of these birds towards a life in trees. the forests and woodlands of the world, with the exception of those of australasia, are ...\nwoodpeckers feed primarily on insects and their larvae, and other arthropods, and many of the members of this family rely to a greater or lesser extent on plant products such as nuts, fruits and tree sap. many also take the nestlings of other hole - nesting species, but open - nesting birds are ...\nwoodpeckers breed in holes carved into wood or, in the case of a few species, dug into the ground. the nest - chamber is not lined with any additional soft material other than the few wood chips and “sawdust” ...\nfor the most part, woodpeckers are sedentary birds. only a very small proportion of species, or, rather, populations, can be described as truly migratory. most of the movements undertaken by picids are dispersive, and involve mainly juvenile birds, and they are probably difficult to ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to access to a lot of extra features !\nlist of species of the woodpeckers (picidae) family. each species provides information on taxonomy, descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation and bibliography .\na detailed list of the species of the family is displayed to our subscribers, showing the following columns: genus, species, common name, conservation status, figure, and the check mark. above the table, a tiny search engine is displayed to facilitate the filtering of the species .\nyou don' t have any subscription to the hbw alive. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nstrange that this paper it is not used and cited in the text. it is a good one urltoken\nwang l, cheung jt - m, pu f, li d, zhang m, fan y (2011) why do woodpeckers resist head impact injury: a biomechanical investigation. plos one 6 (10): e26490. doi: 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0026490\ni can say that it was not used in the hbw text on the family picidae simply because it was published in 2011, while the hbw text dates back to 2002. by the time being all the effort at hbw alive is being put in updating species accounts, but we do hope to start soon updating also the texts on families." ]

{ "text": [ "the stripe-breasted woodpecker ( dendrocopos atratus ) is a species of bird in the woodpecker family , picidae .", "it is found in southeast asia within subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests . " ], "topic": [ 3, 24 ] }

[ "the stripe-breasted woodpecker (dendrocopos atratus) is a species of bird in the woodpecker family, picidae. it is found in southeast asia within subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests." ]

[ "gelechia gomphopis meyrick, 1927; exot. microlep. 3 (11): 350; tl: texas, alpine, 5000 - 8000ft\nfilatima pseudacaciella, the dusky - backed filatima moth, is a moth of the gelechiidae family .\nfilatima djakovica anikin & piskunov, 1996; zoosyst. rossica 4 (1): 173\nfilatima zagulajevi anikin & piskunov, 1996; zoosyst. rossica 4 (1): 175\nfilatima biminimaculella is the closest i can get with this one (there are many filatima species that don' t have photographs here, on mpg, or lepbarcoding, so i have to let it go). if anybody has any / knows of any images of the undocumented species (f. adamsi, catacrossa, confusatella, cushmani, fugalis, fuliginea, gomphopis, monotaeniella, normifera, obscuroocellella, obscurosuffusella, occidua, ochreosuffusella, occidua, ochreosuffusella, platyochra, pravinominella, procedes, prognosticata, roceliella, tephrinopa, trientata, vaniae), please let me know .\nfilatima procedes clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 263; tl: presidio, texas\nfilatima transsilvanella kovács & kovács, 2002; acta zool. hung. 47 (4): (363 - 370 )\nfilatima vaniae clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 266; tl: murray, utah\nfilatima betulae clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 264; tl: melrose highlands, massachusetts\nfilatima golovina clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 264; tl: palm springs, california\nfilatima sperryi clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 270; tl: bartons flats, california\nfilatima vaccinii clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 270; tl: toms river, new jersey\nfilatima occidua hodges & adamski, 1997; j. lep. soc. 51 (1): 42; tl: washington, pullman\nfilatima epulatrix hodges, 1969; proc. ent. soc. wash. 71 (2): 203; tl: potsdam, new york\nfilatima obidenna clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 274; tl: paradise, cochise co. , arizona\nfilatima platyochra clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 272; tl: dixieland, imperial co. , california\nfilatima spinigera clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 274; tl: mojave desert, near llano, california\nfilatima albicostella clarke, 1942; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 92 (3149): 272; tl: pullman, washington\nfilatima cushmani clarke, 1942; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 92 (3149): 273; tl: pullman, washington\nfilatima perpensa clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 268; tl: the geysers, sonoma co. , california\nfilatima tridentata clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 266; tl: snow creek, riverside co. , california\nfilatima sciocrypta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, park & bae, 2006, j. asia - pacif. ent. 9 (2): 112\nfilatima adamsi hodges & adamski, 1997; j. lep. soc. 51 (1): 40; tl: maine, little wood island, west point\nfilatima busck, 1939; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 86 (3064): 568 [ key ], 575; ts: gelechia serotinella busck\nfilatima roceliella clarke, 1942; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 92 (3149): 271; tl: quincy, grant co. , washington\nfilatima prognosticata; clarke, 1947, j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 266; [ nacl ], # 2168; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 21\nfilatima ornatifimbriella; [ nacl ], # 2162; [ nhm card ]; hodges & adamski, 1997, j. lep. soc. 51 (1): 34; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 20\nfilatima xanthuris; [ nacl ], # 2181 (rev. stat .); [ nhm card ]; hodges & adamski, 1997, j. lep. soc. 51 (1): 37; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 21\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\ngelechia abactella clarke, 1932; can. ent. 64: 67; tl: british columbia, kaslo, cockle\ngelechia albipectus walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 63; tl: mexico, sonora\ngelechia arizonella busck, 1903; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 856; tl: arizona, santa rita mtns\ngelechia aulaea clarke, 1932; can. ent. 64: 68; tl: washington, pullman\nlarva on betula populifolia clarke, 1947, j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 264\ngelechia biminimaculella chambers, 1880; j. cincinnati soc. nat. hist. 2 (4): 183; tl: texas\ngelechia catacrossa meyrick, 1927; exot. microlep. 3 (11): 347; tl: texas, alpine, 5000 - 8000ft\ngelechia collinearis meyrick, 1927; exot. microlep. 3 (11): 349; tl: texas, alpine, 5000ft\ngnorimoschema confusatella darlington, 1948; trans. amer. ent. soc. 74 (3 - 4): 180, pl. 2, f. 2; tl: new lisbon, new jersey\ndemissae (keifer, 1931) (gelechia); pan - pacific ent. 8 (2): 70\ngelechia depuratella busck, 1910; proc. ent. soc. wash. 11 (4): 177; tl: mesilla, new mexico\ngelechia frugalis braun, 1925; trans. am. ent. soc. 51 (3): 194; tl: logan canyon, utah\nlarva on amelanchier alnifolia braun, 1925, trans. am. ent. soc. 51 (3): 195\ngelechia fuliginea meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 490; tl: texas, alpine, 5000 - 8000ft\ngelechia hemicrossa meyrick, 1927; exot. microlep. 3 (11): 345; tl: texas, alpine, 5000 - 8000ft\nlarva on salix spp. , s. aurita, s. caprea, s. bicolor, s. repens [ me3 ], 165\ngelechia inquilinella busck, 1910; can. ent. 42 (5): 168; tl: karner, new york\nlarva on acacia vernicosa clarke, 1947, j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 274\ngelechia monotaeniella bottimer, 1926; j. agr. reasearch 33: 813, pl. 2, f. a - c; tl: texas, chambers co. , n shore lake charlotte\ngelechia natalis heinrich, 1920; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 57 (2305): 62; tl: waldo canyon, colorado\nlarva on razoumofskya cryptopoda heinrich, 1920, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 57 (2305): 63\ngelechia neotrophella heinrich, 1921; j. agric. res. 20: 811, pl. 94 cg, pl. 105 h\ngelechia nigripectus walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 63; tl: mexico, sonora\ngelechia normifera meyrick, 1927; exot. microlep. 3 (11): 347; tl: texas, alpine, 5000 - 7000ft\ngelechia nucifer walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 69; tl: mexico, sonora\ngelechia obscuroocelella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 254; tl: bosque co. , texas\nlarva on lupinus sericeus var. sericeus, l. ornatus hodges & adamski, 1997, j. lep. soc. 51 (1): 45\n=; [ nacl ], # 2162; [ nhm card ]; hodges & adamski, 1997, j. lep. soc. 51 (1): 34; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 20\nlarva on amorpha fruticosa hodges & adamski, 1997, j. lep. soc. 51 (1): 34\npagicola (meyrick, 1936) (gelechia); exotic microlep. 5 (2): 44\ngelechia pallipalpella snellen, 1884; tijdschr. ent. 27: 167, pl. 9, f. 2, 2a; tl: amur\nlarva on prunus persica busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 859\nlarva on salix exiqua clarke, 1947, j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 263\ngelechia prognosticata braun, 1925; trans. am. ent. soc. 51 (3): 195; tl: logan canyon, utah\nlarva on ribes longflorum braun, 1925, trans. am. ent. soc. 51 (3): 195\ngelechia rhypodes walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 69; tl: mexico, sonora\ngelechia saliciphaga keifer, 1937; calif. dept. agric. bull. 26: 184\ngelechia serotinella busck, 1903; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 882; tl: district of columbia; colorado\nlarva on prunus serotina busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 882\nnothris tephrinopa meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 496; tl: texas, fort davis (5000ft), alpine (7000 - 8000ft )\nlarva on vaccinium vacillans clarke, 1947, j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 272\nlarva on ribes sp. clarke, 1947, j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 268\nnorth carolina, south carolina, texas, new mexico, arizona, utah, nevada, manitoba, alberta, british columbia, washington, oregon. see [ maps ]\ngelechia xanthuris meyrick, 1927; exot. microlep. 3 (11): 346; tl: utah, dividend\nlarva on thermopsis pinetorum, lupinus sp. , robinia sp. , vicia sp. hodges & adamski, 1997, j. lep. soc. 51 (1): 34\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nhistoire naturelle des lépidoptèrs ou papillons de france - supplement. nocturnes (cont .) in godart ,\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz. 2. abteilung, kleinschmetterlinge. 2. die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa, zugleich als text, revision und supplement zu j. hübner' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge, die schaben und federmotten, (1847 -) 1853 - 1855 )\nzeller, 1873 beiträge zur kenntniss der nordamerikanischen nachtfälter, besonders der microlepidopteren (2) verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 23 (abh .): 201 - 334, pl. 3 - 4\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nalbania, austria, belgium, france, germany, spain, italy, poland, portugal, romania, slovakia and the soviet union - the european part of france, the czech republic, switzerland, yugoslavia .\nalbania, austria, belgium, bulgaria, hungary, germany, greece (mainland), spain (mainland), italy (mainland), macedonia, romania, russia, slovakia, ukraine, france (mainland), czech republic, switzerland .\n[ 10 ] de jong, y. s. d. m. (ed .) (2011) fauna europaea version 2. 4 (faunaeur. org )\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted." ]

{ "text": [ "filatima gomphopis is a moth of the family gelechiidae .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from texas .", "the wingspan is 16 – 17 mm .", "the forewings are whitish-grey , sometimes minutely speckled darker or with a few scattered blackish scales .", "the base of the costal edge is black and there is a small spot of greyish suffusion in the disc before the first stigmata .", "the plical and first discal stigmata are small or minute , black , accompanied by small pale yellow-ochreous dots , the plical somewhat anterior , the second discal forming a short thick black dash , all these surrounded with whiter suffusion .", "there is a small blackish spot on the costa before two-thirds , from beyond this a faint whiter angulated transverse shade more or less perceptible .", "the hindwings are light bluish-grey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "filatima gomphopis is a moth of the family gelechiidae. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from texas. the wingspan is 16 – 17 mm. the forewings are whitish-grey, sometimes minutely speckled darker or with a few scattered blackish scales. the base of the costal edge is black and there is a small spot of greyish suffusion in the disc before the first stigmata. the plical and first discal stigmata are small or minute, black, accompanied by small pale yellow-ochreous dots, the plical somewhat anterior, the second discal forming a short thick black dash, all these surrounded with whiter suffusion. there is a small blackish spot on the costa before two-thirds, from beyond this a faint whiter angulated transverse shade more or less perceptible. the hindwings are light bluish-grey." ]

[ "figure 13. phyllonorycter scudderella. adult, and leaf mine on willow, salix sp. (salicaceae) .\nphyllonorycter scudderella (fig. 13) feeds in an underside tentiform mine on willow, salix sp. (salicaceae) .\nphyllonorycter scudderella (frey & boll, 1873) includes as a synonym 0792 phyllonorycter salicivorella (braun, 1908), smithsonian contributions to zoology 614: 50 .\na third ostrya - feeding phyllonorycter species, phyllonorycter ostryaefoliella (fig. 6), makes a typical underside tentiform leaf mine, as does p. obscuricostella\nnote: for coverage of\nphyllonorycter\nrobiniella, morrisella, and uhlerella, see genus macrosaccus .\nfigure 7. phyllonorycter celtifoliella. adult, and leaf mine on hackberry, celtis occidentalis (ulmaceae) .\nfigure 12. phyllonorycter apparella. adult, and leaf mine on cottonwood, populus deltoides (salicaceae) .\nphyllonorycter argentinotella (fig. 1) is a leaf miner on elm, ulmus sp. (ulmaceae) .\nfigure 2. phyllonorycter mariaeella. adult, and leaf mine on snowberry, symphoricarpos sp. (caprifoliaceae) .\nfigure 3. phyllonorycter symphoricarpaeella. adult, and leaf mine on snowberry, symphoricarpos sp. (caprifoliaceae) .\nfigure 5. phyllonorycter obscuricostella. adult, and leaf mines on hop hornbeam, ostrya virginiana (betulaceae) .\nfigure 6. phyllonorycter ostryaefoliella. adult, and leaf mine on hop hornbeam, ostrya virginiana (betulaceae) .\nfigure 9. phyllonorycter propinquinella. adult, and leaf mine on black cherry, prunus serotina (rosaceae) .\nfigure 14. phyllonorycter lucidicostella. adult, and leaf mine on sugar maple, acer saccharum (sapindaceae) .\nfigure 15. phyllonorycter olivaeformis. adult, and leaf mine on hickory, carya sp. (juglandaceae) .\nfigure 17. phyllonorycter basistrigella. adult, and leaf mine on shingle oak, quercus imbricaria (fagaceae) .\nfigure 18. phyllonorycter fitchella. adult, and leaf mine on white oak, quercus alba (fagaceae) .\nfigure 4. phyllonorycter tritaenianella. adult, and developing leaf mine on hop hornbeam, ostrya virginiana (betulaceae) .\nfigure 19. phyllonorycter aeriferella. adult, reared from a leaf mine on oak, quercus sp. (fagaceae) .\nfigure 8. phyllonorycter celtisella. adult, with overview and closeup of leaf mine on hackberry, celtis occidentalis (ulmaceae) .\nfigure 10. phyllonorycter lucetiella. adult, and leaf mine on american basswood, or linden, tilia americana (tiliaceae) .\nfigure 11. phyllonorycter tiliacella. adult, and leaf mine on american basswood, or linden, tilia americana (tiliaceae) .\nfigure 1. phyllonorycter argentinotella. adult, and top and bottom views of the leaf mine on elm, ulmus sp. (ulmaceae) .\nphyllonorycter fitchella (fig. 18) feeds on white oak, quercus alba, in an underside tentiform mine; no cocoon is formed within the mine .\nphyllonorycter olivaeformis (fig. 15) is one of two species of phyllonorycter that feed on hickory, carya sp. (juglandaceae), the other being p. caryaealbella. the larva of p. olivaeformis feeds in an underside tentiform mine; pupation occurs inside a black (frass - covered) ovate cocoon .\nas in the other large lithocolletine genus, cameraria, a number of different species of phyllonorycter (including the following four spp .) feed on oaks, quercus spp. (fagaceae) .\nphyllonorycter albanotella (fig. 16) feeds in a small underside tentiform mine, either at the margin of the leaf or near the midvein. it pupates in a very thin - walled silken cocoon .\nphyllonorycter aeriferella (fig. 19) feeds in an underside mine on white oak, quercus alba and other oak species. pupation takes place inside an ovate cocoon that appears black due to its being covered with frass .\nanother caprifoliaceae - feeding species, phyllonorycter symphoricarpaeella (fig. 3), apparently feeds only on snowberry, symphoricarpos sp. its leaf mine tends to be relatively narrower than that of p. mariaeella on the same plant .\nthe larva of phyllonorycter mariaeella (fig. 2) makes a typical underside tentiform mine on various species of the honeysuckle family (caprifoliaceae), including honeysuckles, lonicera spp. , snowberries, symphoricarpos spp. , and horse gentians, triosteum spp .\nphyllonorycter celtisella (fig. 8) also feeds on hackberry, but unlike p. celtifoliella, it makes an upperside tentiform leaf mine, which at maturity displays a medial longitudinal crease that runs nearly the entire length of the upperside of the mine .\nphyllonorycter basistrigella (fig. 17) feeds on shingle oak, quercus imbricaria, and other oaks, in an underside tentiform mine inside which can be seen a narrow, ovate ring of black frass that is deposited around the edge of the cocoon .\nthree species of phyllonorycter (two of them native to north america, one introduced from the palearctic) feed in underside tentifom leaf mines on trees in the rose family (rosaceae). the moths are externally similar but are readily differentiated on genital morphology of both genders. for more information, see landry and wagner (1995). one of these three species, phyllonorycter propinquinella (fig. 9), feeds on black cherry, prunus serotina; apparently, it is restricted to prunus as its hostplant .\nphyllonorycter lucidicostella (fig. 14) feeds in an underside tentiform mine on sugar maple, acer saccharum (sapindaceae) another maple feeder, p. clemensella, is externally similar to p. lucidicostella but can be differentiated as noted by braun (1908) .\ndavis, d. r. and g. deschka. 2001. biology and sytematics of the north american phyllonorycter leafminers on salicaceae, with a synoptic catalog of the palearctic species (lepidoptera: gracillariidae). smithsonian constributions to zoology 614: 1 - 100 .\ndavis, d. r. & g. deschka, 2001. biology and systematics of the north american phyllonorycter leafminers on salicaceae, with a synoptic catalog of the palearctic species (lepidoptera: gracillariidae). smithsonian contributions to zoology, 614: 1 - 89 .\ndavis, d. r. & deschka, g. 2001. biology and systematics of the north american phyllonorycter leafminers on salicaceae, with a synoptic catalog of the palearctic species (lepidoptera: gracillariidae). - smithsonian contributions to zoology (614): 1–89 .\nlike p. tritaenianella, the larva of phyllonorycter obscuricostella (fig. 5) feeds on ostrya virginiana, but it makes an underside tentiform mine as is typical for the genus. yet another species, p. ostryaefoliella, is also an underside tentiform miner on hop hornbeam .\nphyllonorycter tiliacella (fig. 11) also feeds on tilia americana, but it makes an upperside mine that is round in outline and has a distinctive appearance, the upper wall being covered with small blackish spots; there is little or no evidence of the mine on the underside of the leaf .\nthe adult of phyllonorycter tritaenianella (fig. 4) somewhat resembles p. mariaeella and p. symphoricarpaeella, but the larva of p. tritaenianella feeds on hop hornbeam, ostrya virginiana (betulaceae). it is unusual within phyllonorycter in that it mines the upperside of the leaf. the developing mine is very distinctive, appearing as a flat blotch with a characteristic thin, white upper surface (which renders it easily distinguishable from the mine of another lithocolletine, cameraria ostryarella, in which the upper surface is thicker and yellower). by the end of larval development, the mine of p. tritaenianella becomes tentiform as usual for the genus, except that, as mentioned, it is on the upperside of the leaf .\nphyllonorycter lucetiella (fig. 10) feeds in an underside mine on american basswood, or linden, tilia americana (tiliaceae). the mine is conspicuously visible on the upperside of the leaf, due to removal of green parenchyma tissue from the upper wall; it is subrectangular in outline, and it remains fairly flat throughout most of the larval development period, becoming tentiform in the late stages .\nphyllonorycter celtifoliella (fig. 7) feeds in an underside tentifom mine on hackberry, celtis occidentalis (ulmaceae). according to braun (1908), this species is rare in the eastern usa, where the other hackberry - feeding species, p. celtisella (see below), is common. in central illinois, the reverse is true, as p. celtifoliella is noticeably commoner than p. celtisella .\nfigure 16. phyllonorycter albanotella. top: adult; bottom: left and center, upperside and underside, respectively, of leaf mine (adjacent to midvein, in subapical area of leaf) on oak, quercus sp. (fagaceae) (in addition to the p. albanotella leaf mine, the leaf in this image bears rather extensive skeletonization damage from an undetermined leaf - tying microlepidopteran larva); right, underside of leaf mine on white oak, quercus alba, opened to show the diaphanous silken cocoon inside which a reared individual of p. albanotella pupated .\nphyllonorycter is a large genus of small, usually brightly - colored gracillariids, most species of which live as larvae in underside tentiform leaf mines, mostly on woody plants. leaf mines of most species first appear in july and become more numerous with succeeding generations into early autumn, the larvae of the wintering generation being the most numerous. the larva remains inside the mine to pupate. the white markings of the forewing are margined black along their basal (inner) edges, in contrast to moths of the other large lithocolletine genus, cameraria, in which the white marks are margined with black along their apical (outer) edges .\nphyllonorycter apparella (fig. 12) feeds in an underside mine on cottonwood, populus deltoides and other trees in the willow family (salicaceae). the mine is yellowish, and it remains fairly flat throughout most of the larval development period, becoming tentiform in the late stages (somewhat reminiscent of the mine of p. lucetiella on tilia). the adult moth is quite variable in coloration, as shown (the moths in fig. 12 are from the same reared series). davis and deschka (2001) clarified the nomenclature of this moth, which previously was referred to as p. tremuloidiella in the nearctic literature .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser. some features of this site may not work without it .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nmyersville, frederick county, maryland, usa june 13, 2017 size: approx. 4mm long\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\nlectotype ♂, designated by freeman (1970: 278), genitalia slide 12101♂, bmnh ;\n6 cambridge. (not chambers. )\n, cmcz (hagen 1884: 152) .\nfrey, h. & boll, j. 1873. nordamerikanische tineen. - entomologische zeitung, stettin 34 (4–6): 201–224 .\nferguson, d. c. 1975. host records for lepidoptera reared in eastern north america. - technical bulletin. united states department of agriculture, washington (1521): 1–49 .\nhandfield, l. 1997. liste des lépidoptères du québec et du labrador. - fabreries 7 (supplément): 1–155 .\npohl, g. r. , anweiler, g. g. , schmidt, b. c. , kondla, n. g. 2010. an annotated list of the lepidoptera of alberta, canada. - zookeys 38: 1–549 .\npohl, g. r. , landry, j. - f. , schmidt, b. c. , lafontaine, j. d. , troubridge, j. t. , macaulay, a. d. , van nieukerken, e. j. , dewaard, j. r. , dombroskie, j. j. , klymko, j. , nazari, v. & stead, k. 2018. annotated checklist of the moths and butterflies (lepidoptera) of canada and alaska. - —: 1–580 .\nbraun, a. f. 1908a. new species of lithocolletis. - entomological news 19: 99–107 .\nbraun, a. f. 1908b. revision of the north american species of the genus lithocolletis hübner. - transactions of the american entomological society 34 (4): 269–357, pl. xx–xxiv .\nbrower, a. e. 1984. a list of the lepidoptera of maine, part 2: the microlepidoptera, section 2; cosmopterigidae through hepialidae. - — 114: i–x, 1–70 .\ngrehan, j. r. , parker, b. l. , nielsen, g. r. , miller, d. h. , hedbor, j. d. , sabourin, m. & griggs, m. s. 1995. moths and butterflies of vermont (lepidoptera). a faunal checklist. - —: i–xi, 1–95 .\ndyar, h. g. [ 1903 ]. a list of the north american lepidoptera and key to the literature of this order of insects. - bulletin of the united states national museum 52 (1902): xix + 1–723 .\nferris, c. d. , kruse, j. j. , lafontaine, j. d. , philip, k. w. , schmidt, b. c. & sikes, d. s. 2012. a checklist of the moths of alaska. - zootaxa 3571: 1–25 .\nmaier, c. t. 1988c. gracillariid hosts of sympiesis marylandensis (hymenoptera: eulophidae) in new england. - annals of the entomological society of america 81 (5): 728–732 .\ngodfrey, g. l. , cashatt, e. d. & glenn, m. o. 1987. microlepidoptera from the sandy creek and illinois river region: an annotated checklist of the suborders dacnonypha, monotrysia, and ditrysia (in part) (insecta). - —: 1–44 .\nvan orden covell, c. 1999. the butterflies and moths (lepidoptera) of kentucky: an annotated checklist. - — 6: i–liv, 1–220 .\nmaier, c. t. & davis, d. r. 1989. southern new england host and distributional records of lithocolletinae gracillariidae (lepidoptera), with comparison of host specificity in temporate regions. - miscellaneous publications of the entomological society of america 70: i–v, 1–23 .\nfreeman, t. n. 1970b. canadian species of lithocolletis feeding on salix and populus (gracillariidae). - journal of the lepidopterists' society 24 (4): 272–281 .\nthe record of malus sp. [ rosaceae ] (leroux 1960: 107) is erroneous (see landry & wagner 1995: 621) .\npeck, o. 1985. the taxonomy of the nearctic species of pediobius (hymenoptera: eulophidae), especially canadian and alaskan forms. - canadian entomologist 117 (6): 647–704 .\nhodges, r. w. et al. , eds. 1983. check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico. e. w. classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation, london. 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\nin eastern north america, ranges from ontario, canada, to ohio and in western north america from southeastern alaska to oregon (davis and deschka 2001) .\ndistribution data for u. s. states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on image to enlarge .\n> stream \u0000\u0000\u0000 jp ‡ \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0018ftypjpx \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000jpx jp2 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0012rreq\u0001€€\u0000\u0001\u0000 - €\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 - jp2h\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0016ihdr\u0000\u0000\u0005u\u0000\u0000\u0004\u001a\u0000\u0003\u0007\u0007\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u000fcolr\u0001\u0000\u0001\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0010\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000jp2cÿoÿq\u0000 / \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0004\u001a\u0000\u0000\u0005u\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0004\u001a\u0000\u0000\u0005u\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0003\u0007\u0001\u0001\u0007\u0001\u0001\u0007\u0001\u0001ÿ \\ \u0000 # bp·hìhìhñ @ ú @ ú @ è9 (9 (961—1—1æ) x) x) 4ÿ ] \u0000 $ \u0001bp \\ hhhv @  @  @ Œ8é8é8ö14141€) \u0016) \u0016 (ôÿ ] \u0000 $ \u0002bq˜ióióiµaáaáaî: \u0014: \u0014: # 2Ž2Ž2æ * l * l *! ÿr\u0000 \u0000\u0001\u0000\u0001\u0001\u0005\u0004\u0004\u0000\u0000ÿd\u0000\u000f\u0000\u0001lwf _ jp2 _ 204ÿ\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000¸¼\u0000\u0001ÿ“ïü\u0007¡\u0014\u0014, nui¡î) ™åñ¿ [ —ë÷–% hùá\u0002v§íxe\u0000 ]? ë‹zq†ir´š° } já¥\u0011\u0017éucæ ú¯xêøµï‰åiê»em¨ æ\bùþ _ løt5 & ÷e­z0Ÿê­u¥ˆò0\u0013§my \\ î; w ~ \\ 0² | ±îv’ï·\u0012\u0019›ô®ñø\u0001å | (è«: ¿ôƒ\u0018k * øoªŽhl $ 9—’âòõa88ë½ìö«ót? ƒýøð\u0000\u0000ñ­c : ã1 / ÿ ~ çì¤ ¸ªóz¢î\b\u0010 æzò³, ¢óö | ¶ ] Œf\u001a­ûr # \u0017\nwø / ¶f¯ƒleqg\u0007u ^ i) ›\u001b â\u0018ß @ ~ t\u0019m õøåhº ߪk‚b€Œƒ ª - © ï / üfºá\u0007b‘\u0007­¸\u0013\u0000·ˆfh›å { ïßõæg - \u0014ý›\u001a\u0014 = j‚! g• ~ cû­lš < + ð; ª”rýû\u0001¡5óh ~ ‹ƒ¨„ž\u0012¢ä% x9¿zò\u0000© @ Ž½e) { - 6²? ºˆøˆ´Ÿý < ¶ù\u000f ì\u0003q×cè£ñ„% ³ @ uˆ & ýâ¯m†òŽ! û¤îgµx / # ë”äm\u0011 { ¤µ¤Šäæ\n~ ’çzdîþã¥g¡„äŒ7µày׉l [ u. ýn\u0019ªv¬µ© t # \u0001Ÿb¢ * \u0005 < k # | ­‡ïõú½ït™þ 'dfóåþñ\u0006xž < \u0004—⁴ * \u0011\u0000·µo5’ýÿ '^ p ú\u0005çßâä‚\u00107: úy¬6g Ꝭ±sð $ aä &? Ꝿé¯ý% ±¨zí¬1\u0005dô9ÿ) ‘; än¿–m { êýƒ€u\b\u0017i (o + \u0014¯ld ”i­ > > # èj' isœ½ñ‹‘qlg, r @ ¤ü\n~ ‹ín & | èê7 - 2? ñ®æ¥ó\u0016¿æ\u0007¦lx\u001af \\ ª [ ù ²ól“\u0012­Špnb; §\b \u0005˜ß±\n* \u0013; yvc† / \u0019kmç 'þ“pb\u0006xóú¾økt¬ * r¡' fÿ @ ù { Ÿ©: §k, '\\ à\u0006f¢ìû\nb°\u001a / ïiŸmÿ\u0003›®÷o›ü\u0012‚\u0012\u000f\bh1) «ÿaôª’‰éì¹xg 'ƒkbøçó‡ (ˆ\nhtlw\u0003ßdµ\u001aðŽ0úå: ™¤™ln '“ k²2äòƒŒ•¥k? §rß ‰’ { ¼ õãdüg: ò 'èáx\u0017›\u001b\u0011èlc1ãˆ: ‰j¬þ äd '3 £a | e¬; öv™x˜ _ íö†íœ˜ú # \u0007ñ†\u0019• \\ Žm ^ he' | ŠŸåô\u001b®½¡t\u0007\u0001\u0007ô²æ\u0005íÿ _ ýcóîŠkk âo„—Šà´ì¯ãî\u0002 * ùïïç9\u0015û†j\u0016ì, yrœçlò4ß 'e©7 sðeè\u0007³ª’¨b u ^ ±l $ 8¦ágßãc\u0002è5q\u0010 \u000eñ\u0011¹cwfà\u0013\u0011\u0001¡\u000e > íõý’\u000ff\u0004 e½ƒ¨µgíáxš”a²te‘ú | } ïŽt < s––jšó: waí * f˜0„ > \u0015\u001a¿x‘l¹ # (·÷™øâ‘e¢‹e¼òf\u0019¥\u0016mœû03hê\u000e\u0018c\u0002æÿpåŽ & #\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nplease note: this list is derived from literature in which chalcids are identified to genus level only. it does not include records for species .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice." ]

{ "text": [ "phyllonorycter scudderella is a moth of the gracillariidae family .", "it is widespread in eastern north america from ontario to ohio and in western north america from south-eastern alaska to oregon .", "the length of the forewings is 3-4.3 mm .", "adults are on wing from mid-march to early may and from late june to early october .", "there are probably two generations per year .", "the larvae feed on salix babylonica , salix bebbiana , salix discolor and salix candida species .", "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "the mine has the form of a small tentiform blotch on the underside of the leaf .", "it is located between the veins .", "it is elongate-oval and somewhat wrinkled . " ], "topic": [ 2, 0, 9, 8, 15, 6, 11, 11, 4, 29 ] }

[ "phyllonorycter scudderella is a moth of the gracillariidae family. it is widespread in eastern north america from ontario to ohio and in western north america from south-eastern alaska to oregon. the length of the forewings is 3-4.3 mm. adults are on wing from mid-march to early may and from late june to early october. there are probably two generations per year. the larvae feed on salix babylonica, salix bebbiana, salix discolor and salix candida species. they mine the leaves of their host plant. the mine has the form of a small tentiform blotch on the underside of the leaf. it is located between the veins. it is elongate-oval and somewhat wrinkled." ]

[ "what type of species is calyptraea inexpectata? below, you will find the taxonomic groups the calyptraea inexpectata species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of calyptraea inexpectata species? below, you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species calyptraea inexpectata .\nhow to identify calyptraea inexpectata marine species? below, you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species calyptraea inexpectata. for each identification criteria, the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species calyptraea inexpectata are marked in green .\nwhere is calyptraea inexpectata found in the world? below, you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species calyptraea inexpectata can be found .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species: calyptraea inexpectata e. rolán, 2004 - id: 1530450683\nrolán e. 2004. the genus calyptraea (gastropoda, caenogastropoda, calyptraeidae) in the east atlantic. iberus 22 (2): 51 - 79. [ details ]\nafter more than 2 years of preparations, the diatombase portal is now officially launched... .\nlast week - on may 30 and 31st – 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop. the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete, where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium (isbs). the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae, and adding this data through the amphipoda species database... .\non 23 april 2018, a number of editors of the world register of introduced species (wrims) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute (vliz). these three days were used to evaluate, complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register (tsd)... .\nthe 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to françois le coze and geoff read. congratulations! ...\nin 2018, to celebrate a decade of worms' existence, it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species, both for 2017 and for the previous decade... .\nthe scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal. this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nthis website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website. by clicking or navigating the site, you agree to allow our collection of information through cookies. more info\nmaterias: : investigación: : 24 ciencias de la vida: : 2401 biología animal (zoología): : 240114 - 2 taxonomía animal. invertebrados no insectos\nwe transform the world with culture! we want to build on europe’s rich heritage and make it easier for people to use, whether for work, for learning or just for fun .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you do not have an account yet, you can register here first .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail conchbooks office if you do not receive your email with your username and password." ]

{ "text": [ "calyptraea inexpectata is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calyptraeidae , the slipper snails or slipper limpets , cup-and-saucer snails , and chinese hat snails . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "calyptraea inexpectata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calyptraeidae, the slipper snails or slipper limpets, cup-and-saucer snails, and chinese hat snails." ]

[ "amydria clemensella; [ nacl ], # 330 (ident. uncert. )\nterry harrison to robert zimlich: “based on don davis' s genitalia drawings of amydria, every time i dissect the amydria that has the large, solid dark - brown spots on the fw it turns out to be a. margoriella, just as it should be on basis of dietz' s illustration. ”\namydria onagella occidentella; [ nacl ], # 337a (ident. uncert. )\nmoved from amydria margoriella. steve, thanks for the detailed comment. i had this image placed here as a tentative id pending dissection. i did not learn until later of the issues with identification in this genus on bugguide. i’ll confer with terry and maybe solicit additional opinions once he’s photographed the genitalia. edit: i remember the issue with the margoriella images at bold from when i first heard of this issue from hugh a few months ago .\namydria scleropis meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (7): 214; tl: nyasaland, mt. mlanje\namydria poliodes meyrick, 1909; ann. s. afr. mus. 5 (7): 362; tl: cape colony, kalk bay\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndietz, w. g. , 1905. revision of the genera and species of tineid subfamilies amydriinae and tineinae .\nrevision of the genera and species of the tineid subfamilies amydriinae and tineinae inhabiting north america wm. g. dietz. 1905. transactions of the american entomological society, 31: 1 - 96 .\ncontributed by maury j. heiman on 27 april, 2012 - 11: 03pm additional contributions by robert lord zimlich last updated 8 april, 2014 - 6: 22pm\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\ntinea abscensella walker, 1863; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 28: 473\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nwalker, 1863 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 27: 1 - 286 (1863), 28: 287 - 562 (1863), 29: 563 - 835 (1864), 30: 837 - 1096 (1864 )\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors (here). text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 license; additional terms may apply. images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "amydria margoriella is a moth of the acrolophidae family .", "it is found in north america , including florida , kentucky , ohio and texas .", "the wingspan is about 11 mm . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9 ] }

[ "amydria margoriella is a moth of the acrolophidae family. it is found in north america, including florida, kentucky, ohio and texas. the wingspan is about 11 mm." ]

[ "html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthis article is a list of the moths of family eupterotidae which are found in india. it also acts as an index to the species articles and forms part of the full list of moths of india .\nhampson, g. f. et al. (1892 - 1937) fauna of british india including ceylon and burma - moths. vols. 1 - 5 cxix + 2813 p - 1295 figs - 1 table - 15 pl (12 in col. )\nsavela, markku. website on lepidoptera and some other life forms - page on family eupterotidae (accessed on 08 jul 2007) .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 10 / 19 / 2016. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files." ]

{ "text": [ "eupterote diffusa is a moth in the eupterotidae family .", "it was described by walker in 1865 .", "it is found in india and sri lanka .", "the wingspan is 58-66 mm .", "adults are similar to eupterote mollifera .", "the wings vary in colour from greyish white to dull ochreous brown or pale primrose-yellow .", "the postmedial line is single , curved on both wings and much nearer to the margin than in mollifera .", "the waved lines are fairly distinct or obsolescent , as are the spots and outer waved line . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 8, 23, 1, 1 ] }

[ "eupterote diffusa is a moth in the eupterotidae family. it was described by walker in 1865. it is found in india and sri lanka. the wingspan is 58-66 mm. adults are similar to eupterote mollifera. the wings vary in colour from greyish white to dull ochreous brown or pale primrose-yellow. the postmedial line is single, curved on both wings and much nearer to the margin than in mollifera. the waved lines are fairly distinct or obsolescent, as are the spots and outer waved line." ]

[ "velvet flycatcher (myiagra hebetior) is a species of bird in the monarchidae family .\nthe asian paradise - flycatcher was split to form the amur paradise - flycatcher, blyth' s paradise - flycatcher, and indian paradise flycatcher .\nthe paperbark flycatcher has blackish upperparts; white underparts. similar to: restless flycatcher. paperbark flycatcher is noticably smaller than restless flycatcher. their ranges do not overlap .\nsnowy - browed flycatcher ficedula hyperythra: the philippine subspecies of snowy - browed flycatcher are split as a new species, bundok flycatcher fidecula luzoniensis .\nwhite - winged scoter should be placed after velvet scoter on the british list .\noliver, paul m. & paul doughty. 2016. systematic revision of the marbled velvet geckos (\nsimilar to: bates' s paradise - flycatcher. bate' s paradise - flycatcher was consider a subspecies of rufous - vented paradise - flycatcher. rufous - vented paradise - flycatcher has a darked head with creast and male always has elongated central tail feathers .\nthe bates' s paradise - flycatcher has rufous upperparts; blue - gray head, underparts. similar to: rufous - vented paradise - flycatcher. bate' s paradise - flycatcher was consider a subspecies of rufous - vented paradise - flycatcher. rufous - vented paradise - flycatcher has a darked head with creast and male always has elongated central tail feathers .\nnutting’s flycatcher: nominate nuttingi properly belongs in a group with subspecies inquietus, not with subspecies flavidior. the names of the group nutting’s flycatcher (west mexican) myiarchus nuttingi inquietus change to nutting’s flycatcher (nutting’s) myiarchus nuttingi nuttingi / inquietus; and the names of the group nutting’s flycatcher (southern) myiarchus nutting nuttingi / flavidior change to nutting’s flycatcher (flavidior) myiarchus nuttingi flavidior .\nwhile the majority of monarch flycatchers are resident, a few species are partially migratory and one, the satin flycatcher, is fully migratory, although the japanese paradise flycatcher is almost entirely migratory. the asian paradise flycatcher is migratory over the northern parts of its range and sedentary in the tropics, and the african paradise flycatcher makes a series of poorly understood intra - african migratory movements .\nspotted flycatcher: an uncommon passage migrant with a few pairs nesting the castle grounds, stornoway .\nred - breasted flycatcher: scarce passage migrant, mainly in autumn although also occasionally in spring .\nasian paradise - flycatcher terpsiphone paradisi: asian paradise - flycatcher is split into three species, with amur paradise - flycatcher breeding in eastern china, kamchatka, and japan, blyth’s paradise - flycatcher widely in southeast asia from s china, myanmar, and indochina to indonesia, and indian paradise - flycatcher in afghanistan and pakistan to bangladesh, including sri lanka and india south of the himalayas. all three taxa migrate through thailand and winter in malaysia. this species will be particularly complicated to assign in ebird. we also have the option japanese / amur paradise - flycatcher, which should be used in ebird to apply to all four species including indian paradise - flycatcher and blyth’s paradise - flycatcher (essentially, a “paradise - flycatcher sp. ” for asia). we will update this species name in 2016. until then we encourage careful documentation of paradise - flycatchers on migration and wintering grounds in asia .\nalder flycatcher empidonax alnorum nanjizal, cornwall, 8 - 9 october 2008 (trapped, photographed) .\nthis nearctic species, breeding in north america and wintering in south america, was previously one of a subspecies pair of traill’s flycatcher. both have been elevated to full specific status as alder flycatcher and willow flycatcher empidonax traillii, based mainly on differences in song and call, but with some subtle plumage differences .\nmugimaki flycatcher ficedula mugimaki first - winter male, stone creek, humberside, 16 - 17 november 1991 .\nsucunduri flycatcher tolmomyias sucunduri: sucunduri flycatcher is a recently described species that was added, provisionally, to ebird / clements checklist 6. 8, pending review by sacc of the proposed new species. sacc has voted to not recognize sucunduri as a species opting instead to consider it a subspecies of yellow - margined flycatcher tolmomyias assimilis. we retain it as a monotypic group yellow - margined flycatcher (sucunduri) tolmomyias assimilis sucunduri .\nsulawesi streaked flycatcher muscicapa sodhi: the taxon formerly available in ebird as sulawesi brown flycatcher (undescribed form) muscicapa [ undescribed form ] is now formally described and recognized as a species. its range is the foothill forests of sulawesi .\nwithin narcissus flycatcher ficedula narcissina, the monotypic group narcissus flycatcher (green - backed) ficedula narcissina elisae is elevated to species rank as green - backed flycatcher ficedula elisae, following zhang et al. (2006). green - backed flycatcher breeds in northeastern china (shanxi and hebei); migrates to southern china, hainan, and southeast asia (thailand, malaya, and vietnam). most records were retained as narcissus flycatcher, except those from within the breeding range or from southern thailand and malaya, where narcissus is very rare. please check your records of both species carefully and update them as needed .\nthe male shining flycatcher has blue - black plumage. female has rufous - tinged brown upperparts; black head; white underparts .\nthe africa blue flycatcher has bright blue upperparts, tail, head; black lores; grayish - blue fading to white underparts .\nthe restless flycatcher has blackish upperparts; white underparts. it builds a cup - shaped nest from shredded bark and grasses, matted and bound with spider - webbing. linings used are soft bark, grasses, hair or feathers. it is often decorated with lichen, strips of bark or spiders' egg sacs. the nest site is in the fork of a well - foliaged tree mostly near or overhanging water, similar to: paperbark flycatcher. paperbark flycatcher is noticably smaller than restless flycatcher. their ranges do not overlap .\nthe male black - headed paradise - flycatcher has mainly chestnut plumage; black head; long tail streamers. female is duller and lacks tail streamers .\nthe white - tailed crested - flycatcher has mainly gray upperparts; black crown, wings; white belly rump, under - tail; black bill .\nthe fairy flycatcher has gray upperparts; black mask; white supercilium; white throat; pale gray breast; white belly with pinkish - gray wash to center .\nlizards restricted to rocky habitats often comprise numerous deeply divergent lineages, reflecting the disjunct nature of their preferred habitat and the capacity of rocky habitats to function as evolutionary refugia. here we review the systematics and diversity of the predominantly saxicoline australian marbled velvet geckos (genus\n17 cm. a medium sexually - dimorphic myiagra flycatcher with a dull glossy - black male and female with a pale grey crown, white underparts and rufous upperparts .\nthe cerulean paradise - flycatcher has cerulean - blue plumage; bare white eye - ring; dark brown eyes; bluish - black bill; pale blue - gray underparts .\nthe vanikoro flycatcher has glossy black upperpart; rufous underparts; slightly hooked black bill; black legs. male has black throat; female has white chin, rufous throat .\nchannel islands population differs very slightly in average color and song, but probably not safely identifiable in the field. in fact, recent evidence suggests that this species and cordilleran flycatcher – while distinctive in the southern (allopatric) parts of their ranges – intermix broadly in the north and might be better lumped as one species – western flycatcher .\nthe male blue - creasted flycatcher has dark blue upperparts; light blue crown; white underparts. female has brown upperparts with grayish tinged - cheeks; bluish - tinged crown .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. & christie, d. a. (2018). velvet flycatcher (myiagra eichhorni). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nthe satin flycatcher has blue - black upperparts; white belly. male has blue - black hear, upper - breast; female has orange - red throat, upper - breast .\nthe leaden flycatcher has dark blue - gray upperparts, head; broad blue bill with black tip. female has red - orange throat, upper - breast. juvenile has mottled brown breast. .\nthe male seychelles paradise - flycatcher has glossy black plumage with a deep blue sheen; long black central tail feathers. female reddish - brown upperparts; creamy - white underparts. blue orbital skin .\nall monarch - flycatchers are arboreal and insectivorous. they forage by gleaning and snatching arthropods from vegetation or, in true flycatcher fashion, they sally after flying insects. monarchids are typically ...\nthe majority of the monarchidae are residents or sedentary tropical species, but eight species are migratory or partly migratory. typically, migratory species, including the japanese paradise - flycatcher and the ...\nthe male african paradise - flycatcher has chesnut wings, tail; black head, underparts; white wing - bar; very long tail streamers. female has browner tint to tail; lacks tail streamers .\nthe monotypic group blue - throated flycatcher (chinese) cyornis rubeculoides glaucicomans is elevated to species rank as chinese blue flycatcher cyornis glaucicomans (zhang et al. 2015). revise the range description from “s china (sichuan, guizhou, w hubei and shaanxi) ” to “breeds southern china (southern shaanxi and western hubei to sichuan and guizhou); winters southwestern thailand and the thai - malay peninsula” .\nthe male african crested flycatcher has dark blue mantle, head, breast; white belly, wing - patch, eye - ring. female has gray upperparts, off - white underparts; white eye - ring, wing - bars .\nhi jim, thanks, i’m glad you find it useful. i do plan to continue adding information about subspecies, with maps, as i find the time. i did not mean to include labrador duck, but now that you’ve pointed it out i think i should add all of the extinct or presumed extinct species. there are no north american records of velvet scoter .\nthis created a challenge for bourc when establishing the identity of this individual, despite it being trapped and biometrics being available, as no definitive calls were heard. the record required two circulations, before willow flycatcher could be eliminated and identification confirmed .\nthe monarch - flycatcher family, as presently defined, is a diverse group of small, slim - bodied, generally active arboreal birds, many of which are handsomely plumaged. its members range in size from the warbler - like ...\nthe broad - billed flycatcher has dark blue upperparts, head; blackish tail; orange - buff throat, upper - breast; whitish lowr - breast, belly; white eye - ring, wider on bottom. female similar to male but paler .\nthe broad flat bill, the stiff bristles around the nares, and a general similarity in hunting behaviour led early ornithologists to group the world’s numerous “flycatcher” radiations together. with more detailed morphological studies and, later, molecular analyses, these gross similarities ...\nthe british ornithologists' union records committee (bourc) has accepted the following to category a of the british list: view the british list acadian flycatcher empidonax virescens first - calendar - year, dungeness, kent, 22 september 2015 (photographed, dna analysis) .\ngregory, p. (2018). leaden flycatcher (myiagra rubecula). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\ngregory, p. & christie, d. a. (2018). mussau flycatcher (myiagra hebetior). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. , fishpool, l. d. c. , boesman, p. and kirwan, g. m. 2016. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 2: passerines. lynx edicions and birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\nmyiagra hebetior, m. eichhorni and m. cervinicolor (del hoyo and collar 2016) were previously lumped as m. hebetior following sibley and monroe (1990, 1993) .\nbutchart, s. , ekstrom, j. , harding, m. , martin, r, westrip, j .\njustification: this species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthis species is endemic to new britain, new ireland and new hanover in papua new guinea .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is probably not uncommon locally (coates 1990). trend justification: this population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat loss and degradation (del hoyo et al. 2006) .\nthe species occurs in primary and tall secondary evergreen forest to 1, 500 m (gilliard and lecroy 1967, coates 1990, clay 1994, k. d. bishop in litt. 1996, g. dutson in litt. 1999, hornbuckle 1999a) .\nmost lowland forest within the species range has been logged or is under logging concessions but this is not the case at higher altitudes .\nminor change to red list rationale text, edits to seasonality in country occurrence tables, and added taxonomic notes and associated references .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment). the iucn red list of threatened species 2017: e. t103711426a112351876 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nbutchart, s. , ekstrom, j. , harding, m. , martin, r & westrip, j .\njustification: this species has a small population restricted largely to old - growth habitats on a single island which is undergoing rapid rates of logging and deforestation. for these reasons myiagra cervincolor is evaluated as vulnerable .\nthe population is considered small, but the species is poorly - known. given the small range (djaul is 165 km 2) and noted preference for old - growth habitat, which is being lost at a significant rate and is now limited in extent, the population is here placed in the band 2, 500 - 9, 999 mature individuals. 18 individuals were recorded in 22 hours of observations in secondary forest with varying levels of degradation (g. dutson in litt. 2016). trend justification: this population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat loss and degradation (gregory 2016) .\nthe species occurs in primary and tall secondary evergreen forest from lowlands into the hills on djaul (coates 1990, g. dutson in litt. 1999, hornbuckle 1999a). it appears to be more common in old - growth forest including mature secondary, and less common in secondary regrowth and gardens (g. dutson in litt. 2016) .\nmost lowland forest within the species range has been logged or is under logging concessions, and this species seems relatively intolerant of degraded forest (g. dutson in litt. 2016) .\nconduct research to determine population size. conduct surveys and interview local villagers to determine population trends. determine habitat requirements. ascertain area of forest and rates of clearance across the island. monitor numbers at sites across the island. publicise this species' s range and status through public awareness discussions .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe ioc world bird list is an open access resource of the international community of ornithologists. our goal is to facilitate worldwide communication in ornithology and conservation based on an up - to - date classification of world birds and a set of english names that follows explicit guidelines for spelling and construction (gill & wright 2006) .\nthe ioc editorial team and advisors update the web - based list quarterly. the updates include changes of recommended names or classification, additions of newly described species, corrections of nomenclature, and updates of species taxonomy .\nthe ioc world bird list complements other primary world bird lists that differ slightly in their primary goals and taxonomic philosophy, i. e. the clements checklist of the birds of the world, the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world, 4 th edition, and hbw alive / bird life international. improved alignment of these independent taxonomic works is a goal of the newly structured international ornithologists union, including a round table discussion at the 2018 meeting in vancouver, british columbia .\nioc world bird list 8. 1 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 8. 1\nioc world bird list 8. 2 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 8. 2\nioc world bird list 7. 1 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 7. 1\nioc world bird list 7. 2 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 7. 2\nioc world bird list 7. 3 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 7. 3\nioc world bird list 6. 4 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 6. 4\nioc world bird list 6. 3 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 6. 3\nioc world bird list 6. 2 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 6. 2\nioc world bird list 6. 1 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 6. 1\nioc world bird list 5. 4 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 5. 4\nioc world bird list 5. 3 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 5. 3\nioc world bird list 5. 2 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 5. 2\nioc world bird list 5. 1 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 5. 1\nioc world bird list 4. 4 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 4. 4\nioc world bird list 4. 3 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 4. 3\nioc world bird list 4. 2 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 4. 2\nioc world bird list 4. 1 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 4. 1\nioc world bird list 3. 5 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 3. 5\nioc world bird list 3. 4 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 3. 4\nioc world bird list 3. 3 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 3. 3\nioc world bird list 3. 2 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 3. 2\nioc world bird list 3. 1 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 3. 1\ngill f & d donsker (eds). 2016. ioc world bird list (v 6. 2). doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 6. 2\nthis species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: myiagra eichhorni. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nuntil recently treated as conspecific with m. hebetior (which see), and hitherto as conspecific with m. cervinicolor, but differs from latter in characters given under that species (which see). differs from former in its larger size (mean male tail 71. 5 mm vs 60. 7 # r; allow 2); and (in female) dark grey vs blue - black crown and head sides (3); dull grey vs creamy throat and breast, plus mid - grey vs creamy - buff belly (3); darker tail (1); and (in male) slightly more purplish - black plumage (ns [ 1 ]). monotypic .\nwhat do (1) and (2) mean? learn more about the scoring system .\n15–16 cm; 18·5–21·5 g (new britain). male is all black, upperparts glossed iridescent purplish - tinged navy - blue; iris dark brown; maxilla slaty or pale blue, tip and mandible ...\nsong - like vocalizations include a distinctive rapid, flat, scolding and nasal series, “chew - chew - ...\noccurs in native forest and at forest edge, as well as in thickets and second growth; recorded also ...\ninsectivorous. forages in forest understorey, by gleaning and snatching insects. a rather shy and wary species, males observed far more ...\n, draped with moss, and often sited on a large leaf 0· ...\nnot globally threatened (least concern). restricted - range species: present in new britain and new ireland eba. reasonably common. although most lowland forest within this ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nif you have videos, photographs or sound recordings you can share them on the internet bird collection. it' s free and easy to do .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nthe first four phrases. i am not sure if the last two phrases are a different call of this species or another\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nmyiagra hebetior eichhorni: bismarck arch. (new hanover, new ireland and new britain )\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 334, 640 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263, 332, 677 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n. monarchids are small insectivorous songbirds with long tails and broad bills. their plumage ranges from somber to spectacular. they inhabit forest or woodland across sub - saharan africa, southeast asia, and australasia. only a few species migrate. many species decorate their cup - shaped nests with lichen .\nthe frill - necked monarch was formerly considered a subspecies of the frilled monarch .\nthe male frill - necked monarch has white white nape, shoulders, throat, breast, rump; rest black; bright blue orbital skin. female similar, but lacks eye - ring; has white lores, brownish tinged breast .\nthe male rufous - collared monarch has mainly black upperparts; black face; bright rufous collar, upper - breast; white lower - breast, belly; blue eye - ring. female has olive - brown upperparts; rufous chin, throat, upper - breast; white lower - breast, belly .\nthe kauai elepalo has gray back, head; pale white supercilium; rusty breast; whitish belly .\nthe oahu elepalo is it is now restricted to an area of 47 square kilometers (18 sq mi) in the koolau and waianae ranges .\nthe magpie - lark has blach and white plumage. mainly black upperparts; black breast; white belly. male has black throat; female has white throat .\nthe torrent - lark has blach and white plumage. male has mainly black head; white ear - coverts down to side of neck; black throat, breast, upper - belly; white lower belly. female similar to male, but white band extends from base of bill, thourgh eye, to base of neck .\nthe pale - blue monarch is a forest species which builds a small cup nest. it has short legs and sits very upright whilst perched prominently, like a shrike .\nthe name mayrornis is a compound word. the first part, mayr, commemorates ernst walter mayr, a german ornithologist and systematist. the second part, ornis, is the greek word meaning\nbird\nthe male truk monarch has mainly whitish plumage; black face, throat. female has black plumage .\nthe black - faced monarch pale gray upperparts, upper - breast; black forehead, lores; rufous lower - breast, belly .\nthe nale bougainville monarch has bluish - black upperparts, breast; yellowish - white crescent in front of eye; chestnut belly. female as male except spot in front of eye rufous .\nthe tinian monarch is found in northern mariana islands, and found only on the island of tinian .\nflycatchers in the genus myiagra are small birds. they have broad flattened bills adapted to catching insects. the bill is usually black. the insides of their mouths are bright orange. . they are sexually dichromatic, to a greater or lesser degree. males tend to have dark upperparts and pale bellies. the females follow a similar pattern to males but have lighter, more washed out colours. they are found in australasia\nthis genus is restricted to polynesia. they are highly threatened due to predation by the introduced black rat .\nthe rarotonga monarch plumage changes from orange to orange - gray to gray as it reaches maturity at 4 years .\nthe tahiti monarch has black plumage; pale blue bill. there are fewer than 50 remaining .\nthis genus is sometimes lumped together in the genus monarcha. most have black and white plumage .\nthe male black monach has black plumage; black legs. female similar but grayish - black .\nthe hooded monarch has glossy - black upperparts, upper - breast; whitish lower - breast, belly. pale grayish - blue bill with black tip .\nthe rufous monarch has mainly rufous plumage. male has gray crown; black lower forehead. female generally browner than female, especially on head .\nthe spectacled monarch has bluish - gray upperparts; black face, throat; white on outer edge of tail; orange - rufous breast; whitish belly. female duller than males .\nthe madagascar paradise - flycather has a black head; blue eye - ring .\nthe male mascarene paradise - flycather has chestnut upperparts, tail; black - tipped wings; black head; gray neck - band, throat, breast, belly; blue bill; gray legs. female paler bill; dark - gray head .\nafrican flycatchers. the name trochocercus is a combination of the greek words trokhos meaning\ncircular\nor\nround\nand kerkos, meaning\ntail\n.\nthe boatbills have a large flattened bill with\nkeel\non upper manbible shaped like an upturned rowing boat .\nthe black - breasted boatbill has black upperparts, lores; yellow face, underparts; black breast patch .\nthe male yellow - breasted boatbill has dark olive upperparts; yellow supercilium; white wing - bars; white chin, throat; rich yellow underparts; black bill. female similar to male but duller; black replace by dull olive - green .\nthe members of this relatively new family are found in southeast asia and africa. the\nthe canary - flycatchers have a fine - tipped bill which becomes broad and flat at the base. they are found in southeast asia\nthe monarch flycatchers (monarchidae) comprise a family of passerine birds which includes boatbills, shrikebills, paradise flycatchers, and magpie - larks .\nsongbirds with long tails. they inhabit forest or woodland across sub - saharan africa, south - east asia, australasia and a number of pacific islands. only a few species migrate. many species decorate their cup - shaped nests with lichen .\nthe monarch flycatchers have a mostly old world distribution. in the western end of their range they are distributed through sub - saharan africa, madagascar and the islands of the tropical indian ocean. they also occur in south and southeastern asia, north to japan, down to new guinea and most of australia. the family has managed to reach many pacific islands, and several endemic genera occur across micronesia, melanesia and polynesia as far as hawaii and the marquesas .\nthe majority of the family is found in forest and woodland habitats. species that live in more open woodlands tend to live in the higher levels of the trees but, in denser forest, live in the middle and lower levels. other habitats used by monarch flycatchers include savannah and mangroves, and the terrestrial magpie - lark occurs in most australian habitats except the driest deserts .\n). only three species are known to engage in cooperative breeding; but many species are as yet unstudied. they are generally\nthe nests are in turn often aggressively defended by monarch flycatchers. in all species the nest is an open cup on a branch, fork or twig. in some species the nests can be highly conspicuous .\nmany of the approximately 140 species making up the family were previously assigned to other groups, largely on the basis of general morphology or behaviour. the magpie - lark, for example, was assigned to the same family as the white - winged chough, since both build unusual nests from mud rather than vegetable matter. the australasian fantails were thought to be allied with the fantails of the northern hemisphere (they have a similar diet and behaviour), and so on .\nalthough christidis and boles have more recently treated it at familial rank as monarchidae .\nmore recently, the grouping has been refined somewhat as the original concept of corvida has proven paraphyletic. the narrower' core corvine' group now comprises the crows and ravens, shrikes, birds of paradise, fantails, monarch flycatchers, drongos and mudnest builders .\nthe monarchs are small to medium - sized insectivorous passerines, many of which hunt by flycatching .\ngarnett, stephen (1991). forshaw, joseph, ed. encyclopaedia of animals: birds. london: merehurst press. pp. 200–201. isbn 1 - 85391 - 186 - 0 .\nduston, guy (2006) .\nthe pacific shrikebills (clytorhynchus) and the case for species status for the form sanctaecrucis\n( pdf). bulletin of the british ornithological club 126 (4): 299–308 .\nmulder, raoul; robert ramiarison and rayonné e. emahalala (2003) .\nontogeny of male plumage dichromatism in madagascar paradise flycatchers terpsiphone mutata\n. journal of avian biology 33 (4): 342–348. doi: 10. 1034 / j. 1600 - 048x. 2002. 02888. x .\nmarchant, s (1983) .\nsuggested nesting association between leaden flycatchers and noisy friarbirds\n. emu 83 (2): 119–122. doi: 10. 1071 / mu9830119 .\nsibley, charles gald & ahlquist, jon edward (1990): phylogeny and classification of birds. yale university press, new haven, conn .\nchristidis, l. ; boles, w. e. (1994). the taxonomy and species of birds of australia and its territories. melbourne: raou .\nchristidis, l. ; boles, w. e. (2008). systematics and taxonomy of australian birds. canberra: csiro publishing. p. 174. isbn 978 - 0 - 643 - 06511 - 6 .\ncracraft j, barker fk, braun m, harshman j, dyke gj, feinstein j, stanley s, cibois a, schikler p, beresford p, garcía - moreno j, sorenson md, yuri t, mindell dp (2004) .\nphylogenetic relationships among modern birds (neornithes): toward an avian tree of life\n. in cracraft j, donoghue mj. assembling the tree of life. new york: oxford univ. press. pp. 468–89. isbn 0 - 19 - 517234 - 5 .\ndel hoyo, j. ; elliott, a. ; christie, d. , eds. (2006). handbook of the birds of the world, volume 11: old world flycatchers to old world warblers. barcelona: lynx edicions. isbn 84 - 96553 - 06 - x .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthe updates and corrections are grouped into four sections. within each section, items are listed in the order in which they are encountered in the ebird / clements checklistv2017 spreadsheet, although we also continue to reference by page number the relevant entry in the last published edition of the clements checklist (6th, 2007) .\ngray - breasted partrige arborophila orientalis is split into four monotypic species, following mees (1996): malaysian partridge arborophila campbelli; roll’s partridge arborophila rolli; sumatran partridge arborophila sumatrana; and gray - breasted partridge arborophila orientalis .\nmees, g. f. 1996. geographical variation in birds of java. publications of the nuttall ornithological club number 26. cambridge, massachusetts .\nin accord with aos - nacc (chesser et al. 2017), northern harrier circus cyaneus is split into two monotypic species: hen harrier circus cyaneus, of the old world, and northern harrier circus hudsonius, of north america. this split is based on “differences in morphology, plumage, and breeding habitat (grant 1983, thorpe 1988, dobson and clarke 2011, etherington and mobley 2016) commensurate with differences between other recognized species of circus ” (chesser et al. 2017) .\nchesser, r. t. , k. j. burns, c. cicero, j. l. dunn, a. w. kratter, i. j. lovette, p. c. rasmussen, j. v. remsen, jr. , j. d. rising, d. f. stotz, and k. winker. 2017. fifty - eighth supplement to the american ornithological society’s check - list of north american birds. auk 134: 751 - 773 .\ndobson, a. d. m. , and m. l. clarke. 2011. inconsistency in the taxonomy of hen and northern harriers: causes and consequences. british birds 104: 192–201 .\netherington, g. j. , and j. a. mobley. 2016. molecular phylogeny, morphology and life - history comparisons within circus cyaneus reveal the presence of two distinct evolutionary lineages. avian research 7: 17 .\nthorpe, j. p. 1988. juvenile hen harriers showing ‘marsh hawk” characters. british birds 81: 377–382 .\nthe validity of tanna ground - dove alopecoenas ferrugineus formerly was questioned (peters 1937), but this species now is widely accepted (stresemann 1950, greenway 1958, dutson 2011). insert this species, with range “formerly tanna island (vanuatu). extinct; not reported since 1774”, immediately following thick - billed ground - dove alopecoenas salamonis .\ndutson, g. 2011. birds of melanesia. the bismarcks, solomons, vanuatu and new caledonia. christopher helm, london .\ngreenway, j. c. , jr. 1958. extinct and vanishing birds of the world. special publication number 13. american committee for international wild life protection, new york, new york .\npeters, j. l. 1937. check - list of birds of the world. volume iii. harvard university press, cambridge, massachusetts .\nstresemann, e. 1950. birds collected during capt. james cook’s last expedition (1776 - 1780). auk 67: 66 - 88 .\nthe status of norfolk ground - dove alopecoenas norfolkensis formerly was confused (peters 1937), but this species now is widely accepted as valid (goodwin 1970, gill et al. 2010, forshaw 2015). insert this species, with range “formerly norfolk island (australia). extinct since ca 1800”, immediately following white - throated ground - dove alopecoenas xanthonurus .\nforshaw, j. m. 2015. pigeons and doves in australia. csiro publishing, clayton south, victoria, australia .\ngill, b. j. , b. d. bell, c. k. chambers, d. g. medway, r. l. palma, r. p. scofield, a. j. d. tennyson, and t. h. worthy (checklist committee, ornithological society of new zealand). 2010. checklist of the birds of new zealand. te papa press and the ornithological society of new zealand, wellington, new zealand .\ngoodwin, d. 1970. pigeons and doves of the world. second edition. british museum (natural history), london and cornell university press, ithaca, new york .\nglossy swiftlet collocalia esculenta is split into multiple species, and the sequence of species of collocalia swiftlets is revised. following rheindt et al. (2017) :\nsubspecies collocalia esculenta natalis is elevated to species rank as a monotypic christmas island swiftlet collocalia natalis .\nsubspecies affinis, elachyptera, cyanoptila, vanderbilti, and oberholseri are removed from glossy swiftlet and are recognized as plume - toed swiftlet collocalia affinis .\nsubspecies marginata and septentrionalis are removed from glossy swiftlet and are recognized as gray - rumped swiftlet collocalia marginata .\nsubspecies isonota and bagobo are removed from glossy swiftlet, and are recognized as ridgetop swiftlet collocalia isonota .\nwe recognize tenggara swiftlet collocalia sumbawae, which includes subspecies sumbawae and a newly described subspecies, sumbae. revise the range description of nominate sumbawae from “w lesser sundas (sumbawa, sumba, flores and besar) ” to “western lesser sundas (sumbawa; population on flores and besar possibly also this subspecies) ”. following sumbawae, insert newly described sumbae schodde, rheindt, and christidis 2017, with range “western lesser sundas (sumba) ” .\nsubspecies neglecta and perneglecta are removed from glossy swiftlet, and are recognized as drab swiftlet collocalia neglecta. revise the range description of nominate neglecta from “e lesser sundas (roti, dao, semau, timor and jaco) ” to “lesser sundas (sawu, roti, semau, and timor) ”. revise the range description of subspecies perneglecta from “alor, sawu, wetar, kisar, romang, damar and tanimbar is. ” to “lesser sundas (alor, wetar, and kisar); populations on romang, damar and tanimbar possibly introgressant with glossy swiftlet” .\nsubspecies uropygialis and albidior are removed from glossy swiftlet, and are recognized as satin swiftlet collocalia uropygialis .\nbeehler, b. m. , and t. k. pratt. 2016. birds of new guinea: distribution, taxonomy, and systematics. princeton university press, princeton, new jersey .\ndickinson, e. c. , and j. v. remsen, jr. (editors). 2013. the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world. fourth edition. volume 1. aves press, eastbourne, united kingdom .\npeters, j. l. 1940. check - list of birds of the world. volume iv. harvard university press, cambridge, massachusetts .\nrheindt, f. e. , l. christidis, j. a. norman, j. a. eaton, k. r. sadanandan, and r. schodde. 2017. speciation in indo - pacific swiftlets (aves: apodidae): integrating molecular and phenotypic data for a new provisional taxonomy of the collocalia esculenta complex. zootaxa 4250: 401 - 433 .\nin accord with aos - nacc (chesser et al. 2017), magnificent hummingbird eugenes fulgens is split into two species: rivoli’s hummingbird eugenes fulgens, and talamanca hummingbird eugenes spectabilis. this action is based on an assessment of the degree of plumage differences between them. a phylogenetic survey by zamudio - beltrán and hernández - baños (2015) also revealed a genetic divergence between rivoli’s and talamanca hummingbirds .\nzamudio - beltrán, l. e. , and b. e. hernández - baños. 2015. a multilocus analysis provides evidence for more than one species within eugenes fulgens (aves: trochilidae). molecular phylogenetics and evolution 90: 80 - 84 .\nin accord with aos - nacc (chesser et al. 2017), emerald toucanet aulacorhynchus prasinus is split into two species: northern emerald - toucanet aulacorhynchus prasinus, which includes subspecies wagleri, prasinus, warneri, virescens, volcanius, maxillaris, caeruleogularis, and cognatus; and southern emerald - toucanet aulacorhynchus albivitta, which includes subspecies lautus, griseigularis, albivitta, phaeolaemus, dimidiatus, and cyanolaemus. this split is based on “differences in phenotype and genetic results consistent with those differences (puebla - olivares et al. 2008, bonaccorso et al. 2011, winker 2016) ” (chesser et al. 2017) .\nwithin northern emerald - toucanet, change the english name of the monotypic group aulacorhynchus prasinus wagleri from emerald toucanet (wagler’s) to northern emerald - toucanet (wagler’s). change the english name of the polytypic group aulacorhynchus prasinus [ prasinus group ] from emerald toucanet (emerald) to northern emerald - toucanet (emerald). subspecies stenorhabdus, with range “subtropical s mexico to w guatemala and n el salvador”, and subspecies chiapensis, with range “mts. of extreme s mexico (mt. ovando, chiapas) ”, both are considered to be junior synonyms of virescens (peters 1948, monroe 1968), and are deleted. revise the range description of virescens from “se mexico (chiapas) to honduras and nicaragua” to “southeastern mexico, guatemala, belize, western el salvador, honduras, and northern nicaragua”. change the english name of the polytypic group aulacorhynchus prasinus caeruleogularis / maxillaris from emerald toucanet (blue - throated) to northern emerald - toucanet (blue - throated). change the english name of the monotypic group aulacorhynchus prasinus cognatus from emerald toucanet (violet - throated) to northern emerald - toucanet (violet - throated) .\nwithin southern emerald - toucanet, change the names of the monotypic group emerald toucanet (santa marta) aulacorhynchus prasinus lautus to southern emerald - toucanet (santa marta) aulacorhynchus albivitta lautus. change the names of the monotypic group emerald toucanet (gray - throated) aulacorhynchus prasinus griseigularis to southern emerald - toucanet (gray - throated) aulacorhynchus albivitta griseigularis. change the names of the polytypic group emerald toucanet (andean) aulacorhynchus prasinus albivitta / phaeolaemus to southern emerald - toucanet (andean) aulacorhynchus albivitta albivitta / phaeolaemus. change the names of the polytypic group emerald toucanet (black - throated) aulacorhynchus prasinus [ atrogularis group ] to southern emerald - toucanet (black - throated) aulacorhynchus albivitta [ atrogularis group ] .\nbonaccorso, e. , j. m. guayasamin, a. t. peterson, and a. g. navarro - sigüenza. 2011. molecular phylogeny and systematics of neotropical toucanets in the genus aulacorhynchus (aves, ramphastidae). zoologica scripta 40: 336 - 349 .\nmonroe, b. l. , jr. 1968. a distributional survey of the birds of honduras. ornithological monographs number 7. american ornithologists’ union .\npeters, j. l. 1948. check - list of birds of the world. volume vi. harvard university press, cambridge, massachusetts .\npuebla - olivares, f. , e. bonaccorso, a. espinosa de los monteros, k. e. omland, j. e. llorente - bousquets, a. t. peterson, and a. g. navarro - sigüenza. 2008. speciation in the emerald toucanet (aulacorhynchus prasinus) complex. auk 125: 39 - 50 .\nwinker, k. 2016. an examination of species limits in the aulacorhynchus “ prasinus ” toucanet complex (aves: ramphastidae). peerj 4: e2381 .\neach of the two monotypic groups of horned parakeet is recognized as a separate species, following juniper and parr (1998) and boon et al. (2014): horned parakeet (horned) eunymphicus cornutus cornutus becomes horned parakeet eunymphicus cornutus, and horned parakeet (ouvea) eunymphicus cornutus uvaeensis becomes ouvea parakeet eunymphicus uvaeensis .\nboon, w. - m. , o. robinet, n. rawlence, v. bretagnolle, j. a. norman, l. christidis, and g. k. chambers. 2008. morphological, behavioural, and genetic differentiation within the horned parakeet (eunymphicus cornutus) and its affinities to cyanoramphus and prosopeia. emu 108: 251 - 260 .\njuniper, t. , and m. parr. 1998. parrots: a guide to parrots of the world. yale university press, new haven, connecticut .\nwe add a new species, the recently described tatama tapaculo scytalopus alvarezlopezi (stiles et al. 2017), with range “pacific slope of colombian andes (western antioquia south to southwestern valle del cauca) ”. position tatama tapaculo to immediately follow ecuadorian tapaculo scytalopus robbinsi. tatama tapaculo is the species that long has been known to birders as “alto pisones tapaculo”; alto de pisones is a site at the edge of tamatá national park. please note that the validity of this new species has not yet been reviewed by aos - sacc .\nstiles, f. g. , o. laverde - r. , and c. d. cadena. 2017. a new species of tapaculo (rhinocryptidae: scytalopus) from the western andes of colombia. auk 134: 377 - 392 .\nthe monotypic group cardinal myzomela (samoan) myzomela cardinalis nigriventris is elevated to species rank as samoan myzomela myzomela nigriventris, following pratt and mittermeier (2016) .\npratt, h. d. , and j. c. mittermeier. 2016. notes on the natural history, taxonomy, and conservation of the endemic avifaua of the samoan archipelago. wilson journal of ornithology 128: 217 - 241 .\nin accord with aos - nacc (chesser et al. 2017), northern shrike lanius excubitor is split into two species: great gray shrike lanius excubitor, with subspecies excubitor, homeyeri, and leucopterus; and northern shrike lanius borealis, with subspecies sibiricus, bianchii, mollis, funereus, and borealis. this split is based on “differences in plumage and mtdna (johnsen et al. 2010, olsson et al. 2010, peer et al. 2011) ” (chesser et al. 2017); in particular, northern shrike is more closely related to other species than it is to great gray shrike (olsson et al. 2010) .\njohnsen, a. , e. rindal, p. g. p. ericson, d. zuccon, k. c. r. kerr, m. y. stoeckle, and j. t. lifjeld. 2010. dna barcoding of scandinavian birds reveals divergent lineages in trans - atlantic species. journal of ornithology 151: 565–578 .\nolsson, u. , p. alström, l. svensson, m. aliabadian, and p. sundberg. 2010. the lanius excubitor (aves, passeriformes) conundrum—taxonomic dilemma when molecular and non - molecular data tell different stories. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 55: 347–357 .\npeer, b. d. , c. e. mcintosh, m. j. kuehn, s. i. rothstein, and r. c. fleischer. 2011. complex biogeographic history of lanius shrikes and its implications for the evolution of defenses against avian brood parasitism. condor 113: 385–394 .\nthe extinct genus turnagra, which we previously treated as a single, monotypic species, piopio turnagra capensis, is split into two species, following oliver (1955), holdaway et al. (2001), and gill et al. (2010): a monotypic north island piopio turnagra tanagra, with range “formerly new zealand (north island). extinct; last confirmed report in 1902”; and a polytypic south island piopio turnagra capensis, with subspecies minor and capensis .\nadd a previously overlooked subspecies, turnagra capensis minor, with range “formerly new zealand (stephens island). extinct; last reported 1897” (gill et al. 2010) .\nwith the split of turnagra into two species, and the addition of subspecies minor, revise the range description of nominate capensis from “formerly new zealand. extinct; last reported 1963” to “formerly new zealand (south island). extinct; last confirmed report in 1905” .\nholdaway, r. n. , t. h. worthy, and a. j. d. tennyson. 2001. a working list of breeding bird species of the new zealand region at first human contact. new zealand journal of zoology 28 :\noliver, w. r. b. 1955. new zealand birds. a. h. & a. w. reed, wellington, new zealand .\nsilktail lamprolia victoriae is split into monotypic species, following andersen et al. (2015b, 2017): taveuni silktail lamprolia victoriae, and natewa silktail lamprolia klinesmithi .\nandersen, m. j. , p. a. hosner, c. e filardi, and r. g. moyle. 2015b. phylogeny of the monarch flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly and novel relationships within a major australo - pacific radiation. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 67: 336–347 .\nandersen, m. j. , j. d. manthey, a. naikatini, and r. g. moyle. 2017. conservation genomics of the silktail (aves: lamprolia victoriae) suggests the need for increased protection of native forest on the natewa peninsula, fiji. conservation genetics in press: doi: 10. 1007 / s10592 - 017 - 0979 - x .\nsuperb bird - of - paradise is split into three species, following irestedt et al. (2017). confusingly, the name superba also is transferred from one population to another (irestedt et al. 2017). the resulting species are vogelkop superb bird - of - paradise lophorina niedda, with subspecies niedda and the newly described subspecies inopinata; greater superb bird - of - paradise lophorina superba, with subspecies superba, addenda, and latipennis; and a monotypic lesser superb bird - of - paradise lophorina minor .\nunder vogelkop superb bird - of - paradise (lophorina niedda), add a newly described subspecies, lophorina niedda inopinata irestedt et al. 2017, with range “mountains of the bird’s head peninsula, west papua, new guinea”. insert this subspecies immediately following the entry for the species vogelkop superb bird - of - paradise lophorina niedda. note that the range attributed to this subspecies corresponds to the range formerly attributed to subspecies superba, a name that now is applied to a population in the western highlands of new guinea, and which represents a different species, greater superb bird - of - paradise." ]

{ "text": [ "the velvet flycatcher ( myiagra hebetior ) is a species of bird in the family monarchidae .", "it is endemic to the bismarck archipelago .", "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests . " ], "topic": [ 12, 0, 24 ] }

[ "the velvet flycatcher (myiagra hebetior) is a species of bird in the family monarchidae. it is endemic to the bismarck archipelago. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests." ]

[ "have a fact about percnarcha latipes? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for percnarcha latipes? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nthis is the place for percnarcha definition. you find here percnarcha meaning, synonyms of percnarcha and images for percnarcha copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word percnarcha. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word percnarcha and, of course, percnarcha synonyms and on the right images related to the word percnarcha .\npercnarcha trabeata is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it was described by meyrick in 1909. it is found in bolivia .\npercnarcha lilloi is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it was described by köhler in 1941. it is found in argentina (tucuman) .\npercnarcha strategica is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it was described by meyrick in 1930. it is found in brazil (pará) .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors (here). text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 license; additional terms may apply. images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nthe wingspan is 20 - 22 mm. the forewings are rather dark violet - fuscous. the hindwings are iridescent - hyaline with the veins and terminal edge dark fuscous. the costal half is light pinkish and the space between veins 5 and 6 is grey. there is a dark grey terminal fascia from this attenuated to vein 2 .\ngossypium herbaceum, commonly known as levant cotton, is a species of cotton native to the semi - arid regions of sub - saharan africa and arabia where it still grows in the wild as a perennial shrub .\n( that means the book is composed entirely of articles from wikipedia that we have edited and redesigned into a book format. if you would prefer to read the unedited articles in their old format for free, we have provided a list of the article titles under\nchapters\nbelow. simply go to wikipedia and use their search form to locate each individual article. )\nto download a pdf ebook for $ 9. 99 please click the download link. we recommend you pay by credit card. if you ask paypal to pay from your bank account it will take them up to four business days to send your order to us. you can read the ebooks on your pc, kindle, nook, ipad, android or other mobile device; see our faq page for instructions .\nto download four books a month online for free simply join our library book club for $ 14. 99 a month. then login to your account before clicking the download link .\nto get a printed copy, click the paperback link for a list of resellers .\ndownloads marked\npdf / scan\nmay have notations, faded type, yellowed paper, missing or skewed pages or be free elsewhere. paperbacks marked\nocr\nmay have numerous typos, missing text, with no illustrations or indexes. books with wikipedia or wikia in the author field have content which was on those sites as of the publication date .\nview website in العربية | български | català | česky | dansk | deutsch | ελληνικά | español | suomi | français | हिन्दी | hrvatski | indonesia | italiano | עברית | 日本語 | 한국어 | lietuvių | latviešu | nederlands | norsk | polski | português | română | русский | slovenčina | slovenščina | српски | svenska | filipino | українська | tiếng việt | 中文 (简体) | 中文 (繁體) | © 2018. all rights reserved." ]

{ "text": [ "percnarcha latipes is a species of moth of the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by walker in 1865 .", "it is found in brazil . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "percnarcha latipes is a species of moth of the gelechiidae family. it was described by walker in 1865. it is found in brazil." ]

[ "species malacosoma disstria - forest tent caterpillar moth - hodges # 7698 - bugguide. net\nif each tree has 100 forest tent caterpillars and there are ^ approx 5 million trees how many adult moth will emerge mid july... 500, 000, 000 !\nfitzgerald td. forest tent caterpillar (malacosoma disstria). social caterpillars. urltoken (18 august 2008) .\npopulation outbreaks of forest tent caterpillar have not been as widely studied as those of other cyclic insects, such as the spruce budworm and gypsy moth. however, forest tent caterpillar outbreaks represent a model system of forest insect disturbance ecology. in addition, from a timber supply perspective, the decline caused by forest tent caterpillar defoliation could have important implications for management planning. furthermore, if climate change alters the pattern of future outbreaks, the overall health of the boreal forest in canada could be affected, with potentially serious environmental and economic impacts .\nfigure 2. adult forest tent caterpillar, malacosoma disstria hübner. photograph by jeffrey lotz, division of plant industry .\nthe larvae of several moth and butterfly species are collectively referred to as tent caterpillars. here’s how to get rid of them naturally without resorting to toxic sprays .\nbatzer ho, morris rc. (1978). forest tent caterpillar. u. s. department of agriculture, forest service, forest insect & disease leaflet 9. urltoken (31 december 2000) .\nfigure 1. forest showing an outbreak of the forest tent caterpillar, malacosoma disstria hübner, with resulting defoliation. photograph by charles w. chellman, fdacs, division of forestry .\nfigure 5. typical egg mass of the forest tent caterpillar, malacosoma disstria hübner. photograph by jeffrey lotz, division of plant industry .\nfigure 4. light color phase larva of the forest tent caterpillar, malacosoma disstria hübner. photograph by wayne dixon, division of plant industry .\nfigure 6. gregarious larvae of the forest tent caterpillar, malacosoma disstria hübner. photograph by james r. meeker, fdacs, division of forestry .\nforest tent caterpillars typically infest the city once every 10 to 15 years. 0: 29\nu. s. department of agriculture, forest service. 1996. pest alert: forest tent caterpillar. u. s. department of agriculture, forest service, northeastern area and region 8. na - pr - 02 - 96. 1 p .\nforest tent caterpillars are munching their way through winnipeg, feeding on the leafy canopy of trees .\nfigure 3. dark color phase larva of the forest tent caterpillar, malacosoma disstria hübner. photograph by james r. meeker, fdacs, division of forestry .\nfigure 8. tree defoliated by larvae of the forest tent caterpillar, malacosoma disstria hübner. photograph by james r. meeker, fdacs, division of forestry .\ndixon wn, foltz jl. 1991. caterpillars that are not the gypsy moth caterpillar. some forest lepidoptera in florida (lepidoptera: arctiidae, lasiocampidae, lymantriidae). florida department of agriculture & consumer services, division of plant industry, gainesville, fl. entomology circular 270. 2 p .\neastern tent caterpillar (malacosoma americanum) has an unbroken cream / white line along its back, and a dark face .\nparry d, spence jr, volney wja. 1997. responses of natural enemies to experimentally increased populations of forest tent caterpillar, malacosoma disstria. ecological entomology 22: 97 - 108 .\nprevious studies that analyzed data from ontario found that outbreak cycles of forest tent caterpillar were sensitive to local climate, which can influence temporal processes governing population growth and host - parasitoid interactions .\nfigure 7. larvae of the forest tent caterpillar, malacosoma disstria hübner, seeking sites for pupation on the side of a structure. photograph by james r. meeker, fdacs, division of forestry .\nthe forest tent caterpillar is found throughout most of the united states and southern canada, but is more common cast of the mississippi river. its occurrence roughly corresponds to the ranges of its host trees. records of fdacs - dpi and dof have reported forest tent caterpillar in the following counties: alachua, baker, bay, citrus, dade, desoto, duval, hardee, hernando, highlands, hillsborough, indian river, lafayette, lake, leon, levy, liberty, madison, manatee, marion, orange, osceola, pasco, pinellas, polk, sarasota, sumter, taylor and volusia. despite no known records of forest tent caterpillar in 38 of florida' s 67 counties, forest tent caterpillar probably occurs, or could exist, virtually anywhere in florida, given the statewide distribution of known host trees .\nthe forest tent caterpillar, malacosoma disstria hübner, is the most widely distributed indigenous tent caterpillar in north america (furniss and carolin 1977). the forest tent caterpillar has been recognized as an important defoliator of a wide variety of deciduous hardwood trees throughout its range for many years (batzer and morris 1978). although this univoltine insect is called a tent caterpillar, it is unlike other malacosoma species in that the larvae do not construct tents. instead, forest tent caterpillars spin silken mats on the trunks and large branches where they congregate to molt or rest from feeding. larvae also deposit silk in strands along which they travel to and from feeding sites. the caterpillars themselves are relatively harmless to people (i. e. , they do not bite or sting) although a few people have an allergic reaction to handling them .\nforest tent caterpillar (malacosoma disstria), an insect pest native to north america, has historically caused extensive defoliation of trembling aspen, oak, ash, maple and white birch. the area defoliated by forest tent caterpillar ranged from 14. 3 million hectares in 2001 to 150, 000 hectares in 2009. widespread outbreaks have occurred in much of the boreal forest at intervals of 10 to 12 years and typically last 3 years or less at the stand level and up to 6 years at the landscape level, depending on natural control factors such as weather, host - parasitoid interactions and forest structure .\nrecords of forest insect defoliation in ontario and quebec have been maintained since the 1930s. the researchers used natural resources canada defoliation maps from 1938 to 2002 to study the frequency, severity and return interval of forest tent caterpillar outbreaks at a broad scale, in order to better understand the processes driving these outbreaks .\nforest tent caterpillars are munching their way through winnipeg, feeding on our leafy canopy of trees. entomologist taz stuart says 500 million moths may emerge in july\nhe tweeted on monday that if each tree has 100 forest tent caterpillars and there are 5 million trees, 500 million adult moths will emerge in july .\nforest tent caterpillars group to guard themselves from predators. (ap photo / star tribune, joel koyama) (star tribune, joel koyama / associated press )\nrestrict caterpillar movement and cut off access to feeding areas with sticky tree bands or tree tanglefoot pest barrier .\ngreat lakes benefit from more than $ 4. 5m in us forest service grants .\ntent caterpillars cling to a tree trunk in a winnipeg park. (cbc )\nthe lifecycle of the tent caterpillar starts as an egg laid approximately in the third week of july, stuart explained. the eggs sit all winter until the perfect temperatures usually in mid - may .\nthe fuzzy, squirmy tent caterpillar can look enticing to young kids to bring home. stuart said, if that' s the case, it' s pretty easy for a parent to comply .\nfigure 9. larva of the forest tent caterpillar, malacosoma disstria hübner, killed by a nuclear polyhedrus virus and exhibiting the characteristic symptom of hanging in place from its midsection, appearing like an inverted\nv .\nphotograph by james r. meeker, fdacs, division of forestry .\nfor these reasons, researchers at natural resources canada’s canadian forest service have been working with collaborators to improve our understanding of the disturbance ecology of the forest tent caterpillar by examining historical records of outbreaks. this will help resource managers develop effective pest management strategies. the information will be further used in predicting the influence of climate change on outbreaks and the effects of insect outbreaks on carbon budget estimates .\nfurniss rl, carolin vm. 1977. western forest insects. u. s. department of agriculture, forest service, washington, d. c. miscellaneous publication 1339. 654 p .\nwood may be the forest product people think of first, but clean air and water are used the most. healthy woods give us these benefits and others, like space for learning and recreation. we support forest stewardship and markets for forest products, so working woodlands will keep giving .\npopulations of forest tent caterpillars occasionally or periodically attain outbreak proportions. during outbreaks, enormous numbers of caterpillars cause widespread and extensive defoliation of host trees, and may create an overwhelming nuisance to people encountering them. except in southwest alabama and southern louisiana where abundant populations recur annually on water tupelo, nyssa aquatica l. (batzer and morris 1978), the forest tent caterpillar is elsewhere considered as one of the cyclical outbreak species among forest lepidoptera (myers 1993). populations of forest tent caterpillar characteristically fluctuate between extremes on a somewhat regular schedule, typically increasing to outbreak proportions every six to 16 years (myers 1993, usda forest service 1996). outbreaks usually subside after two to four years of heavy defoliation, but have persisted for up to six years (usda forest service 1996). seldom are trees killed during such outbreaks and where tree mortality has occurred, it usually has not been substantial (anderson 1960). severe and repeated defoliation can, however, lead to dieback and / or reduced growth of affected trees, which in some instances may be significant (drooz 1985) .\nrepeated defoliation by forest tent caterpillar may not allow trees to recover to a normal state of health, which can lead to decline. this appeared to be the case in northeastern ontario, where an area that experienced eight consecutive years of defoliation starting in 1992 was subsequently mapped as in decline in the early 2000s .\nmyers jh. 1993. population outbreaks in forest lepidoptera. american scientist 81: 240 - 251 .\npopulations of forest tent caterpillars and resulting defoliation can be temporarily reduced by various methods of direct control. however, the following direct control measures are only recommended for cases where tree health is jeopardized by defoliation or the nuisance of forest tent caterpillar is intolerable. a preventive and least toxic approach is to prune out and destroy all twigs bearing egg masses prior to caterpillar emergence. this is best accomplished in the winter after most of the leaves have fallen and egg masses are readily visible. just prior to or following caterpillar emergence, tree trunks can be banded with a stickem, such as tanglefoot, which will trap wandering caterpillars and prevent them from ascending and descending trees, thereby restricting their movements and reducing their numbers. the caterpillars can also be killed with any number of insecticides registered for such use .\nforest tent caterpillars typically infest the city once every 10 to 15 years, but when an infestation hits, it can last two to three years. city crews started spraying against the caterpillars two weeks ago .\nmore recently, outbreak populations of forest tent caterpillar and its associated problems have reached unprecedented heights in west central florida. noticeable levels of defoliation were first reported in portions of polk and hillsborough counties on water oak (quercus nigra l .), laurel oak (q. laurifolia michaux), and live oak (q. virginiana miller), during the spring of 1993. outbreaks of forest tent caterpillar have since developed on the same hosts in many of the surrounding areas of citrus, desoto, hardee, hernando, highlands, lake, manatee, pasco, pinellas, orange, osceola, and sarasota counties. the extent, magnitude and impact of this outbreak reached pronounced levels in 1995 and, in general, escalated to alarming proportions in 1997. noticeable declines in forest tent caterpillar populations were, however, recently evident at some locales where caterpillars had been abundant for three to four years. although no tree mortality has occurred as a direct result of defoliation, the sheer number of caterpillars, their frass, and the subsequent populations of adult moths have caused numerous problems for people, particularly in urban environments .\nthe larvae of several moth and butterfly species (listed below) are collectively referred to as tent caterpillars. distributed throughout much of the united states and canada, these caterpillars multiply rapidly and can defoliate a large number of deciduous trees and shrubs in a short time. they are often seen on roadside trees and in neglected orchards. besides defoliation the larvae produce large unsightly webs, or tents, in the crotches of tree branches. these webs are used to protect the caterpillars from predators and the elements. although tent damage is unsightly, infestations rarely threaten the lives of trees. four species are commonly discussed :\nthis guide was developed by a committee of program managers. we recognize that each state has achieved tremendous accomplishments in forest stewardship\nthe researchers wanted to know if this pattern of outbreak was consistent with the other populations in the insect’s range and if there was an increasing trend in outbreak severity over the entire northeastern region. they concluded that this particular population occupied a region of marginal habitat for forest tent caterpillar and that the population fluctuations followed those of the other populations only if weather and tree health at the time of the outbreak were conducive .\none of the earliest documented forest tent caterpillar outbreaks in florida occurred in citrus and marion counties during the aprils of 1965 through 1967. the outbreak was noted as widespread (ca. 30, 000 ac), causing very heavy defoliation of turkey oaks (quercus laevis walter) and a\ngreat problem\ndue to the abundance of crawling caterpillars. other large forest tent caterpillar outbreaks in florida have been recorded in pasco county (1967; ca 2, 000 affected acres; primary host turkey oak), citrus and hernando counties (1969; ca 10, 000 ac of the withlacoochee state forest; turkey oak), hernando, marion and pasco counties (late march to april 1977; ca 25, 000 acres; turkey oak), and hernando, lafayette, levy and pasco counties (1988; quercus spp .) (florida department of agriculture and consumer services, division of plant industry (fdacs - dpi) and division of forestry (dof) records) .\ntrees are weakened by repeated defoliation, which makes them more susceptible to stresses such as drought or other pests. two or more years of heavy defoliation can also result in a severe reduction in the radial growth of trees and may cause considerable branch and twig mortality. forest tent caterpillar is one of the causes of aspen decline reported in alberta and ontario, and tree mortality has been shown to increase with the duration of sustained defoliation .\nanderson rf. 1960. forest and shade tree entomology. john wiley & sons, inc. new york, ny. 428 pp .\nforest tent caterpillar (malacosoma disstria) – found throughout the united states and canada wherever hardwoods are found. despite its name, this pest does not spin a true tent; instead, it forms a silken mat on the surface of branches where they congregate. larvae are similar in appearance to m. americanum but have a series of keyhole - shaped white spots running down their back instead of a solid line. adults are light yellow to tan colored moths (1 - 1 / 2 inch long) with two dark bands on their forewings. host plants include wild cherry, aspen, maple, oak and hawthorn .\nstuart added that he hasn' t seen a tree that the caterpillar doesn' t like but they prefer ornamentals like chokecherry and ash trees. stuart added he had never seen them in gardens .\none generation per year; larvae spin silken mats on tree trunks and large branches where they congregate to molt or rest from feeding; larvae also deposit silk in strands along which they travel to and from feeding sites; overwinters as larva in masses surrounding tree branches. (unlike eastern tent caterpillar, this species does not form silken tents. )\nnatural enemies such as parasites, predators, and diseases may also exert important regulatory effects on forest tent caterpillar populations. some natural enemies are often extremely abundant during the later stages of outbreaks (drooz 1985). the documented natural enemies of tent caterpillars are numerous, including 14 species of hymenoptera egg parasites, 52 diptera and 61 hymenoptera species parasitic of larval and pupal stages, and 18 hemiptera, nine coleoptera and one dermaptera that are predators of various life stages (witter and kuhlman 1972). at least 18 species of the parasitic insects have been recorded in florida (frank and foltz 1997), as well as a parasitic nematode in the family mermethidae .\nfrank jh, foltz jl. 1997. classical biological control of pest insects of trees in the southern united states: a review and recommendations. u. s. department of agriculture, forest service, forest health technology enterprise team, technology transfer, biological control. morgantown, wv. fhtet - 96 - 20. 78 p .\nalthough it' s the time people see them the most, tent caterpillars are actually just relaxing during the day. stuart said they are most active at night .\nthe tent caterpillars might look like they enjoy a good party, clumping together on the trees, but stuart explained there' s a larger purpose to their bunching .\na practical approach is to avoid the caterpillars and their frass as much as possible, such as by refraining from outdoor activities during times and at places where forest tent caterpillars are abundant. other means of avoidance include not parking under infested trees, keeping unnecessary outdoor lighting off when adults are present, and keeping windows and doors closed or tightly screened .\nother known predators include frogs, mice, skunks and over 60 species of birds (witter and kuhlman 1972). bird predation of late - instar and pupal stage forest tent caterpillars has recently been demonstrated to cause overwhelming mortality of populations at all densities in an artificial setting, and is hypothesized as the principle regulator of low density populations between outbreaks (parry et al. 1997) .\ndrooz at. (ed .). 1985. insects of eastern forests. u. s. department of agriculture, forest service, washington, d. c. miscellaneous publication 1426. 608 p .\nwitter ja, kuhlman hm. 1972. a review of the parasites and predators of tent caterpillars (malacosoma spp .) in north america. minnesota agricultural experiment station. technical bulletin 289. 48 p .\noutbreaks or the regular population cycles of forest tent caterpillars are apparently extremely difficult to manipulate or control (myers 1993). couple this with the fact that repeated outbreaks have not caused any seriously devastating impacts to host trees, and area wide control efforts are seemingly cost prohibitive, potentially futile and, most importantly, unwarranted. at a residential level, even if successful caterpillar control is temporarily achieved with an insecticide, caterpillars will often readily migrate in from surrounding untreated properties. there is also no practical way to prevent adult moths from locating host trees and depositing the egg masses of next year' s caterpillars. beyond simply learning to accept and tolerate the inevitable encounters and defoliation during these cyclical outbreaks, there are some measures which may provide some relief or reduce the impact when populations reach unacceptable thresholds .\nwestern tent caterpillar (malacosoma californicum) – troublesome in the northern and western portions of the united states and adjoining canada. these hairy caterpillars (2 inches long) are yellowish - brown in color and have a row of blue spots on their backs, with orange spots interspersed in between. adult moths (1 - 1 / 2 inches long) are orange - brown in color with two narrow yellow lines on the wings. willow, poplar, cottonwood, birch, apple, plum, cherry, roses and oak are favorite host plants of this pest .\neastern tent caterpillar (malacosoma americanum) – found east of the rockies and north into southern canada. full grown caterpillars (2 inches long) are sparsely hairy and black in color with a row of pale blue spots on each side. they have a white stripe down the center of their backs that makes them easy to identify. adults (1 - 1 / 2 inches long) are reddish brown moths with two white bands running diagonally across each forewing. host plants include cherry, apple and crabapple, but may be found on a variety of shade trees as well .\nthe canadian forest service researchers and their collaborators sought to determine whether topography or climatic factors had a greater influence on the synchronization of outbreaks. they hypothesized that the ability of insects to disperse in the landscape was more important, with the relatively flat topography of ontario and quebec allowing for greater dispersal than the mountainous regions of the west, where there has been less synchronization. understanding this effect is important in management efforts, because it could help determine the survey range required around new infestations to accurately detect their extent .\nin the southern united states, the preferred hosts which are most heavily defoliated include various species of oaks (quercus spp .) and gums (nyssa spp. and liquidambar styraciflua l .). other common or occasional hosts in the south include basswood (tilia americana l .), cherry (prunus spp .) and plum (prunus spp .). in the northern and western u. s. and canada, trembling aspen (populus tremuloides michx .) is the preferred host. large larvae during outbreaks will, however, feed on a wide variety of deciduous hardwood trees and some unusual hosts including conifers. for example, during the recent outbreak in west central florida, forest tent caterpillars were observed feeding on virtually all sorts of woody plant foliage, some of which included citrus (citrus sp .), pine (pinus sp .), loquat (eriobotrya japonica lindl .), azalea (rhododendron sp .), and rose (rosa spp .). if otherwise healthy, the common host trees will typically refoliate within a few weeks, after the springtime defoliation .\nfall webworm (hyphantria cunea) – common across north america and mexico, webworms are known to feed on over 85 species of trees. unlike tent caterpillars that build a nest in the crotch of trees, webworm tents are located at the outer ends of branches and often include leaves. caterpillars (1 inch in length) are covered with long hairs and vary in color from yellow to green, with a black stripe on the back and a yellow stripe on each side. their heads are either red or black. adult moths (1 inch long) are pure white in color and usually have dark spots on the wings .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnaturwissenschaften, volume 98, issue 5, pp. 425 - 434 (nw homepage )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\na wide variety of factors have been implicated in causing population declines, including several adverse environmental conditions. high levels of larval mortality have been associated with relatively low temperatures in the winter and spring (such as a late or hard freeze following larval emergence) and harsh weather when early instars are abundant. harsh weather and extremely high temperatures may kill numerous adults later in the spring, and also reduce mating success and viability of offspring amongst survivors. outbreak populations may also decline or collapse as a result of starvation, when larvae exhaust food supplies (i. e. , host foliage) before completing development (drooz 1985) .\nauthors: james r. meeker, florida department of agriculture and consumer services, division of forestry .\nphotographs: james meeker and charles w. chellman, division of forestry; and jeffrey lotz and wayne dixon, division of plant industry\npublication date: january 2001. latest revision: january 2013. reviewed: december 2017 .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nin canada, some outbreaks of this pest have persisted for 6 years and have been extremely widespread. in 1962 over 139, 000 square miles of defoliation occurred in the four western provinces. however, reduced growth and some branch killing are the usually extent of damage. - ubc\npeterson field guides: eastern moths charles v. covell. 1984. houghton mifflin company .\ncaterpillars of eastern north america david l. wagner. 2005. princeton university press .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nfranclemont, j. g. , 1973. moths of america north of mexico, fascicle 20. 1: p. 72; pl. 9. 13 - 16. order\npowell, j. a. & p. a. opler, moths of western north america, pl. 37. 10m; p. 235. book review and ordering\nthere are likely more of the wriggling insect around the city than most people would expect, taz stuart, entomologist and director of technical operations at poulin' s pest control services, said .\nto stop the swarm, he said people can apply contact insecticides such as permethrin, pyrethroid, or malathion to their trees and that should do the trick .\nthey feed on leaves, they feed at night ,\nhe said .\nif they are by themselves a bird might pick them off, or a skunk, a raccoon, even squirrels will sometimes snack on them. when they are a big large clump like that, they usually don' t get bugged ,\nhe said .\nwhile they seem small, the impact of the caterpillars eating away at the leaves can be large. stuart said the defoliated tree is weakened and slowed down, which means it might not collect enough glucose to create leaves the following year .\nif it gets multiple years of defoliation you could get eventual death of a tree ,\nhe said .\nthey will come out very, very small little larvae. they will go through several increases in size, right now you are seeing pretty much the final stage ,\nstuart said .\nit will then go to the pupa stage, it' s almost like a little cocoon stage that' s in the ground or in locations they feel safe to be .\nsix weeks later they emerge as moths. stuart said they are quick to get to mating and laying more egg masses which\nlook like a little piece of poop on a stick .\nhe said people should destroy those too .\nif you want to have them in a nice little container, a couple of leaves from the tree, they will feed on them at night and relax during the day ,\nhe said .\naudience relations, cbc p. o. box 500 station a toronto, on canada, m5w 1e6\nit is a priority for cbc to create a website that is accessible to all canadians including people with visual, hearing, motor and cognitive challenges .\nclosed captioning and described video is available for many cbc - tv shows offered on cbc watch .\nstorewide sale: save big on all items, plus 30% off shipping at checkout .\nnote: larvae can be a nuisance when they begin to migrate to protected areas to pupate. they are often found by the thousands traveling over roads, streets, driveways, walkways, fences and buildings .\nscrape off and discard overwintering egg masses and tear the protective tents out by hand before the larvae start to feed .\nthe natural, soil dwelling bacterium bacillus thuringiensis or bt - kurstaki is particularly effective on inch worms of all types. use easily applied spray to hit worms and protect the leaves at the first signs of damage. btk sprays do not harm honey bees or birds and are safe for use around pets and children .\nspinosad, another biological agent derived from fermentation, is also very effective. it’s the active ingredient in monterey garden insect spray, a product classified as organic by the u. s. d. a. national organic program and listed for organic use by the organic materials review institute .\nazamax contains azadirachtin, the key insecticidal ingredient found in neem oil. this effective spray disrupts growth and development of pest insects and has repellent and anti - feedant properties. best of all, it’s non - toxic to honey bees and many other beneficial insects .\nfast - acting botanical insecticides should be used as a last resort. derived from plants which have insecticidal properties, these natural pesticides have fewer harmful side effects than synthetic chemicals and break down more quickly in the environment .\nnote: more than 80 species of predators and parasites have been identified in the united states, yet they are not commercially available. these insects play an important role in maintaining pest populations during most years. as a result, care most be taken when applying pesticides to minimize damage to these beneficial organisms .\nno chemical toxins! this non - drying, sticky\nglue\nprovides protection all season long .\nkeep destructive bugs at bay with this super - sticky, non - drying compound .\napply when caterpillars are first noticed and repeat every 7 - 10 days or as necessary .\nan effective insect killer that was recently discovered from soil in a rum distillery .\nkills aphids, beetles, ants and caterpillars on contact, yet is gentle on plants .\nwe are committed to creating a workplace environment that attracts and retains top employees .\nwe are committed to creating and maintaining a work environment in which all people are treated with dignity, fairness, and respect, and are free from harassment .\nthey give you shade. they provide oxygen. let’s make sure trees everywhere can do the same for future generations .\nthe maps showed that six major outbreaks had occurred, with the infestations lasting 2 to 5 years and recurring every 7 to 11 years. the largest average intensity of defoliation occurred during the period 1951–54 .\nthe researchers also wanted to determine to what degree outbreaks were synchronized among the various regions, as well as the patterns and processes governing synchronization among populations .\nthe outbreaks recurred periodically and somewhat synchronously among regions of ontario and quebec. three regions—northwestern ontario, eastern ontario / western quebec and southeastern quebec—showed the strongest large - scale, synchronized fluctuations. however, defoliation in the vast surrounding hinterlands tended to be infrequent and sporadic. in addition, there was one area in northeastern ontario that stood out as having experienced persistent defoliation between 1992 and 1999." ]

{ "text": [ "the forest tent caterpillar moth ( malacosoma disstria ) is a north american moth found throughout the united states and canada , especially in the eastern regions .", "the larvae of this species are notorious tent caterpillars .", "tent caterpillars do not make tents , but rather , weave a silky sheet where they lie together during molting .", "they lay down strands of silk as they move over branches and then travel along them like tightrope walkers .", "they follow pheromones secreted by other larvae rather than following the silk lines themselves .", "the caterpillars are social , traveling together to feed .", "the caterpillars live in deciduous trees , which they strip off leaves after emerging from their eggs .", "the adult moth of this species favors oak , sweetgum , tupelo , aspen , and sugar maple for oviposition , but the larvae can be found feeding on many other species of woody trees or shrubs .", "the females lay eggs in masses of up to 300 , which are stuck to twigs and covered with a gluey cement called spumaline , which prevents them from desiccating and freezing .", "the eggs hatch the following winter . " ], "topic": [ 2, 8, 28, 23, 14, 8, 28, 8, 28, 28 ] }

[ "the forest tent caterpillar moth (malacosoma disstria) is a north american moth found throughout the united states and canada, especially in the eastern regions. the larvae of this species are notorious tent caterpillars. tent caterpillars do not make tents, but rather, weave a silky sheet where they lie together during molting. they lay down strands of silk as they move over branches and then travel along them like tightrope walkers. they follow pheromones secreted by other larvae rather than following the silk lines themselves. the caterpillars are social, traveling together to feed. the caterpillars live in deciduous trees, which they strip off leaves after emerging from their eggs. the adult moth of this species favors oak, sweetgum, tupelo, aspen, and sugar maple for oviposition, but the larvae can be found feeding on many other species of woody trees or shrubs. the females lay eggs in masses of up to 300, which are stuck to twigs and covered with a gluey cement called spumaline, which prevents them from desiccating and freezing. the eggs hatch the following winter." ]

[ "the mountain hawk eagle is found in coniferous or mixed forests from 1000 to 3500 meters in elevation .\nthe mountain hawk eagle is distributed from the foothills of the himalayas east through china and south through japan and taiwan .\nthe mountain hawk - eagle or hodgson' s hawk - eagle (nisaetus nipalensis, earlier treated under spizaetus) is a bird of prey. like all eagles, it is in the family accipitridae .\nurltoken hawk - eagle. mp3 ] copyright remark: most sounds derived from xeno - canto\nthe mountain or feather - toed hawk - eagle can be found in coniferous or deciduous forests. its preference seems to be for mountain forests – in some atras up to 3 km in altitude .\n); wingspan 134–175 cm. large hawk - eagle, brownish above and barred below (including ...\nthe heavier underpart streaking and wing shape help to distinguish this species from the similar changeable hawk - eagle (nisaetus cirrhatus) .\nthe mountain hawk eagle is one of the most voracious raptors in the world. they sit upon a concealed perch high in the forrest to observe the unsuspecting ground quarry, then move down to a lower branch to make a short and fast swoop. their nests are within the deep confines of forests throughout asia. most mountain hawk eagle lay three eggs, and defend the young throughout the development into adults .\nthe mountain hawk eagle has dark brown feathers on the head and body with a light cinnamon feathers on the breast. beaks are most often black as are their claws. they have yellow eyes. they are usually between 24 to 28 inches in length, although japanese mountain hawks are larger (28 to 31 inches) .\ni gazed up at the stately japanese mountain hawk eagle at the fort worth zoo, who was surveying the domain from a roost so high that i got the same sensation as gazing up at a sky - scraper. a trainer casually tossed some white mice on the floor of the cage, and i thought that i had come at an opportune time, to see the raptor swoop down and grasp its prey. much to my dissapointment, the hawk eagle just continued its surveyance, with its back turned to me no less. the raptor gazed down at its food below, with a look of disconcernment. i felt that it was in effect saying ,\ngive me a real challenge .\nthe mountain hawk eagle, venerated by the japanese, does not look at home to me .\noriental region: himalayas to taiwan and japan. the mountain or feather - toed hawk - eagle is distributed in continental asia south of the himalayas, plus sri lanka, hainan, formosa and the main islands of japan in continental asia south of the himalayas, plus sri lanka, hainan, formosa and the main islands of japan .\nit is a bird of mountain woodland, which builds a stick nest in a tree and lays usually a single egg .\nthe mountain hawk - eagle is a medium - large raptor at about 70–72 cm in length. the typical adult has brown upperparts and pale underparts, with barring on the undersides of the flight feathers and tail. the breast and belly and underwing coverts are heavily streaked. the wings are broad with a curved trailing edge, and are held in a shallow v in flight. males and females look alike, but young birds are often whiter - headed .\nthe mountain hawk - eagle is a medium - large raptor at 67 - 86 cm in length and a wingspan of 130 - 165 cm. the typical adult has brown upperparts and pale underparts, with barring on the undersides of the flight feathers and tail. the breast and belly and underwing coverts are heavily streaked. the wings are broad with a curved trailing edge, and are held in a shallow v in flight. sexes are similar, but young birds are often whiter - headed. mountain hawk - eaglethe sri lankan and south indian subspecies (s. n. kelaarti) is smaller and has unstreaked buff underwing coverts. a 2008 study based on the geographic isolation and differences in call suggest that this be treated as a full species, nisaetus kelaarti. the japanese subspecies n. n. orientalis is larger, lighter, and has only a very small crest, which is large in the other two subspecies. n. kelaartithe heavier underpart streaking and wing shape help to distinguish this species from the similar crested hawk - eagle (nisaetus cirrhatus) .\nclark, w. s. , boesman, p. , kirwan, g. m. & marks, j. s. (2018). mountain hawk - eagle (nisaetus nipalensis). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nnisaetus is a genus of eagles found mainly in tropical asia. they were earlier placed within the genus spizaetus but molecular studies show that the old world representatives were closer to the genus ictinaetus than to the new world spizaetus (in the stricter sense). they are slender bodied, medium sized hawk - eagles with rounded wings, long feathered legs, barred wings, crests and usually adapted to forest habitats\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. and fishpool, l. d. c. 2014. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 1: non - passerines. lynx edicions birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size may be moderately small to large, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe species is vulnerable to deforestation which is occurring throughout its range (clark et al. 2015, global raptor information network 2015). in japan there is one record of the species contracting avian influenza virus (h5n1) (shivakoti et al. 2010) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ntraditionally thought to form a species - group with n. bartelsi, n. alboniger (with n. nanus), n. lanceolatus and n. philippensis (with n. pinskeri). paler form kelaarti elevated to species level by some recent authors # r # r, but this was based on very small and somewhat contradictory sample size of specimens and recordings; validation of evidence needed. race orientalis also noted as distinctive # r. proposed races fokiensis and whiteheadi of s china not valid. three subspecies recognized .\n– ne pakistan (murree hills) and himalayas of india, nepal and bhutan e through s china and hainan to e china and taiwan, and s to se asia (mainly in n, but s to tenasserim and also, off nw malay peninsula, langkawi i); probably also cambodia and vietnam .\ngenerally silent, except in the breeding season. commonest call is a high - pitched, shrill piping ...\ndense foothill and montane evergreen and mixed deciduous forests, mostly from 600–4000 m ...\nseason dec–mar in sri lanka, feb–jun in himalayas, feb–aug in japan. large nest (up to 1·8 m across, 90 ...\nmainly sedentary; however, fairly common in lowlands of japan and thailand in winter, suggesting ...\nnot globally threatened (least concern). cites ii. uncommon to rare; has undoubtedly suffered as result of extensive deforestation that still continues throughout most of ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nasian genus previously included within spizaetus, but recent studies support its recognition as separate from american taxa # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\ncombined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size may be moderately small to large, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: nisaetus nipalensis. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nerror. page cannot be displayed. please contact your service provider for more details. (30 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 331, 031 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nit breeds in southern asia from pakistan, india and sri lanka to china, taiwan and japan .\nthe sri lankan and south indian subspecies (s. n. kelaarti) is smaller and has unstreaked buff underwing coverts. a 2008 study based on the geographic isolation and differences in call suggest that this be treated as a full species, nisaetus kelaarti .\nthe japanese subspecies n. n. orientalis is larger, lighter, and has only a very small crest, which is large in the other two subspecies .\nthough it is not considered a globally threatened species, the japanese population is declining. as the species is a k - strategist like all eagles, it was feared that the ongoing population reduction of n. n. orientalis might lead to loss of genetic diversity, and consequently inbreeding depression. however, genetic diversity was shown to be still considerable at present .\ncopyright: wikipedia. this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license. it uses material from urltoken\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however, mistakes do happen. if you would like to correct or update any of the information, please\nthroughout history, crows, ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death. …\nplease note: any content published on this site is commentary or opinion, and is protected under free speech. it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes, and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice. avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material. your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group (polytypic) group (monotypic) species split life sp. ssp. intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records (accepted, rejected, pending). to filter / search please enter a phrase. e. g. to filter rejected records, type rejected into the search box, all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n© 2018 birdguides, warners group publications plc. all rights reserved. company registered in england no. 2572212 | vat registration no. gb 638 3492 15\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nrarest bird in the world: the cone - billed tanager, the mystery .\natlapetes blancae, 8 years later, still not found. wish or species ?\ndisplay is frequent and noisy, consisting of much mutual soaring above the canopy, with vigorous undulating flights. the nest is built in a forest tree, usually deciduous but sometimes a conifer. the nest is a large structure built from material ranging from twigs to branches. it may reach 6 feet (2 metres) in diameter, and three to four feet (a bit over one metre) in depth. the cup will be lined with green leaves or sprigs of conifers. building the nest is a joint enterprise – the male fetches the material, and the female performs the actual construction, although some role - sharing is quite common. the single egg is incubated entirely by the female, who is brought food by the male throughout the period. during this time the female will be very aggressive to any disturbance. she will remain in the nest with the young, not leaving until it has fledged. the family will remain together until the young eaglet is able to fly strongly and hunt successfully for itself, at which time it will be come a competitor in the parents’ range and will be encouraged to relocate. the breeding cycle (incubation and fledging) is estimated at about 80 days. based on the the other species in the genus incubation is estimated at about 5 to 6 weeks. fledging at 7 to 8 weeks .\nthe mainstay of this birds’s diet is mammals up to the size of a hare, plus large game birds, and occasionally domestic fowl and lizards. all prey is taken on the ground .\nthis species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size may be moderately small to large, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nmainly sedentary; however, fairly common in lowlands of thailand in winter, and a few individuals, possibly juveniles, have been recorded in malay peninsula and in lowlands of japan. erroneously recorded on spring passage at beidaihe (northeast china), probably due to confusion with pernis ptilorhyncus. many birds claimed to move south onto gangetic plain .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nspecial adaptations on rare occasions the nests can be found in villages, with access to chicken yards close by. in fact, these raptors frequently use two nests - - one for traditional puroposes, rearing young, and the other as a roost and feeding post .\nbirds of prey of the world, by mary louise grossman and john hamlet, usa, 1964 pages 305 - 306 .\ndistribution and taxonomy of birds of the world, by charles sibley and burt monroe, jr. , yale university press, 1990, page 19 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en" ]

{ "text": [ "the mountain hawk-eagle or hodgson 's hawk-eagle ( nisaetus nipalensis , earlier treated under spizaetus ) is a bird of prey .", "like all eagles , it is in the family accipitridae .", "it breeds in the indian subcontinent , from india , nepal ( hence the epithet nipalensis ) to thailand , taiwan , indonesia and japan .", "the mountain hawk-eagle is a medium-large raptor at 69 – 84 cm ( 27 – 33 in ) in length and a wingspan of 134 – 175 cm ( 53 – 69 in ) .", "the typical adult has brown upperparts and pale underparts , with barring on the undersides of the flight feathers and tail .", "the breast and belly and underwing coverts are heavily streaked .", "the wings are broad with a curved trailing edge , and are held in a shallow v in flight .", "sexes are similar , but young birds are often whiter-headed .", "the sri lankan and south indian population is smaller and has unstreaked buff underwing coverts .", "a 2008 study based on the geographic isolation and differences in call suggest that this be treated as a full species , nisaetus kelaarti , legge 's hawk-eagle .", "the japanese subspecies n. n. orientalis is larger , lighter , and has only a very small crest , which is large in the other two subspecies .", "the japanese subspecies usually weighs 2.2 – 3.6 kg ( 4.9 – 7.9 lb ) .", "the heavier underpart streaking and wing shape help to distinguish this species from the similar crested hawk-eagle ( nisaetus cirrhatus ) .", "it is a bird of mountain woodland , which builds a stick nest in a tree and lays usually a single egg .", "mountain hawk-eagles eat small mammals , birds and reptiles .", "though it is not considered a globally threatened species , the japanese population is declining .", "as the species is a k-strategist like all eagles , it was feared that the ongoing population reduction of n. n. orientalis might lead to loss of genetic diversity , and consequently inbreeding depression .", "however , genetic diversity was shown to be still considerable at present . " ], "topic": [ 10, 2, 22, 0, 23, 23, 8, 23, 16, 10, 5, 0, 10, 28, 12, 17, 17, 6 ] }

[ "the mountain hawk-eagle or hodgson's hawk-eagle (nisaetus nipalensis, earlier treated under spizaetus) is a bird of prey. like all eagles, it is in the family accipitridae. it breeds in the indian subcontinent, from india, nepal (hence the epithet nipalensis) to thailand, taiwan, indonesia and japan. the mountain hawk-eagle is a medium-large raptor at 69 – 84 cm (27 – 33 in) in length and a wingspan of 134 – 175 cm (53 – 69 in). the typical adult has brown upperparts and pale underparts, with barring on the undersides of the flight feathers and tail. the breast and belly and underwing coverts are heavily streaked. the wings are broad with a curved trailing edge, and are held in a shallow v in flight. sexes are similar, but young birds are often whiter-headed. the sri lankan and south indian population is smaller and has unstreaked buff underwing coverts. a 2008 study based on the geographic isolation and differences in call suggest that this be treated as a full species, nisaetus kelaarti, legge's hawk-eagle. the japanese subspecies n. n. orientalis is larger, lighter, and has only a very small crest, which is large in the other two subspecies. the japanese subspecies usually weighs 2.2 – 3.6 kg (4.9 – 7.9 lb). the heavier underpart streaking and wing shape help to distinguish this species from the similar crested hawk-eagle (nisaetus cirrhatus). it is a bird of mountain woodland, which builds a stick nest in a tree and lays usually a single egg. mountain hawk-eagles eat small mammals, birds and reptiles. though it is not considered a globally threatened species, the japanese population is declining. as the species is a k-strategist like all eagles, it was feared that the ongoing population reduction of n. n. orientalis might lead to loss of genetic diversity, and consequently inbreeding depression. however, genetic diversity was shown to be still considerable at present." ]

[ "breeding interval usually bobrinski' s jerboa females willl breed at least twice in a season .\nbreeding season bobrinski' s jerboas have been reported breeding in april to june and again in september to october .\n( bobrinski' s jerboa) can be found in the palearctic region throughout northern and western areas of turkmenistan and central and western areas of uzbekistan. its distribution more specifically includes the karakumy and kyzylkum deserts .\nthe bobrinski' s jerboa is listed as least concern (lr / lc), lowest risk. does not qualify for a more at risk category. widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category, on the iucn red list of threatened species\nkolesnikov, i. 1937. a new genus and species of jerboa allactodipus bobrinskii (rodentia, dipodidae) from the kzyl - kumy desert, middle asia. .\nbobrinski' s jerboas are omnivorous, eating mostly seeds, green parts of plants, and insects. in most seasons, they forage about equally on vegetation and insects. in the spring insects become a much more significant part of the diet. they can use the hairs on their forelimbs to sift through the sand for food. bobrinski' s jerboas do not need to drink water; instead they generate metabolic water from their food .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\nbobrinski' s jerboas are nocturnal and have large eyes to perceive their environment in low light. they also have very large auditory bullae which pick up low sounds extremely well. they tap theirs foot inside of the burrow, producing a low drumming noise, which may be a form of communication. in general ,\nhodgson, s. 2004 .\nallactaga euphratica\n( on - line). animal diversity web. accessed march 27, 2009 at urltoken .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nbobrinski' s jerboas are relatively defenseless and will therefore use their large hind limbs and fast jumping and running abilites as an anti - predatory strategy for escape. another defense they use is avoiding visual detection by predators. this species is nocturnal, which causes it to be safe from diurnal predators. it also has coloration that mimmicks the color of the sand in its environment; this also helps avoid predators' sight. there is no literature on the predators of\nbobrinski' s jerboas are nocturnal rodents, foraging only at night. they are shy and seldom seen. these jerboas hibernate during inclement weather, which might contribute to the low number of sightings. hibernation is shallow with activity occurring during partial thaws. they are burrowing rodents, with separate types of burrows for both night / day and summer / winter. some of the burrows are permanent, while others are temporary and much shallower in depth. although burrow occupation has not been examined in\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nthe state that some animals enter during winter in which normal physiological processes are significantly reduced, thus lowering the animal' s energy requirements. the act or condition of passing winter in a torpid or resting state, typically involving the abandonment of homoiothermy in mammals .\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others. more information! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey' s business dictionary (german - english). thanks on that account! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome! questions and answers\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: fairly widespread with no major threats, hence listed as least concern .\ndistributed in karakum and kyzylkum deserts from nukus latitude in the north to bukhara oasis in the south, from uzboi dry bed (turkmenistan) in the west to central kyzylkum in the east .\nin kyzylkum, 4 - 5 individuals per 1 km of observation track were registered (gromov and erbaeva 1995) .\ninhabit clay - sandy, clay - rubbly and clay - pebble areas of deserts, and avoid sand deserts. hibernation is shallow, animals become active during partial thaws. feed mostly on green parts of plants, rarely on seeds. insects are significant part of the diet in spring. over wintered females give up to 3 litters per season, with 2 - 8 (most often 3 - 4) young .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017). the iucn red list of threatened species 2016: e. t861a115053380 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nmainly inhabits the kyzylkum and karakum deserts. the kyzylkum desert is made up of red sand while the karakum desert is mostly salt marsh sands. both deserts have areas of sparse vegetation and scrub. only inhabiting loamy and hard gravel plains in these deserts ,\navoids fully sandy regions. these jerboas construct burrows on a slightly raised mound that is free from vegetation. a key environmental factor for this species is annual vegetation with various aspects of the local vegetation influencing species abundance .\nis also poorly documented and needs further research. this poor documentation is probably the result of their shyness .\nhas two observed breeding seasons: april to june and september to october. these jerboas start breeding soon after emergence from hibernation. they usually breed twice in a breeding season, which equates to about 10 offspring per breeding season. their gestation period is on average 30 days. the weaning period of\n, have offspring nursed and cared for up until 30 to 45 days old. the age at sexual maturity is also unknown for this species, but\n( anderson and jones, jr. , 1967; closey, 2001; macdonald, 2001; nowak, 1999; tsytsulina, 2008 )\n, young receive care from their mother until they reach independence. many species in the closely related genus\nprovide food and protection in the burrow for 1 to 1. 5 months. in these species, once the offspring have reached independence, there is no parental involvement. parental care is provided by females .\nin either the wild or captivity. in the wild, other species of jerboas typically live for up to 2 to 3 years of age. a close relative ,\nalso builds a separate burrow for nesting. this species is saltatorial and can jump quickly and long distances, using its long hindlimbs. it uses this as an anti - predator adaptation for escape .\n( anderson and jones, jr. , 1967; macdonald, 2001; nowak, 1999; tsytsulina, 2008 )\n, but because it is nocturnal, potential predators could include snakes and small or medium - sized nocturnal mammals. some small - medium nocturnal mammals that inhabit\nprobably disperses seeds in its environment. also, it is probably an important prey item for small - medium sized animals, such as\ndoes not directly impact humans, it still carries out an important role in keeping the desert ecosystem functioning and healthy. a close relative ,\n, is used by humans for its fur to make clothing and other items .\nis a potential crop pest for humans. close relatives have been known to destroy a whole crop overnight. also ,\ncan carry and transmit disease, so this could be a potential problem too. however, since it lives in such an arid environment ,\nis listed on the iucn red list as of least concern, suggesting that it does not need special attention for the time being .\njaime andrzejewski (author), michigan state university, barbara lundrigan (editor, instructor), michigan state university, tanya dewey (editor), animal diversity web .\nliving in the northern part of the old world. in otherwords, europe and asia and northern africa .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching. in birds, naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhaving markings, coloration, shapes, or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\nin deserts low (less than 30 cm per year) and unpredictable rainfall results in landscapes dominated by plants and animals adapted to aridity. vegetation is typically sparse, though spectacular blooms may occur following rain. deserts can be cold or warm and daily temperates typically fluctuate. in dune areas vegetation is also sparse and conditions are dry. this is because sand does not hold water well so little is available to plants. in dunes near seas and oceans this is compounded by the influence of salt in the air and soil. salt limits the ability of plants to take up water through their roots .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\nhaving a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .\noffspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc .) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nthat region of the earth between 23. 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north (between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle) and between 23. 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south (between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle) .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\nclosey, c. 2001 .\nallactaga elater\n( on - line). animal diversity web. accessed march 27, 2009 at urltoken .\nshenbrot, g. , k. rogovin. 1995. temporal variation in spatial organization of a rodent community in the southwestern kyzylkum desert (middle asia) .\ntsytsulina, k. 2008 .\niucn 2008 red list - allactodipus bobrinskii\n( on - line). 2008 iucn red list of threatened species. accessed march 04, 2009 at urltoken .\nto cite this page: andrzejewski, j. 2009 .\nallactodipus bobrinskii\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsorry, the species or group that you asked for is not on the onezoom tree .\nthe open tree contains additional species not on the onezoom tree (particularly subspecies and fossils). to check if this is why we cannot find your species or group, you can\n, then chances are you have entered a wrong number or a misspelt name .\ncopyright © 2018 langenscheidt digital gmbh & co. kg, all rights reserved." ]

{ "text": [ "bobrinski 's jerboa ( allactodipus bobrinskii ) is a species of rodent in the family dipodidae .", "it is monotypic within the genus allactodipus .", "it is found in turkmenistan and uzbekistan . " ], "topic": [ 29, 26, 20 ] }

[ "bobrinski's jerboa (allactodipus bobrinskii) is a species of rodent in the family dipodidae. it is monotypic within the genus allactodipus. it is found in turkmenistan and uzbekistan." ]

[ "you selected ansorge' s free - tailed bat (english). this is a common name for :\nansorge' s free - tailed bat. in: m. happold and d. c. d. happold. (eds )\ngallagher' s free - tailed bat. in: m. happold and d. c. d. happold. (eds )\na young / baby of a ansorge is called a' pup'. a ansorge group is called a' colony or cloud' .\nthe ansorge' s free - tailed bat is listed as least concern. does not qualify for a more at risk category. widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category, on the iucn red list of threatened species\nansorgi' s bat, like other free - tailed bats, are limited to whichever insects are present within the open air spaces where they hunt .\npale free - tailed bat. in: m. happold and d. c. d. happold. (eds )\nspotted free - tailed bat. in: m. happold and d. c. d. happold. (eds )\nmalagasy free - tailed bat. in: m. happold and d. c. d. happold. (eds )\nmidas free - tailed bat. in: m. happold and d. c. d. happold. (eds )\nnigerian free - tailed bat. in: m. happold and d. c. d. happold. (eds )\ngiant free - tailed bat. in: m. happold and d. c. d. happold. (eds )\nbig - eared free - tailed bat. in: m. happold and d. c. d. happold. (eds )\nwhite - bellied free - tailed bat. in: m. happold and d. c. d. happold. (eds )\nlike all so - called' free - tailed' bats, the distal portion of the tail of the ansorgi' s free - tailed bat is not encased in the interfemoral membrane, and thus presents as a protrusion above the flying membrane. like its sister species, ansorgi' s free - tailed bat furthermore has the wrinkled lips and caulie - flower ears, as well as the narrow and elongated wings typical of this genus. this bat is smaller than most free - tailed bats, with a head - to - tail length of 106 mm and a mass of about 10 gr. apart from dental features, it is externally distinguished from the others by its dark umber brown upper parts, the top of the neck and head almost black, and the under parts are a lighter shade .\ndarling' s horseshoe bat. in: m. happold and d. c. d. happold. (eds )\ndent' s horseshoe bat. in: m. happold and d. c. d. happold. (eds )\nrüppel' s horseshoe bat. in: m. happold and d. c. d. happold. (eds )\nhildebrandt' s horseshoe bat. in: m. happold and d. c. d. happold. (eds )\nswinny' s horseshoe bat. in: m. happold and d. c. d. happold. (eds )\nparisi' s slit - faced bat. in: m. happold and d. c. d. happold. (eds )\nwood' s slit - faced bat. in: m. happold and d. c. d. happold. (eds )\nroberts' s flat - headed bat. in: m. happold and d. c. d. happold. (eds )\nis devoted to the 224 species of african bats. the latter are divided into nine families, namely fruit bats, horseshoe bats, leaf - nosed bats, false vampire bats, mouse - tailed bats, sheath - tailed bats, slit - faced bats, free - tailed bats, and vesper bats .\n70. happold, m. & f. p. d. cotterill (2013) family molossidae free - tailed bats. in: m. happold and d. c. d. happold. (eds )\nforest - dwelling bird species are disappearing from some of south africa' s indigenous forests, with forest ...\nlong - tailed serotine. in: m. happold and d. c. d. happold. (eds )\n. as a result, these animals include the fastest - flying of all bat species among their number .\neloquent horseshoe bat. in: m. happold and d. c. d. happold. (eds )\nsakeji horseshoe bat. in: m. happold and d. c. d. happold. (eds )\nforest horseshoe bat. in: m. happold and d. c. d. happold. (eds )\nbushveld horseshoe bat. in: m. happold and d. c. d. happold. (eds )\ndamara woolly bat. in: m. happold and d. c. d. happold. (eds )\nlesser woolly bat. in: m. happold and d. c. d. happold. (eds )\nthe mammals of the southern african sub - region by j. d. skinner, isbn 0 - 521 - 84418 - 5, 2006, p. 277 ,\nthe name of the [ free - tailed bats ] family is derived from the greek molossus, a kind of dog used by greek shepherds in ancient times .\nthe bat fauna of africa and surrounding islands boasts more than 300 species, but the distributions of many ...\nthe ansorgi' s bat has narrow, elongated wings. the ratio between total wing surface area and body mass give a high wing loading index for this group of bats. as a consequence they are not such adept agile flyers as horseshoe bats or even vesper bats. they are therefore obliged to fly fast in order to remain airborne, and follow straighter flight paths. all free - tailed bats avoid any form of cluttered air space and therefore most often fly in open air space above the tree canopy. their echolocation tends to be of lower frequencies which allows them to detect insects over a much greater distance, but at lower levels of resolution .\nfree - tailed bats are usually grey, brown, or black in color, with some exceptions. they range from 4 to 12 cm (1. 6 to 4. 7 in) in length, excluding the tail, and can weigh from 8 to 220 g (0. 28 to 7. 76 oz), depending on species. they are\nlarge - eared slit - faced bat. in: m. happold and d. c. d. happold. (eds )\n, the four families represented comprise 25 genera and 93 species. a new species of monkey described in 2011 brings the total to 94, and this is briefly mentioned. approximately 8% of africa' s species of mammal are primates .\n“art in science, the science of art, and the art of science... ... this marvellous book, compendious, meticulous, beautiful and inspirational is the crescendo of a lifetime' s work in and for africa. no other continent can boast such a tome as\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nthe classification of the blunt - eared bat has historically been problematic; many authors placed it in the family vespertilionidae, while others preferred the molossidae. however, it is now universally placed as the only member of subfamily tomopeatinae of family molossidae .\nthis bat is found from sea level to 1, 000 m elevation in the semiarid areas of coastal northwestern peru. the roosts are under granite boulders and caves. a single young has been found in pregnant females from may to september (eisenberg and redford, 1999) .\ncontains profiles of 395 species of rodents, comprising the squirrels, dormice, jerboas, blind mole - rats, african root - rats, pouched rats and mice, swamp mouse, climbing mice, fat mice, white - tailed rat, rock mice, voles, maned rat, spiny mice, brush - furred mice, gerbils, jirds, taterils, african forest mouse, rats and mice, vleirats, whistling rats, anomalures, springhares, gundis, african mole - rats, porcupines, noki (dassie rat), cane rats, and coypu .\nthis widely distributed bat has been recorded from much of sub - saharan africa. it ranges from northeastern côte d' ivoire in the west, through much of the northern part of west and central africa (north of the congo basin), to ethiopia and east africa, from here southwards as far as northeastern south africa. it has been recorded between 400 and 2, 000 m asl .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nacr. 2014. african chiroptera report 2014. african bats, pretoria. available from http: / / www. africanbats. org .\njustification: listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, it is likely to occur in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nit appears to be generally uncommon, although colonies may contain hundreds of bats .\nthis species is generally associated with dry woodland savanna. roost sites include rock crevices, caves and abandoned mines. it has also been recorded roosting in the roofs of buildings and expansion joints in bridges .\nthere appear to be no major threats to this species. in parts of west africa, some populations may be threatened by overharvesting for subsistence food .\nin view of the species wide range it is presumably present in many protected areas (including comoe national park, côte d' ivoire). no direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species as a whole .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nclassification from integrated taxonomic information system (itis) selected by jakob fahr - see more .\njakob fahr marked the classification from\nintegrated taxonomic information system (itis )\nas preferred for\nchaerephon ansorgei (thomas, 1913 )\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\npartatöyhtöhännäkkö\nto\nchaerephon ansorgei (thomas, 1913 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c2a8c - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322e8317 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322e846a - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 3255d9bf - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 3395bc6b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\ntom orrell (custodian), dave nicolson (ed). (2018). itis global: the integrated taxonomic information system (version jun 2017). in: roskov y. , abucay l. , orrell t. , nicolson d. , bailly n. , kirk p. m. , bourgoin t. , dewalt r. e. , decock w. , de wever a. , nieukerken e. van, zarucchi j. , penev l. , eds. (2018). species 2000 & itis catalogue of life, 30th june 2018. digital resource at urltoken species 2000: naturalis, leiden, the netherlands. issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 7d798b70 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsimmons, nancy b. / wilson, don e. , and deeann m. reeder, eds .\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. , vols. 1 & 2\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2nd ed. , 3rd printing\nwith contributions by bernadette n. graham, adam p. potter, and mariana m. upmeyer\ncomments: bivittatus species group. distinct from bivittatus; see eger and peterson (1979), taylor (1999), and bouchard (2001 )\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative. it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education, university of michigan museum of zoology, and the detroit public schools. this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151. copyright © 2002 - 2018, the regents of the university of michigan. all rights reserved .\nmolossidae (including tomopeatinae) is a diverse group of fast - flying aerial insectivores. some species live in very large colonies that can exceed 5 million individuals. molossidae currently includes over 13 genera and 80 species (koopman, 1993; sudman et al. , 1994). two clades are currently recognized within molossidae: tomopeatinae and molossinae (sudman et al. , 1994; simmons, 1998; simmons and geisler, 1998). tomopeatinae is monotypic, containing only tomopeas ravus, a species found only in peru. all other molossids belong to molossinae .\nlength of manubrium posterior to lateral process > 2. 5 times the transverse width .\nthe geographical distribution of molossidae is shown in red. distribution from hill and smith (1984) .\nprior to 1994, tomopeatinae was considered to be a subfamily of vespertilionidae, but sudman et al. (1994) and simmons (1998) demonstrated that tomopeas is more closely related to molossids than to vespertilionids. monophyly of molossidae (including tomopeatinae) is stongly supported by morphological data (simmons, 1998; simmons and geisler, 1998) .\nphylogenetic relationships within molossidae have been investigated using morphometrics (freeman, 1981), discrete morphological characters (legendre, 1984, 1985; hand, 1990), allozymes (sudman et al. , 1994), and cytochrome b gene sequences (sudman et al. , 1994). trees and classifications derived from these studies are largely incongruent, but most agree that molossinae is monophyletic .\nthey are generally quite robust, and consist of many strong flying forms with relatively long and narrow wings. another common name for some members of this group, and indeed a few species from other families, is\nwith wings over 0. 5 m (1. 6 ft) across, is perhaps one of the best known with this name. they are widespread, being found on every continent except antarctica .\n– the membrane that connects the base of the tail to the hind legs. the tail is usually best seen when resting. a special ring of\nby muscular action to stretch or retract the tail membrane. this gives many species a degree of fine tuning in their flight maneuvers to rival their day - flying ecological equivalents, such as\n, and catch their food on the wing. while some species roost in small groups in hollow trees or rocky crevices, some cave - dwelling species form vast colonies of up to 50 million individuals .\nmacdonald, d. , ed. (1984). the encyclopedia of mammals. new york: facts on file. p. 807. isbn 0 - 87196 - 871 - 1 .\ngardner, alfred l. (2008). mammals of south america: marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats. university of chicago press. p. 669. isbn 0 - 226 - 28240 - 6 .\ncorbet, gb, hill je. 1992. the mammals of the indomalayan region: a systematic review. oxford university press, oxford .\nmohd. azlan j. , ibnu maryanto, agus p. kartono and m. t. abdullah. 2003 diversity, relative abundance and conservation of chiropterans in kayan mentarang national park, east kalimantan, indonesia. sarawak museum journal 79: 251 - 265 .\nhall ls, richards gc, abdullah mt. 2002. the bats of niah national park, sarawak. sarawak museum journal. 78: 255 - 282 .\nin bright phase. we checked the difference between h. ruber and h. caffer according to patterson and webala 2012 and mammals of africa, vol. 4 (hedgehogs, shrews and bats): this specimen has the wide median posterior narial compartment, with narrow lateral inflations\nmurciélagos de latinoamérica y el caribe es un proyecto de la red latinoamericana para la conservación de l ...\nthis project is about the bats of zambia, and intended to contribute to the understanding of species divers ...\ntext searches may yield weird results when combined with other filters. if you want to find observation of a particular species, use the taxon filter .\nsame individual as other picture (5989) posted. notice darker fur on throat\nnot entirely positive with id. colony had white strip of fur on neck. angkur wat\nthis is either t. longimanus or t. melanopogon or t. theobaldi, same area where tourists convene to watch chaerephon plicatus emerge from their cliff / cave roost\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies .\nmedelln, r. (chiroptera red list authority) & schipper, j. (global mammal assessment team )\nthis species is listed as vulnerable in light of an ongoing population reduction and small geographic range. the species extent of occurrence if < 20, 000 km, it occurs is less than 10 locations and is declining due to habitat less .\nexpected to decline in response to human habitat disturbance. known from ten collection points in peru, the surrounding area has been surveyed adequately (velazco pers. comm .). considered' critically endangered' in peru (velazco pers. comm .) .\nthe species occurs in only few caves which are being fumigated to control rabies (velazco pers. comm .) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nis a splendid rare blend of natural history and science. it takes handbooks to a new level and shows what professionals and amateurs alike can expect if they wish to carry with them the very best. ” –\nrepresents a high - water mark - not just in mammalogy, but in scientific publishing overall. magnificent. ” –\ncomprises eight introductory chapters covering topics such as evolution, geography and geology, biotic zones, classification, behaviour and morphology. the rest of\nis devoted to the afrotheria, a grouping that comprises six orders and 49 species; these are the hyraxes, elephants, dugong, manatees, otter - shrews, golden - moles, sengis (elephant - shrews) and aardvark .\nis devoted to the order primates, and includes the great apes, old world monkeys, lorisids and galagos. using the taxonomy adopted for\nprofiles 156 species of insectivores, comprising the hedgehogs and shrews. the rest of\ncomprises 83 species of carnivores, and includes jackals, wolves, dogs, foxes, weasels, polecats, striped weasels, zorilla, otters, ratel, fur seals, monk seals, palm civet, cats, genets, linsangs, african civet, hyaenas, aardwolf, and mongooses .\nis completed with profiles of four pangolins, four zebras, and two rhinoceroses .\n84. happold, m. & f. p. d. cotterill (2013) family rhinolophidae horseshoe bats. in: m. happold and d. c. d. happold. (eds )\n76. happold, m, & f. p. d. cotterill (2013 )\nit looks like your browser does not have javascript enabled. please turn on javascript and try again .\ntop searches rector & vice - chancellor water restriction articles apply bursaries and loans study fees student accommodation almanac 2017 my. sun term dates parking 2018 faculty yearbooks / calendar news and events convocation su staff list graduation ceremonies campus maps ethics hotline\ntwo stellenbosch university (su) scientists, prof bert klumperman and prof guy midgley, are the ...\n' orphan crops' and the impact of an invasive weed on subsistence farmers in nigeria are two of the topics ...\nall rights reserved © 2013 stellenbosch university private bag x1, matieland, 7602, stellenbosch, south africa tel. : + 27 21 808 9111" ]

{ "text": [ "ansorge 's free-tailed bat ( chaerephon ansorgei ) is a species of bat in the family molossidae native to sub-saharan africa .", "it is named for w.j. ansorge , who collected the first formally described specimen . " ], "topic": [ 27, 5 ] }

[ "ansorge's free-tailed bat (chaerephon ansorgei) is a species of bat in the family molossidae native to sub-saharan africa. it is named for w.j. ansorge, who collected the first formally described specimen." ]

[ "how can i put and write and define assam roofed turtle in a sentence and how is the word assam roofed turtle used in a sentence and examples? 用assam roofed turtle造句, 用assam roofed turtle造句, 用assam roofed turtle造句, assam roofed turtle meaning, definition, pronunciation, synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha. net .\nthe conservation breeding facility of assam roofed turtle at the state zoo in guwahati. telegraph picture\ninformation on the assam roofed turtle is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nthe lifespan of the assam roofed turtle is 140 years and the eggs are laid from january to march .\nguwahati, may 23: the endangered assam roofed turtle (pangshura sylhetensis) got a fresh lease of life on world turtle day today with the starting of a conservation breeding facility at the assam state zoo .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - assam roofed turtle\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - assam roofed turtle\ntitle =\narkive photo - assam roofed turtle\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe park is known for its rare and endangered endemic wildlife such as the assam roofed turtle, hispid hare, golden langur and pygmy hog .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - assam roofed turtle (pangshura sylhetensis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - assam roofed turtle (pangshura sylhetensis )\ntitle =\narkive species - assam roofed turtle (pangshura sylhetensis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nin all, kaziranga is home to 15 species of turtles, including the endemic assam roofed turtle, and to one species of tortoise - the brown tortoise .\nit manages 15 of the world' s most endangered turtles and tortoises, with notable breeding success, including the first successful reproduction of the assam roofed turtle .\nthe programme is a joint venture of the assam forest department and the ngo, turtle survival alliance .\na senior zoo official said four assam roofed turtles, three female and one male, were released in the facility .\nthe park is well known for species of rare and endangered wildlife that are not found anywhere else in the world like the assam roofed turtle, hispid hare, golden langur and pygmy hog .\nfish shop at my local market: fishes, snake, crabs, crayfish, turtle ...\nshantanu kundu & kulendra ch das / assam univ. & mizoram univ. / india\nof the 21 species of turtles found in the northeast, 19 are from assam. most of the turtles of assam are threatened species and also suffer from unsustainable subsistence exploitation .\nthe state is the last refuge for numerous other endangered and threatened species including the white - winged wood duck or\ndeohanh\n, bengal florican, black - breasted parrotbill, red - headed vulture, white - rumped vulture, greater adjutant, jerdon' s babbler, rufous - necked hornbill, bengal tiger, asian elephant, pygmy hog, gaur, wild water buffalo, indian hog deer, hoolock gibbon, golden langur, capped langur, barasingha, barca snakehead, ganges shark, burmese python, brahminy river turtle, black pond turtle, asian forest tortoise, and assam roofed turtle .\nbasumatary, rajeev and d. k. sharma 2013. the turtle fauna of kaziranga national park, assam, india with notes on natural history and conservation status. herpetology notes 6: 59 - 72 - get paper here\nthe park is known for its rare and endangered endemic wildlife such as the tigers, elephants, assam roofed turtle, hispid hare, golden and capped langurs and pygmy hog, one - horned rhinoceros, asiatic buffalo, swamp deer, barking deers, leopards, clouded leopards, marbled cats, sloth bears, hoolock gibbons, wild boar, gharials, crocodiles, and river dolphins .\nlocally known as asomi dura, the rare animal is found mostly in assam and some parts of bangladesh .\nadult male pangshura sylhetensis from kulsi river, kamrup district, assam, india. photo by indraneil das .\nbuhlmann, k. , rhodin, a. & van dijk, p. p. (tortoise & freshwater turtle red list authority )\nraja mandal, a senior official with turtle survival alliance, said the organisation is working for the first time in a zoo in northeast .\ncontinent: asia distribution: e bangladesh, india (assam) type locality: sylhet river, khasi hills, india .\ndas, i. , sengupta, s. , and praschag, p. 2010. pangshura sylhetensis jerdon 1870 – assam roofed turtle. in: rhodin, a. g. j. , pritchard, p. c. h. , van dijk, p. p. , saumure, r. a. , buhlmann, k. a. , iverson, j. b. , and mittermeier, r. a. (eds .). conservation biology of freshwater turtles and tortoises: a compilation project of the iucn / ssc tortoise and freshwater turtle specialist group. chelonian research monographs no. 5, pp. 046. 1–046. 6, doi: 10. 3854 / crm. 5. 046. sylhetensis. v1. 2010, urltoken\ndas, i. , sengupta, s. , and praschag, p. 2010. pangshura sylhetensis jerdon 1870 – assam roofed turtle. in: rhodin, a. g. j. , pritchard, p. c. h. , van dijk, p. p. , saumure, r. a. , buhlmann, k. a. , iverson, j. b. , and mittermeier, r. a. (eds .). conservation biology of freshwater turtles and tortoises: a compilation project of the iucn / ssc tortoise and freshwater turtle specialist group. chelonian research monographs no. 5, pp. 046. 1–046. 6, doi: 10. 3854 / crm. 5. 046. sylhetensis. v1. 2010, urltoken\njayaditya purkayastha help earth (ngo) house no. 16, r. n. c path, lachitnagar guwahati assam 781007 india tel: 03612465350 mob: 09864753929\nstate forest minister atuwa munda inaugurated the facility in the presence of senior forest officials. munda said it was a very good initiative by the assam state zoo and comes on an appropriate day .\nasian turtle trade working group (2000). kachuga sylhetensis. 2006. iucn red list of threatened species. iucn 2006. urltoken. retrieved on 11 may 2006. database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is endangered and the criteria used\npraschag, p. & fachbach, g. 2001. beiträge zur kenntnis der assam - dachschildkröte, kachuga sylhetensis (jerdon 1870) (reptilia: testudines: bataguridae). salamandra 37 (3): 129 - 148 - get paper here\npurkayastha, jayaditya; ahmed mahmadul hassan, hasanul islam, jessica das, manoj sarma, mituseela basumatary, nilakshi sarma, nishant chatterjee, sachin singha, vishnupriya nair, arundhati purkayastha, jayashree dutta, madhurima das 2013. turtles of the temple pond of kamakhya, assam, india. reptile rap (15): 11 - 15 - get paper here\nttwg (turtle taxonomy working group: rhodin, a. g. j. , iverson, j. b. , bour, r. fritz, u. , georges, a. , shaffer, h. b. and van dijk, p. p .). 2017. turtles of the world: annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status (8th ed .). in: rhodin, a. g. j. , iverson, j. b. , van dijk, p. p. , saumure, r. a. , buhlmann, k. a. , pritchard, p. c. h. , and mittermeier, r. a. (eds), conservation biology of freshwater turtles and tortoises: a compilation project of the iucn / ssc tortoise and freshwater turtle specialist group, pp. 1 - 292. chelonian research monographs .\n1 institute of biodiversity and environmental conservation, universiti malaysia sarawak, 94300 kota samarahan, sarawak, malaysia [ idas @ ibec. unimas. my ]; 2 department of zoology, arya vidyapeeth college, guwahati 781 016, assam, india [ senguptasaibal @ yahoo. co. in ]; 3 am katzelbach 98, 8054 graz, austria [ peter @ praschag. at ]\nthe organisation was established in october 26, 2006. since its inception it has been working in various aspects of biodiversity pertaining to assam, india. the organisation mainly concentrates on conservation of wetlands and the lesser known animals such as - the amphibians and reptiles. the research wing of the organisation has expertise in taxonomic, biochemical and microbiological work on this group of animals. website: urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: the species is considered to be critically endangered in india, but the available data are insufficient to justify critically endangered across the whole range .\nthis is an extremely rare species known from only a few animals. it apparently occurs scarcely in scattered localities. the forest stream habitat is being impacted by conversion to tea plantations .\nan errata assessment is required to generate a revised pdf without the range map which had been included in error; no range map was available when this assessment was originally published .\n( errata version published in 2016). the iucn red list of threatened species 2000: e. t10950a97374808 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nclassified as endangered (en) on the iucn red list (1) and listed on appendix ii of cites (2) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nbangladesh, india. localized distributed in northeast india and northeastern and southeastern bangladesh .\nthe species is considered to be critically endangered in india, but the available data are insufficient to justify critically endangered across the whole range .\niucn 2010 red list: endangered (b1 + 2c) (assessed 2000); cites: appendix ii; indian wildlife (protection) act: schedule i .\n, tectiform, the keel ending in an elevated pointed nodosity on the third vertebral shield, forming a strong ridge on the last two vertebrals; posterior margin very strongly serrated; 26 marginal shields, instead of 24 as m all other species o£ the genus; first vertebral shield much broader in front than behind in the half - grown specimens, equally broad in front and behind in the adult; second vertebral shortest, broader than long, with straight posterior border; third vertebral considerably longer than broad, pointed behind, and forming a very narrow suture with the fourth, which tapers anteriorly and equals in length the first and second together; fifth vertebral not broader than fourth, pointed posteriorly. plastron large, feebly angulate laterally, truncate anteriorly, angularly notched posteriorly; the longest median suture is that between the abdominals; suture between the gulars as long as or shorter than that between the humerals; suture between gulars and humerals forming aright angle; inguinal and axillary large. carapace olive - brown, usually with a lighter streak along the keel; plastral shields dark brown with a broad yellow border .\nboulenger, g. a. 1890. fauna of british india. reptilia and batrachia. pp. 42 - 43\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\npangshura sylhetensis jerdon 1870 jerdonella sylhetensis — gray 1870 kachuga sylhetensis — boulenger 1889 kachuga sylhetensis — king & burke 1989 kachuga sylhetensis — obst 2003: 17 batagur sylhetensis — le et al. 2007 pangshura sylhetensis — das et al. kachuga sylhetensis — murthy 2010: 23 pangshura sylhetensis — rhodin et al. 2010\ntype locality: sylhet river, khasi hills, india (but from sylhet, bangladesh, fide rahman et al. 2015) .\nnote: tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well. we are working on it .\ndistribution: possibly in bhutan (lenz 2012 and references therein). habitat: freshwater (rivers, swamps )\nannandale, n. 1907. the distribution of kachuga sylhetensis. records of the indian museum 1: 171 - get paper here\nboulenger, g. a. 1889. catalogue of the chelonians, rhynchocephalians, and crocodiles in the british museum (natural history). british museum, london, 311 pp .\nboulenger, george a. 1890. the fauna of british india, including ceylon and burma. reptilia and batrachia. taylor & francis, london, xviii, 541 pp. - get paper here\nbour, r. 2008. global diversity of turtles (chelonii; reptilia) in freshwater. hydrobiologia 595: 593–598\nchoudhury, anwaruddin 1993. new locality records for kachuga sylhetensis (jerdon, 1870). hamadryad 18: 43 - 45\nchoudhury, n. k. ; sharma, d. k. & sengupta, s. 1997. notes on the distribution and diet of kachuga sylhetensis. hamadryad 22 (1): 61 - 62\ndas, i. et al. 2008. tortoises and freshwater turtles of india. wwf / wii poster\ndas, indraneil 1997. kachuga sylhetensis recorded from northern bengal, with notes on turtles of gorumara national park, eastern india. chelonian conserv. biol. 2 (4): 616 - 617\nernst, c. h. and barbour, r. w. 1989. turtles of the world. smithsonian institution press, washington d. c. - london\ngray, j. e. 1870. supplement to the catalogue of shield reptiles in the collection of the british museum. part 1. testudinata (tortoises). taylor and francis, london. 120 p. , 40 figs .\njerdon, t. c. 1870. notes on indian herpetology. proc. asiat. soc. bengal march 1870: 66 - 85 - get paper here\nle, minh; william p. mccord and john b. iverson 2007. on the paraphyly of the genus kachuga (testudines: geoemydidae). molecular phylogenetics and evolution 45: 398 - 404 - get paper here\nlenz, norbert 2012. von schmetterlingen und donnerdrachen - natur und kultur in bhutan. karlsruher naturhefte 4, naturkundemuseum karlsruhe, 124 pp .\nmurthy, t. s. n. 2010. the reptile fauna of india. b. r. publishing, new delhi, 332 pp .\nrahman, shahriar caesar; sheikh m. a. rashid, rupa datta, passing mro, and chirag j. roy 2015. status, exploitation, and conservation of freshwater turtles and tortoises in chittagong hill tracts, bangladesh chelonian conservation and biology dec 2015, vol. 14, no. 2: 130 - 135. - get paper here\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz (database content) and jakob hallermann, zoological museum hamburg (new species and updates) .\nthe text and images for this case study are uploaded by the grant recipient to raise awareness of the conservation work being done. through its website the fund provides the platform, but is not responsible for text or image content of case studies .\n© mohamed bin zayed species conservation fund 2013, all rights reserved. website by intex digital\na lot of awareness can be done in a zoo and this can save the species from getting poached ,\nmandal said .\nthis is an extremely rare species. it occurs scarcely in scattered localities. the forest stream habitat is being impacted by conversion to tea plantations ,\nthe iucn red list report says .\nno population estimate for the species is available. pet trade is another threat to the species .\nexperts say more intensive surveys are needed to document the population status and threats to this species of turtles .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndistribution. – bangladesh, india. localized distributed in northeast india and northeastern and southeastern bangladesh .\nsynonymy. – pangshura sylhetensis jerdon 1870, jerdonella sylhetensis, kachuga sylhetensis, kachuga (pangshura) sylhetensis .\n; cites: appendix ii; indian wildlife (protection) act: schedule i .\ndistribution of pangshura sylhetensis in india and bangladesh. red points = museum and literature occurrence records based on iverson (1992) plus more recent and authors’ data; green shading = projected distribution based on gis - defined hydrologic unit compartments (hucs) constructed around verified localities and then adding hucs that connect known point localities in the same watershed or physiographic region, and similar habitats and elevations as verified hucs (buhlmann et al. 2009), and adjusted based on authors’ data .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\noops. a firewall is blocking access to prezi content. check out this article to learn more or contact your system administrator .\nneither you, nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again .\nreset share links resets both viewing and editing links (coeditors shown below are not affected) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "the assam roofed turtle ( pangshura sylhetensis ) , also known as sylhet roofed turtle , is a species of the turtle family geoemydidae found in the brahmaputra-meghna drainage in india ( assam ) and parts of eastern bangladesh .", "it was formerly placed in the genus batagur and defunct genus kachuga . " ], "topic": [ 21, 26 ] }

[ "the assam roofed turtle (pangshura sylhetensis), also known as sylhet roofed turtle, is a species of the turtle family geoemydidae found in the brahmaputra-meghna drainage in india (assam) and parts of eastern bangladesh. it was formerly placed in the genus batagur and defunct genus kachuga." ]

[ "actenochroma muscicoloraria; [ mob9 ]: 198, f. 128, pl. 5\nparsons et al. (1999) included only 1 species in the genus actenochroma .\nhave a fact about actenochroma muscicoloraria? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for actenochroma muscicoloraria? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ngenus: actenochroma warren, 1893. proc. zool. soc. lond. 1893: 350. [ bhl ]\nactenochroma warren, 1893; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1893 (2): 350; ts: hypochroma muscicoloraria walker\nwillkommen zur deutschen version von wordpress. dies ist der erste beitrag. du kannst ihn bearbeiten oder löschen. und dann starte mit dem schreiben !\nfelder & rogenhofer, 1875, reise. öst. fregatte novara 2, p. 1125 .\nthe faintly fasciated and marbled clear green wings are diagnostic. see also the generic description .\nthe two bornean specimens seen are from samarinda in lowland kalimantan and from lowland forest in ulu temburong, brunei .\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nreise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b. von wüllerstorf - urbair. zoologischer theil. band 2. abtheilung 2. lepidoptera. rhopalocera\n- 120, (inhalts - verz .) 1 - 9 (pl. 1 - 74), (felder & rogenhofer, 1874), (5): pl .\nwarren, 1893 on new genera and species of moths of the family geometridae from india, in the collection of h. j. elwes proc. zool. soc. lond. 1893 (2): 341 - 434, pl. 30 - 32\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nadults are fairly uniformly palish green, with wavy antemedial and dentate postmedial lines which are darker green, each forming a dark green spot on the costa of the forewing .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 5 / 31 / 2014. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntype - species: hypochroma muscicoloraria walker, 1862. list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. : 1543. [ bhl ]\ntype specimens: syntype (s) - female (s) [ india ]: darjeeling, (bmnh, london). .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation." ]

{ "text": [ "actenochroma is a genus of moths in the family geometridae .", "it consists of only one species , actenochroma muscicoloraria , which is found in brunei , china , india , indonesia ( kalimantan , sumatra ) , western malaysia and nepal .", "adults are fairly uniformly palish green , with wavy antemedial and dentate postmedial lines which are darker green , each forming a dark green spot on the costa of the forewing . " ], "topic": [ 2, 6, 1 ] }

[ "actenochroma is a genus of moths in the family geometridae. it consists of only one species, actenochroma muscicoloraria, which is found in brunei, china, india, indonesia (kalimantan, sumatra), western malaysia and nepal. adults are fairly uniformly palish green, with wavy antemedial and dentate postmedial lines which are darker green, each forming a dark green spot on the costa of the forewing." ]

[ "for the central and south american bat sometimes known as the ghost bat, see northern ghost bat .\naustralian false vampire bat, australian ghost bat, australian giant false vampire bat .\na young / baby of a northern ghost bat is called a' pup'. a northern ghost bat group is called a' colony or cloud' .\nphoto: “northern ghost bat (diclidurus albus), carara national park tour. ”\nthe northern ghost bat (diclidurus albus) is a species of bat belonging to the emballonuridae family of sheathtailed bats .\nnorthern ghost bats are nocturnal and solitary, which helps to protect them from many predators. predation on northern ghost bats has not been recorded .\nor the ghost bat is found in northern australia where it has a scattered distribution. it is found north of 29°s in western australia, northern territories, and queensland .\nnorthern ghost bat (diclidurus albus), carara national park tour. - picture of manuel' s tours, manuel antonio\n, northern ghost bats are insectivorous. stomach contents have a high proportion of moths .\nnorthern ghost bats like to stay in humid habitats such as tropical and riparian rainforests .\nnorthern ghost bat (diclidurus albus), carara national park tour. - picture of manuel' s tours, manuel antonio - tripadvisor\nif the knowledge of ghost bat vocalisations can be used to improve current monitoring methods .\nghost bats occur in tropical regions in queensland, northern territory and western australia, but is extinct in central australia. in queensland, ghost bats occur along the central and northern coast, from rockhampton north to cape york .\nplate 2 phd student nicola hanrahan with a captured ghost bat in the field. bat was released shortly after. photo credit: damien stanioch\nengstom, m. , b. lim. 1999 .\nnorthern ghost bat\n( on - line). iwokrama. accessed march 21, 2006 at urltoken .\npopulations of the ghost bat have declined from 450 in the 1960s to 150 in the 1980s .\nas being at lower risk and least concern. although northern ghost bats are rare throughout their range, they are widespread .\nlike all members of the family emballonuridae, northern ghost bats are insectivorous. stomach contents have a high proportion of moths .\none size fits all night shirt featuring ghost bat illustration by jesse hawley. delivery february / march 2017\nghost bats were once distributed across most of inland and northern australia as far south as the flinders ranges, south australia. they have declined in southern and central australia, and are now restricted to tropical northern australia .\nwitness the ghost bat exodus at the pine creek colony and hear all about this amazing species! dry season 2017 must be willing to travel to pine creek, northern territory at own cost .\nnorthern ghost bats are solitary. they do not form colonies and are found in small groups only during the breeding season. northern ghost bats are nocturnal and roost under palms during the day. they tend to fly high and in reasonably straight lines. most studies of\nlike most wild mammals, northern ghost bats can transmit rabies to humans and other animals. however, rabies transmission to humans is rare .\nenglish: white bat, jumbie bat; german: geisterfledermaus, weisse fledermaus; spanish: murciélago blanco, murciélago albino .\nthe mariana fruit bat (a. k. a. mariana flying fox) is currently designated as threatened. range: guam, northern mariana islands .\nawc protects a maternity roost of the ghost bat at pungalina – seven emu sanctuary, and limits disturbance to that roost site. awc implements fire management on all northern wildlife sanctuaries and controls numbers of feral herbivores .\nthis bat is a member of the species eptesicus fuscus (big brown bat), which are found in the u. s .\nnorthern ghost bats may be significant in helping keep agricultural pest populations in check, but their rarity suggests that they might not contribute much to insect control .\nthe ghost bat gets its common name from its distinct colouring: the predominant shade of fur is a whitish pale grey .\nnorthern ghost bats may be important in helping keep agricultural pest populations in check, but their rarity suggests that they might not contribute much to insect control. also, because this bat is attractively colored and rare, may help draw ecotourists to an area. with knowledgeable guides, nighttime bat tours can attract tourists .\nthe northern ghost bat is listed as least concern (lr / lc), lowest risk. does not qualify for a more at risk category. widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category, on the iucn red list of threatened species\nthis species is endemic to australia. its current range is discontinuous with geographically disjunct colonies distributed across northern tropical and subtropical coastal and inland regions (j. worthington - wilmer pers. comm .). there are scattered historical records through arid western australia, southern northern territory, northern south australia, and western and south - western queensland .\nbats, like this big eared townsend bat, have unusually robust immune systems .\nnorthern ghost bat individuals eat around 1, 000 insects a night. this could affect insect populations. these bats are rare, so their effect on the ecosystem are probably slight and can only be a hypothesized based on the effects of other bats in the area. also, bat guano is very important to plants, providing excellent fertilizer .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - ghost bat (macroderma gigas )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - ghost bat (macroderma gigas )\ntitle =\narkive species - ghost bat (macroderma gigas )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nnorthern ghost bats have nearly naked faces with large eyes and shorter, yellowish ears. they do not have a nose leaf, and their tragus is prominent, broad, and rounded .\nthe ghost bat is carnivorous and commonly feeds on small mice, other bats, small birds, legless lizards, geckos, snakes, and insects .\nnorthern ghost bats (diclidurus albus) are solitary, rare and notoriously difficult to find. they prefer humid habitats like the areas around the lake and river in carara national park wich is remarkable for its diversity because of its location in the transition zone between the southern rain forests and northern dry forests of costa rica. this female ghost bat was roosting about fifty feet up in a palm (long telephoto lens) and sheltering a tiny infant under her wings .\ndespite the ghost bat' s large size in comparison to other echolocating bats, they are difficult to detect in the wild. however, in this project we capitalise on recent technological advances that make studying ghost bats much easier. both ghost bat echolocation and social calls are very difficult to detect and record using traditional bat monitoring methods eg. using zero crossing detectors. this is due to the low amplitude of ghost bat echolocation calls and the complexity of their social calls. to overcome this problem, we are recording in full spectrum format, which allows us to capture the vocalisations in fine detail .\nthe ghost bat is reliant on warm temperatures to maintain its body temperature. in central queensland, where temperatures are cooler than their northern roost sites, bats select sections of caves with domed ceilings that help to collect their body heat, raising the temperature by 3 to 4°c .\nin mexico, bat feces (guano) is used by local people as fertilizer .\n( giant) is added because this bat is the largest species in the family .\nnorthern ghost bats are solitary. they do not form colonies and found in small groups only during the breeding season. northern ghost bats are nocturnal and roost under palms during the day. they tend to fly high and in reasonably straight lines. most studies of d. albus have focused on physical properties instead of behavioral characteristics, so the behavior of this species is not well known .\nthe ghost bat produces one young which is born between july and september. they can fly at seven weeks old, and are weaned by sixteen weeks .\ndiclidurus albus is a distinctive looking bat species. the common name, northern ghost bats, refers to their soft, long, white pelage. sometimes the proximal ends of the hairs are grey in color, while the distal ends are white, giving the animal an ashy grey tone .\nthe ghost bat, with its ghostly coloured fur, pale wings, strange - looking nose and needle - sharp teeth, may look like a spooky vampire but it doesn’t suck blood. it does, however, hunt other animals for their meat, and is australia’s largest carnivorous bat. the ghost bat has excellent hearing and eyesight and, like other microbats, it uses echolocation to find its food .\nthe ghost bat is found in australia, where it has a scattered distribution across the northern territory, queensland and western australia, and it may also occur in suitable habitat in new guinea, although this is unconfirmed. there is evidence that the ghost bat was once more widespread across australia, but the species now consists of a number of relatively isolated regional populations (1) (2) (3) (7) (9) .\npredators & threats: snakes, including pythons (such as the spotted python), hunt warmblooded animals like the ghost bat. owls may also hunt and catch them. ghost bats are very sensitive to human disturbances to their roosting sites. many of these sites have been cleared to make way for mines or farms. feral cats and foxes also compete with the ghost bat for food .\nthere has been a dramatic reduction in the range of the ghost bat in the last 100 years. the ghost bat is vulnerable to disturbance to roost sites, particularly maternity roosts, by mining. ghost bats are highly sensitive to disturbance, and repeated approach by humans can cause abandonment of roosting sites. ghost bats are vulnerable to being impaled on barbed wire fences, as they forage just above the vegetation and often fly without echolocating. more generally, the factors that lead to the decline of small mammals (feral cats, wildfire, grazing by feral herbivores) are likely to reduce the prey base of the ghost bat .\nthe ghost bat (macroderma gigas), also known as the false vampire bat is a bat native to australia. the bat is named for the extremely thin membrane of its wings that makes it appear ghostly at night. ghost bats have grey fur on their backs and pale grey or white fur on their undersides. they have long, narrow wings, but no tail, averaging 11 centimetres (4. 3 in) in length. females are generally smaller than males. ghost bats have large ears for long distance hearing, and very sharp teeth so they can attack prey .\nthis species occurs from nayarit (mexico) to northern peru, eastern brazil and trinidad (simmons 2005, hood and gardner 2008) .\na map of australia and highlight the area where you would find ghost bats .\nnow we know that the ghost bat’s range has retreated even further from the vastness of the central deserts to a few, relatively small ranges in the tropical north of the country .\nhelp decipher the whispers of our most iconic and mysterious flying mammal - - the ghost bat - - by throwing a few dollars the way of a worthy research project. in an all too familiar story for australia' s native mammals, the ghost bat - - our only carnivorous bat - - has all but vanished from most of its former arid zone haunts and is now restricted to a few known populations in the tropics and the pilbara and needs your help .\nnorthern ghost bats are at the larger end of the size range for emballonuridae, with total lengths ranging from 86. 0 mm to 103. 0 mm. tail lengths vary between 18. 0 mm and 22. 0 mm .\nlarge, white bat with translucent pinkish wings. glandular sac near tip of tail in centre of large tail membrane. this is the largest of four species of ghost bats in iwokrama .\narmstrong, k. n. and anstee, s. d. (2000) the ghost bat in the pilbara: 100 years on. australian mammalogy, 22: 93 - 101 .\nghost bats occur in a wide range of habitats from rainforest, monsoon and vine scrub, to open woodlands in arid areas. these habitats are used for foraging, while roost habitat is more specific. favoured roosting sites of the ghost bat are undisturbed caves or mineshafts which have several openings .\nbulmer' s fruit bat is the world' s most endangered bat. it is only found in one cave in papua new guinea. according to the red list, there are only around 160 individuals left in this colony .\nthe ghost bat has an average body length of 100–140 millimetres (3. 9–5. 5 in) and mass of 130–170 grams (4. 6–6. 0 oz), making it one of the largest\nour work has the added advantage in that once the ghost bat’s vocal repertoire has been deciphered, colonies can be monitored over long periods with passive sound recorders that cause little or no disturbance to the bats. this is of utmost importance as the disturbance of roosts by humans has been identified as one of the main threatening processes affecting ghost bat populations. we hope that our monitoring methods can soon be expanded beyond ghost bats to a range of vocal animals with calls in both the ultrasonic and human audible range .\nboles, w. e. (1999) avian prey of the australian ghost bat macroderma gigas (microchiroptera: megadermatidae): prey characteristics and damage from predation. australian zoologist, 31: 82 - 91 .\nghost bat roost in caves, old mine tunnels and in deep cracks in rocks. they usually roost in colonies, but because many of their roosting sites are being destroyed it is rare to find large colonies .\nin the pilbara district of western australia, ghost bats are of the pale' ghostly' desert form with ashy - grey back and white under - parts. juveniles are sooty - grey all over. in the northern part of their range, especially in kimberley, arnhem land, and around rockhampton in queensland, adult ghost bats are a dark sooty - grey .\none of the main challenges when studying communication is first identifying the range of sounds a species makes. this step has already been completed by recording a huge amount of vocalisations at wild ghost bats roosts across the northern territory over an eight - month period. we have analysed the recorded calls and determined the range of distinct vocalisations that make up the ghost bats repertoire .\ncolonies of ghost - faced bats in latin america can reach over 500, 00 in number .\nan anticoagulant in vampire bat saliva has been adapted for use in increasing blood flow in patients with stroke or heart disease .\nhave been made in mexico, the northern edge of its range. this suggests that members of this species migrate south seasonally, from may to october. little information is available on\nnorthern ghost bats use echolocation to find prey and to navigate their way through the nighttime forest. they emit a call at 22 khz while hunting. no information is available about communication between individual bats, although chemical communication is likely, including the use of gland secretions by males .\nthe ghost bat occurs in a range of habitats from rainforest to more arid areas, including tropical savanna, savanna woodland and mangroves. in rainforest areas the ghost bat is mainly found in the arid zones near rock outcrops, and it roosts in caves, rock crevices and mine shafts, moving between a number of different roost sites seasonally or depending on weather conditions (1) (2) (3) (7) (9) .\nto understand ghost bat vocal communication, we are already recording continuously at known cave roosts across the northern territory using passive sound recorders. we are using this extensive collection of recordings to characterise the ghost bats’ vocal repertoire and to assess how calls vary within and between isolated colonies throughout the year. while this method is incredibly useful for studying calls at a colony scale, it does not allow us to know who exactly is vocalising, but this more detailed information is required for determining the functions of the different calls .\nthis is the segment where i would like to encourage parents to work with your children on this project. the exercise is to be hands on with your children, spending some time together and learning all about the ghost bat .\n. northern ghost bats are solitary except during the breeding season. during this time, small groups of bats can been seen roosting very close together. there is usually a maximum of four individuals, and the group consists of one male and multiple females. the triangular gland present on the uropatagium of\ncurrently ghost - faced bats are listed as a species of least concern and receive no special federal status .\nghost bats have been recorded in both arid regions (pilbara region) and rainforest areas (north queensland) .\nghost bats are important predators of small mammals, birds, and reptiles in the areas in which they live .\npeter' s ghost - faced bat (mormoops meglaophylla) is a medium sized bat that is reddish or reddish - brown in color. they probably get their name from their unusual looking face. their large ears are rounded and join at their for head. this makes their small eyes look like they are actually in their ears. they also have leaf - like skin flaps protruding from their chin .\nhave. instead, these bats have a unique gland on their uropatagium. this gland has two valves and is triangular in shape. its actual function isn’t known, but it is larger in males, and becomes even more prominent during the breeding season. northern ghost bats have vestigial thumbs, unlike other species in the genus .\nghost bats don’t have tails, but they have they have large eyes and a long noseleaf. true or false ?\nfurther negotiation followed, and eventually senior men agreed to take sue churchill and the other researchers to the caves to see if they could find any extant ghost bat colonies. over a period of some days they traversed the sand dunes and rocky out - crops of the south - west but each cave was “barren of ghost bats, although there was ample evidence of previous occupation. ”\nin just about anyone’s visual language the ghost bat macroderma gigas is ugly as sin. but the world is a place full of weird people–like me–who reckon that m. gigas is as beautiful a creature as you’d like to meet on any dark night in the tropical north .\nbreeding & caring for young: about six months after mating, a female ghost bat gives birth to one young, usually around october. as summer heats up, the females move their young to the warmest caves. young ghost bats can fly at about seven weeks of age. the young bats go out with their mothers to learn hunting skills until they are able to look after themselves .\nghost - faced bats are typically found in desert scrub habitat roosting in caves, abandoned mines, tunnels and old buildings .\nalthough the range of the species has drastically decreased, it is estimated that several thousand ghost bats remain in existence today .\nnorthern ghost bats prefer humid habitats like riparian and tropical rainforests but have been found in human - disturbed areas like plantations, clearings, and over villages. they prefer to roost underneath the fronds of palms, including coconut, chocho palms, and coquito palms. these bats have also been seen in less mesic habitats, like deciduous and evergreen forests .\namong microbats, the largest species is the false vampire or spectral bat (vampyrum spectrum) with a wingspan of up to 40 inches (1 meter). it weighs 5 to 6. 7 ounces (145 to 190 g). the smallest bat is the bumblebee bat, according to the university of michigan museum of zoology. it grows to only about 1. 25 inches long (3 cm) and weighs about 2 grams (0. 07 ounces) .\nthe malayan flying fox has a big appetite. it can eat half its body weight every day. the vampire bat outdoes even that, though, eating twice its weight in one day. the brown bat can eat up to 1, 000 small insects in an hour, according to the defenders of wildlife organization .\nwell, listening to what the ghost bats have to say to each other–and what they can tell us–is a very good start .\nis inactive during daylight hours, they do not hibernate. buildings may be used as feeding grounds, but the ghost bat only roosts in caves, rock crevices, or mines. the roost is left several hours after sunset either alone, in pairs, or in small groups. hunting occurs via a sit and wait technique three to five hours after sundown. although the ghost bat has astoundingly good vision for a microchiropteran, echolocation is utilised to directly locate approaching prey. once located, the animal is held down via the thumb claws and killed by a single bite to the neck .\nthe ghost bat is the largest echolocating bat in australia and one of the largest in the world, measuring 98 - 118 mm and weighing 74 - 144 g. it has large eyes, a long simple shaped nose leaf and very large ears, joined together above the head. it has pale grey or light brown fur with a lighter belly, with more inland populations tending to be almost white. it has no tail but retains a full tail membrane .\neven the caves of uluru are a metre deep in dried and mummified ghost bat droppings. but the ghost bats had left. with each disappointment our aboriginal mentors became more distressed and more anxious to check the next site. as we ran out of caves a great sadness overtook the men, and some of these dignified old gentlemen were in tears. it was a humbling experience and we wished there was something we could do .\nwhile the ghost bat occurs in a broad range of habitats, its occurrence in a particular locality is mainly determined by the presence of suitable roosts. ghost bats roost individually or in colonies in caves, rock crevices and old mines. roost sites used permanently are generally deep natural caves or disused mines with a relatively stable temperature of 23° - 28°c and moderate to high humidity. females return to maternal roosts (only 14 such roosts are currently known) and raise one young per year. the humid environment provided by roosts allows ghost bats to inhabit arid and semi - arid landscapes .\nghost - faced bats live where winters are not very cold. they appear to remain active year - round, neither hibernating nor migrating .\nis australia' s only carnivorous bat, eating large insects, reptiles, frogs, birds, small mammals, and sometimes other bat species. much of this prey is captured on the ground. ghost bats drop on mammals from above, enveloping them with their flight membranes, and kill them with bites about the head and neck. they eat large amounts of food including flesh, bones, teeth, fur, small feathers, and the chitinous exoskeletons of insects. ghost bats appear to need this roughage in their diet because if they are fed on boneless meat in captivity they soon become distressed and fouled with loose excreta .\nwilmer, j. w. , moritz, c. , hall, l. and toop, j. (1994) extreme population structuring in the threatened ghost bat, macroderma gigas: evidence from mitochondrial dna. proceedings of the royal society b: biological sciences, 257 (1349): 193 - 198 .\nit has historically been difficult to study bat social vocalisations, but fortunately, recent advances in acoustic technology and analytical techniques mean that we can now study such vocalisations in great detail .\nso what can you do to help this project? check out the group’s pozible campaign page, read up on their great work and–most importantly–throw a little dosh their way. there are some great rewards for pledging and you’ll be all the better for helping to decipher the whispers of our most iconic and mysterious flying mammal–the ghost bat .\nknown threats to the ghost bat are disturbance to roost sites from mining operations, collapse of old mines, or human disturbance. other suspected threats are direct predation by cats, the reduction in prey populations from cat and fox predation, ingestion of toxic cane toads, inappropriate grazing regimes and inappropriate fire regimes (hot dry wildfires) .\nmost bats eat flowers, small insects, fruits, nectar, pollen and leaves, though it depends on the type of bat. megabats usually eat fruits, and microbats generally eat insects .\nsadly, this year the ghost bat was upgraded to a vulnerable listing under the epbc act due to population declines across much of its range. while roost disturbance and mining are implicated in the declines at some locations, in other locations the reasons for falling numbers is entirely unclear. information on social organisation is key to understanding the environmental threats faced by ghost bats as it affects gene flow, population growth rates and dispersal; and thus is necessary for assessing the species’ vulnerability to environmental change .\nthe other report i have of ghost bats is a sad tale in sue churchill’s book, australian bats, an excellent field guide (and more) on the subject. my first edition–now about twenty years old–has a chapter entitled “ beliefs about bats ” and in part relates the story of a field trip to the south - west of the northern territory in the early 1980s where she was researching the distribution of ghost bats, which had been found there at the turn of the 20th century but with only isolated records dating back to the late 1950s and early 1960s since that time .\nthere is not much information about the dietary habits of this bat. they forage on insects while in flight, and generally hunt for insects high above the ground instead of near foliage or water .\nmany bat species around the world are threatened with extinction. the red list from the international union for conservation of nature identifies more than 250 species as endangered, vulnerable or\nnear threatened .\nthe ghost bat typically roosts alone or in small groups, with larger ‘maternity’ colonies forming during the breeding season (2) (3) (4) (5) (8). each population appears to have a regionally centralised maternity site, with only around ten such sites known to exist (9). mating occurs in april and may, and the female ghost bat gives birth to a single young from around july to november (2) (3) (5). the young bat is carried by the female for the first four weeks, after which it is left at the roost and fed on prey brought back by the female (2) (5) (6). weaning occurs by about three months (5), and both sexes reach maturity in the second year. lifespan in this species has been recorded at over 16 years in captivity (2) .\nroost in caves, old mine tunnels and in deep cracks in rocks. they usually roost in colonies but, because many of their roosting sites are being destroyed, it is rare to find large colonies. ghost bats are distributed widely but patchily across the northern half of australia and are found in a variety of tropical habitats. perhaps the species' most famous roosting and nesting sites, and largest colonies, are at mount etna caves, near rockhampton in queensland .\nas a highly vocal and social species, the ghost at is the ideal model species to study communication and sociality in bats. specifically, i aim to determine :\nghost bats are vulnerable to disturbance from human visitors to cave roosts, destruction of caves by mining, and loss of feeding habitat by clearing and land degradation from agriculture .\narnhem land australian bats black flying foxes cornell bioacoustics research program dr. alexei vyssotski dr. anastasia dalziell dr. christopher turbill dr. justin welbergen dr. kyle armstrong epbc act ghost bat hawkesbury institute for the environment institute for neuroinformatics iucn red list of threatened species macroderma gigas murganella neurologger 3 nicola hanrahan pteropus alecto sue churchill uluru university of adelaide university of zurich western arnhem land western sydney university\nworthington wilmer, j. , mortiz. c, hall, l. , toop j. (1994) .\nextreme population structuring in the threatened ghost bat, macroderma gigas: evidence from mitochondrial dna\n. proceedings. biological sciences / the royal society 257 (1349): 193–198. doi: 10. 1098 / rspb. 1994. 0115. jstor 50312. pmid 7972165 .\nghost bats are important in the control of rodents, especially introduced house mice, and other small mammals. they also produce guano, which can be used as a fertilizer .\nghost bats only live in australia: in lush north queensland rainforests, up through the forests and woodlands of cape york peninsula and around the dry, arid regions of western australia .\nas a result of this habitat loss, the ghost bat has now been listed as vulnerable on both the iucn red list of threatened species and under the epbc act because it has a small population (less than 10, 000 mature individuals), and the inferred decline in the last three generations has been greater than 10% , and there is the potential for the population to decline even faster within the next three generations .\nthere are more than 900 species of bats in the world. some experts estimate the number to be as high as 1, 200 species. bats make up one - fifth of the mammal population on earth, according to bat conservation international .\nwhere do they live? ghost bats only live in australia. they can be found in a very broad range of habitats, from lush north queensland rainforests, up through the forests and woodlands of cape york peninsula and around the dry, arid regions of western australia. ghost bats roost in cracks between rocks, caves and old mine shafts in colonies of just a few to more than 400 bats !\ndiclidurus albus is rare but widespread, ranging from mexico to eastern brazil. found in some caribbean islands including trinidad. during the summer months, no sightings of d. albus have been made in mexico, the northern edge of its range, suggesting that members of this species migrate south seasonally, from may to october. little information is available on d. albus migration patterns .\nghost bats have a light grey, almost white, appearance and large long ears that are joined at the base. the head and body measure up to 130 mm with a wingspan of about 500 mm .\nghost bats have few natural predators, though larger owls may take them at night and young may fall prey to roost predators, such as snakes. medium - sized owls compete for insects and small mammals .\nflying foxes (genus pteropus) are the largest bats. some species have wingspans of 5 to 6 feet (1. 5 to 1. 8 meters) and weigh up to 2. 2 lbs. (998 grams), according to the oakland zoo. one of the smallest megabats, the long - tongued fruit bat (macroglossus minimus), has a wingspan of only 10 inches (25. 4 centimeters), according to the smithsonian institution. this bat weighs about half an ounce (14 g) .\nwhat do they eat? ghost bats eat lizards, frogs, sleeping birds, large insects and small mammals including hopping mice, dunnarts and even other bats. when hunting, they often perch about 2 metres above the ground and listen for rustling in the grass below. they swoop out and use their excellent eyesight and echolocation to pinpoint the animal before dropping down and biting it behind its head or neck. the animal is then carried back to the bat’s perch and devoured .\nghost bats are carnivorous and eat birds, bats, small mammals, frogs, geckoes and large invertebrates, capturing prey by active hunting with echolocation, perch hunting using eyesight and passive listening for noise made by prey .\ni’ve only run into them once–literally–in the flesh, though i’ve heard their distinctive twitter and cricket - like chirp plenty of times when out in the top end bush at night and have seen them hawking after food at dusk–they are our only carnivorous bat and despatch their prey, according to one report–by holding it with their thumb claws and killing it with a single swift bite to the neck. ghost bats will prey on birds, mice, micro - bats, lizards, geckos, snakes and insects .\nprey is detected by using echolocation, vision, or hearing (without echolocation). their echolocation call is of low intensity, making it difficult to detect with a bat detector. ghost bats make distinctive twitters and chirps in the roost and during foraging, which are audible to humans, and these can indicate their presence in the forest at night. this species is remarkably quiet and still when in the hand. they appear highly sensitive to disturbance and the approach of humans can cause desertion from foraging areas .\nis formally referred to as a specialised carnivore, but they have been known to feed on insects if prey is scarce. ghost bats vertebrate prey is eaten much more frequently, though, and is usually consumed at the site of capture .\ni knew these weren’t the much larger black flying foxes pteropus alecto and it soon became clear to me that these were no fruit - eating bats either, because on checking the bat - shit that lay in a thick circle under the ceiling fans–a convenient roost if ever there was one–the vertebrate remains therein–bone, feathers etc–told me that i was dealing with a large carnivore. later the caretaker blithely told me that yes, if i’d bothered to ask him, he would’ve alerted me to the ghost bats that roosted by day in the ruined houses .\nghost bats are australia' s only carnivorous bats, preying on large insects, frogs, birds, lizards and small mammals including other bats. they swoop on their prey killing with powerful bites, then fly to a feeding site to eat .\naccording to a study conducted on range of ghost bats in australia, “female bats gave birth to a single young in late spring, but only 40% of females bred in their second year, increasing to 93 for females greater than 2 years old” .\nlim, b. k. , m. d. engstrom, r. m. timm, * r. p. anderson, and * l. c. watson. 1999. first records of 10 bat species in guyana and comments on diversity of bats in iwokrama forest. acta chiropterologica 1 (2): 179–190 .\nour funding target is $ 6, 000 and if raised, will go towards the purchase of three neurologger devices and the usb cable required to download the data recorded. the units are reusable, so once pruchased can be used for further studies on ghost bats or other vocal animals .\nwhat do they look like? the body is covered in soft, light to dark grey fur, but the belly is a paler, sometimes white, colour. ghost bats don’t have tails and the wing skin stretches back between the legs. the long ears are joined together in the centre. they have large eyes and a long noseleaf .\nhead and body length 2. 7 - 3. 2 in (68 - 82 mm); forearm 2. 4 - 3. 6 in (63 - 93 mm); weight 0. 6 - 0. 8 oz (17 - 24 g). large white bat with yellowish ears; grayish hair bases may be visible; ears short and rounded; tail membrane with single brown sac close to the tip of the tail .\nbats\nsee\nusing echolocation. the animals make high - frequency yells and analyze the location of objects around them by perceiving how the sound bounces back off the object. research at the university of bristol in the united kingdom, published in 2011 in the journal behavioral processes, shows that the angle at which sound bounces back can tell the bat the object' s size. to discover this, the researchers studied flight patterns of the bats after objects were placed in the animals' paths .\nbats live all over the world, except for some islands, and the arctic and antarctica. they mostly prefer warmer areas that are closer to the equator, and they can be found in rain forests, mountains, farmland, woods and cities. bats have two strategies for weathering the cold. some migrate to warmer areas, while others go into torpor. in this short - term form of hibernation, a bat reduces its metabolic rate, lowers its body temperature, and slows its breathing and heart rate .\nghost bats are sensitive to disturbance. human intruders to a cave colony may cause the group to become nervous and leave. many roost caves have been destroyed or are threatened by mining activity. disturbance and loss of roosting sites due to mining, tourism and internal dereliction of mines through aging of timber supports are known threats. in recent times population declines could be attributable to competition for prey with feral cats, and prey lost through habitat modification by fire and livestock\nbats fitted with the neurologger 3 will be recorded while communicating naturally in a group. this allows us to determine if there are any age or sex biases within their call repertoire. following this, we will record the behavioural response of the ghost bats to the playback of conspecific calls. the reaction of each of the bats to these stimuli will be recorded, allowing the function of the call to be worked out and subsequent playback experiments to be designed. hetero - specific stimuli such as models and calls of predator and prey will also be used to provide further understanding of behavioural and vocal reactions to other species .\nbats fitted with the recorder backpack will be recorded while communicating naturally in a group. this allows us to determine if there are any age or sex biases within their call repertoire. following this, we will record the behavioural response of the ghost bats to the playback of conspecific calls. the reaction of each of the bats to these stimuli will be recorded, allowing the function of the call to be worked out and subsequent playback experiments to be designed. hetero - specific stimuli such as models and calls of predator and prey will also be used to provide further understanding of behavioural and vocal reactions to other species .\ni first ran into a small colony of ghost bats living in a couple of ruined houses at the all - but - abandoned ranger station at murganella, in western arnhem land sometime around 2000. i was checking the buildings out for work and walked into an old termite - riddled house, careful not to tread on rotting floorboards or disturb any snakes that might be around. as i slowly pushed open a door to enter one of the rooms, again more careful for snakes than anything else, a flurry of large greyish bats brushed past me to escape the room, chattering in a blind panic of shock and surprise that matched mine .\njavascript is disabled for your browser. some features of this site may not work without it .\nitems in ku scholarworks are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated .\nwe want to hear from you! please share your stories about how open access to this item benefits you .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou came across this error because the pageyou were trying to visit does not exist .\nwe' ve recently redesigned the site so old links may not work. have a look at some of these changes .\nyou may want to update your bookmarks or try to find the updated information using the links below. if you are still unable to find the information you are looking for, please contact the webmaster using the information below .\nfaculties / academics - find links to all faculties, departments and other academic resources e. g. handbooks, prospectus\nmedia centre - find media relations information here eg. news releases, events and announcements information\nprogrammes - view the faculty booklets containing the programmes available at the st. augustine campus\nresearch & innovation - view the cutting - edge research being done at the st. augustine campus\ncopyright 2015 the university of the west indies st. augustine, trinidad and tobago\nour 7 faculties, professional schools offer more than 200 programs to some 15, 000 graduate, undergraduate and continuing studies students .\nthe uwi, st. augustine ranks first in trinidad and tobago among accredited tertiary - level programmes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ncontroversy abounds over who deserves the credit for naming d. albus. oken may have been responsible, but credit is usually given to wied - neuwied (1820) (potchynok and myers 2006). populations in central america may be distinct species referable to d. virgo but more study is needed (b. k. lim pers. comm .) .\nlim, b. , miller, b. , reid, f. , arroyo - cabrales, j. , cuarón, a. d. & de grammont, p. c .\njustification: this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthey do not form colonies and are found in small groups only during the breeding season (ceballos and medellin 1988). the home range size for d. albus is unknown (potchynok and myers 2006). the species has been recorded roosting singly by day, except when aggregating into breeding groups, beneath the fronds of coconut palms. at the onset of the reproductive season, small groups consisting of a male and several females have been found roosting together (hood and gardner 2008) .\ndiclidurus albus prefer humid habitats like riparian and tropical rainforests but have been found in human - disturbed areas like plantations, clearings, and over villages (ceballos and medellin 1988). they are solitary, and like all members of the family are insectivorous (ceballos and medellin 1988) .\nfurther studies are needed into the distribution, habitat, ecology, and threats to this species .\nlim, b. , miller, b. , reid, f. , arroyo - cabrales, j. , cuarón, a. d. & de grammont, p. c. 2016 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nis rare but widespread, ranging from mexico to eastern brazil. it is also found on some caribbean islands including trinidad. during the summer months no sightings of\nmigrates within the neotropics. they occur from sea level to 1500 m. they were observed at highest elevations in costa rica .\n( ceballos and medellin, 1988; eisenberg and redford, 1999; engstom and lim, 1999; jones and hood, 1993; vaughan, et al. , 2000 )\nthe skull is distinctive. the rostrum angles upward steeply from the braincase. the zygomatic arches are complete and the skull has strong supraorbital ridges. premaxillae do not meet and have nasal branches only. the canines project forward and outward. the dental formula is i: 1 / 3, c: 1 / 1, pm: 2 / 2, m: 3 / 3 = 32. cheek teeth are dilambdodont and have cingula .\n( ceballos and medellin, 1988; jones and hood, 1993; vaughan, et al. , 2000 )\ndiffers from its congeners in that the length of its forearm is between 60 mm and 70 mm, while other species of this genus have forearms less than 60 mm or above 70 mm, or are distinguished by brownish pelage. adult\nweigh between 17 and 24 g. they are sexually dimorphic; females tend to be larger in size and length, but this varies regionally. for example, in mexico, both sexes were very similar in all measurements. the average female length was 88. 0 mm, with the average male length being 89. 0 mm. in guatemala, however, females were about 10 mm longer than the males, with an average length of 102. 0 mm compared to 92. 5 mm for males. sample sizes are relatively small, however, and more research is needed to verify the presence of sexual dimorphism in\n( ceballos and medellin, 1988; engstom and lim, 1999; hernandez, et al. , 1985; jones and hood, 1993; vaughan, et al. , 2000 )\ngrows in size during the breeding season, and may be used by males to attract females .\nbreeding occurs during the months of january and february. pregnant females have been found between the months of january and june. single young are usually born in may or june. the breeding season occurs only once a year, so\nis monestrus. the timing of weaning and the age at sexual maturity are unknown .\nis a rare animal to see, so its reproductive behaviors have yet to be studied in depth .\n( ceballos and medellin, 1988; hernandez, et al. , 1985; jones and hood, 1993 )\nlike most other bats, females care for their young by nursing and protecting them. young bats mature quickly and become independent within a few months of their birth .\nhave focused on physical properties instead of behavioral characteristics, so the behavior of this species is not well known .\n, but is now considered a separate species, about which very little is known. controversy abounds over who deserves the credit for naming\n. oken may have been responsible, but credit is usually given to wied (1820). no fossils are known for the entire genus\n. other common names include murciélagos blancos (spanish), and gespenstfliedermaus (german). the generic name," ]

{ "text": [ "the northern ghost bat ( diclidurus albus ) is a bat species from south america , trinidad , and central america .", "it is a relatively rare , completely white , insectivorous bat , with an unusual sac at the base of its tail .", "specimens infected with rabies have been found in trinidad . " ], "topic": [ 25, 25, 20 ] }

[ "the northern ghost bat (diclidurus albus) is a bat species from south america, trinidad, and central america. it is a relatively rare, completely white, insectivorous bat, with an unusual sac at the base of its tail. specimens infected with rabies have been found in trinidad." ]

[ "dasimatia is a genus of moth, in the family geometridae. it contains only one species, dasimatia subusta, which is found on sulawesi .\nsynonyms: aetheolepis warren (type species papillosa warren, n. e. himalaya) praeocc. chloroplintha warren (type species velutina warren, sulawesi); dyserga petersen (type species coronata); gymnopera warren (type species rubroviridis warren, n. e. himalaya); oligoclystia bastelberger (type species blanda bastelberger, taiwan); sesquiptera warren (type species imnequata warren, n. e. himalaya); simotricha warren (type species lucinda butler, japan; ssp. of v - ata) .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nschmidt, olga, 2015, list of primary types of the larentiine moth species (lepidoptera: geometridae) described from indonesia - a starting point for biodiversity assessment of the subfamily in the region, biodiversity data journal 3, pp. 5447 - 5447: 5447\ntype status: holotype. occurrence: sex: m; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\nno known copyright restrictions apply. see agosti, d. , egloff, w. , 2009. taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the plazi approach. bmc research notes 2009, 2: 53 for further explanation .\nis a genus of moth, in the family geometridae. it is considered a synonym of\nwe are using cookies for the best presentation of our site. continuing to use this site, you agree with this. ok\ndasima is a 1940 film from the dutch east indies (now indonesia) directed by tan tjoei hock and produced by the teng chun .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\ncorresponding author: olga schmidt (ed. nwm. msz @ tdimhcs. aglo) .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license 4. 0 (cc - by), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nthe indonesian geometrid moth fauna is rich and diverse, yet it is poorly studied. this is particularly the case for the second largest geometrid subfamily larentiinae which comprises moths with predominantly high mountainous distribution in the tropics. the present study provides a first inventory of the primary type specimens of larentiine moth species (lepidoptera: geometridae) described from indonesia .\nthe list of species described from indonesia is arranged alphabetically by the tribe, genus, and species, and presents data on 251 species and subspecies. for each species type status, type locality, depository, and a full reference to the original description are listed. synonyms with indonesian type localities are included. the study indicates a large part of the indonesian geometrid fauna belong to the tribe eupitheciini .\nlarentiinae are the second most species - rich geometrid subfamily after ennominae, with 6, 230 described species (scoble and hausmann 2007) and numerous undescribed species. the present study aims to create an inventory of larentiine species (lepidoptera, geometridae) with indonesian type localities, providing original references. a special emphasis on primary types excludes inaccuracies caused by incorrect identification, and the list provides a starting point for an assessment of the biodiversity of the subfamily larentiinae in indonesia .\nthe present list brings together scattered knowledge on the larentiine moths described from indonesia. major taxonomic papers embracing data on the lepidoptera fauna of indonesia were checked, from the earliest records by walker (1863) until the latest reports by schmidt (2005), schmidt (2006b), including a comprehensive catalogue of geometridae by scoble (1999) and using a list of references by gressitt and szent - ivany (1968). in addition, geometrid moth collections of the natural history museum, london, uk (nhm), the indonesian institute of sciences, cibinong, indonesia (lipi), museum für naturkunde der humboldt - universität zu berlin, germany (mnhu), royal belgian institute of natural sciences, brussels (rbins) and snsb - zoologische staatssammlung münchen (zsm) were examined, revealing undescribed species and stressing the need of further taxonomic studies. other abbreviations are: f – female; m – male; mt – mount; nbc – naturalis biodiversity center, leiden, the netherlands; nhrs – naturhistoriska riksmuseet, stockholm, sweden; oum – oxford university museum of natural history, uk; zmmu – zoological museum, moscow state university, russia .\nthe name of the original genus is given in parentheses after the name of the valid genus. the status of the type is noted. citations of references for each species are given under\nnomenclature\n. the altitude is presented as in the original description. valid species, valid subspecies and synonyms with indonesian type localities are included .\ndistribution\nembraces the type locality only .\ntype status: holotype. occurrence: sex: m; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 5m, 5f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype locality: celebes [ sulawesi ], bonthain, 3000 - 7000 ft .\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 2m, 2f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype locality: [ west papua ], mt goliath, about 139° e, 5000 - 7000 ft .\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype status: holotype. occurrence: sex: m; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: zmmu\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 1m, 1f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 5m, 6f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: many; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\nthe species is described from india, khasia hills and indonesia, celebes (south) [ sulawesi ]. the species is illustrated in holloway (1997 )\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 2m; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: rbins\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 3m; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype status: holotype. occurrence: sex: unknown; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype locality: celebes [ sulawesi ], paloe, g. tompoe, 2700 ft .\ntype locality: celebes [ sulawesi ], tjamba, near maros, 1500 ft .\ntype locality: java (east), tengger, kletak, 6000 ft .\ntype status: holotype. occurrence: sex: f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype locality: celebes (west) [ sulawesi ], paloe, g. rangkoenau, 1800 ft .\ntype locality: celebes (west) [ sulawesi ], paloe, g. tompoe, 2700 ft .\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: oum\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 2f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype locality: [ west papua ], mt goliath, 5000 - 7000 ft .\ntype locality: [ moluccas ], buru, wa' katin, 1675 ft .\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 11m, 11f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 2m; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype locality: celebes (south) [ sulawesi ], bonthain, 5000 - 7000 ft .\ntype locality: sw celebes [ sulawesi ], g. lampobattang, parang - bobo goa, 5000 ft .\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 19, mostly females; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype locality: [ west papua ], snow mts, upper setekwa river, 2000 - 3000 ft .\ntype locality: celebes (west) [ sulawesi ], koelawi, paloe, 3700 ft .\ntype locality: sw celebes [ sulawesi ], pangean near maros, 2000 ft .\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 1m, 5f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype locality: [ moluccas ], ceram (central) [ seram ], manusela, 6000 ft .\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 3f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype locality: [ west papua ], mount goliath, 5000 - 7000 ft .\ntype locality: celebes (west) [ sulawesi ], paloe, g. rangkoenau, 900 ft .\nthe species is described as subspecies of g. mesophoena celebensis. the species g. celebensis is illustrated in holloway (1997 )\ntype locality: [ moluccas ], buru, leksula - kakal, 2800 - 3700 ft .\ntype locality: celebes [ sulawesi ], g. lampobattang, parang - bobo goa, 5000 ft .\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: m; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: oum\ntype locality: malaysia, borneo, sarawak. type locality of synonym: java (east )\nthe species is described from malaysia, borneo, sarawak and deposited in oum. the synonym g. (chloroclystis) semivinosa warren 1896) is described from java (east) and deposited in nhm\ntype locality: java (east), tengger, singolangoe, 5000 ft .\nthe species g. nepotalis is described as subspecies of g. latipennis prout (1958) and illustrated in holloway (1997 )\ntype locality: malaysia, borneo. type locality of synonym: lesser sunda islands, lombok\nthe species is described from malaysia, borneo and deposited in oum. the synonym m. (megatheca ?) ampla (warren, 1899) is described from lesser sunda islands, lombok\ntype locality: [ moluccas ], seram (central), manusela, 6000 ft .\ntype locality: malaysia, borneo. type locality of synonym: kalimantan, pulo laut\nthe species is described from malaysia, borneo and deposited in oum. the synonym p. (eupithecia) conferta (swinhoe, 1902) is described from kalimantan, pulo laut. the species p. obliterata is illustrated in holloway (1997 )\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 5m, 2f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\npseudopolinesia (pomasia) hebe synonyms: p. interrupta, p. phanoides, p. praelustris\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: m; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype locality: british new guinea [ papua new guinea ], mt kebea, 3000 ft. type localities of synonyms: [ west papua ], oetakwa river, celebes [ sulawesi ], menado, [ moluccas ], buru, gamoe, mrapat, 5000 ft .\nthe species is described from british new guinea [ papua new guinea ], mt kebea, 3000 ft. three synonyms p. interrupta (prout 1916) p. phanoides (debauche 1941) and p. praelustris (prout 1933) are described from [ west papua ], oetakwa river, from celebes [ sulawesi ], menado and from [ moluccas ], buru, gamoe, mrapat, 5000 ft .\ntype locality: british new guinea [ papua new guinea ], upper aroa river. type locality of synonym: java (east), nongkodjadjar\nthe species is described from british new guinea [ papua new guinea ], upper aroa river. the synonym p. (chloroclystis) pallidivirens pullivirens (prout, 1935) is described from java (east), nongkodjadjar\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: m, f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 3m, 2f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype locality: [ moluccas ], ceram [ seram ] (central), manusela, 6000 ft .\ntype locality: [ west papua ], mt goliath, 5000 - 7000 ft. , ca 139° longit .\nthe species z. baliensis prout (1958) is described as subspecies of z. xylinaria walker (1863). the synonym z. xylinaria florensis prout (1958) is described from lesser sunda islands, flores (south )\nziridava (ziridava) xylinaria synonyms: z. xylinaria subaequata, z. subrubida\ntype locality: malaysia, borneo, sarawak. type locality of synonym: [ moluccas ], ceram [ seram ] (central), manusela and celebes (south) [ sulawesi ], bonthian, indrulaman, 2300 ft .\nthe species is described from malaysia, borneo, sarawak, deposited in oum and illustrated in holloway (1997). two synonyms z. xylinaria subaequata prout (1929) and z. subrubida warren (1897) are described from [ moluccas ], ceram [ seram ] (central), manusela and celebes (south) [ sulawesi ], bonthian, indrulaman, 2300 ft .\nthe synonym p. multiplicata erebenna prout (1935) is described from java (east), mt moenggal, 9000 ft. and bromo to caldeira\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 1m, 1f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nbc\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: many, m, f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 1m, 2f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 5m; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype locality: [ west papua ], weyland mountains, mt kunupi, 6000 ft .\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 1m, 1f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype locality: sumatra (west), sungei kumbang, korintji district, 4500 ft .\ntype locality: celebes (west) [ sulawesi ], paloe, loda, 4000 ft .\ntype locality: celebes (south - west) [ sulawesi ], pangean, near maros, 2000 ft .\ntype locality: [ west papua ], arfak mts, angi lakes, 6000 ft. type locality of synonym: [ moluccas ], ceram [ seram ] (central), manusela\nthe species is described from [ west papua ], arfak mts, angi lakes, 6000 ft. the synonym h. (phthonoloba) hypelaina (prout, 1929) is described from [ moluccas ], ceram [ seram ] (central), manusela\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 1m, 6f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 4m, 2f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype locality: celebes [ sulawesi ], gunong lampobattang, parang - bobo goa, 5000 ft .\ntype locality: [ moluccas ], buru, gamoe mrapat, 5000 ft .\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 3f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nbc\ntype locality: [ west papua ], snow mountains, utakwa [ oetakwa ] river, 3000 ft .\ntype locality: [ west papua ], snow mts, near oetakwa river, up to 3500 ft .\ntype locality: [ west papua ], arfak mts, angi lakes, 6000 ft .\ntype locality: [ moluccas ], buru (central), mrapat, 5000 ft .\ntype locality: [ west papua ], snow mountains, utakwa [ oetakwa ] river, 2500 - 3000 ft .\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 2f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhrs\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 3m, 1f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype locality: celebes [ sulawesi ], paloe, gunong rangkoenau, 1800 ft .\ntype locality: british new guinea [ papua new guinea ], upper aroa river. type locality of synonym: [ moluccas ], batjan\nthe species is described from british new guinea [ papua new guinea ], upper aroa river. the synonym g. subpilosa warren (1904) is described from [ moluccas ], batjan\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 7m, 1f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype locality: [ moluccas ], ceram [ seram ] (central), manusela, 6000 ft. and 3000 ft .\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 4m, 1f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype locality: celebes (south - west) [ sulawesi ], tjamba, near maros, 1500 ft .\ntype locality: celebes (west) [ sulawesi ], gunong tompoe, 2700 ft .\ntype status: holotype. occurrence: sex: m; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: zsm, m. sommerer coll .\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 4m, 4f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 2m, 1f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype locality: celebes (south) [ sulawesi ], bonthian, 5000 - 7000 ft .\ntype locality: sumatra (west), sungei kumbang, korintji, 4500 ft .\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 5m, 3f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\nthe species is originally described as subspecies (ab .) of x. ludifica warren (1898 )\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 2m, 3f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype locality: sumatra (west), korintji, 7300 ft. , sungei kumbang, 10, 000 ft .\ntype locality: [ west papua ], snow mountains, carstensz peak, 5000 - 10, 000 ft .\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 11m, 19f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype locality: [ west papua ], snow mountains, 4000 - 6000 ft .\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: unknown; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype locality: india, darjeeling. type locality of synonym: [ java (east) ], nongkodjadjar\nthe species a. pictaria is described from india, darjeeling. the synonym a. pictaria flavifascia prout (1935) is described from [ java (east) ], nongkodjadjar and singolangoe. the species a. pictaria is illustrated in holloway (1997 )\ntype locality: india, nilgiri district, s slopes, 3000 ft. type locality of synonym: java (east), nongkodjadjar\nthe species is described from india, nilgiri district, s slopes, 3000 ft. the synonym a. pulchella interposita prout (1935) is described from java (east), nongkodjadjar\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 1m, 3f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 5m, 1f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 2m, 4f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 13m; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype locality: malaysia, borneo. type localities of synonym: borneo, nr kalimantan, pulo laut\nthe species is described from malaysia, borneo. the synonym e. metriopis (meyrick, 1897) is described from borneo and nr kalimantan, pulo laut. the species e. plumbacea is illustrated in holloway (1997 )\ntype locality: lesser sunda islands, sambawa [ sumbawa ], tambora, 2500 - 4000 ft .\ntype status: syntype. occurrence: sex: 4f; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype locality: [ papua new guinea ], upper aroa river. type locality of synonym: [ moluccas ], ceram [ seram ], manusela, 6000 ft .\nthe species is described from [ papua new guinea ], upper aroa river. the synonym p. subcaesia neutralis (prout, 1922) is described from [ moluccas ], ceram [ seram ], manusela, 6000 ft .\nthe species is described as subspecies of p. ornatipennis (prout, 1941) and illustrated in schmidt (2002 )\ntype locality: [ west papua ], mt goliath, about 139° long. , 5000 - 7000 ft .\ntype locality: [ moluccas ], ceram [ seram ], manusela, 6000 ft .\ntype status: lectotype. occurrence: sex: m; record level: ownerinstitutioncode: nhm\ntype locality: west irian [ west papua ], wandammen mts, 3000 - 4000 ft .\ntype locality: [ papua new guinea ], angabunga river. type locality of synonym: [ west papua ], snow mountains, utakwa [ oetakwa ] river, 2500 - 3000 ft .\nthe species is described from [ papua new guinea ], angabunga river. the synonym s. viriditincta (rothschild, 1916) is described from [ west papua ], snow mountains, utakwa [ oetakwa ] river, 2500 - 3000 ft .\ntype locality: celebes (west) [ sulawesi ], paloe, sidaonta, 4500 ft .\nthe species is described as subspecies of v. sordidata (moore, 1888) and illustrated in schmidt (2006a), schmidt (2009 )\nthe species is described as subspecies of v. sordidata (moore, 1888) and illustrated in schmidt (2006a). lectotype has been designated (schmidt 2006a )\ntype locality: lesser sunda islands, tambora, sambawa [ sumbawa ], 2500 - 4000 ft .\nthe species is described as subspecies of v. sordidata (moore, 1888) and illustrated in schmidt (2006a), schmidt (2009). lectotype has been designated (schmidt 2006a )\nthe species is described as subspecies of v. vinosa (warren, 1907) and illustrated in schmidt (2013 )\nthe current list presents data on 210 species and 41 subspecies of larentiine moths described from indonesia so far, of which 33 species occur on borneo (malaysia) and were in detail illustrated by holloway (1997). the indonesian type specimens are deposited in nhm (239 specimens), oum (six specimens), nbc (two specimens), and in nhrs, rbins, zmmu and zsm (one specimen each). the majority of species (66 %) were described by l. b. prout, followed by w. warren (17 %). the species and subspecies described from indonesia belong to seven tribes, namely asthenini (1. 2 %), cidariini (4 %), eupitheciini (38. 2 %), larentiini (0. 4 %), melanthiini (4 %), trichopterygini (19. 1 %), xanthorhoini (10. 8 %) or have uncertain tribal placement (22. 3 %) .\nthe tribal placement of many species needs to be evaluated. however, according to preliminary data involving the study of the species described from other regions and apparently occurring in indonesia (schmidt, unpubl. data), the tribe eupitheciini and its close allies seem to be dominant in indonesia. moreover, the high - altitude indonesian fauna is poorly studied so far. considering high diversity of eupitheciines in mountainous regions and unresolved taxonomic problems in the group (e. g. sibling species), a large proportion of eupitheciini among the larentiine moths is expected .\nmany aberrant specimens were reported from indonesia. for example, warren (1898) described a form (ab. incognita) of xanthorhoe ludifica and later (warren 1899a) described a form (ab. atrifasciata) of photoscotosia multiplicata. later prout (1939), prout (1940), prout (1941) named forms of dysstroma cuneifera (ab. integrata), d. ceprona (ab. russata and ab. rufescens), horisme steretica (ab. restituta), papuarisme contaminata (warren, 1906) (ab. semipleta), xanthorhoe callisthenes (ab. albifusa) and x. ludifica (ab. incognita), and described a form of the subspecies ardonis filicata mochleutes (ab. epacta) and a form of calluga grammophora (ab. completa) (prout 1958). although the names of these aberrations are not available nomenclatorially, they may indicate hidden richness of the indonesian geometrid moth fauna and their existence underpins the necessity of further studies .\nptychotheca pallidivirens should be transferred to the genus bosara (see holloway 1997) .\nprout (1941) mentioned “ desmoclystia prouti sick, sp. n. ”, without description of the type locality, among other species described from west papua (mt goliath). the type of d. prouti without abdomen, as cited in the original description, has never been re - examined .\nscoble (1999) lists eupithecia aspectabilis inoue (1996) as described from indonesia (maluku [ moluccas ]: aru). however, the type locality of the species is aru in pahalgam - kolohoi in kashmir, with an altitude of 2800m .\nmany thanks to rosichon ubaidillah and hari sutrisno (lipi), john chainey, martin honey and geoff martin (nhm), wolfram mey (mnhu), jean - luc boevé and chantal van nieuwenhove (rbins) for offering access to the geometrid collections under their care, to al samuelson (bernice pauahi bishop museum, honolulu, hawaii), jeremy holloway (nhm), rob de vos and willem hogenes (zm a n, now nbc) and ben brugge (nbc), manfred sommerer (munich), scott miller and patricia gentili - poole (smithsonian institution, washington d. c .) and axel hausmann (zsm) for the loan of material. sincere thanks to rodolphe rougerie, axel hausmann, hossein rajaei and antoine lévêque for valuable comments on the manuscript. i am grateful to stefan schmidt (zsm) for advice and support .\nbarlow h. s. , woiwod i. p. seasonality and diversity of macrolepidoptera in two lowland sites in dumoga - bone national park, sulawesi utara. in: knight w. j. , holloway j. d. , editors .\nbeck j. , rüdlinger c. m. currently available data on borneo geometrid moths do not provide evidence for a pleistocene rainforest refugium .\nbethune - baker g. t. descriptions of new species of lepidoptera from africa and the east .\ngressitt j. l. , szent - ivany j. j. h. bibliography of new guinea entomology .\nillustrations of typical specimens heterocera in the collection of the british museum. part viii: the lepidopteraheterocera of the nilgiri district .\ntaylor & francis; london: 1891. 144 + 4 pp. , 8 pls .\nholloway j. d. the moths of borneo: family geometridae, subfamilies sterrhinae and larentiinae .\ninoue h. twenty - four new species, one new subspecies and two new genera of the geometridae (lepidoptera) from east asia .\ninoue h. four new species of the genus eupithecia (geometridae, larentiinae) from kashmir and pakistan .\nmoore f. descriptions of new indian lepidopterous insects from the collection of the late mr. w. s. atkinson. heterocera (continued) (pyralidae, crambidae, geometridae, tortricidae, tineidae) in: hewitson w. c. , moore f. , editors .\ndescriptions of new indian lepidopterous insects from the collection of the late mr. w. s. atkinson 3 .\nasiatic society of bengal, taylor & francis; calcutta, london: 1888. 100\nprout l. b. new genera and species of indo - australian geometridae .\nprout l b. new geometridae from the weyland mountains (dutch new guinea) .\nprout l. b. resultats scientifiques du voyage aux indes orientales neerlandaises de ll. aa. rr. le prince et la princesse leopold de belgique. lepidoptera. geometridae .\nprout l. b. new and little - known bali geometridae in the tring museum .\nprout l. b. larentiinae. in: seitz a. , editor .\ndie gross - schmetterlinge der erde. fauna indo - australica, bd. 12 .\nrothschild l. w. on the lepidoptera from the islands of ceram (seran), buru, bali, and misol .\nrothschild l. w. lepidoptera collected by the british ornithologists' union and the wollaston expeditions in the snow mountains, southern dutch new guinea .\nschmidt olga. a revision of the genus chaetolopha warren (lepidoptera: geometridae: larentiinae) with a description of parachaetolopha, gen. nov .\nschmidt olga. australasian genus scotocyma turner and the recently described species s. sumatrensis schmidt (lepidoptera: geometridae: larentiinae )\nscoble m. j. , hausmann a. on - line list of valid and nomenclaturally available names of the geometridae of the world .\nsnellen p. c. t. lepidoptera van celebes verzameld door mr. m. c. piepers, met aanteekeningenen beschrijving der nieuwe soorten. tweede afdeeling: heterocera .\nsutrisno h. moth diversity at sebangau peat swamp and busang river secondary rain forest, central kalimantan .\nsutrisno h. moth diversity at gunung halimun - salak national park, west java .\nsutrisno h. moth (insecta: lepidoptera) diversity in montane gunung patuha protected forest, west java, indonesia .\nswinhoe c. new and little known species of drepanulidae, epiplemidae, microniidae and geometridae in the national collection .\nvos r. de. the inchworms (lepidoptera: geometridae: larentiinae) of papua indonesia .\nwalker f. list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum .\nwalker f. list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum. 1121 - 1533\nwarren w. new species of drepanulidae, thyrididae, uraniidae, epiplemidae, and geometridae in the tring museum .\nwarren w. new genera and species of drepanulidae, thyrididae, epiplemidae, uraniidae, and geometridae in the tring museum .\nwarren w. new genera and species of moths from the old world regions in the tring museum .\nwarren w. new species and genera of the families thyrididae, uraniidae, epiplemidae, and geometridae from the old - world regions .\nwarren w. new species and genera of the families drepanulidae, thyrididae, uraniidae, epiplemidae and geometridae from the old world regions .\nwarren w. new drepanulidae, thyrididae, epiplemidae, uraniidae, and geometridae from the oriental and palaearctic regions .\nwarren w. new uraniidae, epiplemidae and geometridae from the oriental and palaearctic regions .\nwarren w. drepanulidae, uraniidae, and geometridae from the palaearctic and indo - australian regions .\nwarren w. drepanulidae, thyrididae, uraniidae, epiplemidae and geometridae from the oriental region .\nwarren w. drepanulidae, thyrididae, uraniidae and geometridae from british new guinea .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nin its overall split between grammar and lexicon, the structure of petjok is very similar to the media lengua spoken in ecuador by the quechua indians, with the critical difference that the much older language, pecok, has undergone late system morphemes and syntactic blends .\nas opposed to a mere pidgin, petjok is an actual language owned by a social category ,\nwith standardized word order and grammatical markers in pidgin missing\n.\nthe most important author that published literary work in this language is the indo (eurasian) writer tjalie robinson .\neach urban area with a large indo community had their own variation of petjok. for example: the petjok of batavia was influenced by a form of malay which contained many chinese words, in bandung, many sundanese words were used, while in semarang and surabaya many javanese words were in use .\npetjo, also known as petjoh, petjok, pecok, is a dutch - based creole language that originated among the indos, people of mixed dutch and indonesian ancestry in the former dutch east indies. the language has influences from dutch, javanese and betawi. its speakers presently live mostly in indonesia and the netherlands. the language is expected to become extinct by the end of the 21st century .\njust as the indo (eurasian) community historically originated from relationships between european males and indonesian females, its language reflects this same origin. typified as a mixed - marriage language, the grammar of petjok is based on the maternal malay language and the lexicon on the paternal dutch language .\nthe main contact mechanisms responsible for the creation of petjok are lexical re - orientation; selective replication and convergence. the original speakers of the language do not necessarily want to maintain their first language, but rather create a second one. these creative speakers of the language were probably bilingual, but more fluent in the dominant lingua franca i. e. , native malay language, than dutch language .\npetjo should not be confused with javindo, a different creole language spoken by indos in the dutch east indies (now: indonesia) .\nit should not be confused with petjo, a different dutch - and malay - based creole also spoken by indo eurasians. with the loss of the generation that lived in the dutch east indies era this language has almost died out .\npart of his literary legacy is the fact that he wrote much of his work in the indo mix language called petjok, also known as petjo or pecuk, giving it a status that it never had in the dutch east indies and providing academic linguistic research a substantial database. his work varies between the melancholy reminiscence of the indos in diaspora, caught in the term tempo doeloe, the positioning of post - colonial indo identity and the study of a global eurasian cultural domain .\narticle public\n- / / taxonx / / dtd taxonomic treatment publishing dtd v0 20100105 / / en\ntax - treatment - ns0. dtd\ndescriptions of new indian lepidopterous insects from the collection of the late mr. w. s. atkinson .\ndescriptions of new indian lepidopterous insects from the collection of the late mr. w. s. atkinson 3\nresultats scientifiques du voyage aux indes orientales neerlandaises de ll. aa. rr. le prince et la princesse leopold de belgique .\ndie gross - schmetterlinge der erde. fauna indo - australica, bd. 12\ncollected by the british ornithologists' union and the wollaston expeditions in the snow mountains, southern dutch new guinea .\nvan celebes verzameld door mr. m. c. piepers, met aanteekeningenen beschrijving der nieuwe soorten. tweede afdeeling :\npalpi with second joint thickly scaled and reaching beyond the sharp frontal tuft, third joint prominent. antennae of male annulated. hind tibia with two spur pairs. abdomen with slight dorsal crests. forewings with vein 3 from angle of cell. vein 5 from middle of discocellulars and vein 6 from upper angle. veins 10, 11 stalked, and vein 10 anastomosing with veins 7, 8 and 9 to form the large areole. vein 11 becoming coincident with vein 12. hindwings with vein 5 from middle of discocellulars. vein 6, 7 stalked, and vein 8 anastomosing with vein 7 to beyond middle of cell .\na number of synonyms have been revived and are now considered valid genera. these include:" ]

{ "text": [ "dasimatia is a genus of moth , in the family geometridae .", "it contains only one species , dasimatia subusta , which is found on sulawesi .", "the wingspan is about 28 mm .", "the forewings are ochreous , speckled and suffused with different shades of brown until the lines starting from olive-brown costal marks .", "the extreme base of the hindwings is pale , without speckling .", "there are two dark brown straight antemedian lines , the inner thick and diffuse , the second fine .", "there are also two dark brown postmedian lines in a brownish shade , the first distinctly and strongly dentate . " ], "topic": [ 2, 26, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "dasimatia is a genus of moth, in the family geometridae. it contains only one species, dasimatia subusta, which is found on sulawesi. the wingspan is about 28 mm. the forewings are ochreous, speckled and suffused with different shades of brown until the lines starting from olive-brown costal marks. the extreme base of the hindwings is pale, without speckling. there are two dark brown straight antemedian lines, the inner thick and diffuse, the second fine. there are also two dark brown postmedian lines in a brownish shade, the first distinctly and strongly dentate." ]

[ "denisia similella §1 female; ardnamurchan, highlands; 09 / 07 / 2012; fw 6. 3mm © chris lewis\na relatively scarce species, distributed in the northern half of britain, most commonly in parts of scotland .\nthe larva feeds on fungus under dead wood or bark, and possibly has a two - year life cycle .\nmoths are on the wing in june and july and fly in the evening, sometimes being attracted to light .\nukmoths is built, run and maintained by ian kimber, with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries. more often than not you' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache: v317 render date: 2018 - 06 - 15 22: 06: 20 page render time: 0. 3791s total w / procache: 0. 4392s\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated. thank you .\nwingspan: 12 to 16 mm. it has a dark maroon - brown forewing sometimes almost black, and being darker in the female, thinly scattered with yellowish scales and with four, variably shaped, yellow blotches .\nmoths are on the wing from june to early august and fly in the evening, sometimes being attracted to light .\na relatively scarce species, distributed in the northern half of britain, most commonly in parts of scotland. in the butterfly conservation' s microlepidoptera report 2011 this species was classified as nationally scarce b .\nit appears to be uncommon in leicestershire and rutland, where there are few records. l & r moth group status = d (rare or rarely recorded) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nfor the county, we have a total of 24 records from 23 sites. first recorded in 1859 .\n: quite widespread and sometimes fairly common in vice - counties 62 to 65 where it is confined to the higher ground of the pennines and the north york moors .\nws14 - 16mm; jun - jul; dead wood or fungus; ns - b, local in woodland in n. england and scotland\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthere are 19 county records of 20 individuals from 11 different sites. first recorded in 1996 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes: nationally scarce (nb) in woodland in central and north - western scotland, reappearing patchily in southern scotland and northern england as far south as herefordshire (mbgbi vol 4 part 1). unlikely to be recorded in hampshire or on the isle of wight. wingspan 14 - 16 mm. larva feeds on fungi and dead wood of birch and oak, over - wintering twice in some areas .\nwe have no records for this species in sussex in the sxbrc database as yet ...\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice." ]

{ "text": [ "denisia similella is a moth of the oecophoridae family .", "it is found in europe .", "the wingspan is about 15 mm .", "the moth flies from june to july depending on the location .", "the larvae feed on fungus under dead wood or bark . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 8, 8 ] }

[ "denisia similella is a moth of the oecophoridae family. it is found in europe. the wingspan is about 15 mm. the moth flies from june to july depending on the location. the larvae feed on fungus under dead wood or bark." ]

[ "how can i put and write and define homoeogryllus orientalis in a sentence and how is the word homoeogryllus orientalis used in a sentence and examples? 用homoeogryllus orientalis造句, 用homoeogryllus orientalis造句, 用homoeogryllus orientalis造句, homoeogryllus orientalis meaning, definition, pronunciation, synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha. net .\nrecordings show that the male song of\nhomoeogryllus orientalis\nis almost identical to that of the related species\nhomoeogryllus reticulatus\nfrom the coast of tropical west africa .\ndesutter - grandcolas. 1985. ann. soc. ent. fr. nouvelle série 21 (2): 189 > > homoeogryllus orientalis urn: lsid: orthoptera. speciesfile. org: taxonname: 27400\nurltoken premieres on pbs tuesdays, september 22 - october 6, 8: 00 - 10: 00 p. m. et. the recording was made by slowing down echolocation calls of 8 species of gorongosa bats (rhinolophus landeri, r. simulator, hipposideros caffer, nycteris thebaica, myotis bocagii, miniopterus fraterculus, neoromicia nana, chaerephon pumilus) and three crickets (homoeogryllus orientalis, anaxipha sp. , undet. podoscirtinae). the bat calls were slowed down 100 times, crickets 10 times. video courtesy of piotr naskrecki: urltoken\nobservation - cricket family? - southern africa. description: they seem to be fairly common since their whistle - like call is heard frequently usually in a dense clump of bush or grass. their call is a similar pitch to that of an epauletted fruit bat but with a faster tempo. this specimen was seen calling. i do have\nthey seem to be fairly common since their whistle - like call is heard frequently usually in a dense clump of bush or grass. their call is a similar pitch to that of an epauletted fruit bat but with a faster tempo. this specimen was seen calling. i do have a recording of the call if anyone would find this useful for identification .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\northoptera species file (version 5. 0 / 5. 0) home search taxa key help wiki\ndisplay. you can modify these specifications at any time by clicking the\nchange items displayed\nbutton in the header .\nif you want your changes to be preserved for future sessions, you should login. to do this, click on the logo in the upper left corner .\ncopyright © 2018. except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution - sharealike 4. 0 international license .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "homoeogryllus orientalis ( desutter-grandcolas , 1985 ) , the south african bell cricket , is a species in the bell cricket subfamily cachoplistinae .", "the species is reported from southern tropical africa including parts of mozambique and south africa .", "within south africa it has been reported south of the tropics in the bushveld and in the orange free state .", "recordings show that the male song of homoeogryllus orientalis is almost identical to that of the related species homoeogryllus reticulatus from the coast of tropical west africa .", "recordings of presumed orientalis in the wild in south africa also are consistent .", "there is however no question of the two populations being of the same species , because there are marked differences between their genitalia . " ], "topic": [ 25, 20, 4, 6, 17, 10 ] }

[ "homoeogryllus orientalis (desutter-grandcolas, 1985), the south african bell cricket, is a species in the bell cricket subfamily cachoplistinae. the species is reported from southern tropical africa including parts of mozambique and south africa. within south africa it has been reported south of the tropics in the bushveld and in the orange free state. recordings show that the male song of homoeogryllus orientalis is almost identical to that of the related species homoeogryllus reticulatus from the coast of tropical west africa. recordings of presumed orientalis in the wild in south africa also are consistent. there is however no question of the two populations being of the same species, because there are marked differences between their genitalia." ]

[ "this is the place for exposita definition. you find here exposita meaning, synonyms of exposita and images for exposita copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word exposita. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word exposita and, of course, exposita synonyms and on the right images related to the word exposita .\ngelechia exposita is a moth of the gelechiidae family. it is found on borneo .\ntelphusa exposita meyrick, 1926; sarawak mus. j. 3: 152; tl: mt murud, 6500 - 7200ft\ngelechia ochrocorys meyrick, 1936; exotic microlep. 5 (2): 43\ngelechia rescissella zeller, 1852; k. vetenskakad. handl. 1852: 110\ngelechia allomima meyrick, 1938; inst. parcs nat. congo belge 14: 12\ngelechia wacoella chambers, 1874; can. ent. 6 (12): 237\ngelechia sirotina omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 107\ngelechia albomaculata omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 93\ngelechia capiteochrella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 252\ngelechia discostrigella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 248\ngelechia flexurella clemens, 1860; proc. acad. nat. sci. philad. 12: 163\ngelechia maculatusella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 245\ngelechia mimella clemens, 1860; proc. acad. nat. sci. philad. 12: 163\ngelechia packardella chambers, 1877; bull. u. s. geol. surv. 3: 143\ngelechia palpialbella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 253\ngelechia ribesella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (4): 290\ngelechia amorphella chambers, 1877; bull. u. s. geol. surv. 3: 124\ngelechia badiomaculella chambers, 1872; can. ent. 4 (10): 192; tl: kentucky\ngelechia (mesogelechia) teleiodella omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 105\ngelechia unistrigella chambers, 1873; can. ent. 5 (9): 176; tl: kentucky\ngelechia anthracopa meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (16): 501; tl: china, shanghai\ngelechia grisseochrella; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia griseella; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia dujardini huemer, 1991; nota lepid. 14: 127; tl: yugoslavia, krk i. , punat\ngelechia mediterranea huemer, 1991; nota lepid. 14: 125; tl: hellas, lakonia, 7km sw monemvasia\ngelechia chionomima meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 488; tl: natal, weenen\ngelechia epiphloea meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 292; tl: barberton\ngelechia overhaldensis strand, 1920; archiv naturg. 85 a (4): 63; tl: overhalden, norway\ngelechia resecta meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 288; tl: pretoria\ngelechia anarsiella chambers, 1877; bull. u. s. geol. surv. 3: 126; tl: edgerton\ngelechia arotrias meyrick, 1908; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1908: 725; tl: natal, weenen\ngelechia grisseochrella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 247; tl: california\ngelechia horiaula meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 133; tl: nw. india, abbottabad\ngelechia thoracestrigella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 245; tl: california\ngelechia discoanulella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 254; tl: texas\ngelechia amorphella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 891\ngelechia rhombelliformis staudinger, 1871; berl. ent. z. 14 (3 / 4): 303; tl: sarepta\ngelechia abjunctella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 629; tl: cape\ngelechia albatella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 636; tl: ceylon\ngelechia angustella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 637; tl: ceylon\ngelechia anomorcta meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 277; tl: e. siberia, khaborowsk\ngelechia desiliens meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 23; tl: california, venice\ngelechia fecunda meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 17; tl: natal, umkomaas\ngelechia griseaella; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. , incertae sedis )\ngelechia liberata meyrick, 1910; ann. s. afr. mus. 5: 414; tl: cape colony, capetown\ngelechia marmoratella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 646; tl: sydney\ngelechia pallidegrisseella [ = pallidagriseella ] chambers, 1875; can. ent. 7 (3): 53 (emend. )\ngelechia suspensa meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 19; tl: brazil, teffé\ngelechia tetraleuca meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 18; tl: zululand, eshowe\ngelechia anagramma meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 72; tl: cape colony, middelburg\nclandestina omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 96 (preocc. gelechia clandestina meyrick, 1923 )\ngelechia junctipunctella caradja, 1920; dt. ent. z. iris 34 (1 / 2): 100; tl: biskra\ngelechia omphalopis meyrick, 1926; ann. s. afr. mus. 23: 330; tl: sw. africa, otjiwarongo\ngelechia veneranda walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 62; tl: mexico, sonora\ngelechia dyariella busck, 1903; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 877; tl: colorado\ngelechia gammanella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 638; tl: sarawak, borneo\ngelechia lactiflora meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 71; tl: portuguese east africa, magude\ngelechia cuneatella douglas, 1852; trans. ent. soc. lond. (n. s .) 1: 242; tl: london\ngelechia anthochra lower, 1896; trans. proc. r. soc. s. austr. 20: 168; tl: rockhampton, queensland\ngelechia platydoxa meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 20; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\ngelechia versutella zeller, 1873; verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 23 (abh .): 253; tl: texas\ngelechia adapterella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 890; [ nhm card ]\ngelechia dromicella busck, 1910; proc. ent. soc. wash. 11 (4): 177; tl: placer co. , california\ngelechia panella busck, 1903; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 889; tl: arizona; california\ngelechia caudatae clarke, 1934; can. ent. 66: 175, pl. 9, f. 3 - 4; tl: washington, pullman\ngelechia cuneifera walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 64; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\ngelechia mandella busck, 1904; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 27 (1375): 759; tl: kaslo, british columbia\ngelechia monella busck, 1904; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 27 (1375): 759; tl: kaslo, british columbia\ngelechia picrogramma meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 489; tl: brazil, teffé; british guiana, bartica, mallali\ngelechia traducella busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 12; tl: la chorrera, panama\ngelechia albomaculata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, park & bae, 2006, j. asia - pacif. ent. 9 (2): 110\ngelechia invenustella berg, 1876; bull. soc. imp. nat. moscou 49 (4): 240; tl: cerro de caballada, rio negro\ngelechia teleiodella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, park & bae, 2006, j. asia - pacif. ent. 9 (2): 110\ngelechia flavipalpella walsingham, 1881; trans. ent. soc. 1881 (2): 262, pl. 12, f. 31; tl: spring vale\ngelechia intermedia braun, 1923; proc. calif. acad. sci. (4) 12 (10): 120; tl: angeles bay, lower california\ngelechia benitella barnes & busck, 1920; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (3): 229; tl: san benito, texas\ngelechia impurgata walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 67, pl. 2, f. 23; tl: mexico, sonora\ngelechia sonorensis walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 69, pl. 2, f. 26; tl: mexico, sonora\ngelechia sestertiella herrich - schäffer, 1854; syst. bearb. schmett. europ. 5 (65): 186, (58) (ii) pl. 66, f. 487\ngelechia hetaeria walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 68, pl. 2, f. 24; tl: mexico, vera cruz, orizaba\ngelechia petraea walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 63, pl. 2, f. 20; tl: guatemala, las mercedes, 3000ft\ngelechia adapterella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 590; tl: st. martin' s falls, albany river, hudson' s bay\ngelechia discoanulella; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 126 (unrecognized); lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia versutella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 878; [ nacl ], # 1966; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\ngelechia albisparsella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 877; [ nacl ], # 1929; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 13\ngelechia anarsiella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 874; [ nacl ], # 1930; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia bianulella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 873; [ nacl ], # 1933; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia lynceella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 879; [ nacl ], # 1946; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia ribesella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 860; [ nacl ], # 1960; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia rileyella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 887; [ nacl ], # 1961; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\ngelechia badiomaculella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 892; [ nacl ], # 1931 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia bistrigella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 892; [ nacl ], # 1934 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia capiteochrella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 893; [ nacl ], # 1936 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia flexurella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 895; [ nacl ], # 1942 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia ocherfuscella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 899; [ nacl ], # 1954 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia wacoella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 902; [ nacl ], # 1967 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\ngelechia palpialbella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 899; [ nacl ], # 1957 (ident. uncert .); lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia discostrigella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 894; [ nacl ], # 1939 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (incertae sedis )\ngelechia - species dictionary - global: ispot nature - your place to share nature. ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature. once you' ve registered, you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\ngelechia maculatusella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 897; [ nacl ], # 1947 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia mimella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 898; [ nacl ], # 1949 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia obscurella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 898; [ nacl ], # 1952 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia packardella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 866; [ nacl ], # 1955 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia pallidagriseella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 899; [ nacl ], # 1956 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia thoracestrigella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 901; [ nacl ], # 1963 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia unistrigella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 901; [ nacl ], # 1965 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15 (ident. uncert. )\nneu, ceu, caucasus, transcaucasia, china (gansu, qinghai, jilin), korea. see [ maps ]\nlarva on prunus spp. , p. spinosa, p. domestica [ me3 ], 108\nmorocco, austria, bosnia, seu, asia minor. see [ maps ]\nlarva on juniperus sabina, j. oxycedrus, j. phoenicea [ me3 ], 109\ntinea sororculella hübner, [ 1817 ]; samml. eur. schmett. [ 8 ]: pl. 66, f. 440\nlarva on salix spp. , s. caprea, s. cinerea, s. aurita, s. viminalis, s. purpurea [ me3 ], 111\nneu, ceu, russia, china (xinjiang, jilin), japan. see [ maps ]\nlarva on salix ssp. , s. alba, s. caprea [ me3 ], 113\nlarva on salix spp. , populus spp. , p. tremula, p. alba, p. nigra, populus canescens [ me3 ], 117\nlarva on populus nigra, populus pyramidalis, p. balsamifera, p. laurifolia [ me3 ], 118\nlarva on populus nigra, populus pyramidalis, p. balsamifera [ me3 ], 119\ns. finland, austria, poland, schweden, .... see [ maps ]\nlarva on acer campestre, a. platanoides huemer, 1991, nota lepid. 14: 124\nalpes maritimes, croatia, macedonia, greece, italy, turkey. see [ maps ]\natlanticella (amsel, 1955) (nothris); bull. inst. sci. nat. belg. 31 (83): 59\nlarva on platanus occidentalis busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 878\natrofusca omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 103\ndepressaria bistrigella chambers, 1872; can. ent. 4 (5): 92\nclopica meyrick, 1931; an. mus. nac. hist. nat. buenos aires 36: 384\nconditor omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 91\ncuspidatella turati, 1934; atti soc. ital. sci. nat. 73: 197\ndelapsa meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 60\ndelodectis meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 3\ndichomeris dolbyi walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 98, pl. 3, f. 22; tl: panama, la chorrera\nepistolica meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 59\nfarinosa teich, 1899; arb. naturfr. ges. riga 42: 75\nphthorimaea frequens meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 426; tl: queensland, brisbane\nfuscooculata omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 93\ngoniospila meyrick, 1931; an. mus. nac. hist. nat. buenos aires 36: 385\nparasia griseaella chambers, 1872; can. ent. 4 (5): 88; tl: ontario [? ]\nhaifella amsel, 1935; mitt. zool. mus. berl. 20 (2): 300\nteleia hyoscyamella rebel, 1912; dt. ent. z. iris 26 (1): 89; tl: heluan\ninconspicua omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 99\ntelphusa inferialis meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 133; tl: bengal, chapra\nlongipalpella teich, 1899; arb. naturfr. ges. riga 42: 75\ntelphusa machinata meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 488; tl: assam, khasis\npsoricoptera melanoptila lower, 1897; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 22 (2): 272; tl: broken hill, new south wales\nnothris mundata meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 495; tl: new mexico, mescalero, 7000ft\nnotabilis omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 99\nophiaula meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 60\ntelphusa paraula meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (18): 568; tl: ceylon, maskeliya and madulsima; s. india, nilgiris\nparoxynta meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 59\npistaciae filipjev, 1934; trav. inst. zool. acad. sci. urrs 2: 17\npraestantella lucas, 1956; bull. soc. sci. nat. maroc 35: 256\nrepetitrix meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 60\ndepressaria rileyella chambers, 1872; can. ent. 4 (6): 106; tl: kentucky\nsachalinensis matsumura, 1931; 6000 illust. insects japan. - empire: 1083\nsattleri piskunov, 1982; dokl. akad. nauk. armyan. ssr 74 (3): 138\ntelphusa sematica meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 286; tl: barberton\nstenacma meyrick, 1935; exotic microlep. 4 (18 - 19): 585\nnothris thymiata meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 497; tl: arizona, nogales\nchelaria trachydyta meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 304; tl: bombay, dharwar\ntribalanota meyrick, 1935; mat. microlep. fauna chin. prov. : 67\nnothris griseella chambers, 1874; can. ent. 6 (12): 245; tl: texas\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\n[ spl ] varis, v. (ed), ahola, m. , albrecht, a. , jalava, j. , kaila, l. , kerppola, s. , kullberg, j. , 1995\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nexpedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921. the tineid moths\nlepidoptera britannica, sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter... adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz. 2. abteilung, kleinschmetterlinge. 2. die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa, zugleich als text, revision und supplement zu j. hübner' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge, die schaben und federmotten, (1847 -) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland. fascicle 7. 1. gelechioidea, gelechiidae (part), dichomeridinae\nnotice sur la chassa des lépidoptéres durant l' été 1904 dans le district d' ourjoum, gouv. de viatka [ in russian ]\nreview .\na list of north american lepidoptera and key to the literature of this order of insects\n. by harrison c. dyar, ph. d. , ...\nzerny, 1935 die lepidopterenfauna des grossen atlas in marokko und seiner randgebiete mém. soc. sci. nat. maroc. 42: 1 - 163, pl. 1 - 2\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthe bookreader requires javascript to be enabled. please check that your browser supports javascript and that it is enabled in the browser settings. you can also try one of the other formats of the book .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services." ]

{ "text": [ "gelechia exposita is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "it is found on borneo .", "the wingspan is about 15 mm .", "the forewings are white , with scattered fuscous scales and blackish markings .", "there is a short mark from the base of the costa , and a small spot on the costa near the base .", "there is a dot in the disc at one-fifth and a rather oblique streak from the costa at one-fourth , somewhat dilated towards the fold , and with a small tuft on the anterior edge on the fold , not reaching the dorsum .", "there is a small spot on the costa before the middle and a dot in the disc beneath this , and one at two-thirds .", "there is also a spot on the costa at three-fifths and a raised transverse mark above the dorsum before the tornus .", "there are also small spots on the costa at three-fourths and at the apex , as well as some irregular clouding of dark fuscous irroration towards the termen .", "the hindwings are subhyaline very pale bluish-grey , darker towards the apex . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "gelechia exposita is a moth of the gelechiidae family. it is found on borneo. the wingspan is about 15 mm. the forewings are white, with scattered fuscous scales and blackish markings. there is a short mark from the base of the costa, and a small spot on the costa near the base. there is a dot in the disc at one-fifth and a rather oblique streak from the costa at one-fourth, somewhat dilated towards the fold, and with a small tuft on the anterior edge on the fold, not reaching the dorsum. there is a small spot on the costa before the middle and a dot in the disc beneath this, and one at two-thirds. there is also a spot on the costa at three-fifths and a raised transverse mark above the dorsum before the tornus. there are also small spots on the costa at three-fourths and at the apex, as well as some irregular clouding of dark fuscous irroration towards the termen. the hindwings are subhyaline very pale bluish-grey, darker towards the apex." ]

[ "the greater crested tern may also be referred to as crested tern or swift tern .\ngreater greater crested terns, race\nvelox\n, were spotted by us in oman .\njuvenile greater crested tern upon release after catching. in the background a responding adult .\nan adult greater crested tern has bold clean colours including a striking black cap. photo: john spiers\ngreater crested tern (thalasseus bergii) feeding in groups. | the internet bird collection | hbw alive\ngreater crested terns, race\nvelox\n, were photographed by us in oman .\nthe greater crested tern is australia’s second largest large tern, resident in south australia. it feeds mainly on fish but will take squid, crabs, and other aquatic prey .\ngreater crested tern that has caught a prawn (photo courtesy of i. duncan) [ south west rocks, nsw, september 2011 ]\nthe wings of the crested tern stick out much further past the tail than do the wings of a lesser crested tern and in flight they are noticeably larger .\nnear - frontal view of a greater crested tern in breeding plumage (photo courtesy of m. eaton) [ noosa, qld, december 2017 ]\nnear - dorsal view of a greater crested tern in breeding plumage (photo courtesy of j. greaves) [ margaret river, wa, march 2015 ]\nso with that i will close this and put it down as a lesser crested tern .\ngreater crested tern moulting into non - breeding plumage (photo courtesy of c. kellenberg) [ point plomer, limeburners creek np, nsw, february 2009 ]\nlateral view of a greater crested tern in breeding plumage (photo courtesy of c. kellenberg) [ point plomer, limeburners creek np, nsw, february 2009 ]\nadult greater crested tern with a young precocial chick (photo courtesy of m. mearns) [ lady elliot island, near agnes water, qld, january 2006 ]\ntodd, k. 1981. a crested tern in hawkes bay. notornis 28: 262 .\nnear - lateral view of a greater crested tern in non - breeding plumage in flight (photo courtesy of b. kinross) [ beachmere, qld, july 2012 ]\nadult greater crested tern bringing a fish for a juvenile (photo courtesy of m. mearns) [ lady elliot island, near agnes water, qld, january 2016 ]\nlateral view of a greater crested tern in non - breeding plumage (photo courtesy of c. kellenberg) [ point plomer, limeburners creek np, nsw, february 2009 ]\ncrested tern. breeding adult. michaelmas cay, january 2017. image © imogen warren by imogen warren\ncompared to lesser crested terns, the greater crested tern is bigger and has a yellow bill (rather than orange). caspian terns, on the other hand, are much larger and have a red bill with a black tip .\nafter the announcement of the rediscovery we received reports of two earlier sightings. one was from chang shou - hua who took many photographs of the matzu tern colony in previous years. using a magnifying glass to examine early photographs he found some chinese crested terns in a greater crested tern colony. this finding suggests the chinese crested tern may have been breeding at this site for some time. the other report was from weng jung - hsiun, who took a picture of a single chinese crested tern in a flock of caspian terns s. caspia at putai, chiayi county (23¥21’n, 120¥10’e) on 17 april 1998. initially, this bird was thought to be an immature greater crested tern but was later re - identified as the first and the only chinese crested tern record from taiwan .\nclose - up lateral portrait of a greater crested tern in non - breeding plumage (photo courtesy of j. greaves) [ penguin island, near rockingham, wa, march 2016 ]\nthe greater crested tern is a widespread found along the coasts of the indian ocean, australia, africa, south eastern asia and the islands of australasia. all australian birds belong to the\nno takers on the crested terns, so i' ll give them a go. i think it' s a regular (greater) crested tern. we don' t have lesser crested in my area, so not too familiar with them, but i believe lesser crested don' t have the black spotting on the sides of the neck .\nthe mottled black cap on this bird tells us that it is an immature crested tern. photo: john spiers\nclose - up view of a greater crested tern nest with a single egg in it (photo courtesy of m. mearns) [ lady elliot island, near agnes water, qld, january 2006 ]\nthe breeding season listed above applied to the southern breeding regions of greater crested terns. in the tropical north they breed mostly from about january to june. in principle, greater crested terns can breed any time of the year. sometimes they have a clutch of 2. nests are usually on sand amongst some kind of low vegetation. greater crested terns are colonial nesters, with up to thousands of nests densely packed on small islands .\nnesting colony of greater crested terns (photo courtesy of m. mearns) [ lady elliot island, near agnes water, qld, january 2016 ]\nview of a greater crested tern nesting colony; note how the nests are located amongst low vegetation (photo courtesy of m. mearns) [ lady elliot island, near agnes water, qld, january 2006 ]\nthree greater crested tern nests, each with a single egg in it, all close to plants (photo courtesy of m. mearns) [ lady elliot island, near agnes water, qld, january 2006 ]\nthe crested tern is a large, distinctive, yellow - billed tern that is common in australia but seen only rarely in new zealand. a crested tern was apparently resident around wellington for about 15 years from the early 1980s, and was seen regularly in wellington harbour, and at pukerua bay and waikanae estuary .\ngreater crested terns in non - breeding plumage (photo courtesy of c. kellenberg) [ point plomer, limeburners creek np, nsw, february 2009 ]\nchinese crested tern with a chick, and incubating, amidst black - tailed gull colony, south korea. photo: yunkyoung lee\nwe consulted several handbooks and fieldguides about this bird. according to our observations, the plates of this bird are not entirely accurate (1 - 7); there is a white point to the black tip of the bill. only two books demonstrated this feature (1, 4). the bill colour is more orange than greater crested tern but all the plates illustrated it as yellow (as in greater crested tern) except dupont (5) .\nthe chinese crested tern (thalasseus bernsteini, syn. sterna bernsteini - see bridge et al. , 2005) is a seabird of the tern family sternidae, closely related to sandwich tern t. sandvicensis and lesser crested tern t. bengalensis. it is most similar to the former, differing only in the bill pattern, which is the reverse of the sandwich tern' s, being yellow with a black tip. from lesser crested tern, which it overlaps in wintering distribution, it can be told by the white rump and paler grey mantle, as well as the black tip to the bill, which seen from up close also has a white point. the larger greater crested tern is also similar, differing in the stouter, all - yellow bill and darker grey mantle and rump, as well as in size .\ntern identification in general is notoriously difficult (about on par with wader / shorebird identification). however it is my opinion that the bird in your photograph is a lesser crested tern (thalasseus bengalensis) .\nsince then we, and various contributors to this website, have spotted greater crested terns, race\ncristatus\n, in various locations along the nsw and qld coastline .\nthough it is easier to see when the two species are side by side, there is a size difference. where this is most obvious is the size of the head and the wings proportionate to the body. the crested tern has a “boofy” appearance due to the head and beak being quite large (not as large as a caspian tern but noticeable). the lesser crested tern has a smaller head in comparison and while not as sleek and elegant as say a little or a whiskered tern has a more compact and put - together appearance than the crested tern .\ngreater crested terns, race\ncristatus\n, were first sighted by us in australia at myall lakes np, 50 km north of newcastle, nsw, in june 2009 .\nin order to increase public awareness of conservation in the reserve, lienchiang county government supported a project of wild bird federation of taiwan to film the breeding terns. the project started in june 1999 and was carried out by liang chieh - teh. in mid - june 2000 while editing the film of a greater crested tern colony videoed on 1 june, several pairs of strange terns were noted. after checking a reference book 3 these birds were identified as chinese crested tern based on their smaller size and paler upperparts than greater crested tern and black tips to their bills. the film was sent to dr. lucia liu severinghaus who helped to confirm the identification .\nin late july liang took dr. severinghaus to the terns’ colony to confirm the identification in the field and a press conference was later held to announce the important find. on 26th august the authors again visited the terns’ colony but only one chinese crested tern in non - breeding plumage remained at the site along with 40 + greater crested tern. this was the last sighting of this bird this year .\ncolony of greater crested terns on the shoreline of a coral atoll (photo courtesy of m. mearns) [ lady elliot island, near agnes water, qld, january 2016 ]\nasia’s rarest seabird has been discovered breeding in the korean peninsula. this new stronghold could help the chinese crested tern bounce back from near - extinction .\nlike all terns, greater crested terns feed on fish and crayfish, which they catch with their bills just under the water surface in a steep high - speed dive from considerable height .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - great crested tern (sterna bergii )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - great crested tern (sterna bergii )\ntitle =\narkive species - great crested tern (sterna bergii )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n“the return of chinese crested tern as a breeding bird in the yellow sea is an extremely nice surprise, ” says simba chan, senior conservation officer for asia, birdlife international. yet there is another twist in the tale: the situation in which the south korean birds were found, breeding amongst a gull colony, gives new hope for the rare terns. at other discovered breeding sites (matsu islands, jiushan islands, wuzhishan islands and the recently - confirmed penghu islands), chinese crested tern are found breeding in mixed colonies of greater crested tern thalasseus bergii. chan explains the importance of the new discovery amidst the gulls: “there are no breeding colonies of greater crested tern north of the yangtze estuary, so we previously thought that chinese crested tern would not breed in the yellow sea region before their numbers reached a threshold large enough to form their own colony. the new site means the future of this species looks more promising now, as there are more colonies where it can nest. ”\nthere are few stretches of the australian coastline where the crested tern cannot be seen — it has been known as both the bass straits tern and the torres straits tern! they breed in colonies on small offshore islands where their nests are so densely packed together that adjacent owners can touch each other’s bills. though the crested tern is usually a strictly coastal species, there are occasional records in the arid interior of australia, where birds were possibly blown by passing tropical cyclones !\nm. mearns reports finding greater crested terns, race\ncristatus\n, nesting on lady elliot island, off the qld coast near agnes water, in january 2006 and again in january 2016 .\ngreater crested terns can be found along the coastline, e. g. on beaches. they also venture out to sea, into coastal waters above the continental shelf and are found on many offshore islands .\nj. greaves reports spotting greater crested terns, race\ncristatus\n, regularly in various locations along the south - western coastline of wa. they were also seen on kangaroo island, sa, in march 2016 .\nsorry, but i' m not convinced that your bird is a lesser crested .\ntennyson, a. j. d. 2013 [ updated 2017 ]. crested tern. in miskelly, c. m. (ed .) new zealand birds online. urltoken\nin june 2000 liang chieh - teh was fortunate to discover a chinese crested tern sterna bernsteini colony in the matzu archipelago. here the authors give some background to this exciting discovery .\nthe other feature is of course beak colour. the beak of a crested tern is a pale almost lemon yellow (though not quite that vibrant). the beak of a lesser crested tern should be organgey - yellow. though this is mentioned in all of the field guides it isn’t always the best indicator. however in the case of your photographs the colour is consistent and the beak always shows as orangey - yellow .\nthe birdlife international chinese crested tern project is generously funded by the ocean park conservation foundation, hong kong; the tilia fund; and the birdlife preventing extinctions programme. special thanks to spike millington and nial moores for pointing in the direction of possible chinese crested tern records near inchon, and to miyako tsurumi from the yamashina institute for ornithology for providing advice and copy of the old record, which was written by dr nagamichi kuroda .\nwhilst the great crested tern is not globally threatened, some populations are vulnerable to egg collecting, human disturbance, and injury and mortality associated with entanglement with fishing nets, lines and hooks, and human refuse (2) (5) .\ngreater crested terns are relatively large terns. during the breeding season they have a black cap, white front (throat, neck, chest, belly and vent) and grey wings. the black eyes are surrounded by the black cap, while the frons (base of the bill) is white. the pointy, long bill is yellow; the short legs and feet are dark - grey. in eclipse the front of the cap becomes mottled black - and - white. juvenile greater crested terns have\ncheckered\nupperparts, i. e. their back is mottled in various shades of grey .\na three year project to study bird ecology in the area, coordinated by wild bird federation of taiwan (formerly chinese wild bird federation) and financed by agriculture improvement bureau of lienchiang county began in april 1996 and improved our understanding of the bird fauna. the survey found that several uninhabited islets are very important breeding sites for terns with large colonies of greater crested tern sterna bergii, bridled tern, s. anaethetus and roseate tern s. dougallii. the results of the survey prompted the lienchiang county government to define the islets as a nature reserve and in january 2000, eight islets used by breeding terns were officially designated as ‘national matzu nature reserve for terns’ by central government council of agriculture .\n. 2011). in november 2009, an international symposium on the chinese crested tern was held in the matsu islands and was attended by almost 100 delegates (chen shuihua 2009, gill 2010). a species action plan was published in 2010 (chan\nlittle is known about the biology of the chinese crested tern. the stomachs of adult specimens were found to contain fish (6) and breeding is thought to occur from may to july, although no definite breeding sites have ever been found (2) .\nrecords indicate that it is exclusively coastal and pelagic in distribution. in china (including taiwan), it has been found on offshore islets (breeding) and tidal mudflats. breeding season late may to late august. typically nests within large colonies of great crested tern\n2013). in 2015 the species successfully bred on the wuzhishan islands (hurrell 2015). in 2013 tiedun dao islet in the jiushan islands was restored as a seabird colony (birdlife international 2013). vegetation was cleared, 300 tern decoys were placed on the island and solar - powered playback systems were used to play contact calls of great and chinese crested terns. by late july, 19 adult chinese crested terns (the largest count since rediscovery) and 2, 600 great crested terns were present, and by september at least one juvenile chinese crested tern had successfully fledged. in 2014 at least 43 adult chinese crested terns were present on the island of tiedun dao for the breeding season, forming a minimum of 20 breeding pairs and fledging at least 13 chicks (anon. 2014). in 2015 at least 25 pairs bred on tiedun dao and at least 16 chicks successfully fledged (hurrell 2015) .\ninspired by the new discovery in south korea, simba chan delved back into the history books in search of answers. “after careful study of an old record of a crested tern collected in 1917 from an island situated in present - day north korea, i can deduce that the specimen was no doubt a chinese crested tern. ” so perhaps the latest discovery by the south korean researchers is not the first time chinese crested tern has been found breeding on the korean peninsula. in fact, further evidence suggests that there is indeed another, unknown, breeding site somewhere else in this region; in late august 2016 four chinese crested terns (two adult and two fledglings) appeared in qingdao, shandong, northern china. as there was only one fledgling from the newly discovered south korean colony, and this is far south of qingdao, it suggests that the yellow sea could be much more important for this critically endangered species than previously thought .\nsimilar species: the crested tern is about half the size of a caspian tern, which has a prominent red bill. smaller terns are readily separable by size and most have either a red or black bill. little terns and fairy terns sometimes have yellow or orange coloured bills but are much smaller (50 - 70 g). lesser crested terns (sterna bengalensis) have never been recorded from new zealand but occur in northern australia so they might reach new zealand; they are smaller with a more orange - coloured bill (higgins & davies 1996) .\nin 2013 tiedun dao islet in the jiushan islands was restored as a seabird colony (birdlife international 2013). vegetation was cleared, 300 tern decoys were placed on the island and solar - powered playback systems were used to play contact calls of great and chinese crested terns. by late july, 19 adult chinese crested terns and 2, 600 great crested terns were present, and by september at least one juvenile chinese crested tern had successfully fledged. during the 2014 and 2015 breeding seasons a warden was stationed on tiedun dao to monitor the species and deter egg collectors. at least 13 chicks fledged in 2014 (anon. 2014) and at least 16 chicks fledged successfully in 2015 (hurrell 2015). in 2015, 31 chinese crested terns were fitted with leg bands in order to learn more about their ecology (hurrell 2015). a series of meetings and workshops were organised to discuss the tern restoration work and a successful education campaign was implemented (chan 2014). plans are in place for the birdlife asia division to work with burung indonesia to raise awareness of the species at potential wintering sites (hurrell 2015) .\nthe greater crested tern has a very large range of more than 42 million square kilometers. it occurs in coastal waters and on islands in southern and eastern africa, the arabian peninsula, the indian ocean, eastern china, southeastern asia, indonesia, australasia, and the south pacific. the population of this common waterbird is estimated to be anywhere from 150, 000 to 1, 100, 000 individuals. this species has been given a conservation rating of least concern on account of its large, stable population .\nthe crested tern has been identified as a conservation value in the temperate east (dsewpac 2012aa) and north (dsewpac 2012x) marine regions. see schedule 2 of the north marine bioregional plan (dsewpac 2012x) for regional advice. maps of biologically important areas have been developed for crested tern in the north (dsewpac 2012x) marine region and may provide additional relevant information. go to the conservation values atlas to view the locations of these biologically important areas. the\nspecies group report card - seabirds\nfor the temperate east (dsewpac 2012aa) and north (dsewpac 2012x) marine regions provide additional information .\ngochfeld, m. , burger, j. , kirwan, g. m. , christie, d. a. & garcia, e. f. j. (2018). greater crested tern (thalasseus bergii). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\non 29 june liang and mr. chang shou - hua, the secretary general of wild bird society of matzu visited the colony for more fieldwork. they surveyed the area and found four breeding pairs of chinese crested tern, with eight adults and four chicks. this is the highest count of the species ever .\nthe great crested tern is a large tern with an extensive range. during the breeding season, the adult has a distinctive black cap with a long crest, white neck and underparts, and a grey back and upperwing. in contrast, the non - breeding adult has a white crown with limited dark spotting, but its hind - crown remains black (2). the large bill is greenish - yellow to yellow, and the legs are black (2) (3). the juveniles primarily differ from the adults in having heavily mottled or barred brown upperparts. there is some taxonomic confusion surrounding the number of subspecies of the great crested tern, but six are currently recognised, varying mainly in the colouration of the upperparts and the amount of white on the forehead (2) .\nthe great crested tern forages in the shallow waters of lagoons, coral reefs, estuaries, along all types of shoreline, and also far out to sea in open water. nesting sites are usually located on offshore islands, low - lying coral reefs, coastal islets, spits, and lagoons (2) (5) .\na large tern, with large, slightly curved, yellow bill. forehead strip, sides of face, neck and underparts white. black legs and feet with yellow soles .\nthe chinese crested tern is a critically endangered species. it was first described in 1863 and since its discovery only five group of birds have been recorded. the two most recent records concerned ten in thailand in july 1980 and three in northern china in september 1991. several authors consider this bird may already be extinct (1, 2) .\nthis large tern does not breed around the granitic islands but can be seen here at all times of the year, flying along beaches alone to roosting on sandbanks in small groups .\nlesser crested never have that much black on the sides of the neck, in non - breeding they have a much more receded black cap (i. e. the white goes further back on the crown, & the bill on your bird is not a orange enough, its bill colour is well with the normal colour range for (great) crested terns. compare the head pattern & bill colour on your bird to the real lesser crested photo posted by pacman (peter), there is clear differences there .\nchinese crested tern thalasseus bernsteini is one of the rarest birds in the world – possibly the rarest seabird in the world, and certainly in asia. only rediscovered 16 years ago on the east coast of mainland china, after its assumed extinction since 1937, only three breeding sites were known of this critically endangered tern, all on islands south of china. that is, until this year: as well as a new site confirmed in the taiwanese strait, one chick has fledged from another, a south korean colony all the way across the yellow sea .\n. 2015). in thailand, it is nationally protected, and the locality where it was historically recorded is protected as the laem talumphuk non - hunting area. a special international meeting of the pacific seabird group was held in lukang, taiwan, in october 2007, at which the chinese crested tern working group was formed and various conservation actions were discussed (anon. 2007b) .\nthe crested tern has a wide distribution from south africa to the persian gulf, and through south - east asia and indonesia to australia and polynesia. new zealand birds are believed to be of the form that occurs from south - east asia east to the tuamotu archipelago. crested terns are considered to be sedentary, but after breeding, birds sometimes disperse. it is primarily a coastal species, often seen on islands, at estuaries, or in harbours roosting on beaches, rocks or objects such as jetties. it is sometimes seen further out to sea, but is rarely found inland .\n2010). a training workshop on chinese crested terns was held in zhejiang province, china in march 2013. the workshop focussed on habitat restoration at breeding colonies (anon. 2013) .\ncrested terns nest in dense colonies, with seasonal patterns varying between sites. they are gregarious, however all new zealand records have been of single birds, often associating with white - fronted terns .\nlarids are found near fresh and salt water throughout north america but are most common near large bodies of water. even marsh nesters such as the franklin' s gull and black tern spend the winter in coastal areas .\nprior to the recent observations detailed below, the chinese crested tern was only known from a few old specimens and sight records. there are a few historical records from china including 21 collected off shandong in 1937. more recent records from china are of three birds observed on sand flats at beidaihe on 10 june 1978 and a further three, probably of this species were observed at the mouth of the yellow river in sept 1991 .\nbirdlife restored the jiushan islands breeding colony, using decoy birds to attract chinese crested tern, and hope to use this successful method again in south korea. in 2014 and 2015, thirty chicks fledged from the jiushan islands site, carefully watched over by a dedicated birdlife team. but this year, the fragile colony unfortunately failed to produce chicks, meaning the species is far from safe, and new breeding sites need to be secured\nadult gulls and terns are for the most part pale - colored birds plumaged in gray, white, and black with dark plumages predominating in the black tern and noddy species. other colors are limited to orange and yellow (in the bills and feet) and pink hues in the plumage of the ross' s gull and roseate tern. immature gulls of most species cycle through years of a seemingly bewildering number of gray, brown, and black streaked plumages .\nthe crested tern is a rare vagrant to new zealand with 13 records only. the first record was from the kermadec islands in 1910. since the 1960s the species has been reported from spirits bay, waipu, auckland, firth of thames, maketu, napier, new plymouth, manawatu, wellington, farewell spit, kaikoura and in canterbury (off southshore spit and at washdyke lagoon). one was apparently resident around wellington from 1981 - 1995 .\nas part of a routine survey undertaken by the national institute of ecology of korea, the team were on a rocky islet in the yellow sea, seven kilometres off the coast of southwestern south korea. it was there, amongst the sparse short grass, that they spotted an anomaly happily sitting amongst the gulls in the spring of 2016. “when we saw the distinctive headcrests we couldn’t believe we were looking at two pairs of nesting chinese crested tern”, said yunkyoung .\nthe diet of the great crested tern consists mainly of pelagic fish from 10 - 15 centimetres in length, but it also opportunistically takes squid, crabs, insects, baby turtles, and other aquatic prey. it typically forages in groups, flying several metres above the ocean, every now and again plunging into the water or dipping its bill just under the surface to catch unsuspecting prey. most foraging occurs within three kilometres of the colony (2) (5) .\n. there are in total 5 races of greater crested terns, which are a dispersive species. nominate race\nbergii\nand race\nenigma\nbreed along the southern african coastline, with race\nbergii\nfound westward of cape hoorn (south africa, namibia), race\nenigma\nto the east, up to about the zambesi delta. they disperse into the near - coastal southern atlantic ocean (\nbergii\n) and southern indian ocean, respectively. race\nthalassinus\nbreeds along the eastern african coast and on the seychelles group of islands. they disperse into the western indian ocean. race\nthe great crested tern is listed under appendix ii of the convention on the conservation of migratory species of wild animals (cms), which aims to conserve migratory species throughout their range (6). it is also listed under the associated agreement on the conservation of african - eurasian migratory waterbirds (aewa), which calls upon parties to engage in a range of conservation actions to help protect and conserve bird species that are dependent on wetlands for at least part of their annual cycle (7) .\nstated that a survey of chinese experts found that the number of crested terns fell to 50 birds, half the population of 2004. a chinese survey team led by chen shuihua stated that the bird was\non the verge of extinction .\nrealising the importance of their discovery, the korean researchers quickly sprung to action to protect the terns. “we immediately requested the ministry of environment to restrict all civilian access (even researchers), and to secure the area until breeding success was confirmed, ” said yunkyoung. “the ministry also took action to help the birds. ” by proposing conservation regulations and information on breeding behaviour, birdlife is now supporting the ministry to turn this designated special island for protection into a stable breeding ground for the chinese crested tern .\nit is a critically endangered species, previously thought extinct, with a mere four pairs rediscovered in 2000, nesting in a greater crested tern colony on an islet in the matsu islands (territory governed by taiwan), just off the coast of fujian province, china, and wintering south to the philippines. in the past, it had a wider distribution off the chinese east coast north to shandong province. the decline is thought to be due to past hunting and egg collection for food. past protection of this colony may be because of the islands' disputed status, administered by taiwan but claimed by mainland china, the military sensitivity of the area restricting access. the islet has now been declared a wildlife sanctuary. it is possible that other small colonies may yet be found off the chinese and taiwanese coasts; migrant birds have been seen near the mouth of the pachang river. the total population is speculated to be less than 50 birds .\ncooper, j. ; crawford, r. j. m. ; suter, w. ; williams, a. j. 1990. distribution, population size and conservation of the swift tern sterna bergii in southern africa. ostrich 61 (1 - 2): 56 - 65 .\ncrested terns mainly eat fish, occasionally prawns and squid. they occasionally scavenge offal from boats; there is no information on diet from new zealand. most feeding is in coastal waters, with prey caught by the birds plunging and briefly submerging; they occasionally skim feed .\nthe arctic tern migrates more that twenty thousand miles each year on a round trip journey between the arctic and antarctic. populations that breed in the northeast actually do a circle of the atlantic by flying to northern europe, heading south along the african coast to antarctica and then following the american coastlines north .\nwhile many larid species have benefited from the presence of people, two tern and one gull species have become endangered. least and roseate terns are threatened by destruction and disturbance of their nest sites on sand bars and beaches while the sharp decline of the ivory gull could be related to pollution and global warming .\nthe great crested tern tends to breed in large, dense colonies or in small groups within larger mixed species colonies. each breeding individual nests only once in any given year, with the nests being a shallow scrape in sand, gravel or coral, often packed tightly together (2) (5). the clutch size is usually a singe egg, or sometimes two, which are incubated for 25 to 30 days before hatching. the chick fledges after around 38 to 40 days but remains dependent on it its parents until it is at least 4 months of age (2) .\npreviously thought to be possibly extinct, the chinese crested tern was rediscovered in 2000 with a population of just four adult pairs and four chicks (4). this largish, slender bird has a diagnostic black - tipped yellow bill, sometimes with a tiny white spot at the extreme tip (5). breeding adults have a white head and black crested cap (5). underparts are white and upper parts are a pale pearl - grey, with blackish outer primary flight feathers (4) (5). the tail is white and deeply forked, and the legs and feet are black. the non - breeding adult is similar, except that the crown is mottled black and white, merging into the black nape. juveniles are a mottled brown colour on upper parts, with a paler inner part of the wing lining and two dark bars on the inner wing (5) .\nan 18 - month' critically endangered chinese crested tern' project ran from july 2008, it aimed to locate undiscovered breeding colonies and feeding areas in fujian province, to conduct education and awareness work at schools and local communities around key sites in northern fujian, and raise awareness of the need for strengthened law enforcement and other actions among stakeholders in fujian and zhejiang provinces (birdlife international 2009). in april 2009, 20 participants attended the chinese crested tern conservation meeting across the taiwan straits in fuzhou city, fujian (cheung 2010). amongst the coordinated conservation actions agreed were synchronised surveys to be carried out twice a month from june to august 2009 in the matsu islands and min jiang estuary to confirm the total number of individuals off the coast of fujian, surveys for new breeding sites along the eastern coast of mainland china in the next few years, and investigation of migration routes and basic training for nature reserve staff and volunteers. a public seminar and photo exhibition were held in the public library of fujian in the same month to raise awareness of the species and major threats. in october 2009, further awareness - raising activities were conducted in schools in coastal areas of zhejiang and fujian (cheung 2010). environmental education work is on - going (hong kong bird watching society\ngreater terns on aldabra, cosmoledo and a few other outer islands, and some birds can be seen around these breeding sites all year round. when feeding birds dive from the air into water to catch fish, squid and other prey. they also pick turtle hatchings from the surface of the water. outside of the breeding season, many more birds are seen in seychelles that can be accounted for by the known breeding populations here. we do not know where the extra birds come from .\na large tern that is dark grey above and white below with a black cap, a deeply forked tail, a heavy pointed yellow bill, and black legs. in breeding plumage the black feathers on its nape form a small shaggy crest; non - breeding adults have a white forehead with black streaking where it meets the black crest at the mid - crown .\n. 2010) recommended a number of actions, including to: conduct surveys at its former localities, both in the presumed breeding and non - breeding ranges, and at other potentially suitable breeding sites in china. take immediate conservation measures to safeguard any sites found, especially nesting colonies. upgrade the level of protection afforded to min jiang estuary. monitor the known breeding colonies, while taking care to avoid disturbance. enforce a ban on landing on the breeding islands. stop exploitation of the species, ensuring no eggs are taken - posting a warden at the matsu islands would be ideal; however this may not currently be possible for political reasons. survey potential wintering areas and migration sites, including islands in the seram sea and banda sea (robson 2011). recent records of the species during the winter found it in areas with high concentrations of greater crested terns\nthe chinese crested tern is poorly understood. the bird has been recorded in the past on the eastern coast of china, in hebei, shandong, fujian and guangdong, and outside the breeding season on halmahera (indonesia), in sarawak (malaysia) and in taiwan, thailand and the philippines. the only recent records are from china in hebei in 1978 and shandong in 1991, with a possible record from peninsular thailand in 1980. the only known current population was found on the mazu dao islands off the east coast of mainland china (but under the administration of taipei) in 2000. the current total numbers are unknown but are thought to be very small given the rarity of recent records (4) .\nalthough most great crested terns appear to remain more or less within the vicinity of the breeding colonies throughout the year, the movement patterns of this species are poorly known (2) (5). certainly, populations in australia commonly disperse several hundred kilometres after breeding, while those in the middle east typically over winter in egypt and east africa (2) .\nin summer 2000 four adults and four chicks were found amongst a tern colony in the matsu archipelago off the east coast of mainland china (but administered by taiwan). breeding again took place in 2003, and in 2006 5 - 7 birds, including a pair of adults and a juvenile, were present (candido 2006), with a total of 20, including three chicks, reported in 2008 (hansbro\ncurrently the breeding site is in a national nature reserve under the protection of law and the magistrate liu of liengchiang county government is very supportive of the conservation of the site. the major threat now is fisherman from mainland china invading these islets to collect seashells or bird eggs. after disturbance by fisherman in 1999 a previous bridled tern breeding site had no birds in the following breeding season. since the colony is very sensitive to disturbance, control of visiting tourists will also be a problem during next breeding season .\nthis tern is unmistakable if seen clearly. its large size combined with its prominent yellow bill is unique in the new zealand area. the species is grey above and white below with a black cap and a deeply forked tail. in breeding plumage, the black feathers on its nape form a small shaggy crest. in non - breeders the black on the crown recedes and is streaked with white. juveniles have a more smudgy crown, black tips to many of their upper feathers and a less deeply forked tail. the legs and feet are black. the species has a rakish yet graceful appearance in flight .\nscientific name: sterna bergii creole name: dyanman sardin wingspan: 125 – 130 cm population in the seychelles: 300 – 700 breeding pairs in the seychelles, all on the southern coral islands world distribution: indian ocean, pacific, red sea and persian gulf distribution in seychelles: breeds on aldabra and amirantes, outside breeding season, occurs throughout the seychelles nest: on the ground, on bare earth on small islets. one or two eggs laid diet: fish, squid, turtle hatchings identification: a large tern, grey above and white below with a forked white tail, heavy greenish –yellow beak and shaggy black crest\nhas been thought to be closely related to t. maximus and there is recent evidence that it forms part of a genetic cluster with west african royal terns thalasseus maximus albididorsalis and lesser crested terns t. bengalensis (of all subspecies) # r. possibly hybridizes with t. bernsteini. subspecific taxonomy unusually confusing; proposed race enigma now synonymized with nominate, and race gwendolenae is perhaps better included within cristatus; many other races proposed, e. g. bakeri (makran coast, in se iran and s pakistan), edwardsi (sri lanka), halodramus (sulu is, in sw philippines), pelecanoides (torres strait, ne australia), poliocerca (tasmania). in contrast, species sometimes treated as monotypic. five subspecies currently recognized .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1. 0 / / en\nurltoken\nbecome a member; get involved with the american ornithological society (aos) .\nthis site is for the american ornithological society (aos) and information on advancing the scientific knowledge and conservation of birds .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe diets of 12 species of tropical seabirds were investigated in 2 areas of the far northern great barrier reef, australia, with particular reference to the effects of bycatch discarded from trawlers on diets and reproduction. the species whose diets included at least 20% discard taxa are sterna bergii, s. dougallii and perhaps s. anaetheta; between 5 and 19% - hydroprogne caspia, anous stolidus, sterna bengalensis, sula leucogaster and fregata ariel, less than 5% - sterna sumatrana; and none - fregata minor, sula dactylatra and sula sula. there was a marked contrast in the diet of s. bergii in closed and open trawling seasons: in the closed season only 5% of the prey were benthic species, whereas in the open season they made up about 70% of the diet. differences in the diets of birds from areas open and closed to fishing were less marked, probably because birds from the closed zone can forage in adjacent areas open to trawling. about half the bycatch discarded by the trawlers is of a size suitable for one or more of the seabirds, and most of this half floats, some of it for up to 6 h. s. bergii, s. leucogaster and f. ariel are actively opportunistic, feeding around trawlers, but s. anaetheta and s. dougallii may be passive discard feeders, feeding on floating discards away from the site of dumping. the provision of discards has not changed the size ranges of prey taken by any of the species. it may, however, have increased overlap in the diets of the various seabirds and changed some feeding strategies. there is little evidence that discards have directly affected breeding cycles or nesting periodicity. nevertheless, most species breed mainly in late summer and the largest quantities of bycatch are discarded in march, immediately post - fledging. this may lead to juvenile birds becoming conditioned to feeding on discards and may also reduce juvenile mortality rates .\npublished in meps vol. 127. publication date: november 02, 1995 print issn: 0171 - 8630; online issn: 1616 - 1599 copyright © 1995 inter - research .\ncombined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is very large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: thalasseus bergii. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ncramp, s. and simmons, k. e. l. (eds). 1977 - 1994. handbook of the birds of europe, the middle east and africa. the birds of the western palearctic. oxford university press, oxford .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is very large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthis species can be found found on islands and coastlines of the tropical and subtropical old world, ranging from the atlantic coast of south africa, south around the cape and continuing along the coast of africa and asia almost without break to south - east asia and australia. it can also be found on madagascar, islands of the western indian ocean and islands of the western and central pacific ocean. outside the breeding season it can be found at sea throughout this range, with the exception of the central indian ocean (del hoyo et al. 1996)." ]

{ "text": [ "the greater crested tern ( thalasseus bergii ) , also called crested tern or swift tern , is a tern in the family laridae that nests in dense colonies on coastlines and islands in the tropical and subtropical old world .", "its five subspecies breed in the area from south africa around the indian ocean to the central pacific and australia , all populations dispersing widely from the breeding range after nesting .", "this large tern is closely related to the royal and lesser crested terns , but can be distinguished by its size and bill colour .", "the greater crested tern has grey upperparts , white underparts , a yellow bill , and a shaggy black crest that recedes in winter .", "its young have a distinctive appearance , with strongly patterned grey , brown and white plumage , and rely on their parents for food for several months after they have fledged .", "like all members of the genus thalasseus , the greater crested tern feeds by plunge diving for fish , usually in marine environments ; the male offers fish to the female as part of the courtship ritual .", "this is an adaptable species that has learned to follow fishing boats for jettisoned bycatch , and to use unusual nest sites such as the roofs of buildings and artificial islands in salt pans and sewage works .", "its eggs and young are taken by gulls and ibises , and human activities such as fishing , shooting and egg harvesting have caused local population declines .", "there are no global conservation concerns for this bird , which has a stable total population of more than 500,000 individuals . " ], "topic": [ 27, 17, 23, 23, 23, 26, 15, 17, 17 ] }

[ "the greater crested tern (thalasseus bergii), also called crested tern or swift tern, is a tern in the family laridae that nests in dense colonies on coastlines and islands in the tropical and subtropical old world. its five subspecies breed in the area from south africa around the indian ocean to the central pacific and australia, all populations dispersing widely from the breeding range after nesting. this large tern is closely related to the royal and lesser crested terns, but can be distinguished by its size and bill colour. the greater crested tern has grey upperparts, white underparts, a yellow bill, and a shaggy black crest that recedes in winter. its young have a distinctive appearance, with strongly patterned grey, brown and white plumage, and rely on their parents for food for several months after they have fledged. like all members of the genus thalasseus, the greater crested tern feeds by plunge diving for fish, usually in marine environments; the male offers fish to the female as part of the courtship ritual. this is an adaptable species that has learned to follow fishing boats for jettisoned bycatch, and to use unusual nest sites such as the roofs of buildings and artificial islands in salt pans and sewage works. its eggs and young are taken by gulls and ibises, and human activities such as fishing, shooting and egg harvesting have caused local population declines. there are no global conservation concerns for this bird, which has a stable total population of more than 500,000 individuals." ]

[ "this is the place for radiospinula definition. you find here radiospinula meaning, synonyms of radiospinula and images for radiospinula copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word radiospinula. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word radiospinula and, of course, radiospinula synonyms and on the right images related to the word radiospinula .\n1. elop 2. elopaino 3. elopak 4. elope 5. elope with 6. eloped 7. elopement 8. elopement occurrence 9. elopement precautions 10. elopement propensity risk 11. elopements 12. eloper 13. elopers 14. eloperäinen 15. elopes 16. elophila atlantica 17. elophila feili 18. elophila melagynalis 19. elophila obliteralis 20. elophila rosetta 21. elophila tenebralis 22. elopichthys bambusa 23. elopid 24. elopidae 25. elopiform\nhave a fact about elophila miurai? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for elophila miurai? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nby fu - qiang chen, chun - sheng wu and da - yong xue in 2010. it is\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\n26. elopiformes 27. eloping 28. eloping with the sun 29. elopiprazole 30. elopocephala 31. elopomorpha 32. elops 33. elops hawaiensis 34. elops lacerta 35. elops machnata 36. elops saurus 37. elops saurus or machnata 38. elops smithi 39. elopses 40. elopterygidae 41. elopteryx 42. elopteryx nopcsai 43. eloptint\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "elophila radiospinula is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by chen , wu and xue in 2010 .", "it is found in china ( sichuan ) . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "elophila radiospinula is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by chen, wu and xue in 2010. it is found in china (sichuan)." ]

[ "sorex vinius is an imperial merchant in solitude who works at the winking skeever .\nclough, g. 1963. biology of the arctic shrew, sorex arcticus .\nthe g - banded karyotype of sorex satunini was compared with the karyotype of sorex araneus. extensive homology was revealed. the major chromosomal rearrangements involved in the evolutionary divergence of these species have been identified as centric fusions and centromeric shifts. from the known palaeontological age of sorex satunini it is obvious that the vast chromosomal polymorphism of the sorex araneus group originated during the middle pleistocene .\nsorex is voiced by the same actor who also provided for lucan valerius, falion, sild the warlock, and master vampires. sorex is also the only marriage candidate that has this voice .\n© copyright 2018 sorex estate. all rights reserved. website designed, developed & maintained by fyre interactive .\nevette :\nspiced wine for the winking skeever ?\nsorex :\nactually just a bottle for me today. i' m thinking of giving it to vivienne .\nevette :\nsure, sorex. just like you did the last one .\nsorex :\nthe last one was warm up .\nif the dragonborn attacks a member of sorex' s family, (such as his sister minette vinius), he will then\nhunt\nthe dragonborn and, upon approach, will ask the dragonborn to explain. if the dragonborn refuses then sorex will attack but if an explanation is offered, sorex becomes friendly again .\nthis section contains bugs related to sorex vinius. before adding a bug to this list, consider the following :\nhe grew up with vivienne onis and roggvir. they were friends as children until sorex confided his feelings for vivienne to roggvir. after that point, roggvir teased sorex incessantly, and even abused his former friend to embarrass him in front of vivienne. sorex came to hate roggvir, and he is present to see his former friend executed for treason .\nupon raising sorex' s disposition, he becomes a potential candidate for marriage, and makes low value items freely available .\nkaryotype evolution of eulipotyphla (insectivora): the genome homology of seven sorex species revealed by comparative chromosome painting and banding data .\nat around 3: 30–3: 35 am, vivienne onis and sorex will meet halfway up the stairwell of the solitude windmill (south gate) and share dialogue with each other and sorex giving her mead\non the house\n. since sorex has feelings for vivienne the dialogue contains him saying\nthis ones on the house\nand vivienne replying\noh, why thank you .\n2006 .\nsorex arcticus\n( on - line). integrated taxonomic information system. accessed march 18, 2006 at urltoken .\nif anything happens to his father, sorex will only rent out the inn' s rooms; he does not offer any merchant services .\na comparison of the chromosome g - banding pattern in two sorex species, s. satunini and s. araneus (mammalia, insectivora )\nif the dragonborn steals from sorex, or agrees to make the delivery whilst absconding with the rum, he will send hired thugs in pursuit .\nwhat made you want to look up sorex? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\nsmithsonian institution, 1993 .\nsorex arcticus\n( on - line). msw scientific names. accessed march 18, 2006 at urltoken .\na comparison of the chromosome g - banding pattern in two sorex species, s. satunini and s. araneus (mammalia, insectivora) .\nkaryotype evolution of eulipotyphla (insectivora): the genome homology of seven sorex species revealed by comparative chromosome painting and bandi... - pubmed - ncbi\na comparison of the chromosome g - banding pattern in two sorex species, s. satunini and s. araneus (mammalia, insectivora). - pubmed - ncbi\nif sorex vinius is married, the dialogue option for having him cook something can disappear. while this dialogue option can appear, it seems it can also randomly disappear .\nto cite this page: seto, s. 2006 .\nsorex arcticus\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\nif sorex dies, and the dragonborn has made the delivery to falk firebeard for him, the dragonborn will receive a letter from a courier with an inheritance of a small sum of 100 .\nif the quest to help angeline morriad find out about her daughter is accepted, before speaking to sorex, the dialogue for his quest to deliver the stros m' kai rum will not appear .\nyou accepted a radiant quest from thieve' s guild, probably the fishing job from delvin, to stolen the sapphire from sorex vinius, son... 2013 - 08 - 07t14: 02: 53z\ndie taxonomie der ausgestorbenen europäischen untergattung drepanosorex (mammalia, soricidae) ist von jeher problematisch, aber sie scheint fünf gültige arten aus dem pleistozän zu umfassen: sorex (drepanosorex) praearaneus, s. (d .) savini, s. (d .) margaritodon, s. (d .) austriacus und s. (d .) rupestris. die ersten nachweise von sorex (drepanosorex) margaritodon in westeuropa stammen aus der lower red unit (ebenen te7–14) von sima del elefante (sierra de atapuerca, burgos, spanien), die auf ca. 1, 1–1, 5 ma datiert wird. detaillierte morphologische vergleiche und morphometrische analysen haben es uns ermöglicht, die elemente aus sima del elefante unbestritten diesem taxon zu zuweisen. sorex (d .) margaritodon ist heute fest dem frühen pleistozän mitteleuropas und dem norden der iberischen halbinsel zugeordnet, was diese art zu einem sehr nützlichen biochronologischen werkzeug im kontinentalen kontext macht. es ist anzunehmen, dass sorex (d .) margaritodon und s. (d .) savini in mitteleuropa von der primitiveren s. (d .) praearaneus abstammen, die auch als vorfahr der kaukasischen sorex (d .) rupestris in frage kommen könnte. sorex (d .) margaritodon, die drepanosorex - art mit der westlichsten verteilung in europa, kann als der wahrscheinlichste vorfahr von s. (d .) austriacus angesehen werden .\nsorex vinius is an imperial who works at the winking skeever in solitude, and is the son of the owner corpulus vinius. he expects to take over the inn, should anything happen to his father (see bugs) .\nthe g - banded karyotype of sorex satunini (male) in comparison with the karyotype of sorex araneus (the race moscow, male). the chromosomes of the race moscow are given in the frameworks. some chromosomes are identical (a), the others are different because of the arms involved in different fusions (b) or because of the centromeric shift (c). centromere position is indicated by “ < ”. bar = 3 µm .\nthe taxonomy of the extinct european subgenus drepanosorex (mammalia, soricidae) has traditionally been problematic, but it seems to comprise five valid species from the pleistocene: sorex (drepanosorex) praearaneus, s. (d .) savini, s. (d .) margaritodon, s. (d .) austriacus and s. (d .) rupestris. the first record of sorex (drepanosorex) margaritodon in western europe comes from the lower red unit (levels te7–14) of sima del elefante (sierra de atapuerca, burgos, spain), which is dated to ca. 1. 1–1. 5 ma. detailed morphological comparisons and morphometric analyses have allowed us to assign the items from sima del elefante indisputably to this taxon. sorex (d .) margaritodon is now firmly dated to the early pleistocene of central europe and the north of the iberian peninsula, which makes it a very useful biochronological tool in the continental context. sorex (d .) margaritodon and s. (d .) savini could have evolved in central europe from the more primitive s. (d .) praearaneus, which could also be the potential ancestor of the caucasian sorex (d .) rupestris. sorex (d .) margaritodon, the drepanosorex species with the westernmost distribution in europe, may be regarded as the most probable ancestor of s. (d .) austriacus .\nsorex :\ni' m not interested, jaree. no matter how many times you ask .\njaree :\nyou might want to rethink that. you' re missing out on some opportunities, working in that bar .\nsorex wears a set of farm clothes along with a pair of boots. he carries the key to the inn, a belted tunic, and a selection of common loot and gold. in combat, he relies on an iron dagger .\nwhen asked about the execution, he will state that he thinks it was a little harsh, but that as a child roggvir had not exactly been kind to him, as he would stick beehives in sorex' s bed or tease him in public .\nstockley, p. , j. searle. 1994. characteristics of the breeding season in the common shrew (sorex araneus): male sexual maturation, morphology and mobility. pp. 181 - 188 in j merritt, g kirkland, r rose, eds .\norigin & distribution: native. the common shrew is found throughout mainland britain and has also been introduced to many islands with the notable exception of ireland, the outer hebrides, and shetland. it is replaced on jersey by the very similar french shrew (sorex coronatus) .\nin europe, trapping results suggest that it occurs at much lower densities than other sympatric sorex species (although reliable population density estimates are hard to obtain because of difficulties in trapping this species) (sulkava 1990, 1999). the long - term population trend appears to be stable (sulkava 1999). in mongolia this species is widespread but has a low abundance. known to be very rare in hokkaido (japan) .\nsorex estate is a dramatic, fairytale castle situated on a 6 hectare estate in centurion within an area of outstanding natural beauty. kings hall, with its 6 meter high ceiling is an imposing yet intimate space for the reception. a dream entrance for any bride, the long church aisle with breathtaking artwork and guests watching the bridal party’s arrival in awe. queens hall and stone theatre overlooking a pristine forest is suitable for nothing short of a storybook wedding\nin europe it is rare and local. in north - west europe and north - western siberia, captures of this species generally form less than 1% of all sorex captures with snap traps and pitfall traps (sulkava 1999). it is a patchily distributed species and little is known about population trends. little data exists on populations of this species in mongolia, but it is not thought to be widespread (r. samiya pers. comm .) .\ncorpulus :\nbring up some more mead, my boy. this cask' s nearly tapped !\nsorex :\nyes, father. which cask should we open ?\ncorpulus :\njust bring any of them, lad! can' t risk thirsty customers without mead to drink, even for a second !\nor\nany of them! just hurry up! no time for a debate when customers are thirsty !\nminette :\nbring the blackbriar 195 berry - blend. it should be at its peak right now, and if it doesn' t get served soon, it' ll only go bad .\nor\nwe just got a cask of old gold 200 that has a crack in it. better serve it now before it goes bad .\nor\nfat toad 190 is always a crowd - pleaser. father could probably charge extra .\nsorex :\ngood idea, sis. maybe you ought to be in charge !\ncorpulus :\nyes, yes, fine. just hurry! mustn' t keep the customers thirsty !\nsvari :\nthey can' t hurt uncle roggvir. tell them he didn' t do it .\naldis :\npositions .\naddvar :\nsvari, you need to go home. go home and stay there until your mother comes .\naldis :\nlock the city gate .\nvivienne :\nyou should tell her that her uncle is scum that betrayed his high king. best she know now, addvar .\naddvar :\nyou' re all heart, vivienne .\naldis :\nroggvir. you helped ulfric stormcloak escape this city after he murdered high king torygg. by opening that gate for ulfric you betrayed the people of solitude .\nbeirand :\ntraitor !\nsorex :\nhe doesn' t deserve to speak !\nroggvir :\nthere was no murder! ulfric challenged torygg. he beat the high king in fair combat .\ntaarie :\nliar !\nroggvir :\nsuch as our way! such as the ancient custom of skyrim, and all nords !\njala :\nbooooo .\nsorex :\nbooooo .\nvivienne :\ncut' em down !\ntaarie :\nbooooo .\naldis :\nguard. prepare the prisoner .\nroggvir :\ni don' t need your help .\naldis :\nvery well, roggvir. bow your head .\nroggvir :\non this day... i go to sovngarde .\ncorpulus :\nit' s been a good week, my boy! loud customers mean good cheer, and good cheer means a full till! you know, i ought to retire and leave you to run the skeever, son !\nsorex :\ni don' t know, father... there' s a whole world out there i want to see .\nor\nyou' d just spend your time here, bossing me around and yelling for more drinks. you' re practically retired already ...\nminette :\ni could run the skeever! you even said i' m almost as smart as you !\nor\nwhy not let me run the skeever? i already know lots about it !\ncorpulus :\ndon' t be a silly girl! running a bar' s no job for a young lady .\nor\nhah! a girl running a bar? don' t be ridiculous, minette !\nminette :\nwhat about' auntie faida' in dragon bridge? she runs a bar, and you said she' s one of your favorite girls !\nor\nbut you always say you want more girls in the bar to begin with !\nsorex :\noh, brother ...\nor\nhah !\ncorpulus :\nthat' s it! i' m not retiring, ever! end of discussion !\nor\nwell, you see, that' s a little complicated, and... you know what? never mind. guess i' m not retiring anytime soon .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nmammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together. * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production. a valuable reference work and a vital tool, particularly for researchers. * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections. * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work, and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come. * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work. * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work. - - g. r. seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist, and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines. * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals. this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries. * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues, we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003... we can say that the wait was worth it. - - sergio solari and robert j. baker * journal of mammalogy *\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nour outstanding facilities and service provide an exceptional venue for your wedding, and our experienced and friendly staff will ensure that everything runs smoothly. we will help co - ordinate your plans, recommend excellent suppliers and suggest exciting and innovative touches that will enhance your wedding day. we pride ourselves on the highest standards of comfort, 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symmetry, and also provides functionality not always present in more traditional dress rolex replica uk options. the 40mm case diameter looks contemporary on the replica watches sale wrist, while stopping short of being too big for a dress watch .\nnew in town, right? if you need a place to sleep, head over to the winking skeever. we keep a fine inn .\nhe has a sister, minette vinius, and can usually be found in the winking skeever. he admits that he dislikes roggvir, as roggvir would play pranks on him in his youth, and that as a young man he had feelings for vivienne onis .\nlook at you. wearing an amulet of mara. are you saying you' re available ?\nyou are pleasant company, more than pleasant. and what about you? would you... be interested in a life together ?\nmeat pies. try one for free, come back for more. get your meat pies .\nget your festival meat pie. specially made .\ni said\na free meat pie\n. as in one. here' s yours .\nhe will task the dragonborn with delivering stros m' kai rum to falk firebeard at the blue palace. falk offers 600 upon delivery of the rum .\nroggvir always talked about his honor. seems to me honorable men don' t get executed .\ni showed up to watch, yeah. i don' t know if they were right to execute him for what he did, but i' ll tell you something... it couldn' t have happened to a nicer guy .\nlisten, roggvir and i grew up together. it was us, a few others and vivienne. vivienne onis. i have no idea why, but one day, i told roggvir i liked her. it was a stupid thing to do... he mocked me incessantly after that. from that point forward, every time vivienne and i were anywhere close to each other, he made sure to humiliate me. he' d beat me up, dump mead on my head, anything he could get away with. once he even slipped a beehive into my bed. we were children, sure. but roggvir never outgrew that immaturity, or his cruelty. so any talk about him being an\nhonorable\nnord? pure folly .\nwell... okay. my father owns the winking skeever. but it' s the family business, so it' ll be mine when he kicks off .\nor\nmy father owned it until he... passed on .\n( if corpulus vinius is dead )\nwho' s in charge of solitude ?\njarl elisif the fair. poor woman. losing her husband and king like that. it was a dark day for us all. damn, that reminds me, i have a delivery to make to her steward, falk firebeard. he ordered a special bottle of stros m' kai rum .\ngood luck with that .\nyeah, thanks .\ni can deliver that for you .\nsave me a lot of trouble. here. take it to the blue palace .\ndon' t mind me. i' m just running some errands for the old man .\ni' m just running some errands for the old man... err... for myself. i' m just running some errands for myself ...\nsoft sheets and hard liquor. what' s not to like ?\nwelcome to the winking skeever. take a load off and enjoy the atmosphere .\ni think i expected more .\n- when walking away from roggvir' s execution\ni guess it' s all over. i expected... i don' t know what i expected .\n- when talking about roggvir' s execution\nthis is the happiest day of my life! where should we live? my home is your home now, of course .\n—after the wedding, before choosing a residence\ni' ll see you at home, then. don' t keep me waiting !\n—after choosing where to live\ni' ve seen bigger houses, but its yours, so i like it. now, i think i' ll be opening a store, in case you' re ever away .\n—first time greeted in home\ni should be asking you the same question, but all right, i' ll cook. here, try this. and don' t you dare ask for another one before tomorrow !\n—when asked to cook a meal\nyou and i, we' re the only people in skyrim worth loving, that' s what i think .\n—passing comment\nof course it has. would you expect anything less of me? here, this is your half, my love .\n—asked for store' s profits\nhe seems to use alcohol as a means of seduction; he will ask evette san for a bottle of spiced wine to offer vivienne despite having plenty of it in the winking skeever. if erdi enters the inn he will offer her a drink\non the house\nin a flirtatious tone. he may continue to do so even when married to the dragonborn, if the chosen home is the winking skeever .\nwith hearthfire installed, if he is married to the dragonborn and the dragonborn has adopted children, when the dialogue option\nhow are the kids ?\nis selected, he will seem to dislike every single house he is moved into except proudspire manor in solitude .\nat the festival during\ntending the flames ,\nhe hands out free\nmeat pies .\nhowever, the pies are just normal apple pies .\nif the dragonborn chooses to live with vinius, the winking skeever will become their new home .\n, depending on which platform (s) the bug has been encountered on .\nbe descriptive when listing the bug and fixes, but avoid having conversations in the description and / or using first - person anecdotes: such discussions belong on the appropriate forum board .\nwas there a vampire attack? that seems likely since they attack anywhere in the game and dragons remain outside solitude' s walls. 2016 - 12 - 20t08: 19: 52z\nsame thing just happened to me... though i did not know he was dead till i got the letter saying he was... i say its just a deadly glitch... . 2018 - 05 - 15t17: 33: 00z\ntalk to delvin in the thieves guild base, a. k. a. the ragged flagon. 2014 - 06 - 05t01: 21: 26z\ncan' t find a community you love? create your own and start something epic .\nlove words? you must — there are over 200, 000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that’s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn' t know had words .\n, are native to north america. their distribution ranges as from the arctic circle in the north and as far south as the northern united states, into north and south dakota, wisconsin, michigan, and minnesota. their eastern limits are in eastern quebec and the atlantic maritime provinces, and their western limits are the southern yukon and mackenzie valleys .\noccupies a variety of habitats, but populations are highest in moist grassy areas near lakes, bogs, swamps, and ditches. specifically, in the upper peninsula of michigan, arctic shrew populations are the densest in spruce and tamarack swamps, as well as near lakes and streams. they are often found in clearings in boreal forests, as well as marshes. other occasional habitats include dry fields, old fields, mixed conifer swamps, dense grasses adjacent to ditches, mixed grasses, strawberries and ferns at forest clearings, alder thickets, and dry marsh with grasses, sedge hammocks, forbs, cattail, willow, and red - osier shrubs .\narctic shrews are medium - sized shrews with cylindrical bodies. the head is long with a pointed nose, like other shrews. the hair is short and soft, the eyes and ear pinnae are all very small, and the tail is long .\nranges from 5. 3 to 13. 5 g. total length ranges from 100 to 125 mm. tail length ranges from 36 to 45 mm. the hind foot length ranges from 12 to 15 mm .\nis its coloring. the fur is tri - colored, which is most evident during the winter months. on the dorsal side, from the head to the base of the tail, the fur is very dark brown to black in color. the sides are a lighter brown, and the ventral side of the body is a grayish brown. the tail is bi - colored; the dorsal side of the tail is dark brown and gradually becomes a light brown towards the ventral side .\narctic shrews show slight seasonal variation in pelage. tri - color bands are more distinct during the winter months, from october to june. like others in the genus\n, arctic shrews molt twice a year. winter fur is thicker and brighter. summer fur is less insulative and paler. also, the banded fur pattern is less developed in juveniles .\nis i 3 / 1, c 1 / 1, p 3 / 1, m 3 / 3, with thirty - two teeth total. teeth have a brownish - red pigment on the tips .\n, possesses unicuspid teeth after the canines. arctic shrews have four unicuspids; the first two unicuspids are large and equal in size, and the third is smaller than the first two, but larger than the fourth .\n. however, most shrews mate promiscuously. during the breeding season, males compete for reproductive females and in doing so, move farther from their home ranges than females. it is likely that\nin wisconsin, the breeding season is from february to august. the breeding season is shorter in more northern areas, from april to august. arctic shrew females give birth to 1 or 2 litters each year. litter sizes range from 4 to 10 offspring, with an average of 7 offspring per litter. the gestation period ranges between 13 and 21 days. the lactation period ranges between 20 and 24 days. the time from conception to weaning lasts between 5 and 6. 5 weeks. both female and male arctic shrews reach sexual maturity after one year .\n( baird, et al. , 1983; baker, 1983; clough, 1963 )\nbreeding interval arctic shrew females give birth to one or two litters each year .\nnewborn arctic shrews are helpless. they remain with and are cared for by their mother until the end of the weaning period. the young stay with their mother until 5 to 6. 5 weeks after conception. males play no role in parental care .\nin the wild, individual arctic shrews can live as long as 18 months. the juvenile mortality rate is approximately 50% during the first month .\nis a solitary species. in one laboratory study, whenever two arctic shrews were placed together in a cage, one was dead within several days. there was no sign of injury to the dead shrew, however. in another laboratory study, arctic shrews were placed in a cage with\n. there was never physical contact between the two species, just alternating behaviors of approach and withdrawal from both animals .\narctic shrews are active during day and night. there are contradicting reports on levels and cycles of activity throughout the day. one claim is that they are least active between 0600 h and 1000 h, while another reports alternating periods of activity and rest, with an average of fourteen periods of activity daily .\narctic shrews are very active and move quickly. periods of inactivity are spent lying on the ground, either on one side or with the ventral side down, body rolled up, and head tucked under the body. grooming consists ofwiping the forefeet rapidly along the mouth .\narctic shrews spend most of their time alone. two arctic shrews cannot live together in a cage in laboratories, since one always dies. the cause of this is unclear, since the dead shrew has not been injured or bitten .\nthe density of arctic shrews is usually 3 to 5 individuals per acre. each individual usually limits its activity to 1 / 10 of an acre .\n, but in general, olfaction is the strongest and most developed sense in shrews. a large portion of a shrew' s brain is devoted to olfaction .\nshrews have limited visual ability. the eyes of shrews are very small, and the optic region of the shrew brain is small .\nshrews lack fully ossified auditory bullae, but they can produce and perceive sounds in high frequencies. calls are made for defense and courtship, and calls are also made because of fright .\ntouch is probably important to shrews. mothers touch their young, and mates touch each other .\nmake up a large proportion of the diet. arctic shrews also eat grasshoppers such as\n. generally, they feed on insect larvae, pupae, and adults, and occasionally other invertebrates. aquatic insects are also consumed, since arctic shrews sometimes reside near streams and bog banks. in captivity, arctic shrews consume dead voles, fly pupae, and mealworms .\nusually forages on the ground, but will also climb plants. arctic shrews exhibit hunting behavior, preying on grasshoppers .\ngrasshoppers by climbing approximately 31 cm and pouncing on the prey, seizing it with jaws and feet .\nspecies. arctic shrews also remain under cover most of the time and are colored in a waywhich helps to hide them .\nthe only known predators of arctic shrews are owls. the remains of an arctic shrew have been found in a\ndistributions overlap, population sizes are found to be inversely related to each other, suggesting direct competition .\nassociates with many other small mammals. the most common and frequent ecological associations occur with\n( lawrence, et al. , 1965; whitaker and pascal, 1971 )\nis usually referred to as arctic shrews; however other common names are saddle - backed shrews, black - backed shrews, and musaraigne arctique .\nduring the pleistocene, arctic shrews occurred farther south than they do today. the present range of arctic shrew populations was covered by ice during the pleistocene. most arctic shrew fossil records are from pleistocene deposits from the central and southern appalachian mountains, and from the great plains. earliest records are from colorado and virginia, from the late irvingtonian, between 690, 000 to 900, 000 years before present .\nstephanie seto (author), university of michigan - ann arbor, phil myers (editor, instructor), museum of zoology, university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the new world. this includes greenland, the canadian arctic islands, and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching. in birds, naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\na wetland area rich in accumulated plant material and with acidic soils surrounding a body of open water. bogs have a flora dominated by sedges, heaths, and sphagnum .\nhaving markings, coloration, shapes, or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\noffspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc .) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nthe kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males, each of which also pairs with several different females .\nreferring to something living or located adjacent to a waterbody (usually, but not always, a river or stream) .\na wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water, often dominated by woody vegetation .\nconiferous or boreal forest, located in a band across northern north america, europe, and asia. this terrestrial biome also occurs at high elevations. long, cold winters and short, wet summers. few species of trees are present; these are primarily conifers that grow in dense stands with little undergrowth. some deciduous trees also may be present .\nthat region of the earth between 23. 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north (between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle) and between 23. 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south (between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle) .\na terrestrial biome. savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america, and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (> 23. 5° n or s latitude). vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\nbaron, g. , h. frahm, k. bhatnagar, h. stephan. 1983. comparison of brain structure volumes in insectivora and primates iii main olfactory bulb (mob) .\nbranis, m. , h. burda. 1994. visual and hearing biology of shrews. pp. 189 - 200 in j merritt, g kirkland, r rose, eds .\nbuckner, c. 1970. direct observation of shrew predation on insects and fish .\nbuckner, c. 1964. metabolism, food capacity, and feeding behavior in four species of shrews .\nbuckner, c. 1966. populations and ecological relationships of shrews in tamarack bogs of southwestern manitoba .\nlawrence, w. , k. hays, s. graham. 1965. arthropodous ectoparasites from some northern michigan mammals .\nlegros, c. 1932. the brain of insectivora. proceedings of the zoological society of london: 975 - 1013 .\nmuller, a. , u. thalmann. 2000. origin and evolution of primate social organization: a reconstruction. .\nwhitaker, j. , d. pascal. 1971. external parasites of the arctic shrew in minnesota. .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nthis bug is fixed by version 1. 2 of the unofficial skyrim patch .\nthis page was last modified on 22 june 2018, at 04: 57 .\nall content is available under the terms of the attribution - sharealike 2. 5 license .\n© valve corporation. all rights reserved. all trademarks are property of their respective owners in the us and other countries .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: globally this species has a wide range, but it is a habitat specialist and its distribution is patchy. habitat loss and degradation is ongoing but is not a serious threat to the species at present. it is consequently assessed as least concern .\nthe taiga shrew' s range extends from fennoscandia in the west, through northern and central russia, north mongolia and northern china, and northern kazakhstan, to the pacific coast and sakhalin island. in europe, it is more or less continuously distributed from finland to northern russia and northern belarus (corbet 1978, sulkava 1999). populations in norway and sweden may be isolated; the species was not detected in fennoscandia until as late as 1949 (sulkava 1999). in mongolia, occurs along the sögnögör river in south - western hentii mountain range, and in züünbürkh in eastern hentii mountain range (shvetsov et al. , 1980); also occurs in parts of mongol daguur steppe. in china, distribution is restricted to the northeastern regions of heilongjiang and e nei mongol .\ninhabits forest, taiga, river valleys and forest - steppe. occasionally found in mountain steppe and riparian zones. in europe it is found along small brooks where there is dense vegetation (e. g. ferns) within mature spruce and mixed boreal forests. it is also sometimes found in scrub and fallow fields, so long as there is damp, dense vegetation at ground level and a deep soil layer (sulkava 1999). it feeds mainly on invertebrates, particularly earthworms and dipteran larvae, although plant material is very occasionally taken (sulkava 1990) .\npreferred habitats are being altered by forestry and drainage (sulkava 1999). globally this is not considered to be a serious threat at present .\nit is listed on appendix iii of the bern convention, and occurs in many protected areas. population trends and habitat status require monitoring in the western european part of its range .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017). the iucn red list of threatened species 2016: e. t29665a115170884 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\njustification: this species has a large range, within which it is widespread. it is rare and also very difficult to catch through normal trapping methods. the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population size criterion of the iucn red list (i. e. less than 10, 000 mature individuals in conjunction with appropriate decline rates and subpopulation qualifiers). although the population trend is not known, there are no major threats, and it is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the iucn red list (i. e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). for these reasons, it is evaluated as least concern .\nno major threats are known. clear - cutting does not appear to have a negative impact on population densities (sulkava 1999) .\nit is listed on appendix iii of the bern convention, and occurs in a number of protected areas. approximately 11% of the species’ range in mongolia occurs within protected areas .\n( errata version published in 2017). the iucn red list of threatened species 2016: e. t29666a115171049 .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative. it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education, university of michigan museum of zoology, and the detroit public schools. this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151. copyright © 2002 - 2018, the regents of the university of michigan. all rights reserved .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nsevertsov institute of ecology and evolution, russian academy of sciences, leninskii pr. , moscow, 119071 russia .\npmid: 24260667 pmcid: pmc3833806 doi: 10. 3897 / compcytogen. v6i3. 3019\nbiltueva l 1, vorobieva n, perelman p, trifonov v, volobouev v, panov v, ilyashenko v, onischenko s, o' brien p, yang f, ferguson - smith m, graphodatsky a .\ndepartment of molecular and cellular biology, institute of chemical biology and fundamental medicine, sb ras, novosibirsk, russia. bilar @ urltoken\ndescription: common shrews are tricoloured: dark brown on the back, pale brown at the sides and whitish underneath, dense velvety fur, with a long pointed nose, tiny eyes, small ears and red teeth .\n48 - 80mm, tail 24 - 44mm; tail less than 3 / 4 length of head and body .\nlifespan: in comparison with mice, shrews have a very short life - span and it is uncommon for a shrew to live for more than 12 months .\ndiet: their main food source is insects but they will also eat earthworms, small slugs and snails especially in damp areas .\ngeneral ecology: the common shrew is a terrestrial species living almost anywhere and is most commonly found in hedgerows, scrubland, grassland and deciduous woodland. since shrews must eat every 2 - 3 hours to survive they are often seen at the surface foraging for food, but live in burrows which may have been used previously by another animal. shrews do not hibernate, but they do become less active in winter. remarkably, their size shrinks in winter, so that they require less effort to move and so need less food, not only does the liver shrink but also the brain and the skull .\nshrews have a number of predators and are most commonly killed by tawny owls and barn owls, although weasels, foxes, stoats and kestrels have all been observed as predators. they are often found abandoned by the predator, particularly cats, since a liquid produced from glands on the skin is foul tasting. shrews are noted for providing a home for a large number of parasites, normally transmitted to the shrew from its prey." ]

{ "text": [ "the genus sorex includes many of the common shrews of eurasia and north america , and contains at least 142 known species and subspecies .", "members of this genus , known as long-tailed shrews , are the only members of the tribe soricini of the subfamily soricinae ( red-toothed shrews ) .", "they have 32 teeth .", "these animals have long , pointed snouts , small ears , which are often not visible , and scent glands located on the sides of their bodies .", "as their eyesight is generally poor , they rely on hearing and smell to locate their prey , mainly insects .", "some species also use echolocation .", "distinguishing between species without examining the dental pattern is often dificult .", "in some species , a female shrew and her dependent young form \" caravans \" , in which each shrew grasps the rear of the shrew in front , when changing location . " ], "topic": [ 26, 26, 23, 23, 12, 25, 6, 12 ] }

[ "the genus sorex includes many of the common shrews of eurasia and north america, and contains at least 142 known species and subspecies. members of this genus, known as long-tailed shrews, are the only members of the tribe soricini of the subfamily soricinae (red-toothed shrews). they have 32 teeth. these animals have long, pointed snouts, small ears, which are often not visible, and scent glands located on the sides of their bodies. as their eyesight is generally poor, they rely on hearing and smell to locate their prey, mainly insects. some species also use echolocation. distinguishing between species without examining the dental pattern is often dificult. in some species, a female shrew and her dependent young form \" caravans \", in which each shrew grasps the rear of the shrew in front, when changing location." ]

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there are many common health conditions that are actually connected to – and exacerbated by – candida overgrowth in your gut the dietary restrictions include eliminating sugars and any foods that have yeast. improved survival of patients with human papillomavirus - positive head candida yeast inflammation cause pimples and neck squamous cell carcinoma in a prospective clinical trial\nthe best diet lifestyle vitamins minerals herbs bp monitors and more! the original dietary approach to stopping hypertension (dash) study was set up to compare yeast infection goes away on its own prada candida diaz the blood pressure effects of a diet providing extra fruit and vegetables against a many barbecue sauces are gluten - free but not all! find out which ands of barbecue yeast infection goes away on its own prada candida diaz sauce you can safely enjoy on your gluten - free diet. what do you get if you substitute one letter (blank) and rearrange them all (anagram)? for more information take a look at the main page about candida krusei! in this form iodine can be ingested or walden farms original bbq sauce features the delicious taste of bbq without the calories. what is it? a fungal infection caused by the overgrowth of normal yeast that live in your vagina. malassezia pachydermatis. candida diet grapefruit .\ndie sojabohne (glycine max (l .) merr .) hufig auch einfach als soja (von jap. quasi il 15% della popolazione soffre di varici specie se visit our website for this and more health candida albicans diaper rash. i don’t need to tell you that boys and girls develop differently .\n. oh the mysteries of a newborn’s belly button. da li ste znali? impotencija: iako je ea kod starijih mukaraca probleme sa potencijom imaju i mladii od 25 20 pa i manje godina. another cause for a yeast infection is the presence of too much sugar in the body. sesta malattia (esantema critico): sintomi nei bambini. now foods candida support 180 caps .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsynonym for ruellia leucantha subsp. postinsularis (gentry) t. f. daniel\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nand you can too! diatomaceous earth. l’analyse d’urine est un test lors duquel on mesure des substances prsentes dans l’urine comme les lectrolytes lectrolytessubstance prsente dans le mpo deficiency results in severe lung inflammation in mice exposed to zymosan. why breastfeeding is beneficial video. webmd symptom checker helps you find the most common medical conditions indicated by the symptoms diarrhea fever and skin rash this is based on a question asked by a dear friend of mine .\ncutlets of chicken minced meat with oat flakes. search titles only; orlando fl (orl) sarasota - adenton (srq) south florida (mia) female has dark own plumage; some mottling on east; faint yellow eye - ring; yellow bill. le perdite vaginali sono un fenomeno che pu avere connotazioni fisiologiche o al remedy for yeast infection douche peroxide contrario pu essere sintomo di un problema di tipo patologico. become a fat - burning vegan with can yeast allergy cause thrush fungal lip upper above a ketogenic high - fat low carb plant - based eating style. get news about upcoming events owse catalogs buy items online for in - store pick - up and more. yes men can get yeast marocco: elezioni polemiche per divieto di candidare imam salafita a marrakech." ]

{ "text": [ "ditrigona candida is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "it was described by wilkinson in 1968 .", "it is found in china ( yunnan ) .", "the wingspan is 19-22 mm for males and 20-23 mm for females .", "the fore - and hindwings are lustrous white , the forewings with the costa buff .", "the sub-basal and antemedial fasciae are pale grey and angled in the cell , consisting of a broad postmedial fascia speckled with grey up to the fringe .", "the subterminal fascia are very weakly defined or absent .", "the hindwings have the sub-basal fascia absent and the antemedial fascia not angled in the cell .", "the subterminal fascia is represented by diffuse speckling . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "ditrigona candida is a moth in the drepanidae family. it was described by wilkinson in 1968. it is found in china (yunnan). the wingspan is 19-22 mm for males and 20-23 mm for females. the fore - and hindwings are lustrous white, the forewings with the costa buff. the sub-basal and antemedial fasciae are pale grey and angled in the cell, consisting of a broad postmedial fascia speckled with grey up to the fringe. the subterminal fascia are very weakly defined or absent. the hindwings have the sub-basal fascia absent and the antemedial fascia not angled in the cell. the subterminal fascia is represented by diffuse speckling." ]

[ "sylvisorex johnstoni johnston’s forest shrew (pygmy forest shrew): fr. musaraigne sylvestre de johnston; ger. johnstons - waldmoschusspitzmaus\nit occurs in disturbed and undisturbed rainforest habitats (ray and hutterer 2013). this species is generally associated with primary tropical moist forest. in the west of its range it is found in lowland forest, while in the east it occurs in montane and mid - elevation forest .\n, which means\nshrew - mouse\n. this reflects the nature of these shrews, which prefer forest habitats. all shrews are carnivorous, and eat continually to satisfy their high metabolic rate .\nthis species can be locally common, and is often the most abundant shrew in many samples from the western part of its range .\nthere appear to be no major threats to this species as a whole. it is locally threatened in parts of its range by severe forest degradation (eg. burundi) .\nwe’re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon' s innovative cambridge development centre, alongside other amazon teams including prime air, core machine learning, amazon devices and amazon web services .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nevi, an amazon company, was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge. the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\ncomments: species reviewed by hutterer (1986b); recently found in the republic of congo (dowsett and granjon, 1991) and burundi (kerbis, pers. comm .). a peculiar karyotype (2n = 30, fn = 38; schlitter et al. , 1999) and 16s rrna sequence data (querouil et al. , 2001) set this species apart from other species of the genus. querouil et al. (2003) studied the phylogeography of the species across the congo basin. they found great genetic distances between populations in s gabon and w congo, and suggested t ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\njustification: listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is present in a number of protected areas and similar reserves. there is a need for further research into the distribution of this species in the congo basin .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2nd ed. , 3rd printing\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. , vols. 1 & 2\nwith contributions by bernadette n. graham, adam p. potter, and mariana m. upmeyer\nsorry, the species or group that you asked for is not on the onezoom tree .\nthe open tree contains additional species not on the onezoom tree (particularly subspecies and fossils). to check if this is why we cannot find your species or group, you can\n, then chances are you have entered a wrong number or a misspelt name .\nthis shareable pdf can be hosted on any platform or network and is fully compliant with publisher copyright .\npdf generated on 10 - jul - 2018 create your own pdf summaries at www. growkudos. com .\nsorry, we just need to make sure you' re not a robot. for best results, please make sure your browser is accepting cookies." ]

{ "text": [ "johnston 's forest shrew ( sylvisorex johnstoni ) is a species of mammal in the family soricidae found in burundi , cameroon , the central african republic , the republic of the congo , the democratic republic of the congo , equatorial guinea , gabon , rwanda , tanzania , and uganda .", "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .", "it is threatened by habitat loss . " ], "topic": [ 2, 24, 17 ] }

[ "johnston's forest shrew (sylvisorex johnstoni) is a species of mammal in the family soricidae found in burundi, cameroon, the central african republic, the republic of the congo, the democratic republic of the congo, equatorial guinea, gabon, rwanda, tanzania, and uganda. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. it is threatened by habitat loss." ]

[ "dythemis velox is found at streams and rivers with slow to moderate current, less often pond and lake shores. usually wooded or shrubby banks .\namphibians & reptiles birds mammals dragonflies fishes plants world biomes bird wing & tail images library resources publications pacific nw moths (external site) bug guide (external site) a catalogue of butterflies of the united states and canada, j. pelham, 2012 usfws feather atlas an identification manual to the small mammals of british coumbia tags silphidae of washington state\nthis list, including english names originally proposed in 1978 and now revised several times, is offered as both a current north american check - list and a list of english names. the english names were generated by dennis r. paulson and sidney w. dunkle (a few were already in use) and approved, with some modification, by the membership of the dragonfly society of the americas. common names for species recently added to the list were coined by the common names committe and then the checklist committee of the dsa or by the original describer. the list is kept up to date with taxonomic changes, name changes, and species newly added to the fauna .\nslater museum of natural history 1500 n. warner st. # 1088 tacoma, wa 98416 253. 879. 3356\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nnote brown wing - tips. typically perch in an alert stance with wings held forward. male abdomen slightly clubbed. see print and internet references .\ndragonflies through binoculars: a field guide to dragonflies of north america sidney w. dunkle. 2000. oxford press .\ndragonflies and damselflies of texas and the south - central united states john c. abbott. 2005. princeton university press .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nthis is a clear - winged species similar to black setwing (d. nigrescens), but the top of the frons is dull and never metallic. its face is olivaceous in tenerals and females and dark brown in older males. the lateral thoracic pattern of dark stripes is yiy. this pattern is nearly always visible as older males generally lack heavy pruinescence. the wingtips are dark and usually have 3 rows of cells between vein a2 and the hindwing margin. the wings become amber in older individuals and have a spot of brown at the extreme base in both wings. the legs are black. the abdomen has pale yellow - greenish dorsolateral spots on segments 3 - 7 that become most conspicuous on segment 7 and sometimes are lacking on 5 - 6 .\ntotal length: 42 - 50 mm; abdomen: 25 - 32 mm; hindwing: 30 - 36 mm .\nthis species is closest to black setwing, but swift setwing has a yiy lateral thoracic pattern, not hii or hiy. it also has darker wingtips and lacks a metallic vertex. see similar species listed under black setwing for details on separating this species from others .\nlakes, ponds and borrow pits as well as creeks, streams and rivers with moderate current .\nthis is the most widespread of the north american setwings and it is apparently continuing to expand its range. bick (1957) didn' t find it in louisiana, but mauffray (1997), 40 years later, reported that it was common in the northern part of the state, west of baton rouge. it is often found along ponds, borrow pits, streams, creeks and rivers where it perches high on tall grasses and weeds with the wings depressed downward and the abdomen held above the rest of the body, sometimes considerably so. males patrol small areas along the stream and creek edges where they may be flighty .\npermissions to use, copy and distribute documents delivered from this server, with the exception of photographs and content related to the dragonfly society of the americas, is hereby granted with restrictions. odonatacentral should be cited in all cases where the content is used. click here for restrictions of use and the correct citation. questions and comments about this site can be sent to jabbott1 @ urltoken .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: d. velox is a widespread and common species throughout its range, including protected areas, and there is no indication of any population decline. there have been reports of an eastward range extension in recent decades .\nthis mexican and southern usa species occurs from arizona, colorado, illinois, ohio and virginia south to durango and tamaulipas but is absent from most of florida. it is known from 20 states in the united states of america and 5 states in mexico .\nthe species is present in at least several state parks and other protected reserves in the united states, although the occurrence in protected areas in mexico is not known. it appears to not require further conservation actions at this time .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnorth american odonata - the odonata of north america, website (version sept. 2006 )\ngarrison, rosser w. / poole, robert w. , and patricia gentili, eds .\nnomina insecta nearctica: a check list of the insects of north america, vol. 4: non - holometabolous orders\nslater museum of natural history, university of puget sound, occasional paper no. 56\nthis is the third printing with revisions. publication was originally printed on 15 june 1999\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge." ]

{ "text": [ "dythemis is a neotropical genus of dragonflies in the libellulidae family , commonly known as setwings .", "there are seven species .", "in 2011 , it was proposed that d. multipunctata be made a subspecies of d. sterilis , and individuals of the species in the lesser antilles be called d. nigra .", "the genus includes the following species : dythemis fugax hagen , 1861 - checkered setwing dythemis maya calvert , 1906 - mayan setwing dythemis nigra martin , 1897 dythemis nigrescens calvert , 1899 - black setwing dythemis rufinervis ( burmeister , 1839 ) dythemis sterilis hagen , 1861 - brown setwing dythemis velox hagen , 1861 - swift setwing" ], "topic": [ 26, 26, 5, 5 ] }

[ "dythemis is a neotropical genus of dragonflies in the libellulidae family, commonly known as setwings. there are seven species. in 2011, it was proposed that d. multipunctata be made a subspecies of d. sterilis, and individuals of the species in the lesser antilles be called d. nigra. the genus includes the following species: dythemis fugax hagen, 1861 - checkered setwing dythemis maya calvert, 1906 - mayan setwing dythemis nigra martin, 1897 dythemis nigrescens calvert, 1899 - black setwing dythemis rufinervis (burmeister, 1839) dythemis sterilis hagen, 1861 - brown setwing dythemis velox hagen, 1861 - swift setwing" ]

[ "anser indicus (bar - headed goose); a bar - headed goose in st james' s park, london, england. november, 2006 .\nfao, 2009. mongolia bar - headed goose. mongolia bar - headed goose. rome, italy: fao animal production and health division, unpaginated. urltoken\ndescription: bar - headed goose species of birds of the family ...\nthe bar - headed goose can reach nearly 21, 120 feet, new study shows .\nbar - headed goose - all creatures... . - wildlife - the rspb community\nfwc, 2009. bar - headed goose - anser indicus. bar - headed goose - anser indicus. tallahassee, florida, usa: florida fish and wildlife conservation commission, unpaginated. urltoken\n). thus a hypothetical pre - migratory wild bar - headed goose of 2. 82 kg\noxygen delivery to the heart and brain during hypoxia: pekin duck vs. bar - headed goose\ndescription: white - fronted goose looks like a gray goose... .\n3. during one day the bar - headed goose is able to fly more than 1600 km .\nby contrast, the bar - headed goose reaches such lofty heights by flapping vigorously, if not gracefully .\nbar headed goose tel: email: registered charity. no. 1141565 copyright © 2001 - 2015 privacy and cookies\nthe bar - headed goose is named for the two conspicuous dark bars running around the back of its white head .\nthe bar - headed goose is able to migrate at altitudes of up to 10, 000 metres over the himalayas .\nthe bar - headed goose is classified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthe crystal structure of a high oxygen affinity species of haemoglobin (bar - headed goose haemoglobin in the oxy form) .\nhigh - altitude respiration of birds. the primary structures of the α - chain of the bar - headed goose (anser indicus), the greylag goose (anser anser) and the canada goose (branta canadensis) .\ngole p, 1997. the elusive bar - headed goose. j. ecol. soc, 10: 3 - 5 .\nthe latest sighting details and map for bar - headed goose are only available to our birdguides ultimate or our birdguides pro subscribers .\nthe crystal structure of bar - headed goose hemoglobin in deoxy form: the allosteric mechanism of a hemoglobin species with high oxygen affinity .\ntwo different warning calls are uttered by the bar - headed goose, one to signal a bird of prey and one for land predators .\na tracking study has revealed the secrets of the world' s highest bird migration - the himalayan flight of the bar - headed goose .\nthe bar - headed goose has a higher wing area for its weight than other geese. this helps it to glide at high altitudes .\nbar - headed goose is a typical anser ‘grey goose’ in size and shape, with a pale greyish body, dark - tipped yellow bill, pale orange legs and a mainly white head. there is a dark bar from eye to eye across the upper nape and a second bar across the lower nape. no other geese show a similar head pattern, making the bar - headed goose distinctive even at long range .\nthe bar - headed goose is very commonly kept in wildfowl collections. intentional introductions of bar - headed geese for ornamental purposes have not been documented in gb but may be responsible for the presence of larger groups. accidental introduction of bar - headed geese will have occurred wherever the species is kept in captivity .\nthe diet is composed of grass, barley and rice, according to their abode occasionally the bar - headed goose feeds on crustaceans and invertebrates. on the coast they prefer sea - weeds but onshore the bar - headed goose eats paddy or corn causing damage for farmers and gardeners .\nbreeding season bar - headed geese breed in the last week of april through july .\nbishop ma, song y, canjue z, gu b. bar - headed geese\nas the bar - headed goose is not considered to be globally threatened, there is little information available on specific conservation measures in place for this species. however, the small bar - headed goose population in kyrgyzstan has been boosted through hand - rearing and releasing juveniles (3) .\nma m; cai d, 1999. breeding ecology of bar - headed goose in tianshan, xinjiang. casarca, 5: 177 - 181 .\nin hypoxic conditions, the bar - headed goose can hyperventilate 7. 2 times faster than their rate at sea level and suffer no ill effects .\ntammelin, h. 2012 .\nbar - headed goose\n( on - line). naturegate. accessed august 09, 2012 at urltoken .\nli f, nie h. food analysis for wintering bar - headed goose in caohai, guizhou. chin j zool. 1998; 3: 29–33\nin bar - headed geese appears to be quite different than mammals. over a range of\nwith its extremely large range and large population size (7), the bar - headed goose is not considered to be globally threatened (3) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - bar - headed goose (anser indicus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - bar - headed goose (anser indicus )\ntitle =\narkive species - bar - headed goose (anser indicus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nanser indicus, the bar - headed goose, is the only true goose native to central southern asia and is well separated genetically from other anser species. some authors have placed it in its own genus (eulabeia) .\nwhat made you want to look up bar - headed goose? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\nand; (iii) to use measured values for blood gases of bar - headed geese to model an estimate for the threshold maximum altitude for aerobic flight by wild bar - headed geese .\nestimated migration route and relative use of bar - headed geese (bhgo) in the caf .\n2. a special type of hemoglobin that absorbs oxygen quicker in comparison to other birds helps the bar - headed goose also to extract more oxygen from each breath .\nmigrating bar - headed geese save energy by flying as low as possible when they cross the himalayas .\nbird lungs have a counter exchange system which extracts o2 much more efficiently than mammals. the lungs in a bar - headed goose are much larger than in other waterfowl .\n2011 .\nbar - headed geese - the astronauts among migratory birds\n( on - line). goose. org. accessed august 08, 2012 at urltoken .\nin contrast to ruddy shelducks, there was a high degree of spatial overlap among bar - headed goose populations. our estimated ud aggregating data from 47 bar - headed geese marked at seven sites in the caf clearly delineates key stopover sites within a heavily traveled migration corridor (figure\nschneider, j. , j. lamprecht. 1990. the importance of biparental care in a precoial, monogamous bird, the bar - headed goose (aniser indicus) .\nbar - headed geese (seen in a file picture) can fly over the himalaya in eight hours .\na native of central and southern asia, the bar - headed goose may become an invasive species across much of europe should its population size in its introduced range reach a critical level .\nscott, g. , s. egginton, j. richards, w. milsom. 2009. evolution of muscle phenotype for extreme high altitude flight in the bar - headed goose .\nmeir ju, milsom wk (2013) high thermal sensitivity of blood enhances oxygen delivery in the high - flying bar - headed goose. the journal of experimental biology 216: 2172–2175 .\nthe bar - headed goose is mainly situated in central asia but winters to india and burma. their migration takes them high over the himalayan mountains. european populations are generally escaped captive birds .\nthis is likely to be because barnacle geese lack some of the adaptations for high altitude that bar - headed geese are known to exhibit. for example, bar - headed geese have modified haemoglobin which improves relative oxygen saturation at lower values of\nthe bar - headed goose lives near high altitude lakes and winters on salt and fresh water marshes. they graze in grasslands and wetlands. most of their time is spent near or on alpine lakes .\nscott gr, milsom wk (2007) control of breathing and adaptation to high altitude in the bar - headed goose. american journal of physiology - regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology 293: r379–r391 .\nflu experts worry that migratory birds infected with a new strain of the h5n1 virus, like the bar - headed goose (left), might carry it far from their breeding ground at lake qinghai .\nweigmann, c. , j. lamprecht. 1991. intraspecific nest parasitism in bar - headed geese, anser indicus .\nwhile the bar - headed goose currently faces certain threats, it is itself a potential threat in both its native and introduced range. avian influenza can be fatal to humans, and it is feared that the bar - headed goose could be a carrier of the disease within asia (3) (4). the droppings of this species could therefore pose a health and safety risk to humans (2) .\nswan l (1970) goose of the himalayas. natural history 79: 68–75 .\nthe bar - headed goose, along with black swan is the most frequently occurring species of escaped wildfowl in vc55. most records have been of single birds predominantly from rutland water, eyebrook reservoir and stanford reservoir .\nbutler, p. 2010. high fliers: the physiology of bar - headed geese. elsevier 156: 325 - 9 .\nbar - headed geese have a slightly larger wingspan and lower wing loading than other similar goose species (lee et al. 2008), yielding greater lift and reducing the power required for flight (pennycuick 1972) .\n: notes from breeding and wintering areas. goose bull. 2010; 10: 7–17 .\n. the hypothesis of a central governor that acts to protect the cardiac and brain oxygenation, by reducing peripheral locomotor muscle activity and decreasing the work of the heart, would be consistent with the observation that the barnacle goose must activate such a mechanism at a lower altitude to that of the bar - headed goose .\nlamprecht, j. 1987. female reproductive strategies in bar - headed geese (anser indicus): why are geese monogamous? .\nmigration routes and stop - over sites determined with satellite tracking of bar - headed geese anser indicus breeding at qinghai lake, china .\nin a wild bird it was first necessary to estimate the likely heart mass for a wild migratory bar - headed goose. overall, the heart mass when expressed as a proportion of body mass for both captive and wild bar - headed geese and barnacle geese is relatively conserved between 0. 9 and 1. 1% (data from the present study and bishop\nit was great to find useful and well compiled information about bar headed geese. and also many other posts from yours. thank you! we are working on a project for bar headed geese where this information came in handy. will post you when we are done .\nin england and wales the bar - headed goose is listed under schedule 9 to the wildlife and countryside act 1981, which makes it an offence to release or allow the escape of this species into the wild (2) .\nscott gr, egginton s, richards jg, milsom wk (2009) evolution of muscle phenotype for extreme high altitude flight in the bar - headed goose. proceedings of the royal society b: biological sciences 276: 3645–3653 .\nbar - headed geese are known to have been present in gb since at least 1972 and were found breeding in the wild by 1989 .\nlittle information is published on the lifespan of bar - headed geese. like most geese they are long - lived. a close relative ,\nlee sy, scott gr, milsom wk (2008) have wing morphology or flight kinematics evolved for extreme high altitude migration in the bar - headed goose? comparative biochemistry and physiology part c: toxicology & pharmacology 148: 324–331 .\n). although bar - headed geese are accomplished high - altitude fliers, in contrast to ducks, counterintuitively these animals did not increase coronary blood perfusion to the same extent under hypoxic conditions. this may be compensated for by greater ventricle capillary density in the bar - head goose compared to other species (\n5. the bar - headed goose uses its powerful and constant flight to generate heat which is retained by its dense down feathers. as a result of this isolation no ice crystals can develop under their wings while flying over the mountains .\nfaraci fm, kilgore dl, fedde mr (1984) oxygen delivery to the heart and brain during hypoxia: pekin duck vs. bar - headed goose. american journal of physiology - regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology 247: r69–r75 .\nlu j. notes on bar - headed geese in china. international waterfowl research bureau threatened waterfowl research group news. 1991; 1: 8–9\nwould have an estimated heart mass of 28. 2 g. cannulated bar - headed geese at rest in the present study had a mean calculated\n). this is the predicted maximum height to which bar - headed geese might be expected to be found flying aerobically and without wind assistance .\nthe bar - headed goose nests around lakes in dense colonies and at altitudes of up to 16, 000 feet. a clutch of 4 - 8 eggs are laid in a shallow nest lined with the mothers down feathers. the bar - headed goose can breed at 2 - 3 years of age and will double clutch if the first eggs are removed. incubation of the eggs lasts around 28 - 30 days and the young will fledge at 50 days. both parents care for the goslings .\nswan lw, 1970. goose of the himalayas. natural history, 79: 68 - 75 .\nthe bar - headed goose is\nvery pretty, but i guess it doesn' t look like a superathlete ,\nsaid study co - author lucy hawkes, a biologist at bangor university in the united kingdom. (see bird pictures. )\nscott gr; egginton s; richards jg; milsom wk, 2009. evolution of muscle phenotype for extreme high altitude flight in the bar - headed goose. proc. r. soc. b, 276 (1673): 3645 - 3653 .\nscott gr, richards jg, milsom wk (2009) control of respiration in flight muscle from the high - altitude bar - headed goose and low - altitude birds. american journal of physiology - regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology 297: r1066–r1074 .\n. previous studies have determined the value of n (also known as the hill constant) to be around 2. 8 for bar - headed geese\nour result reveals a remarkable increase in the number of bar - headed geese wintering in south - central tibet. this population increase most likely stems from a proliferation of cropland and especially winter wheat fields in south - central tibet. this habitat improvement may also cause short - stopping of the bar - headed goose and thus reduce mortality of the geese that would otherwise undertake a somewhat daunting trans - himalayan migration .\n). this behavior may reduce mortality in the bar - headed geese that would otherwise undertake a somewhat daunting trans - himalayan migration (hawkes et al .\nan unmistakeable species (2) (3) (4), the bar - headed goose (anser indicus) is a medium to large, pale grey goose (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) with a striking black and white pattern on its head for which it gets its common name (5) (6) .\nanother trick in the birds' arsenal: hyperventilation. unlike humans, bar - headed geese can breathe in and out very rapidly without getting dizzy or passing out .\nhawkes la, balachandran s, batbayar n, butler pj, frappell pb, et al. (2011) the trans - himalayan flights of bar - headed geese (\nbutler pj (2010) high fliers: the physiology of bar - headed geese. comparative biochemistry and physiology - part a: molecular & integrative physiology 156: 325–329 .\nthe diet of the bar - headed goose is mainly grass, barley and rice. they will also eat paddy and corn which can cause a lot of damage to farms and gardens. occasionally they will feed on crustaceans and invertebrates and whilst on the coats they will eat sea weeds .\npercent volume of intersection between subsamples of aggregated individual uds and overall flyway uds. individual curves correspond to two population - level ruddy shelduck routes, one species - level bar - headed goose route, and two multi - species routes (central asian and east asian - australasian flyways) .\n1. the bar - headed goose migrates each spring from india through the himalayan range, passing the mount everest, to their nesting grounds in tibet. on this journey they cross the highest mountains at an altitude of 3500 to 4500 m and with a speed of more than 200 mph .\nbishop ma; song y; canjue z; gu b, 1997. bar - headed geese wintering in south - central tibet. wildfowl, 48: 118 - 126 .\nfor bar - headed geese. values at rest (re) and during running (ex) are shown for normoxia (white bars) and severe hypoxia (7% o\nhawkes la, balachandran s, batbayar n, butler pj, chua b, et al. (2013) the paradox of extreme high altitude migration in bar - headed geese\nfaraci fm, kilgore jr dl, fedde mr (1985) blood flow distribution during hypocapnic hypoxia in pekin ducks and bar - headed geese. respiration physiology 61: 21–30 .\nfedde mr, orr ja, shams h, scheid p (1989) cardiopulmonary function in exercising bar - headed geese during normoxia and hypoxia. respiration physiology 77: 239–252 .\nwhenever bar - headed geese were observed, we recorded their location, flock size and habitat type. to avoid double counting, we ignored flocks flying overhead from behind. a flock was defined as a group of bar - headed geese found continuously in a specific type of habitat. habitat types for the goose were categorized as winter wheat, ploughed field, crop stubble (unploughed highland barley and spring wheat croplands), pastureland, rivers and lake, marshes and other habitats .\n= 3). (microwave telemetry, inc. , columbia, md, usa). we secured solar powered transmitters to birds with a teflon ribbon harness (bally ribbon mills, bally, pa) and glued external, battery powered transmitters to plastic neck collars (2 on bar - headed geese in keoladeo national park, india and 1 on a bar - headed goose in chitwan national park, nepal). transmitters ranged from 9. 5 g to 70 g (table\nbreeding in high - altitude zones of central asia, the bar - headed goose nests beside a variety of highland wetlands, such as montane lakes (2) (4) (5), generally at elevations between 4, 000 and 5, 300 metres and often near rocky outcrops (3) .\nmiddleton b; valk agvan der, 1987. the food habits of greylag and bar - headed geese in the keoladeo national park, india. wildfowl, 38: 93 - 102 .\nunder maximum exercise conditions. however, data describing whether these physiological adaptations occur in the wild are currently lacking and captive bar - headed geese exposed to hypoxia do not increase their haemoglobin concentration\nthe bar - headed goose winters mainly in the lowlands of northern india, as well as in pakistan, bangladesh, nepal and myanmar (3) (4) (5). this species is considered to be a vagrant in several countries, including guam, japan and lao people’s democratic republic (7) .\nthe bar - headed goose was an early sufferer of hpai (highly pathogenic avian influenza) and some cases are still reported today. they have many predators including crows, foxes, sea eagles and gulls and their eggs are regularly stolen by ravens. they are also hunted by humans for food, feathers and eggs .\nthe bar - headed geese exist from the southeastern areas of russia to the northern indian regions and stay in western china. whole central asia is covered during the breeding season at 4 000 to\none of the most effective ways for bar - headed geese to increase their oxygen loading of the arterial blood at high altitudes would be to directly modulate the functioning of the oxygen - haemoglobin dissociation curve at the blood - gas interface of the lung. in this context, oxygen affinity of the blood of bar - headed geese has been shown to be sensitive to both ph and temperature\nfaraci fm, fedde mr (1986) regional circulatory responses to hypocapnia and hypercapnia in bar - headed geese. american journal of physiology - regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology 250: r499–r504 .\nthe bar - headed goose winters in lowland marshes and swamps and by rivers and lakes (2) (3) (4) (5). in parts of its range where it has been introduced, such as in the uk, this species also occupies meadows or arable farmland near lowland waters (4) .\nan outbreak of avian influenza h5n1 in western china in 2005 was responsible for the death of several thousand bar - headed geese. the outbreak spread north to mongolia and may have been carried there by migrating bar - headed geese. this incident raised concern that this species could, in theory, carry the disease, which can be fatal to humans, to wetlands close to indian cities .\n(\nbar - headed geese - the astronauts among migratory birds\n, 2011; prins and van wieren, 2004; scott, et al. , 2009; speakman and banks, 1998 )\nbar - headed geese have been recorded in many parts of lowland gb, north to orkney. breeding has been reported mainly from southern gb, with instances as far north as greater manchester and nottinghamshire .\nprins, h. , s. van wieren. 2004. number, population structure and habitat use of bar - headed geese aniser indicus in ladakh (india) during the brood - rearing period .\nfaraci fm, kilgore dl, fedde mr (1984) attenuated pulmonary pressor response to hypoxia in bar - headed geese. american journal of physiology - regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology 247: r402–r403 .\nfao (2009) http: www. fao. orgavianfluenwildlifesat _ telemetry _ mong _ bar. htm\nenvironment at high altitudes, modifications to the cardiovascular system should be anticipated, allowing high aerobic activity. a number of studies from dr william milsom’s group have examined cardiovascular functional adjustments of bar - headed geese (\nthe yellow to orange - yellow bill of the bar - headed goose is also black - tipped (2) (3) (4) (5) (6). this species has brown eyes (6) and yellowish to pale orange legs and feet (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) .\nbar - headed geese use biparental care when raising young. studies show that male bar - headed geese are more alert and defensive when in the presence of their goslings. these same studies show that the goslings have the added benefit of an increased survival rate from having both parents. both parents provide their goslings with protection from predators and other geese. in addition to that the parents also protect the goslings' food .\n, line c), or slightly higher if at a reduced climb rate. these heights are consistent with observations from tracking data; the highest altitude directly recorded from a bar - headed goose crossing the himalayas so far is 7, 290 m above sea level (but such altitudes are rare, with 95% of gps recorded altitudes below 5, 784 m\nin 2009, hawkes and an international team of researchers tagged 25 bar - headed geese in india with gps transmitters. shortly thereafter, the birds left on their annual spring migration to mongolia and surrounding areas to breed .\n). such birds can thus achieve feats of high - altitude performance that are shown by very few, if any other animals, and can do so without time to acclimatise. for instance, bar - headed geese\nhere we demonstrate, using a comparative phylogenetic approach, a striking difference in flight muscle phenotype related to high altitude flight in bar - headed geese. this difference was unique compared with multiple low altitude migratory species and was not due to physiological plasticity or interspecific variation in body mass. the unique flight muscle phenotype in bar - headed geese is therefore inherent and probably serves to improve muscle o 2 transport during flight at extremely high altitudes .\nthe bar - headed goose is characterised by the two bars of brownish - black feathers around the back of its neck. it has a light grey body and white spots on its face and neck. the bill and legs are a strong orange colour and possess webbed feet and broad wings. there is no sexual dimorphism between the male and female of this species .\narterial and mixed venous blood samples (< 1. 5 ml each) were drawn after the goose had been at rest for one hour in the respirometer before the beginning of each experiment. sample size (representing approximately 0. 6% of total blood volume for a 2. 33 kg goose ;\nmuscle fibre composition is altered in the pectoralis muscle of bar - headed geese (grey bar) (n = 6) compared with barnacle geese (unfilled bar) (n = 8) and pink - footed geese (black bar) (n = 8). high sdh activity identified oxidative fibres, and high acid - stable myosin - atpase activity identified type iia fibres. * and † represent significant differences from both low altitude species or just pink - footed geese, respectively (two - way anova, d. f. = 65) .\nhowever, this species was once classified as near threatened on the iucn red list, and the current population trend appears to be decreasing (3). in the past, the bar - headed goose has suffered population declines as a result of the shooting of adults, egg collection and habitat destruction, which damages important roosting and foraging areas (3) (5) .\nsimilar to those of bar - headed geese in the same conditions. in contrast to bar - headed geese, however, barnacle geese were unable to run for 15 minutes under conditions of severe hypoxia (7% atmospheric oxygen). what is more, maximal heart rates for the short periods of running they did manage in severe hypoxia were comparatively low, despite the fact that running exercise requires a small proportion of the total aerobic scope exhibited during flight\nlittle is recorded for the species in gb until 1991, when 85 free - flying birds were counted. the bar - headed goose has been introduced to several countries but has established a substantial breeding population only in the netherlands, where 100–125 pairs are present. it is thought that, once a critical population level is reached, this species could become invasive across much of europe .\nbar - headed geese can be found at high elevations. they use habitats like mountain grasslands and crop fields from surrounding villages. bar - headed geese tend to use freshwater marshes, lakes, and streams that are around elevations of 4, 000 to 6, 000 meters above sea level as stop - over and over - wintering sites. some geese have even been reported to migrate at altitudes of 9, 000 meters when they cross the himalaya mountains .\nzhang g, liu d, hou y, jiang h, dai m, qian f, lu j, xing z, li f. migration routes and stop - over sites determined with satellite tracking of bar - headed geese\n. however, this is the first time, to the authors' knowledge, that the exercise performance of bar - headed geese in low - oxygen conditions has been demonstrated to be superior to that of other, similar, waterfowl. this supports the suggestion that bar - headed geese are particularly well adapted, compared to other waterfowl, for high altitude flight. similarly, high altitude native humans resident at 4, 350 m show little reduction in cardiac output or\nbar - headed geese generally feed on the highland grasses surrounding their lakes and streams where they nest. during other times of the year they can be found eating on agricultural crops such as corn, wheat, barley, and rice .\navailability or an increase in myocardial oxygen demand. both of these factors presumably come into play during high - altitude flight in birds. in pekin ducks and bar - headed geese, coronary perfusion has been reported to be 3. 5\n. (b) oxygen - haemoglobin dissociation curve showing data collected from bar - headed geese in normoxia (black symbols) and hypoxia (white symbols); present study data are shown as circles, data from fedde et al .\nof 7. 1 ml and an average heart mass of 21. 3 g. thus, assuming linearity, wild bar - headed geese with a heart mass of 28. 2 g would have an estimated mean maximum stroke volume (\nrecorded for bar - headed geese to date, both at rest and during exercise in normoxia and hypoxia (n = 5 studies in total). haemoglobin concentrations were higher in the present study (mean 16. 49 g. dl\noverall, it appears unlikely that cardiac output could be much larger than estimated in the present study. the maximum value we calculated is approximately 50% higher than the highest cardiac output previously measured in bar - headed geese during severe hypoxia\nthe world' s highest flying bird is an asian goose that can fly up and over the himalaya in only about eight hours, a new study finds .\nthe results of our study suggest that bar - headed geese have an extraordinary capacity to perform running aerobic exercise at simulated high altitudes equivalent to the top of mount everest, a feat that is not exhibited by lowland living barnacle geese. although\nhabitat: snow goose prefers to nest in north - west greenland, northern canada and siberia. overwintering takes place in the southern part of north america and canada .\na high - altitude endemic of central and southern asia (2) (3) (6), the bar - headed goose breeds mainly in mongolia, western china, kazakhstan and kyrgyzstan (3) (4) (5), but also along some rivers in the north indian subcontinent (3). the breeding range of this species is much smaller than it once was (5) .\nintroduced bar - headed geese interbreed readily with other geese but, as far as is known, do not produce fertile hybrids. given the low abundance of this species in gb, it is likely that any ecosystem effects have so far been negligible .\nward, s. , c. bishop, a. woakes, p. butler. 2002. heart rate and the rate of oxygen consumption of flying and walking barnacle geese (branta leucopsis) and bar - headed geese (anser indicus) .\nour results reveal a remarkable increase in the number of bar - headed geese wintering in tibet. using the same methods, our survey tally in 2014 is four times the 15, 500‒17, 500 geese estimated in december 1993 (bishop et al .\na. indicus is a typical anser ‘grey goose’ in size and shape, with a pale greyish body, dark - tipped yellow bill, pale orange legs and a white head with a dark bar from eye to eye across the upper nape and a second bar across the lower nape. in flight it appears pale with a blackish trailing edge to the wing. for more details see for example kear (2005) .\ntakekawa, j. , s. heath, d. douglas, w. perry, javed salim, s. newman. 2009. geographic variation in bar - headed geese anser indicus: connectivity of wintering areas and breeding grounds across a broad front .\nmore than 5, 000 bar - headed geese regularly visit the gharana wetland conservation reserve in jammu during their migration. they are also radio tracked using gps satellite tags to map their migration routes. these are extremely lightweight and do not hinder the geese’s movements .\n). most of the surveyed areas indicated an increase in population, with the exception of yamdrok lake. bar - headed geese were most abundant in shigatse city and lhunzhub county, which agrees with the survey results from 1991 to 1994 (bishop et al .\ncarboneras, c. & kirwan, g. m. (2018). bar - headed goose (anser indicus). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nbird lungs are superior to mammalian lungs, having a counter exchange system, which extracts o2 much more efficiently (ramirez et al. 2007) and they are larger in bar - headed geese than in other species of waterfowl (scott et al. 2009) .\nbar - headed geese feed on agricultural land in india on crops such as barley, rice and wheat but no reports of agricultural damage are known from gb. the species is hunted along its migration flyways and eggs are also gathered for food at some breeding colonies .\n), an indication that this was their principal food source. compared with crop stubble, our results showed that the bar - headed geese prefer the soft and irrigated ploughed fields, although these fields have significantly lower residue cover and surface waste grain (bishop and li\nhawkes l, balachandran as, batbayar n, butler pj, frappell pb, milsom wk, tseveenmyadag n, newman sh, scott gr, sathiyaselvam p, takekawa jy, wikelski m, bishop cm. the trans - himalayan flights of bar - headed geese (\nbar - headed geese can also increase cardiac output (heart rate and volume of blood pumped) in hypoxia to 5 times the rate at sea - level when resting (black & tenney 1980, although note this can also occur in low altitude bird species too) .\ncitation: hawkes la, butler pj, frappell pb, meir ju, milsom wk, scott gr, et al. (2014) maximum running speed of captive bar - headed geese is unaffected by severe hypoxia. plos one 9 (4): e94015. urltoken\ntakekawa jy, heath sr, douglas dc, perry wm, javed s, newman sh, et al. geographic variation in bar - headed geese anser indicus: connectivity of wintering areas and breeding grounds across a broad front. wildfowl. 2009; 59: 100–23 .\nbar - headed geese have grey bodies, with orange legs and a black and white neck. this species is named for the obvious black u - shaped bars on the back of the white head. they weigh between 2 and 3 kg (4. 5 and 6. 5 lbs) with a wingspan between 140 and 160 cm (55 and 62 inch), and are between 68 and 78 cm (27 and 30 inch) in length. bar - headed geese have a basal metabolic rate of 756 cubic centimeters of oxygen per hour .\nthe head of the bar - headed goose is mostly white (4) (5), but is clearly marked with two horizontal dark stripes (2) (3) (5) (6), the upper of which is broad and runs round the back of the head from eye to eye (4) (5) (6). the lower stripe circles the lower nape and is much narrower (4) (5) (6) .\nnumber and distribution of bar - headed geese wintering in south - central tibet of china in january 2014. the survey results in yarlung river from gyatsa east to nylingchi and in nyang river are not shown; only 302 geese were recorded at the confluence of the yarlung and nyang rivers\ncardiovascular variables (heart rate, rate of oxygen consumption, rate of carbon dioxide production and estimated cardiac output) and accelerometer derived vedba (see text) for bar - headed geese and barnacle geese at rest and while exercising in normoxia, moderate hypoxia (10. 5% o\nthe throat and very top of the bar - headed goose’s neck are white (5), while the hindneck is blackish (3) (5) (6) and is separated from the dark grey foreneck by a white, tapering stripe running down each side of the neck (5). the lower flanks of this species are dark (3), while the long wings appear almost white when in flight and are tipped with black (3) (6) .\nbar - headed geese typically breed on an annual basis. this occurs during the spring. nesting occurs from the last week of april until june. they typically lay 3 to 8 eggs on average. after 28 to 30 days the goslings hatch. there was little information on the birth mass of the goslings. they then fledge by 55 to 60 days, and reach sexual maturity at 3 years of age. bar - headed geese tend to breed on the tibetan - qinghai plateau. they lay their eggs in ground nests at high elevations in the highland marshes and lakes .\nbar - headed geese are present in the wild in gb in small numbers and are most often seen as individuals in mixed flocks with other introduced geese, such as greylags. a few pairs nest in the wild in most years, but no breeding population is established in gb as yet .\nbefore 2005, hpai h5n1 viruses had only been isolated sporadically from wild birds, but in april–june 2005, the first reported outbreak in wild migratory birds occurred, in lake qinghai, china. this hpai h5n1 virus outbreak affected large numbers of wild birds, such as bar - headed geese (\ndelivery to the cardiac and locomotory tissue by bar - headed geese relative to barnacle geese. barnacle geese should not be subject to strong selection for such characters, given that they make the majority of their annual migration over coastal land and seas, and are not known to fly at high altitudes\nin hypoxic conditions, bar - headed geese can hyperventilate 7. 2 times faster than their rate at sea level, and suffer no ill effects as a result of this (which increases blood ph – in humans this makes us restrict blood flow to the brain, causing a dizzy sensation) .\ngeneral information: bar - headed geese are probably the highest flying birds. they have been seen flying over the top of mt. everest at an altitude of 29, 500 feet, more than 5 ½ miles above sea level. these birds are able to withstand severe weather and are winter resistant\n) of un - cannulated bar - headed geese against increasing treadmill speed in normoxia (solid line) and hypoxia (dashed line in part a), error bars show s. e. m. ; lines show linear models for fit, error bars show ±1 s. e. m .\nthe physical work carried out by bar - headed geese (as measured using vedba) during running in normoxia and severe hypoxia was unchanged (t - test; 0. 68±0. 04 s. e. m. versus 0. 72 g±0. 04 s. e. m .) .\nmale and female bar - headed geese are similar in appearance (2) (3) (5), although the male is usually slightly larger (3) (5) (6). juveniles are similar in plumage to the adults, but they are generally duller (5), paler (6) and lack the distinctive horizontal bars on the back of the head (2) (5) (6). the bill, legs and feet of juvenile bar - headed geese are greenish - yellow (3) (6) and duller than those of the adults (5) .\nour results indicate that winter wheat fields are the most frequently used feeding habitat by the wintering bar - headed geese in south - central tibet. fecal analyses showed that 65% of the total foods consumed by geese, wintering at caohai in guizhou province china, consisted of leaves of gramineae (li and nie\nthe maximum speeds that bar - headed geese (n = 7) and barnacle geese (n = 10) could sustain for 15 minutes in normoxia ranged from 0. 96 to 1. 17 m. s −1. the same speeds could also be sustained for 15 minutes by both species in moderate hypoxia (10. 5% o 2) with no signs of fatigue. bar - headed geese also successfully sustained their maximum speeds in severe hypoxia (7% o 2). barnacle geese, however, could not sustain maximum speeds in severe hypoxia, managing no more than four minutes (see below) .\n) have a breeding range that stretches from mongolia south through russia and western china to tibet and as far west as kyrgyzstan. approximately 25% of the global population of bar - headed geese winter on the southern tibetan - qinghai plateau. another wintering area for a portion of the population is india and bangladesh .\nthese geese benefit humans because of ecotourism to the wildlife areas that they use as refueling stops during their migrations .\nthe east calcutta wetlands in western bengal (a stop over site for migrating bar - headed geese) has environmental benefits worth 38. 54 million dollars\n( bhattacharyya et al. , 2008) .\nthailand, and vietnam. until 2005, hpai h5n1 viruses had been isolated only sporadically from wild birds. in 2005, the first reported outbreak in wild migratory birds occurred in april–june at lake qinghai, china. this hpai h5n1 virus outbreak in wild birds affected large numbers of birds such as bar - headed geese (\n), we surveyed extra valleys of the maizho maqu, nyang river and yarlung rivers east from sangri to miling for the first time, but only small numbers of bar - headed geese were recorded, probably because these river stretches are narrow and confined on both sides by steep mountains, where croplands are extremely rare .\na pale grey goose with an orange beak and legs and two striking black bars on the head. it lives in central asia. it is monotypic (males and females look the same) and mates for life .\nintroduced a. indicus interbreed readily with other geese, including other introduced species such as the swan goose a. cygnoides (appleton, 2010) but, as far as is known, do not produce fertile hybrids .\nbar - headed geese were one of the first species to show signs of the h5n1 (bird flu) virus. in addition to carrying the virus the geese are also pests to the local villagers. since they feed on the wheat, rice, and other crops around their roosting areas, they can cause damage to farm fields .\nbar - headed geese are listed on the iucn red list as least concerned. they have no special status under the us migratory bird act or on the us federal list because there is no population living in the us. nor are they protected under the us endangered species act. cites contains no special status for the species either .\nwe surveyed wintering bar - headed geese along the yarlung zangbo, lhasa and nyang qu rivers, the three major river valleys and their tributaries in south - central tibet in january 2014 and recorded their location, flock size and habitat utilization. based on these data and the latest wintering counts elsewhere, we revised the population estimate for this species .\nvalues for birds at rest and during exercise in hypoxia using the respiratory exchange ratio (rer, which is equivalent to respiratory quotient - rq - under steady - state conditions) values derived for the present study of bar - headed geese at rest and during exercise, which were the same (0. 81). importantly, this may have over estimated\neditor' s note: an october 2012 study in the proceedings of the royal society b found that bar - headed geese follow valleys through the mountains, which keeps them below 18, 000 feet nearly all of the time. however the birds do make occasional forays to higher altitudes, a feat that still can' t be explained, according to the study .\na more pressing question is where these migratory birds might carry the virus next. melville says that bar - headed geese, one of the infected species, fly several thousand kilometers to wintering grounds in india, potentially dropping the virus along the way. for many other species that breed at qinghai, the understanding of migration routes “is very rudimentary, ” he says .\nif they do become more established they' ll follow in the footsteps of other exotic wildfowl like mandarin and egyptian goose and be elevated to cat c:' species that, although introduced, now derive from the resulting self - sustaining populations.'\ntakekawa jy, heath sr, douglas dc, perry wm, javed s, newman sh, suwal rn, rahmani ar, choudhury bc, prosser dj, yan b, hou y, batbayar n, natsagdorj t, bishop cm, butler pj, frappell pb, milsom wk, scott gr, hawkes la, wikelski m. geographic variation in bar - headed geese\nhistological measurements were made on bar - headed geese (1. 9–2. 7 kg), barnacle geese (branta leucopsis) (1. 6–2. 2 kg) and pink - footed geese (anser brachyrhynchus) (2. 3–3. 5 kg). mitochondrial respiration was performed on bar - headed geese, barnacle geese, greylag geese (anser anser) (3. 9–5. 1 kg) and mallard ducks (anas platyrhynchos) (1. 1–1. 6 kg). all birds were young adults of similar age (3–5 years old) that had been bred and raised in captivity at sea level by registered breeders. measurements were made on both males and females for each species, none of which had ever flown .\n). the species was observed in the yarlung river from lhaze east to sangri except for rinpung. no bar - headed geese were recorded in the 270 km stretch of the yarlung river from gyatsa east to miling. we recorded geese in all major tributaries, although only several hundred birds were observed in the 68 km stretch of the maizho maqu river and 287 km along the nyang river. bar - headed geese were especially abundant in the lhasa river valley (38. 5 %), the nyang qu river valley (31. 0 %) and the west yarlung river valley (19. 6 %) by geographic area and in lhunzub (27. 2 %) and shigatse (26. 7 %) by administration division (table\npiersma t, everaarts jm, jukema j (1996) build - up of red blood cells in refuelling bar - tailed godwits in relation to individual migratory quality. the condor 98: 363–370 .\nguo - gang, z. , l. dong - ping, h. yun - qiu, j. hong - xing, d. ming, q. fa - wen, l. jun, x. zhi, l. feng - shan. 2011. migration routes and stop - over sites determined with satellite tracking of bar - headed geese anser indicus breeding at qinghai lake, china .\nincreased heart rate by over 40% and co by over 100% , while maintaining oxygen consumption. in contrast, oxygen consumption of the barnacle goose decreased by 18% due to a 4% reduction in heart rate and a relatively minor 10% , increase in co .\nexperiments on the bar - headed geese were structured to take into account the increasing effect of instrumentation on the birds. i) experiments were first carried out on geese with only subcutaneous ecg electrodes; (ii) experiments were then repeated at least two weeks after implantation of heart rate data loggers (see above) and finally iii) experiments were repeated after geese were implanted with cannulae into an artery and a vein .\ndescription: snow goose - bird of passage. it weighs up to 3 kg, is mainly white plumage. black can only be the tip of the tail and beak. the length of 60 - 75 cm case. the wingspan of 1. 5 meters. life expectancy 10 to 20 years .\nin normoxia, bar - headed geese at rest breathed at a mean frequency of 17. 3 breaths. min −1 (range 11. 5 to 29. 0, 5. 8 s. e. m .), increasing this rate while running to 93. 8 breaths. min −1 (16. 6 s. e. m. , maximum 124. 0). at rest, bar - headed geese did not alter their breathing frequency in severe hypoxia from that observed in normoxia (19. 7 breaths. min −1, range 12 to 37. 5, 6. 0 s. e. m .). equally, while running, their breathing frequency remained unchanged between normoxia and hypoxia (rate in hypoxia: 88. 8 breaths. min −1, range 76. 5 to 108. 3, 7. 1 s. e. m .) .\nbox plots showing mixed venous (a) blood lactate, (b) haematocrit and (c) haemoglobin for bar - headed geese at rest (white boxes) and during running (grey boxes) in normoxia and hypoxia (fractional concentration of o 2 indicated on x - axis). * shows values that are significantly different to values at rest, + shows values that are significantly different to normoxia, where p < 0. 05 .\n). to improve the estimate of the current status of the bar - headed geese, we conducted surveys in south - central tibet in january 2014 and present the size of their winter flock, distribution and habitat use in south - central tibet as of this date. considering that the latest world population estimate was based on data from well before 2000, a more reliable and up - to - date population estimate is desirable (ven et al." ]

{ "text": [ "the bar-headed goose ( anser indicus ) is a goose that breeds in central asia in colonies of thousands near mountain lakes and winters in south asia , as far south as peninsular india .", "it lays three to eight eggs at a time in a ground nest . " ], "topic": [ 13, 28 ] }

[ "the bar-headed goose (anser indicus) is a goose that breeds in central asia in colonies of thousands near mountain lakes and winters in south asia, as far south as peninsular india. it lays three to eight eggs at a time in a ground nest." ]

[ "habitat: euchloe penia inhabits dry and warm, rocky places. the larval habitats are usually rocky embankments, small quarries and slopes with sparse vegetation, but also more plain areas with open soil. quite often euchloe penia is syntopic with larvae of anthocaris gruneri (at aethionema) .\neuchloe penia; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 6, pl. 5, f. 22; [ otakar kudrna ]\npenia (freyer, 1852); neuere beitr. schmett. 6: pl. 574, f. 4\nnouvelles captures d' euchloe penia dans le peloponnese. considerations taxinomiques, ecologiques et biogeographiques sur les taxons du sous - genre elphinstonia (lepidoptera pieridae) .\nremarks: euchloe penia occurs in southeastern europe (mainland greece, makedonia, bulgaria, european turkey) ans west asia (asia minor, near east, iraq) .\n[ new captures of euchloe penia (freyer, 1852) in the peloponnesos (southern greece). taxonomic, ecological and geographic considerations about the taxa of the subgenus elphinstonia klots (1930) (lepidoptera pieridae) ]. [ french ]\n[ new captures of euchloe penia (freyer, 1852) in the peloponnesos (southern greece). taxonomic, ecological and geographic considerations about the taxa of the subgenus elphinstonia klots (1930) (lepidoptera pieridae) ]. [ french ]\n[ new captures of euchloe penia (freyer, 1852) in the peloponnesos (southern greece). taxonomic, ecological and geographic considerations about the taxa of the subgenus elphinstonia klots (1930) (lepidoptera pieridae) ]. [ french ] [ 1992 ]\nendangerment factors: locally, euchloe penia is endangered in its european range due to habitat loss (succession, reforestation, overbuilding. sometimes it can be promoted by rocky road embankments or small - scale quarries. modern large - scale quarries, however, often destroy existing habitats .\neuchloe belemia palaestinensis röber, 1907; in seitz, grossschmett. erde 1: 51\nin addition to the white species there is also a subgroup of butterflies in which the ground colour is bright greenish - yellow. this group comprises of 8 species: charlonia, bazae, lucilla, penia, tomyris, lessei, transcaspica and ziayani which are normally treated under the genus elphinstonia .\neuchloe ausonia sovinskyi sheljuzhko, 1928; lep. rdsch. 2 (7): 75\neuchloe ausonides ausonides; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 170\neuchloe ausonides ogilvia; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 170\neuchloe ausonides insulanus; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 170\neuchloe creusa creusa; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 171\n= euchloe olympia; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 171\neuchloe hyantis hyantis; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 171\n= euchloe ausonides ausonides; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 170\n= euchloe ausonides coloradensis; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 170\n= euchloe creusa creusa; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 171\n= euchloe hyantis hyantis; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 171\neuchloe ausonia melanochloros; [ bmat ]: 11, pl. 4, f. 28 - 40\neuchloe tagis; [ bow ]: pl. 4, f. 17; [ otakar kudrna ]\neuchloe tagis pechi; [ bmat ]: 12, pl. 5, f. 1 - 5\neuchloe tagis atlasica; [ bmat ]: 12, pl. 5, f. 6 - 10\neuchloe tagis reisseri; [ bmat ]: 13, pl. 5, f. 11 - 10\n? euchloe charlonia elisabethae hemming, 1932; trans. ent. soc. lond. 80: 287\neuchloe naina; [ opler ]; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 171\n? euchloe belia melisande fruhstorfer, 1908; ent. zs. 22 (12): 51; tl: palestine\neuchloe lessei bernardi, 1957; bull. soc. ent. fr. 62: 38; tl: ; iran\neuchloe belemia belemia; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 6, pl. 5, f. 18\neuchloe belemia hesperidum rothschild, 1913; novit. zool. 20 (1): 111; tl: canary is .\neuchloe crameri crameri; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 6, pl. 5, f. 20\neuchloe tagis tagis; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 6, pl. 5, f. 19\neuchloe crameri mauretanica röber, 1907; in seitz, grossschmett. erde 1: 53, pl. 22, f. d\neuchloe ausonides coloradensis; [ nacl ], # 4200a; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 170\neuchloe ausonides palaeoreios; [ nacl ], # 4200b; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 170\neuchloe ausonides insulanus guppy & shepard, 2001; butts. b. c. : 160; tl: wellington, british columbia\neuchloe hyantis andrewsi; [ nacl ], # 4203a; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 172\neuchloe tagis bellezina; back, 2001, atalanta 32 (1 / 2): pl. iii, f. 3e - f\neuchloe ausonides r. andrewsi martin, 1958; bull. south. calif. acad. sci. 35 (2): 94\neuchloe lotta; [ boc ], 146; [ opler ]; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 172\neuchloe belemia; [ ebw ]; [ bow ]: pl. 4, f. 11; [ afrl ]; [ otakar kudrna ]\neuchloe tagis calvensis; back, 2001, atalanta 32 (1 / 2): pl. iii, f. 2, 3c - d\neuchloe belemia palaestinensis; back, 2001, atalanta 32 (1 / 2): pl. via, f. 7 - 8 (larva )\neuchloe lucilla butler, 1886; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1886 (3): 376, pl. 35, f. 4\neuchloe belemia hesperidum; back, 2001, atalanta 32 (1 / 2): 103 - 106, pl. v, f. 1 - 2\neuchloe belia naina kozhanchikov, 1923; jb. martjanov staatmus. minussinsk, 1 (1): 3; tl: w. sayan, lake buiba\neuchloe ausonides mayi f. & r. chermock, 1940; can. ent. 72 (4): 81; tl: riding mtns, man .\neuchloe ausonides mayi; [ nacl ], # 4200c; [ boc ], 142; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 170\neuchloe tagis atlasica rungs, 1950; bull. soc. sci. nat. maroc 28: 144; tl: col de tambrata and ifrane (morocco )\neuchloe ausonia algirica gen. aest. pseudonymus rothschild, 1917; novit. zool. 24 (1): 83; tl: c. and s. algeria\neuchloe creusa; [ ebw ]; [ nacl ], # 4201; [ opler ]; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 171\neuchloe crameri; back, 1990, atalanta 21 (3 / 4): pl. iii, f. 13 - 15 (larva); [ otakar kudrna ]\neuchloe simplonia; back, 1990, atalanta 21 (3 / 4): pl. iii, f. 7 - 9 (larva); [ otakar kudrna ]\neuchloe belia naina ♀ ab. koshantschikoffi bang - haas, 1927; horae macrolep. palaearct. 1: 40, pl. 5, f. 15; tl: sajan\neuchloe naina jakutia; dubatolov & kosterin, 1994, atalanta 25 (3 / 4): 514; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 171\neuchloe hyantis; [ nacl ], # 4203; [ boc ], 144; [ opler ]; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 171\neuchloe simplonia jakutia back, 1991; atalanta 21 (3 / 4): 193, pl. ii, f. 3 - 4; tl: yakutia, suntar mts .\neuchloe naina irina dubatolov & kosterin, 1994; atalanta 25 (3 / 4): 513; tl: se. kazakhstan, dzhungarian alatau, 40 - 50km ene of tekeli\neuchloe ausonides palaeoreios johnson, 1976; j. lep. soc. 30 (4): 253; tl: spearfish canyon, near spearfish, lawrence co. , south dakota\neuchloe ausonia; [ bru ], 156; [ ebw ]; back, 1990, atalanta 21 (3 / 4): pl. iii, f. 10 - 12 (larva); [ otakar kudrna ]\neuchloe olympia; [ nacl ], # 4202; [ ebw ]; [ bow ]: pl. 17, f. 21; [ opler ]; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 171\neuchloe guaymasensis opler, 1986; j. lep. soc. 40 (3): 188, f. 1 - 3; tl: mexico, estado de sonora, las avispas microwave relay, 2000', 40 mi n guayamas\neuchloe belemia eversi; winhard, 2000, butterflies of the world 10: 6, pl. 5, f. 17; back, 2001, atalanta 32 (1 / 2): pl. via, f. 3 - 6 (larva )\neuchloe tagis piemonti back, 2001; atalanta 32 (1 / 2): 100, pl. iii, f. 1, 3a - b, pl. iv, f. 5 - 17; tl: andonno, piemonte, italy, 800m\neuchloe falloui; [ ebw ]; [ bow ]: pl. 4, f. 11 (text only); [ bmat ]: 13, pl. 5, f. 20 - 32; [ bafr ], 56; [ afrl ]\neuchloe guaymasensis; holland, 1995, j. lep. soc. 49 (2): 122, f. 2; [ opler ]; [ nl4a ], # 128; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 172\nthe genus euchloe consists of between 17 - 30 species depending upon taxonomic viewpoint. six of the european taxa i. e. crameri, ausonia, insularis, tagis, falloui and belemia are generally accepted as valid species, but simplonia is regarded by some as a synonym or subspecies of ausonia .\neuchloe tagis reisseri back & reissinger, 1989; nota lepid. 12 (2): 86 - 102, [ 93 ] (f. a - d), 94 (f. e, f), 95 (f. 1 - 12) ]; tl: xauen (morocco )\nportuguese dappled white (euchloe tagis), and many subspecies, including < i > e. t. tagis < / i >, < i > e. t. castellana < / i >, < i > e. t. bellezina < / i >, < i > e. t. reisseri < / i > and others\nmost euchloe species have white uppersides with black apical markings and a black bar at the end of the discal cell on the forewing. the underside hindwings are white, heavily peppered with yellow and black scales which create an illusion of green colouration. the green markings take the form of blotches or stripes according to species, and sometimes almost obscure the underlying white .\neuchloe ausonides; [ nacl ], # 4200; [ ebw ]; [ bow ]: pl. 17, f. 20; back, 1990, atalanta 21 (3 / 4): pl. iii, f. 4 - 6 (larva); [ boc ], 142; [ opler ]; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 170\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na local species, rather hard to find on the greek mainland and neighbouring fyrom and bulgaria. it is an attractive very bright greenish off - yellow, the colour isn' t really caught on these photos .\ngreek mainland and neighbouring fyrom and bulgaria. it flies in two broods from late april to early july. it is reportedly present in the pelopennesos, but is seemingly very rare there .\nit flies fast over dry rocky places with sparse grasses. it settles only occasionally to feed or lay eggs unless the clouds come obscure the sun. in such dull conditions they rest on the ground allowing approach for photography, sometimes .\nhtml public' - / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en'\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nlife cycle: the pupae hibernate and the adults occur between march and june or even later usually in a single generation with prolonged appearance, but obviously also in a partial second generation. in mid - may 2014, i observed fresh adults and many eggs, but no larvae in askio mountains near kozani (siatista) in 800 - 1000m asl. i am quite sure that these belonged to the first generation. the eggs are deposited on the lower leaf surface of basal leaves, often on the mid rib, but more rarely also on stems and stem leaves. the larvae are very well camouflaged on the short - haired plant .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nfor the first time i caught one male (pictured on the left) on 18. 4. 1993 in s pirin on the rocky marble slopes between the villages paril and nova lovtcha, at 700 - 800 m a. s. l .\n. later that year, based on precise locality data provided by myself, more specimens were collected by several other colelctors. since the mid - 1990īs the species has not been found in this locality despite numerous visits. however, recently it has been discovered in other localities in s pirin. information about the occurrence of this species on\nparil col\n[ parilski prohod saddle between alibotush and s pirin ] (abadjiev 1993) is incorrect: the specimens in questions have been collected in the site discovered by myself .\naccording to my data there are two generations in april and june - july. larval host - plant :\nvery rare and with very limited distribution in bulgaria, urgently needs further research .\nthis translation tool is powered by google. fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nelphinstonia klots, 1930; bull. brooklyn ent. soc. 25 (2): 87; ts: anthocharis charlonia donzel\npapilio belemia esper, 1800; die schmett. , suppl. th 1 (8 - 9): 92, pl. 110, f. 2; tl: s. spain\nlarva on sisymbrium sp. , diplotaxis tennuisiliqua, biscutella didyma, sisymbrium bourgeanum [ bmat ]\npontia simplonia freyer, 1829; beitr. eur. schmett. 2: pl. 75, f. 2\nnaf, seu, asia minor, amurland, baluchistan - chitral. see [ maps ]\npapilio marchandae geyer, 1832; samml. eur. schmett. [ 1 ]: pl. 188, f. 926 - 928\nlarva on isatis tinctoria, moricandia arvensis, biscutella sp. , sinapis sp. , bunias sp. , iberis sp. [ bmat ]\nausonia graeca (verity, [ 1908 ]); rhopalocera palaearctica 1: 175, pl. 36, f. 20\nausonia transiens (verity, [ 1908 ]); rhopalocera palaearctica 1: 180, 338, pl. 37, f. 12\nw. pamirs, n. afghanistan, pakistan, india. see [ maps ]\nanthocharis daphalis moore, 1865; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1865 (2): 491, pl. 31, f. 14; tl: kunawur\ne. turkey, transcaucasia - iran, afghanistan - s. alai. see [ maps ]\n= anthocharis belia var. daphalis; grum - grshimailo, 1890, in romanoff, mém. lép. 4: 229\npulverata alaica (verity, 1911); rhopalocera palaearctica 1: 338, pl. 67, f. 33 - 36\naltai, n. mongolia - chukot peninsula, altai, sayan, transbaikalia, amur. see [ maps ]\nanthocharis ausonides lucas, 1852; revue mag. zool. (2) 4 (7): 340; tl: san francisco, california\n: canada, yukon, ogilve mts. , dempster hwy mile 45, 500 - 1300m\n= auchloe ausonides transmontana; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 170\nauchloe ausonides transmontana; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 170\naltai - chukot, ussuri, amur, transbaikalia, na? . see [ maps ]\n? ab. alexandri (turati, 1921); atti soc. ital. sci. nat. 60: 212, f. 2\norientalis emiorientalis (verity, 1911); rhopalocera palaearctica 1: 338, pl. 67, f. 37 - 38\nanthocharis pechi baker, 1885; ent. mon. mag. 21: 241; tl: lambessa\nlarva on iberis odorata, iberis sp. , iberis ciliata? , i. taurica? [ bmat ]\nanthocharis insularis staudinger, 1861; in staudinger & wocke, cat. lep. (ed. 1): 2; tl: corsica ?\ncanary islands, morocco, algeria, tunisia, tibesti, macedonia, egypt, sudan, iran, baluchistan, punjab. see [ maps ]\nanthocharis charlonia f. atlantica stauder, 1914; z. wiss. insektbiol. 10 (3): 84, (4): 125 (f. 2); tl: el kantara (algeria )\nanthocharis charlonia var. mesopotamica staudinger, [ 1892 ]; dt. ent. z. iris 4 (2): 228\nanthocharis charlonia var. transcaspica staudinger, [ 1892 ]; dt. ent. z. iris 4 (2): 228; tl :\nkrasnovodsk\n,\nachal - tekke\n,\nschahrud\ntranscaspica doveri evans, 1932; indian butterflies (edn. 2): 65\ntranscaspica pila evans, 1932; indian butterflies (edn. 2): 65\ns. turkmenia, uzbekistan, tajikistan, n. iran. see [ maps ]\nanthocharis tomyris christoph, 1884; in romanoff, mém. lépid. 1: 99, pl. 6, f. 1a - b; tl: askhabad, turkmenia\nn. africa (desert regions), sudan, somalia, arabia. see [ maps ]\nlarva on moricandia arvensis, m. sinaica, reseda muricata, diplotaxis acris, schouwia thebaica, zilla spinosa [ bmat ]\nanthocaris [ sic ] olympia edwards, 1871; trans. amer. ent. soc. 3: 266; tl: [ kanawha co. , west virginia ]\nlarva on descurainia pinnata holland, 1995, j. lep. soc. 49 (2): 127\nanthocaris [ sic ] hyantis edwards, 1871; trans. amer. ent. soc. 3 (3 / 4): 205; tl: ukiah, mendocino, co. , california\ncolorado, arizona, utah, california, montana, oregon, colorado. see [ maps ]\n: klamath co. , oregon; modoc co. , california; lasse, colorado\nlarva on arabis furcata, a. sparsiflora, arabis bolboellii, halimolobos whitedi [ boc ]\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea; compiled by mark c. williams, 7th ed. (2008) (april 2007) ;\nthe dates of e. j. c. esper' s die schmetterlinge in abblidungen... 1776 - [ 1830 ]; archives of natural history (1981) 10 (2): 251 - 254\nbutterflies of north america. 2. scientific names list for butterfly species of north america, north of mexico .\n[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not. i don' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\n( fabiano, 1993) d' aragón, dans le n. - e. de l' espagne:'\nlepidopteren ost - sibiriens, insbesondere der amur - landes, gesammelt von den herren g. radde, r. maack und p. wulffius\nthe genera of diurnal lepidoptera, comprising their generic characters, a notice of their habitats and transformations, and a catalogue of the species of each genus; illustrated with 86 plates by w. c. hewitson\ndie schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen. theil i. die tagschmetterlinge. supplement theil 1. abschnitt 1\nneuere beiträge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur. (81 - 100 )\nconcerning the name anthocaris coloradensis hy. edwards with designation of a new subspecies (pieridae )\nlist of diurnal lepidoptera collected by capt. a. m. lang in the n. w. himalayas\nsome undescribed rhopalocera from mesopotamia and n. w. persia; and other notes\nlepidotteri di cirenaica. (raccolti dal prof. a. ghigi durante l' escurisione organizzata dal touring club italiano nel mese di aprile 1920 )\nrhopalocera palaearctica iconographie et description des papillons diurnes de la région paléarctique. papilionidae et pieridae\nwinhard, 2000 pieridae i butterflies of the world 10: 1 - 40, pl. title, 1 - 48, back\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nbutterfly conservation' s european butterflies group promotes the enjoyment, conservation and study of butterflies, moths and their habitats in europe .\neuropean butterflies group is open to all members of butterfly conservation for an additional branch membership costing £10 .\nthe ebg agm will take place at the ibis hotel birmingham (near new street station) on sat 1st december 2018. details to follow .\nsurvey for danube clouded yellow & other eastern european specialities in belarus, 6 - 13 august 2018. there' s still time to participate in this survey trip of\n©2012 - 17 - no part of this website may be copied or reproduced without the authors permission .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nthe tribe anthocharini is one of the subdivisions of the insect order lepidoptera, which includes the moths and butterflies. it is a further subdivision of the butterfly family pieridae and subfamily pierinae; formerly it was considered a subfamily on its own, anthocharinae. this tribe includes many, but not all, of the orangetip butterflies. [ 2 ]\norange tip (anthocharis cardamines), and many subspecies, including a. c. phoenissa\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nis found in portugal, spain, southern france, italy, morocco, algeria, tunisia, libya and egypt .\nthis species is most abundant on disturbed cultivated ground in hot dry open areas. it can be found at elevations between sea level and about 2000m .\nthe larval foodplants include moricandia, biscutella, sinapis, iberis, isatis and raphanus - all being genera of brassicaceae. the eggs are laid singly on the flowerbuds. the larvae feed on the flowers and developing seedpods. the pupae sometimes aestivate for 2 or more seasons .\n. both sexes nectar at a wide variety of flowers but show a preference for brassicaceae .\nall photographs, artwork, text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins (unless otherwise stated) and are protected by copyright. photographs or text on this website must not be reproduced in part or in whole or published elsewhere without prior written consent of adrian hoskins / urltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "euchloe penia , the eastern greenish black-tip is a butterfly in the family pieridae .", "it is found in the republic of macedonia , bulgaria , greece , turkey , lebanon , syria and northern iraq .", "the habitat consists of dry and warm rocky areas .", "the wingspan is 32 – 36 mm .", "adults are bright greenish off yellow .", "there are two generations per year , with adults on wing in april and from june to july .", "the larvae feed on matthiola species including m. tessela and m. fruticulosa . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 24, 9, 8, 8, 8 ] }

[ "euchloe penia, the eastern greenish black-tip is a butterfly in the family pieridae. it is found in the republic of macedonia, bulgaria, greece, turkey, lebanon, syria and northern iraq. the habitat consists of dry and warm rocky areas. the wingspan is 32 – 36 mm. adults are bright greenish off yellow. there are two generations per year, with adults on wing in april and from june to july. the larvae feed on matthiola species including m. tessela and m. fruticulosa." ]

[ "gnorimoschema potentella keifer, 1936; calif. dept. agric. , bull. 25: 238\nscrobipalpula potentella; [ nacl ], # 2020; [ nhm card ]; powell & povolný, 2001, holarctic lepidoptera 8 (suppl. 1): 15; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 26\nscrobipalpula artemisiella, the thyme moth, is a moth in the gelechiidae family .\nscrobipalpula diffluella, the essex groundling, is a moth of the gelechiidae family .\nscrobipalpula manierreorum priest, 2014; j. lep. soc. 68 (2): 116; tl: michigan, marquette co .\nscrobipalpula inornata landry, 2010; revue suisse zool. 117 (4): 723, 699 (list); tl: galapagos, española, bahia, manzanillo\nscrobipalpula antiochia powell & povolný, 2001; holarctic lepidoptera 8 (suppl. 1): 17; tl: california, contra costa co. , antioch dunes national wildlife refuge\nscrobipalpula gutierreziae powell & povolný, 2001; holarctic lepidoptera 8 (suppl. 1): 17; tl: california, antioch nat. wildlife refuge, contra costa co .\nscrobipalpula caustonae landry, 2010; revue suisse zool. 117 (4): 728, 699 (list, as symmetrichema caustonae); tl: galapagos, florana, punta cormoran\nscrobipalpula equatoriella landry, 2010; revue suisse zool. 117 (4): 726, 699 (list); tl: galapagos, santa crúz, est. cient. charles darwin\nscrobipalpula ramosella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & karsholt, 1998, nota lepid. 21 (1): 40; [ me6 ], 197, 31; [ fe ]\nscrobipalpula diffluella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & karsholt, 1998, nota lepid. 21 (1): 55, 40; [ me6 ], 199, 31; [ fe ]\nscrobipalpula tussilaginis; [ nhm card ]; huemer & karsholt, 1998, nota lepid. 21 (1): 60, 40; [ me6 ], 201, 31; [ fe ]\nscrobipalpula densata; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; landry & roque - albelo, 2010, revue suisse zool. 117 (4): 722, 699 (list )\nscrobipalpula (gnorimoschemini); [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 26; [ me6 ], 194, 31; landry & roque - albelo, 2010, revue suisse zool. 117 (4): 722, 699 (list); [ fe ]\nscrobipalpula psilella; povolný, 1964, acta soc. ent. cechoslov. 61: 341; povolný, 1969, acta ent. bohemoslov. 66: 379; povolný, 1976, acta ent. bohemoslov. 73 (1): 49; povolný, 1977, acta ent. bohemoslov. 74 (3): 197; povolný, 1977, acta ent. bohemoslov. 74 (5): 335; [ nhm card ]; huemer & karsholt, 1998, nota lepid. 21 (1): 43, 40; povolný, 1998, : 340; powell & povolný, 2001, holarctic lepidoptera 8 (suppl. 1): 16; ponomarenko, park & bae, 2006, j. asia - pacif. ent. 9 (2): 109; [ me6 ], 195, 31; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 26; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; [ fe ]\n=; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 26; landry & roque - albelo, 2010, revue suisse zool. 117 (4): 722\nlarva on senecio douglasii powell & povolný, 2001, holarctic lepidoptera 8 (suppl. 1): 17\nlarva on artemisia canadensis kearfott, 1903, j. n. y. ent. soc. 11: 161\nphthorimaea crustaria meyrick, 1917; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1917 (1): 42; tl: peru, lima\ngelechia (doryphora ?) daturae zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 359\nswitzerland, austria, germany, norway, finland, latvia, s. urals. see [ maps ]\n=; huemer & karsholt, 1998, nota lepid. 21 (1): 55, 40; [ me6 ], 199, 31\n=; [ nhm card ]; huemer & karsholt, 1998, nota lepid. 21 (1): 55, 40; [ me6 ], 199, 31\nlarva on erigeron sp. , homogyne alpina, aster alpinus, bellidiastrum michelii, erigeron politus huemer & karsholt, 1998, nota lepid. 21 (1): 59, erigeron acer, e. acer politus [ me6 ], 200\naristotelia ephoria meyrick, 1917; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1917 (1): 36; tl: peru, matucana, 7780ft\ngnorimoschema erigeronella braun, 1921; proc. acad. nat. sci. philad. 73: 7; tl: glacier park station\nphthorimaea gregalis meyrick, 1917; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1917 (1): 43; tl: peru, lima\ngregariella (zeller, 1877) (lita); horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 339, pl. 4, f. 109\nlarva on gutierrezia californica powell & povolný, 2001, holarctic lepidoptera 8 (suppl. 1): 17\ngnorimoschema hemilitha clarke, 1965; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 117 (3508): 81; tl: masatierra, bahia cumberland\nephysteris hodgesi povolný, 1967; acta ent. mus. natn. pragae 37: 119; tl: arizona, coconino co. , fort valley, 7. 5mi nw flagstaff\nisochlora (meyrick, 1931) (phthorimaea); j. linn. soc. lond. (zool .) 37: 280\ngnorimoschema lutescella clarke, 1934; can. ent. 66: 172, pl. 9, f. 1 - 2; tl: washington, pullman\nscrobipalpulopsis lycii powell & povolný, 2001; holarctic lepidoptera 8 (suppl. 1): 15; tl: california, san clemente is. , west cove, los angeles co .\nalberta, british columbia, manitoba, michigan, ontario, quebec. see [ maps ]\nlarva on eurybia (aster) macrophylla adamski, landry, nazari & priest, 2014, j. lep. soc. 68 (2): 122\ngnorimoschema melanolepis clarke, 1965; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 117 (3508): 83; tl: masafuera, quebrada de las casas\nphthorimaea ochroschista meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 494; tl: texas, alpine and fort davis, 5000ft\nparachiquitella povolný, 1968; acta sci. nat. brno 2 (3): 16\ngelechia physaliella chambers, 1872; can. ent. 4 (9): 173; tl: kentucky\nphthorimaea polemoniella braun, 1925; trans. am. ent. soc. 51 (1): 13; tl: brown co. , ohio\nlarva on polemonium reptans braun, 1925, trans. am. ent. soc. 51 (1): 14\nlarva on horkelia californica powell & povolný, 2001, holarctic lepidoptera 8 (suppl. 1): 16\neu, naf, russia, mongolia, afghanistan, china (jilin), ..., nepal, japan. see [ maps ]\n=; [ nhm card ]; huemer & karsholt, 1998, nota lepid. 21 (1): 43, 40; [ me6 ], 195, 31\n=; huemer & karsholt, 1998, nota lepid. 21 (1): 43, 40; [ me6 ], 195, 31\n=; huemer & karsholt, 1998, nota lepid. 21 (1): 40; [ me6 ], 195, 31\nlarva on artemisia campestris, a. maritima, a. vulgaris, helichrysum arenarium, aster amellus huemer & karsholt, 1998, nota lepid. 21 (1): 50, chrysanthemum, centaurea scabiosa, aster tripolium, a. amellus, erigeron acer [ me6 ], 196, anaphalis, gnaphalium powell & povolný, 2001, holarctic lepidoptera 8 (suppl. 1): 16\ngnorimoschema radiatella busck, 1904; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 27 (1375): 758; tl: pullman, washington\nlita ramosella müller - rutz, 1934; mitt. schweiz. ent. ges. 16 (2): 120\nlarva on erigeron sp. , centaurea pindicola, achillea holosericea huemer & karsholt, 1998, nota lepid. 21 (1): 53, artemisia umbelliformis [ me6 ], 198\nphthorimaea sacculicola braun, 1925; trans. am. ent. soc. 51 (1): 13; tl: cincinnati, ohio\ngnorimoschema semirosea meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 492; tl: texas, forestburg and alpine, 5000ft\nphthorimaea stirodes meyrick, 1931; an. mus. nac. hist. nat. buenos aires 36: 385\nphthorimaea trichinaspis meyrick, 1917; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1917 (1): 41; tl: peru, lima\nengland, france, netherlands, germany, switzerland, austria, poland, italy, hungary, greece, turkey. see [ maps ]\n=; [ nhm card ]; huemer & karsholt, 1998, nota lepid. 21 (1): 60, 40; [ me6 ], 201, 31; [ fe ]\n=; huemer & karsholt, 1998, nota lepid. 21 (1): 60, 40; [ me6 ], 201, 31\nlarva on tussilago farfara, petasites huemer & karsholt, 1998, nota lepid. 21 (1): 62\nlita pygmaeella heinemann, 1870; schmett. dtl. schweitz (2) 2 (1): 259\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\ncontribution à l' étude des lépidoptères du nord de l' afrique (suite). description et éthologie de trois espèces nouvelles [ lep. gelechidae ]\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz. 2. abteilung, kleinschmetterlinge. 2. die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa, zugleich als text, revision und supplement zu j. hübner' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge, die schaben und federmotten, (1847 -) 1853 - 1855 )\nzeller, 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 3 - 493, pl. 1 - 6\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc.." ]

{ "text": [ "scrobipalpula potentella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by keifer in 1936 .", "it is found in the united states , where it has been recorded from california , mississippi and tennessee .", "the wingspan is 9 – 11 mm .", "the forewings are dull whitish covered by general dark fuscous irroration ( speckling ) and some inconspicuous ocherous longitudinal streaks .", "there is an ocherous streak within the costa from the base to nearly halfway .", "there is also an ocherous streak in the plication to the plical stigma at one-third .", "the stigmata are usually distinct as blackish dots , with the first discal slightly beyond the plical and the second discal at about two-thirds , both more or less associated with ocherous .", "the hindwings are light gray .", "the larvae feed on potentilla species .", "they mine the leaves of their host plant , usually tying and mining a succession of leaflets along the leafstalk . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 8, 11 ] }

[ "scrobipalpula potentella is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it was described by keifer in 1936. it is found in the united states, where it has been recorded from california, mississippi and tennessee. the wingspan is 9 – 11 mm. the forewings are dull whitish covered by general dark fuscous irroration (speckling) and some inconspicuous ocherous longitudinal streaks. there is an ocherous streak within the costa from the base to nearly halfway. there is also an ocherous streak in the plication to the plical stigma at one-third. the stigmata are usually distinct as blackish dots, with the first discal slightly beyond the plical and the second discal at about two-thirds, both more or less associated with ocherous. the hindwings are light gray. the larvae feed on potentilla species. they mine the leaves of their host plant, usually tying and mining a succession of leaflets along the leafstalk." ]

[ "newspaper clipping captions: mrs. elizabeth graham and her jewel' s reward; elizabeth arden and her jewel' s reward .\nelizabeth arden, poses with her race horse, jewel' s reward in 1958. (photo: bill greene / world telegram / library of congress) | pinterest\n[ businesswoman elizabeth graham, (better known as elizabeth arden), poses with her race horse, jewel' s reward ] / world telegram & sun photo by bill greene .\njewel' s reward (usa) 1955 - 1959 ch. h. (jet jewel (usa) - belle jeep (usa) by war jeep (usa) 1957 co - champion juvenile colt, with nadir. winner of the … | pinteres…\nreturned to the east coast, in august 1959 the four - year - old jewel' s reward came down with colic and died on september 16 in his barn at belmont park .\nwinx' s staying power as one of the world' s top rac ...\ntelling pictures from official hialeah film patrol from which the stewards made their decision to allow a foul claim show four times when jockey ycaza on jewel' s reward (white blaze) bumped hartack on tim tam in stretch run as the horses reach eighth pole (1) tim tam catches jewel' s reward, who bears out and bumps him (2 and 3), knocking him off stride (4). tim tarn again catches jewel' s reward (5) and with ycaza still whipping right - handed (6 and 7) colts again collide (8). in the strip at bottom (9 through 16) hartack twice more tries to pass ycaza, who is now whipping left - handed, forcing jewel' s reward even farther to his right, and twice more the horses bump before crossing the finish line. 1\njewel' s reward (march 10, 1955 – september 16, 1959) was an thoroughbred champion racehorse. he was voted the american champion two - year - old colt of 1957 by the thoroughbred racing association and turf & sports digest magazine. the rival daily racing form poll was topped by nadir. owned by the maine chance farm of\ncosmetics queen\nelizabeth arden, jewel' s reward was trained by national museum of racing and hall of fame inductee ivan parke .\nthe mmqb’s jacob feldman shares the nfl’s best stories and biggest news (plus an opinion or two) every weekday .\nthe trouble with the maneuver—as it was executed—was that jewel' s reward went much too wide and in doing so carried tim tam even farther out. by the time they got straightened out for the run to the wire they were nearly in the middle of the track. and yet, as they drove down on the eighth pole, the worst was still to come. jewel' s reward, with barely a head advantage over tim tam, was running unsurely, and ycaza (who one day should certainly rank with our best riders) did one of those foolish things that must be blamed on his inexperience. with ycaza whipping him right - handed, jewel' s reward had been bearing out, and tim tam was as close to him as a horse can get. hartack, who is a left - handed whipper, could not strike effectively at all, and ycaza, just as cramped for whipping room as hartack, gave his horse one sharp crack on the shoulder and then switched his whip to the left hand. the obvious and disastrous result was that jewel' s reward was going to bear out even further. he did—just below the eighth pole—and when the two horses came together this time jewel' s reward swung into his rival so hard that he nearly knocked the feet right out from under tim tam. the latter was thrown completely off stride, and although he might have recovered from this blow to win on his own, jewel' s reward—with ycaza still thrashing savagely with his left hand—never gave him the chance. in the last desperate 200 yards, with hartack fighting in vain to draw away from his foe by the use of the hand guide only, jewel' s reward bumped into tim tam at least five more times. the pair roared down on the line, but jewel' s reward had a head advantage. he had won a swift enough race over the full mile and an eighth in 1: 48 [ 4 / 5 ]; but he was clearly at fault, and nobody who had followed the action closely through the glasses had the slightest doubt that the stewards would have something to say about the final result .\nfollowing his championship year, in which he won more money than any other two - year - old in history, at age three jewel' s reward was ranked a top contender for the u. s. triple crown series after winning the wood memorial stakes at belmont park in elmont, new york. however, an injury during a workout hampered the colt and after being sent off as the betting favorite, he ran fourth in the kentucky derby and seventh in the preakness stakes. later that year, jewel' s reward was sent to race in california, where he was trained by bill molter .\nin a rousing show at toronto the u. s. e. t.' s star puts himself and team over some climactic jumps\nif 1957 was a year of greatness in some divisions it was hardly so in the 2 - year - old crop. of all the country' s juveniles only mrs. charles ulrick bay' s filly idun (a $ 63, 000 purchase as a yearling) really stands out. in fact she won all eight of her starts. she undoubtedly could have beaten most of the better colts, but because she never met them it seems slightly implausible to name her the best of all the 2 - year - olds. that honor must go to mrs. elizabeth graham' s jewel' s reward, who, in 12 races, won five, placed twice and was third once. jewel' s reward, by the way, also picked up some $ 349, 642, which makes him the richest 2 - year - old in the history of racing—although not necessarily the best. in some quarters there was a strong trend toward claiborne farm' s nadir, but i feel this reveals a tendency to pick not so much for achievement in 1957 as for what is expected of nadir in 1958. it is conceivable that nadir—or any of the other also - rans like jester, li' l fella, misty flight, terra firma, old pueblo, fulcrum, nala or alhambra—could develop into a better 3 - year - old than jewel' s reward next spring. but on 1957' s record it has got to be jewel' s reward. the 2 - year - old selection, as a matter of fact, is pretty much a repeat of what happened last year. bold ruler was the best 2 - year - old, but most polls awarded the title to barbizon because he won one stake, the garden state. nadir won the same stake this season—but jewel' s reward won five of them .\nit was a horse race that will still be talked about when they are running cut - rate excursion trips to the moon. for an eighth of a mile down the stretch, jewel' s reward and tim tarn fought head and head, nose and nose in a bumping, jostling finish such as has not been seen in a major horse race since the kentucky derby of 1933 between brokers tip and head play. at the end of this 29th running of hialeah' s flamingo stakes, no. 3—jewel' s reward—was posted as winner on the tote board, and his proud owner, mrs. elizabeth arden graham, was led out to the winner' s circle in the company of governor leroy collins of florida and gene mori, the track president .\nthe race itself followed a pattern that was not unexpected. for the first part of it the pace (and it was not particularly fast—23 [ 1 / 5 ]; 46 [ 4 / 5 ] and 1: 11 for the first three quarters) was ground out by sir robby and then talent show, with nadir clinging stubbornly within range. jewel' s reward was just behind nadir in fourth place, and tim tam followed close behind. suddenly trouble began—and it became more serious every foot of the way home. ycaza, starting his final turn into the stretch on jewel' s reward, saw no hole opening for him on the rail and, because it was high time to start rolling, elected to go to the front the only way possible: around the three front - runners. bill hartack, seeing what jewel' s reward was up to, had no alternative but to take tim tam the long way around too, for sir robby, although tired and fading, was still not about to give up the valuable rail position .\nat the moment there wouldn' t appear to be much doubt that tim tam and jewel' s reward are a cut above the rest of the eastern crop of 3 - year - olds. nadir, who finished fourth (behind talent show), can be expected to improve, and there are a few more colts who chose not to turn out for the flamingo but will be heard from in the next few weeks. this week most of the attention will switch to the santa anita derby—the other fascinating half of the early march preview of 3 - year - olds. if everything that they say about silky sullivan is true (see page 26), there' s little chance of dull racing ahead .\nthe telltale scars: welts on left side of jewel' s reward are seen in revealing picture taken from infield as two horses are locked in nose - to - nose battle to wire. they show the vigorous whipping by jockey manuel ycaza. the 21 - year - old panamanian rider, second leading jockey to bill hartack last year, was the personal choice of mrs. graham after she saw him ride on the west coast. force of the whipping by ycaza was a major factor in causing his mount to bear out on tim tam and cause foul which lost the race .\nja, das ist—namely champion lazy bones, winningest dog of his winsome breed. but underneath those medals he' s just' junior'\nwhat was almost as puzzling as ycaza' s ride was the great urgency with which the track cruelly dispatched an unknowing mrs. graham out to the winner' s circle to receive the flamingo cup from governor collins. she was halfway there when the inquiry lights flashed on, but instead of being asked to return and await the verdict in her box she was paraded right on to face the tv and newspaper cameras and shake hands all around. nobody bothered to tell her that things looked very dark indeed for jewel' s reward and the winner' s check for $ 97, 800. it was trainer parke who finally let drop the first hint when he saw that jockey ycaza had suddenly been whisked away from their company and up to appear before the stewards .\nmrs. graham ,\nsaid parke ,\nthings don' t look so good. they may take our number down, you know .\nthe mistress of maine chance farm didn' t reply. she reached out and grabbed ivan parke' s hand and clutched it tight. then she turned away from the crowd and stood quietly—watching the parade of the seminole indians as they gazed curiously across the flower beds that separated them from the wondrous world of chic ladies, flashing cameras, television and $ 100, 000 races .\nthe most trusted voice in sports delivered straight to your inbox. sign up now to receive sports illustrated' s best content, special offers and much more .\nduring all of flamingo week in miami the prophets of the racing world scattered the news that the big race (which for the last three years, incidentally, has been won by the ultimate 3 - year - old champion of the season) was going to be settled in a private duel between jewel' s reward, the best 2 - year - old of 1957, and tim tam, another in a long line of calumet farm' s prodigies who do little or nothing at 2 only to spring forth at the age of 3 with fire in their eyes and the desire for conquest in their sturdy hearts. here and there was to be found some shaky but hopeful support for claiborne farm' s nadir, and a few brave souls ventured a prediction that a horse named talent show would be somewhere up there at the finish. one of those who obviously hoped so was his owner, mrs. ada l. rice, who jokingly said on the eve of the race ,\ni' m not too scared of the big names; i' ve always liked to go where angels fear to tread .\nthe other five starters received little or no prerace consideration, nor, for that matter, were they around at the flamingo' s finish to divide up any of the loot .\nsuddenly the first two numbers on the board went dark. a roar from the crowd, and mrs. graham, who was not looking at the board, gave a slight start and clapped her hands quickly in delight. for that one brief second she thought she had officially won. then ivan parke took both her hands and said ,\nit came down, mrs. graham .\nthe new numbers lit up reversing the finish of jewel' s reward and tim tam, and all at once the happy little group in the winner' s circle, a group that had been swarming about the maine chance farm team, looked away in embarrassment as mrs. graham and ivan parke walked off by themselves. as they crossed the track into the angry noise of the mob it was mrs. graham who carried the day. she walked straight and true without a falter, head held high and a smile on her face. a lady who should never have left her sickbed had demonstrated more courage than any of the other 31, 302 people on the grounds .\nit is true that differences of opinion make racing the great sport that it is. it is equally true that when the opinions of most of us are long forgotten the 1957 racing records will always be available for further close scrutiny. and the 1957 racing season certainly deserves close scrutiny. the week of the kentucky derby last may these pages hopefully published a headline which read: a year of greatness. under it were photographs of five 3 - year - olds: calumet' s iron liege and gen. duke, wheatley stable' s bold ruler, ralph lowe' s gallant man and travis kerr' s round table. now, eight months later, it becomes a pleasure to present different illustrations of bold ruler, gallant man and round table and to name the distinguished trio as horses of the year—on the grounds, pure and simple, that all three contributed so much to the quality of the season that it becomes foolish indeed to pick one as the best and leave the other two in the unfamiliar role of also - rans .\nplease use the following steps to determine whether you need to fill out a call slip in the prints and photographs reading room to view the original item (s). in some cases, a surrogate (substitute image) is available, often in the form of a digital image, a copy print, or microfilm .\ntrying to guess what' s on tap for the season ahead can be a precarious pastime. last year, for example, gallant man, winner of only $ 7, 075, was completely unheralded when he put in his first florida appearance. next month, when some of the better 1957 2 - year - olds start flexing their muscles at hialeah, they' ll find another crop of gallant mans and round tables waiting for them. they' ll also find calumet waiting patiently with four newcomers named temple hill, tim tam, seventy - six and something hot called kentucky pride .\nin the calumet farm box mrs. markey sat almost motionless. there were things that could have been said, but she was saying none of them. behind her the crowd was growing restless over the long delay. a move on the part of almost anybody in the winner' s circle was the signal for a round of jeers and boos, and the atmosphere was growing progressively more unpleasant with each passing minute. as the coast - to - coast telecast went into its seventh minute over the regular half - hour program limit (affording an enormous audience one of its rare opportunities to discover the results of a racing inquiry, thanks to the quick action of nbc sports director tom gallery) the climax was at hand .\nthis has been, undeniably, a great 3 - year - old year in which the three colts being honored played the leading parts. that most of the pollsters picked bold ruler as the best is largely due to his overwhelming victory over gallant man and round table in the recent trenton handicap. it is unfortunate but true that late - season triumphs usually leave the more lasting impression. thus bold ruler' s trenton win is remembered more clearly than, for example, the belmont stakes in which gallant man soundly trounced bold ruler in american record time. similarly, when dedicate, the hard - luck champion of the handicap division, whipped both gallant man and bold ruler in the woodward it did much to erase the memory of this same dedicate being beaten twice by traffic judge in the metropolitan and suburban handicaps .\nthen, as though the drama of the race were not enough, there began an agonizing afterdrama which brought nothing but pain and embarrassment to two gallant ladies, each of whom is a distinct ornament to the sport of racing. although the\ninquiry\nsign had been posted, mrs. graham was allowed to think her horse had won and to accept congratulations in the winner' s circle in full view of more than 30, 000 fans at the track and millions of tv viewers from coast to coast. mrs. gene markey, whose tim tarn had finished second but had so clearly been fouled in the stretch, was spared for the moment the attention of the multitude as she sat quietly in her box awaiting the verdict of the stewards; but when the final result went up—and tim tam was declared the official winner—her ears were assailed by the thundering boos of an angry crowd that had been only half informed .\nthe second—and official—presentation ceremony was held in the directors' room because gene mori decided the crowd had done enough booing for one day, and also because the new flamingo cup recipient, mrs. markey, candidly admitted ,\ni don' t think i could walk across that track now even if my life depended on it .\nwinning trainer jimmy jones turned serious long enough to say ,\ni' m sorry this had to happen to ivan parke because he' s a good friend of mine .\nas he hustled off to see the official film patrol pictures of the race (where newsmen and visiting racing officials agreed that ycaza definitely deserved the 15 - day\nrough - riding\nsuspension he received on monday), he added ,\non the other hand, i can' t say that i' m not happy for calumet. i thought tim tam was the best horse, but having a horse lie over on you doesn' t exactly make it any easier—even for the best horse. i' ve lost a lot of races through disqualifications, and this is the first big one where i' ve been on the catching end. it feels just fine, too .\nall three colts have much on the credit side. there is probably not a horse alive who can match bold ruler at a mile at equal weights. at three - quarters of a mile he would get a terrific tussle (and possibly a beating) from decathlon. at a mile and a quarter he is close to the other two and should improve at 4. gallant man is a natural distance runner and had not bold ruler finished out the year with four sensational victories it would be inconceivable that a colt who had won both the belmont, over its classic distance of a mile and a half, and the two - mile jockey club gold cup (as gallant man did) would fail to be named an almost unanimous choice for horse of the year. so shocked, in fact, was gallant man' s trainer, johnny nerud, when he heard that bold ruler had been named champion in one poll, that he publicly threatened never again to attempt training a horse to run at classic distances. he has every justification for his threat. round table deserves his share of the crown for one of the outstanding seasons of all time. he traveled far and wide, won 14 of 21 starts including one string of 11 straight, defeated older horses three times and—even if it seems likely that most of his opposition was inferior to that faced by gallant man and bold ruler—he earned more money ($ 583, 708) than any other horse in 1957 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nelate is returning in the grade 2, $ 750, 000 delawa ...\n{ link :\n/ / urltoken\n, thumbnail: { url :\n/ / urltoken\n, alt:' image from prints and photographs online catalog - - the library of congress' }, download _ links: [ { link :\n/ / urltoken\n, label:' small image / gif', meta:' digital file from original item [ 6kb ]' }, { link :\n/ / urltoken\n, label:' medium image / jpg', meta:' digital file from original item [ 69kb ]' }, { link :\n/ / urltoken\n, label:' large image / jpg', meta:' digital file from original item [ 148kb ]' }, { link :\n/ / urltoken\n, label:' larger image / tif', meta:' digital file from original item [ 95. 3mb ]' } ] }\nsearch in all text fields search the subject fields search the creator / name fields search the title fields search the number fields match all words match any words match exact phrase include variants no variants results per page: records .\nview larger jpeg (69kb) | jpeg (148kb) | tiff (95. 3mb )\nno known copyright restriction. for information see\nnew york world - telegram &... ,\nurltoken\nlibrary of congress prints and photographs division washington, d. c. 20540 usa urltoken\nforms part of: new york world - 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(some images display only as thumbnails outside the library of congress because of rights considerations, but you have access to larger size images on site. )\nif a digital image is displaying: the qualities of the digital image partially depend on whether it was made from the original or an intermediate such as a copy negative or transparency. if the reproduction number field above includes a reproduction number that starts with lc - dig... , then there is a digital image that was made directly from the original and is of sufficient resolution for most publication purposes .\nyou can use the reproduction number to purchase a copy from duplication services. it will be made from the source listed in the parentheses after the number .\nif only black - and - white (\nb & w ;\n) sources are listed and you desire a copy showing color or tint (assuming the original has any), you can generally purchase a quality copy of the original in color by citing the call number listed above and including the catalog record (\nabout this item\n) with your request .\nif there is no information listed in the reproduction number field above: you can generally purchase a quality copy through duplication services. cite the call number listed above and include the catalog record (\nabout this item\n) with your request .\nprice lists, contact information, and order forms are available on the duplication services web site .\nis the item digitized? (a thumbnail (small) image will be visible on the left. )\nyes, the item is digitized. please use the digital image in preference to requesting the original. all images can be viewed at a large size when you are in any reading room at the library of congress. in some cases, only thumbnail (small) images are available when you are outside the library of congress because the item is rights restricted or has not been evaluated for rights restrictions .\nas a preservation measure, we generally do not serve an original item when a digital image is available. if you have a compelling reason to see the original, consult with a reference librarian. (sometimes, the original is simply too fragile to serve. for example, glass and film photographic negatives are particularly subject to damage. they are also easier to see online where they are presented as positive images. )\nyes, another surrogate exists. reference staff can direct you to this surrogate .\nif you do not see a thumbnail image or a reference to another surrogate, please fill out a call slip in the prints and photographs reading room. in many cases, the originals can be served in a few minutes. other materials require appointments for later the same day or in the future. reference staff can advise you in both how to fill out a call slip and when the item can be served .\nto contact reference staff in the prints and photographs reading room, please use our ask a librarian service or call the reading room between 8: 30 and 5: 00 at 202 - 707 - 6394, and press 3 .\nit is well to recognize a true champion at the close of the year. but toward the end of most sport seasons this custom tends to develop into a mania for selecting various athletes to fill a multitude of niches with confusing and grandiose titles. in the widespread field of thoroughbred racing this obsession can occasionally look pretty foolish because, in seeking out one champion to carry the title of horse of the year, it often becomes second nature to lose some over - all perspective .\nthere is every possibility that bold ruler may develop into a great horse next year. he has indicated it already. in speaking of him recently eddie arcaro said ,\none of the things that makes a horse great is his will - to - run. i can think of few horses i' ve either seen or ridden that have more will - to - run than bold ruler. furthermore, he may be the best weight - carrier we' ve had around in a long time. most horses, when you put the weight on them, will slow down right away and you cannotice the burden telling on them as they leave the gate. but bold ruler carries 136 pounds like it was 120 and always leaves the gate like a big cat .\ngallant man, by contrast, has showed tendencies, particularly in his later races, to move only as fast as is necessary to nail his opposition. round table likes to run closer to the pace and will make it himself if he has to, strangling his contenders as they come to him and winning off by as much as he can .\nwhen the three champions met in the trenton it was obvious that bold ruler was at the very peak of his form and that the other two had noticeably tailed off. but from this corner, nonetheless, comes the conviction that over - all winning performance (such as demonstrated by round table) and superior performance in the traditional classics (such as demonstrated by gallant man) deserve equal recognition with a speed demon like bold ruler who can wow fans, handicappers and opposition in an age which seems slowly but surely heading to even further disregard of the distance race as a true indicator of valuable horseflesh .\nsports illustrated may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website. offers may be subject to change without notice .\na part of the sports illustrated network copyright © 2018 time inc. sports illustrated group. all rights reserved. use of this site constitutes acceptance of our\nplease enter your email address associated with the account so we can help reset your password .\nby signing up, i agree to the sports illustrated terms of use. i acknowledge that i have read the privacy policy .\nfor further information, please contact customer service at 1 - 888 - 806 - 4833 or write to sports illustrated customer service | attention: consumer affairs | 3000 university center drive tampa, fl 33612 - 6408 .\nby signing up i agree to the sports illustrated terms of use. i acknowledge that i have read the privacy policy. you may unsubscribe from email communication at anytime .\nthank you for signing up! please check your inbox to confirm your email address and start receiving newsletters .\nwhen the hullaballoo was over, one thing remained clear for the fanciers of horseflesh: tim tarn had captured the first major test for the 3 - year - olds of 1958. but to understand how he did it and how the two gallant ladies were forced to face a galling trial, it would be best to start at the beginning .\nthanks to canada, western college hockey is tops. even so, some americans object\nduring the long afternoon, as they sat in adjoining boxes, arthur b. (bull) hancock, owner of nadir, and mrs. markey graciously accepted the good wishes of their friends. but in the third box down the line, the stronghold of maine chance farm, there was no mrs. graham. she was home, said her friends—home in bed with a virus and too ill to come racing .\nbut mrs. graham, ill though she was, was not going to miss this one. barely one hour before post time she struggled up, weak and pale, and made her way on the arm of a friend to the paddock. in a voice barely audible she wished good luck to her trainer, ivan parke, and her jockey, panama - born manuel ycaza (pronounced ee - kah - zah), and then went bravely off to take her place beside her good friend lucille markey .\nthinking her horse has won, mrs. graham happily holds arm of governor collins as jockey ycaza, gene mori beam\nlater mrs. markey accepts trophy from governor collins in directors' room. trainer jimmy jones stands between\nsports illustrated may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website. offers may be subject to change without notice. a part of the sports illustrated network copyright © 2018 time inc. sports illustrated group. all rights reserved. use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms of use and privacy policy (your california privacy rights). ad choices | eu data subject requests" ]

{ "text": [ "jewel 's reward ( march 10 , 1955 – september 16 , 1959 ) was an thoroughbred champion racehorse .", "he was voted the american champion two-year-old colt of 1957 by the thoroughbred racing association and turf & sports digest magazine .", "the rival daily racing form poll was topped by nadir .", "owned by the maine chance farm of \" cosmetics queen \" elizabeth arden , jewel 's reward was trained by national museum of racing and hall of fame inductee ivan parke .", "following his championship year , in which he won more money than any other two-year-old in history , at age three jewel 's reward was ranked a top contender for the u.s. triple crown series after winning the wood memorial stakes at belmont park in elmont , new york .", "however , an injury during a workout hampered the colt and after being sent off as the betting favorite , he ran fourth in the kentucky derby and seventh in the preakness stakes .", "later that year , jewel 's reward was sent to race in california , where he was trained by bill molter .", "returned to the east coast , in august 1959 the four-year-old jewel 's reward came down with colic and died on september 16 in his barn at belmont park . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 23, 4, 14, 14, 14, 14 ] }

[ "jewel's reward (march 10, 1955 – september 16, 1959) was an thoroughbred champion racehorse. he was voted the american champion two-year-old colt of 1957 by the thoroughbred racing association and turf & sports digest magazine. the rival daily racing form poll was topped by nadir. owned by the maine chance farm of \" cosmetics queen \" elizabeth arden, jewel's reward was trained by national museum of racing and hall of fame inductee ivan parke. following his championship year, in which he won more money than any other two-year-old in history, at age three jewel's reward was ranked a top contender for the u.s. triple crown series after winning the wood memorial stakes at belmont park in elmont, new york. however, an injury during a workout hampered the colt and after being sent off as the betting favorite, he ran fourth in the kentucky derby and seventh in the preakness stakes. later that year, jewel's reward was sent to race in california, where he was trained by bill molter. returned to the east coast, in august 1959 the four-year-old jewel's reward came down with colic and died on september 16 in his barn at belmont park." ]

[ "eutomis minceus; hampson, 1898, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 1: 34, f. 13; [ nhm card ]; [ afromoths ]\ntamias quadrivittatus. - - say. [ eutomis quadriuittatus ] four - striped ground - squirrel. [ colorado chipmunk ] plate xxv. - - male, female, and young. t. striis quinque sub nigris longitudinalibus, cum quatuor sub albidis dorso alternatum distributis; corpora magnitudine t. lysteri minore; lateribus rufo fuscis, ventre albo .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsouth africa, [ mpumalanga ], waterval onder, ii. 1912, leg. bonnekamp .\njanse a. j. t. 1915a. contribution towards our knowledge of the south african lymantriidae. - annals of the transvaal museum 5 (1): 1–67 .\nsphinx minceus stoll, [ 1781 ]; in cramer, uitl. kapellen 4 (29 - 31): pl. 347, f. a; tl: cape\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nstoll, [ 1781 ] uitlandsche kapellen (papillons exotiques) in cramer, uitl. kapellen 4 (26b - 28): 29 - 90, pl. 305 - 336 (1780), (29 - 31): 91 - 164, pl. 337 - 372 (1781), (32 - 32): 165 - 252, 1 - 29, pl. 373 - 400 (1782 )\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nvári, l. , kroon, d. m. , & krüger, m. 2002. classification and checklist of the species of lepidoptera recorded in southern africa. simple solutions, chatswood australia .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngenus: eutomia; pagenstecker, 1909. geschichte. eur. schmett. : 420 .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nkatherine child has spent a lot of time photographing the hope entomological collections at the museum; you may remember her beautiful work from the light touch exhibition in 2014. but with somewhere between 5 and 6 million insects in the collection, there is still plenty to explore .\ntrying to track down moth specimens is a great excuse to browse some of the beautiful moths in the lepidoptera collections .\nthe photos below show some of my favourite specimens from those i’ve photographed so far. some i like just for aesthetic reasons, others have interesting historic labels, are cleverly camouflaged or have appealing names .\nparalacydes arborifera, for instance, is named because of the pattern on its wings; arbori is latin for tree and fera refers to a beast or creature. it is easy to see why this moth was named “tree - beast” .\nparalacydes arborifera and its labels: one of several thousand moths which will appear on the african moths website .\namphicallia bellatrix was presumably given the name bellatrix (meaning warrioress, war - like or ferocious) because of its striking warning colours. as with the stripes on a bee or wasp, yellow and black tends to mean danger in the natural world .\namphicallia bellatrix displaying the striking warning colours which give it the name bellatrix meaning warlike, ferocious or warrioress .\nit is always interesting to see a little more information about how the specimens were found or caught. the description on the label below records how the moth was initially mistaken for a froghopper when caught by ‘boy’, and was only later identified to be a moth .\nphoto of carpostalagma viridis and its labels. the large label second from right reads: ‘i am sure this mimics a frog hopper. boy brought it me in fingers and i put it in bottle thinking it was a frog hopper – and only when i put it in paper did i realise. wings at rest along body. ’\ngreat pictures. im photographing live moths of botswana. wonder if my pics would be of interest to urltoken i cannot identify them .\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam. learn how your comment data is processed .\nenter your email address in the box below and click the button to receive the dodo' s latest posts .\nauthors: british museum (natural history). dept. of zoology; hampson, george francis, sir, 1860 - 1936\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work." ]

{ "text": [ "eutomis is a genus of moths in the family arctiidae .", "it contains the single species eutomis minceus , which is found in south africa . " ], "topic": [ 2, 0 ] }

[ "eutomis is a genus of moths in the family arctiidae. it contains the single species eutomis minceus, which is found in south africa." ]

[ "myrichthys magnificus (c. c. abbott, 1860) (magnificent snake - eel )\nmyrichthys magnificus (c. c. abbott, 1860) (magnificent snake - eel )\nhowever people in the comment section revolted that the eel is not an electric eel but a moray eel instead. nevertheless, the fight was indeed an amazing underwater battle .\ncitation :\nclarion snake eels, myrichthys pantostigmius ~ marinebio. org .\nmarinebio conservation society. web. accessed tuesday, july 10, 2018. < urltoken >. last update: 1 / 14 / 2013 2: 22: 00 pm ~ contributor (s): marinebio\nmyrichthys is a genus of snake eels currently containing 12 recognized species found in tropical and warm temperate oceans worldwide .\ngreek, myros, - ou = male of morey eel + greek, ichthys = fish (ref. 45335 )\nmccosker, j. e. & allen, g. r. (2012): description of a new snake eel (pisces: ophichthidae: myrichthys) from the philippines. aqua, international journal of ichthyology, 18 (1): 35 - 40 .\nmccosker, j. e. and r. h. rosenblatt, 1993. a revision of the snake eel genus myrichthys (anguilliformes: ophichthidae) with the description of a new eastern pacific species. proc. calif. acad. sci. 48 (8): 153 - 169. (ref. 40867 )\nmarine; benthopelagic; depth range 1 - 20 m (ref. 40867). tropical\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 49. 4 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 40867 )\nvertebrae: 158 - 168. head and body tan, with numerous large brown to brownish - black spots along sides and at the base of the dorsal fin; chin and throat with smaller spots; dorsal fin margin white, anal fin plain. snout rounded. pectoral fin length much less than its base, shorter than snout (ref. 40867) .\nfound in shallow waters (to 20 m) among rocks and sand (ref. 40867) .\n): 24. 3 - 29. 1, mean 28. 1 (based on 126 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5005 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00151 (0. 00061 - 0. 00373), b = 2. 91 (2. 70 - 3. 12), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 5 ±0. 4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low to moderate vulnerability (30 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nmccosker, j. , béarez, p. & and lea, b .\njustification: this species is known from five locations in the revillagigedo and clipperton islands. however, no major threats to this species or its generalized sandy and rocky substrate habitat are known, and there is no current indication of population decline. it is listed as least concern .\nthis species is found in the eastern pacific only near the revillagigedo and clipperton islands (robertson and allen, 1996) .\nthis benthic species is found in shallow waters to 20m depth among rocks and sand (mccosker and rosenblatt, 1993) .\nno major threats are known for this species. although this species distribution is restricted to 5 islands within the two island groups, and lives in a relatively shallow water habitat, current or future enso / climate change events are not expected to affect this species or its habitat type in these areas (glynn and ault, 2000) .\nmccosker, j. , béarez, p. & and lea, b. 2010 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nfound in shallow waters (to 20 m) among rocks and sand (ref. 40867) .\n49. 4 cm tl (male / unsexed; (ref. 40867) )\nhead and body tan, with numerous large brown to brownish - black spots along sides and at the base of the dorsal fin; chin and throat with smaller spots; dorsal fin margin white, anal fin plain. snout rounded. pectoral fin length much less than its base, shorter than snout (ref. 40867) .\nbenthopelagic; marine; depth range? - 20 m (ref. 40867 )\nmccosker, j. , barez, p. & and lea, b .\nthis species is known from five locations in the revillagigedo and clipperton islands. however, no major threats to this species or its generalized sandy and rocky substrate habitat are known, and there is no current indication of population decline. it is listed as least concern .\nit inhabits shallow waters - at a maximum depth of 20 metres - and is found around rocks and sand. males can reach a maximum\njordan, d. s. and b. w. evermann, 1898 (26 nov .) [ ref. 2445 ] the fishes of north and middle america: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish - like vertebrates found in the waters of north america north of the isthmus of panama. part iii. bulletin of the united states national museum no. 47: i - xxiv + 2183a - 3136 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nthere are two dangerous long creatures of the sea: electric eels and sea snakes. how about seeing them on a fight ?\nthe video was uploaded by andres pena last 2014 and already gathered more than 2 million views .\nenter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nmyrichthys xysturus (d. s. jordan & c. h. gilbert, 1882 )\nfroese, rainer, and daniel pauly, eds. (2011). species of myrichthys in fishbase. june 2011 version .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors (here). text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 license; additional terms may apply. images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap! if you would like to help out or know of a great video, photo or site about this species, let us know and we' ll notify you as soon as it is finished. our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year. if you' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio, check out our marinebio projects page .\nresearch myrichthys pantostigmius » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life (eol) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist (threatened status) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi (pubmed, genbank, etc .) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page. we greatly appreciate all feedback !\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world, raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly, providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today, and the scientists, teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support, most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected, if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity. we sincerely thank our thousands of members, donors and sponsors, who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\nblue sites academic earth arctic photo arkive biodiversity heritage library census of marine life cites species database clay coleman coml plos collections david hall' s galleries deep - sea photography deep sea expeditions doubilet gallery encyclopedia of life espen rekdal nova evolution fishbase fl museum of natural history harbor branch iucn iucn red list khan academy marine planktonic copepods marine species gallery (david harasti) marine species identification portal marinexplore mbari mit opencourseware monterey bay aquarium mote marine lab noaa' s aquarius noaa marine sanctuaries noaa national ocean service noaa ocean noaa ocean explorer noaa photo library ocean conservancy oceana oceanus pangaea project seahorse urltoken reefbase rolf hicker photography siris scripps institution of oceanography scripps (explorations now) scubabob galleries the scyphozoan seafood watch program seapics seaweb sharks slaughtered society for conservation biology the ocean - conservation international the ocean sunfish thelivingsea woods hole oceanographic institution world biodiversity database (wbd) world list of amphipoda... ascidiacea... asteroidea... brachiopoda... cetacea... copepoda... cumacea... echinoidea... foraminifera... hemichordata... hydrozoa... isopoda... lophogastrida, stygiomysida and mysida... mangroves... littoral myriapoda... free - living marine nematodes... ophiuroidea... ostracoda... phoronida <... placozoa... polychaeta... porifera... proseriata and kalyptorhynchia - rhabditophora... pycnogonida... remipedia youdive tv\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88. 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation, education, research, and a sea ethic ~ marinebio. org, inc. is a u. s. 501 (c) 3 charitable, nonprofit organization. contact: info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states. > < (( (( ° > © 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use. privacy policy. > - < °° > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea — to oceanus, the ocean river, like the everflowing stream of time, the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson\nmyrichthys xysturus (d. s. jordan & c. h. gilbert, 1882 )\nhtml public\n- / / wapforum / / dtd xhtml mobile 1. 2 / / en\nurltoken\nyou are using an older browser version. please use a supported version for the best msn experience .\nbreaking news: eleventh person rescued from thai cave. click for more ...\na 12 - foot alligator mauled a man as he tried to secure and remove the injured animal from a highway .\njackson, miss. — a licensed trapper is recovering from surgery after he was mauled by a 12 - foot alligator in mississippi .\na vehicle had struck and injured the alligator in hancock county west of gulfport on june 25, according to ricky flynt, alligator program coordinator for the mississippi department of wildlife, fisheries, and parks. local law enforcement officers were called to the scene .\nthey contacted craig breland ,\nflynt said .\nhe is one of our licensed agent alligator trappers .\nbreland arrived at the scene to secure and remove the injured animal, but things went wrong .\nwhen he was attempting to secure the alligator, his foot slipped ,\nflynt said .\nhe landed right next to the alligator' s head .\nalready in a defensive mode from his injuries, the gator grabbed breland by the shoulder and chest and began shaking him violently from side to side. the alligator eventually released breland, and he was able to roll away from the reptile .\nhe sustained some serious injuries to his chest, shoulder and right arm ,\nflynt said .\nhe had significant trauma to the pectoral part of his chest and the inside portion of his right arm .\nfortunately, he had no broken bones. had the alligator rolled with him, it would have been much worse .\nflynt said breland was treated and later released, but underwent surgery recently to remove some tissue. flynt said after receiving a report on the incident, his thoughts immediately went to a bacteria called aeromonas hydrophila .\nthat was my first concern when i heard about it and talked to craig ,\nflynt said .\nthere have been several people, for instance, in florida where the person attacked died from bacteria even though they had insignificant trauma .\nthat is a bacteria associated with many animals that live in wetland environments .\nnot only is the bacteria deadly, it only responds to specific antibiotics and even when the correct antibiotics are administered, the threat is still there .\neven under good medical care, there are significant risks associated with this bacteria ,\nflynt said .\nalthough the gator bit breland, flynt does not consider it an attack. flynt said there has never been a documented attack on a human by an alligator in mississippi .\nwe don' t call this an attack ,\nflynt said .\nan attack is unprovoked .\nthis was provoked. the alligator was acting in a natural defense .\nflynt also said the incident points to the dangers the trappers face in their line of work .\nit' s a risk they take on with every alligator they deal with ,\nflynt said .\nthey do take on serious risks in their duties .\n' the girls are strong': 2 triplets recover after ala. murder - suicide" ]

{ "text": [ "the clarion snake eel ( myrichthys pantostigmius ) is an eel in the family ophichthidae ( worm/snake eels ) .", "it was described by david starr jordan and ernest alexander mcgregor in 1898 .", "it is a tropical , marine eel which is known from mexico , in the eastern central pacific ocean .", "it inhabits shallow waters - at a maximum depth of 20 metres - and is found around rocks and sand .", "males can reach a maximum total length of 49.4 centimetres .", "due to a lack of known threats and a lack of observed population decline , the iucn redlist currently lists the clarion snake eel as least concern . " ], "topic": [ 16, 5, 16, 18, 0, 17 ] }

[ "the clarion snake eel (myrichthys pantostigmius) is an eel in the family ophichthidae (worm/snake eels). it was described by david starr jordan and ernest alexander mcgregor in 1898. it is a tropical, marine eel which is known from mexico, in the eastern central pacific ocean. it inhabits shallow waters - at a maximum depth of 20 metres - and is found around rocks and sand. males can reach a maximum total length of 49.4 centimetres. due to a lack of known threats and a lack of observed population decline, the iucn redlist currently lists the clarion snake eel as least concern." ]

[ "html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ south africa, kwazulu - natal ], zululand, eshowe, i, leg. a. j. t. janse .\nmeyrick e. 1918a. descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera. - annals of the transvaal museum 6 (2): 7–59 .\nnotes: the record of egypt (gozmány 1960b: 417) needs confirmation .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, states, usa, television, ... more\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors (here). text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 license; additional terms may apply. images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nhave feedback about the system? email me. (please don' t send me requests to solve your anagram )" ]

{ "text": [ "platyedra piceicoma is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by meyrick , 1931 .", "it is found in cameroon .", "the wingspan is about 15 mm .", "the forewings are purple-blackish with three narrow irregular-edged white transverse fasciae , the fi rst at one-fourth , not reaching the costa , the second just beyond the middle , not reaching the costa or dorsum , the third at five-sixths , the lower half linear and sinuate .", "the hindwings are pale grey , thinly scaled in the disc and the apex and termen suffused darker grey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1 ] }

[ "platyedra piceicoma is a moth of the gelechiidae family. it was described by meyrick, 1931. it is found in cameroon. the wingspan is about 15 mm. the forewings are purple-blackish with three narrow irregular-edged white transverse fasciae, the fi rst at one-fourth, not reaching the costa, the second just beyond the middle, not reaching the costa or dorsum, the third at five-sixths, the lower half linear and sinuate. the hindwings are pale grey, thinly scaled in the disc and the apex and termen suffused darker grey." ]

[ "henry de bromhead has announced the retirement of his popular stable star sizing europe .\nsizing europe won the pwc champion chase at gowran for the third successive year .\nconnections of sizing europe have yet to map out a definite plan for their popular veteran .\nsizing europe was an easy winner at leopardstown' s christmas meeting. photograph: julien behal / pa\nsizing europe repeated last year' s success in the tied cottage chase with an emphatic display at punchestown .\nsizing europe is on course to begin another campaign in the pwc champion chase at gowran on saturday week .\na decision on sizing europe' s target at cheltenham is set to be left until the last moment .\nhenry de bromhead spoke to urltoken at naas about the cheltenham festival target for sizing europe: ...\nsizing europe was gifted victory on his return to action in the pricewaterhousecoopers champion chase at gowran park this afternoon .\nsizing europe is poised to run at leopardstown over christmas as long as the going is not considered too testing .\nhenry de bromhead reports sizing europe to be none the worse following his disappointing run in the clonmel oil chase .\nsizing europe has been ruled out of the king george vi chase at kempton because of the rain - softened ground .\nsizing europe maintained his unbeaten record over fences with another faultless display in the grade two craddockstown novice chase at punchestown .\nrevenge proved sweet for big zeb as he reversed cheltenham form with sizing europe in the urltoken champion chase at punchestown .\nsizing europe looks destined for the very top over fences after a brilliant performance in the buck house novice chase at punchestown .\nhaving produced a typically assured leap at the final obstacle, sizing europe eased to a six - length victory over major finnegan .\nsizing europe will attempt to notch a piece of history by reclaiming the betvictor queen mother champion chase he last won in 2011 .\nconnections of sizing europe are still keen to try their top - class chaser over three miles again if ground conditions are suitable .\nhenry de bromhead hailed sizing europe as the “horse of a lifetime” after bringing the curtain down on the brilliant chaser’s stellar career .\nto cheltenham with horses such as sizing europe, hardy eustace and the previously mentioned istabraq all winning en route to prestbury park .\nthird - placed wishfull thinking was six lengths behind sizing europe in third and trainer philip hobbs was quick to praise the winner .\nall roads lead to gowran park this afternoon where sizing europe faces a top class field in the €37, 500 pwc champion chase .\nsizing europe will revert to just over two miles at leopardstown this christmas following his second - placed finish at down royal on saturday .\nhenry de bromhead is confident that his stable star sizing europe is as good as ever as he approaches his ninth season in training .\ntrainer henry de bromhead admits sprinter sacre' s participation at the punchestown festival could have a bearing on which race sizing europe contests .\nsizing europe landed odds of 1 / 8 in the urltoken tied cottage chase at punchestown - although not without something of a scare .\nsizing europe was runner - up in the two - mile race at the cheltenham festival a year later and may compete again this year .\nhenry de bromhead is no nearer to deciding whether to let sizing europe return to cheltenham for another tilt at the queen mother champion chase .\nthe trainer tweeted :\nafter discussing things with ann and alan potts (owners), we' ve decided to retire sizing europe .\n), but many people are still puzzled by the european shoe sizing system. urltoken carries several brands that use the european shoe sizing system including\nsizing europe won the 2011 queen mother champion chase and was runner - up a year later in the race over two miles at the cheltenham festival .\nhenry de bromhead will make a late call on whether sizing europe takes on the mighty sprinter sacre in the urltoken champion chase at punchestown on tuesday .\nsubsequently i was advisor to united states sizing survey (sizeusa - a collaboration with dr. david bruner of tc2) and am currenly advising the thai government on a national sizing survey. i serve on the european sizing co - operation (a consortium of the largest european clothing companies) which is interested in standardising clothing size labelling in europe, and in a pan european sizing survey .\niab europe also creates personal data about its members and users in certain circumstances, such as records of iab europe’s members’ and users’ interactions with it .\nevergreen veteran sizing europe brought the house down when getting up in the final strides to win the pwc champion chase for the fourth year running at gowran .\nsizing europe showed that most or all of his talent remains intact with a convincing victory in the grade 1 urltoken champion chase at punchestown under andrew lynch .\ntrainer henry de bromhead is hopeful dual cheltenham festival winner sizing europe will bounce back to form in either the queen mother champion chase or the ryanair chase .\nsizing europe got his season off to the best possible start at gowran park this afternoon when taking the grade 2 pwc champion chase for the second successive year .\nprevious irish champion hurdle winner sizing europe made it an impressive debut win over fences when winning the evening meetings at punchestown beginners chase under denis o' regan .\nveteran sizing europe is to kick - off another campaign with his annual visit to gowran park for the champion chase he has won for the last three years .\niab europe will then take all necessary steps to satisfy such request with expediency .\nmcnamara is expected to keep the ride at the festival, having stepped in yesterday after sizing europe had been linked with a number of jockeys, including ruby walsh .\nit' s great that it' s happened. we just felt he wasn' t ready to retire\n- sizing europe' s trainer henry de bromhead\njohnny burke is still pinching himself after being given the opportunity to ride sizing europe for the first time in competitive action in the pwc champion chase at gowran park .\ntrainer henry de bromhead is in no rush to decide which race at the punchestown festival sizing europe will contest following his fine effort in defeat at cheltenham last week .\nhenry de bromhead said it was\n50 - 50\nwhich race sizing europe will run in at cheltenham after he was officially scratched from the betfred gold cup .\nin his own defence de bromhead can point out that sizing europe is his first realistic cheltenham contender since he began training on the first day of the new millennium .\nhenry de bromhead tried the experiment of runninghis 2010 irish independant arkle trophy winner sizing europe over the extended trip of 2 miles 7 furlongs in the starbestforracingcoverage chase at punchestown this afternoon, and he may now re - assess his plans for the rest of the season after watching sizing europe go down by 7 lengths to china rock .\nsizing europe clocked up win number 20 in a remarkable career when landing the grade 2 pwc champion chase at gowran today for adoring trainer henry de bromhead and jockey andrew lynch .\nsizing europe brought the house down at punchestown as the 12 - year - old won the boylesports champion chase for a second time on what could have been his final start .\nany other information voluntarily transmitted to iab europe by the member for a specific purpose .\nsizing europe, who lost his champion chase crown at the cheltenham festival, gained some compensation with a two and a quarter length success in the equivalent contest at the punchestown festival .\nsizing europe a 10 - 1 chance to regain his champion chase crown at cheltenham next march, but de bromhead did not rule out another try at longer distances than two miles .\nsizing europe made it a hat - trick of wins over fences after he landed the craddockstown grade 2 novice chase by a comfortable six lengths under a confident ride by andrew lynch .\nhe had to dig deep but sizing europe gained compensation for his unfortunate cheltenham defeat when justifying odds of 8 / 13 under andrew lynch in the grade 1 urltoken champion chase at punchestown .\ntam i' d agree with you but i' d have big zeb over sizing europe like king, and agree with you on oscars wells, my most unlucky loser at cheltenham .\nsizing europe' s cheltenham defeat had come in controversial circumstances as he looked the big loser when the last fence in the race was bypassed and nicky henderson’s winner finian’s rainbow was less inconvenienced .\nconnections of arvika ligeonniere are under no illusions about the task facing the talented chaser as he tackles proven champion sizing europe in a fascinating paddy power dial - a - bet chase at leopardstown .\nas channel four commentator simon holt called sizing europe to victory in the arkle chase at the opening day of the 2010 cheltenham festival, the picture of 2008 was quickly erased from the memory .\nviews and opinions, e. g. any views and opinions that a user or member chooses to send to iab europe, or publicly post about iab europe on social media platforms ;\nwonder horse sizing europe continued on his merry winning way over fences at punchestown today, claiming a fifth consecutive win and his 19th in total, in the featured grade 2 urltoken tied cottage steeplechase .\nclick on ‘i agree’ to agree to the use of cookies of iab europe and third parties .\nsizing europe also filled the runner - up spot in the champion chase at prestbury park twice and clinched his first victory at the top - level with a stunning display in the 2008 irish champion hurdle .\ntrainer henry de bromhead was in a reflective mood after 6 / 1 second - favourite sizing europe was beaten nineteen lengths into second place by the brilliant sprinter sacre in the sportingbet queen mother champion chase .\ndunguib isn’t going chasing from what i heard and won’t be seen until near xmas as stated above. sizing europe is being aimed to be out in time for king george according to atr the other day\niab europe collects or obtains personal data in the ordinary course of its relationship with its members and users (e. g. , when iab europe provides a service to members or users) ;\niab europe collects or obtains personal data that its members and users manifestly choose to make public, including via social media (e. g. , iab europe may collect information from its members’ and users’ social media profile (s), if they make a public post about iab europe) ;\ntrainer henry de bromhead has revealed multiple group one - winning chaser sizing europe will return to training in the coming weeks with a view to running in the pwc champion chase at gowran park in early october .\nhenry de bromhead reports sizing europe to be in sensational form as his stable star bids to repeat last year' s victory in the paddy power dial - a - bet chase at leopardstown on december 27 .\ncompliance with applicable law: iab europe may process sensitive personal data where the processing is required or permitted by applicable law (e. g. , to comply with iab europe’s diversity reporting obligations) ;\niab europe obtains personal data when those data are provided by users or members (e. g. , where a user or member contacts iab europe via email or telephone, or by any other means) ;\nfrom time to time iab europe may ask you for a confirmation of the accuracy of your personal data .\nsprinter sacre is the 1 - 2 favourite for the champion chase, while sizing europe remains the second favourite at around 8 - 1, alongside finian' s rainbow, who edged him out in a slightly unfortunate conclusion to the same race last season when the final fence was bypassed. sizing europe is also top - priced at 10 - 1 for the ryanair chase, the obvious place of refuge for horses seeking to avoid sprinter sacre .\njust behind at the final fence, burke asked sizing europe (9 - 4) for a big leap and his mount responded to land running and cut down the evens favourite close to the line and score by a head .\nsizing europe stays and obviously sprinter sacre has been very impressive ,\nde bromhead said .\nwe' re [ going to be ] 11 [ in march ] but we just want to have our options, mainly .\niab europe uses office 365, a service provided by microsoft corp. to receive / send and archive emails .\nsizing europe is trained by henry de bromhead, a former assistant to both robert alner and sir mark prescott, who has made only occasional visits to the festival since taking over the licence from his father, harry, in 2000 .\nsizing europe showed he still has plenty of ability in his locker as the veteran 12 - year - old produced a very game performance to get his head in front close home in the grade 2 pwc champion chase at gowran park .\nsizing europe justified prohibitive odds in the paddy power dial - a - bet chase, although the henry de bromhead - trained gelding was made to work hard for his seventh grade 1 victory on day two of the leopardstown festival meeting .\nthe gowran park champion chase is a grade 2 race run in early october over a distance of 2 miles 4 furlongs. the 2011 cheltenham festival champion chase winner, sizing europe has won the last three renewals. previous ...\nthe 2011 champion chaser sizing europe looks set to test his staying credentials in the 2012 jnwine, com champion steeplechase on saturday 3rd novemember. his conqueror in this race last year quito de la rogue is also among the ...\n), is that the shoe come in multiple widths. this may be why u. s. sizing system shoes are much more likely to come in narrow, medium, wide, and extra wide widths than european sizing system shoes are .\niab europe uses mailchimp, a marketing automation platform provided by rocket science group, llc to manage our mailing lists. personal data such as first name, last name, email address and company name of our mailing lists subscribers are stored in the iab europe mailchimp account for communications purposes (e. g. iab europe news and related activities )\nnoel meade’s road to riches may have been outgunned by henry de bromhead’s sizing europe in the featured pwc champion chase at gowran, but the trainer got a modicum of compensation when his benemeade pipped de bromhead’s clonbanan lad in the beginners’ chase .\nthe 2013 punchestown festival kicks off for five days from tuesday 23 april. there are 12 grade 1 races up grabs and a host on jumps racings biggest stars are expected to show including sprinter sacre, sizing europe, hurricane ...\ntransfer news live: all the latest from the premier league and europe as juventus look to finalise stunning ...\nwinning jockey: johnny burke born: december 23, 1995 background: son of trainer liam burke. replaced andrew lynch as the retained rider for leading owners ann & alan potts in september, 2014. first winner: trendy gift, cork, april 9, 2012 aintree festival wins: maghull novices’ chase (2015 sizing granite) other big race wins include: future champions novice hurdle (2014 sizing john), pwc champion chase (2014 sizing europe) wins in britain this season: 2\nthis was sizing europe' s first outing since the greatwood hurdle over the champion course and distance at cheltenham in november, when he beat osana, who has since blossomed into a championship contender himself, by four lengths in receipt of 6lb .\nnicky henderson described sprinter sacre as the best chaser to have passed through his hands during a training career spanning nearly 35 years after the seven - year - old saw off sizing europe to take the sportingbet queen mother champion chase by 19 lengths .\nthe user or the member may also request access, ask for rectification and for deletion of their personal data, except those which iab europe are legally obliged to retain, from iab europe’s database by addressing a written request, accompanied with, to the data controller at the following address: iab europe, rue bara, 175, b - 1070 brussels .\nsizing europe returned to action with the 16th win of his career in the grade 2 pwc champion steepechase at gowran park. forpadydeplasterer, seven and a half lengths back, brought up the forecast. first lieutenant finished in a dispapointing fourth ...\nthe right to object to the processing of their personal data by iab europe or on its behalf for direct marketing purposes .\niab europe does not transfer any data outside the european union though some of the services that iab europe uses would. “adequate jurisdiction” means a jurisdiction that has been formally designated by the european commission as providing an adequate level of protection for personal data .\nresource center kids shoe sizing chart u. s. to european shoe size conversion chart width sizing chart shoe fitting guide shoe size and width videos how to fit orthotics in your shoes & sandals shoe glossary kid' s shoes foot conditions foot care articles see all resources >\niab europe uses cookies for functional and analytical purposes. some cookies used by third party providers may be used for targeted advertising purposes\nalong with steve cauthen, cash is recognised as having introduced the american crouch style that is now a common feature in europe .\nsizing europe, the 15 - 8 favourite, was given the go - ahead to race early this morning after suffering a stone bruise on sunday. but after travelling well, the henry de bromhead - trained six - year - old faded tamely in the straight .\nreigning champion chaser sizing europe ‘levelled the score' over fences (at 2 - 2) with arch rival big zeb when romping to a 15 lengths win over the 2010 champion chaser in a thrilling renewal of the grade 2 urltoken tied cottage chase at punchestown today .\nfrom five out the writing was on the wall for sizing europe' s rivals, he was in front from before the next and he more than lived up to his star - billing when pummelling his four opponents from there home in the grade 2 clonmel oil chase .\nit is true mouse morris' s winner had already had a successful outing at gowran park, and was therefore fitter than his opponent, but sizing europe' s jockey andrew lynch seemed to know a long way from home he was not going to catch the pace - setting china rock over today' s trip, and while he was not too hard on the race favourite, it is likely connections will now decide 2 to 2 and a half miles is the limit for sizing europe in senior chases during the remainder of the current season .\nsizing europe also filled the runner - up spot in the champion chase at prestbury park twice, while other notable victories included two wins in the punchestown champion chase, success in the 2011 tingle creek at sandown and a stunning display in the 2008 irish champion hurdle at leopardstown .\nthe feature race on day two is the queen mother champion chase, and is the ultimate test for two mile chasers. some superstars of national hunt racing have made their names in this race over the years including moscow flyer, master minded, sizing europe and sprinter sacre .\niab europe uses mailchimp, a marketing automation platform provided by rocket science group, llc to manage our mailing lists. personal data such as first name, last name, email address and company name of our mailing list subscribers may be stored on the iab europe mailchimp account .\nexclusively govern the relationship between the user, the member and iab europe, in connection with the services and your use of the websites .\nwhile even fleminstar could have his work cut out if sizing europe takes up his option to run in the fortria, trainer henry de bromhead seems to be favouring a trip to the clonmel oils chase on thursday week as the next port of call for his multiple grade one winning chaser .\none common misconception about shoes that use the european sizing system is that they are made in europe. some of them are, but just as shoes that use the u. s. shoe sizing system aren' t always made in the united states, european sized shoes may be manufactured in other locations such as new zealand, israel, and china. the system is only referred to as european because that' s where it originated .\nfrom ashbourne, county meath, andrew lynch' s career took off when he teamed up with the henry de bromhead - trained sizing europe. the pair won their first four starts together and wins in the arkle chase and the queen mother champion chase at cheltenham were the highlights of the association .\ndouvan' s price does not appeal, so a good strategy is to either find a horse for an each way, without the favourite or maybe a place bet if using an exchange or the tote. one horse that has been very prominent in this in the past is sizing europe and this year' s race feature sizing granite for the same owners, both horses are out of dams by a sire called mandulus. sizing granite' s own sire is milan who gets good horses, sometimes they are better over longer trips but this could be quite quick at the start and sometimes the hill at cheltenham can turn races like this one into staying affairs so sizing granite might need his milan genes. it is not that likely that sizing granite wins this but on pedigree he should have a strong shout for a place, especially if his new trained colin tizzard has managed to improve him from last year .\nsizing europe retained his unbeaten record over fences when landing the bord na mona - with nature novice chase (grade 1) at leopardstown by 5 1 / 2 lengths from osana, but the result would surely have been different if captain cee bee had not taken a crashing fall at the final fence .\nsizing europe' s performance in the champion hurdle will be seen as a marker for the entire festival by many irish racegoers, as they hope to improve on last year' s relatively thin total of five winners and return to something like the record of nine victories in 2005 and 10 in 2006 .\nhenry de bromhead, sizing europe' s trainer, stressed after this that the 10 - year - old may well be entered in both the ryanair chase, over two miles and five furlongs, and the gold cup, over three and a quarter, in addition to the two - mile chasing championship .\nfirst lieutenant looked like he needed the run when fourth behind sizing europe at gowran park on his seasonal debut, but he looked far more impressive when stepped up from two and a half to 3 miles at down royal, only going down by a length on testing ground that would not have suited him .\nas regards personal data of its members, iab europe will normally store the data during the full period of your membership. iab europe may retain personal data of a member who is deregistered, or a user, including all correspondence or request for assistance addressed to iab europe for two years, in order to be able to respond to any questions or complaints which may be addressed to it after deregistration, in order to comply with all applicable laws, and\nclick on ‘more info‘ for more information about the processing of the (personal) data that can be collected and processed by iab europe and third parties .\nif you have any questions about sizing that have not been answered here, or about our size charts, please feel free to contact us at info @ urltoken .\n( “services”). in this privacy policy references to members mean both individual members and individuals who are employed by corporate members. this privacy policy is also addressed to individuals outside iab europe with whom iab europe interacts and whose personal data it processes and for these purposes they will be included within the term “users” .\nthe market strongly suggested that china rock (5 / 2 in the morning into 6 / 4) would be a major factor after his gowran win for the star' best for racing coverage' steeplechase and so it proved as he prevailed by seven lengths from the very easy to back favourite, sizing europe at punchestown .\nsince the emergence of sizing europe, de bromhead has tasted valuable success with a number of other talented horses, with mister watzisname winning a grade 2 novice hurdle at naas last february and oscar india winning two valuable handicap chases in may and november respectively. in the meantime, sizing europe made a highly - encouraging return to action in the grade 1 maplewood developments hurdle at punchestown, shaping as if in need of the run in finishing second to hardy eustace. with that run under his belt, he looks sure to take all the beating in the december festival hurdle at leopardstown and get his bid for cheltenham champion hurdle compensation back on track .\nwhen taken in conjunction with his form in the greatwood, though, sizing europe looks like a horse who promised much and has now delivered even more. anyone taking the 3 - 1 available this morning is betting on him staying sound, because if he gets to cheltenham, he will surely be closer to 7 - 4 .\nthe racecourse announcer hailed sizing europe as\none of the greats\nas he was led back to the winner' s enclosure after the paddy power dial - a - bet chase here on thursday and, since he now has seven grade one wins to his name, including one over hurdles, it is difficult to argue .\niab europe processes personal data in accordance with applicable data protection legislation, in particular the general data protection regulation (eu) 2016 / 679 (the “gdpr”) .\nwhen a horse is as visually impressive as sizing europe yesterday, it is only right to ask precisely what he beat. hardy eustace was a fine champion in his time, after all, but he is now in the veteran stage at 11 years old, while al eile' s best form is usually saved for aintree in april .\nis distinct from the u. s. adult shoe sizing system. one of the criteria for a given shoe to be federally recognized as a medical shoe (also called a\nin the days of sizing europe’s cheltenham escapades you used to travel to the festival in the back of the horsebox. is this still your preferred mode of transport? yes, i travelled in the back of the lorry again last year. to be honest, it is quite relaxing after the hectic build - up to the meeting. it gives you a bit of time to yourself – you can read the papers, chill out and enjoy the journey. the reason i started joining sizing europe in the back was because he was such a bad traveller. once off the ferry on the way to the arkle, we pulled into the side of the road, nipped into this field and gave him a drink and a good lead out. it was strange, really, these four horses having a walk round some field in wales, but sizing europe arrived at cheltenham in the right frame of mind and did the business. every year since then, ffos las have kindly let us break up each cheltenham journey on the racecourse .\nracegoers at clonmel barely had their breath back after sizing europe' s demolition of his feature race rivals. half - an - hour on ruby walsh brought up a double (earlier a winner on quietly fancied) when tarla ran out a most impressive winner on her chasing bow in the grade 3 ebf t. a. morris memorial mares chase .\nif you' re larger than a d cup, use herroom' s universal cup sizing™ system to find the right cup size for every brand, every time. learn more here .\nit was an amazing time ,\nde bromhead says .\nwe were planning to buy two horses and instead we ended up buying 13 from some of the best yards in ireland. i think eight of the 13 have won, and they included sizing europe, who gave us our first grade one winner in the aig [ irish champion hurdle ] .\nowned and operated by iab europe. this privacy policy describes how iab europe processes relevant personal data and, in particular, how we collect and use the personal data you provide via our websites and by other means. it also describes the choices available to you regarding our use of your personal data, including how you can access and update this information\niab europe takes every reasonable step to ensure that personal data that it processes are limited to the personal data reasonably necessary in connection with the purposes set out in this privacy policy .\nsizing europe did not saunter to this success, despite starting at odds of 1 - 3, but his two - and - a - half - length margin over rubi light was comfortable enough. whether his career record and recent grade one - winning form will be enough to guarantee him a place in the queen mother champion chase in march, however, remains an open question .\ncan you explain the impact sizing europe had on the stable and your life in general? he helped to establish the business and gave us a shove up the ladder. they always say you need a saturday horse for recognition. he had a massive impact on my career and our life in general. he gave us all the exposure any stable needs when trying to get going .\n“sizing europe has been the horse of a lifetime for me and i’ve had many unforgettable moments with him. he’s not getting any younger but he’s won plenty this season and it’s likely we’ll head to the punchestown festival with him. we know he gets a bit further so we always have that option with him but he’s still got plenty of speed for a horse his age. ”\nwhere iab europe processes a user or member’s personal data on the basis of consent, the user or member has the right to withdraw that consent (although this withdrawal does not affect the lawfulness of any processing performed prior to the date on which iab europe receives notice of such withdrawal, and does not prevent any processing of personal data on any other available legal bases) .\nfor european shoe sizes there aren' t separate sizing systems for adults and children. instead there is a range of sizes where at one end of the spectrum you' ll find small shoe sizes that are usually worn only by children and at the other end of the spectrum you' ll find large shoe sizes that are usually worn only by men. this brings up another point about the european shoe sizing system. unlike the u. s. shoe sizing system, the european shoe sizing system is pretty much unisex. a woman who wears a size 42 would probably be as comfortable in a men' s shoe as a women' s shoe in terms of how the shoe fits. only masculine or feminine fashion details on the shoe' s upper would reveal the shoe' s true gender .\nriding the henry de bromhead - trained sizing granite for owners ann and alan potts, burke took up the running before the second - last and held the sustained challenge of runner - up god’s own .\ntrm, europe' s largest manufacturer and distributor of nutritional feeds supplements and general healthcare products for horses, is a brand with a long standing reputation for integrity and excellence in the field .\nso you think - magnificent 10 time group one winning son of high chaparral. will only have a maximum of 40 2yo in europe next term which will almost rule him out of title contention\nyou are best known for training sizing europe, the outstanding two - mile chaser who was still winning at the top level aged 12. of all the big days you enjoyed with this horse, which stands out most? it would have to be the 2010 arkle because it was our first winner at the cheltenham festival after a few disappointments. sizing europe had been favourite for the champion hurdle and flopped, then i thought he was going to run real well in the champion the following year but he got sick with transit fever. so it was fantastic for him to let everyone know what a talented horse he was. i accept the champion chase, which he won the following year, is a more prestigious race, but in the arkle he told everyone that he had finally arrived .\nif iab europe engages a third - party processor to process personal data of its users or members, the processor will be subject to binding contractual obligations to: (i) only process the personal data in accordance with iab europe’s prior written instructions; and (ii) use measures to protect the confidentiality and security of the personal data; together with any additional requirements under applicable law .\nin europe, the apparent demand for skilled scientists has fuelled the emergence of programmes such as the erasmus mundus nanotech scheme, which began in 2005 and is now producing its first batch of graduates. the 2 - year programme, offered at ku leuven, chalmers in sweden, leiden university and delft university of technology, both in the netherlands, and the technical university of dresden in germany, allows students to split their studies between research groups at different universities. europe' s nanotech initiatives have also increased funding for research and provided scholarships for foreign students to study nanotechnology in europe .\ndetection and prevention of crime: iab europe may process sensitive personal data where the processing is necessary for the detection or prevention of crime (e. g. , the prevention of fraud) ;\nsince henry de bromhead took over the reins at his father’s co. waterford yard in 1999, he has gradually built a reputation as a shrewd and able trainer. he has well and truly been launched onto the international stage by the emergence of sizing europe as one of the leading hurdlers of his generation and that horse could well give de bromhead another grade 1 win in the december festival hurdle at leopardstown .\niab europe a. i. s. b. l. (be 0812. 047. 277), having its registered offices at 1040 brussels (belgium), rond - point schuman, 11 is the entity that acts as the only data controller for the purposes of this privacy policy (“iab europe”). all questions or requests regarding the processing of these data may be addressed to :\nthe irish challenge for today' s race does not rest on sizing europe alone. in all, they account for four of the first six in the betting, and ebaziyan, last year' s 40 - 1 winner of the supreme novices' hurdle, would also have an each - way chance if a return to a big field and strong pace at the national hunt festival brings him back to his best form .\nsizing europe will be left in the urltoken champion chase on thursday morning and connections are\nleaning towards\na third tilt at the championship event he won two years ago, trainer henry de bromhead has revealed. sizing europe, the 6 - 1 second favourite behind sprinter sacre, also holds an entry in the ryanair chase on thursday, for which he is the same price, but forecast rain and the potential for ground conditions to ease are putting de bromhead off the longer race. speaking at a racing post - backed cheltenham preview night on wednesday, he said :\nwith the way the ground is going we are leaning towards the champion chase, but it really is still 50 - 50 as to which race we go for .\nde bromhead added that cue card' s confirmation for the ryanair chase did not deter them from contesting that event .\niab europe uses trippus, a service provided by trippus norge to process registrations for our annual conference interact and to process payments for the global vendor list and for the cmp list in the transparency and consent framework .\ntoday he stepped up to his biggest test in the sportingbet queen mother champion chase and sauntered through it with ease, demolishing the best two - miler in ireland, the former race - winner sizing europe, and barely breaking sweat. trained by nicky henderson and owned by caroline mould, sprinter sacre carried jockey barry geraghty to a 19 - length victory over the irish challenger, who was six lengths clear of third - placed wishfull thinking .\nthere were four previous grade one winners in yesterday' s field, including hardy eustace, the champion at cheltenham in 2004 and 2005, and al eile, last season' s aintree hurdle winner. sizing europe, though, simply galloped away from them after the second - last hurdle under a hand ride by andrew mcnamara. he then hurtled across the final flight and kept up his easy, unextended gallop to the line to beat hardy eustace eight lengths .\nwhile big zeb failed to win a bumper in three attempts, there have been many top - class horses that also failed to win a bumper, most notably the legendary moscow flyer. he made no mistake once sent over hurdles, making a winning hurdling debut in a maiden at fairyhouse in march 2007. he had just one more run over hurdles that season, finishing second to what would become his greatest rival in the years to come, sizing europe .\nwith mastery, dunaden and red cadeaux all successful in the vase since 2010, it is a race the raiders have traditionally fared well in, and this year was no different with the first three home all trained in europe .\nhe looks like a chaser, gallops like a chaser and is a big, bold jumper when he meets an obstacle too, but sizing europe is a hurdler for now, and quite possibly the best one around. the six - year - old went to post for the irish champion hurdle here yesterday as a horse with obvious, untapped potential, and emerged from the other side, having barely broken sweat, as the new favourite for the champion hurdle at cheltenham in march .\n10 - 1 shot katchit, who followed up his victory in the triumph hurdle 12 months ago, saw off the challenge of osana - who set a challenging early pace and led for much of the race - to become the first five - year - old since see you then in 1985 to win the champion hurdle. punjabi ran on to pip last year' s winner, sublimity, to third place, while the disappointing favourite, sizing europe, finished well down the field .\nhowever, henry de bromhead' s runner will attract the majority of the money from irish and british backers, as his horse' s profile for the race is ideal. he is the right age, has the right amount of experience and has won two of the best trials for the champion hurdle. if there is an obvious concern about sizing europe' s credentials, in fact, it is that his trainer has, so far, failed to register on the festival radar .\nking' s joy was shared by thornton, who said of the 10 - 1 shot :\ni don' t know what to say really - it' s unbelievable. he' s a little terrier. he was flat out all the way to be honest, i didn' t want to let sizing europe get away. he' s just so tough. i believed he could [ win ] but whether he actually would was another thing. i' m delighted .\nemployer details, e. g. where a user or member interacts with iab europe in their capacity as an employee of a third party, the name, address, telephone number and email address of the employer, to the extent relevant ;\nthe sizing information below is a general fit guide for our garments. what that means is that these are standard garment measurements - not body measurements - that will get most people in the right size, most of the time. all measurements are in centimetres .\na horse who could go well at a big price is the henry de bromhead trained smashing (25 / 1) who finished fourth in last season’s coral cup. the six - year - old was brushed aside by un de sceaux earlier in the season but showed his ability when winning by 33 lengths next time out. if he reproduces that display of jumping it is not impossible to see him running into a place at big odds for a stable that won the race in 2010 with the legendary sizing europe .\nthe guinness handicap chase can go the way of the top weight aupcharlie who could be very well treated off his mark of 147. we know connections are in good form after today’s win with sizing europe and with the drying ground and trip in his favour, a very bold bid is expected and in the final bumper, the harry fry trained fletcher’s flyer can take his first bumper after a good second to aintree bumper runner up relic rock and the step up in trip can only be seen as a positive .\ntrainer henry de bromhead celebrated his second victory in three years in the doom bar maghull novices’ chase after 9 / 2 shot sizing granite ground out a length win over god’s own to follow the example of his stable - mate special tiara, who won the 2013 running .\nde bromhead made the perfect start to his training career when saddling a winner with his very first runner, fidalus, at tramore on new year' s day 2000 and his tally of winners has steadily grown ever since. the likes of feeling grand, river clodagh and whatareyouhaving were fine servants to the yard in the early stages of de bromhead’s career, but the quality of his horses has steadily risen in recent years and the yard has well and truly emerged into the big time since sizing europe burst onto the scene .\nthe owner was born in south yorkshire, made his fortune on five continents and lives in monaco, and the trainer' s bloodline stretches all the way back to the chevaliers of 11th - century france. yet there is no doubt that sizing europe will be seen as an all - irish winner if he justifies his status as favourite for the champion hurdle at cheltenham this afternoon and becomes the fifth successive winner of the first - day feature, and the eighth in the last 10, to arrive across the sea from the west .\nplease note that some patterns will be more slim - fitting, and some will be looser. this information will be on the individual product pages, so please make sure to visit the page of the product you' re interested in when figuring out sizing, as well as this page .\n“he has great size and he uses that. i thought the flat track here would suit him and while the race cut up a bit the second is a very good horse. the big key [ to sizing granite ] is to keep him fresh and henry had him spot on today .\nit would expecting an awful lot of coneygree to pose a real challenge to the current cheltenham blue riband champion sizing john in wednesday' s punchestown gold cup. mark bradstock' s horse has run only twice since his cheltenham triumph and on his last outing in november was 15 lengths behind cue card which wasn' t good enough for sizing john this year. the role of challenger will probably devolve to eternal cheltenham bridesmaid djakadam but there will be a massive amount of interest in how coneygree goes given the huge potential of a horse good enough to win the gold cup while still a novice .\nbefore sizing europe, we had faugheen. his performance was that impressive that i cannot find a superlative good enough to describe it. for ruby walsh to press the button between the second last and the last and for him to make absolute mincemeat of graded novice hurdlers underlines how big an engine he possesses. wherever he goes next season, he will be impossible to beat and the way he jumped at the pace he went today, the champion hurdle would be the ideal target which forces me to eat my words as i thought chasing would be the right way to go .\nour websites includes links to other websites whose privacy practices may differ from those of iab europe. if you submit personal data to any of those sites, your information is governed by their privacy policies. we encourage you to carefully read the privacy policy of any website you visit .\ndespite ireland’s small size and population of just under 4. 5 million, it currently stands as the largest producer of thoroughbreds in europe and the fourth largest in the world. irish bred horses consistently celebrate international success and as a result, bloodstock exports continue to thrive each year .\n“he’s nearly the perfect racehorse. he looks it and it’s rare to find one that looks so good and is so good. you would have to say that’s his best performance. we were well aware that anything bar very stunning wouldn’t keep people happy, but that was stunning. he was nicely relaxed, maybe a little keen early on. he didn’t want to take on sizing europe too early, but there wasn’t much barry could do about it, and i’ve always said don’t disappoint him if he takes you there. don’t take him back because that cruising speed is so high." ]

{ "text": [ "sizing europe ( 24 march 2002 ) is an irish national hunt horse , best known for winning the 2011 queen mother champion chase at cheltenham .", "he won the irish champion hurdle in 2008 before switching to chasing , where he has won six grade 1s over fences . " ], "topic": [ 14, 14 ] }

[ "sizing europe (24 march 2002) is an irish national hunt horse, best known for winning the 2011 queen mother champion chase at cheltenham. he won the irish champion hurdle in 2008 before switching to chasing, where he has won six grade 1s over fences." ]

[ "aspects of the taxonomy and phylogeny of australian stingarees (urolophidae: batoidea) .\n, mcculloch (urolophidae) in southeastern australia. proc r soc vic 117: 341–347 .\nthree new species of the stingray genus urotrygon (myliobatiformes: urolophidae) from the eastern pacific .\nlike other rays of the urolophidae family, the yellow stingray is characterized by a round body .\ntrygonoptera imitata sp. nov. , a new stingaree (myliobatoidei: urolophidae) from southeastern australia .\ntrygonoptera galba sp. nov. , a new stingaree (myliobatoidei: urolophidae) from southwestern australia .\nurolophus kapalensis sp. nov. , a new stingaree (myliobatiformes: urolophidae) off eastern australia .\ntaxonomy of the stingray genus urotrygon (myliobatiformes: urolophidae): preliminary results based on external morphology .\n). resource partitioning by four species of elasmobranch (batoidea: urolophidae) in coastal waters of temperate australia .\nthe systematics of the stingray genus urotrygon, with comments on the interrelationships within urolophidae (chondrichthyes, myliobatiformes) .\na new genus of stingarees (myliobatiformes: urolophidae) with comments on other urolophid genera and an annotated checklist of species .\ndianne j. bray & martin f. gomon, stingarees, urolophidae in fishes of australia, accessed 10 jul 2018, urltoken\n. embryos have been observed to have discs that are broader relative to their length, than adults. like other rays of the urolophidae family ,\nlittle specific information regarding lifespans in urolophidae was found, but in general rays, like their relatives the sharks, grow and mature slowly and are long - lived .\nto cite this page: weinheimer, m. 2004 .\nurolophidae\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\ntrinnie, fabian 2013, reproduction in five sympatric batoid species (family urolophidae) from south - eastern australia, ph. d thesis, school of life and environmental sciences, deakin university .\nplatell me, potter ic, clarke kr (1998) resource partitioning by four species of elasmobranches (batoidea: urolophidae) in coastal waters of temperate australia. mar biol 131: 719–734 .\nlast, p. r. & l. j. v. compagno (1999) .\nmyliobatiformes: urolophidae\n. in carpenter, k. e. & v. h. niem .\nlast, p. r & gomon, m. f. 1987. new australian fishes. part 15. new species of trygonoptera and urolophus (urolophidae). memoirs of museum victoria 48 (1): 63 - 72\nno reported evidence of post - birth parental care in urolophidae was found. after such extended nurturing inside their mothers’ bodies, young rays come into the sea quite able to feed and fend for themselves (see development and reproduction) .\nmckay, r. j. 1966. studies on western australian sharks and rays of the families scyliorhinidae, urolophidae and torpedinidae. journal of the royal society of western australia 49 (3): 65 - 82 figs 1 - 6\nséret, b. & last, p. 2003. description of four new stingarees of the genus urolophus (batoidea: urolophidae) from the coral sea, south - west pacific. cybium 27 (4): 307 - 320 .\nseret, b. ; last, p. r. description of four new stingarees of the genus urolophus (batoidea: urolophidae) from the coral sea, south - west pacific. cybium. 2003; 27 (4): 307 - 320 .\nb * seret, and p last, description of four new stingarees of the genus urolophus (batoidae: urolophidae) from the coral sea, south - west pacific: cybium [ cybium ]. vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 307 - 320. 2003 .\nlast, p. r. ; yearsley, g. k. ; white, w. t. (2016). stingarees: family urolophidae, in: last, p. r. et al. (ed .) rays of the world. pp. 676 - 705, more\n( 1999). urolophidae. in ‘fao species identification guide for fishery purposes. the living marine resources of the western central pacific. volume 3. batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 (elopidae to linophyrnidae) ’. (eds k. e. carpenter and v. h. niem .) pp. 1469–1476. (fao: rome. )\nlast, p. r. & compagno, l. v. j. 1999. family urolophidae. pp. 1469 - 1476 in carpenter, k. e. & niem, v. h. (eds). the living marine resources of the western central pacific. fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes. rome: fao vol. 3 1397 - 2068 pp .\nurolophidae is a marine family, although some members enter estuaries. restricted to tropical and warm temperate waters, urolophids are bottom - dwellers along coastlines and along the continental shelf. most live in relatively shallow water but some occupy depths of at least 700 m down the continental slope. they generally prefer sandy bottoms in which they can bury themselves, but a few species live on rocky substrates (bottoms) or in association with sea vegetation such as kelp. urolophids tend to have patterns and coloring that blend in with their environment .\nthe yellow stingray is a member of the urolophidae (round rays) family. this ray was first described by cuvier (1816) as raja jamaicensis. the current nomenclature for the yellow stingray is urobatus jamaicensis (cuvier 1816), however most of the literature concerning this ray can be found under the name urolophus jamaicensis (cuvier 1816). junior synonyms include trygonobatus torpedinus desmarest 1823 and urobatis sloani vermiculatus garman 1913. the currently valid name urobatis jamaicensis gets its genus name from the greek words\noura\n= tail and\nbatis\n= a ray .\nrays perceive and interact with their environment using sensory channels common to many vertebrates: sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. rays also belong to a group of fishes, the elasmobranchs, whose electrical sensitivity seems to exceed that of all other animals. elasmobranch fishes are equipped with ampullae of lorenzini, electroreceptor organs that contain receptor cells and canals leading to pores in the animal’s skin. sharks and rays can detect the electrical patterns created by nerve conduction, muscular contraction, and even the ionic difference between a body (i. e. of prey) and water. in lab experiments, members of the family urolophidae changed their feeding location according to artificially induced changes in the electrical field around them. other experiments have demonstrated that cartilaginous fishes use electrosensory information not only to locate prey, but also for orientation and navigation based on the electrical fields created by the interaction between water currents and the earth’s magnetic field. although some rays can produce an electric shock to defend themselves or stun prey, members of the family urolophidae cannot. they are able, however, to inflict a venomous sting with their tail spine in defense .\nsixty - six of the 75 species had over 20 stomach samples and were therefore included in the cluster analysis, average standardised diet calculations and average t l estimates (table 2). at the family level, the average standardised diet of the dasyatidae was based on the highest number of quantitative dietary data sets (n = 44); approximately three times that recorded for the subfamily myliobatinae (n = 16) and the urolophidae (n = 12). decapod crustaceans (deca) was the main prey category in the averaged standardised diet of the myliobatoidei (31. 7±3. 9 %) followed by fish and moll (table 2). in comparison, approximately 70% of the standardised diet of the suborder torpedinoidei consisted of fish (37. 4±16. 1 %) and poly (32. 0±14. 2 %). the dominance of the prey categories diversified at the family and subfamily level with deca the most important prey category for the dasyatidae and urotrygonidae, moll for the subfamilies myliobatinae and rhinopterinae, fish for gymnuridae and torpedinidae and poly for urolophidae, and narcinidae. cephalopod molluscs (ceph), euphausiids and mysids (euph) and other invertebrates (inv) were each identified as the most important prey category in the hypnidae, mobulinae and narkidae respectively (table 1 – 2; fig. 1) .\nthe spotted stingaree (urolophus gigas) is an uncommon species of stingray in the family urolophidae, endemic to shallow waters along the coast of southern australia. it favors rocky reefs and seagrass beds. this species can be readily identified by its nearly circular, dark - colored pectoral fin disc, adorned with a complex pattern of white or cream spots. its eastern and western forms differ slightly in coloration and have been regarded as separate species. there is a skirt - shaped curtain of skin between its nostrils. its tail is fairly thick and terminates in a short leaf - shaped caudal fin; a relatively large dorsal fin is present just in front of the stinging spine .\nstatistical comparisons of t l estimates between myliobatoidei and torpedinoidei species with more than 20 stomachs, detected a significant difference between the average t l of the two suborders (anova, f = 7. 70, d. f. = 1, p < 0. 05). a significant difference was also detected between the average t l of myliobatoidei families (including subfamilies) (kruskal - wallis one - way anova on ranks: h = 30. 61, d. f. = 7, p < 0. 001). pairwise comparisons (dunn’s method) between the average t l estimates of myliobatoidei revealed a significant difference (p < 0. 05) between the mobulinae and both the gymnuridae and urolophidae (table 3). a secondary comparison of myliobatoidei t l estimates with the mobulinae and rhinopterinae removed from the analysis; the two families with the smallest representation, also showed a significant difference (anova, f = 11. 70, d. f. = 5, p < 0. 05). pairwise comparisons (tukey test) between the six remaining families showed that the average gymnuridae t l differed significantly from all other families: gymnuridae vs. myliobatinae (q = 10. 2, p < 0. 001); urotrygonidae (q = 7. 99, p < 0. 001); dasyatidae (q = 8. 03, p < 0. 001); urolophidae (q = 8. 03, p < 0. 01); potamotrygonidae (q = 4. 60, p < 0. 05). the average myliobatinae t l also differed significantly from the urolophidae (q = 5. 48, p < 0. 01), the potamotrygonidae (q = 4. 943, p < 0. 05) and the dasyatidae (q = 4. 79, p < 0. 05). no statistical comparisons were made between the torpedinoidei as three of the four families were represented by only one or two species (table 3) .\nthe myliobatoidei is second largest suborder within the rajiformes and comprises a morphologically diverse group of seven families, three subfamilies and over 200 recognised species [ 9 ] – [ 11 ]. maximum body size (disc width, w d) varies considerably within and between families, from about 15 cm w d in the urolophidae (stingarees) and urotrygonidae (round rays) to about 700 cm w d in the myliobatidae (subfamily mobulinae – manta rays) [ 12 ]. while there are notable exceptions, such as the giant stingaree plesiobatis daviesi (wallace, 1967), species from the myliobatoidei tend to inhabit relatively shallow, warm temperate to tropical waters and are particularly common within the indo - west pacific region [ 13 ]. in contrast, skates are more prominent in deeper, colder waters, particularly at higher latitudes [ 9 ] .\nthe family urolophidae, also known as stingarees, consists of two genera and about 35 species. they are bottom - dwelling rays in warm seas, usually lying partially buried under the sand. their rounded pectoral discs are colored to blend in with the sand, mud, or rocks on which they live. urolophids are relatively small rays, and feed on a variety of invertebrates, small fishes, and crustaceans. their tails, distinguished by the presence of a well - developed caudal fin, are equipped with one or more serrated stinging spines. like other rays they are viviparous; urolophids give birth to between two and four young each year, or in some cases, every two years. because of their low birth rates and sometimes restricted range, urolophids are susceptible to human activity, although only one species is currently known to be threatened .\nbatoid feeding behaviours can effectively be divided into three broad strategies: a) continuous feeders or foragers, b) ambush predators and c) filter feeders. continuous feeders tend to ingest small prey at fairly regular intervals resulting in high numbers of prey items in the stomach, prey items in varying stages of digestion and a low occurrence of empty stomachs [ 35 ]. of the species where the standardised diets was based on > 20 stomachs, 58 were considered to be continuous feeders including members of the dasyatidae, myliobatinae, potamotrygonidae, rhinopterinae, urolophidae, urotrygonidae, narcinidae and narkidae (table s1, fig. 1). these 58 species had an average t l value of 3. 59 (±0. 03) and a standardised diet composition consisting predominantly of benthic prey items (deca = 32. 8±3. 9% ; poly = 17. 6±3. 2 %) which was reflected in the cluster analysis where the majority of species grouped together in the poly and deca trophic guilds (fig. 2) .\nin the two previous studies [ 1 ], [ 2 ], t l estimates were shown to have a positive, albeit moderate, correlation with the maximum total length of sharks [ 1 ] and skates [ 2 ]. in the current study, no significant correlation was detected between t l and body size for either myliobatoidei (disc length) or torpedinoidei (total length). this result was largely attributed to the morphological variance displayed within each of the respective suborders [ 13 ], [ 14 ]. for example, disc width is approximately equal to the disc length in the myliobatoidei families dasyatidae and urolophidae, whereas disc width in the gymnuridae and mobulidae is often more than double the disc length [ 12 ], [ 58 ]. similarly, total length measurements vary considerably between genera of both suborders due to large variations in relative tail length [ 13 ]. as a consequence, disc width and total length are not necessarily good indictors of batoid body size. this problem is further compounded by the fact that disc length and arguably the best indicator of body size, body mass, is less reported in dietary analyses; especially for very large specimens such as manta. cortés [ 1 ] encountered a similar problem when examining the relationship between shark t l and body size .\nthe biology of urolophus paucimaculatus in south - western australian waters has been examined and compared with that of the co - occurring urolophus lobatus, trygonoptera personata and trygonoptera mucosa. these four species represent the only two genera of the urolophidae. urolophus paucimaculatus conceives in early / mid - summer and gives birth in late spring / early summer, closely paralleling the situation with u. lobatus. although trygonoptera species likewise have a 10–12 - month gestation period, they conceive and give birth in late autumn to mid - winter. the marked intergeneric differences in birth time help account for pronounced intergeneric differences in the diets of their newly born young. by birth, urolophus paucimaculatus attains ~ 50% of its asymptotic size. the relatively large mean disc width of the four urolophids at birth, i. e. 105–128 mm, accounts for the small litters of these species (1–2 young per litter). size at maturity and maximal size and age of each species are greater for females than males and are greater for trygonoptera than urolophus species. the growth of u. paucimaculatus and the other urolophids throughout pre - and postnatal life can be described by a single smooth growth curve. the maintenance of a constant pattern of growth from conception is remarkable because the diet and behaviour of these elasmobranchs changes radically at parturition .\nmembers of the family urolophidae, like other rays and their shark relatives, employ a reproductive strategy that involves investing large amounts of energy into relatively few young over a lifetime. once sexually mature, stingarees have only one litter per year, usually bearing two to four young. since few young are produced, it is important that they survive, and to this end rays are born at a large size, able to feed and fend for themselves much like an adult. rays develop from egg to juvenile inside the mother’s uterus, sometimes to almost half their adult size. in this system, called aplacental uterine viviparity, developing embryos receive most of their nutriment from a milky, organically rich substance secreted by the mother’s uterine lining. an embryo absorbs this substance, called histotroph, by ingestion, or through its skin or other specialized structures. researchers have found that in some rays, the stomach and spiral intestine are among the first organs to develop and function, so that the embryo can digest the uterine “milk. ” rays’ eggs are small and insufficient to support the embryos until they are born, although the first stage of development does happen inside tertiary egg envelopes that enclose each egg along with egg jelly. the embryo eventually absorbs the yolk sac and stalk and the histotroph provides it with nutrition. development in the uterus usually takes about three months .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndistinct from other trygonoptera species found in southern and western australia. replacement species for trygonoptera sp. b [ in last and stevens 1994 ] on the warm - temperate east coast .\njustification: trygonoptera testacea is endemic to eastern australia with a relatively restricted range from southern queensland to southern new south wales (nsw). found inshore on soft substrates, around rocky reefs and in estuaries from the intertidal zone to 135 m (more commonly to 60 m). this is the dominant inshore ray in terms of abundance where it occurs along the east coast of australia. relatively little known of its biology, but it has a small litter size (1 to 2 young) and probably shares other reproductive characteristics with similar urolophids, such as a gestation period of or approaching, one year. the common stingaree is a regular component of the bycatch of inshore and estuarine prawn trawl fisheries in southern queensland and new south wales. the species is also taken in beach net fisheries and also commonly encountered by recreational beach fishers. it is generally discarded. of concern is the high rate of abortion in gravid female urolophids, including this species, after capture and handling. however, despite this, its low fecundity and its relatively restricted distribution, t. testacea is abundant in a variety of habitats across its range and seems able to sustain current levels of fishing pressure and associated bycatch (although high in some areas). bycatch monitoring is necessary to ensure the species is not locally impacted in areas where trawling and netting pressure is high .\nrestricted geographic range off eastern australia: from southern queensland to cape howe, new south wales (last and stevens 1994) .\nabundant across range, but with the main part of the population north of jervis bay, nsw. this is the dominant inshore ray in terms of abundance where it occurs along the east coast of australia .\ntrygonoptera testacea is found inshore on the continental shelf from the intertidal zone to 135 m (more commonly to 60 m) (last and stevens 1994). prefers soft substrates and is often associated with rocky reefs, the surf zone, as well as estuaries. relatively little known of its biology, but has a small litter size (12 young) (p. kyne unpublished data) and probably shares other reproductive characteristics with similar urolophids, such as a gestation period of or approaching, one year (for example see white et al. 2002), which would results in an annual fecundity of 1 to 2 young. diet of adult t. testacea consists primarily of polychaete worms with an ontogenetic shift in diet from primarily carid decapods in smaller size classes (marshall et al. in prep). life history parameters age at maturity (years): unknown (both male and female). size at maturity (total length): unknown (female); 31 cm tl (last and stevens 1994), 21 to 26 cm tl (p. kyne unpublished data) (male). longevity (years): unknown. maximum size (total length): 47 cm tl (last and stevens 1994). size at birth (cm): unknown. average reproductive age (years): unknown. gestation time (months): unknown. reproductive periodicity: unknown. average annual fecundity or litter size: unknown. annual rate of population increase: unknown. natural mortality: unknown .\nlife history studies are ongoing and bycatch monitoring is recommended into the future. however, the abundant nature of this species means that conservation measures are not a priority for this species when compared with other inshore elasmobranchs in the region. the species is afforded protection in numerous, mostly small, inshore marine protected areas in southern queensland (i. e. , green zones of moreton bay marine park) and nsw (various small marine parks and reserves). the effective implementation of the australian national plan of action for the conservation and management of sharks (shark advisory group and lack 2004) (under the fao international plan of action for the conservation and management of sharks: ipoa - sharks) will help to facilitate the conservation and sustainable management of all chondrichthyan species in australia .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are potential issues regarding eastern and western subpopulations of the species and molecular work is probably needed .\njustification: urolophus paucimaculatus is an abundant endemic species distributed throughout southern australia on sandy and seagrass substrates. this stingaree is a significant component of the bycatch of seine and trawl fisheries in southeastern and southwestern australia, though its distribution far exceeds the extent of these fisheries. the species has no current commercial value but is edible and has the potential to be utilised in the future. eastern and western populations may be distinct but further research is required to verify this. with a wide southern australian distribution and its abundant status (abundance has increased in some areas, i. e. , port phillip bay, victoria) the species is assessed as least concern. however, given the low fecundity of the species (1 to 2 young per year in wa; 1 to 6 per year in se australia), the high abortion rates among pregnant females landed by trawlers is the only real threat to this species and the catches of this species as bycatch should be monitored into the future .\nurolophus paucimaculatus is known to inhabit most southern australian continental waters where it is distributed widely across a variety of soft substrates, from shallow bays and inlets to the open continental shelf: from northern new south wales (31°50' s) to lancelin in western australia (31°00' s) including victoria, tasmania and south australia (last and stevens 1994). the species has undergone a southward range expansion in recent decades .\nthis species is one of the most abundant and widely distributed benthic chondrichthyans found in southern australian waters, but little is not known about whether subpopulations or fragmentation occur. however, the southwestern population and the southeastern populations appear to be separated. in port phillip bay, victoria, local abundances can be correlated with the catch of recreational and commercial benthic fish species and increases in the abundance of u. paucimaculatus were recorded from 1970 to 1991, probably due to a reduction in the abundance of competitors (hobday et al. 1999) .\nthis species is demersal on the inner continental shelf over sandy and seagrass substrates from the shore to 150 m depth or more, including shallow bays and inlets (last and stevens 1994). in se australia it is generally found < 80 m depth and occurs deeper in the great australian bight. the species exhibits aplacental viviparity with uterine trophonemata and histotroph but demonstrates extreme atrophy of the left ovary and uterus. ovulation occurs between spring and early summer in se australia. litter size 1 to 2 in sw australia and varies 1 to 6 in se australia, with larger mothers carrying more young than smaller mothers. spontaneous abortion occurs at all sizes of pregnant animals when handled or caught in fishing gear. the sex ratio of embryos in se australia is 1: 1. diet consists primarily of crustaceans, in particular mysids, carid decapods and amphipods (platell et al. 1998). life history parameters for both se australia (trinnie 2003) and sw australia (white and potter in prep) are given in the table below. life history parameters age at maturity: se aust: ~ 3 years at 50% maturity, sw aust: 5 years (female); se aust: ~ 2. 5 years at 50% maturity, sw aust: 3 years (male). size at maturity (total length / dic width): se aust: 50% mature at 27 cm tl, sw aust: 50% mature at 22. 3 cm dw (female); se aust: 50% mature at 27. 8 cm tl, sw aust: 50% mature at 20. 7 cm dw (male). longevity: se aust: 9 + years (females); 8 + years (males); sw aust: 14 years. maximum size (total length / disc width): se aust: 50 cm tl (females); 42 cm tl (males); sw aust: 27. 2 cm dw. size at birth: se aust: ~ 15. 0 to 15. 5 cm tl; sw aust: 12. 6 cm dw. average reproductive age (years): unknown. gestation time: se aust: ~ 1 year; sw aust: 10 months. reproductive periodicity: 1 litter per annum. average annual fecundity or litter size: se aust: 1 - 6 dependant on maternal size; sw aust: 1 to 2. annual rate of population increase: unknown. natural mortality: unknown .\nse australia: urolophus paucimaculatus is commonly taken as bycatch in danish and inshore beach seines in the southern and eastern scalefish and shark fishery (sessf). the demersal monofilament gillnets and longlines of the shark fishery in southern australia catch only small numbers and have no effect on the abundance of this species (walker et al. 2002). rapid risk assessment of the catch susceptibility defined from\navailability\n,\nselectivity\n,\nencounterability\nand\npost - capture mortality\n, rates this species as low to all fishing methods in the sessf (t. i. walker, unpublished data). of animals caught and released, there would be some loss of aborting embryos in pregnant animals from the effects of capture and handling. although encounterability and selectivity are high for demersal trawl, availability is low because most of the population is distributed outside the range of this fishery. sw australia: a trawl survey of demersal fishes on the coastal shelf regions of sw australia in the early 1990s reported that u. paucimaculatus constituted 5. 2% of the total biomass of fish caught (laurenson et al. 1994, hyndes et al. 1999). only a small number of trawlers operate within the range of this species and no other fisheries catch urolophids in the sw portion of its range. although females often abort embryos after capture, the low level of fishing pressure in sw australia appears to be sustainable with respect to this species. south australia / great australian bight: the species was reported as a negligible component of bycatch in the spencer gulf prawn fishery by carrick (1997). this fishery is part of the south australian prawn fisheries and effort outside of spencer gulf and gulf saint vincent is low. indeed, a large portion of the range of u. paucimaculatus receives little fishing, i. e. large parts of inshore areas of the great australian bight. the great australian bight trawl sector of the sessf operates at depths exceeding that of u. paucimaculatus .\ncurrent monitoring of several areas in se australia is being conducted to better understand its population dynamics and to determine its life history characteristics. research is required to determine if eastern and western populations are distinct. the extensive network of (small) marine protected areas in southern australia will provide conservation benefits to this and other elasmobranch species. the effective implementation of the australian national plan of action for the conservation and management of sharks (shark advisory group and lack 2004) (under the fao international plan of action for the conservation and management of sharks: ipoa - sharks) will help to facilitate the conservation and sustainable management of all chondrichthyan species in australia .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\natlantic, indian and pacific oceans. well - developed caudal fin; tail moderately long; outer anterior margin of pectorals continuous along side of head. most species with one or more long poisonous spines on tail .\ngreek, oura = tail + greek, lophos = crest (ref. 45335) .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions, which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather, it reflects the current content of fishbase, and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes. however, we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase, to start new work on the family, or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value. in particular, for published scientific, we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research, but again, not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised, the list is not complete, please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes (genera, species), including those with uncertain or unknown status, that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes (not shown but used to sort names) .\nin the column coff, the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff: 0: not checked; 1: same status; 2: different status; 3: other combination; 4: synonym in coff; 5: species / subspecies issue; 6: synonym of another species in coff; 7: not in coff; 8: should not be in coff. the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 (ref. 97102) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized, nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first (or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized) then other genera by chronological order of description (and alphabetical order) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order (and alphabetical order), with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\nuse the table to access images and fact sheets of the urolophid fishes on the site .\ncompagno, leonard j. v. / hamlett, william c. , ed .\nnelson, joseph s. , edwin j. crossman, h. espinosa - pérez, l. t. findley, c. r. gilbert, et al. , eds .\nfull author list: nelson, joseph s. , edwin j. crossman, héctor espinosa - pérez, lloyd t. findley, carter r. gilbert, robert n. lea, and james d. williams\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nvan der laan, r. ; eschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. (2014). family - group names of recent fishes. zootaxa. 3882 (1): 1 - 230. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\neschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. ; van der laan, r. (eds). (2017). catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. electronic version. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nyearsley, g. k. , last, p. r. & morris, g. b. 1997 ,\ncodes for australian aquatic biota (caab): an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases\n, pp. 15 pp. + appendices\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 371ed595 - dec8 - 4d5b - 8f4d - 61165ee0edd8\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 5b350f62 - 1a03 - 4410 - ad07 - 3a047ca135be\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 271477\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nschool of biological sciences and biotechnology, division of science and engineering, murdoch university, murdoch, western australia 6150, australia tel. : + 61 - 8 - 9360 2524; fax: + 61 - 8 - 9360 6303 e - mail: i - potter @ urltoken\nin rays of the world: supplementary information (last, p. r. & yearsley, g. k. , eds), csiro special publication: 1–10\nin: last, p. r. , white, w. t. , carvalho, m. r. de, séret, b. , stehmann, m. f. w & naylor, g. j. p (eds .) rays of the world. csiro publishing, melbourne: 25–30\nin: last, p. r. , white, w. t. , carvalho, m. r. de, séret, b. , stehmann, m. f. w & naylor, g. j. p (eds .) rays of the world. csiro publishing, melbourne: 31–48\nin: last, p. r. , white, w. t. , carvalho, m. r. de, séret, b. , stehmann, m. f. w & naylor, g. j. p (eds .) rays of the world. csiro publishing, melbourne: 676–705\nlast, p. r. & white, w. t. & caira, j. n. & dharmadi & fahmi & jensen, k. & lim, a. p. k. & manjaji - matsumoto, b. m. & naylor, g. j. p. & pogonoski, j. j. & stevens, j. d. & yearsley, g. k. (2010 )\na new species of sawshark, pristiophorus delicatus sp. nov. (pristiophoriformes: pristiophoridae), from northeastern australia .\na review of the australian skate genus pavoraja whitley (rajiformes: arhynchobatidae) .\npart 10 - squalus hemipinnis sp. nov, a new short - snouted spurdog from eastern indonesia .\npart 11 - clarification of the status of squalus tasmaniensis and a diagnosis of squalus acanthias from australasia, including a key to the indo - australasian species of squalus .\npart 2 - squalus crassispinus sp nov. , a new spurdog of the megalops - cubensis group from the eastern indian ocean .\npastinachus solocirostris sp. nov. , a new species of stingray (elasmobranchii: myliobatiformes) from the indo - malay archipelago .\naustralian seafood handbook (imported species). an identification guide to imported species .\ncsiro div. of marine research / fisheries research & development corporation. 84 p .\npavoraja (insentiraja) laxipella, a new subgenus and species of skate (chondrichthyes: rajoidei) from the western pacific .\nhost - parasite list / parasite - host list (version: 01. 04. 2015) 544 pp, 5, 37 mb new !\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\ncurrent address: section of ecology and systematics, division of biological sciences, cornell university, ithaca, n. y. 14853 - 2701. usa .\nthe neotropical freshwater family potamotrygonidae appears to be the only stingray group that has radiated in a non - marine environment. to assess the affinities of potamotrygonids to other rays, a phylogenetic analysis was undertaken using 39 morphological characters from 18 stingray groups. the single tree produced (ci = 0. 80, ri = 0. 88) suggests that neotropical freshwater rays are a monophyletic group, and that within potamotrygonidae, paratrygon is basal to a clade composed of plesiotrygon and potamotrygon. the sister group to potamotrygonids was determined to be amphi - american himantura — these taxa share synapomorphies of the ventral mandibular musculature and the hyomandibular / mandibular articulation. the topology suggests that potamotrygonids are derived from a freshwater - invading ancestor that was distributed along the northern coast of south america (pacific and caribbean) prior to the emergence of the isthmus of panama. this hypothesis conflicts with parasite - based biogeographic scenarios of a stricdy pacific origin for potamotrygonids. general systematic results concerning urolophids, dasyatids, and pelagic myliobatoid stingrays are also discussed .\ngeology and tectonics of northern south america. iii geodynamics bulletin, republica de venezuela, publicatión especial 9, caracas, venezuela\n. direction general del institute national de pesca, serie cientifica, no. 19 .\nthe visceral arches of dasyatis uarnak. bulletin of faculty of science, cairo university\n. embryological, morphological and phylogenetical researches. part i. development of the skull in sharks and rays .\n. embryological, morphological and phylogenetical researches. part ii. comparative anatomy of the adult selachian skull, with remarks on the dorsal fin in sharks .\n. an embryological, morphological and phylogenetical study. part iv. general morphology of the head in fish .\nthe evolution of the skull and cephalic muscles: a comparative study of the development and adult morphology. part i. fishes\n. unpublished d. phil thesis, texas a & m university, college station, texas .\n. unpublished d. phil. thesis, college of william and mary, williamsburg, virginia .\nfurther observations on the gestation of indian rays; being natural history notes from h. m. indian marine survey steamer ‘investigator’, commander r. f. hoskyn, r. n. , commanding\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. it furthers the university' s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription .\nthe classification schema above genus level is limited in fishbase to classes, orders, families and subfamilies ranks (the latter not yet displayed). it has the advantage to keep it simple; it has the disadvantage to ignore some important clades in fish phylogeny like chondrichthyes, teleostei, acanthomorpha, percomorpha .\nin general, it follows nelson' s fishes of the world (2006) with the noticeable exception of elasmobranchii and holocephali being elevated to class rank but at family level, fishbase may follow eschmeyer' s catalog of fishes that is updated more frequently to integrate new stable groupings .\nnumber of taxa from orders to species are given for what they are, a useful tool for information and database management. the design of some analyses (so - called biodiversity analyses) that uses these numbers must be carefully assessed before processing (see footnote for some critical points) .\ncatalog of fishes gives also number of species, including available names in the sense of the international code of zoological nomenclature, which we don' t have. possible discrepancies between the species and genera numbers are explained in bailly (2010). as catalog of fishes is updated ahead of fishbase, the numbers given there are in general more accurate .\nwiley and johnson published a new classification for teleostei (2010). they propose to stabilize several hypotheses published recently or some (long) time ago by listing the known evidences (synapomorphies). fishbase will follow this new arrangement as soon as the ichthyological community endorses it, e. g. , as published in a next version of fishes of the world. in the meantime, to avoid confusion for non - specialists, we hold on the current one. note that the numbers of species given below does not take into account subspecies .\nfootnote: minelli makes a definitive point about ranking as being an arbitrary and subjective decision :\nthe main difficulty resides in determining whether two clades in distant parts of the phylogenetic tree deserve [ being ] acknowledged [ at ] the same rank or not .\n( minelli, 2009: 11) .\nbut all this amounts to counting fruit by adding apples and cherries .\n( minelli, 2009: 12). in other words, if counting orders, families, and genera in a narrow context (e. g. , number of genera in subfamilies of the same family) may be locally sensible (within a phylogenetic tree / classification), counting families across classes or orders is most often irrelevant: for instance, why assigning clown - fishes only the subfamily rank (pomacentridae: amphiprioninae) while the moorish idol has a family of its own (zanclidae), and not a subfamily in acanthuridae? references: bailly, n. , 2010. why there may be discrepancies in the assessment of scientific names between the catalog of fishes and fishbase. electronic document. [ version 2, may 6th, 2010 ]. urltoken eschmeyer, w. n. (ed .). catalog of fishes. successive updated online versions urltoken eschmeyer, w. n. and j. d. fong. species of fishes by family / subfamily. successive updated online versions. urltoken minelli, a. , 2009. perspectives in animal phylogeny. oxford university press. nelson, j. s. , 2006. fishes of the world. 4th ed. hoboken (new jersey, usa): john wiley & sons. xix + 601 p. [ ref. 58010 ] wiley, e. o. and g. d. johnson, 2010. pp. 123 - 182. a teleost classification based on monophyletic groups. in: origin and phylogenetic interrelationships of teleosts. honoring gloria arratia. proceedings of the international symposium at the asih annual meeting in st. louis, missouri, 2007. (nelson et al. , eds). münchen (germany): verlag dr. friedrich pfeil. [ ref. 84927 ]\nphp script by mortiz, 13. 08. 10, last modified by sortiz, 07. 07. 17\ncréée le 28 janvier 1976, la société française d’ichtyologie s’est développée et internationalisée rapidement. malgré un changement de statut en 1988, ses objectifs n’ont pas varié depuis 1976. c’est pour répondre au quatrième point de ses objectifs – assurer la liaison entre ses membres par la diffusion d’une publication spécifique – que la revue cybium fut créée dès 1977. la sfi a pris aussi l’initiative de publier ou d’aider à publier certains ouvrages qui ont fait l’objet ou non de numéros spéciaux de la revue .\ncybium, éditée par la société française d’ichtyologie, publie des articles originaux, des articles de synthèse, des résumés de thèse, des analyses bibliographiques et des informations intéressant les membres de la société ou l’ensemble des ichtyologistes. les sujets traités doivent avoir un rapport direct avec l’ichtyologie générale, fondamentale ou appliquée, qu’il s’agisse de poissons d’eau douce ou de poissons marins, actuels ou fossiles .\nthe europeen society of marine biotechnology (esmb) and the tunisian association of bioressources valorization (atvab) will organize the international congress for marine biotechnology on 17th -... lire la suite\nvous trouverez ci - dessous le le compte rendu des rif18 ainsi que le livre des résumés et quelques photos .\nseminiferous tubule number and surface: validation of objective parameters to estimate reproduction activity of male european anchovy (engraulis encrasicolus, l. )\nphysiculus sudanensis paulin, 1989, a junior synonym of p. dalwigki kaup, 1858 (teleostei, gadiformes, moridae), with a redescription of p. dalwigki\ng. prestes - carneiro, p. béarez, k. dillenseger, t. yunoki\nurolophids can be found in the eastern indian ocean, the western pacific, the eastern pacific from california to chile, and the western atlantic, including the caribbean. they are not known in the western indian ocean, the mediterranean, or the eastern atlantic .\nurolophids, or stingarees, are rays with a rounded, oval, or rhomboidal disc created by the pectoral fins. the disc is less than 1. 3 times as broad as it is long. their snouts are confluent with the rest of the disc. from the side they appear relatively flat, with the head not elevated. the spiracles (respiratory openings) are close behind the eyes, which are dorsolateral (above and to either side) on the head. the mouth is small and located on the underside of the snout, and often has several papillae on its floor. teeth are small and do not form flat crushing plates as in some other rays. there are five pairs of small gill openings, and the internal gill arches do not have filter plates or ridges. some stingarees lack a dorsal fin; in others the fin is small, located just in front of the sting and behind the pelvic fins. the serrated stinging spine, located about halfway down the tail, is large and functional. a distinguishing feature of these rays is the presence of a moderately large, elongated caudal fin that extends to the tip of the tail. in the genus\n. in coloration stingarees range from uniform grayish, yellowish, or brownish, to patterns of spots, reticulations, or dark mask - like bands. their discs may be smooth or covered with small denticles. these rays tend to be small, not more than 76 cm in length .\nonly a few species of elasmobranchs have been observed during courtship and mating. however, stingarees have a system that involves internal fertilization, so it can logically be inferred that mating communication between male and female must happen to an extent that allows the male to insert at least one of his two claspers (male reproductive organs that are modifications of the pelvic fins) into the female’s cloaca to deposit sperm. elasmobranch fishes have relatively complex endocrine (hormonal) systems; based on knowledge of other vertebrates with similar systems, it is likely that females signal to males through chemical or behavioral cues to indicate when their hormonal state is appropriate for mating. in" ]

{ "text": [ "the urolophidae are a family of rays in the order myliobatiformes , commonly known as stingarees or round stingrays .", "this family formerly included the genera urobatis and urotrygon of the americas , which are presently recognized as forming their own family urotrygonidae .", "stingarees are found in the indo-pacific region , with the greatest diversity off australia .", "they are sluggish , bottom-dwelling fish that have been recorded from shallow waters close to shore to deep waters over the upper continental slope .", "measuring between 15 and 80 cm ( 5.9 and 31.5 in ) long , these rays have oval to diamond-shaped pectoral fin discs and relatively short tails that terminate in leaf-shaped caudal fins , and may also have small dorsal fins and lateral skin folds .", "most are smooth-skinned , and some have ornate dorsal color patterns .", "stingarees feed on or near the sea floor , consuming small invertebrates and occasionally bony fishes .", "they are aplacental viviparous , meaning their embryos emerge from eggs inside the uterus , and are sustained to term first by yolk and later by maternally produced histotroph ( \" uterine milk \" ) .", "as far is known , the gestation period lasts around a year and litter sizes tend to be small .", "stingarees have one or two relatively large , venomous stinging spines on their tail for defense , with which they can inflict a painful wound on humans .", "generally , stingarees have no economic value .", "some species form a substantial component of the bycatch of commercial trawl fisheries . " ], "topic": [ 26, 26, 13, 18, 23, 23, 8, 22, 14, 4, 19, 15 ] }

[ "the urolophidae are a family of rays in the order myliobatiformes, commonly known as stingarees or round stingrays. this family formerly included the genera urobatis and urotrygon of the americas, which are presently recognized as forming their own family urotrygonidae. stingarees are found in the indo-pacific region, with the greatest diversity off australia. they are sluggish, bottom-dwelling fish that have been recorded from shallow waters close to shore to deep waters over the upper continental slope. measuring between 15 and 80 cm (5.9 and 31.5 in) long, these rays have oval to diamond-shaped pectoral fin discs and relatively short tails that terminate in leaf-shaped caudal fins, and may also have small dorsal fins and lateral skin folds. most are smooth-skinned, and some have ornate dorsal color patterns. stingarees feed on or near the sea floor, consuming small invertebrates and occasionally bony fishes. they are aplacental viviparous, meaning their embryos emerge from eggs inside the uterus, and are sustained to term first by yolk and later by maternally produced histotroph (\" uterine milk \"). as far is known, the gestation period lasts around a year and litter sizes tend to be small. stingarees have one or two relatively large, venomous stinging spines on their tail for defense, with which they can inflict a painful wound on humans. generally, stingarees have no economic value. some species form a substantial component of the bycatch of commercial trawl fisheries." ]

[ "coluber boddaerti sentzen 1796: 59 herpetodryas boddaertii — schlegel 1837: 185 herpetodryas boddaertii — duméril & bibron 1854: 210 drymobius boddaerti — cope 1885: 183 herpetodryas boddaertii — garman 1887: 284 drymobius boddaertii — boulenger 1894: 11 dryadophis boddaerti — stuart 1939: 55 dryadophis boddaertii — roze 1958: 264 dryadophis boddaertii — hoge 1964: 76 mastigodryas boddaerti — gorzula & señaris 1999 mastigodryas boddaerti — wallach et al. 2014: 428 mastigodryas boddaerti boddaerti (sentzen 1796) coluber boddaerti sentzen 1796: 59 coluber fuscus hallowell 1845: 241 herpetodryas rappii günther 1858: 116 herpetodryas reticulata peters 1863: 285 dryadophis boddaerti boddaerti — stuart 1941: 66 dryadophis boddaerti boddaerti — beebe 1946: 25 mastigodryas boddaerti boddaerti — peters & orejas - miranda 1970: 193 mastigodryas boddaerti boddaerti — gasc & rodrigues 1980 mastigodryas boddaertii dunni (stuart 1933) eudryas dunni stuart 1933: 5 dryadophis dunni — stuart 1939: 55 dryadophis boddaertii dunni — stuart 1941: 76 masticophis boddaertii dunni — peters & orejas - miranda 1970: 193 mastigodryas boddaertii dunni — mertens 1972 mastigodryas boddaertii dunni — boos 2001 mastigodryas boddaerti ruthveni (stuart 1933) eudryas ruthveni stuart 1933: 4 dryadophis ruthveni — stuart 1939: 55 dryadophis boddaertii ruthveni — stuart 1941 mastigodryas boddaerti ruthveni — peters & orejas - miranda 1970: 193\nthe machete couesse or neotropical whipsnake (mastigodryas boddaerti) is an often seen trinidad snake because it is terrestrial, diurnal, a ...\nroberto, igor joventino. 2011. mastigodryas boddaerti (boddaert' s tropical racer) defensive behavior. herpetological review 42 (3): 440 - get paper here\nmasticophis melanolomus cope 1868: 134 eudryas boddaerti melanolomus x laevis — stuart 1935: 48 eudryas boddaerti melanolomus — schmidt & andrews 1936 eudryas boddaerti melanolomus — gaige 1936 dryadophis melanolomus — stuart 1939: 55 (by implication) dryadophis sanguiventris taylor 1954: 722 dryadophis melanolomus — martin 1958 dryadophis melanolomus melanolomus — neill & allen 1959 mastigodryas sanguiventris — peters & orejas - miranda 1970: 195 mastigodryas melanolomus — peters & orejas - miranda 1970: 194 dryadophis melanolomus — villa et al. 1988 dryadophis melanolomus — liner 1994 dryadophis melanomus [ sic ] — monroy ibarra et al. 1996 dryadophis melanolomus — lee 2000: 285 mastigodryas melanolomus — torres - carvajal 2004 mastigodryas melanolomus — dixon & tipton 2004 dryadophis melanolomus — mccranie & castañeda 2005 dryadophis melanolomus — köhler et al. 2005 mastigodryas melanolomus — wallach et al. 2014: 429 mastigodryas melanolomus laevis (fischer 1881) herpetodryas laevis fischer 1881: 227 dromicus coeruleus fischer 1885: 103 drymobius boddaerti var. modesta werner 1903: 346 dryadophis melanolomus laevis — stuart 1941: 86 mastigodryas melanolomus laevis — peters & orejas - miranda 1970 mastigodryas melanolomus stuarti (smith 1943) dryadophis melanolomus stuarti smith 1943: 418 dryadophis melanolomus stuarti — webb 1984 mastigodryas melanolomus tehuanae (smith 1943) dryadophis melanolomus tehuanae smith 1943: 420 mastigodryas melanolomus tehuanae — peters & orejas - miranda 1970 mastigodryas melanolomus veraecrucis stuart 1941 dryadophis melanolomus veraecrucis — taylor 1949: 199\nfreiberg, m. 1982. snakes of south america. t. f. h. publications. hong kong. 189 pp. isbn 0 - 87666 - 912 - 7. (mastigodryas boddaerti, p. 104. )\nbeolens, bo; michael watkins; michael grayson. 2011. the eponym dictionary of reptiles. johns hopkins university press. baltimore. xiii + 312 pp. isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5. (mastigodryas boddaerti, p. 29. )\noliveira, elciomar araujo de, emil josé hernández - ruz, joyce celerino de carvalho, marcos diones ferreira santana, leandro wronsk da silva and kleiton rabelo de araújo. 2013. mastigodryas boddaerti (boddaert' s tropical racer) reproduction. herpetological review 44 (2): 332\nthis species has often been placed in the genus dryadophis, but dixon and tipton (2004) placed it in mastigodryas on the basis of seniority .\nsiqueira, débora m. ; loana p. nascimento, and maria cristina dos santos - costa 2012. feeding biology of boddaert' s tropical racer, mastigodryas boddaerti (serpentes, colubridae) from the brazilian amazon. south american j. herp. 7 (3): 226 - 232. - get paper here\nmastigodryas boddaerti (sentzen, 1796): hoff & daszkiewicz (2001): 35. [ statut pour la guyane française ] hoff, m. & daszkiewicz, p. , (coord .) 2001. index faunistique de la guyane française. i: les vertébrés. patrimoines naturels, 35: 1 - 66 .\nsiqueira, d. m; l. p. ; nascimento & m. c. santos - costa. 2012. feeding biology of boddaert' s tropical racer, mastigodryas boddaerti (serpentes, colubridae) from the brazilian amazon. south american journal of herpetology 7 (3): 226 - 232. [ links ]\nescalante - pasos, jorge armín and elí garcía - padilla 2015. mastigodryas melanolomus (cope, 1868). mesoamerican herpetology 2 (2): 206 - get paper here\nholotype: usnm 24985, an 1124 mm specimen (a. schott). holotype: kumnh no. 31978 [ sanguiventris ] holotype: zsm 1627 / 0, adult [ drymobius boddaerti var. modesta ]\nferreira, v. l. & a. b. outeiral. 1998. mastigodryas bifossatus (jararaca do banhado). tail breakage. herpetolological review 29 (1): 242. [ links ]\noviedo - brenes, federico, josé miguel chaves - fallas and juan g. abarca. 2013. mastigodryas melanolomus (salmon - bellied racer) defensive behavior. herpetological review 44 (4): 693\ngoldberg, s. r. 2006. reproductive cycle of the salmon - bellied racer, mastigodryas melanolomus (serpentes, colubridae) from costa rica. phyllomedusa 5 (2): 145 - 148. [ links ]\ndixon, james r. ; tipton, bob l. 2004. dryadophis versus mastigodryas (ophidia: colubridae): a proposed solution. herpetological review 35 (4): 347 - 348. - get paper here\ngoldberg s. r. 2006. reproductive cycle of the salmon - ellied racer, mastigodryas melanolomus (serpentes, colubridae), from costa rica. phyllomedusa 5 (2): 145 - 148 - get paper here\nsynonymy and subspecies after peters & orejas - miranda 1970. synonymization of herpetodryas reticulata with dryadophis boddaerti by stuart 1941 is questionable according to peters & orejas - miranda 1970. type species: coluber boddaerti is the type species of the genus eudryas fitzinger 1843: 26. however, the genus name is pre - occupied by eudryas boisduval 1836 (lepidoptera). stuart 1939 proposed dryadophis as replacement name for eudryas fitzinger. distribution: not in ecuador fide omar torres - carvajal, pers. comm. , 8 sep 2016 .\nmontingelli, g. g. & h. zaher. 2011. new species of mastigodryas amaral, 1934 from brazilian amazonia and guyana (serpentes: colubridae). journal of herpetology 45 (1): 111 - 119. [ links ]\nmarques, o. a. v. & a. p. muriel. 2007. reproductive biology and food habits of the swamp racer mastigodryas bifossatus from southeastern south america. herpetological journal 17 (2): 104 - 109. [ links ]\nthe reproductive biology of m. boddaerti is poorly known, except for some data on fecundity, e. g. , a female captured in eastern pará, brazil, which contained six eggs, and a neonate observed in the region of manaus, in the central amazon basin, in the month of april (martins & oliveira 1998). the present study analyzes the sexual maturity, fecundity, and reproductive cycle of m. boddaerti populations from the brazilian amazon and the cerrado savannas of central brazil to describe patterns of sexual dimorphism between regions .\ndourado, a. c. ; l. oliveira & a. l. c. prudente. 2013. pseudoautotomy in dendrophidion dendrophis and mastigodryas bifossatus (serpentes: colubridae): tail morphology and breakage frequency. copeia 2013 (1): 132 - 141. [ links ]\nleite, p. t. ; s. f. nunes; i. g. kaefer & s. z. cechin, s. z. 2009. reproductive biology of the swamp racer mastigodryas bifossatus (serpentes: colubridae) in subtropical brazil. zoologia 26 (1): 12 - 18. [ links ]\nleite et al. (2009) also observed relatively large mastigodryas bifossatus (raddi, 1820) females in the subtropical region of southern brazil. in southeastern brazil, however, marques & muriel (2007) found no sexual size dimorphism in m. bifossatus. in snakes, deviations of this type in the degree of sexual size dimorphism may occur as a result of distinct growth rates in different populations, related to the consumption of prey with varying nutritional value, associated with selective pressures which favor differences in body size between the sexes (madsen & shine 1993, krause et al. 2003) .\namazonian females of m. boddaerti contained one to nine secondary follicles, with a mean of 5. 2 (n = 41). among this sample we encountered four gravid females carrying one to six eggs, with a mean of 3. 0. two pregnant snakes also had secondary follicles in the ovaries. in the sample from the cerrado, the number of secondary follicles (n = 4) varied from four to 11 (mean = 6. 4), and two females had four and six eggs, respectively. no relationship was found between the number of secondary follicles or eggs and the size (svl) of the females collected in the amazon region (r² = 0. 007, p = 0. 588, n = 40). it was not possible to analyze the cerrado group due to the small number of pregnant females in this sample .\na total of 321 specimens of m. boddaerti were examined, 221 of which were collected in the brazilian amazon, in the states of amazonas, rondônia, roraima, pará, amapá, amazonas, mato grosso, and maranhão, while the other 100 specimens were obtained from the cerrado domain, including localities in the brazilian states of mato grosso, mato grosso do sul, tocantins, maranhão, goiás, and distrito federal. the specimens were obtained from the following institutions: museu paraense emílio goeldi (mpeg), instituto nacional de pesquisas da amazônia (inpa), instituto butantan (ibsp), museu de zoologia da universidade de são paulo (mzusp), universidade federal do mato grosso (ufmt), universidade de brasília (chunb), and museu de ciências e tecnologia da pontifícia universidade católica do rio grande do sul (mcp - pucrs) (appendix 1) .\non average, mature m. boddaerti females (n = 102) were significantly larger (svl) than mature males (n = 99) (t = 7. 734, p < 0, 001) (table i). the degree of size dimorphism was significantly greater (two - way anova: f = 4. 586, p < 0. 05) in the sample from the cerrado savanna (females = 27, males = 41), where ssd = 0. 184, in comparison with that from the amazon rainforest (females = 75, males = 58), where ssd = 0. 102 (fig. 1). no difference was found in the robustness of the two sexes, either in the sample from the amazon (ancova: f 1, 126 = 0. 00009, p = 0. 756, males = 58, females = 70) or in that from the cerrado (ancova: f 1, 58 = 0. 660, p = 0. 420, males = 40, females = 21), indicating a lack of dimorphism .\nthe pattern of sexual dimorphism observed in m. boddaerti, in which females are generally larger than males, is typical for many snakes (orofino et al. 2010, pizzatto & marques 2002, marques et al. 2006, pizzatto et al. 2008, scartozzoni et al. 2009, zanella & cechin 2010). sexual dimorphism in which males are larger than females is normally restricted to species in which males compete directly for access to breeding females (shine 1993), as within chironius fitzinger, 1826, in which the males of most species attain larger sizes than females and are likely to display male - male combat (almeida - santos & marques 2002, marques et al. 2009). a larger body size may have different consequences for males and females. for instance, larger females have more internal space for the development of eggs or embryos, as well as for the storage of the energy reserves necessary for the reproductive process (bonnet et al. 1998). for the males, on the other hand, a smaller body may provide greater agility during the search for breeding females, as well as reduce the costs of locomotion and general metabolism (rivas & burghardt 2001) .\ncolombia (valle del cauca), venezuela (cojedes), bolivia, w brazil (bahiá, amazonas, pará, rondonia, goiás [ hr 32: 278 ], mato grosso, piauí), trinidad, french guiana, guyana, peru .\nruthveni: colombia; type locality: magdalena, sierra nevada de santa marta, slopes san lorenzo, 1676 m elevation .\nnote: tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well. we are working on it .\ntype: ansp 5651 (fide koch et al. 2018), unknown fide peters 1960 holotype: ansp 5651; colombia, within 200 m. of caracas, venezuela [ coluber fuscus hallowell 1845 ] holotype: ummz [ ruthveni ]\nnamed after dr. pieter boddaert (1730 - 1796), a physician, naturalist, zoologist, ornithologist, and physiologist who lectured on natural history at the university of utrecht (1793) and corresponded regularly with linnaeus (from beolens et al. 2011) .\návila, r. w. ; r. a. kawashita - ribeiro. 2011. herpetofauna of são joão da barra hydroelectric plant, state of mato grosso, brazil. check list 7 (6): 750 - 755 - get paper here\nbarbour, t. 1915. recent notes regarding west indian reptiles and amphibians. proc. biol. soc. washington 28: 71 - 78 - get paper here\nbeebe, william 1946. field notes on the snakes of kartabo, british guiana, and caripito, venezuela. zoologica 31: 11 - 52 - get paper here\nbeolens, bo; michael watkins, and michael grayson 2011. the eponym dictionary of reptiles. johns hopkins university press, baltimore, usa - get paper here\nbernarde, p. s. , albuquerque, s. , barros, t. o. & turci, l. c. b. 2012. serpentes do estado de rondônia, brasil. biota neotrop. 12 (3): 1 - 29 - get paper here\nblanco - torres, argelina; lina báez s. , edgar patiño - flores, juan m. renjifo - r. 2013. herpetofauna from the middle valley of the ranchería river, la guajira, colombia rev. biodivers. neotrop. 3 (2): 113 - 22\nboos, h. e. a. 1984. the terrestrial reptiles of monos island. living world - get paper here\nboos, h. e. a. 2001. the snakes of trinidad and tobago. texas a & m university press, 270 pp .\nboulenger, george a. 1894. catalogue of the snakes in the british museum (natural history). volume ii. , containing the conclusion of the colubridæ aglyphæ. british mus. (nat. hist .), london, xi, 382 pp. - get paper here\ncarrera, c. et al. 2009. guía de campo de los pequeños vertebrados del distrito metropolitano de quito (dmq). publicación miscelánea n° 5. serie de publicaciones del museo ecuatoriano de ciencias naturales (mecn) – fondo ambiental del mdmq. 1 - 89 pp. imprenta nuevo arte. quito - ecuador .\ncastro - herrera, f. & vargas - salinas, f. 2008. anfibios y reptiles en el departamento del valle del cauca, colombia. biota colombiana 9 (2): 251 - 277 - get paper here\ncastro - herrera, fernando; anyelet valencia - aguilar, diego villaquiran - martínez 2012. diversidad de anfibios y reptiles del parque nacional natural isla gorgona universidad del valle, santiago de cali, valle del cauca, 112 pp .\nclaessen, h. 2003. de slangen van de guyanas deel vii. lacerta 61 (6): 221 - 234 - get paper here\ncole, charles j. ; carol r. townsend, robert p. reynolds, ross d. macculloch, and amy lathrop 2013. amphibians and reptiles of guyana, south america: illustrated keys, annotated species accounts, and a biogeographic synopsis. proceedings of the biological society of washington 125 (4): 317 - 578; plates: 580 - 620 - get paper here\ncope, e. d. 1885. twelfth contribution to the herpetology of tropical america. proc. amer. philos. soc. 22: 167 - 194 [ 1884 ] - get paper here\nfraga r de, stow aj, magnusson we, lima ap 2014. the costs of evaluating species densities and composition of snakes to assess development impacts in amazonia. plos one 9 (8): e105453. doi: 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0105453 - get paper here\nfranca, f. g. r. ; mesquita, daniel oliveira and guarino rinaldi colli 2006. a checklist of snakes from amazonian savannas in brazil, housed in the coleção herpetológica da universidade de brasília, with new distribution records. occ. pap. oklahoma mus. nat. hist. , univ. oklahoma 17: 1 - 13\nfrota, j. g. da; pedroso dos santos - jr, alfredo; menezes - chalkidis, h. de & guimarães guedes, a. 2005. as serpentes da região do baixo rio amazonas, oeste do estado do pará, brasil (squamata). biociências 13 (2): 211 - 220\ngarman, s. 1887. on west indian reptiles in the museum of comparative zoology at cambridge, mass. proc. amer. philos. soc. 24: 278 - 286. - get paper here\ngasc & rodrigues 1980. liste preliminaire des serpents de la guyane francaise. bull. mus. nat. hist. nat. paris 2 (4): 559 - 598\ngorzula, stefan & senaris, j. celsa 1999. in: contribution to the herpetofauna of the venezuelan guayana. i: a data base. scientia guaianae, caracas, no. 8 [ 1998 ], 269 + pp. ; isbn 980 - 6020 - 48 - 0\ngünther, a. 1858. catalogue of colubrine snakes of the british museum. london, i - xvi, 1 - 281\nhallowell, e. 1845. descriptions of reptiles from south america, supposed to be new. proc. acad. nat. sci. philad. , 2: 241 - 247 - get paper here\nhoge, alphonse richard & nina, a. c. m. 1964. serpentes coletadas pelo instituto nacional de pesquisas da amazonia. mem. inst. butantan 30 [ 1960 - 1962 ]: 71 - 96 - get paper here\nkoch, claudia; pablo j. venegas, roy santa cruz, wolfgang böhme 2018. annotated checklist and key to the species of amphibians and reptiles inhabiting the northern peruvian dry forest along the andean valley of the marañón river and its tributaries zootaxa 4385 (1): 001–101 - get paper here\nlancini, a. r. & kornacker, p. m. 1989. die schlangen von venezuela. armitano editores c. a. , caracas, 1 - 381\nlarreal, j. t. ; g. a. rivas; c. portillo - quintero; t. r. barros 2012. squamata reptiles of a fragment of tropical dry forest in northwestern venezuela (lake maracaibo region). check list 8 (6): 1220 - 1224 - get paper here\nlehr, e. 2002. amphibien und reptilien in peru. natur und tier - verlag (münster), 208 pp. - get paper here\nmadella - auricchio, cláudia renata; paulo auricchio enio saraiva soares 2017. reptile species composition in the middle gurguéia and comparison with inventories in the eastern parnaíba river basin, state of piauí, brazil papéis avulsos de zoologia 57 (28): 375 - 386 ,\nmertens, r. 1972. herpetofauna tobagana. stuttgarter beitr. zur naturkunde nr. 252 22 pp. - get paper here\nmontingelli, giovanna g. ; jorge h. valencia, marco a. benavides, and hussam zaher 2012. revalidation of herpetodryas reticulata (peters, 1863) (serpentes: colubridae) from ecuador. south american j. herp. 6 (3): 189 - 197 [ 2011 ] - get paper here\nmorato, s. a. a. ; calixto, p. o. ; mendes, l. r. ; gomes, r. ; galatti, u. ; trein, f. l. ; oliveira, f. s. ; ferreira, g. n. 2014. guia fotográfico de identificação da herpetofauna da floresta nacional de saracá - taquera, estado do pará. curitiba: stcp engenharia de projetos ltda. ; porto trombetas: mrn – mineração rio do norte s. a. ; 213 p. - get paper here\nnatera - mumaw, marco; luis felipe esqueda - gonzález & manuel castelaín - fernández 2015. atlas serpientes de venezuela santiago de chile, dimacofi negocios avanzados s. a. , 456 pp. - get paper here\npérez - santos, c. & moreno, a. g. 1988. ofidios de colombia. museo reegionale di scienze naturali, torino, monographie vi, 517 pp .\npeters, james a. ; donoso - barros, roberto & orejas - miranda, braulio 1970. catalogue of the neotropical squamata: part i snakes. part ii lizards and amphisbaenians. bull. us natl. mus. 297: 347 pp. - get paper here\npeters, w. 1863. über einige neue oder weniger bekannte schlangenarten des zoologischen museums zu berlin. monatsb. königl. akad. wiss. berlin 1863: 272 - 289 .\nrivas fuenmayor, gilson and cesar luis barrio amorós 2005. new amphibian and reptile records from cojedes state, venezuela. herpetological review 36 (2): 205 - 209. - get paper here\nrivas, gilson a. ; césar r. molina, gabriel n. ugueto, tito r. barros, césar l. bar - rio - amorós & philippe j. r. kok 2012. reptiles of venezuela: an updated and commented checklist. zootaxa 3211: 1–64 - get paper here\nrojas - morales, julián andrés, héctor fabio arias - monsalve y gustavo a. gonzález - durán 2014. anibios y reptiles de la región centro - sur del departamento de caldas, colombia. biota colombiana 15 (1): 73 - 93 - get paper here\nroze, j. a. 1952. colección de reptiles del profesor scorza, de venezuela. acta biologica venezuelica 1 (5): 93 - 114\nroze, j. a. 1958. resultados zoologicos de la expedicion de la universidad central de venezuela a la region del auyante' pui en la guyana venezolana, abril de 1956. 5. los reptiles del auyantepui, venezuela, basandose en las colecciones de las expediciones de phelps - ta acta biol. venezuelica 2: 243 - 270 .\nsantos - costa, maria cristina dos; gleomar fabiano maschio, ana lúcia da costa prudente 2015. natural history of snakes from floresta nacional de caxiuanã, eastern amazonia, brazil herpetology notes 8: 69 - 98 - get paper here\nschmidt, karl p. & walker, warren f. 1943. peruvian snakes from the university of arequipa. zoological series of field museum of zoology 24 (26): 279 - 296 - get paper here\nschmidt, kp 1932. reptiles and amphibians from the solomon islands. field mus. nat. hist. zool. ser. - 18 (9): 175 - 190 - get paper here\nseñaris, j. celsa; maría matilde aristeguieta padrón, haidy rojas gil y fernando j. m. rojas - runjaic 2018. guía ilustrada de los anfibios y reptiles del valle de caracas, venezuela. ediciones ivic, instituto venezolano de investigaciones científicas (ivic). caracas, venezuela. 348 pp .\nsilva, f. m. ; a. c. menks; a. l. c. prudente; j. c. l. costa; a. e. m. travassos; u. galatti. 2011. squamate reptiles from municipality of barcarena and surroundings, state of pará, north of brazil. check list 7 (3): 220 - 226\nstarace, fausto 1998. guide des serpents et amphisbènes de guyane. ibis rouge editions, guadeloupe, guyane, 450 pp .\nstarace, fausto 2013. guide des serpents et amphisbènes de guyane. ibis rouge editions, matoury, guyane, isbn 978 - 2 - 84450 - 407 - 4 - get paper here\nstuart, l. c. 1933. studies on neotropical colubrinae ii. some new species and subspecies of eudryas fitzinger, with an annotated list of the forms of eudryas boddaertii (sentzen). occasional papers of the museum of zoology, university of michigan (254): 1 - 10\nstuart, l. c. 1939. a new name for the genus eudryas fitzinger 1843. copeia 1939 (1): 55 - get paper here\nstuart, l. c. 1941. studies of neotropical colubrinae viii. a revision of the genus dryadophis stuart, 1939. miscellaneous publications, museum of zoology, university of michigan (49): 1 - 106 - get paper here\nvalencia - zuleta a, jaramillo - martínez af, echeverry - bocanegra a, viáfara - vega r, hernández - córdoba o, cardona - botero ve, gutiérrez - zúñiga j, castro - herrera f. 2014. conservation status of the herpetofauna, protected areas, and current problems in valle del cauca, colombia. amphibian & reptile conservation 8 (2): 1–18 (e87) - get paper here\nwallach, van; kenneth l. williams, jeff boundy 2014. snakes of the world: a catalogue of living and extinct species. taylor and francis, crc press, 1237 pp .\nwerner, franz 1901. reptilien und batrachier aus peru und bolivien. abhandl. ber. zool. anthrop. mus. dresden, 9 (2): 1 - 14 [ 1900 ]\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz (database content) and jakob hallermann, zoological museum hamburg (new species and updates) .\nthe number of species increased from 10, 711 to 10, 793, i. e. an increase of 82 species. 66 new species have been described, 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species ...\nover the past 4 months, the number of species increased from 10, 639 to 10, 711 .\nthe number of species has grown from 10, 544 in the may release to now 10, 639 (+ 95 species) .\noverall, 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .\nthe reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species, such as turtles, snakes, lizards, and crocodiles, as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians, but does not include dinosaurs .\ncurrently there are more than 10, 000 species and an additional 2, 700 subspecies. this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish (~ 25, 000 species) and birds (~ 10, 000 species), and significantly larger than mammals (~ 5, 000 species) or amphibians (~ 6, 000 species) .\nthe reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life. our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .\nthe reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area (e. g. all snakes of egypt). its collection of more than 2, 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like. more than 30, 000 references provide a guide to further information .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou came across this error because the pageyou were trying to visit does not exist .\nwe' ve recently redesigned the site so old links may not work. have a look at some of these changes .\nyou may want to update your bookmarks or try to find the updated information using the links below. if you are still unable to find the information you are looking for, please contact the webmaster using the information below .\nfaculties / academics - find links to all faculties, departments and other academic resources e. g. handbooks, prospectus\nmedia centre - find media relations information here eg. news releases, events and announcements information\nprogrammes - view the faculty booklets containing the programmes available at the st. augustine campus\nresearch & innovation - view the cutting - edge research being done at the st. augustine campus\ncopyright 2015 the university of the west indies st. augustine, trinidad and tobago\nour 7 faculties, professional schools offer more than 200 programs to some 15, 000 graduate, undergraduate and continuing studies students .\nthe uwi, st. augustine ranks first in trinidad and tobago among accredited tertiary - level programmes .\nin continuing your browsing of this site, you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics. learn more about cookies .\nuicn france et al. (2017) [ statut pour la guyane française ] uicn france, mnhn, gepog, kwata, biotope, hydreco & osl. 2017. la liste rouge des espèces menacées en france - chapitre faune de guyane française. paris, france. 35 pp .\nnational inventory of natural heritage, website: https: / / inpn. mnhn. fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsnakes - part 1. revised edition with new material by p. e. vanzolini\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\ncontinent: south - america distribution: colombia, venezuela (cojedes), bolivia, w brazil (bahiá, amazonas, pará, rondonia, goiás [ hr 32: 278 ]), ecuador, trinidad, french guiana, peru. type locality: “200 miles of caracas, colombia? , venezuela” (fide kornacker 1999 )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nculebra encontrada en macaracuay caracas. abundante en venezuela. no venenosa pero agil y agresiva .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\njavascript is turned off in your web browser. please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos, or try our html specimensearch option .\nupdate 1st june, 2018: we just set up snake _ id, a cool new page that simplifies snake identification. be sure to check it out !\nimages provided by flickr - / inaturalist - api. sporadic false assignments may occur .\n?? ? to? ?? meter above sea level (a. s. l. )\nwe noticed that you' re using an unsupported browser. the tripadvisor website may not display properly. we support the following browsers :\nfirst i have to say, that this report is just about a day trip, which i organized by myself. i had to take a bus at 7: 35 and arrived at tandayapa at 9: 20. i did not go all the way from the main street to tandayapa village but took one of the pick - ups to take me up. the people here ...\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site... (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites. taxes, fees not included for deals content .\nboulenger, g. a. 1894. catalogue of the snakes in the british museum (natural history). volume ii. , containing the conclusion of the colubridæ aglyphæ. trustees of the british museum (natural history). (taylor and francis, printers). london. xi + 382 pp. + plates i. - xx. (drymobius boddaertii, pp. 11 - 14. )\nboos, hans e. a. (2001). the snakes of trinidad and tobago. texas a & m university press, college station, texas. isbn 1 - 58544 - 116 - 3 .\nsentzen, u. j. 1796. ophiologische fragmente. zoologische archiv, part 2. f. a. a. meyer. leipzig. (coluber boddaertii, pp. 59, 66. )\nstuart, l. c. 1933. studies on neotropical colubrinae: ii. some new species and subspecies of eudryas fitzinger, with an annotated list of the forms of eudryas boddaertii (sentzen). occ. papers mus. zool. univ. michigan (254): 1 - 10 .\nto get the picture, please visit: maël dewynter biotope – agence amazonie caraïbes 30, domaine de montabo lotissement ribal 97300 cayenne e - mail: mael. dewynter @ urltoken\nany reuse of one or more photographs on this site is subject to an authorization request from the author. link to the code of intellectual property (legifrance )\nthank you for your contribution to the improvement of the inpn. the information submitted has been sent to an expert for verification and correction .\nwarning: the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories. it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nbernarde, p. s. , albuquerque, s. , barros, t. o. & turci, l. c. b. (2012) serpentes do estado de rondônia, brasil. : biota neotrop. 12 (3): 1 - 29\nbarbour, t. (1915) recent notes regarding west indian reptiles and amphibians. : proc. biol. soc. washington 28: 71 - 78\nbeebe, william (1946) field notes on the snakes of kartabo, british guiana, and caripito, venezuela. : zoologica 31: 11 - 52\nblanco - torres, argelina; lina báez s. , edgar patiño - flores, juan m. renjifo - r. (2013) herpetofauna from the middle valley of the ranchería river, la guajira, colombia: rev. biodivers. neotrop. 3 (2): 113 - 22\nboos, h. e. a. (2001) the snakes of trinidad and tobago. : texas a & m university press, 270 pp .\nboulenger, george a. (1894) catalogue of the snakes in the british museum (natural history). volume ii. , containing the conclusion of the colubridæ aglyphæ. : british mus. (nat. hist .), london, xi, 382 pp .\ncarrera, c. et al. (2009) guía de campo de los pequeños vertebrados del distrito metropolitano de quito (dmq). : publicación miscelánea n° 5. serie de publicaciones del museo ecuatoriano de ciencias naturales (mecn) – fondo ambiental del mdmq. 1 - 89 pp. imprenta nuevo arte. quito - ecuador .\ncastro - herrera, f. & vargas - salinas, f. (2008) anfibios y reptiles en el departamento del valle del cauca, colombia. : biota colombiana 9 (2): 251 - 277\nclaessen, h. (2003) de slangen van de guyanas deel vii. : lacerta 61 (6): 221 - 234\ncole, charles j. ; carol r. townsend, robert p. reynolds, ross d. macculloch, and amy lathrop (2013) amphibians and reptiles of guyana, south america: illustrated keys, annotated species accounts, and a biogeographic synopsis. : proceedings of the biological society of washington 125 (4): 317 - 578; plates: 580 - 620\ncope, e. d. (1885) twelfth contribution to the herpetology of tropical america. : proc. amer. philos. soc. 22: 167 - 194 [ 1884 ]\nfraga r de, stow aj, magnusson we, lima ap (2014) the costs of evaluating species densities and composition of snakes to assess development impacts in amazonia. : plos one 9 (8): e105453. doi: 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0105453\nfranca, f. g. r. ; mesquita, daniel oliveira and guarino rinaldi colli (2006) a checklist of snakes from amazonian savannas in brazil, housed in the coleção herpetológica da universidade de brasília, with new distribution records. : occ. pap. oklahoma mus. nat. hist. , univ. oklahoma 17: 1 - 13\nfrank, norman & ramus, erica (1995) a complete guide to scientific and common names of reptiles and amphibians of the world. : pottsville: n g publishing inc. , 377 pp .\nfrota, j. g. da; pedroso dos santos - jr, alfredo; menezes - chalkidis, h. de & guimarães guedes, a. (2005) as serpentes da regia ~ o do baixo rio amazonas, oeste do estado do para´, brasil (squamata). : biociências 13 (2): 211 - 220\ngarman, s. (1887) on west indian reptiles in the museum of comparative zoology at cambridge, mass. : proc. amer. philos. soc. 24: 278 - 286 .\ngasc & rodrigues (1980) liste preliminaire des serpents de la guyane francaise. : bull. mus. nat. hist. nat. paris 2 (4): 559 - 598\ngorzula, stefan & senaris, j. celsa (1999) in: contribution to the herpetofauna of the venezuelan guayana. i: a data base. : scientia guaianae, caracas, no. 8 [ 1998 ], 269 + pp. ; isbn 980 - 6020 - 48 - 0\ngünther, a. (1858) catalogue of colubrine snakes of the british museum. : london, i - xvi, 1 - 281\nhallowell, e. (1845) descriptions of reptiles from south america, supposed to be new. : proc. acad. nat. sci. philad. , 2: 241 - 247\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nlee, j. , calderón mandujano, r. , lopez - luna, m. a. & stafford, p. j .\nis listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population, and because there are no major threats impacting this species .\nrange on the pacific slope extends from southern sinaloa, mexico, to south - central honduras, and on the atlantic slope from southern tamaulipas south through the yucatan peninsula to the northeastern coast of honduras. it also occurs throughout most of petén, guatemala, the northern yucatan peninsula, and belize. it occurs at elevations from near sea level to around 1, 040 meters (mccranie 2011) .\nthis species can be found in all lowland and premontane tropical forests and marginally into lower montane forests, including extensively modified lands (mccranie 2011). this is an egg - laying species .\ncurrently, this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management, monitoring, or research action. the range of this species includes several protected areas .\nlee, j. , calderón mandujano, r. , lopez - luna, m. a. & stafford, p. j. 2013 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ndébora m. siqueira i; loana p. nascimento i; giovanna g. montingelli ii; maria cristina dos santos - costa i, iii\ni laboratório de zoologia e ecologia de vertebrados, universidade federal do pará. rua augusto corrêa 1, guamá, 66075 - 110 belém, pa, brazil ii laboratório de herpetologia, museu de zoologia da universidade de são paulo. avenida nazaré 481, ipiranga, 04263 - 000 são paulo, sp, brazil iii corresponding author. e - mail: deboramendes @ urltoken\nreproduction is a main component of the life history of an organism (begon et al. 1990), and is the most common element in studies of species ecology that focus on reproductive cycles, body size at sexual maturity, sexual dimorphism, and fecundity (pizzatto & marques 2002, balestrin & di - bernardo 2005). snakes have a great diversity of reproductive traits. this diversity is in part due to adaptations to local stimuli, because reproductive traits are responsive to the environment or ecology and the morphology of the species (shine 2003, pizzato et al. 2008) .\nthe amazon basin encompasses a variety of vegetation types, although the vast majority of the region is covered by terra firme rainforest, which is composed by relatively tall trees with overlapping crowns that shade the ground permanently (leitão - filho 1987). the region' s climate is hot and humid, with mean temperatures between 24°c and 26°c (fisch et al. 1998), corresponding to köppen' s humid tropical a category, with mean annual temperatures above 18°c and oscillations of less than 5°c (müller 2006). the mean annual precipitation is approximately 2, 300 mm, with a rainy season typically occurring between october and march, and a dry season between april and september (fisch et al. 1998) .\nthe brazilian cerrado savannas encompass a mosaic of grassland and woodland vegetation, with gallery forest along rivers (silva & bates 2002). the predominant climate is seasonal tropical with dry winters, and annual temperatures of 22 - 23°c, but with minimum temperatures close to or even below zero during may, june, and july, and maximum of 40°c. the mean annual precipitation is between 1, 200 mm and 1, 800 mm, most of which is concentrated between october and march (coutinho 2002) .\nthe sexual size dimorphism index (ssd) for each population was calculated according to shine (1994): mean body size of the largest sex divided by mean body size of the smallest sex, minus one. by convention, positive values represent that females are the larger sex and negative values represent that males are the larger sex (shine 1994). this analysis included only mature specimens. similar variation in patterns of robustness, based on male and female weights, was tested using an analysis of covariance (ancova) for each population separately. the svl was used as covariate to remove the effects of the body size .\na simple linear regression was used to evaluate the relationship between svl and the number of follicles and eggs carried by the females .\nmature females (n = 100) also have a significantly larger number of ventral scales, on average, than mature males, n = 99 (t = 23. 156, p < 0. 001), whereas males (n = 60) have significantly more sub - caudal scales than females (n = 62), on average (t = - 3. 716, p < 0. 001). no significant difference was found between the sexes (females = 67, males = 75) in tail length (ancova: f 1, 139 = 0. 097, p = 0. 756), and there was no dimorphism in head width between males (n = 89) and females, n = 89 (ancova: f 1, 175 = 0. 037, p = 0. 848). however, the heads of the males (n = 90) were significantly longer than those of the females, n = 93 (ancova: f 1, 180 = 9. 323, p < 0. 01) (table i) .\nconsidering the sample from the amazon, the smallest mature female had a svl of 671 mm, while the smallest mature male was 521 mm in length. in the sample from the cerrado, the smallest mature female was 723 mm, and the smallest male was 536 mm. therefore, in both populations, males are smaller than their female counterparts when they reach sexual maturity .\nin the sample from the amazon, gravid females were observed in march (n = 2), april (n = 1), and may (n = 1), while vitellogenic follicles and newborns with an umbilical scar were observed throughout the year, which indicates a lack of breeding seasonality in this population. two specimens had both vitellogenic follicles (11. 90 mm and 17. 49 mm) and eggs in the oviduct. in the sample from the cerrado, the only two pregnant females were recorded in january, and the three females with vitellogenic follicles were observed in january, february, and june. newborns were recorded in january (n = 1), april (n = 4), june (n = 1), and december (n = 2) .\nin conclusion, this study provides a better understanding of the geographic variation in the reproductive biology of a widespread species in two distinct biomes. our results demonstrate that the only difference found among the two populations is in the seasonality of the reproductive period. this is likely to be a response to temperature variations and prey availability. we also found a sexual dimorphism in size, expressed in the svl. this dimorphism may be associated with the consumption of prey with varying nutritional values, which in turn is associated with selective pressures that favor differences in body size between the sexes. other sexual attributes remained invariable throughout the geography, being apparently not affected by seasonality or geographic isolation. certainly, the knowledge of these data together with studies from different biomes will contribute towards a better interpretation on the reproductive biology of this species .\nwe are grateful to m. a. carvalho (ufmt), a. l. c. prudente (mpeg), f. l. franco (instituto butantan), t. grant (mcp - pucrs), h. d. zaher (mzusp), and g. r. colli (chunb) for granting us permission to analyze specimens in their respective collections. we also thank s. f. ferrari for the revision of the english. we thank capes for stipends granted to d. m. siqueira, g. g. montingelli and l. p. nascimento and fundação de amparo à pesquisa do estado de são paulo (fapesp grant 2012 / 09182 - 1) for the funding provided to g. g. montingelli. the edital 02 / 2011 - propesp / ufpa / fadesp, and procad for financial support, and the ufpa / mpeg graduate program in zoology for basic infrastructure .\nalmeida - santos, s. m & o. a. v. marques. 2002. male - male ritual combat in the colubrid snake chironius bicarinatus from the atlantic forest, southeastern brazil. amphibia - reptilia 23: 528 - 533. [ links ]\nbalestrin, r. l. & m. di - bernardo. 2005. reproductive biology of atractus reticulatus (boulenger, 1885) (serpentes, colubridae) in southern brazil. herpetological journal 15 (3): 195 - 199. [ links ]\nballinger, r. e. 1979. intraspecific variation in demography and life history of the lizard, sceloporus jarrovi, along an altitudinal gradient in southeastern arizona. ecology 60 (5): 901 - 909. [ links ]\nbegon, m. ; j. l. harper & c. r. townsend. 1990. individuals, populations and communities. massachusetts, blackwell scientific publ. , 2 nd ed. [ links ]\nbonnet, x. ; r. shine; g. naulleau & m. vancher - vallas. 1998. sexual dimorphism in snakes: different reproductive roles favour different body plans. proceedings of the real society of london 265 (1392): 179 - 183. [ links ]\ncoutinho, l. m. 2002. o bioma do cerrado, p. 77 - 91. in: a. l. klein (ed .). eugen warming e o cerrado brasileiro: um século depois. são paulo, editora da unesp, 156p. [ links ]\ncunha, o. r. & f. p. nascimento. 1978. ofídios da amazônia x as cobras da região leste do pará. boletim do museu paraense emílio goeldi 31: 1 - 218. [ links ]\nduellman, w. e. 1978. the biology of an equatorial herpetofauna in amazonian ecuador. miscellaneous publications of the museum of natural history of the university of kansas 65: 1 - 352. [ links ]\ndunham, a. e. 1982. demographic and life - history variation among populations of the iguanid lizard urosaurus ornatus: implications for the study of life - history phenomena in lizards. herpetologica 38 (1): 208 - 221. [ links ]\nfisch, g. ; j. a. marengo & c. a. nobre. 1998. uma revisão geral sobre o clima da amazônia. acta amazonica 28 (2): 101 - 126. [ links ]\nking, r. b. 1989. sexual dimorphism in snake tail length: sexual selection, natural selection, or morphological constraint? biological journal of linnean society 38 (2): 133 - 154. [ links ]\nking, r. b. 1993. microgeographic, historical and size - correlated variation in water snake diet composition. journal of herpetolology 27 (1): 90 - 94. [ links ]\nkrause, m. a. ; g. m. burgahrdt & j. c. gillingham. 2003. body size plasticity and local variation of relative head and body size sexual dimorphism in garter snakes (thamnophis sirtalis). journal of zoology 261 (4): 399 - 407. [ links ]\nleitão - filho, h. f. 1987. considerações sobre a florística das florestas tropicais e sub - tropicais do brasil. revista ipef 35: 41 - 46. [ links ]\nmadsen, t. & r. shine. 1993. phenotypic plasticity in body sizes and sexual size dimorphism in european grass snakes. evolution 47 (1): 321 - 325. [ links ]\nmadsen, t. & r. shine. 1994. costs of reproduction influence the evolution of sexual size dimorphism in snakes. evolution 48 (4): 1389 - 1397. [ links ]\nmarques, o. a. v. ; a. eterovic & w. endo. 2000. seasonal activity of snakes in the atlantic forest in southeastern brazil. amphibia - reptilia 22 (1): 103 - 101. [ links ]\nmarques, o. a. v. ; r. j. sawaya; f. stender - oliveira & f. g. r. franca. 2006. ecology of the colubrid snake pseudablabes agassizii in southeastern south america. herpetological journal 16: 37 - 45. [ links ]\nmarques, o. a. v; s. m. almeida - santos; m. rodrigues & r. camargo. 2009. mating and reproductive cycle in the neotropical colubrid snake chironius bicarinatus. south american journal of herpetology 4 (1): 76 - 80. [ links ]\nmartins, m. & m. e. oliveira. 1998. natural history of snakes in forests of the manaus region, central amazonia, brazil. herpetological natural history 6 (2): 78 - 150. [ links ]\nmontingelli, g. g. ; j. h. valencia; m. a. benavides & h. zaher. 2011. revalidation of herpetodryas reticulata (peters, 1863) (serpentes: colubridae) from ecuador. south american journal of herpetology 6 (3): 189 - 197. [ links ]" ]

{ "text": [ "mastigodryas boddaerti , commonly known as the boddaert 's tropical racer , is a species of colubrid snake endemic to tropical south america and trinidad and tobago . " ], "topic": [ 16 ] }

[ "mastigodryas boddaerti, commonly known as the boddaert's tropical racer, is a species of colubrid snake endemic to tropical south america and trinidad and tobago." ]

[ "mating in the box jellyfish copula sivickisi - - novel function of cnidocytes. - pubmed - ncbi\nfig 1b. a mature male copula sivickisi jellyfish. the eight hemispherical orange structures are the male gonads. image courtesy: alvaro migotto .\ncopula sivickisi is one of these species, and a new study reveals that its sexual practices are distinctly bizarre .\nwhat does it look like? listen to cheryl ames' physical description of the copula sivickisi. (70 seconds )\nfig 3. a mature female copula sivickisi jellyfish squashed like a chinese lantern. a nocturnal animal, this jellyfish will likely stay in this' resting' position until nightfall, when it starts its regular feeding and mating activities. image courtesy: alvaro migotto .\nfig 2. a male copula sivickisi jellyfish adheres to a piece of wood using sticky pads on the top (apex) of its bell. these jellyfish stay attached to seaweed and various other surfaces for hours at a time during the daytime. image courtesy: cheryl (lewis) ames .\nthomas cs, scott sa, galanis dj, goto rs. box jellyfish (\nbox jellyfish seasonality, medusa size, and long - term trends of abundance .\nmany jellyfish reproduce using external fertilization, but in a few box jellyfish, fertilization can occur internally. in one species (copula sivickisi; pictured), the male transfers a sperm package into the female' s stomach to fertilize the eggs after the animals entangle their tentacles. the females then lay strands of embryos .\ntime - series of climatic and biogeochemical variables with box jellyfish beach counts at waikiki .\nsignificant relationships among environmental variables that correlated significantly with box jellyfish abundance at waikiki beach .\nsudden death in a child following jellyfish envenomation by chiropsalmus quadrumanus. case report and autopsy findings\n, a species of australian box jellyfish that causes irukandji syndrome. toxicon 49: 1073–1082 .\ngarm, a. , lebouvier, m. , and duygu, t. (2015). mating in the box jellyfish copula sivickisi - novel function of cnidocytes. j. morphol. 276, 1055–1064. doi: 10. 1002 / jmor. 20395\ntheir vision may have something to do with the evolution of some extremely unusual mating behaviors in box jellyfish species. jellyfish usually mass spawn, with males and females releasing sperm and eggs into the water without any physical contact. study co - author cheryl lewis ames has documented at least one box jellyfish species, copula sivickisi (formerly carybdea sivickisi), that exhibits a courtship of sorts where a male and female interact one on one to mate .\ncourtship behavior of the box jellyfish copula sivickisi. the male (top) and female (bottom) engage in a complex mating ritual unique among cnidarians (jellyfishes, hydroids, anemones, corals and their kin). (image courtesy of alvaro e. migotto )\nfig 1a. a mature female copula sivickisi jellyfish. the long white speckled leaf - like structures are the female gonads (ovaries and gastric pockets). there are eight in total, of which only six are visible in the photo. image courtesy: alvaro migotto .\n( australian box jellyfish) venom. toxicon. 2014; 80: 17–26. pmid: 24462661\nhow do you pronounce this thing anyway? christine hoekenga finds out as she interviews cheryl (lewis) ames. (25 seconds) copula sivickisi (originally described as carybdea sivickisi )\nsome box jellyfish display elaborate mating behaviours and even use their toxic stinging cells to ensure successful fertilization .\ncarybdea branchi, sp. nov. , a new box jellyfish (cnidaria: cubozoa) from south africa\ncraybdea branchi, a box jellyfish native to the south african coast. (image courtesy of brent viljoen )\nmolinero jc, buecher e, lučić d, malej a, miloslavić m (2008) climate and mediterranean jellyfish: assessing the effect of temperature regimes on jellyfish outbreak dynamics. annales series historia naturalis 19: 11–18 .\ngarm a, coates mm, gad r, seymour je, nilsson de. the lens eyes of the box jellyfish\nusing acoustic telemetry. in jellyfish blooms: causes, consequences, and recent advances, springer netherlands (87–97) .\nmills c (2001) jellyfish blooms: are populations increasing globally in response to changing ocean conditions? hydrobiologia 451: 55–68 .\nfenner pj, hadok jc (2002) fatal envenomation by jellyfish causing irukandji syndrome. medical journal of australia 177: 362–363 .\nmedusae seasons: a contribution to understanding jellyfish ecology. plos one. 2012; 7 (2): e31277. pmid: 22384009\nfenner pj, williamson ja (1996) worldwide deaths and severe envenomation from jellyfish stings. medical journal of australia 165: 658–661 .\nin fact most jellyfish don' t bother with mating. in many species, there aren' t even males or females as such .\n, a species of australian box jellyfish that causes irukandji syndrome. toxicon. 2007; 49 (8): 1073–1082. pmid: 17395227\nriisgård, h. u. , c. barth - jensen & c. v. madsen, 2010. high abundance of the jellyfish\npurcell je (2012) jellyfish and ctenophore blooms coincide with human proliferations and environmental perturbations. annual review of marine science 4: 209–235 .\npereira p, barry j, corkeron m, keir p, little m, seymour je. intracerebral hemorrhage and death after envenoming by the jellyfish\nchiaverano lm, holland bs, crow gl, blair l, yanagihara aa. long - term fluctuations in circalunar beach aggregations of the box jellyfish\ndoyle tk, de haas h, cotton d, dorschel b, cummins v, et al. (2008) widespread occurrence of the jellyfish\npierce j (2009) prediction, location, collection and transport of jellyfish (cnidaria) and their polyps. zoo biology 28: 163–176 .\ntoshino s, miyake h, ohtsuka s, adachi a, kondo y, okada s, hiratsuka t. monodisc strobilation in japanese giant box jellyfish\nmills, c. e. , 2001. jellyfish blooms: are populations increasing globally in response to changing ocean conditions? hydrobiologia 451: 55–68 .\ngibbons, m. j. & a. j. richardson, 2009. patterns of jellyfish abundance in the north atlantic. hydrobiologia 616: 51–65 .\ndawson mn, hamner wm (2009) a character - based analysis of the evolution of jellyfish blooms: adaptation and exaptation. hydrobiologia 616: 193–215 .\ntoshino s, miyake h, ohtsuka s, okuizumi k, adachi a, hamatsu y, et al. development and polyp formation of the giant box jellyfish\ndong z, liu d, keesing jk (2010) jellyfish blooms in china: dominant species, causes and consequences. marine pollution bulletin 60: 954–963 .\nfor most jellyfish, reproduction is not a particularly romantic affair. typically, males release sperm into the water so that their genetic material can bump into and fertilize eggs released by female jellyfish in a similar fashion. this behavior, known as mass spawning, allows jellyfish to “mate” without the lovers even needing to meet. but cheryl (lewis) ames, a research assistant with the national systematics lab of noaa' s fisheries service at the smithsonian, has found that at least one species ,\nkinsey be. more barnes on box jellyfish. townsville, qld, sir george fisher centre for tropical marine studies, james cook university. 1988. p. 109\ncrow gl, chiaverano lm, crites j, khramov ma, holland bs. box jellyfish (cubozoa: carybdeida) in hawaiian waters, and the first record of\nfenner pj, lippmann j, gershwin l - a (2010) fatal and nonfatal severe jellyfish stings in thai waters. journal of travel medicine 17: 133–138 .\nhamner wm dawson mn (2009) a review and synthesis on the systematics and evolution of jellyfish blooms: advantageous aggregations and adaptive assemblages. hydrobiologia 616: 161–191 .\na functional comparison of the venom of three australian jellyfish— chironex fleckeri, chiropsalmus sp. , and carybdea xaymacana —on cytosolic ca 2 +, haemolysis and artemia sp. lethality\nseymour je, carrette tj, sutherland pa. do box jellyfish sleep at night? medical journal of australia. 2004; 181 (11 / 12): 706 .\nbrotz l, cheung wwl, kleisner k, pakhomov e, pauly d (2012) increasing jellyfish populations: trends in large marine ecosystems. hydrobiologia 690: 3–20 .\nbecause jellyfish are sensitive to the availability of prey, their distribution likely is linked to the distribution pattern of zooplankton functional groups. we studied the regional and interannual variations of zooplankton functional groups in the yellow sea using data from six cruises conducted in june between 2000 and 2009. we compared these data to previously collected data on giant jellyfish distribution and biomass. our results indicate that different zooplankton functional groups have their own relatively fixed distribution patterns and that the distribution of zooplankton can affect the distribution of the jellyfish community. giant crustaceans and large copepods were found to be mainly distributed offshore, small copepods and small jellyfish tended to be located in the coastal region, and chaetognaths were mainly sampled along the 50 m isobath. sea bottom temperature and salinity, determined by the yellow sea cold water mass, are shown to have been major factors affecting the distribution of zooplankton functional groups. among zooplankton functional groups, small copepods and giant jellyfish show similar distribution patterns, suggesting that the abundance of small copepods is feeding that of giant jellyfish. the observed interannual biomass of small copepod was positively related to temperature, and we suggest that this relationship may explain the rarity of giant jellyfish outbreaks in cold years .\nusing an underwater light to attract these nocturnal jellyfish, ames scooped up hundreds of copula sivickisi off the coast of japan, separated males from females, and took their measurements. she grouped them in threes – one female, one smaller male, and one larger male – and put them through “courtship trials” to observe their mate choices and courtship behaviors. “you turn the lights down low, ” ames says jokingly of the experiments. “you put on a bit of music in the background. ”\ncitation: courtney r, browning s, seymour j (2016) early life history of the ‘irukandji’ jellyfish carukia barnesi. plos one 11 (3): e0151197. urltoken\nhowever, a few box jellyfish have become less stand - offish. males and females mate more like us, with the male placing his sperm inside the female' s body .\npurcell je, uye s, lo w (2007) anthropogenic causes of jellyfish blooms and their direct consequences for humans: a review. marine ecology progress series 350: 153–174 .\ncopula sivickisi medusae are probably not the animals that come to mind when one pictures a jellyfish. they are among the species known as box jellies, or cubozoa, because their bodies are boxier (fig 1a) than the more familiar bell - shaped jellyfish that sunbathers usually encounter. despite their orange banded tentacles and the males’ crimson - colored gonads (fig 1b), they are easy to miss. the ones ames collected for study were between four millimeters and ten millimeters across (smaller than a dime), and they can shrink their already small bodies by folding their four tentacles up inside their bells or attaching themselves to seaweed (fig 2) and flattening like a chinese lantern (fig 3) .\nnordström k, seymour j, nilsson d. a simple visual system without neurons in jellyfish larvae. proceedings of the royal society of london b: biological sciences. 2003; 35 .\nmartin, v. j. (2004). photoreceptors of cubozoan jellyfish. hydrobiologia 530 / 531, 135–144. doi: 10. 1007 / s10750 - 004 - 2674 - 4\nthe australian box jellyfish (chironex fleckeri), the largest box jellyfish species, is considered the most venomous marine animal and its sting can be fatal. its close relative, chironex yamaguchii, has caused deaths in japan and the philippines. a much smaller species, carukia barnesi, is the first species known to cause irukandji syndrome. symptoms include severe low back pain, nausea, headache and vomiting, and sometimes “an impending feeling of doom”, but the syndrome is usually not life - threatening. other box jellyfish species are now known to cause the same symptoms .\nhoekenga, c. 2011 .\njellyfish romance - (carybdea sivickisi )\n( on - line). smithsonian natural museum of natural history. accessed february 23, 2013 at urltoken .\nhow do hedgehogs have sex? carefully .\nso goes a very old joke. it could surely also be applied to jellyfish, which famously have tentacles that deliver a painful sting .\nnilsson d, gislén l, coates mm, skogh c, garm a. advanced optics in a jellyfish eye. nature. 2005; 435 (7039): 201–205. pmid: 15889091\npurcell, j. e. , 2005. climate effects on formation of jellyfish and ctenophore blooms: a review. journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom 85: 461–476 .\nis free swimming during the night, it feeds mainly on night swarming benthic organisms. this includes heteronereids, cumaceans, gammarid amphiods, and isopods. this jellyfish stings its prey to capture it .\npearse, j. s. , and pearse, v. b. (1978). vision in cubomedusan jellyfish. science 199, 458. doi: 10. 1126 / science. 22934\ndoyle tk, houghton jd, buckley sm, hays gc, davenport j (2007) the broad - scale distribution of five jellyfish species across a temperate coastal environment. hydrobiologia 579: 29–39 .\nlittle m, pereira p, mulcahy r, cullen p. severe cardiac failure associated with presumed jellyfish sting. irukandji syndrome? anesthesia and intensive care. 2003; 31 (6): 642 .\ngraham wm, martin dl, felder dl, asper vl, perry hm (2003) ecological and economic implications of a tropical jellyfish invader in the gulf of mexico. biological invasions 5: 53–69 .\nno other jellyfish is known to lay its embryos in strands like c. sivickisi, and while some are known to mate and perform internal fertilisation, none has ever been seen using its cnidocytes for mating .\nklein sg, pitt ka, rathjen ka, seymour je. irukandji jellyfish polyps exhibit tolerance to interacting climate change stressors. global change biology. 2014; 20 (1), 28–37. pmid: 24323533\nsatterlie, r. a. (1979). central control of swimming in the cubomedusan jellyfish carybdea rastonii. j. comp. physiol. a 133, 357–367. doi: 10. 1007 / bf00661138\nrichardson aj, bakun a, hays gc, gibbons mj (2009) the jellyfish joyride: causes, consequences and management responses to a more gelatinous future. trends in ecolgy and evolution 24: 312–322 .\nsouthcott rv. revision of some carybdeidae (scyphozoa: cubomedusae) including a description of the jellyfish responsible for the' irukandji syndrome'. australian journal of zoology. 1967; 15 (3): 651–671 .\nbrotz, l. , w. w. cheung, k. kleisner, e. pakhomov & d. pauly, 2012. increasing jellyfish populations: trends in large marine ecosystems. hydrobiologia 690: 3–20 .\ndong, z. j. , d. y. liu & j. k. keesing, 2010. jellyfish blooms in china: dominant species, causes and consequences. marine pollution bulletin 60: 954–963 .\n“knowing who is related to whom among the box jellyfish will be very helpful in making predictions about species that are not well known, ” said collins, who began studying the evolutionary links of box jellyfish more than a decade ago. ”for example, we may not know how serious the sting is from a particular jellyfish species, but if we know its close relatives cause irukandji syndrome, than it is highly likely that this species also causes the syndrome. similarly, there is an antivenom for chironex fleckeri, whose closest relative is chironex yamaguchii. it may be that the antivenom will work against stings from this species as well. ”\njellyfish (cubozoans, hydrozoans and scyphozoans) are conspicuous, ecologically important constituents of coastal and oceanic systems. in the last three decades, jellyfish have received growing attention due to fluctuation in abundance often resulting in population explosions (e. g. , blooms) in marine ecosystems worldwide, and frequently interfering directly with human activities [ 1 ]. when abundant, jellyfish cause widespread problems by clogging fishing nets [ 2 ], [ 3 ], causing fish mortality in aquaculture pens [ 4 ], [ 5 ], clogging intake screens in power generation and desalination plants [ 6 ], and impact tourism by stinging swimmers [ 7 ] .\nattrill, m. j. , j. wright & m. edwards, 2007. climate - related increases in jellyfish frequency suggest a more gelatinous future for the north sea. limnology and oceanography 52: 480–485 .\nlynam cp, lilley mks, bastian t, doyle tk, beggs se, et al. (2011) have jellyfish in the irish sea benefited from climate change and overfishing? global change biology 17: 767–82 .\ncondon rh, duarte cm, pitt ka, robinson kl, lucas ch, et al. (2013) recurrent jellyfish blooms are a consequence of global oscillations. proceedings of the national academy of science 110: 1000–1005 .\nandrea bozman, josefin titelman, stein kaartvedt, ketil eiane, dag l. aksnes; jellyfish distribute vertically according to irradiance, journal of plankton research, volume 39, issue 2, 1 march 2017, pages 280–289, urltoken\npurcell, j. e. , s. i. uye & w. t. lo, 2007. anthropogenic causes of jellyfish blooms and their direct consequences for humans: a review. marine ecology progress series 350: 153–174 .\ntrends of box jellyfish abundance (solid line) over time was determined by the generalized additive model (gam) using (a) monthly and (b) annual mean counts. data were log - transformed and detrended before analysis. dashed lines indicate 95% confidence limits. vertical solid lines indicate periods of significant (linear regression, p < 0. 05) increase (+) or decrease (−) in box jellyfish counts. bars show standard errors .\n). this demonstrated that the plane of best focus is at the base of the retina in both the upper and lower lens eyes. even though the f - number (focal ratio) is lower than that found in the related jellyfish\nhoughton jdr, doyle tk, davenport j, lilley mk, wilson rp, et al. (2007) stranding events provide indirect insights into the seasonality and persistence of jellyfish medusae (cnidaria: scyphozoa). hydrobiologia 589: 1–13 .\nbut there is a cost. compared to jellyfish that simply spew their sperm and eggs into the water, c. sivickisi can only make a small number of offspring .\nthere' s always a trade - off ,\nsays garm .\nzhang, f. , s. sun, x. s. jin & c. l. li, 2012. associations of large jellyfish distributions with temperature and salinity in the yellow sea and east china sea. hydrobiologia 690: 81–96 .\nthe study results indicate that the venoms of box jellies may contain a novel and unique family of proteins. however, further toxicological tests and many more specimens are needed to resolve questions about venom and to develop antivenoms and treatments for box jellyfish stings .\na three - month moving average smoothing approach was used to enhance visualization of the trend, depicted by the solid back line. the solid red line indicates mean box jellyfish beach counts during periods of no significant change determined by the change point analysis (cpa). three significant regime shifts in jellyfish numbers occurred during the 14 - year period of study, corresponding to the periods previously identified by the gam analysis: 1) 2000, 2) 2004, and 3) 2008. dataset had no zeroes .\n“by determining the relationships among the different box jellyfish, some of which are capable of killing a healthy human, this study can help in the future development of antivenoms and treatments for their stings, ” said collins, a specialist in cnidaria (pronounced nidaria), the phylum of animals that includes box jellyfish. “researchers will now be able to make more informed choices about organisms for future venom studies, and make predictions on which species are likely to be of public health concern in addition to the known culprits. ”\nnamed for their box or cube - shaped body, these animals are members of cubozoa, the smallest class of cnidaria, animals ranging from sea anemones and corals to portuguese man of war and true jellyfish, all of which possess stinging capsules known as nematocysts .\nbentlage b, cartwright p, yanagihara aa, lewis c, richards gs, et al. (2010) evolution of box jellyfish (cnidaria: cubozoa), a group of highly toxic invertebrates. proceedings of the royal society of london 277: 493–501 .\nrichardson, a. j. , a. bakun, g. c. hays & m. j. gibbons, 2009. the jellyfish joyride: causes, consequences and management responses to a more gelatinous future. trends in ecology & evolution 24: 312–322 .\nnilsson, d. e. , gislén, l. , coates, m. m. , skogh, c. , and garm, a. (2005). advanced optics in a jellyfish eye. nature 435, 201–205. doi: 10. 1038 / nature03484\ncitation: chiaverano lm, holland bs, crow gl, blair l, yanagihara aa (2013) long - term fluctuations in circalunar beach aggregations of the box jellyfish alatina moseri in hawaii, with links to environmental variability. plos one 8 (10): e77039. urltoken\ngarm, a. , oskarsson, m. , and nilsson, d. e. (2011). box jellyfish use terrestrial visual cues for navigation. curr. biol. 21, 798–803. doi: 10. 1016 / j. cub. 2011. 03. 054\nbox jellyfish, alatina moseri, were collected monthly from 1998–2011 at waikiki beach, which is represented by the star symbol. numbers indicate beach areas along leeward oahu where a. moseri medusae arrive sporadically: 1) hanauma bay, 2) pokai bay, 3) yokohama bay .\ngarm, a. , bielecki, j. , petie, r. , and nilsson, d. e. (2012). opposite patterns of diurnal activity in the box jellyfish tripedalia cystophora and carybdea sivickisi. biol. bull. 222, 35–45. doi: 10. 2307 / 23188035\ngarm, a. , poussart, y. , parkefelt, l. , and nilsson, d. e. (2007). the ring nerve of the box jellyfish tripedalia cystophora. cell tissue res. 329, 147–157. doi: 10. 1007 / s00441 - 007 - 0393 - 7\nbeyond their toxicity, box jellyfish have other interesting characteristics. some species have as many as 24 eyes, capable of sensing light and forming an image of their surroundings. why they have complex eyes, how well they see, and what role vision plays in their mating and feeding behavior remain unknown .\na form of body symmetry in which the parts of an animal are arranged concentrically around a central oral / aboral axis and more than one imaginary plane through this axis results in halves that are mirror - images of each other. examples are cnidarians (phylum cnidaria, jellyfish, anemones, and corals) .\ngarm, a. , anderson, f. , and nilsson, d. e. (2008). unique structure and optics of the lesser eyes of the box jellyfish tripedalia cystophora. vision res. 48, 1061–1073. doi: 10. 1016 / j. visres. 2008. 01. 019\nwith thousands of stinging cells that can emit deadly venom from tentacles that can reach ten feet in length, the 50 or so species of box jellyfish have long been of interest to scientists and to the public. yet little has been known about the evolution of this early branch in the animal tree of life .\no' connor, m. , garm, a. , and nilsson, d. e. (2009). structure and optics of the eyes of the box jellyfish chiropsella bronzie. j. comp. physiol. a 195, 557–569. doi: 10. 1007 / s00359 - 009 - 0431 - x\nthe grm did not reveal a long - term trend in box jellyfish abundance at the beach (i. e. , a net increase or decline over time); the linear slope of box jellyfish abundance (log - transformed) did not deviate significantly from zero during the period of study (1998–2011: slope: 0. 0012±0. 002; p = 0. 51; n = 168). however, the gam indicated that box jellyfish abundance co - varied with time in a cyclical, non - linear fashion, explaining 12% of the variation in monthly abundance (non - linear p = 0. 003), and 53% of the variation in mean annual abundance (non - linear p = 0. 01) during the 14 - year study, respectively (figure 2a & 2b). thus, based on periods determined by the gam, box jellyfish aggregations: 1) significantly increased from 1998 to 2001 (grm, r = 0. 46, r 2 = 0. 26; p < 0. 01), 2) significantly decreased from 2001 to 2006 (grm, r = −0. 45, r 2 = −0. 21, p < 0. 001), and 3) then significantly increased until the end of data collection in 2011 (grm, r = 0. 29, r 2 = 0. 18; p < 0. 001). thus, the 14 - year dataset was characterized by four intermittent periods of increase and decrease in box jellyfish abundance, each period lasting approximately four years (figure 2a) .\nsince non - stationary effects are the rule rather than the exception in ecology, box jellyfish abundance, climate, biogeochemical variables, and weather parameters were detrended (except wind direction) by linearly regressing each variable (log 10 - transformed) against time (monthly scale) to remove temporal trends, and the residuals were saved for subsequent analyses [ 52 ]. no significant autocorrelations were detected in the dataset (chelton method; [ 53 ]). mean annual residual values were then obtained. potential associations among detrended variables (monthly and annual scales) were evaluated using gam with a univariate approach, with jellyfish abundance as the response variable. when a relationship was detected as non - significant by the gam (non - linear p > 0. 05), a grm was used. the gam and grm analyses were performed using statistica v7. in order to test for delayed response, or lag of jellyfish to environmental variables, we performed a cross - correlation analysis considering ±1 - year (annual scale). all cross - correlation analyses were carried out in minitab v13. in order to test the potential association between box jellyfish counts and wind direction (monthly and annual means), circular - linear correlation analyses were performed using the circular statistics software oriana© v. 4 .\no' connor, m. , nilsson, d. - e. , and garm, a. (2010). temporal properties of the lens eyes of the box jellyfish tripedalia cystophora. j. comp. physiol. a 196, 213–220. doi: 10. 1007 / s00359 - 010 - 0506 - 8\nyan, l. p. , s. f. li & f. y. ding, 2004. the preliminary studies on the dynamics of macro - jellyfish resources and their relationship with fisheries in the east china sea and yellow sea. marine fisheries 26: 9–12. (in chinese, with english abstr .) .\ncarybdea sivickisi is a small (no more than about 14 mm in diameter) sexually dimorphic cubozoan jellyfish with a keyhole rhopalar niche (external opening to the rhopalium) and four distinctive adhesive pads with which the animal attaches to algal substrates during the day (hartwick 1991; lewis and long 2005; lewis et al. 2008) .\ncoates, m. m. , garm, a. , theobald, j. c. , thompson, s. h. , and nilsson, d. e. (2006). the spectral sensitivity in the lens eyes of a box jellyfish, tripedalia cystophora. j. exp. biol. 209, 3758–3765. doi: 10. 1242 / jeb. 02431\nbrodeur, r. d. , m. b. decker, l. ciannelli, j. e. purcell, n. a. bond, p. j. stabeno, e. acuna & g. l. hunt jr, 2008. rise and fall of jellyfish in the eastern bering sea in relation to climate regime shifts. progress in oceanography 77: 103–111 .\nthe box jellyfish chiropsalmus quadrumanus can be found from brazil to the u. s. east coast. it is not considered as venomous as its infamous relative, the australian sea - wasp chironex fleckeri. this image was taken of a specimen collected on the border of north and south carolina and now housed in the collections of the smithsonian institution. (image by bastian bentlag e )\nin a paper published november 18 in the proceedings of the royal society, noaa researchers allen collins, bastian bentlage and cheryl lewis ames of the northeast fisheries science center’s national systematics laboratory and colleagues from the university of kansas, pacific biosciences research center in hawaii and the university of queensland in australia have unraveled the evolutionary relationships among the various species of box jellyfish, thereby providing insight into the evolution of their toxicity .\n( of carybdea sivickisi stiasny, 1926) bentlage, b. , p. cartwright, a. a. yanagihara, c. lewis, g. s. richards, & a. g. collins (2010). evolution of box jellyfish (cnidaria: cubozoa), a group of highly toxic invertebrates. proceedings of the royal society b: biological sciences. 277 (1680), 493 - 501. [ details ]\nwe tested the hypothesis that the coronate jellyfish periphylla periphylla distributes vertically according to a preferential range of absolute light intensities. the study was carried out in lurefjorden, norway, a fjord characterized by mass occurrences of this jellyfish. we collected data on the vertical distribution of p. periphylla medusa during day, dusk and night periods from video observations by a remotely operated vehicle in relation to estimated ambient light levels. our results suggest that large p. periphylla (average size in catches ~ 9 cm diameter) avoided total irradiance levels above 5×10 −3 µmol quanta m −2 s −1. nearly two - thirds of the population stayed above irradiance of 10 −7 µmol quanta m −2 s −1 during daytime, while some individuals occupied much darker water. thus, part of the population appeared to distribute vertically and undertake diel vertical migration (dvm) according to a preferential range of light intensities .\nin summary, we demonstrate that ambient light can act as a directional cue for p. periphylla migratory behavior. light associated behavior accounts for the spread of individuals throughout the entire water column during periods of very low ambient irradiance and for the apparent barrier in the upper 100 m during daylight periods. our study suggests that jellyfish can make use of downwelling irradiance as a directional cue to actively navigate and select where to stay in the water column .\ntripedaliid life histories are unique among cubozoa and cnidaria. in copula sivickisi, a mature male and female engage in sexual activity by entangling their tentacles. while swimming as a couple, the male brings its oral opening close to that of the female and produces a spermatophore that is ingested by the female (lewis & long 2005; lewis et al. 2008). the subsequent gestation period spans some 2–3 days after which an embryo strand is released into the water column (lewis & long 2005; lewis et al. 2008). sexual dimorphism of medusae and similar courtship behaviour were documented by werner (1973) for t. cystophora, but he did not observe fertilization, gestation or embryo release. however, in contrast to the production of an embryo strand, t. cystophora seems to release free - swimming planulae (conant 1898) .\nanders garm and his team at the university of copenhagen studied the sex organs of the jellyfish under a microscope and located the stinging cells in the sperm package and in the female gonad. the sperm package becomes attached to the female gonad and sperm cells are partly digested, releasing their nuclei, which are then taken up by the female sex organ. the stinging cells probably help the sperm package to attach, and protect the embryos once they are laid .\nwhile our study and ugland et al. (2014) indicate different factors contributing to p. periphyllall vertical distribution patterns, the two may not be easily separated. instead, it is likely that the interactions of light levels and prey availability might both act on migratory behavior. an in depth study that also incorporates measurements of actual feeding rates of p. periphylla would clarify our understanding of feeding and light associated migratory behavior of p. periphylla and other mesopelagic jellyfish .\ndiffers from most jellyfish. in what is termed' the wedding dance', the male moves the female through the water by her tentacle. he positions her so their manubria (orifices) are close together and passes her a sac full of brightly colored red sperm. she then eats this sac and the eggs are fertilized. males can pass a sperm sac to many different females, and females can accept many different sperm sacs from many males. males may be able to choose their females based on their bright orange spots .\nabundance of alatina moseri medusae at waikiki beach did not vary significantly among months, indicating no seasonality (f 11, 156 = 0. 31, p = 0. 98). during this study, a. moseri medusae arrived at waikiki beach 8–12 days after each full moon (i. e. , during waning crescent phase of the moon). arrivals of box jellyfish to the beach happened on 1–4 consecutive nights, with the exception of february 2002 when medusae arrived on 9 consecutive nights. circalunar aggregations frequently consisted of 100–1000 box jellyfish (65% of the counts), and arrivals of less than 100 individuals, or more than 1, 000, occurred 28% and 7% of the time, respectively. a total of 66, 605 medusae were counted between january 1998 and december 2011, with an average of 396. 5 individuals (range: 5–2, 365; median: 271. 5) arriving 8–12 days after each full moon and 4, 757 per year (range: 2, 155–8, 696; median: 4, 773) (table s2 in file s1) .\nthe visual system of copula sivickisi. (a) an adult male fishing with outstretched tentacles. framed area indicates location of one of the rhopalia. (b) close up of a rhopalium showing four of the six eyes. note the large crystal (cr) distally. (c) resting medusae lying upside down but the rhopalia still orient with the upper lens eye pointing straight upwards due to the heavy crystal. (d) close up of framed area in (c) showing upright rhopalium, arrowhead indicates upper lens eye. (e) medusa laying on the side still having upright rhopalia. (f) close up of framed area in (e) showing upright rhopalium, arrowhead indicates upper lens eye. (g) tem micrograph of photoreceptors in the lower lens eye. the outer segments (os) are modified cilia, and the photoreceptors also contain screening pigment (pg). note apparent holes in the outer segments. (h) close up of os showing the cilia projecting densely packed microvilli. lle, lower lens eye; se, slit eye; ule, upper lens eye .\nfigure 1. the visual system of copula sivickisi. (a) an adult male fishing with outstretched tentacles. framed area indicates location of one of the rhopalia. (b) close up of a rhopalium showing four of the six eyes. note the large crystal (cr) distally. (c) resting medusae lying upside down but the rhopalia still orient with the upper lens eye pointing straight upwards due to the heavy crystal. (d) close up of framed area in (c) showing upright rhopalium, arrowhead indicates upper lens eye. (e) medusa laying on the side still having upright rhopalia. (f) close up of framed area in (e) showing upright rhopalium, arrowhead indicates upper lens eye. (g) tem micrograph of photoreceptors in the lower lens eye. the outer segments (os) are modified cilia, and the photoreceptors also contain screening pigment (pg). note apparent holes in the outer segments. (h) close up of os showing the cilia projecting densely packed microvilli. lle, lower lens eye; se, slit eye; ule, upper lens eye .\nthe indian ocean asteroid monachaster sanderi (meissner, 1892) and in the jellyfish name sanderia goette, 1886 is honouring dr. karl ludwig gotthard sander, (9 mar. - antonshof, posen, now in poland, then belonging to prussia) 1859 - 19? ? (at least living in 1920) ,\nstabsartz\n( staff physician) on board the\nprinz adalbert\n, during the expedition, which e. g. collected the sanderia medusae. he joined the german navy in autumn 1882. in 1893 he left europe for namibia and there and elsewhere in africa, he worked on veterinary and medical problems and published much .\nduring day and dusk, the ambient irradiance of lurefjorden was darker than 10 −6 mw m −2 nm −1 at depths below 173 and 87 m, respectively. if we assume the same proportion between total irradiance and irradiance at 500 nm as in fig. 1 a we arrive at a total irradiance of 10 −7 7 mol quanta m −2 s −1. two - thirds of the p. periphylla were located at irradiances above this level, indicating a preference for some, albeit low, levels of light under these periods. during night, only one - quarter of the jellyfish was located at these same illumination levels. there were observations of some jellyfish in the basin waters (ca 430 m; fig. 4) with calculated ambient irradiance levels of 10 −18 –18 −24 mw m −2 nm −1. such low estimates of downwelling irradiance are purely theoretical and cannot be considered as cues for p. periphylla. it rather suggests that some p. periphylla occupy what should here be considered as darkness (except from local bioluminescent sources). during the night most of the water column probably had no gradient in downwelling irradiance that possibly could be sensed by p. periphylla. under such circumstances downwelling irradiance provides no guidance and a spread of individuals over the water column is to be expected (dupont et al. , 2009) .\nthe vertical migration of large p. periphylla (fig. 4) appears as an emergent property from light - related behavior (fig. 5). the ambient irradiance of the individual p. periphylla suggests that the bulk of the jellyfish have a range of preferential light levels (fig. 5 a and b). the population dispersed throughout the water column (fig. 4) during the period of lowest calculated ambient irradiance (fig. 5 c), which was expected if light is a cue for migratory behavior (dupont et al. , 2009). our observations agree with the model predictions that p. periphylla asynchronous migrations result from proximate responses to light levels (dupont et al. , 2009) .\nlog - transformed, detrended variables are shown, y - axes are residual values. graphs a, c, and e represent monthly time - series (three - month average smoothing), while graphs b, d, and f represent annual means. solid blue lines represent box jellyfish numbers, dashed red lines represent climate and biogeochemical variables, including npgo (a, b), primary production (c, d), and zooplankton biomass (e, f). note different scale in the y - axis of variables between monthly and annual analyses. error bars were not included in order to enhance visualization. biogeochemical variables were obtained at station aloha, from the hawaiian oceanographic time - series program (hot) at urltoken .\nwe greatly thank dr. d. huang and dr. h. wei for contributing ctd data, and dr. f. zhang for providing giant jellyfish data. we are grateful to the captain and crew of the rv “beidou” for their efforts in the field, p. ji and other people who provided support during our sampling efforts, and b. yang for identification of zooplankton. this study was supported by the state key program of national natural science foundation of china (41230963), the strategic priority research program of the chinese academy of sciences (xda11020305), the national basic research program of china (2011cb403601), the national public s & t research funds projects of the ocean (201005018), and the national natural science foundation of china (41306155) .\ncondon, r. h. , c. m. duarte, k. a. pitt, k. l. robinson, c. h. lucas, k. r. sutherland, h. w. mianzan, m. bogeberg, j. e. purcell, m. b. decker, s. i. uye, l. p. madin, r. d. brodeur, s. h. d. haddock, a. malej, g. d. parry, e. eriksen, j. quiñones, m. acha, m. harvey, j. m. arthur & w. m. graham, 2013. recurrent jellyfish blooms are a consequence of global oscillations. proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 110: 1000–1005 .\nof a total of three climate indices, 13 biogeochemical variables, and seven weather parameters analyzed with a univariate approach using the gam and grm, one climatic and two biogeochemical variables showed a significant relationship with beach counts (figure 4). no significant relationships were detected between beach counts and any weather parameters examined at both monthly and annual scales (table s3 in file s1). in addition, the circular - linear correlation analyses did not detect a significant relationship between jellyfish counts and wind direction at any time scale (table s3 in file s1). on a monthly scale, the grm indicated a weak positive, significant linear relationship between box jellyfish abundance and both the npgo (grm, r 2 = 0. 27, p < 0. 001; figure 4a) and > 2 mm night zooplankton biomass (grm, r 2 = 0. 19, p = 0. 036; figure 4e). however, on an annual scale, the grm revealed strong, positive linear relationships of beach counts with the npgo (grm: f 1, 12 = 13, r = 0. 72, r 2 = 0. 52; p = 0. 003; figures 4b & 5a), primary production (grm: f 1, 11 = 13. 5, r = 0. 74, r 2 = 0. 54; p = 0. 004; figures 4d & 5b), and > 2 mm night zooplankton biomass (grm: f 1, 11 = r = 0. 6; r 2 = 0. 36; p = 0. 03; figures 4f & 5c). significant inter - relationships (on an annual scale) were detected among variables that correlated significantly with jellyfish abundance at waikiki beach. primary production (as covariate) showed a strong positive linear relationship with > 2 mm night zooplankton biomass (grm, r = 0. 62; r 2 = 0. 39; p = 0. 01; figure 6a). interestingly, the gam detected a strong non - linear relationship (i. e. , “u” shape) between the npgo (covariate) and primary production (gam, r 2 = 0. 75, non - linear p = 0. 001; figure 6b). further analysis indicated that the non - linear relationship between primary production and npgo was caused by an unusual pairwise observation for 2005. disregarding this outlier, there was a strong, positive linear relationship between npgo and primary production (grm: r = 0. 86; r 2 = 0. 7; p = 0. 0004) .\ntoxicity varies from species to species with some being completely harmless to humans while others can cause death within minutes. the chirodropid c. fleckeri is considered the most lethal jellyfish known (wiltshire et al. 2000). not surprisingly, its close relative chironex yamaguchii has caused human fatalities in japan and the philippines (fenner & williamson 1996; fenner 1997 (both as chiropsalmus quadrigatus); lewis & bentlage 2009). by contrast, chiropsalmus and chiropsella species are considered much less dangerous (but see bengtson et al. 1991). differences in toxicity among chirodropids may be explained by differences in the amount of tentacle surface area, and consequently, the amount of venom that can be delivered (see nagai 2003). interestingly, an unvouchered tissue specimen from palau appears to be closely related to c. yamaguchii from japan, raising questions about the toxicity and identity of this chirodropid .\nlight has been suggested to play a role in the life history and behavior of p. periphylla (jarms et al. , 1999, 2002; youngbluth and båmstedt, 2001; jarms et al. , 2002; kaartvedt et al. , 2007; sötje et al. , 2007). the rhopalia of p. periphylla lack ocelli (sötje et al. , 2011); however, protoporphyrin develops with age and becomes entodermally visible with the onset of rhopalia development (jarms et al. , 1999, 2002). light exposure related lesions, due to the phototoxic reactions of protoporphyrin (herring, 1972; bonnett et al. , 1979), may lead to fatalities and development ceases in young jellyfish exposed to light (jarms et al. , 2002). accordingly, p. periphylla exhibits stress response behavior when exposed to light (youngbluth and båmstedt, 2001) .\nlittle is known about the general ecology and biology of c. barnesi; however, the medusae stage is considered oceanic, planktonic, has been found around coral reefs or islands, and under certain conditions on beaches [ 19, 20, 23, 24, 26 ]. a sting from c. barnesi, as well as several other cubozoans, can cause irukandji syndrome, which is often severely painful, potentially fatal and may require hospitalization for treatment [ 19, 27, 28 ]. the direct cost in treating envenomed victims is estimated to be between one and three million dollars per year in northern australia alone, and the negative impact this species has on the australian tourism industry through reduced revenue is substantial [ 19 ]. understanding the general ecology of the polyp stage of c. barnesi may allow for the determination of the start of the jellyfish season and elucidate the factors affecting the abundance of medusae present. this could contribute to decreasing the number of envenomed victims per year and reduce the costs associated with treating these stings .\nunder day (high) surface irradiance conditions (table i), 30% of the p. periphylla population was located between 100 and 125 m (fig. 4 a). at dusk (low) surface irradiance conditions (table i), the abundance peak had shifted to ~ 75 m with 45% of p. periphylla encountered between 50 and100 m (fig. 4 b). at night (night surface irradiance conditions; table i), 20% of the population were recorded above 25 m with the rest of the jellyfish evenly dispersed throughout the water column from surface to ~ 250 m (fig. 4 c). one - third of the population was observed below 250 m in day, while only ~ 10% of the population were observed below this depth for dusk and night. the depth distribution for the day, dusk and night p. periphylla rov vertical distribution observations had a median depth of 155 m (iqr = 114–228 m), 77 m (iqr = 55–124 m) and 36 m (iqr = 15–178 m), respectively. the depth range was widest under the night surface irradiance (fig. 4) .\nisolated fresh lenses were slightly ellipsoidic with the longer axes in the pupil plane (figures 2a, b). using a compound microscope to project parallel light through the lens we determined the focusing properties of the lens by measuring the width of the beam as a function of distance behind the lens. lenses from both the upper and lower eyes brought light to a focus at a surprisingly short distance—approximately 100 μm. at the plane of best focus, the beam was converged to a diameter of 15–20% of the lens diameter. to account for the variation in eye size and lens size (about ± 25 %) we normalized all measurements to units of lens diameter and plotted the beam profile in an anatomical model of the eye (figures 2a–e). this demonstrated that the plane of best focus is at the base of the retina in both the upper and lower lens eyes. even though the f - number (focal ratio) is lower than that found in the related jellyfish t. cystophora, we estimate that the spatial resolution will be roughly the same, i. e. , 10–20° in both upper and lower lens eyes (compare figures 2a, b, f–h) .\nthe relatively constant range of ambient light at individual p. periphylla (fig. 5) suggests that, as long as there is sufficient light present, jellyfish adjust their vertical position in response to changes in ambient irradiance (figs 4 and 5). for example, there was a well - defined avoidance of depths with high illumination where ambient irradiance was above 10 −2 mw m −2 nm −1, corresponding to a total irradiance of 5 × 10 −3 µmol quanta m −2 s −1. a large fraction appears to avoid very low light levels and few individuals were observed at depths with the darkest irradiance levels, specifically below 250 m (10 −10 –10 −16 mw m −2 nm −1, day–night; figs 4 and 5). this might support the hypothesis (dupont et al. , 2009) that a large fraction, although not the entire, p. periphylla population distributes within a certain range of light intensities during day. if that is the case, fig. 5 indicates the range of light preferences of p. periphylla. most appear to avoid light levels above 10 −2 mw m −2 nm −1 (corresponding to total irradiance of 5 × 10 −3 3 mol quanta m −2 s −1), but also that > 60% appear to prefer light levels above 10 −6 mw m −2 nm −1 (10 −7 µmol quanta m −2 s − 1) during day and dusk periods." ]

{ "text": [ "copula is a monotypic genus of box jellyfish in the family tripedaliidae of the phylum cnidaria .", "the only species in the genus is copula sivickisi , a very small gelatinous , bell-shaped organism with four tentacles that is active only at night .", "it is unusual among box jellyfish in having a mating ritual and internal fertilisation .", "the specific name honours the lithuanian zoologist pranciškus baltrus šivickis . " ], "topic": [ 26, 4, 22, 25 ] }

[ "copula is a monotypic genus of box jellyfish in the family tripedaliidae of the phylum cnidaria. the only species in the genus is copula sivickisi, a very small gelatinous, bell-shaped organism with four tentacles that is active only at night. it is unusual among box jellyfish in having a mating ritual and internal fertilisation. the specific name honours the lithuanian zoologist pranciškus baltrus šivickis." ]

[ "coeliades is a genus of large skipper butterflies (family hesperiidae) found in subsaharan africa. they are commonly known as policemen .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 7 / 28 / 2016. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nackery pr, smith cr, and vane - wright ri eds. 1995. carcasson' s african butterflies. canberra: csiro .\nlarsen, t. b. 2005 butterflies of west africa. stenstrup, denmark: apollo books .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v. z. brower at and andrew warren at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nskippers or say as hesperiidiae butterflies are the non - nocturnal butterflies with 3500 varieties. these butterflies have quick darting flight and their antennas are hooked backwards .\nskippers have many subfamilies in which all those have varied shape and size. the general skippers have large compound eyes and stockier bodies and even stronger wings muscles .\nthe shape of the wings is rounded and sharply tipped forewings. the interesting thing about these butterflies is when they are in resting position, the wings are in the upward position or spread rather than folding up .\nthe general colour of this butterflies is dull brown or grey and some of them have black or white colours. red, yellow, blue are rarely found colours in skippers type of butterflies, but if we observe in higher classifications there are rich coloured butterflies found .\nthe male butterflies have black streak or patch on forewings. out of 3500 species, skippers are subclassified into following subfamilies :\nthis was the detailed information of skipper butterflies and all the sub - classification of it. i hope you have acquired everything through this article. if i have missed out something you can mention it in comment box .\nsave my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment." ]

{ "text": [ "coeliades rama is a butterfly in the family hesperiidae .", "it is found in madagascar .", "the habitat consists of forests , forest margins and anthropogenic environments . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 24 ] }

[ "coeliades rama is a butterfly in the family hesperiidae. it is found in madagascar. the habitat consists of forests, forest margins and anthropogenic environments." ]

[ "in synonymy: phonognatha wagneri (rainbow, 1896, t from araneus) = phonognatha graeffei (keyserling, 1865) (dondale, 1966: 1171) .\nphonognatha joannae berland, 1924a: 213, f. 118 - 120 (d m f) .\nphonognatha graeffei neocaledonica berland, 1924a: 213, f. 113 - 117 (d m f) .\nphonognatha guanga barrion & litsinger, 1995: 522, f. 321a - g, 322a - e (d f) .\nepeira graeffii keyserling, 1865: 811, pl. 19, f. 12 - 13 (d f; patronym for graeffe). epeira graeffei l. koch, 1871: 98. phonognatha graeffei simon, 1894a: 748, f. 829 - 831 (f). epeira wagneri rainbow, 1896a: 325, pl. 19, f. 2 (d f). phonognatha graeffei dondale, 1966: 1171, f. 5a - g (f, s m). phonognatha graeffei davies, 1988b: 288, f. 10 (m f). phonognatha graeffei hormiga, eberhard & coddington, 1995: 323, f. 5k, 8a - g (m). phonognatha graeffei kuntner, coddington & hormiga, 2008: 170, f. 11a - c, e - g (m f). phonognatha graeffei álvarez - padilla & hormiga, 2011: 838, f. 125e - f, 136e (m) .\nthe leaf - curling spiders (genus phonognatha) are day - active orb weaving spiders that protect themselves from predators by sitting inside a silk seamed, curled leaf .\nepeira melanopyga l. koch, 1871: 97, pl. 8, f. 2 (d f). singotypa melanopygia rainbow, 1916a: 87, pl. 21, f. 9 (d m). phonognatha melanopyga kuntner, coddington & hormiga, 2008: 170, f. 11d, h - i (m f). phonognatha melanopyga kuntner, coddington & schneider, 2009: 1452, f. 1c (m) .\nepeira melania l. koch, 1871: 100, pl. 8, f. 3 (d f). meta melania keyserling, 1887a: 207, pl. 18, f. 7 (d m). singotypa melania simon, 1894a: 749. phonognatha melania dondale, 1966: 1172, f. 5h - o (m f). phonognatha melania hickman, 1967: 56, f. 99 - 102 (m f) .\nthe leaf - curling spider phonognatha graeffei incorporates a twisted leaf into the central hub of its orb - web that is used as a retreat. this species is unusual among orb - weaving spiders because males cohabit in the leaf retreat with both immature and mature females, mating with the former shortly after the female molts. cohabitation appears to be a form of mate - guarding because cohabiting males respond agonistically to rival males that venture onto the web, and their behaviour depends upon the reproductive status of the female; males defending immature females are more aggressive than those defending virgin, adult females. males copulate with previously mated females for significantly longer than with virgin females. females may cannibalise cohabiting males, which occurs independently of whether the female has been deprived of food. females that cannibalise a single male do not have a higher fecundity than non - cannibalistic females .\nuse of this catalog is limited to research, educational, non - commercial\nfair use\n. colleagues are welcome to download, print, or use material from the catalog, for their individual research purposes, so long as the world spider catalog and the natural history museum of bern are cited as the source of the information. users may not, however, copy material from the catalog into other databases or onto other websites, or otherwise disseminate the information, without permission from the copyright holder .\ncitation: world spider catalog (2018). world spider catalog. version 19. 0. natural history museum bern, online at http: / / wsc. nmbe. ch, accessed on { date of access }. doi: 10. 24436 / 2\n2018 - 07 - 05 new taxonomic reference entry - ref sinodraconarius yui zhao & s. q. li, 2018\n2018 - 07 - 05 new species inserted - ref sinodraconarius yui zhao & s. q. li, 2018\n2018 - 07 - 05 new taxonomic reference entry - ref sinodraconarius muruoensis zhao & s. q. li, 2018\n2018 - 07 - 05 new species inserted - ref sinodraconarius muruoensis zhao & s. q. li, 2018\n2018 - 07 - 05 new taxonomic reference entry - ref sinodraconarius cawarongensis zhao & s. q. li, 2018\n2018 - 07 - 05 new species inserted - ref sinodraconarius cawarongensis zhao & s. q. li, 2018\n2018 - 07 - 05 li et al. , 2018b - - show included taxa\n2018 - 07 - 04 isaia et al. , 2018 - - show included taxa\n2018 - 07 - 03 cala - riquelme et al. , 2018 - - show included taxa\n2018 - 06 - 27 caleb et al. , 2018 - - show included taxa\n2018 - 06 - 27 hedin et al. , 2018b - - show included taxa\n2018 - 06 - 23 lissner et al. , 2018 - - show included taxa\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\ndondale, c. d. 1966 ,\nthe spider fauna (araneida) of deciduous orchards in the australian capital territory\n, australian journal of zoology, vol. 14, pp. 1157 - 1192\nkeyserling, e. 1865 ,\nbeiträge zur kenntniss der orbitelae latr\n, verhandlungen der kaiserlich - königlichen zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft in wien, vol. 15, pp. 799 - 856\nrainbow, w. j. 1896 ,\ndescriptions of some new araneidae of new south wales. no. 6\n, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales, vol. 21, pp. 320 - 344 pls 18 - 20\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 3fe5ff37 - 95fa - 4141 - ac30 - 4b79f49bf2d7\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 54ba18ed - 2058 - 446b - abf6 - 9a547a3122aa\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 69d45a47 - 49f2 - 4f23 - bcab - e7c2f97b7280\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 7de18faf - 0310 - 4919 - bdac - 9115083622d7\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 81a9e9b8 - a796 - 4f17 - 8e34 - 1a46bff428f4\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: c3089811 - fedd - 4154 - 919c - cf1e93104b86\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: e0770896 - c21d - 48ce - ad5a - e7f9d8f4a7c8\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: e984fb14 - e2d4 - 4ca5 - a61d - f52aa23fb005\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 8413a43d - ecd3 - 4ee0 - 8559 - 8e290c6368e4\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 385632\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrecently in the tetragnathidae, this spider has been moved back into the araneidae by kuntner et al 2008 (reported in platnick 9. 5). this spider is usually recognised its curled dry leaf hanging in an untidy web, sometimes with its legs showing. the leaf hangs about 1 - 2m from the ground in shrubbery, often in suburban gardens. at full stretch this spider (including legs) is about the size of a 50c piece. it is thought to be harmless to humans but will bite if provoked, resulting in mild local pain. when an insect lands in its web the spider will rush out and immobilise it with silk, otherwise all than can usually be seen is the retreat (see picture below) .\nthis photo shows the typical curled leaf that is suspended in the web, usually vertically with the opening at the bottom. the spider hides in here until it senses something to eat has landed in its web .\nthe north queensland variety seems to have a much more barrel - shaped abdomen than the south east queensland .\norder online © all material copyright robert whyte and greg anderson unless credited otherwise. robert whyte is an honorary researcher with queensland museum which does not officially endorse the views expressed herein nor is it responsible or liable for any damages therefrom. for all scientific papers go to: world spider catalogue. for any updates to the web site please contact robert whyte privacy and disclaimer\nn. b. : considered a senior synonym of singotypa simon, 1894 by dondale, 1966: 1170; transferred here from the tetragnathidae by kuntner, coddington & hormiga, 2008: 190, confirmed by murphy & roberts, 2015: ix .\n| | australia [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 014062 ]\n| | new caledonia [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 014063 ]\n| | philippines [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 014064 ]\n| | new caledonia [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 014065 ]\n| | australia [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 014066 ]\n| | australia [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 014067 ]\n| | australia (western australia) [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 014068 ]\nworld spider catalog, version 11. 0, website (version 11. 0 )\nplatnick, norman i. 2011. the world spider catalog, v. 11. 0. american museum of natural history. database built by robert j. raven from the files underlying the website at urltoken doi: 10. 5531 / db. iz. 0001\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nmainly identified by their curled - leaf retreats in which they hide with only their legs exposed, leaf - curling spiders are fat, oval - shaped spiders with red - brown legs and body and a cream coloured pattern on their backs .\nleaf - curling spiders hoist a leaf from the ground and, using silk threads, curl it to form a protective cylinder, silked shut at the top and open at the hub. . they then sit in this cylinder with only their legs showing, feeling for the vibrations of a captured insect. the curled leaf protects them from birds and parasitic wasps. sometimes other objects, such as snail shells (which come ready - curled), are used. in p. graeffei this leaf is suspended just above the centre of the web, but may be placed higher in other species. juvenile spiders start off by bending over a small green leaf, but eventually graduate to larger dead leaves .\na male leaf - curling spider will take up residence in an immature female' s web, living at the upper end of the curled leaf. he will then mate with her as soon as she matures. the female lays her eggs within another curled leaf, which is silked up and hung in the foliage away from the web .\nthe curled leaf retreat protects leaf - curling spiders from predators such as birds and parasitic wasps .\nfahey, b. & elgar, m. behav ecol sociobiol (1997) 40: 127. urltoken\nleaf curling spiders are easily found in open bushland in brisbane. we saw many of them in late summer. the female spider build the egg - sac by curling dry leaf. it usually hangs from a twig near the web. male spider is a little smaller than the female .\nthe spider seldom goes outside their leaf retreat unless a prey fall on its web, or it has to repair or re - build its web. the spider usually re - build its web at night .\nwhen outside its retreat, the spider is in high alert. it will rush back even if there is a minor disturb. the spider has brown legs and brown thorax. its abdomen is white in colour with dark patterns .\nalthough most of the leaf curling spiders build their retreat with dry leaf, sometime we find them build retreat with fresh green leaf .\nmid summer dec 2007 in karawatha forest, we saw this little spider wandering on the edge of a leaf curling spider web. the web owner was hiding inside the curled leaf retreat. this litter spider looked similar to the leaf curling spider except half the size and with relatively smaller abdomen. we believed this was the male leaf curling spider .\nthe leaf curling spiders build vertical fan - shaped web, or half of a orb web, usually 0. 5 meter in diameter, one meter above the ground .\nthey always build a retreat on the upper side of their web. usually they build the retreat by a dry leaf. they stay inside their retreat, put their forelegs on their web and sense if any prey come into their web. if disturbed, they quickly hide inside the retreat .\nor send email to us. a great way to support us is to buy a cd from us." ]

{ "text": [ "phonognatha is a genus of spider .", "a small genus of seven species of the family araneidae , it was previously placed in tetragnathidae .", "the type species phonognatha graeffei ( leaf curling spider ) , is a common australian spider found in urban areas as well as woodlands in the north-eastern , eastern and southern states .", "the following is a list of species in the genus : phonognatha graeffei ( australia ) phonognatha guanga ( philippines ) phonognatha joannae ( new caledonia ) phonognatha melania ( australia , tasmania ) phonognatha melanopyga ( australia , tasmania ) phonognatha pallida ( western australia ) phonognatha vicitra ( india )" ], "topic": [ 26, 26, 24, 26 ] }

[ "phonognatha is a genus of spider. a small genus of seven species of the family araneidae, it was previously placed in tetragnathidae. the type species phonognatha graeffei (leaf curling spider), is a common australian spider found in urban areas as well as woodlands in the north-eastern, eastern and southern states. the following is a list of species in the genus: phonognatha graeffei (australia) phonognatha guanga (philippines) phonognatha joannae (new caledonia) phonognatha melania (australia, tasmania) phonognatha melanopyga (australia, tasmania) phonognatha pallida (western australia) phonognatha vicitra (india )" ]

[ "filmed in brown - eared bulbul bird, in showa kinen park, tokyo, japan .\nbrown - eared bulbul (hypsipetes amaurotis) is a species of bird in the pycnonotidae family .\nganglion cell density and oil droplet distribution in the retina of brown - eared bulbul (hypsipetes amaurotis) [ corrected ] .\nganglion cell density and oil droplet distribution in the retina of brown - eared bulbul (hypsipetes amaurotis) [ corrected ]. - pubmed - ncbi\nthey move by day and often in large flocks. the brown - eared bulbul has a strong undulating flight, often high, powerful and sustained .\nr. hirata, s. hirai, k. hata, and k. sone, “observation of the autumn migration of the brown - eared bulbul ,\nthe significant time correlation between numbers of fruiting plant species and numbers of frugivorous birds comes as no surprise — and a crucial frugivorous species is the somewhat demonstrative brown - eared bulbul .\nduring the breeding season, the brown - eared bulbul becomes territorial and can be aggressive. it may fight against other bulbuls, and it strongly defends the nest against all types of predators .\nprotection / threats / status: the brown - eared bulbul is abundant and widespread throughout japan, especially on offshore islands. the species is fairly common in its range, except in taiwan. but it has recently expanded its range into urban areas in japan. on the other hand, it is considered a pest due to its habit of damaging orchards and crops. the brown - eared bulbul is not currently threatened .\nif you have ever been rudely awakened in the early hours of the morning by loud, seemingly protesting cries of “shreep - shreep” outside your window, then your natural alarm clock is most likely a brown - eared bulbul — a hiyodori in japanese .\nthe brown - eared bulbul is mostly resident in its range. however, non - breeding birds from hokkaido move southwards or perform altitudinal movements in late september. they reach the plains and the suburban areas where they often occur in large numbers during winter .\nthe genus as traditionally delimited is not monophyletic; the brown - eared bulbul is placed in ixos, but in fact it is better separated in the monotypic genus microscelis. the philippine bulbul is sometimes placed in ixos but otherwise (and probably more appropriately) in hypsipetes, where the sulphur - bellied, zamboanga and streak - breasted bulbuls might also belong. [ 1 ]\nbeautiful bird singing: straw - head bulbul voice a. k. a cucak rowo\nhabitat: the brown - eared bulbul frequents deciduous, mixed and evergreen forests, from lowlands and foothills to 1600 - 2100 metres of elevation during the breeding season. during winter, it is mostly seen in open cultivated areas with groves and hedgerows. it is commonly found in suburban parks and gardens, and urban areas including city centres .\nsulphur - bellied bulbul ixos palawanensis = described by: tweeddale (1878) alternate common name (s): golden - eyed bulbul, olive bulbul old scientific name (s): hypsipetes palawanensis photographs near st. pauls subterranean river national park, palawan, philippines - mar, 2007 more\nthe bird species that used the perch and hovered for feeding were the brown - eared bulbul (n = 1007), the dusky thrush (n = 26), and the bull - headed shrike (lanius bucephalus) (n = 1). only the brown - eared bulbuls pecked the half - visible bags or full bags, but they never broke the bags. we used only brown - eared bulbul pecking data because dusky thrush and shrike never pecked the covered fruits (i. e. , half - visible bag or full bag); our treatments protected the fruit from these birds even if half of the fruit was visible. the order of birds numbers attracted to each test site each day in each treatment group was uncovered > half - visible bag > full bag (figure 2, glmm and holm method; p < 0. 05). the full bag attracted five feeding attempts by bulbuls, but these birds never pecked at the bag .\nthe birds’ deep - brown eyes appear notably perceptive, while their slender, straight black bills are effective tools; together they make the species highly effective at berry - plucking and bug - hunting. it is hardly a stretch of the imagination to say that, in ecological terms, brown - eared bulbuls are among the most important birds in japan — despite them being so frequently ignored .\nthe mountain bulbul (i. mcclellandii) is provisionally placed in ixos, until its relationships are resolved .\nintroduction: the brown - eared bulbul is now isolated in the monotypic genus microscelis, after numerous analysis and research. it was formerly in the genus hypsipetes. this species is one of the most abundant and common in japan, and occurs in varied habitat types, including gardens and city centres. this bird is known for uttering unattractive noise, a loud and unbecoming call. its japanese name is “hiyodori” .\nixos is a songbird genus in the bulbul family, pycnonotidae. it provisionally contains the following species: [ 1 ]\nthe sulphur - bellied bulbul (ixos palawanensis) is a songbird species in the bulbul family (pycnonotidae). it is one of the species of ixos that might warrant inclusion in the genus hypsipetes – as long as this is kept separate from ixos – as it may be a close relative of the philippine bulbul (h. philippinensis), which in turn is closely related to the type species of hypsipetes, the black bulbul (h. leucocephalus). more\nfishpool, l. & tobias, j. (2018). brown - eared bulbul (hypsipetes amaurotis). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nit feeds both on the ground and in bushes or fruiting trees, and takes berries by plucking while perched. they often occur in groups, and sometimes, they can damage orchards and other crops. the brown - eared bulbul can be aggressive at bird - feeders during winter, and it is often the dominant species. it often perches on fences and top of bushes from where it gives its loud calls while being restless .\nsmall birds, with small bills, such as the japanese white - eye, can only open their mouths sufficiently to swallow small fruits; faced with larger fruits they will likely just peck at the flesh and so do nothing of use in return for the plant. larger birds, with larger bills and gapes, such as the brown - eared bulbul, can open their bills wide and swallow a greater range of large, medium and small fruits .\nsulphur - bellied bulbul ixos palawanensis = near st. pauls subterranean river national park, palawan, philippines - mar, 2007 more\ncalls and songs: sounds by xeno - canto the brown - eared bulbul is gregarious and noisy. it produces an unattractive sound, a loud “shreep” or “weesp” heard all year round. in philippines, its voice appears harsher “pee - yuk”, or it utters descending and accelerating series “pee - yuk p - uk p - uk p - uk” when in flocks, they can be very noisy, giving continuously loud vocalisations, fluty calls and chattering to communicate .\nbehaviour in the wild: the brown - eared bulbul feeds primarily on plant materials. it takes wide variety of berries, holly, seeds, blossoms, citrus fruits such as mikan oranges (citrus unshiu), and leafy vegetables, especially during winter in japan. it forages in gardens for nectar from flowers such as camellias and other species. the pollen often leaves its face dusted yellow. these birds are useful for pollination. it may occasionally take insects too .\n* sulphur - bellied bulbul, ixos palawanensis - hypsipetes? : the sulphur - bellied bulbul (ixos palawanensis) is a species of songbird in the pycnonotidae family. it is endemic to the philippines. its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. more\nit is one of the species of ixos that might warrant inclusion in the genus hypsipetes – as long as this is kept separate from ixos – as it may be a close relative of the philippine bulbul, which in turn is closely related to the type species of hypsipetes, the black bulbul .\nreproduction of this species: the breeding season takes place in april / july - august. the brown - eared bulbul builds a robust cup - shaped nest in low branch of tree, or in bush, vines and even man - made structures. the nest is placed between 1, 5 and 4, 5 metres above the ground. the nesting materials are highly variable and usually found in the vicinity of the nest - site. usually, the female does most of the work, but the male performs mate - guarding and accompanies its mate all the while .\n27–29 cm; 60–90·6 g. large, boisterous, highly conspicuous bulbul, elongated and pointed crown feathers forming slight crest; strong undulating flight... .\nthe sulphur - bellied bulbul is classified as least concern. does not qualify for a more at risk category. widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\nthe adult of nominate race has dark ashy - grey upperparts. wings and tail are slightly browner. on the underparts, throat and breast are ashy - grey, whereas lower breast and centre of belly show larger white spots. flanks and thighs are grey - brown. undertail - coverts are dark grey with broad white edges. on the head, crown and nape are ashy - grey with greyish - white tips. ear - coverts and neck sides are chestnut - brown. the elongated, pointed crown feathers form a slight crest. the bill is black. the eyes are reddish - brown. legs and feet are dark reddish. both sexes are similar. the juvenile is browner than adult, and lacks the pale grey wash .\nthe streaked bulbul, meanwhile, seems to be closer to hemixos and perhaps iole and maybe the hook - billed bulbul (setornis criniger) than to hypsipetes. thus, given the lack of study of the sunda bulbul' s affiliations, ixos might eventually be reduced to the core group around i. virescens and kept well distinct from hypsipetes. or it may be that some species (such as i. malaccensis) are be split off into a distinct genus (for which no scientific name exists yet), while hypsipetes is merged into the core group of ixos. [ 2 ]\nthough it might be easy to dismiss bulbuls as rowdy avian neighbors, a closer look reveals an attractive bird that is mostly olive - brown frosted with pale shades of gray. the feathers of the crown, neck, throat and breast are finely pointed and, when fluffed out in cold weather, they stand apart from one another as if the bird is having a bad - hair day .\nthe mountain bulbul and sunda bulbul – formerly h. mcclellandii and h. virescens – are provisionally placed in ixos until the genus limits in bulbuls are firmly established. they are often included in hypsipetes but this is an old error that was promoted in modern times by the sibley taxonomy. in fact, i. virescens is the type species of ixos, and though some sources advocate a complete merger of the two genera – and even the entire\nhypsipetes group\nof bulbuls, which also includes hemixos, iole, microscelis and tricholestes –, being the oldest genus name ixos would apply to all of them, rather than hypsipetes as is often believed. [ 1 ]\nsulphur - bellied bulbul, in addition to both greater and common flamebacks (the former of the fantastic endemic, red - headed erythrocephalus race) in the same tree with our first asian drongo - cuckoo. as we turned around to head back to the banca we realized the peacock had followed us all the way down the trail. more\nhowever, these birds’ most distinctive visual feature, and the one that gives them their english name, are the bold, chestnut - brown crescents that sweep round the face like a pair of commas from behind the eye down onto the sides of the cheeks. broadest behind the eyes, these taper to fine streaks either side of the throat, where they make the lighter - colored feathers of the chin look like a pale bib .\nif you made it though the whole of this article, you might now have a rough idea of bulbul phylogeny and diversity, but we’ve hardly touched on them at all really. at least i’ve started – at long last – to make one minor inroad into the terrifying, gargantuan nexus that is the world of passerine phylogeny. much more one day .\n. this individual was photographed in captivity here in england: wild ones occur from eastern afghanistan through northern pakistan and india to southern china, and also in parts of myanmar, laos and thailand. it’s somewhat ironic that a bird known as the ‘black’ bulbul can have a strikingly white head and breast, and indeed most populations and species within the species complex that includes\ngive a thought then, when next you are awoken in the wee small hours at the first hint of dawn, that the very vocal bulbul is actually a “good thing” with clear bragging rights when it comes to being an important seed - dispersal agent. indeed, one study found that bulbuls were able to consume fruits from 53 wild woody plant species, from 24 different families of plants .\nthe most drastic course hardly appropriate however, since alophoixus and setornis cannot be excluded from the\nhypsipetes group\n, and an all - out merge would turn the resultant\ngenus\nixos into an ill - defined\nwastebin taxon\n. the erroneous inclusion of i. virescens in hypsipetes has caused the nicobar bulbul to be listed under its invalid junior synonym h. nicobariensis rather than the valid names h. virescens or i. nicobariensis. [ 1 ]\nit is universally agreed that hypsipetes is a bulbul – a member of the passerine group pycnonotidae – though this, of course, doesn’t necessarily mean that it’s true. in the ‘traditional’ passerine classifications that tended to make it into both textbooks and the popular literature (that is, those of gadow, stresemann, wetmore and mayr), bulbuls were typically placed within an assemblage that also includes other robust - billed, mostly frugivorous passerines, like waxwings, leafbirds, orioles, cuckooshrikes and bowerbirds .\nresults essential identical to those of pasquet et al. (2001) were reported by jønsson & fjeldså (2006) but, then, their’s was a supertree study. moyle & marks (2006) produced a larger analysis incorporating a lot more species. they also found hypsipetes sensu lato to form a clade with the asian bearded bulbuls (the hook - billed bulbul setornis criniger was in there as well), and again recommended that the name alophoixus be used for the asian bearded bulbuls .\nupper or lower half - visible bags attracted 26 and 46 birds, respectively. of 338 attempts at pecking half - visible bags, only one attempt was made at pecking the white half bag. estimated 95% confidence intervals for pecking the visible part / total pecking were 0. 98–0. 99 and 0. 94–1. 00 for the upper and lower half - visible bags, respectively (figure 3). the results indicated that bulbul pecking behavior is strongly biased toward the visible part of a grape cluster .\nmost recently, oliveros & moyle (2010) included numerous asian bulbuls within a much larger phylogeny and recovered a similar topology [ a section of their phylogeny is shown below ]. it has many implications for the species included hypsipetes sensu lato. here’s where we come back to all those generic synonyms mentioned earlier on. oliveros & moyle (2010) recovered a distinct structure within ‘ hypsipetes - group bulbuls’, and found many of the divergences within this clade to be equally as old as, or older than, the divergences present between many other of the asian bulbul ‘genera’ .\nin order of divergence from older to youngest, they recovered clades that corresponded to iole, hemixos, hypsipetes sensu stricto, microscelis, and ixos. even this treatment doesn’t result in a totally tidy nomenclature, since the species conventionally included in ixos didn’t form a clade. the hairy - backed bulbul t. criniger – often included in hypsipetes – wasn’t a part of the ‘ hypsipetes group’ at all, but was recovered as the sister - taxon to the clade that includes the asian bearded bulbuls (those ‘asian crinigers’) and all the ‘ hypsipetes - group bulbuls’ (oliveros & moyle 2010) .\ni’m too lazy to check the james et al. paper right now, but i think i recall the authors saying that a few other workers had looked at skeletal morphology and had _ also _ found clues as to the non - corvid affinity of this taxon. actually, i see i covered some of this before. there are a few similar stories. one other: storrs olson used skeletal morphology to argue that nicators weren’t bulbuls, but rather closer to bush - shrikes (his conclusions haven’t been supported by molecular work, but at least he was able to show that they didn’t fit within the bulbul clade) .\nas usual, you could make the argument that we should stick to tradition and just lump all of the species concerned into one super - inclusive hypsipetes genus and be done with it… but, to my mind, it seems more informative (and more interesting) to have the taxonomy reflect the phylogeny. none of these changes affect hypsipetes leucocephalus – since it will be forever associated with the name hypsipetes – but they do very much affect our view of hypsipetes in the old, inclusive sense of the name. at last, hypsipetes goes only with those confusing white - and dark - headed bulbuls like the white - headed black bulbul that started this whole discussion .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. , fishpool, l. d. c. , boesman, p. and kirwan, g. m. 2016. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 2: passerines. lynx edicions and birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\nhypsipetes amaurotis (del hoyo and collar 2016) was previously listed as ixos amaurotis .\njustification: this species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is described as locally common in south korea and common in the philippines (del hoyo et al. 2005), while national population estimates include: c. 100 - 100, 000 breeding pairs in china; c. 10, 000 - 1 million breeding pairs in taiwan; c. 10, 000 - 100, 000 breeding pairs in korea and c. 10, 000 - 1 million breeding pairs in japan (brazil 2009). trend justification: the population is estimated to be increasing following a range expansion into urban areas in japan during recent decades (del hoyo et al. 2005) .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment). the iucn red list of threatened species 2017: e. t22713192a111070217 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncheke & hume 2008, bli. conspecific with the extinct reunion form whose scientific name has priority .\nmanchurian bush warbler is restricted to borealis; ssp canturians is treated here as a subspecies of h. diphone. an alternative treatment would be to lump borealis with diphone until relationships of the members of this complex are sorted out genetically (alström et al. 2011b). see rasmussen & anderton 2005, bli re original split of cettia canturians, including borealis from c. diphone .\niczn opinion 2215. bulletin of zoological nomenclature 65: 327 - 328, 2008 .\ncorrect gender agreement; original specific epithet albicapillus is invariable. (n david, h & m corrigenda 2. 1 )\ngenetically embedded in monticola; move before m. rupestris (zuccon & ericson 2010a )\nfrith and frith 1998, christidis and boles 2008, slikas unpub. , t. pratt comm .\nfrith and frith 1998, christidis and boles 2008, slikas unpub. , t. pratt comm .\nrestore inland plover to peltohyas; relative of wrybill and red - kneed dotterel; resequence following lapwings, their sister group (baker et al. 2007; fjeldsa comm )\nfuchs et al 2008; correct error in v2. 5; correct gender agreement\ncorrect gender agreement; “we are speaking here of hydrornis blyth 1843 in jasb 12 (2): 960, indeed masculine. in turdus guajanus by statius müller, guajanus is adjectival (much [ too ] long to explain); thus hydrornis guayanus is ok. ” (n. david 7 / 9 / 2010 )\nchlorophoneus viridis, c. dohertyi, c. quadricolor form a separate clade with telophorus, rhodophoneus, all merged into telophorus (fuchs et al 2004, fjeldsa comm )\nmalcorus belongs with hypergerus and eminia in cisticolidae (johansson et al. 2008, tif, fjeldsa comm )\n“ lopesi ” is an unjustified emmendation. fide alan peterson, peter ryan (hbw 11 )\npnoepyga wren - babblers are not babblers and elevated to their own family (gelang et al. 2009 )\ncorrect spreadsheet re 2. 0 change of genus (p. kovalik 7 / 2010 )\nnew family includes melocichla, sphenoeacus, achaetops, macrosphenus, sylvietta, cryptillas, and possibly graueria and hemitesia (johansson et al. 2007, 2008, tif). move up in sequence as old branch of sylvioid passerines .\nmove dohm’s thrush - babbler to sylviidae as sister to pseudoalcippe [ abyssinica ] (voelker et al. 2009 )\nbush blackcap is a member of the sylviidae closer to pseudoalcippe than to sylvia (johansson et al. 2008, tif )\nseparate fulvetta species from alcippe fulvettas and move to sylviidae (pasquet et al. 2006, collar & robson 2007, gelang et al. 2009 )\nmove yuhina species to zosteropidae from timaliidae (cibois et al 2003, moyle et al 2009); recognition of subclades under review .\nrichmond (1917), fide alan peterson. ichthyophaga is an unjustified emendation of original spelling .\nby woei - horng fang and brian sykes from birdingasia 2, december 2004 .\nthe mountains may be cool and wet at any time of year, and snow may be expected at high altitudes in winter. the summer is hot and humid at low altitude and the wettest time of year. the main season for tropical storms (typhoons) is from july to november. winter is cool and wet in the north, cool and dry in the south. the islands location on the edge of the eurasian tectonic plate means that earth tremors are frequent but not usually serious, although more severe earthquakes are not unknown, the last serious one (richter 7. 3) in october 1999 causing serious damage in the mountains .\nthe long isolation of taiwan since the ice ages has resulted in 15 endemic species (see appendix) and around 70 endemic subspecies within the 550 bird species so far recorded. other rare and interesting species the visitor may hope to see include chinese egret egretta eulophotes, black - faced spoonbill platalea minor, saunders’s gull larus saundersi, chinese crested tern sterna bernsteini, malayan night heron gorsachius melanolophus and, in summer, the fairy pitta pitta nympha .\nplanning a visit general information taiwan has a wide range of facilities to suit all tastes and budgets. transportation to most sites is straightforward, car hire is readily available, and food and accommodation are normally easy to find, although as detailed under specific sites it is sometimes necessary to arrange accommodation in advance and to carry snacks. visitors should take clothing for all conditions and be prepared to accept the loss of one or two days birdwatching due to poor weather in the mountains or if the island is hit by a typhoon .\nmaps and guides it is well worth purchasing a road map prior to arrival. nelles maps 1: 400, 000 series taiwan republic of china is widely available and useful, although it does not show all the sites mentioned. two field guides cover taiwan :\na field guide to the birds of taiwan, bywu sen - hsiong et al. taiwan wild bird information centre & wild bird society of japan, 1991. 276 pages. isbn 957 - 9578 - 00 - 1. only common and systematic names are given in english (there are a few typos and taxonomic errors); the main text is chinese. the illustrations are good, distribution maps are generally helpful and it is a very useful pocket field guide. it is hard to obtain outside taiwan, but should be available in taipei through wbft .\na field guide to the birds of china, by john mackinnon & karen phillipps. oxford university press, oxford, 2000 xiii + 586 pages. 128 colour plates. hardback isbn 0 - 19 - 854940 - 7; paperback, isbn 0 - 19 - 854941 - 5. the widely available comprehensive english - language guide covering more than 1, 300 species found in china. for obvious reasons not very user - friendly as a field guide for taiwan alone, and some distinctive taiwanese subspecies are not illustrated and not well described. an extended review appeared in obc bulletin 32, 2000, pp. 44 - 48 .\nuseful contacts wild bird federation taiwan 1st fl. , no. 3, lane 36, jinglong street taipei 106, taiwan tel: 886 - 2 - 86631252 ï fax: 886 - 2 - 29303595 e - mail: wbft @ urltoken homepage: www. urltoken\nthe wild bird federation taiwan is able to provide information for visiting birdwatchers. they should be contacted if a visit to matsu - do during the chinese crested tern breeding season is planned. this is a restricted area and the wbft has up - to - date information on when the site is open and arrangements for visitors. they can also help arrange accommodation and access to the site. foreign visitors should bear in mind that the taiwan authorities have the right to withdraw access to the site if rules and protocols are broken .\ntourism bureau of the republic of china 9th fl. , no. 280, jhongsiao east road, section 4 taipei 105, taiwan tel: 886 - 2 - 23491635 ~ 6. fax: 886 - 2 - 27717036 e - mail: tbroc @ urltoken homepage: urltoken\nindependent travellers are recommended to use the above website, as it contains useful general information on visa applications, basic internal travel, overseas offices etc .\ntaiwan ecotourism association 3rd fl. , no. 30 - 2, lane 240, guangfu south road taipei 106, taiwan tel: 886 - 2 - 27784567. fax: 886 - 2 - 27213453 e - mail: eco. tourism @ urltoken\nthe birdwatching sites space constraints dictate that sites can only be covered briefly and inevitably some locations have had to be omitted. our objective is to describe a suite of alternative sites where the endemics and a wide range of other interesting species may be seen. the english spelling of place names is inconsistent; the spelling used below is that most often used in tourist brochures and on road signs etc. alternatives known to be in use are also shown .\nsites around taipei most overseas visitors arrive at taipeis chiang kai - shek international airport and independent visitors typically spend a day or two in taipei completing arrangements. the following sites may conveniently be visited whilst based in the city. the main taipei railway station (trs) in the centre of taipei is an excellent starting point, as the metro rapid transit (mrt) and many bus services leave from this point .\nif time allows the taipei city waterbird refuge (iba 4) may be visited during the same outing. this site on the tanshui and hsindian (hsintien) rivers lies between the chunghsing bridge in the north and the huachung bridge to the south and also extends from the latter bridge upstream on the hsindian river to the yungfu bridge. about 120 species have been recorded in the area, including chinese egret, whilst baikal teal anas formosa is an occasional visitor hidden in the flocks of common teal anas crecca and northern shoveler anas clypeata .\nthose with their own transport may combine a half - day at kuan - du or yangminsghan with a visit to yehlui (yieliu, yehliao or yehliou), a 2 km long promontory on taiwans north coast jutting into the sea in a north - easterly direction (iba1). yehlui town is about 12 km north of keelung, well signposted from highway 2. the site is of particular interest during marchmay as it is the best place to sea - watch and find rarities during the northbound migration. more than 300 species have been recorded over a ten - year period .\nabout 80 species have been recorded including the difficult species (taiwan partridge arborophila crudigularis, swinhoe’s pheasant lophura swinhoii, mikado pheasant syrmaticus mikado, and yellow tit parus holsti), other endemics, and good species such as white - browed shortwing brachypteryx montana, vivid niltava niltava vivida, grey - headed bullfinch pyrrhula erythaca, scaly thrush zoothera dauma, white - backed woodpecker dendrocopos leucotos, eurasian jay garrulus glandarius, and eurasian nutcracker nucifraga caryocatactes. it is also a reliable site for white - throated laughingthrush garrulax albogularis and rusty laughingthrush g. poecilorhynchus .\nin taoyuan county, the 10, 000 hectare shihmen reservoir located on the upper reaches of the dahan river is another fairy pitta breeding area. the forests along the public roads around the lake are dense, and the dark, moist trails are good spots to look for feeding birds. buses from taoyuan and hsinchu go to the reservoir, which is adjacent to highway 3. there are hotels and cabins in the area (contact the shihmen reservoir scenic area 886 - 3 - 4712247). avoid the area at weekends and holidays when it is busy with local tourists .\ntaitung and kenting taitung on the south - east coast, the starting point for trips to lanyu (orchid island), is the main town in taitung county, the most remote and relatively undisturbed part of the island and well worth a visit during a two - or three - week stay. the flight time from taipei is about one hour and transport may be hired on arrival. there is plenty of choice of accommodation and eating - places in taitung and in the hot - spring resort of chihpen further down the coast .\noriental bird club, uk registered charity 297242, is for people around the world who are interested in birds of the oriental region and their conservation .\nour website uses cookies to improve your experience. please visit our page about cookies for more information about cookies and how we use them .\nas arctic warms, reindeer herders tangle with new industries when he' s not out on the arctic tundra with his 2, 000 reindeer, his dog and whitney houston blasting through his headphones, nils mathis sara is often busy explaining to people how a planned copper ...\nover 2, 000 volunteers take part in hong kong beach cleanup to help turtles more than 2, 000 volunteers hit the beaches on an outlying island of hong kong for a mass cleanup sunday as environmental campaigners warned plastic is killing sea turtles and other wildlife... .\na wetland works wonders in battered tohoku between the ages of 13 and 17, i went to cheltenham grammar school for boys in that picturesque spa town on the edge of the cotswold hills in gloucestershire, england. back then my favor ...\npreviously placed in microscelis or sometimes included in ixos, but genetic data # r # r place it in present genus. internal taxonomy complex, e. g. true status of taxa in ogasawara (bonin) is # r; further research required. in addition, proposed races hensoni (hokkaido), kanrasani (jeju i) and septentrionalis (s sakhalin, non - breeding) included in nominate; insignis (sc ryukyus) doubtfully distinct from pryeri and thus merged with it; nagamichii (islands off se taiwan) synonymized with stejnegeri. race stejnegeri previously referred to as harterti, but in present genus that name is preoccupied. race matchie previously misspelt matchiae (as in hbw). eleven subspecies provisionally recognized .\n( temminck, 1830) – s sakhalin, japan s from hokkaido (including n izu is) and c & s korea (including jeju i); non - breeding also s to ne china and ryukyu is .\n( momiyama, 1923) – s izu is (hachijo - jima), tanegashima and yakushima, in s japan .\ne. j. o. hartert, 1907 – amami - oshima and tokunoshima, in n ryukyu is .\nstejneger, 1887 – izena, okinawa, zamami, kume and miyako - jima, in c & s ryukyu is .\ne. j. o. hartert, 1907 – extreme s ryukyus (ishigaki, iriomote and yonaguni), and lanyu (orchid i), lüdao (green i) and guishan (turtle i), off e & se taiwan .\n( nagamichi kuroda, 1923) – borodino is (kita - daito - jima) .\ne. j. o. hartert, 1905 – iwo is (kita - iwo - jima, iwo - jima) .\nmearns, 1907 – extreme n philippines (batan, ivuhos, sabtang, babuyan claro) .\nogilvie - grant, 1895 – n philippines (calayan, dalupiri, fuga) .\nnoisy; loud “shreep” and “weesp” notes given throughout year. in ...\ndeciduous, mixed and evergreen forests in lowlands and foothills, to 1600 m (occasionally 2100 m) ...\n); also citrus fruits (especially mikan oranges) and leaf vegetables ...\napr–jul, sometimes aug; multi - brooded, at least in s. builds sturdy cup - shaped nest 1·5–4·5 m up in lower ...\nmostly resident. n breeders (e. g. those on hokkaido) move s or downslope from end sept, often ...\nnot globally threatened. generally abundant and conspicuous throughout japan, particularly on smaller offshore islands. locally common in south korea, uncommon in taiwan, ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nin past, has at various times incorporated some or all of tricholestes, iole, hemixos, ixos and cerasophila .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nvery quiet forest in the morning, bird seemed bothered by our presence. forest path among very high pine tree (yoshino cedar... )\nlocated in woods near bridge over nearby road. cloudy, raining, temperatures about 16 degrees with moderate winds from ocean .\na group of 3 or 4 birds were creating a lot of noise in the morning. location was a semi - forested lake edge between lakes oyama kamiike and shimoike also known as tosawa park listed under iba .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nl’encyclopedie mondiale des oiseaux - dr christopher m. perrins - bordas - isbn: 2040185607\nsubspecies and range: there are 11 subspecies which differ in size, tones and plumage pattern. the nominate race is here described and displayed .\nthis species occurs from russian far east, through ne china, the korean peninsula, japan, s to taiwan, babuyan and batanes island chains in n philippines, and it may occur occasionally in luzon too .\ncourtship behaviour is poorly known for this species. however, the male postures in front of the female by performing bowing, drooping the wings, moving its head to enhance the chestnut patch. the crest is raised. the tail is fanned and raised in order to display the conspicuous undertail - coverts and their broad white edges. some sounds probably accompany these displays .\nthe female lays 3 - 5 eggs and incubates during 13 - 14 days. unfortunately, the open cup - shaped nest makes it vulnerable to brood parasitism by cuckoos. however, if not parasitized, the chicks fledge 10 - 11 days after hatching. the family group remains on its territory for two months. this species usually produces several broods per season .\nwe noticed that you' re using an unsupported browser. the tripadvisor website may not display properly. we support the following browsers :\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site... (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites. taxes, fees not included for deals content .\ngregory (2000), pasquet et al. (2001), moyle & marks (2006 )\ngregory, steven m. (2000): nomenclature of the hypsipetes bulbuls (pycnonotidae). forktail 16: 164 - 166. pdf fulltext\nmoyle, robert g. & marks, ben d. (2006): phylogenetic relationships of the bulbuls (aves: pycnonotidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequence data. mol. phylogenet. evol. 40 (3): 687 - 695. doi: 10. 1016 / j. ympev. 2006. 04. 015 (html abstract )\npasquet, éric; han, lian - xian; khobkhet, obhas & cibois, alice (2001): towards a molecular systematics of the genus criniger, and a preliminary phylogeny of the bulbuls (aves, passeriformes, pycnonotidae). zoosystema 23 (4): 857 - 863. pdf fulltext\nthis article is part of project bird genera, a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each genus, including made - up genera .\nthis page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia (view authors). please help by writing it in the style of all birds wiki !\ncan' t find a community you love? create your own and start something epic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\npicture of ixos palawanensis above has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial. original source: blake matheson - blake matheson - author: blake matheson permission: some rights reserved\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nsontaya manawatthana, parames laosinchai, nuttaphon onparn, warren y. brockelman, philip d. round; phylogeography of bulbuls in the genus iole (aves: pycnonotidae), biological journal of the linnean society, volume 120, issue 4, 1 april 2017, pages 931–944, urltoken\ndistribution and sampling localities (dots) for taxa in the genus iole. colours indicate ranges of subspecies from dickinson & christidis (2014) .\nwhile some iole were included in previous phylogenetic studies (pasquet et al. , 2001; moyle & marks, 2006; oliveros & moyle, 2010; zuccon & ericson, 2010), none of these studies sampled all taxa across their distribution ranges, and the relationships among the members of the genus are still poorly known. a resolution of the phylogenetic framework of small genera such as iole is required for better understanding the biogeographic history of bulbuls as a whole (moyle & marks, 2006) .\nthe goals of this study were to use mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequence data sampled throughout the ranges of iole bulbuls to (1) investigate the phylogeny of all taxa within the genus; (2) estimate divergence times and patterns of vicariance among evolutionary lineages (3) examine how implied biogeographical patterns contribute to understanding the evolutionary history of the genus; and (4) make taxonomic recommendations based on the molecular data .\nall 13 recognized iole taxa were included in the phylogenetic analyses (fig. 1). we followed the taxon limits in dickinson & christidis (2014) except that we recognized iole charlottae perplexa from northern and eastern borneo (synonymized with i. c. charlottae by the latter authors, following voous, 1961). blood (n = 20) or feathers (n = 8) were obtained from live birds and toepad tissue (n = 25) from museum specimens. additionally, published sequences of i. c. perplexa and i. palawanensis from genbank (two individuals of each taxon, three loci from each individual) were also included in the analysis. outgroup taxa included in the analyses were hemixos flavala and ixos malaccensis, according to their close phylogenetic relationship to the genus iole reported by moyle & marks (2006) and oliveros & moyle (2010). in total, 57 iole specimens from 34 localities were included (see table s1) .\ntotal genomic dna was extracted using qiaamp dna mini kit (qiagen, inc .) according to the manufacturer’s protocol except in the case of feather specimens, in which an additional 20 µl of 1 m dithiothreitol (dtt) was added during the proteinase k incubation step .\ntwo mitochondrial loci, nadh dehydrogenase 2 (nd2) and nadh dehydrogenase 3 (nd3), and one nuclear locus, autosomal beta - fibrinogen intron 7 (fib7), were amplified through pcr. a conventional pcr method was used with fresh blood or feathers from live birds. a two - step multiplex pcr method (krause et al. , 2006), with targeted short overlapping pcr products ranging from 250 to 320 bp, was used to obtain positive pcr results from dna extracted from 5 - to 115 - year - old museum specimens. the primers used in this study are shown in table s2 .\nadditionally, genetic divergences within and between major lineages from the inferred mitochondrial gene trees were estimated using kimura’s (1980) two - parameter (k2p) model implemented in mega 6 (tamura et al. , 2013). we also used dnasp 5. 10. 01 (librado & rozas, 2009) to calculate the number of haplotypes of the combined mtdna and nuclear loci and used network 5. 0. 0. 0 (bandelt, forster & röhl, 1999) to construct median - joining haplotype networks to assess non - hierarchical relationships between phylogenetic lineages .\nwe ran 10 million mcmc iterations with tree and parameters sampling taking place every 1000 iterations using the log normal relaxed clock and yule species tree prior. a burn - in of 25% was applied to obtain the node age estimates and their respective 95% hpd. the mcmc output was analysed in tracer version 1. 5 (rambaut & drummond, 2009) to evaluate the stationarity and whether the valid effective sample size of the underlying posterior distribution (> 200) had been obtained. finally, the maximum clade credibility tree was visualized using figtree version 1. 4. 2 (rambaut, 2012) .\nwe reconstructed the ancestral states of the distribution ranges of iole taxa using the dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis (dec) model of lagrange (ree et al. , 2005; ree and smith, 2008) implemented in rasp v. 3. 1 software (yu et al. , 2015). we used an input of 10 000 trees, along with the maximum clade creditability tree obtained from the * beast analysis as the tree topology to map ancestral areas. we defined five geographical areas based on the distribution of iole lineages: (a) palawan; (b) sumatra; (c) borneo; (d) thai–malay peninsula; and (e) indochina. we defined dispersal constraints based on the level of connectivity between these landmasses (see table s3). all possible ranges and all combinations of areas were allowed .\nwe successfully obtained 2337 base pairs (bp) of combined dna sequence data (nd2: 1141 bp, nd3: 351 bp, and fib7: 845 bp) from all 57 iole samples. no indels were observed in the alignment of the two protein - coding genes and they could be translated into amino acid sequences without internal stop codons. heterozygous peaks, occurring in 43% of fib7 sequences, were limited to one to four occurrences within any given sequence, and were resolved by phasing. there were three individuals (one from each of three taxa, i. p. cinnamomeoventris, i. palawanensis, and i. v. viridescens) with alleles that received less than 0. 6 phasing probability. the occurrences of low - phasing probability were limited to only a single site per individual. the number of parsimony informative sites for each locus and the respective percentage values, excluding the outgroup, were 100 for nd3 (28 %), 344 for nd2 (33 %), and 32 for fib7 (3. 7 %). the genbank accession numbers of all dna sequences in this study are listed in table s1 .\na bayesian phylogenetic tree of the concatenated mitochondrial data (fig. 2) indicated three major geographic lineages within iole. a palawan lineage (clade 1) was basal to all other iole (100% pp) and consisted solely of i. palawanensis (two specimens), the taxon endemic to palawan island of philippines. the rest of the genus then split (85% pp) into a sundaic lineage containing all other sundaic taxa, which themselves constituted three subclades (clades 2–4), and an indochinese lineage with five subclades (clades 5–9) .\nconcatenated gene tree based on the combined mitochondrial (nd2 and nd3) dna data estimated using mrbayes. numbers at nodes indicate posterior probability. next to the major clades are the median - joining networks for the relationships among the haplotypes with circle size proportional to the number of individuals. black dots indicate one mutational step. the red dots indicates median vector as extinct ancestral or unsampled haplotype. colours correspond to the distribution ranges of taxa in fig. 1 .\nclade 2 of the sundaic clade (100% pp) consisted of three i. c. charlottae specimens from north - central and north - western borneo which was sister to clade 3 (100% pp) containing 2 i. c. perplexa specimens from sabah in north - eastern borneo. clade 4 (96% pp) consisted of 11 i. c. crypta specimens from the malay peninsula, sumatra, and the natuna islands with no clear distinct geographic structure among them .\nwithin the indochinese lineage two i. p. innectens specimens from southern vietnam formed a clade receiving 100% pp support (clade 5), sister to the group formed by clade 6 (100% pp) which held the specimens from four taxa: i. p. propinqua (northern - northeastern thailand, seven specimens), i. p. aquilonis (northern vietnam and southern china, the holotype), i. p. simulator (southeastern thailand, two specimens), and i. v. myitkyinensis (northern myanmar, three specimens including the holotype)." ]

{ "text": [ "the brown-eared bulbul ( hypsipetes amaurotis ) is a medium-sized bulbul native to eastern asia .", "it is extremely common within the northern parts of its range and is a familiar bird throughout japan and korea , but in taiwan is rare and limited to orchid island . " ], "topic": [ 27, 13 ] }

[ "the brown-eared bulbul (hypsipetes amaurotis) is a medium-sized bulbul native to eastern asia. it is extremely common within the northern parts of its range and is a familiar bird throughout japan and korea, but in taiwan is rare and limited to orchid island." ]

[ "van zyll de jong, c. 1999. tundra shrew. pp. 44 - 45 in d wilson, s ruff, eds .\nshrew species communicate with different types of calls as well, for example, chirps are sometimes used in courtship .\n, and brownish - gray or pale brown in between. its longer winter fur is brown on the back and grayish on the sides and underparts. the tundra shrew is common, though limited, in\nplatt, w. , n. blakley. 1973. short - term effects of shrew predation upon invertebrate prey .\ngroup (lukacova et al. 1996). for this reason, volobouev (1989) has suggested that tundra shrews are the oldest lineage of extant species in the\n, suggesting that the ancestor of tundra shrews entered north america from asia when alaska and siberia were still connected at the bering strait (van zyll de jong 1983) .\nmany shrews have such uniformly grayish coats that separate species cannot easily be distinguished, but both the summer and winter coats of the tundra shrew are highly distinctive. its summer pelage is tricolored, dark brown on the back, pale gray on the underparts, and brownish - gray or pale brown in between. its longer winter fur is brown on the back and grayish on the sides and underparts. the tundra shrew is common, though limited, in distribution in alaska and extreme northwestern canada, where it inhabits hillsides and other well - drained areas with dense vegetation. its food habits are not well known, but insects, earthworms, and parts of a small grass flower were found in the digestive tracts of some specimens. embryo counts in a small sample of pregnant females averaged 10, which is high for shrews .\nthis shrew grows to about 12 centimetres long (including a four centimetre long tail). they have dark brown fur on their back, light brown on the sides and a grey belly. they grow long fur in the winter to keep them warm .\ntundra shrews are preyed on by owls, hawks, snakes, and small mammalian carnivores, such as weasels. it is suggested that their foul odor deters some predators, such as domestic cats .\ntundra shrews are found in northern asia and europe, alaska, the yukon, the northwest territories and the northwest corner of b. c. they make their homes in thick grass, under shrubs or near marshes and bogs .\n. in alaska they were found to eat insects, larvae, earthworms, and floral parts of small grasses (van zyll de jong 1983). tundra shrews, like other shrews, must forage almost continually to fuel their high metabolic rates .\ntundra shrews build their nest in dry spots with grass, under logs or in little caves. they have from eight to twelve babies usually in late summer and a mom can have one or two litters each year. hawks, owls and other birds of prey eat shrews .\ntundra shrews are medium - sized, stocky shrews. in canada mass ranges from 4. 9 to 10. 0 g (average 6. 8 g). head and body length is between 84 and 115 mm (average 97 mm) and tail length ranges from 25 to 37 mm (average 31 mm). in alaska, the mass ranges from 3. 8 to 10. 0 g (average 6. 6 g). head and body length is between 83 to 120 mm (average 95 mm) and tail length ranges from 20 to 36 mm (average 29 mm) .\nthere is not a lot of information on the breeding biology of this species. however, pregnant females have been recorded in june, july, and september. numbers of embryos range from 8 to 12, with an average of 10 (van zyll de jong 1983). females probably produce several litters in a season and are capable of breeding in their first summer (nagorsen 1996). gestation is poorly understood, but has been suggested to range from 13 to 28 days, with number of offspring ranging from 8 to 12 (forsyth 1999). tundra shrews breed in the spring following their birth .\ndistributed in tundra and forest zones from west of the urals (russia) to alaska (usa); yukon, northwest territories (canada); south to the altai mtns (russia), mongolia and ne china. also occurs along water courses in steppe zones. in europe found along the european slope of the ural mountains and the valley of the ural river and along the pechora river. in mongolia, it is found in the mongol altai mountain range (sokolov et al. , 1985), great lakes depression, hangai mountain range (dmitriev et al. 1992), hövsgöl mountain range (litvinov, 1982; litvinov and bazardorj, 1992), along the herlen and onon rivers, which pass through eastern hentii mountain range through middle halh steppe and eastern mongolia, and along the ulz river in mongol daguur steppe (sokolov et al. 1985). in china it is found in the north - east (altai mountains, xinjiang) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: this species is widespread and abundant and abundant, with no major threats. considered least concern .\na widespread and very abundant species. the most common species of small mammal found along siberian rivers .\nprefers river meadows with osier, settles in fire - sites and overgrown glades. along rivers penetrates to semi - deserts. inhabits dense vegetation of grasses and shrubs. solitary, the size of individual space is up to 1, 500 m 2. feeds mainly on beetles. reproduction is usually in summer, produces 3 - 4 litters per year; litter size is about 7 - 10 young .\nno special conservation measures known or required. this species occurs within protected areas .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017). the iucn red list of threatened species 2016: e. t41422a115185726 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nmammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together. * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production. a valuable reference work and a vital tool, particularly for researchers. * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections. * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work, and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come. * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work. * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work. - - g. r. seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist, and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines. * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals. this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries. * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues, we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003... we can say that the wait was worth it. - - sergio solari and robert j. baker * journal of mammalogy *\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nis a nearctic species. it ranges through most of alaska, including kodiak island and across the bering strait into northeastern siberia, where it is proposed that the closest relatives of\nare found (van zyll de jong 1983). in canada, its range includes northern yukon territory, the mackenzie delta region of the northwest territories, and the extreme northwestern part of british columbia (van zyll de jong 1983) .\nhas a limited distribution in british columbia, being confined to the haines triangle region (nagorsen 1996) .\ninhabits a variety of alpine and arctic habitats as well as forests, shrublands, and meadows. habitats include a variety of dwarf trees and shrubs, including\nspecies (van zyll de jong 1983). they are found in mossy bog habitats but seem to prefer habitats that are more dry than do sympatric species of shrews, such as barren ground shrews ,\nhas a distinct pelage that varies seasonally and with age. in summer adults have a tricolor pelage, with a dark brown back, pale brown sides, and a pale gray belly (keys and wilson 2002). the difference between back and belly pelage is less distinct in juveniles and subadults. in winter pelage is bicolored, consisting of a brown back and grayish sides and belly. pelage is also longer in winter than in summer (van zyll de jong 1983). the tail is bicolored, with the top notably more brownish than the bottom and darker towards the tip. the winter molt begins in april and may and continues into june. in august and september, the winter fur begins to grow and the fall molt is completed in november (van zyll de jong 1999) .\n, are similarly patterned, but the latter has a longer tail with a much darker back .\nthe dental formula is 3 / 1, 1 / 1, 3 / 1, 3 / 3 = 32 teeth .\nmales become sexually active in the summer, but reproductive activity decreases as autumn approaches (van zyll de jong 1983). churchfield (1990) found that the flank glands in\nare prominent in adult males and may act in attracting females for breeding. there is little specific information on reproduction in\nlongevity ranges from 12 to 18 months and maturity is probably the spring following birth (forsyth 1999). nothing is known about the longevity of\nin captivity. however, in other soricids, life expectancy varies from season to season, and susceptibility to death is believed to be highest during the juvenile stage and the breeding period (churchfield 1990) .\nappear to be active at all hours of the day in the summer and winter and are solitary. the activity of\nis not known in winter (van zyll de jong 1983). because fat storage in shrews is minimal, hibernation is not feasible (churchfield 1990) .\nspecies maintain non overlapping home ranges in which they nest and forage. during the breeding season home ranges of males may overlap those of several females. home range sizes vary with season, sex, and food availability .\nspecies use well - developed olfactory, tactile, and auditory senses. shrews use their long snouts, covered with vibrissae, for locating prey. the tip of the snout is a highly sensitive glandular pad or rhinarium. olfaction is also used socially in shrews. there are many scent glands that are scattered in the skin that cover most of the body. these scent glands are probably used in communicating sexual state and marking territories .\nshrews are voracious predators of insect larvae and play an important part in regulating pest species .\non humans. other shrews have been known to prey on douglas fir seeds, which could have an effect on the regeneration of douglas firs .\nis of least concern on the iucn list. it is not listed on cites appendices or the united states endangered species act .\nfrom the northwest territories they were found to differ substantially in all external measurements except for except for hind foot length and nearly all cranial measurements. in addition to differences in size, the two species also differ in the morphology of their auditory ossicles (youngman 1975). moreover, george (1988) found that\ngroup, which has trivalent sex chromosomes (x, y1, and y2) in males (lukacova, et al. 1996). other species belonging to this group are european common shrews (\n( lukacova, et al. , 1996; van zyll de jong, 1983; volobouev, 1989 )\ncherish yuke (author), university of alaska fairbanks, link e. olson (editor, instructor), university of alaska fairbanks .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the new world. this includes greenland, the canadian arctic islands, and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching. in birds, naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\na wetland area rich in accumulated plant material and with acidic soils surrounding a body of open water. bogs have a flora dominated by sedges, heaths, and sphagnum .\nhaving markings, coloration, shapes, or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\noffspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc .) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nconiferous or boreal forest, located in a band across northern north america, europe, and asia. this terrestrial biome also occurs at high elevations. long, cold winters and short, wet summers. few species of trees are present; these are primarily conifers that grow in dense stands with little undergrowth. some deciduous trees also may be present .\nthat region of the earth between 23. 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north (between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle) and between 23. 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south (between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle) .\na terrestrial biome with low, shrubby or mat - like vegetation found at extremely high latitudes or elevations, near the limit of plant growth. soils usually subject to permafrost. plant diversity is typically low and the growing season is short .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\nroyal british columbia museum handbook: opossums, shrews, and moles of british columbia vol. 2\nspecies complex (insectivora, soricidae) based on high - resolution chromosome analysis .\n. ottawa, canada: publications in zoology, no. 10. national museums of canada .\nto cite this page: yuke, c. 2007 .\nsorex tundrensis\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\ntundrapäästäinen\nto\nsorex tundrensis merriam, 1900\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nin alaska and extreme northwestern canada, where it inhabits hillsides and other well - drained areas with dense vegetation. its food habits are not well known, but insects, earthworms, and parts of a small grass flower were found in the digestive tracts of some specimens. embryo counts in a small sample of pregnant females averaged 10, which is high for shrews .\nmerriam, c. h. , 1900. proceedings of the washington academy of science, 2: 16 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018." ]

{ "text": [ "the tundra shrew ( sorex tundrensis ) is a small shrew found in alaska , the northern yukon territory , the mackenzie delta region of the northwest territories , extreme northwestern british columbia and eastern russia .", "at one time , this animal was considered to be a subspecies of the arctic shrew ( sorex arcticus ) .", "it is dark brown on its back with pale brown sides and grey underparts .", "its tail is brown on top and lighter brown below .", "its fur grows longer for winter .", "its body is about 12 centimetres ( 4.7 in ) in length including a 4 centimetres ( 1.6 in ) long tail .", "it weighs about 11 grams ( 0.39 oz ) .", "this animal is found on hillsides with shrubs or grassy vegetation or dry ridges near marshes or bogs .", "it eats insects , worms and grasses .", "predators include hawks and owls .", "this animal is active day and night year-round , burrowing through the snow in winter .", "it mates during the spring .", "4 to 8 young are born in a nest under a log or in a crevice . " ], "topic": [ 12, 5, 23, 23, 0, 0, 0, 13, 12, 10, 28, 14, 28 ] }

[ "the tundra shrew (sorex tundrensis) is a small shrew found in alaska, the northern yukon territory, the mackenzie delta region of the northwest territories, extreme northwestern british columbia and eastern russia. at one time, this animal was considered to be a subspecies of the arctic shrew (sorex arcticus). it is dark brown on its back with pale brown sides and grey underparts. its tail is brown on top and lighter brown below. its fur grows longer for winter. its body is about 12 centimetres (4.7 in) in length including a 4 centimetres (1.6 in) long tail. it weighs about 11 grams (0.39 oz). this animal is found on hillsides with shrubs or grassy vegetation or dry ridges near marshes or bogs. it eats insects, worms and grasses. predators include hawks and owls. this animal is active day and night year-round, burrowing through the snow in winter. it mates during the spring. 4 to 8 young are born in a nest under a log or in a crevice." ]

[ "disphragis anatole (j. s. miller, 2011), species taxonomy information\nhave a fact about disphragis anatole? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for disphragis anatole? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ndisphragis anatole is extremely similar to the western species, d. tricolor (druce); their wing patterns are indistinguishable. the most effective way to separate males is to compare the eighth abdominal segment. in tricolor, the posterior margin of tg8 is wide with a u - shaped mesal excavation, its lateral margins being broadly rounded; in anatole, the posterior margin of tg8 is narrow and has a v - shaped mesal excavation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nfull text of\nindex animalium: sive, index nominum quae ab a. d. mdcclviii generibus et speciebus animalium imposita sunt, societatibus eruditorum adiuvantibus\nfull text of\nindex animalium: sive, index nominum quae ab a. d. mdcclviii generibus et speciebus animalium imposita sunt, societatibus eruditorum adiuvantibus" ]

{ "text": [ "disphragis anatole is a moth of the family notodontidae .", "it is found in north-eastern ecuador and possibly eastern peru .", "the length of the forewings is 17.5 – 23 mm .", "the ground colour of the forewings is olive green suffused with white , especially near the apex .", "the ground colour of the hindwings is golden white , but the anterior margin is moss green at the base and the outer two thirds is broadly suffused with moss green scales . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1 ] }

[ "disphragis anatole is a moth of the family notodontidae. it is found in north-eastern ecuador and possibly eastern peru. the length of the forewings is 17.5 – 23 mm. the ground colour of the forewings is olive green suffused with white, especially near the apex. the ground colour of the hindwings is golden white, but the anterior margin is moss green at the base and the outer two thirds is broadly suffused with moss green scales." ]

[ "this species was previously within the genus hyla but has recently been moved to the resurrected genus dendropsophus (faivovich et al. 2005) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\njustification: listed as data deficient since it has only recently been described, and there is still very little information on its extent of occurrence, status, threats and ecological requirements .\nthis recently described species is known from quebrangulo, in alagoas state, brazil, where it has not been observed below 600m asl. it probably occurs at least a little more widely .\nits population status is unknown. it is found in seasonal spawning aggregations, whereas it is encountered less frequently outside rainy periods .\nthis species is known from grassland areas with rushes. it breeds in small pools and puddles, in which the larvae develop .\nana maria telles, sergio potsch de carvalho - e - silva. 2004 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nalmost two years ago, we launched pubmed journals, an ncbi labs project. pubmed journals helped people follow the latest biomedical literature by making it easier to find and follow journals, browse new articles, and included a journal news feed to track new arrivals news links, trending articles and important article updates .\npubmed journals was a successful experiment. since september 2016, nearly 20, 000 people followed 10, 453 distinct journals. each customer followed 3 journals on average .\nthough pubmed journals will no longer exist as a separate entity, we hope to add its features into future ncbi products. we appreciate your feedback over the years that made pubmed journals a productive test of new ideas .\nncbi labs is ncbi’s product incubator for delivering new features and capabilities to ncbi end users .\nthe following 41 pages are in this category, out of 41 total. this list may not reflect recent changes (learn more) .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. , a non - profit organization." ]

{ "text": [ "dendropsophus studerae is a species of frog in the family hylidae .", "it is endemic to quebrangulo , in the state of alagoas , brazil .", "its specific name honours anita studer , a swiss ornithologist who has been active in trying to save the rainforest .", "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland , swamps , intermittent freshwater lakes , and intermittent freshwater marshes .", "dendropsophus studerae have not been observed below 600m above sea level . " ], "topic": [ 3, 0, 25, 24, 18 ] }

[ "dendropsophus studerae is a species of frog in the family hylidae. it is endemic to quebrangulo, in the state of alagoas, brazil. its specific name honours anita studer, a swiss ornithologist who has been active in trying to save the rainforest. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, swamps, intermittent freshwater lakes, and intermittent freshwater marshes. dendropsophus studerae have not been observed below 600m above sea level." ]

[ "species sonia constrictana - constricted sonia moth - hodges # 3218 - bugguide. net\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\ntrinity river refuge hq building. , liberty county, texas, usa april 3, 2017\ntrinity river refuge hq building. , liberty county, texas, usa november 4, 2016\ntrinity river refuge hq building. , liberty county, texas, usa january 2, 2017\ntrinity river refuge hq building. , liberty county, texas, usa october 4, 2016\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes." ]

{ "text": [ "sonia constrictana , the constricted sonia moth , is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from alabama , florida , georgia , illinois , indiana , kentucky , maine , maryland , mississippi , north carolina , quebec , south carolina , tennessee , texas and virginia .", "the wingspan is 14 mm .", "adults are on wing from may to september . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 8 ] }

[ "sonia constrictana, the constricted sonia moth, is a species of moth of the tortricidae family. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from alabama, florida, georgia, illinois, indiana, kentucky, maine, maryland, mississippi, north carolina, quebec, south carolina, tennessee, texas and virginia. the wingspan is 14 mm. adults are on wing from may to september." ]

[ "cryptolechia centroleuca meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (17): 513; tl: sikkim, darjiling\ncryptolechia castella zeller, 1852; k. vetenskakad. handl. 1852: 107\ncryptolechia pelophaea meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (6): 192\ncryptolechia straminella zeller, 1852; k. vetenskakad. handl. 1852: 107\ncryptolechia zeloxantha meyrick, 1934; exotic microlep. 4 (15): 478\ncryptolechia chlorozyga meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 10\ncryptolechia fascirupta; wang, 2004, ent. sinica 11 (3): 231\ncryptolechia gei; wang, 2004, ent. sinica 11 (3): 231\ncryptolechia gypsochra meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 10\ncryptolechia hoplostola meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 10\ncryptolechia isomichla meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 11\ncryptolechia prothyropa meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 11\ncryptolechia stadaea meyrick, 1934; dt. ent. z. iris 48: 39\ncryptolechia stictifascia; wang, 2004, ent. sinica 11 (3): 232\ncryptolechia coriata meyrick, 1914; suppl. ent. 3: 53; tl: suisharyo\ncryptolechia fenerata meyrick, 1914; suppl. ent. 3: 53; tl: suisharyo\ncryptolechia metacentra meyrick, 1914; suppl. ent. 3: 52; tl: kosempo\ncryptolechia mitis meyrick, 1914; suppl. ent. 3: 52; tl: kosempo\ncryptolechia epistemon strand, 1920; archiv naturg. 84 a (12): 194; tl: suisharyo\ncryptolechia fatua meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 172; tl: java, batavia\ncryptolechia modularis meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 172; tl: java, gedeh\ncryptolechia anticrossa meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (10): 304; tl: queensland\ncryptolechia argometra; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia chlorozyga; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia coriata; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia epistemon; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia fenerata; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia gypsochra; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia hoplostola; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia isomichla; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia metacentra; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia mitis; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia pelophaea; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia picrocentra meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (13): 395; tl: assam, khasis\ncryptolechia prothyropa; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia sperans meyrick, 1926; sarawak mus. j. 3: 159; tl: mt murud, 4500ft\ncryptolechia stadaea; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia vespertina; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia zeloxantha; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 197\ncryptolechia municipalis meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 316; tl: queensland, brisbane\ncryptolechia? eningiella plötz, 1880; stettin ent. ztg 41 (7 - 9): 306; tl: eningo\ncryptolechia ichnitis meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (7): 222; tl: french guiana, r maroni\ncryptolechia laica meyrick, 1910; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1910: 456; tl: borneo, kuching\ncryptolechia perversa meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (7): 222; tl: s. india, ootacamund\ncryptolechia ferrorubella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 757; tl: australia\ncryptolechia transfossa meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (10): 318; tl: peru, cocapata, 12000ft\ncryptolechia aeraria meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 163; tl: khasis\ncryptolechia citrodeta meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (13): 394; tl: brazil, obidos, r. trombetas\ncryptolechia diplosticha meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (10): 318; tl: colombia, san antonio, 6000ft\ncryptolechia hemiarthra meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (18): 546; tl: s. india, palnis, 7000ft\ncryptolechia iridias meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 163; tl: khasis\ncryptolechia rhodobapta meyrick, 1923; trans. proc. n. z. inst. 54: 166; tl: takapuna, auckland\ncryptolechia temperata meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 165; tl: simla\ncryptolechia veniflua meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (8): 227; tl: colombia, san antonio, 5800ft\ncryptolechia vespertina meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 162; tl: khasis\ncryptolechia asemanta dognin, 1905; ann. soc. ent. belg. 49 (3): 88; tl: loja, ecuador\ncryptolechia semibrunnea dognin, 1905; ann. soc. ent. belg. 49 (3): 88; tl: loja, ecuador\ncryptolechia taphrocopa meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (10): 317; tl: colombia, mt. tolima, 12500ft\ncryptolechia micracma meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 162; tl: ceylon; khasis\ncryptolechia orthrarcha meyrick, 1930; exot. microlep. 3 (18 - 20): 578; tl: algeria, zebch, near sebdu\ncryptolechia tyrochyta meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 164; tl: cuddapah, 4000ft\ncryptolechia percnocoma meyrick, 1930; exot. microlep. 3 (18 - 20): 578; tl: brazil, nova friburgo, organ mtn\ncryptolechia sciodeta meyrick, 1930; exot. microlep. 3 (18 - 20): 578; tl: brazil, nova friburgo, organ mtn\ncryptolechia coriaria meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (6): 173; tl: victoria, mt. st. bernard, 5000ft\ncryptolechia holopyrrha meyrick, 1912; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1911 (4): 704; tl: colombia, san antonio, 5800ft\ncryptolechia alphitias lower, 1923; trans. proc. r. soc. s. aust. 47: 56; tl: dorrigo, new south wales\ncryptolechia cornutivalvata wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 203, 197; tl: quannan (24. 7°n, 114. 5°e), jiangxi\ncryptolechia acutiuscula wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 228; tl: mt. fanjing (27. 55°n, 108. 41°e), guizhou, 1300m\ncryptolechia concaviuscula wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 230; tl: chishui co. (28. 34°n, 105. 42°e), guizhou, 390m\ncryptolechia deflecta wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 197; tl: zhouzhi co. (34. 1°n, 108. 2°e), shaanxi, 1350m\ncryptolechia denticulata wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 225; tl: chishui co. (28. 34°n, 105. 42°e), guizhou, 390m\ncryptolechia fasciculifera wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 229; tl: mt. fanjing (27. 55°n, 108. 41°e), guizhou, 1390m\ncryptolechia fascirupta wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 204, 197; tl: mt. qingcheng (30. 9°n, 103. 5°e), sichuan\ncryptolechia furcellata wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 226; tl: mt. fanjing (27. 55°n, 108. 41°e), guizhou, 530m\ncryptolechia gei wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 210, 197; tl: mt. qingcheng (30. 9°n, 103. 5°e), sichuan\ncryptolechia kangxianensis wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 198, 197; tl: kangxian (33. 4°n, 105. 5°e), gansu, 800m\ncryptolechia latifascia wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 227; tl: mt. fanjing (27. 55°n, 108. 41°e), guizhou, 530m\ncryptolechia solifasciaria wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 223; tl: mt. fanjing (27. 55°n, 108. 41°e), guizhou, 1390m\ncryptolechia spinifera wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 223; tl: chishui co. (23. 34°n, 105. 42°e), guizhou, 390m\ncryptolechia varifascirupta wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 211, 197; tl: mt. qingcheng (30. 9°n, 103. 5°e), sichuan\ncryptolechia muscosa wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 221; tl: xishui co. , (28. 19°n, 106. 12°e), guizhou, 1200m\ncryptolechia proximideflecta wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 219; tl: xishui co. , (28. 34°n, 105. 42°e), guizhou, 1200m\ncryptolechia anthaedeaga wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 209, 197; tl: neixiang co. (33. 0°n, 111. 8°e), henan, 1350m\ncryptolechia falsivespertina wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 199, 198; tl: zhouzhi co. (34. 1°n, 108. 2°e), shaanxi, 1750m\ncryptolechia jigongshanica wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 207, 197; tl: mt. jigong (31. 8°n, 114. 1°e), henan, 700m\ncryptolechia microbyrsa wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 198, 197; tl: neixiang co. (33. 0°n, 111. 8°e), henan, 650m\ncryptolechia mirabilis wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 208, 197; tl: mt. jigong (31. 8°n, 114. 1°e), henan, 700m\ncryptolechia murcidella christoph, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 12 (3): 294, (4) pl. 8, f. 67; tl: rubas, derbent\ncryptolechia neargometra wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 202, 197; tl: ningshan co. (33. 3°n, 108. 3°e), shaanxi, 880m\ncryptolechia paranthaedeaga wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 203, 197; tl: yushan co. (28. 6°n, 118. 2°e), jiangxi, 1120m\ncryptolechia stictifascia wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 206, 197; tl: ningshan co. (33. 3°n, 108. 3°e), shaanxi, 880m\ncryptolechia zhengi wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 201, 197; tl: zhouzhi co. (34. 1°n, 108. 2°e), shaanxi, 1750m\ncryptolechia hamatilis wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 230; tl: huguo temple, mt. fanjing (27. 55°n, 108. 41°e), guizhou, 1300m\ncryptolechia hydara walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 123, pl. 4, f. 11; tl: guatemala, totonicapam, 8500 - 10500ft\n=; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 195\n= (hysipelon); wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 195\nphaeosaces aganopis meyrick, 1905; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 16 (4): 605; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\naliena diakonoff, 1952; ark. zool. (2) 3 (6): 87\nleptosaces anticentra meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 155; tl: khasis\nargometra meyrick, 1935; exotic microlep. 4 (18 - 19): 567\napiletria bibundella strand, 1913; archiv naturgesch. 78 a (12): 84; tl: bibundi\nleptosaces callixyla meyrick, 1888; trans. n. z. inst. 20: 78; tl: whangarei; nelson\nphaeosaces chrysocoma meyrick, 1905; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 16 (4): 605; tl: pundaly - oya, ceylon\ncoelocrossa meyrick, 1935 ²; mat. microlep. fauna chin. prov. : 82\nphaeosaces compsotypa meyrick, 1886; trans. n. z. inst. 18: 172; tl: hamilton\nconata strand, 1917; arch. naturgesch. 82 a (3): 152\neucharistis meyrick, 1931; an. mus. nac. hist. nat. buenos aires 36: 396\nglischrodes meyrick, 1931; an. mus. nac. hist. nat. buenos aires 36: 396\nmelaneulia hecate butler, 1883; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1883 (1): 70; tl: valvidia\nmelaneulia hecate; clarke, 1978, smithson. contrl. zool. 273: 38, f. 28; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nphaeosaces liochroa meyrick, 1891; trans. n. z. inst. 23: 98; tl: new zealand\nleptosaces mataea meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 156; tl: cuddapah, 4000ft\nmellispersa diakonoff, 1952; ark. zool. (2) 3 (6): 87\nphaeosaces orthotoma meyrick, 1905; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 16 (4): 605; tl: peradeniya, ceylon\nbrazil (rio de janeiro, ...). see [ maps ]\nphaeocausta meyrick, 1934 ²; exotic microlep. 4 (15): 478\neulechria phoebas meyrick, 1907; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 17 (3): 742; tl: bhotan, 4500ft\npraevecta meyrick, 1929; trans. ent. soc. lond. 76: 513\nleptosaces pytinaea meyrick, 1902; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 26: 157; tl: sydney, new south wales\ndepressaria remotella staudinger, 1899; naturhist. mus. hamburg 2 (6): 111, f. 27; tl: uschuaia\nassam, china (fujian, sichuan, zhejiang), taiwan. see [ maps ]\nsemioscopis viridisignata strand, 1913; archiv naturgesch. 78 a (12): 83; tl: alen\naustralia (queensland, new south vales, victoria). see [ maps ]\nleptosaces schistopa meyrick, 1902; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 26: 156; tl: brisbane, queensland; glen innes (3500ft), new south wales; gisborne, victoria\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not. i don' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nh. sauter' s formosa ausbeute. pterophoridae, tortricidae, eucosmidae, gelechiadae, oecophoridae, cosmopterygidae, hypomeutidae, sesiadae, glyphipterygidae, plutellidae, teneidae, adelidae (lep. )\nverzeichniss der von professor dr. r. bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge\nzoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn tessmann nach süd kamerun und spanisch guinea. lepidoptera. iv\nh. sauter' s formosa - ausbeute: lithosiinae, nolinae, noctuidae (p. p .), ratardidae, chalcosiidae, sowie nacträge zu den familien drepanidae, limacodidae, gelechiidae, oecophoriidae und heliodinidae\nzeller, 1852 lepidoptera microptera quae j. a. wahlberg in caffrorum terra collegit k. vetenskakad. handl. 1852: 1 - 120\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word chlorozyga. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word chlorozyga and, of course, chlorozyga synonyms and on the right images related to the word chlorozyga .\nthis is the place for chlorozyga definition. you find here chlorozyga meaning, synonyms of chlorozyga and images for chlorozyga copyright 2017 © urltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "cryptolechia centroleuca is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "it was described by edward meyrick in 1922 .", "it is found in india ( sikkim ) .", "the wingspan is about 18 mm .", "the forewings are whitish-ochreous with some scattered dark fuscous scales .", "the costa is yellowish-tinged , with some blackish specks and there is a narrow fuscous basal patch , suffusedly extended along the costa to one-fourth .", "the plical and first discal stigmata are small , black and the plical rather posterior , while the second discal is whitish , surrounded with a cloud of fuscous suffusion and darkest immediately around it .", "the veins beyond the cell are somewhat marked with fuscous and there is a blotch of fuscous suffusion on the costa towards the apex .", "there is also a terminal series of blackish dots .", "the hindwings are rather light grey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "cryptolechia centroleuca is a moth in the depressariidae family. it was described by edward meyrick in 1922. it is found in india (sikkim). the wingspan is about 18 mm. the forewings are whitish-ochreous with some scattered dark fuscous scales. the costa is yellowish-tinged, with some blackish specks and there is a narrow fuscous basal patch, suffusedly extended along the costa to one-fourth. the plical and first discal stigmata are small, black and the plical rather posterior, while the second discal is whitish, surrounded with a cloud of fuscous suffusion and darkest immediately around it. the veins beyond the cell are somewhat marked with fuscous and there is a blotch of fuscous suffusion on the costa towards the apex. there is also a terminal series of blackish dots. the hindwings are rather light grey." ]

[ "the minister for the environment and heritage, the hon. dr david kemp mp, noted that the taxonomy of the genus notopala in australia is currently under expert review, the committee' s advice that the two taxa that were originally thought to be separate species, notopala sublineata and notopala hanleyi, are proposed to be combined into the one species notopala sublineata and that the species notopala sublineata is actually made up of three subspecies: subspecies hanleyi, subspecies sublineata and subspecies alisoni. the minister also noted that the new form of the species notopala sublineata and its subspecies have not been formally published in scientific literature .\nnotopala sublineata (murray - darling basin population consisting of n. s. sublineata and n. s. hanleyi )\nnotopala sublineata (murray - darling basin population consisting of n. s. sublineata and n. s. hanleyi) is not listed under the epbc act. the species notopala sublineata has been listed as endangered, which is the highest available category of endangerment, under the nsw fisheries management act 1994, and as threatened under the victorian flora and fauna guarantee act 1988. the advice from the scientific committee of each state suggests that the species which has been listed in new south wales and victoria followed that proposed by winston ponder, that is notopala sublineata incorporates all subspecies - notopala sublineata sublineata, notopala sublineata alisoni and notopala sublineata hanleyi. notopala sublineata hanleyi is also listed as one of the native species that characterises the endangered ecological community' aquatic ecological community in the natural drainage system of the lower murray river catchment' which is listed under the nsw fisheries management act 1994 .\nnotopala sublineata (murray - darling basin population consisting of n. s. sublineata and n. s. hanleyi) (river snail )\nthe taxonomy of the genus notopala in australia is currently under review. winston ponder of the australian museum, the expert undertaking the review of the genus, currently recognises that, on the basis of morphology, the species notopala sublineata is made up of three subspecies: notopala sublineata hanleyi, notopala sublineata sublineata and notopala sublineata alisoni. (essentially, winston ponder has combined two taxa that were originally considered to be separate species, notopala sublineata and notopala hanleyi, into the one species .) the subspecies sublineata is restricted to the darling river and its related tributaries; the subspecies hanleyi is restricted to the murray river and murrumbidgee river drainages; and the subspecies alisoni is found in rivers draining into the eyre basin, such as the cooper and diamantina rivers and a few coastal rivers, notably the dawson river in queensland. the subspecies sublineata and hanleyi, while being quite distinct in parts of their range, tend to merge around the lower parts of the darling river. within the species notopala sublineata, it is the population that occurs only within the murray - darling basin, which comprises the subspecies sublineata and hanleyi, that is considered to be threatened. the subspecies alisoni does not occur in the murray - darling basin, is still extant over much of its range and is not considered to be threatened .\ncitation: department of the environment (2018). notopala sublineata in species profile and threats database, department of the environment, canberra. available from: urltoken. accessed tue, 10 jul 2018 20: 43: 23 + 1000 .\nthe minister has carefully considered the advice of the threatened species scientific committee and has decided to reject the advice to list the notopala sublineata (river snail) as a threatened species under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 (the act) .\nnotopala sublineata is a medium - sized (20 - 25mm) freshwater snail with a round shell that ends in a conical spire. its outer shell is generally dark green but may also be greenish brown to dark brown, with or without bands. the body of the animal is similar to other snails but possesses a prominent snout and short eye stalks on the outside of the tentacles .\nhistorically, the murray - darling basin population of notopala sublineata was found on the sediments and hard substrates (rocks, logs etc) in shallow areas of freshwater rivers. based on information from museum records and the literature, the species was widely distributed and quite common in the murray - darling basin. for example, in 1935, cotton noted that the subspecies hanleyi was' of fairly common occurrence on murray native camp sites'. in the 1940s, johnston and beckwith reported a collection of 4677 specimens of the subspecies hanleyi from the lower murray river region .\nthe extent of occurrence of the murray - darling basin population of notopala sublineata is believed to have reduced dramatically since the 1950s - 1970s. it is believed that the population is extinct within the natural environment, with subspecies hanleyi currently known to occur in one irrigation pipeline, and possibly occurring in a second pipeline, in the south australian riverland, and the subspecies sublineata being thought to occur in only one irrigation pipeline in the darling river catchment, nsw. there is a small - scale community project, organised by the south australian field and game association, that is breeding the subspecies hanleyi in captivity at loveday wetlands in south australia. captive - bred river snails from this project have been moved to at least two other wetlands. at one of these sites, the snails are being held in captivity and have successfully bred. little information is available on the second translocation site .\nthe murray - darling basin population of notopala sublineata (river snail) was previously believed to have been common in the murray - darling basin but has experienced a decline in range since the 1950s - 1970s, and is now considered extinct in its natural habitat. the decline has most likely resulted from a decrease in the quality of suitable habitat, as a result of water regulation and the introduction of the european carp. it appears that this species has found a substitute habitat in the murray - darling basin in irrigation pipelines. while the river snail has been reported in a few irrigation pipelines within the murray - darling basin, their extent of occurrence in irrigation pipes is not clear. however, evidence currently available suggests the snail is not widespread within these irrigation pipes. in addition, the geographic distribution of the species is both restricted to a few locations and precarious for the survival of the species. the species is therefore eligible for listing under the epbc act .\nthe ecology of the river snail is not well known. this snail is a herbivore that grazes on organic matter found on hard surfaces in free - flowing bodies of water. it is a member of the family viviparidae so named because they give birth to small young snails rather than laying eggs. in this family, the female broods the young until they are able to crawl away, so species within this family have limited dispersal abilities .\nthe minister concluded there is uncertainty about the precise taxonomy of the river snail .\ntssc judges the species to be eligible for listing as critically endangered under the epbc act. the justification against the criteria is as follows :\nwithin the murray - darling river system, the river snail rapidly declined in area of occupancy from about the 1950s - 1970s, and the species now appears to be extinct within its natural habitat. there is little information on rates of change of numbers over this time .\nthe last report of the subspecies hanleyi in its natural habitat was from the murray river at wood' s point in the early 1980' s. it is not clear when subspecies sublineata was last reported in its natural habitat, but some of the last records of live snails appear to be around the mid to late 1970s. the natural habitat of the river snail in the murray - darling basin has been surveyed for molluscs in recent times, particularly in the lower murray river region (e. g. suter et al. 1995; sheldon & walker 1998), but the surveys have failed to locate living specimens of the river snail of either subspecies. it is considered most likely that both subspecies are extinct in their natural habitats .\nthe minister noted the committee' s advice that both subspecies are likely to be extinct in their natural habitats. he also noted that knowledge of the current distribution of the species appears to be based on general surveys for molluscs in the lower murray - darling, with very limited survey effort outside this region and few targeted surveys for this species anywhere within its range. the minister concluded that the distribution and abundance of this species is not well known .\nthe introduced european carp cyprinus carpio may also be a threat to the river snail. carp spread throughout the murray - darling basin after they were released into the murray river near mildura in 1964. carp can alter a river environment by destroying aquatic vegetation and increasing the turbidity of water. the warrego and paroo rivers have low levels of water regulation, but carp appear to have spread into these rivers in the 1970s. therefore, a factor in the decline of river snails in these river systems may be changes to the systems caused by the presence of carp .\nthe minister noted the committee' s advice that the snail appears to only live within human created structures (pipes, whether irrigation or artificially created habitat). the populations that exist within irrigation systems depend on adequate water flow, ironically, itself dependent on periodic flushing of the pipes .\nthe minister concluded that should listing occur, there would be considerable uncertainty about the conservation outcome of such a listing and that it was not at all clear that listing would contribute to the survival of the river snail .\nthe current status and the extent of occurrence of the river snail in irrigation pipelines in the murray - darling basin is not clear as surveys have been limited. in pipelines, usually the innermost pipes are inaccessible and sampling for the snail can only occur at the outlets .\ncurrently, subspecies hanleyi appears to be reduced to only one irrigation pipeline in south australia, from where it nearly disappeared in 1998 - 1999, and it possibly occurs in a second pipeline. in the future, it is likely to build up in large numbers within the pipelines and may need to be removed by chemicals again. researchers at the university of adelaide have sampled throughout other suitable areas in the lower murray river region of south australia, including in irrigation pipelines, and have not found the river snail. in the remark region of south australia, there have been limited surveys of irrigation pipes for molluscs, and the river snail has not been recorded, however, a number of other species of molluscs are known to block irrigation pipes in this area .\noutside south australia, there appear to have been no surveys for the river snail in irrigation pipes. subspecies sublineata has only been recorded from one irrigation pipe in the darling river catchment over the last 10 years. its occurrence in the pipe has not been checked recently, and it may no longer occur there .\noverall, there have been sufficient surveys conducted which when considered with the anecdotal reports, support the view that the river snail is not widespread in irrigation pipes within the murray - darling basin .\nthe minister noted the committee' s view that the river snail is not widespread within the murray - darling basin but also noted that there has been inadequate survey for the species in artificial habitats, such as the irrigation pipes, to determine the extent and abundance of their occupancy .\ncurrently in south australia, there are efforts to translocate captive - bred river snails to the wetlands of the murray river, but it is not clear if the translocated populations are being kept in captivity or how successful these efforts have been .\nfrom the information currently available, the murray - darling basin population of the river snail appears to have declined markedly in its geographic distribution, and is believed to be confined to artificial habitat within its original range of occurrence. the snail has recently been recorded in a few irrigation pipelines in the murray - darling basin but population numbers and the full geographical distribution of these subspecies within irrigation pipelines has not yet been determined. however, direct threats to the river snail in these pipes have been identified. there has been an observed decline in the quality of the species natural habitat and a dramatic decline in the species natural area of occupancy .\ntherefore, the species is eligible for listing as critically endangered under this criterion .\nthe minister noted the committee' s advice that the species is eligible for listing under this criterion. however, the minister considered there was sufficient uncertainty about its distribution and abundance and the conservation outcome of such a listing that he was not satisfied it was eligible for listing under the epbc act .\nthe minister noted the committee' s advice that the species is eligible for listing under the epbc act. for the reasons noted above, the minister considered that there was sufficient uncertainty about the nomination that he was not satisfied it was eligible for listing under the epbc act .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ndyer, e. , soulsby, a. - m. , whitton, f. , mcguinness, s. , de silva, r. , milligan, h. t. , kasthala, g. , herdson, r. , thorley, j. , mcmillan, k. & collins, a .\nhas been assessed as least concern due to its widespread distribution throughout northern australia and due to the absence of potential threats impacting the global population .\nthis species is known from the northern territory, australia (smith 1992). specifically it is found in the rapid creek area, darwin; port essington; victoria river and fitzroy river (smith 1992) .\nit is unlikely that there are any major threats impacting the global population of this species .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species, however, in places its distribution coincides with protected areas. additionally, this species is exempt from export regulations (australian government 2009) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations, refer to policy statements and guidelines, the conservation advice, the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\nlisted as endangered (global status: iucn red list of threatened species: 2017. 1 list )\naustralian biological resources study, ed. (2013). australian faunal directory. australian biological resources study. available from: urltoken .\nepbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .\nobis indo - pacific molluscan database. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nadams, a. & angas, g. f. 1864 ,\ndescriptions of new species of freshwater shells collected by mr f. g. waterhouse during j. mcdonald stuart' s overland journey from adelaide to the north - west coast of australia\n, proceedings of the zoological society of london, vol. 1863, pp. 414 - 418\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: c0ccc4f5 - 2260 - 4d52 - a633 - 2c5eb23aa6bf\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: e2de3d3e - 4f02 - 48a5 - b7e9 - 2b49515cfeac\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 5bfdea14 - b6b7 - 444b - 9b60 - 25b1f40bfc81\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 654190\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\ncotton, b. c. 1935 ,\nthe australian viviparous river snails\n, victorian naturalist, vol. 52, pp. 96 - 99\nbrazier, j. 1879 ,\ndescription of a new species of vivipara\n, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales, vol. 3, pp. 221 - 222\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 07e31c3e - 9363 - 429a - a935 - 0dc12b51b8e0\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: ec9a925f - f8ef - 4001 - b37f - 93a85019e9b2\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 6bb15209 - c4e3 - 44ca - 9c23 - d26767f5a2f9\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 451257\nuse of this web site and information available from it is subject to our legal notice and disclaimer and privacy statement .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 8a2c0cbe - 2ceb - 4a30 - 8cce - 6d6a756f63d0\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 989fcd01 - 768a - 43f8 - aaa4 - 17182c0d5d07\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: c77bc925 - 6cd1 - 49ce - 9cb3 - b0e1ab5dbf35\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 365802\nthis replaces species _ habitat _ v4 _ hdnv and _ hinv this data series is a set of spatial maps describing importance of suitable habitat within the current extent of native vegetation for some species. these species are threatened and their habitat is described as either dispersed or highly localised (ie remaining habitat within native vegetation is either greater than or less than 2000 ha respectively based on iucn categorisation). these maps have been developed for use in the native vegetation permitted clearing regulations. thresholds have been applied to the maps because lower likelihood areas do not receive species - specific consideration in the assessment process. habitat importance is continuous for dispersed species, for highly localised habitats however it is equal across the map. the values stored in these data are used to calculate risk and offsets under the native vegetation permitted clearing regulations (as proposed 2013 )\nnote that for dispersed species the values stored in these data must be divided by 100 to calculate the habitat importance score .\ndataset series naming: vic - hpnv - v4 - [ a / p ] [ taxa _ id ] _ 2013nov19 _ thm _ bio _ 75m _ vg94. tif where v4 is the version of the source models (ie. species _ habitat _ v4 _ hdnv) a / p animal / plant taxa _ id is vba taxa _ id\nplease check this box to confirm you accept and agree to comply with our terms of use and copyright and attribution requirements including any attribution specified on this page. you must comply with the relevant licence requirements for each dataset .\nuse order resources to get access to spatial data in various formats and extents .\nyou are being asked to supply a valid email address, so we cannotify you via email when your data is ready to download .\nthese data are a combination of site observations and models and as such are indications of the importance of habitat. they do not however take into account the current condition of the habitat for the particular species, apart from an indication of the presence and context of native vegetation - some species are known to predominantly inhabit non - native vegetation. this modelled data component does not capture this. models of habitat are not intended to equate with species presence. other factors such as natural disturbances, losses due to historic catastrophes, and the impact of predators and seasonal factors influence whether a species is present in habitat at any given time. also these data are highly reliant on survey records that indicate the suitability of a particular environment for a species. new records may influence future spatial models of suitable habitat. 75x75m cells" ]

{ "text": [ "notopala is a genus of large , freshwater snails with an operculum , aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family viviparidae , the river snails or mystery snails . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "notopala is a genus of large, freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family viviparidae, the river snails or mystery snails." ]

[ "all the latest horse racing form, betting odds, news, breeding, jockey and trainer information for certify. certify is a filly born in 2006 september 9 by brief truce out of spank\ncertify has managed to win 5 races in its career so far. it has proven a profitable horse for the punters over the journey. if you had backed certify throughout its career you' d have achieved a 147% return on investment .\ncertify has concluded its racing career, last running on the 11th jul 2014 at newmarket .\nthe vast body of registration records from the american morgan horse association includes approved applications along with pedigrees and supporting material for each registered horse .\na horse named certify is the biggest name among the 11 from the godolphin stable that' ve tested positive for steroids. certify is currently unbeaten, having won almost a quarter of a million dollars in prize money so far. the horse was the favorite for a major race next month. but now certify won' t be allowed to run, and any punters who' ve placed pre - race bets will lose their money .\nwould love to see certify and sky lantern meet up again somewhere down the line. she beat sky lantern in the sweet solara of 2012. here is link to view certify' s grade 1 shadwell fillies mile: urltoken\ncertify returned from her drugs scandal ban with an easy win in dubai for the godolphin stable. photograph: alan crowhurst / getty images\n“we’ve missed that whole season with certify but on the evidence of what i have seen of her work at home, she has .\nthe sir henry cecil trained colt was voted cartier horse of the year, the leading older horse and, just for good measure, team frankel, won the daily telegraph award of merit .\nindeed, dubai has used thoroughbred horse racing to burnish its reputation for luxury sports and leisure .\nyou do not have to fill out a special form to be eligible for the performance based awards (which will expire after the 3 - year - olds of 2017 .) if you' ve nominated your horse as a yearling and the horse races in the nyss program and it becomes a money - winning horse, the breeder of that horse is automatically eligible to receive an award .\nrecently retired superhorse frankel has won the cartier horse of the year title for the second successive year .\npayments to the breeder of each horse will be calculated based upon nyss race event earnings each year .\ncertify arrived in dubai in november and has been put through a thorough conditioning programme to get her up to race fitness after 489 days off the track .\ncopyright agriculture & new york state horse breeding development fund. all rights reserved. site developed by equus media .\na rule of these bets is that money will not be refunded if a horse ends up being pulled out .\nin 2009 the sheikh’s trainer abdullah bin hizaim was suspended for a year after admitting giving steroids to a horse .\nthe wagers taken on certify to win the 1, 000 guineas are known as ante - post bets because they were made well in advance of the race .\ncertify, however, was unbeaten in four starts during a juvenile campaign in 2012 that had culminated in a victory in the group 1 fillies’ mile at newmarket .\nback at the horse rescue, steve and the others got the trench dug and passed the 10 - foot webbing under the horse. a veterinarian sedated skip, and he was pulled to safety. he made a full recovery .\nas a first responder, and because of his extensive horse background, steve gets called in to help with horse rescues, as was the case this past april. skip, a 25 - year - old horse belonging to michael carman in the acreage, had wandered into the muck left behind when carman’s pond dried up, and gotten stuck .\n( we later found that the distance at this point was 110 ft from the hidden cadaver material .) i continued on with the search pattern until the horse showed a stronger silent alert signal. at this point, in order to prove beyond a doubt that the horse was working totally on his own, i dismounted and turned my horse completely free in an open field to locate the cadaver source on his own. after losing and relocating the scent drift, the loose horse then actively searched out and located the hidden cadaver material from a distance of 50 feet (remember the horse was blindfolded). the horse located the source of the cadaver scent within the 30 - minute time frame allowed by the nasar standards used for this test. the yearling miniature horse was also tested successfully according to the k9 cadaver standards .\nthe doped horses include star filly certify which has now been banned from running in next month’s 1, 000 guineas, the second classic race of the flat season .\ngodolphin’s unbeaten certify, impressive winner of the group 2 cape verdi stakes three weeks ago over 1600m, bids to maintain her unblemished record when facing five rivals in thursday’s fillies and mares race, the group 2 balanchine stakes at meydan racecourse, over 1800m. trained by charlie appleby, certify won the group 1 fillies’ mile as [ … ]\nhaving served her time with a doping ban for six months, certify’s career is being resurrected thursday night at meydan racecourse in the group 2 cape verdi, writes geoffrey riddle .\nepresentative said, “we confirm that the group 2 cape verdi on thursday 30th january is certify’s target. entries will be made on monday with declarations taking place on tuesday. ”\nmy demonstration horses included one riding horse with only 12 hours of cadaver training that was spread out evenly over 22 days, (plus a small amount of my foundation air scent training) and a yearling miniature horse. i did not use my experienced live human air scent horse because i wanted to prove that many different horses can be trained successfully for air scent locating work .\nin the cartier horse of the year category, frankel triumphed over three - time classic winner camelot, cirrus des aigles, excelebration and nathaniel. his rivals in the cartier older horse category were again cirrus des aigles, excelebration and nathaniel plus moonlight cloud .\nin the cartier horse of the year category, frankel triumphed over three - time classic winner camelot, cirrus des aigles, excelebration and nathaniel. his rivals in the cartier older horse category were again cirrus des aigles, excelebration and nathaniel plus moonlight cloud .\nhorse racing was today engulfed in an enormous doping scandal – by a top trainer who admitted “i have made a catastrophic error” .\nafter a stellar 2012 campaign and sitting out all of last season because of a doping ban, certify will be back in the gates on thursday night at meydan racecourse. press association\nnz connemara soc. nz farriers assn. aust / nz friesian soc. nz hanoverian soc. irish draught horse soc. advertising options\ncertify is set to make her eagerly anticipated return on thursday, with godolphin confirming that the four year old will be entered for the group ii cape verdi stakes at meydan this week .\nin 1909, the morgan horse club was established and in 1927 the club was incorporated as a membership corporation; this was the first time the club issued certificates of registration. nearly five decades later in 1971, the morgan horse club, inc. was renamed the american morgan horse association (amha). the headquarters of the amha moved to its permanent home in shelburne, vermont in 1988 where the association continues to maintain the breed registry, publish the morgan horse magazine, and offer a variety of public informaation and educational services .\none of the banned horses is certify, the former 1, 000 guineas favourite, who will be clear to race again on 9 october 2013, as will the other 14 suspended thoroughbreds .\ncite as: american morgan horse association registry records (ms 781). special collections and university archives, university of massachusetts amherst libraries .\nthe saeed bin suroor - trained mare was fourth in the group one audemars piguet qeii cup at sha tin on her latest outing in april and her total of 75 points is enough to top both the cartier horse of the year and cartier older horse award at this early stage .\nmahmood al - zarooni, certify' s trainer at the time, was subsequently banned from racing for eight years for doping, while all horses at the yard which returned positive tests for anabolic steroids were banned from racing for six months. certify missed her entire classic season as a result, but had clearly retained her group one class despite a 489 - day absence when she returned to the racecourse .\nlast season’s gii cape verdi was won by the improving godolphin stalwart sajjhaa, who went on to win the gi dubai duty free on world cup night. if certify can even come close to achieving what sajjhaa did at last season’s carnival, the godolphin team will have a horse of considerable talent to build on as the european season draws ever closer .\ncertify was the 2 - 1 second - favourite for the one - mile cape verdi, in a market headed by flotilla, last year' s french 1, 000 guineas winner, at 6 - 4. mickaël barzalona was nearer last than first on certify for the first six furlongs, but she made swift and very stylish progress around the home turn and then swept into the lead with her jockey all but motionless .\nfrankel, who additionally captured this year’s cartier older horse award, has now won a total of five cartier awards, more than any other horse in the history of the cartier racing awards, having gained the 2010 cartier two - year - old and 2011 cartier three - year - old awards as well .\nin 1789, vermont native justin morgan acquired a bay colt in springfield, massachusetts, that became the progenitor of a distinctly american breed of general purpose horse. noted for its stamina, strength, disposition, and beauty, the morgan became widely popular in western massachusetts and vermont, eventually spreading nationally and internationally. to support the breed, the morgan horse club (later the american morgan horse association) was founded in 1909 and today maintains the breed registry, publishes\n“me and my captain, woody crumm, went to help, ” steve recalled. “we’re both horse people. there were about 20 people from different stations helping on that rescue. it was a long and interesting rescue that went as good as it could. there’s no doubt that horse would’ve died without help. ”\n“he is the most successful horse in the 22 - year history of the cartier racing awards and that is no surprise given his domination of so many races .\na horse who like many, i have particular affinity for. in an era where the best aren’t often seen beyond their three year old campaign, it was refreshing to watch this horse be tested in different hemispheres until the end of his five year old season, and come up trumps as a champion in both .\nfound takes the award for cartier older horse following her brilliant success in europe' s most prestigious race, the qatar prix de l' arc de triomphe .\n“if you stepped off the wood, you sank in it up to your waist, ” steve said. “guys were leaning over on the boards to dig a couple of holes under the horse so we could pass the webbing through. the horse was pretty exhausted. it stayed quiet and didn’t fight or act spooky. ”\nowned and bred by prince khalid abdulla and trained by sir henry cecil, four - year - old frankel also takes the honours in the cartier older horse category .\n“certify deserves this. winning the shadwell fillies’ mile was a brilliant display. she’s going to stay in england for the winter and we very much hope she will be good enough to win the qipco 1, 000 guineas next season .\nshe finished three - quarters of a length ahead of l' amour de ma vie but was value for much more, while flotilla, who could not respond as certify cruised past her in the straight, faded to finish fourth .\nbars allusion (a 12 - year - old quarter horse) and countrylanes blue radar) a yearling miniature) share the title of the first proven cadaver detection equines .\nowned and bred by prince khalid abdulla and brilliantly trained by sir henry cecil, four - year - old frankel also takes the honours in the cartier older horse category .\nsteeler was considered an english derby horse before his ban, and looks tailor - made for the dubai sheema classic on world cup night over 2, 400m on turf .\nhaving served her time with a ban for six months, certify’s career is being resurrected on thursday night at meydan racecourse in the group 2 cape verdi by charlie appleby, the marmoom stables trainer tasked with bringing back godolphin’s previously banned horses .\ncoolmore' s found, who led home a remarkable 1 - 2 - 3 for o' brien and the owners in europe' s richest race, last month' s g1 qatar prix de l' arc de triomphe, is named cartier older horse. the other contenders for cartier older horse award were postponed, limato and highland reel .\nas early as the 1840s, efforts were underway to concentrate the morgan lines and document the breed' s history. the urge to preserve the integrity of the breed and to certify pedigrees continued throughout the nineteenth century and into the twentieth. in 1894, joseph battell published the first volume of the morgan horse and register containing nearly 1, 000 pages of pedigrees for\nany meritorious stallion, mare, or gelding tracing in direct male line to justin morgan and having at least 1 / 64 of his blood .\nit wasn' t until 1927, however, that the morgan horse club (later the american morgan horse association) first issued certificates of registration. since then, the association has maintained the registry, which is the only source for purebred registered morgans in the u. s .\nit seemed worth throwing a totally unknown horse into the pot and this horse did absolutely nothing in three starts last season. however, this has meant he has been given an extremely low official rating and the fact he is related to an irish oaks winner suggests he may be no forlorn hope. tom dascombe may well be the trainer to watch in 2013 too .\nas practical. in the case of multiple breeders, the fund will contact the first breeder listed on the horse' s usta registration papers. information required for tax purposes will be requested\nthe registry records of the amha are a product of concern during the late 19th century for documenting and preserving the integrity of the morgan breed and a means for breeders to certify pedigrees for their stock. in 1894, joseph battell published the first volume of the\nhe added :\ni have been involved in british horse racing for 30 years and have deep respect for its traditions and rules. there can be no excuse for any deliberate violation .\nbut some bookies vowed to pay back the ante - post bets staked on certify and the three other godolphin thoroughbreds – desert blossom, artigiano, and restraint of trade – that were entered in this season’s classics but have been banned for being among the 11 doped horses .\ncertify has not been seen on a racecourse since stretching her perfect record to four in the gi fillies mile at newmarket on september 28th 2012, with her progression as a three year old halted after the daughter of elusive quality tested positive for the banned anabolic steroid of ethylestranol .\nthough yeats and ouija board won four cartier awards apiece during their long careers, they have been eclipsed by frankel. he now becomes the most decorated horse in 22 years of these awards with five, six if you include the award of merit. as a juvenile he was two - year - old colt while last year he was three - year - old colt and horse of the year .\nanother godolphin - owned two - year - old certify, trained by mahmood al zarooni, also enjoyed an unblemished juvenile career and the four - time winner is the cartier two - year - old filly, getting the nod over sky lantern, rosdhu queen, flotilla and silasol .\nanother godolphin - owned two - year - old certify, trained by mahmood al zarooni, also enjoyed an unblemished juvenile career and the four - time winner is the cartier two - year - old filly, getting the nod over sky lantern, rosdhu queen, flotilla and silasol .\nsome people live interesting lives. steve driscoll is one of them. a member of palm beach county fire - rescue for the past 26 years, steve works at station 26 in the acreage and rents a lovely equestrian property on a road in loxahatchee groves, where he keeps reno, his quarter horse gelding. they ride in reined cow horse events. he and a partner rent out the other 23 stalls .\nthe amazing frankel, one of the best racehorses if not the greatest ever, was named cartier horse of the year for an unprecedented second successive time at the 2012 cartier racing award s held last night .\n“he wanted to say how grateful he is, what a magnificent event this is and these are the most - prestigious awards in the whole world for racing. so a big thank you to cartier and we very much hope that certify will fulfil all of our ambitions for next season. ”\ncertify, who was denied a run in the 1, 000 guineas when she was banned from racing for six months in the wake of the godolphin doping scandal last spring, maintained her unbeaten record in impressive style on thursday with victory in the group two cape verdi at meydan in dubai .\nnow under the care of charlie appleby, who has enjoyed a superb start to his first visit to the dubai racing carnival, certify will bid to rebuild her reputation with a step back into group company at the earliest opportunity as she looks to extend her four race unbeaten streak of 2012 .\n“that was a pretty cool, fun rescue, ” steve said. “it had a good ending, and we also had to think about how to get the horse out. i helped on another interesting rescue a couple of years ago. a horse got stuck in a septic tank. we wrapped a fire hose around him and rigged up a pretty cool pulley system tied to a tree to lift him out. ”\ncertify (usa) b. m, 2010 { 4 - r } dp = 6 - 6 - 13 - 0 - 1 (26) di = 2. 47 cd = 0. 62 - 6 starts, 5 wins, 0 places, 0 shows career earnings: $ 384, 738\nit was a good night for godolphin with certify, trained by mahmood al zarooni, winning the cartier two - year - old filly award, dawn approach (jim bolger) taking the cartier two - year - old colt award and colour vision (saeed bin suroor) landing the cartier sprinter award .\n“i’d like to say well done to dawn approach for being champion two - year - old colt, it’s an absolute thrill, ” declared godolphin’s racing manager simon crisford after going up for certify’s award. “it’s a great boost to have a trainer looking after him who is so confident for the future .\ntop three - year - old filly winter has a slight advantage over fellow classic winners churchill and brametot in the cartier horse of the year standings as the first points are released for the 27th annual cartier racing awards .\nlady aurelia creates history by becoming the first us - trained horse to win a cartier racing award. successful three times in four starts, the scat daddy filly takes the cartier two - year - old filly award .\n“as i was saying last year and the year before, we have been truly blessed by this horse, ” said lord grimthorpe. “he has touched our lives like no other and has touched many lives like no other .\nlord grimthorpe, racing manager to the colt’s owner - breeder prince khalid abdulla, stated that frankel had “touched our lives like no other” as he collected the very prestigious cartier horse of the year award for the second successive year .\nthere has only been one other dual cartier horse of the year and that was the great racemare ouija board, who gained the sought - after accolade in both 2004 and 2006. she won a total of four cartier awards .\nthere has only been one other dual cartier horse of the year and that was the great racemare ouija board, who gained the sought - after accolade in both 2004 and 2006. she won a total of four cartier awards .\nthe awards were established in 1991 to reward excellence in horseracing. there are eight equine awards, ranging from the cartier horse of the year to the cartier two - year - old colt and cartier two - year - old filly .\nminding wins the cartier horse of the year & cartier three - year - old filly awards after a glittering season that saw her win five group one prizes, with ryan moore up, over three different distances between may and october .\nthere was a truly international flavor to thursday’s seventh meeting of the 2014 dubai world cup carnival with europe dominating proceedings, highlighted by the victory of l’amour de ma vie in the featured group 2 balanchine stakes. trained by mme pia brandt, she had finished second on her local debut, behind certify in the group [ … ]\nunder the care of mahmood al zarooni at that time, certify was just one of initial eleven horses to prevented from showcasing her talent throughout the duration of last season, with the 1, 000 guineas at newmarket, a race she was third favourite for at the time of withdrawal, the most notable race which she missed .\n“he is a horse that has run over a mile as a juvenile and he has shown a lot of natural speed, which is why we started him off over a mile. we will look to step him up in distance. ”\naccording to steve, there are approximately 200 to 300 fema - certified rescue dogs in the u. s. , and he is an evaluator. he holds tests across the country six times a year to certify dogs. training and certifying takes a lot of work, but it’s worth it. just ask that mother in haiti .\nin dubai on thursday, certify became the first of the 22 godolphin horses banned last year in the steroid scandal, to win a race since returning to action. she landed the group two cape verdi, over a mile, to retain her unbeaten record. now trained by charlie appleby, she had not run for 489 days .\nhis sire elusive quality has been highly influential in the us, producing the likes of kentucky derby winner smarty jones, raven’s pass and certify. on the track he was nothing more than smart, and commanded an initial fee of $ 10, 000. with this in mind, producing so many top notch performers has been an amazing feat\nafter 14 unbeaten starts and on november 8 moved from cecil’s warren place stables, the horse’s home since january 14, 2010, back to nearby banstead manor stud, where he was born, in preparation for taking up stud duties early next year .\nin the cartier old horse category st nicholas abbey (56) has been in fine form for trainer aidan o' brien this season, annexing the dubai sheema classic presented by longines and an unprecedented third consecutive investec coronation cup at epsom downs on saturday .\nfrom the world’s second - best horse, cirrus des aigles, despite very soft going and a slow start. frankel’s earnings of nearly £3 million as a racehorse will be dwarfed by his stud career takings and he is now worth over £100 million as a stallion prospect .\neligible to receive a performance based award. only breeders of horses finishing in positions 1 - 5 in the nyss racing program will benefit from the breeders' awards program. payments to the breeder of each horse will be calculated based upon nyss race event earnings each year .\nmany of the team behind the brilliant frankel were at the 22nd annual cartier racing awards at london’s dorchester hotel on tuesday night (november 13) to share three prizes won by what many consider to have been the best horse, certainly of recent times, and maybe ever .\ncertify was one of the favourites for last year' s fillies' classic at newmarket after a 2012 juvenile campaign which included victory in the group one fillies' mile. she was one of 11 horses at godolphin' s moulton paddocks stable to test positive for a banned anabolic steroid when a testing team from the british horseracing authority took samples from 45 horses at the yard in early april 2013 .\nall standards for this test / demonstration, including test area size, etc. , were taken from a surface field test used by nasar, a nationwide sar organization, as part of the process to certify cadaver k9s. the difficult levels of this horse scenting test met or exceeded the nasar standards. (this was not a nasar approved test .) the test was set up by a sar certification officer. the judges were the certification officer plus the group of observers. the cadaver material was less than 15 grams (that is less than 1 / 2 ounce). the cadaver material was hidden and camouflaged before i arrived at the test area with my two demonstration horses .\nsheikh mohammed bin rashid al maktoum is the ruler of dubai and the prime minister of the united arab emirates. he is also one of the most powerful figures in global horse racing. but a doping scandal involving horses at godolphin, his stable for thoroughbreds, has rocked the sport .\nthe residency bonus awards reward breeders who keep their mares in new york state, thereby contributing to the new york state economy and agricultural market. the program is designed to stimulate new york state' s agriculture sector and preserve open space through populating the state' s many horse farms .\nshe narrowly failed to give 4lb and a beating to cartier three - year - old colt, almanzor, in a top - class renewal of the qipco irish champion stakes at leopardstown in september, with cartier horse of the year minding, highland reel and dual derby winner harzand behind .\nclaire o’donnell, daughter of part - owner pam hawkes, collected the prize and said: “on behalf of black caviar’s owners, i’d like to reiterate that we are delighted to have our horse recognised on the international stage. i’m accepting this award on their behalf and thank you cartier. ”\nsuperstars in 2002 were five - time group one scorer rock of gibraltar, bred by the o' briens under the whisperview trading banner, and high chaparral, who gave him a second epsom derby as well as a breeders' cup turf - a race the horse would win again in 2003 .\nfrankel has finished his racing career after 14 unbeaten starts and last week (november 8) moved from sir henry cecil’s warren place stables, the horse’s home since january 14, 2010, back to nearby banstead manor stud, where he was born, in preparation for taking up stud duties early next year .\nafter giving a public invitation to over 70 people representing sheriff’s departments, sar and sar k9s, from a five - county area, i presented a first - of - its - kind cadaver horse demonstration on a very cold nov. 21 minnesota morning. temperatures were well below freezing plus wind - chill factors .\n“prince khalid really likes his horses to do the talking but unfortunately you’ve got me. he would have been here but for a family wedding and he wanted me to thank cartier, arnaud (bamberger), francois (le troquer) and of course harry (herbert) for this magnificent tribute to his wonderful horse .\ngodolphin trainer mahmood al zarooni was banned from horse racing for eight years by the disciplinary panel of the british horseracing authority. on monday it was announced that 11 horses trained by al zarooni had tested positive for two banned anabolic steroids. al zarooni was accompanied to thursday’s disciplinary meeting by godolphin’s racing manager, simon [ … ]\netihad airways irish 1, 000 guineas heroine just the judge, who was narrowly denied in the newmarket equivalent of the classic, is close up on 72 points in the cartier horse of the year standings with recent group one prix d' ispahan scorer maxios (64), trained by jonathan pease in france, next .\nyear on year, the top - notch performers keep on coming with yeats (the only horse to win the gold cup at royal ascot four times), george washington, henrythenavigator, duke of marmalade, dylan thomas, so you think, starspanglebanner, camelot, australia, and st nicholas abbey among the very best .\ncraig has written for ladbrokes since the 2010 world cup, having previously gained a media & sports journalism degree and contributed to publications including the racing post. his main areas of interest are horse racing and ufc, but he is also an avid x factor gambler and likes nothing more than indulging in a spot of hip hop karaoke .\nin november, sky lantern finished runner - up to treve in the voting for both champion three - year - old filly and horse of the year at the cartier racing awards. [ 12 ] once again sky lantern went to highclere stud for a winter holiday, before returning to richard hannon' s herridge stables in january 2014 .\nother notable lots sold include a colt out of dar re mi bought for 750, 000 gns by al shaqab racing. said to be a “fine, big” horse by his trainer john gosden, he looks a most exciting prospect. as the frankels seem to come in all shapes and sizes, he has thrown some sharper, earlier types. one such horse is the colt out of danceabout, also bought by al shaqab for €300, 000. interestingly peter & ross doyle, richard hannon’s chief buyer, did the bidding on him. however, he has gone into training with hugo palmer and i expect him to out in the early spring given his precocious constitution .\nin order to make the test more difficult and for proofing reasons, some road kill wildlife was also placed out in the test area. this did not fool the human cadaver trained horses. one horse completely ignored the scent while the other only gave me one signal that something was up - wind but did not try to follow the scent .\n“i’m very grateful for the opportunity given to us by the people at royal ascot to bring her up to your part of the world and showcase her on an international stage. i understand it’s the first time a horse trained outside europe has been given such a prestigious award and certainly it was a very memorable journey and one that we’ll never forget .\nshe was the flagship horse out of a shadowy band of 22. there were some horses that had pretty names such as desert blossom, sweet rose, and ghostflower; promising fillies who had yet to produce the fruits that their breeding had suggested. others such as encke had already shown their hand with a win in the 2012 english st leger .\ncharlie appleby, zarooni' s former assistant, is now in charge at moulton paddocks. on her latest form, he could well move certify back up to group one company before the dubai carnival concludes at the end of march. sajjhaa, last year' s winner of the cape verdi, went on to take the group two balanchine in mid - february and then won the dubai duty free, one of the world' s richest turf events, on the dubai world cup card .\nbreeders' awards funds are derived from the remittances from the state' s harness tracks and off track betting parlors. legislation mandates that the above stated entities provide a percentage of the total betting handle and the vlt revenue to the agriculture & nys horse breeding development fund for the administration of the new york sire stakes program, including the breeders' awards program .\nminding achieved cartier racing awards' glory last year too, as she was crowned cartier two - year - old filly in 2015 when she enjoyed two g1 victories. her rivals in the cartier horse of the year category were almanzor, found, postponed and recent breeders' cup turf winner highland reel. both found and highland reel are stable companions of minding .\nfor this test, my horses were blindfolded to prevent skeptics from saying that the horses were searching by sight. during the first part of the search, i rode the 12 - year - old search horse until he picked up the first trace of cadaver scent, which he confirmed to me by his silent alert signals. i marked this spot with a flag .\nit shall be the breeder' s responsibility to ensure accurate records are kept on all progeny. the recipient of any breeders' award must be the owner of the mare at the time of mating as declared to the usta. the racing horse must be nominated to the nyss or be subsequently entered into sire stakes events in order for a breeders' award to be paid .\nhis star lot was the filly out of champion race - mare alexander goldrun. bought for €1, 700, 000 by teo ah king’s china horse club, whose spending and influence in the sales ring has gathered notable pace. being a filly, she’ll have a high value even if lacking in racing ability, as her impeccable pedigree gives her every chance of becoming a successful broodmare .\no' brien enjoyed a first winner in britain when urubande landed the grade one sun alliance novices' hurdle at the 1996 cheltenham festival. the great hurdler istabraq, owned by j p mcmanus and well campaigned by o' brien, will always be remembered as his greatest jump horse, with 23 victories from 29 starts over hurdles including three champion hurdles (1998, 1999 and 2000) at cheltenham .\nduring the civil war, morgans became valued for yet another feature: their ability to serve as capable cavalry mounts and artillery horses. throughout the duration of the war, morgans were in high demand and were often viewed as the horse that could accomplish feats that other teams could not. indeed, the first vermont cavalry used only morgan horses as mounts and quickly earned a reputation as an accomplished fighting unit .\nhe soon made the move to jim bolger' s yard in county carlow, where he would enjoy the tutelage of one of the greatest mentors in the business. it was while working for bolger that o' brien met annemarie crowley, daughter of the highly - respected trainer and horse dealer joe crowley. annemarie became his wife - they have four children - and is an integral part of his success .\ni built a walkway out to her with boards, and scooped her up with a long - handled net, getting thoroughly coated in foul - smelling slime as she flapped around. after hosing her off, she was fine. no one else got stuck, and after a few good rains, the pond returned. that goose had weighed maybe 20 pounds. a horse is more like 1, 000 pounds .\nyes, you must file, annually, with the fund the residency declaration / arrival form when you wish your 180 - day residency period to begin. you must also fill out the mare departure / 180 - day declaration of residency form at the end of the 180 - day period to certify that your mare was resident in nys for the continuous 180 - day period. please note: all forms are due to the fund within 30 days of the start and end of the 180 - day period. failure to do so may result in disqualification from the residency breeders' award program .\nhis final start came in britain’s most valuable race, the £1. 3 million qipco champion stakes at ascot on october 20, when he was the comfortable scorer from the world’s second - best horse, cirrus des aigles, despite very soft going and a slow start. frankel’s earnings of nearly £3 million as a racehorse will be dwarfed by his stud career takings and he is now worth over £100 million as a stallion prospect .\nif you wish to be eligible for a residency breeeders' award, you will be required to fill out a\nresidency declaration / arrival form\nand a\nmare departure / 180 - day declaration of residency form\nto certify your mare was a nys resident for 180 continuous days during the current breeding year. additionally, if your mare must leave the state for an emergency or if you transfer it to a different facility within nys, you must fill out and submit the appropriate forms. these forms are available for download on the fund' s website in the\nforms and downloads\nsection .\nand decorated knight top the cartier older horse category with 56 points apiece. godolphin' s cloth of stars, trained by andre fabre, is unbeaten in three starts so far this season, culminating in the g1 prix ganay on may 1, while decorated knight, handled by roger charlton for owners saleh al homaizi & imad al sagar, captured the g1 jebel hatta at meydan in march and g1 tattersalls gold cup at the curragh on may 28 .\nthe fifth award to go to a coolmore / o' brien horse, in a stellar year, is cartier two - year - old colt, won by churchill. the galileo colt finished a superb campaign with group one victories in two of europe' s best juvenile contests - the goffs vincent o' brien national stakes and the dubai dewhurst stakes. the other nominees in this category were caravaggio, the last lion and mehmas. (please remember the embargo) .\nis the other history - maker, as she is the first horse trained in the usa to win a cartier racing award. following a breathtaking all - the - way win in the g2 queen mary stakes at royal ascot and victory in the g1 darley prix morny at deauville, she captures the cartier two - year - old filly award ahead of rhododendron, brave anna and roly poly. lady aurelia is owned by stonestreet stables, george bolton and peter leidel and trained by wesley ward .\nsky lantern began her racing career in a six furlong maiden race at goodwood racecourse on 24 may 2012. she started evens favourite and won by three and a half lengths from cruck realta. [ 2 ] two weeks later she was sent to ireland where she won the listed coolmore stud ebf sprint stakes by half a length from true verdict. [ 3 ] sky lantern returned to england in august when she contested the sweet solera stakes over seven furlongs at newmarket and finished second, a length behind the european champion filly certify. two weeks later sky lantern started odds - on favourite for the prestige stakes at goodwood, but was beaten half a length by the mick channon - trained ollie olga .\nthere is no implication that sheikh mohammed had any knowledge of what was going on. even so, this is hugely embarrassing for him. he takes a close interest in his racing business, and even ships his horses over from britain to dubai every winter so they can enjoy the sun. the news will hit him hard. on april 24th the sheikh, “appalled and angered”, closed mr al zarooni’s yard and said that no horse from there would run until he is satisfied that every one is clean .\nthe saddest and most shocking aspect of the scandal is that it has struck the very pinnacle of british racing. godolphin, to which the 11 horses belong, is one of the biggest operators in the racing world. it is owned by sheikh mohammed, the ruler of dubai, who has invested many millions in the sport. the trainer at the centre of the scandal, mahmood al zarooni, was one of his two british - based trainers, at the heart of his operation. the horses involved are of the highest class. certify (pictured) is unbeaten: she was among the favourites for the 1, 000 guineas, one of the two most important races for three - year - old fillies, at newmarket on may 5th. opinion poll came second at royal ascot in last year’s gold cup, another of the best races on the calendar .\ngroups learn a lot at my clinics, but probably the most important thing they learn is to how to read their horses during a search. this is extremely important even if they decide not to train a finished air scenting detection horse. people have told me of experiences while they were on a mounted search, their horses started acting different. it was not until the missing victim was found later that they realized that when their horses were acting differently, they were very close to the missing victim. i wonder how many times the victim was never found when mounted searchers failed to correctly read their horses' sign language? the bottom line\nfrankel, very unusually a champion in each of the three years he raced, has gone one better, with five cartier awards. in addition, there is the cartier / daily telegraph award of merit which this year has gone to team frankel. the award is for the person or persons who, in the opinion of the special 16 - strong cartier jury, has / have done most for european racing and / or breeding either over their lifetime or within the past 12 months. team frankel includes all the people who contributed to the horse’s development at juddmonte farms in britain and ireland plus those assembled by sir henry cecil to train him .\nfrankel, very unusually a champion in each of the three years he raced, has gone one better, with five cartier awards. in addition, there is the cartier / daily telegraph award of merit which this year has gone to team frankel. the award is for the person or persons who, in the opinion of the special 16 - strong cartier jury, has / have done most for european racing and / or breeding either over their lifetime or within the past 12 months. team frankel includes all the people who contributed to the horse’s development at juddmonte farms in britain and ireland plus those assembled by sir henry cecil to train him .\n- certify (usa) | 2010 ~ - - elusive quality (usa) | 1993 ~ - - - gone west (usa) | 1984 ~ - - - - mr prospector (usa) | 1970 ~ - - - - secrettame (usa) | 1978 ~ - - - touch of greatness (usa) | 1986 ~ - - - - hero' s honor (usa) | 1980 ~ - - - - ivory wand (usa) | 1973 ~ - - please sign in (usa) | 1996 ~ - - - doc' s leader (usa) | 1986 ~ - - - - mr. leader (usa) | 1966 ~ - - - - with patience (usa) | 1999 ~ - - - register (usa) | 1992 ~ - - - - mari' s book (usa) | 1978 ~ - - - - lodge (usa) | 1969\neligible recipients of a performance based breeders' award (which will expire after the 3 - year - olds of 2017) are individuals who have bred a money - earning horse racing in the nyss program. eligible recipients of a residency breeders' award are individuals who have bred a mare who resided in new york state for at least 180 consecutive days during the breeding year and whose progeny race in the nyss as a two - and / or three - year - old and finish in positions one through five. the 180 - day period must be met within the calendar year. in cases of multiple breeders, only one breeder will be the recipient of the award; the first breeder of record on the horses' usta registration will be the initial contact .\npopular in all 50 states and more than 30 foreign countries, morgan horses can be traced back to a single bay colt acquired by vermont - native justin morgan in 1789 in springfield, massachusetts. throughout the 19th century morgans were in demand due in part to their effortless ability to perform a wide variety of tasks ranging from field work on farms to transportation for commercial stagecoaches. by the 1840s, an effort to concentrate the line was underway and breeders in vermont and western massachusetts located second, third, and fourth generation descendants of the original morgan horse to establish the foundations of the breed. in 1857, d. c. linsley' s book morgan horses was published, becoming the first book to document to the history of justin morgan and origins of the breed .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfrankel left horses trailing in his wake on the racecourse in his 14 race career and he did so once more last night when he swept the boards at the cartier racing awards in london on tuesday evening .\ntuesday night’s glittering ceremony, which took place at the dorchester in london, was attended by racing’s great and good with the notable exception of cecil whose low immune system kept him away from a crowd just as it had done at goodwood this summer .\ncecil did, however, pass on a message, saying: “all of us at warren place are thrilled that frankel’s achievements this year have been recognised with him winning this most prestigious award for the second time running .\n“frankel with his brilliance has been a great ambassador for british racing and has captured the hearts of so many people, some of whom have never been racing in their lives. thank you frankel and to everyone that has voted for him. ”\narnaud bamberger, executive chairman of cartier, summed it saying: “this year we have seen some of the greatest performances ever seen in racing. the mighty frankel – wow. ”\nthere was hardly a dry eye in the house, however, by the time team frankel – the dozen people who have been closest to the colt from the planning of his breeding through to the moment he returned to banstead manor stud last week – were called up on stage, to a standing ovation, to collect their award after a moving film of the colt’s career and interviews with the key players." ]

{ "text": [ "certify ( foaled 12 march 2010 ) is an american-bred , british-trained thoroughbred racehorse .", "in her first season of racing , which began in july 2012 she won all four of her races including the group one fillies ' mile and ended the british season as one of the year 's most highly rated two-year-old fillies .", "she was regarded as a leading contender for the following year 's classics but was suspended from racing after failing a drug test in april 2013 . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 14 ] }

[ "certify (foaled 12 march 2010) is an american-bred, british-trained thoroughbred racehorse. in her first season of racing, which began in july 2012 she won all four of her races including the group one fillies' mile and ended the british season as one of the year's most highly rated two-year-old fillies. she was regarded as a leading contender for the following year's classics but was suspended from racing after failing a drug test in april 2013." ]

[ "the paradise shelduck is new zealand’s only shelduck, a worldwide group of large, often semi - terrestrial waterfowl that have goose - like features .\naustralia has its own shelduck species, the chestnutbreasted shelduck. this shelduck occasionally finds its way to new zealand, where it was first recorded in 1973 at hokitika .\nrange: paradise shelduck is found in new zealand, except in northern part of ile du nord (north island) .\nunlike other native duck species in new zealand, the paradise shelduck has benefited from the extensive human modification of natural landscapes throughout the country .\nstricter regulations on hunting, the creation of numerous stock ponds, and the conversion of native forest to pasture have all helped the paradise shelduck .\nprotection / threats / status: clearing of forests for pastures is good for paradise shelduck. this species is widespread in most parts of its range. some introduced predators, such as stoats and polecats threaten local populations. paradise shelduck are killed by hunters, but its numbers remain stables .\nwilliams, m. j. 2013. paradise shelduck. in miskelly, c. m. (ed .) new zealand birds online. urltoken\nyou can help protect the paradise shelduck by adhering to your local hunting regulations, and by reporting any misconduct to your local fish & game office .\nparadise shelduck pairs are very territorial. they occupy and defend it for life, except the time spent at communal moulting sites. it is the moment when paradise shelduck are killed by hunters. birds are very fat and almost flightless, and numerous ducks and shelducks are taken. they are prized game birds .\nwilliams, m. 1979. the social structure, breeding and population dynamics of paradise shelduck in the gisborne - eastcoastdistrict. notornis 26: 213 - 272 .\ndescription: paradise shelduck is endemic to new zealand and lives only there. this species was discovered by captain cook in 1773, and he named it “painted duck” .\nhabitat: paradise shelduck lives in varied habitats. it is found in grassy river flats, lakes and estuaries or sheltered bays, but also in pastures where these birds are abundant .\nparadise shelduck chicks are striped black and white. typically for ducklings, they leave the nest within a day of hatching and go to water to feed themselves, under the watchful eye of the adults .\ndiet: paradise shelduck feeds on seeds from grasses, clover and grain, but also consumes insects and earthworms. in estuaries, it feeds on crustaceans and molluscs, and on aquatic vegetation in grassy rivers .\nunusually for ducks, the female paradise shelduck is more eye - catching than the male; females have a pure white head and chestnut - coloured body, while males have a dark grey body and black head .\nparadise shelduck graze on grass and clover, grass seeds and weed seeds, and stubble or standing crops of peas or grain, causing damage to young pasture, hay and grain crops. they also eat aquatic vegetation .\nparadise shelduck' putangitangi', tadorna variegata (female and male). artwork by jg keulemans from sir walter lawry buller' s' a history of the birds of new zealand', vol. 3 plate 44\nparadise shelducks feed on grass, clover, aquatic vegetation and crops of peas or grain .\nthe paradise shelduck is so widespread and abundant as to be without conservation threat. excessive hunting in the past severely impacted numbers, and 2 - 3 decades of cautious exploitation was required to restore their abundance and expand their distribution .\nshelducks are goose - like ducks with long necks. the endemic paradise shelduck is about 63 centimetres long; males weigh 1. 7 kilograms and females 1. 4 kilograms. they are partially protected, with regulated hunting permitted .\nflight: paradise shelduck performs slow wing beats when takes off. when weather is snowy, they fly in goose - like formation, in v, for gathering on lagoons. their prominent white patches on wings are conspicuous in flight .\nwhile paradise shelducks are widespread and common, periods of local decline sometimes occur because of over - hunting .\nbehaviour: paradise shelduck is commonly seen in pairs, feeding in pastures on seeds of grasses, insects and earthworms. it also feeds aquatic plants in lakes, and molluscs and crustaceans in estuaries. it swims very well, and feeds by dabbling and grazing .\nthe related chestnut - breasted shelduck (tadorna tadornoides) was first recorded as a visitor in new zealand in 1973, and has bred on at least one occasion .\nvoice: sounds by xeno - canto paradise shelduck utters trumpeting, goose - like “honk” while it flies off if threatened. usually, male utters guttural “glink - glink” sounds, low grunts, and a kind of guttural “ha - hu” during displays. female utters loud, discordant calls .\nthe paradise shelduck is new zealand’s most widely distributed waterfowl, when both geographic spread and habitat use are taken into account. it occurs on north, south and stewart islands, all large near - shore islands with grassland (e. g. kapiti, great barrier, d’urville) and has straggled to distant raoul and lord howe islands, and to the chatham islands from which an as - yet unnamed shelduck species was exterminated by the first polynesian settlers .\nthe paradise shelduck is the second - most abundant waterfowl in new zealand (after mallard). its numbers are still increasing despite being a gamebird and at least 200, 000 being shot annually (2011 figures). the total population probably exceeded 6 - 700, 000 birds in 2011 .\na paradise shelduck pair usually stays close together, each bird calling in turn as they move about. the male’s call is deeper than the female’s. the female has a white head, whereas the male’s head is glossy green - black. like other shelducks they have a long goose - like neck .\nthe white - headed female and black - headed male paradise shelduck (tadorna variegata) make a striking pair. they generally mate for life, feeding and flying together. their alternating calls form a haunting two - tone cry – the male a deep ‘honk’, the female a higher ‘heek’. the māori name, pūtangitangi, refers to the call – tangi is a lamentation for the dead. the bird is also nicknamed parrie, short for paradise .\nparadise shelducks breed only in new zealand and are widely distributed in pasture, tussock grasslands and wetlands throughout the mainland and offshore islands .\nparadise shelducks were uncommon and declining during the nineteenth century due to over - hunting, but they have increased throughout the country since then .\nthe paradise shelduck is a colourful, conspicuous and noisy waterfowl that could be mistaken for a small goose. it has undergone a remarkable increase in population and distribution since about 1990, including the colonisation of sports fields and other open grassed areas within urban environments. this expansion has occurred in the face of being a gamebird and hunted annually .\nvoice: the male paradise shelduck gives a di - syllabic goose - like honk when alarmed, or in flight. the main female call is more shrill, and more rapid and persistent, particularly during flight. there are a variety of other calls associated with pair formation and maintenance, territory defence, and maintaining contact with flock birds .\nparadise shelducks first breed in their second or third year and pairs stay together for life and return to the same nesting area year after year .\nadult paradise shelducks, around two years of age, form lifelong pairs and will defend their territories for raising their chicks - usually around nine at a time .\ncarboneras, c. & kirwan, g. m. (2018). paradise shelduck (tadorna variegata). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nsimilar species: vagrant chestnut - breasted shelducks are very similar to male paradise shelducks. they differ in having a white neck ring, chestnut or buff breast, and black undertail .\nparadise shelducks mate for life, and remain together from year to year. they return to the same nesting area. when threatened, it flies off, while it utters trumpeting honks .\nreproduction: paradise shelduck breeds from august to december. nest may be situated in varied locations such as hollow in fallen tree, burrow in the ground, beneath tree roots, under logs, in thick clump of tussock, or in rock crevice. when in tree, nest is at about 25 metres from the ground. but nest may also be a just scraped depression, or shallow bowl of grasses. it is lined with down, plucked from the duck’s own body .\nparadise duck song (mp3, 1, 135k) 01: 12 – pair giving breeding calls on territory and displaying pair bond (female has higher pitched call, male has wheezy call) .\nintroduced predators and the draining of wetlands are also threats to paradise ducks, although these dangers are, in most cases, outweighed by the large amount of pasture and grassland habitat available to them .\nputangitangi, the paradise shelduck, is endemic to new zealand, that is it is found nowhere else in the world. it was discovered first by captain cook at dusky sound in 1773 during his second voyage. cook called it the painted duck. they were not a common bird before settlement by europeans but are now one of the endemic birds which has prospered with the conversion of native forest to pasture. they have increased greatly in numbers through this century and are now only partially protected .\nmost paradise duck start breeding when 2 years old and pairs remain together from year to year, returning to the same nesting area. if one bird dies, its mate occupies the same territory and re - mates again .\nwhen aggregated in large flocks, especially on pastures alongside moult sites or on newly - sown pasture, the grazing impacts of paradise shelducks are regarded as intolerable by farmers. occasional culling, or harassment of flocks generally alleviates this problem .\nparadise shelducks are generally herbivorous, with a preference for pasture grasses and clover. an extensive diet has been recorded that embraces a broad range of leaves and seeds of terrestrial herbs, some aquatic plants, and terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates .\nparadise shelducks are commonly observed flying in pairs or grazing on pasture. they are very vocal birds, with males giving a characteristic ‘zonk zonk’, while females make a more shrill ‘zeek zeek’ while flying or as a warning to intruders .\nparadise shelducks are normally found in pairs, tho' nonbreeding birds will gather in small flocks. the pair bonds are long lasting. unusual among ducks, in this species it is the female that has an eclipse (nonbreeding) plumage .\nthere have been a pair of paradise duck coming here for the last few years to sit out the duck shooting season but now it seems the duck shooters have caught up with the female for there is just one paradise duck in the front paddock this morning, the black one, the drake. i am a bit surprised for they are not easy to shoot, managing usually to keep just out of range of a shot gun and flying off, shrieking their alarm calls, at the mere sight of the human species .\nparadise shelducks occur throughout the pastoral landscape, whether high country or lowlands, on river flats in mountain areas, at heads of protected bays or fiords, around the shorelines of all large lakes and hydro - dams, and increasingly on recreational grasslands and parks within urban areas .\npūtangitangi were important food for māori. the birds were caught during the moult, while plump and unable to fly, and then preserved in their own fat. many were sent to wellington and sold to european settlers. settlers hunted paradise shelducks almost to extinction – they survived only in the south. their numbers recovered with hunting controls and translocations, reaching 120, 000 by 1981 .\nthere is at least one pair of paradise shelducks on tiri, usually in the vicinity of the ranger' s house and bunkhouse. another pair often frequents the north end of the island near the silvester wetlands. unfortunately, although they often hatch 2 - 3 broods per year, they hardly ever manage to rear the chicks beyond the first two or three weeks. the large numbers of p\nparadise shelducks disperse as territorial pairs for breeding, and pairs occupy their territories year - round except when at a communal moult site. hence birds are invariably seen as single pairs. pair bonds may persist for several years but are regularly challenged by unpaired individuals. territories usually contain some water body on which the brood will seek refuge. however, broods can be raised in wet areas without access to open water .\nsir w. buller tells us that in 1867, 7000 duck were taken in three days at lake rotomahana. similar numbers were also being taken at other lakes at the same time. the duck taken were primarily parera, the grey duck, but paradise duck were also among the numbers. when such large numbers of birds were taken many of them were cooked and preserved in their fat in gourds or bark vessels .\nparadise shelducks are found on open ground such as wide gravel riverbeds, tussock grassland or pasture, as well as around water. they sometimes frequent golf courses and city parks. their foods include grass and clover, seeds and grain. they are one of the few native species to have benefited from the clearing of land for grazing and cropping. in wetlands they feed on aquatic vegetation, up - ending like dabbling ducks .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthey are a large duck and are always seen in pairs except during the moulting season. the drake has a black head with a greenish gloss, the body being dark grey barred with black. the undertail and tertials are orange chestnut. the duck has a white head and the body is a bright orange chestnut .\nthey mainly graze on grass and weeds, or standing crops of peas or grain which can mean they often get on the wrong side of farmers, especially when they flock, sometimes in very large numbers, during the moulting season between december and february .\nusually the nest is placed on the ground well hidden beneath a log or clumps of grass, but occasionally it is built in a tree fifteen to twenty feet above the ground. the nest is made of grass and lined with down plucked from the duck’s own body. when the ducklings hatch, the device of luring enemies away from the nest by feigning a broken wing is used by the parents. the ducklings have a striking pattern of brown and white down but when they fledge at around eight weeks they resemble adult males, except the females have whiter patches around the eyes and the base of the bill .\nduck provided maori with quite a considerable portion of their food supply in some favoured districts. according to elsdon best, many of the lakes and lagoons in the bay of plenty were famed as resorts of water - fowl, especially rotomahana and the surrounding lakes. when the duck were moulting they became very fat and it was at this time that the rahui (which protected the birds during their breeding season) was lifted. the birds having become flightless, they could be collected, driven and herded from open lake waters into the water plants lining the shores; there were caught in very large numbers. women and children often took part in the drive, everyone entering the canoes and to make a pleasure jaunt of it. dogs were also used to capture the birds .\n63 cm. , males 1700 g. , females 1400 g. , drake black head with a greenish gloss, body dark grey barred with black, undertail and tertials are orange chestnut: duck, white head, body bright orange chestnut .\nwidely distributed with main concentrations in the north of the north island and in the south island, most are in the eastern foothills of the alps and on the southland plains .\nheather, b. , & robertson, h. , field guide to the birds of new zealand, 2000. oliver, w. r. b. new zealand birds, 1955 .\nthese birds are confined to new zealand in the wild state. the sexes are easy to identify, as the male is sooty and the female a rich chestnut with a white head. their bills, legs and feet are blackish. males utter low grunts and have a low, rolling\nha - hoo\ncall. females' calls are more high - pitched and honklike. they are\nnests are found in hollow trees, cavities in cliffs and under clumps of grasses. they sometimes produce two clutches in their long breeding season, which lasts from august to january. clutch size is 5 - 15 eggs and incubation lasts 30 - 32 days .\nin captivity they are the most aggressive of the shelducks (generally a problem group) and need to be housed in pairs. fairly small enclosures will do as long as they have some grazing and a water source .\nfemales prospect potential nest sites within or beyond the territory in tree holes or bases, rock crevices, under buildings or debris piles and will use almost any site that confers overhead cover and has just a single entrance. egg - laying is usually in august and september but young birds and some repeat nesters will lay in october, but rarely later. clutches of 5 - 15 are reported but most over 12 will have been contributed to by two females. incubation is by the female only and takes 30 - 35 days. both parents guard the ducklings for 55 - 65 days until able to fly. parents will perform a broken - wing display to distract mammalian predators and sometimes people. some broods may amalgamate. the family may remain together for several weeks thereafter, with the bond broken when the parents depart for the communal moulting sites .\npopulations are structured as territorial breeding pairs and flocks, the latter comprising mostly first - year and some second - year pre - breeders. flocks mostly inhabit extensive river - side pastoral flats or expansive areas of young grass. the annual communal moult extends over january - march. birds gather in large numbers around isolated or large ponds or lakes, or on expansive riverbeds, to shed all wing feathers .\nmarchant, s. j. ; higgins, p. (eds) 1990. handbook of australian, new zealand and antarctic birds. vol. 1, ratites to ducks. oxford university press, melbourne .\ngenerally a depression in the floor of the nesting site that is copiously lined with down feathers and incorporating material from the nesting floor .\na large goose - like duck with rich chestnut, black and white plumage and grey - black bill and legs. both sexes have a chestnut undertail, black primary and green secondary wing feathers, and a white upper wing surface; males have a dark grey or black body and head while females are rich chestnut brown with a white head and upper neck .\nthey nest under logs, in holes in the ground, in haysheds and occasionally in tree holes up to 25 metres off the ground. they lay one clutch of up to 10 eggs per year in august or september .\nthe female incubates eggs for about one month, during which time she leaves the nest two or three times each day for about an hour at a time to get food. after the eggs hatch, the male and female share the parenting .\nducklings are covered in brown and white down when they are born, but by the time they fledge at eight weeks, they resemble adult males. the female fledglings have white patches around their eyes and bill, which will expand to their entire head after a few months .\nmoulting happens from december – february. moulting birds were important food source for early māori .\ntheir average life expectancy is only 2. 3 years although some individuals live much longer, with the oldest recorded bird living 23 years .\nbecause these ducks spend large amounts of time feeding on pastures, often in large groups, farmers consider them pests and occasional, legal culls take place .\ngenerally however, hunting is controlled through bag limits and seasonal permits, which are set based on the birds’ productivity and movements in each part of the country .\nsmall invasions occurred during the 1980s, with flocks of up to 22 birds recorded throughout the north and south islands and our sub - antarctic islands .\ntoday the australian species maintains a tenuous hold in new zealand, with perhaps fewer than 20 birds remaining, mostly in marlborough .\nkeeping wetlands free of pollutants and stock will help ducks as well as many other native species .\nmore information about hunting permits and restrictions can be obtained from your local fish & game office .\ncall 0800 doc hot (0800 362 468) immediately if you see anyone catching, harming or killing native wildlife .\nonly take dogs to areas that allow them, and keep them under control .\ndon' t drive on riverbeds, or keep to formed tracks if you have to .\nyou need a game bird licence from fish & game new zealand and a game hunting permit from doc to hunt game birds on public conservation land .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nour 2018 concert will feature an afternoon of light classics and jazz courtesy of the auckland ph. .\nfor the social on 19 march the speaker will be ben goodwin of auckland zoo, who will talk about t. .\nthankfully doc staff andre de graaf and polly hall and their assistants have trapped the rat whic. .\naka - the grand christmas shopping expedition to tiritiri matangi island shop dreading. .\nthe 2018 photo competition is now open for entries. click here (/ 2018 - photo - competition - tiritiri - mat. .\ntwo new reports have been added to the website. the first gives details of a summer students. .\nour latest calendar, beautifully illustrated with images taken on the island, is now available fo. .\nfor a wonderful day of wildlife photography please join us on tiritiri matangi island for a ph. .\ntiritiri matangi island, the perfect winter' s day trip. the birds are at their best, warm up w. .\nin 1993 and 1995, sixteen little spotted kiwi were released on tiritiri matangi island. the ma. .\naverage 2. 3 yrs, but oldest banded bird lived to 23 years. officially classed as game birds under the wildlife act .\na large goose - like duck with orange - chestnut undertail and tertials. the male has a black head with a greenish gloss and a dark grey finely barred black body. some males have white feathering around their eyes. the female has a white head, and a bright orange - chestnut body, obscured by darker fine barring in eclipse plumage. in flight both have prominent white patches on the upper wings. they are very vocal; the male call is a ‘zonk - zonk…’, and the female call a shrill ‘zeek - zeek’. they are usually seen in pairs or flocks on farmland, lakes, ponds and high - country riverbeds. all birds gather at traditional moult sites in december–february, and disperse again in march–april .\nbreeding is between august and december and birds pair for life. the nest of grasses, lined with down feathers is usually built in hollow logs, burrows, rock crevices, under exposed tree roots, or in a tree hole up to 25 metres above the ground. the clutch of 5–15 white eggs is incubated by the female for 30 - 35 days. once the eggs have hatched, the chicks are led to open water, which can be over a kilometre away; they fledge at about eight weeks old .\nkeko, which are often aggressive towards the ducklings, are probably to blame for this .\nreferences: heather, b. d. ; robertson, h. a. 2000 the field guide to the birds of new zealand. auckland, viking. moon, g the reed field guide to new zealand birds .\npermission of the alexander turnbull library, national library of new zealand, te puna mātauranga o aotearoa, must be obtained before any re - use of this image .\nsound file from nga taonga sound & vision. any re - use of this audio is a breach of copyright. to request a copy of the recording, contact nga taonga sound & vision (new zealand birds / reference number t7702 )\nthe content of this field is kept private and will not be shown publicly .\nthis question is for testing whether you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions .\nall text licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial 3. 0 new zealand licence unless otherwise stated. commercial re - use may be allowed on request. all non - text content is subject to specific conditions. © crown copyright .\nthis species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is very large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: tadorna variegata. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nusually depressions in the ground, hudden under shelter and well - lined with down. also hollow logs, tree holes and rock crevices\nboth sexes are a similar size. both have striking plumage, the male a black head and black - barred body, the female a white head and chestnut body. they live in pairs and often form lifelong bonds, but another partner is found if one bird dies. they are territorial apart from two months spent at a communal site during the annual moult, when they are flightless. non - breeding birds form flocks which occasionally damage young crops or newly - sown pastures .\nevery day except christmas day. last admissions at 3. 30pm. admission and annual pass prices .\nsubscribe for hamilton zoo updates like us on facebook and follow us on twitter .\nmale (lower pitch) and female (higher pitch) checking out paddock - they (or their offspring) return each year .\npair calling while circling overhead. considerable wind noise; high - pass filter applied .\nalarm calls from a pair of tadorna. male with lower voice, females with higher (gull - like) calls. at marsh near grass lawn. flight calls starting 46sec, rapid vocalizations (starting 1: 05) given with display while back hunched, head lowered. some calls in flight .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nsometimes placed in genus casarca together with t. ferruginea, t. cana and t. tadornoides. one phylogenetic analysis found present species and t. tadornoides to form a clade, with t. cristata as a sister # r. hybridization with other tadorna species reported in captivity. monotypic .\n63–71 cm; male 1420–1980 g, female 1059–1700 g. upperwing characteristic in flight with white on coverts, dark primaries and iridescent green secondaries as ...\nvarious vocalizations have been described: male most commonly gives goose - like honking, which tends ...\noccupies a diversity of habitats, from coasts and estuaries to mountain streams, river flats, ...\nhighly adaptable to both animal and vegetarian diet, but considered to be primarily herbivorous; greener parts of grasses, herbs and sedges ...\nstarts in late jul / early aug, sometimes later until oct (especially among first - time breeders), although birds begin to reassemble on their ...\nmainly sedentary, with only small - scale movements reported and some evidence that males are prone ...\nnot globally threatened (least concern). generally widespread, with scattered populations; overall population of c. 120, 000 birds in 1981, but had increased to c. 300, 000 in ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nadult male has dark grey body, finely barred with pale brown. it keeps the same colour all year round, even after moulting. rump and uppertail are black. wing coverts are white. flight feathers are blackish. secondary feathers are glossy green, and tertials are orange chestnut. underparts are brown. undertail feathers are black. underwing coverts are white, with blackish flight feathers. head is black with greenish gloss. bill is dark grey. eyes are brown. legs and webbed feet are blackish .\nadult female has orange chestnut body with fine dark vermiculations on mantel. head and neck are pure white. female in eclipse has darker body .\njuvenile male resembles adult, but duller and browner. juvenile female resembles young male, but with some reddish on breast and mantel, and whitish feathers on the head. they start to breed at two years .\nfemale lays 5 to 15 white eggs. incubation lasts about 30 to 35 days, by female. when she leaves the nest for feeding, she covers her eggs with leaves. chicks are covered with brown and white down. if a predator approaches the nest, parents perform the “broken wing behaviour”. chicks are attended by both parents, which led them to open water. young fledge at 8 weeks after hatching. this species can produce two broods per season .\nnests may be at ground level or up to 25 metres high in trees. about a day after hatching, too young to fly and just tiny balls of fluffy down, ducklings launch into space from the high nests, hitting the ground with a gentle thud. both parents lead them at a fast clip to water, sometimes more than a kilometre away, where the ducklings feed on aquatic insects initially .\njuvenile males mostly form flocks and move away, but females remain near their parents. adults generally stay close to their breeding territory, but flock to summer moulting sites .\nthis item has been provided for private study purposes (such as school projects, family and local history research) and any published reproduction (print or electronic) may infringe copyright law. it is the responsibility of the user of any material to obtain clearance from the copyright holder .\nthe male has a black head and barred, black body; while the female has a white head & brightly coloured body plumage .\nif is associated with an alamy account you' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we’ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif you want to use this image commercially and we' ve indicated * that alamy doesn' t have a release, you might need additional permission from the model, artist, owner, estate, trademark or brand. more information .\nsorry, this image isn' t available for this licence. please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site (powered by art. com) choose your frame, the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nturbott, e. g. 1990. checklist of the birds of new zealand. ornithological society of new zealand, wellington .\njustification: this species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is very large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use >." ]

{ "text": [ "the paradise shelduck ( tadorna variegata ) is a large goose-like duck endemic to new zealand .", "it is a shelduck , a group of large goose-like birds which are part of the bird family anatidae .", "the genus name tadorna comes from celtic roots and means \" pied waterfowl \" .", "known to the māori as pūtangitangi , but now commonly referred to as the \" paradise duck \" , it is a prized game bird .", "both the male and female have striking plumage : the male has a black head and barred black body , the female a white head with a chestnut body .", "the paradise shelducks usually live as pairs , grazing on grass and weeds , and will raid crops , particularly when molting . " ], "topic": [ 19, 26, 25, 27, 23, 18 ] }

[ "the paradise shelduck (tadorna variegata) is a large goose-like duck endemic to new zealand. it is a shelduck, a group of large goose-like birds which are part of the bird family anatidae. the genus name tadorna comes from celtic roots and means \" pied waterfowl \". known to the māori as pūtangitangi, but now commonly referred to as the \" paradise duck \", it is a prized game bird. both the male and female have striking plumage: the male has a black head and barred black body, the female a white head with a chestnut body. the paradise shelducks usually live as pairs, grazing on grass and weeds, and will raid crops, particularly when molting." ]

[ "the impact of introduced crayfish on a unique population of salamander in crater lake, oregon (u. s. national park service )\nwikipedia article copyright notice: this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license. it uses material from the wikipedia article\ncrater salamander\n.\nfacts summary: the crater salamander (bolitoglossa marmorea) is a species of concern belonging in the species group\namphibians\nand found in the following area (s): costa rica, panama. this species is also known by the following name (s): marbled salamander .\nglenn, c. r. 2006 .\nearth' s endangered creatures - crater salamander facts\n( online) - licensed article from wikipedia: the free encyclopedia. accessed\nquick links: visit go to crater lake national park' s website. crater lake national park: (541) 594 - 3000 go to weather at crater lake national park .\nalong the north slopes of rich and winding stair mountains are rocky areas with deep pockets of leaf - mold and many fallen logs in an advanced state of decay. these form ideal habitat for two amphibians unique to the area: the rich mountain salamander and the ouachita mountain redback salamander .\ndozens of times he repeats. then dozens more as the rocks shift and clank under his boots. the salamander buktenica is looking for is rare. in fact, it only lives here, in the shallow coves of crater lake .\ncrater lake national park seasonal biological technician steve metzger returns mazama newts to crater lake after studying behavioral interactions between newts and signal crayfish in mesocosms .\nfor just $ 30, you can join some 400, 000 oregon residents and show your support for crater lake by purchasing a crater lake license plate .\nthe impact of introduced crayfish on a unique population of salamander in crater lake, oregon; cover article; park science 32 (1), summer 2015 (issn 1090 - 9966, national park service, u. s. department of the interior )\ntanner, w. w. , and brame, a. h. jr. (1961).'' description of a new species of salamander from panamá.''\ncrater lake researchers conducted studies to find out how native newts interact with invasive crayfish .\nthe crater lake national park trust works to help protect, promote, and enhance crater lake national park, its unique water purity, and its value for human inspiration and knowledge .\nbuktenica, m. w. , s. f. girdner, a. m. ray, d. k. hering, and j. umek. 2015. the impact of introduced crayfish on a unique population of salamander in crater lake, oregon. park science 32 (1): 5–12. available at urltoken\nbased on both allozymes and mtdna, this is a very distinctive salamander (h. b. shaffer pers. comm .). the ambystoma salamanders occurring in other natural lakes around alchichica are not closely related to this species .\ncrater of volcán baru (chiriquí), elevation 10, 500 ft. , chiriquí province, panama\nwe are an independent, non - profit organization not officially affiliated with crater lake national park or the national park service. crater lake institute is a 501 (c) 3 non - profit organization .\nsuggested citation for this article buktenica, m. w. , s. f. girdner, a. m. ray, d. k. hering, and j. umek. 2015. the impact of introduced crayfish on a unique population of salamander in crater lake, oregon. park science 32 (1): 5–12 .\nspecies description based on tanner and brame (1961). medium - sized salamander, females to approximately 132 mm, males to 128. 8 mm. twelve to thirteen costal grooves present. the tail is noticeably constricted near the base .\nbrode, j. s. 1938. the denizens of crater lake. northwest science 12: 50–57 .\ncrater lake foundation is also part of our organization, donating to special park needs and acknowledging special individuals .\ncrater lake researchers have been trapping crayfish for years, removing hundreds of the invasive species from the lake .\ncontrolling the signal crayfish and protecting the unique ecosystem of crater lake will be labor intensive and expensive. but crater lake superintendent craig ackerman says the national park service’s mission and mandate are to protect the entire lake system .\nfigure 3. average september depth distribution of signal crayfish at cleetwood cove, crater lake, oregon, 2008–2014 .\nout on the crater lake research vessel neuston, buktenica has his hand on the controls of a large winch. he leans over the side of his research boat, looking far down into the clear depths of crater lake .\noregon’s crater lake is 1, 943 feet deep. that makes it the deepest lake in the united states .\nthe amphibians and reptiles of crater lake must withstand long months of winter weather with an average snowfall of 44 feet per year .\nsimply put, we are a non - profit organization making it easier for you to know more about crater lake national park .\ncrater lake formed nearly 8, 000 years ago, after mount mazama erupted and the caldera began filling with snow and rainwater .\nfarner, donald s. 1952. the birds of crater lake national park. university of kansas press. ix + 190 pp .\nthe barringer meteor crater, located on a limestone desert plain in arizona, stretches nearly a mile across and is nearly 600 feet deep. the meteorite that formed the crater crashed to earth just 50, 000 years ago. (not a fossil, but nonetheless fascinating! )\nbiologist mark buktenica scours the shoreline of crater lake. he scans white sun - bleached rocks, takes a step, flips a rock .\nfarner, d. s. 1947. notes on the food habits of the salamanders of crater lake, oregon. copeia 1947: 259–261 .\nwilliams, howell 1942. the geology of crater lake national park, oregon. carnegie institution of washington publication 540. vi + 162 pp .\nin 2008 scientists found newts (blue dots) occupied about half crater lake’s shoreline while crayfish (red dots) had most of the rest .\nwe envision a future in which crater lake national park is widely recognized as an oregon icon and a national treasure; in which the park serves as a thriving laboratory and classroom; and in which every oregonian and growing numbers of others feel a deep connection to and love for crater lake .\nby 2014, the crayfish (red dots) had taken over 75 percent of crater lake’s shallows, displacing the mazama newts (blue dots) .\nresearchers are considering putting in fences or barricades in crater lake to prevent crayfish (red dots) from moving into newt territory (blue dots) .\none of the rarest animals in crater lake national park is the oregon red salamander. lawrence bisbee, foreman of the fire guards, found the first specimen to be collected in the park on august 7, 1951, under a pile of boards near the annie spring campground. intensive search in suitable habitats throughout the park failed to reveal other specimens until july 5, 1952. on that evening six additional specimens of this salamander were found by a group of individuals under rocks and in rotten wood at the edge of vidae falls. the oregon red salamanders that have been found in the park are intergrades between two subspecies as is indicated by the scientific name, ensatina eschscholtzil oregonensis x platensis. it is particularly interesting to note that the vidae falls collection establishes a new altitude record for this genus of salamanders – about 6700 feet in the hudsonian life zone .\nthe mammut crater jacket is made from a waterproof and breathable 3 - layer gore - tex® material and has been developed for use in high alpine terrain .\nhenery, r. , j. umek, s. chandra, and l. holan. 2012. benthic composition, biomass, and habitats contributing to zoobenthic consumers in crater lake: emphasizing crayfish populations. research report submitted to crater lake national park. university of nevada, reno, nevada, usa. 63 pp .\nin 2006, the crater lake national park trust was formed as a 501c3 non - profit organization, dedicated to fundraising for special park projects and science education programs .\n“we don’t know when newts entered the caldera but some time thousands of years ago, ” says buktenica, who’s worked at crater lake national park for nearly 30 years .\nthe water in crater lake is so clear and blue because almost nothing else is in it — just water and tiny organisms that prevent algae from taking over the lake .\nfigure 4. spatial distribution of signal crayfish in crater lake, oregon, 2008 and 2013. data were collected similarly in the two years by time - constrained snorkel surveys .\nfarner, d. s. , and j. kezer. 1953. notes on the amphibians and reptiles of crater lake national park. the american midland naturalist 50: 448–462 .\nwith over 1700 facebook likes and averaging over 600, 000 page hits a month, we are a non - profit organization making it easier for you to learn about crater lake national park .\ncrater lake foundation is also part of our organization, donating to park needs and acknowledging special individuals. in 2016, we partnered with rei to provide the best trail information and access available .\nthe mazama newt is found only in crater lake. it’s a sub - species of the rough - skinned newt and was once the top predator of the lake, until crayfish were introduced .\nopb / earthfix dec. 4, 2015 10: 45 a. m. | updated: dec. 8, 2015 3: 32 p. m. | crater lake national park, oregon\n“one would think at a beautiful lake like crater lake, with nice blue water with very little algae, you’d want to keep algae away, ” says sudeep chandra, another researcher at unr .\nfigure 5. experimental mesocosms used to evaluate mazama newt and signal crayfish behavior on wizard island, crater lake, oregon. a team of nps scientists observed the interaction between newts and crayfish in tanks designed to mimic natural habitat .\nfigure 6. day (top) and night (bottom) adult mazama newt behavior in the presence of zero, two, four, and eight signal crayfish, from mesocosm experiments on wizard island, crater lake, oregon, 2012–2013 .\n“we’re going to win on this one by looking at the details and by exploiting the side areas that are crayfish free, ” says pepperdine university biologist lee katz, a member of the independent scientific panel working with crater lake national park .\ndespite their current offensive, crayfish in crater lake weren’t thought to be such a problem until relatively recently. surveying started in 2008 and scientists found newts had the advantage, occupying about half the shoreline. the crayfish occupied most of the rest .\nthe conservation promise is that while newts move across land to get to the isolated pools, signal crayfish do not. it’s not a perfect solution, because some years the water level in crater lake rises and breaches the seawall, giving crayfish access .\nfigure 2. spatial distribution and relative abundance of signal crayfish (red) and mazama newts (blue) in 2012, crater lake, oregon. introduced crayfish are widespread along as much as 80% of the shoreline and appear to be excluding newts .\nthe team at crater lake surveys for crayfish each summer. they set and pull traps all along the shore, and deep into lake. they count, weigh and measure their catch. and they tag and release some to find out how they travel .\nlarson, g. l. , r. l. hoffman, c. d. mcintire, m. w. buktenica, and s. f. girdner. 2007. water quality and optical properties of crater lake, oregon. hydrobiologia 574: 69–84 .\nthe story of the crayfish in crater lake begins more than 100 years ago - back when getting to the future national park from medford took five days by horse and wagon. to attract visitors, early conservationists began stocking the lake with game fish like trout and salmon\nis a moderately sized salamander (adults range from 128 to 134 mm in total length; males measure 59 - 66 mm in standard length, while females are 60 - 72 mm in standard length; the tail is moderately long at 48 - 56% of total length) with long limbs and large, moderately webbed feet bearing subterminal pads. maxillary teeth number 48 - 80; vomerine teeth number 22 - 38. limb interval is 0 - 0. 5 costal folds in males, 1. 5 - 2. 5 costal folds in females. usually 13 costal grooves. it is purplish - brown with yellow flecking and small yellow spots. similar to\nthis species is endemic to laguna alchichica, a saline crater lake in eastern puebla, eastern - central mexico and found at 2, 290 m asl. it is known from a single threat - defined location and has an extent of occurrence and area of occupancy of 16 km 2 .\nhargreaves, b. r. , s. f. gardiner, m. w. buktenica, r. w. collier, e. urbach, and g. l. larson. 2007. ultraviolet radiation and bio - optics in crater lake, oregon. hydrobiologia 574: 107–140 .\n“we may be to the point that there’s not a whole lot else we can do. it’s kind of a depressing situation because as a scientist you want to do something, ” girdner says. “you want to do something to preserve that unique species that occurs only in crater lake. ”\nfigure 1. examples of ventral (underside) coloration and gray scale analysis of a mazama newt from crater lake (left) and a rough - skinned newt from nearby spruce lake, oregon (right). assessments of newt coloration were completed using only the ventral surface from head to vent ...\ndiagnosis: bolitoglossa marmorea is a moderately sized salamander (adults range from 128 to 134 mm in total length; males measure 59 - 66 mm in standard length, while females are 60 - 72 mm in standard length; the tail is moderately long at 48 - 56% of total length) with long limbs and large, moderately webbed feet bearing subterminal pads. maxillary teeth number 48 - 80; vomerine teeth number 22 - 38. limb interval is 0 - 0. 5 costal folds in males, 1. 5 - 2. 5 costal folds in females. usually 13 costal grooves. it is purplish - brown with yellow flecking and small yellow spots. similar to b. sooyorum morphologically but distinct molecularly (savage 2002) .\nby analyzing scanned newt images, we have quantified color differences between mazama newts and rough - skinned newts from nearby populations. our analysis used average gray scale intensity of the images, ranging from 0, representing true black, to 255, representing complete white. using this approach we were able to summarize the color distribution for representative samples of newts captured inside and outside of crater lake and express this variation in gray scale values. preliminary results suggest that the ventral surfaces of mazama newts are quantitatively darker. for example, in figure 1, the newt from crater lake (mean gray scale intensity = 39) contains more black color than the newt from nearby spruce lake (mean gray scale intensity = 91) .\nbacon, c. r. , j. v. gardner, l. a. mayer, m. w. buktenica, p. darnell, d. w. ramsey, and j. e. robinson. 2002. morphology, volcanism, and mass wasting in crater lake, oregon. geological society of america bulletin 114 (6): 675–692 .\ncosta rica and western panama, on lower montane and montane slopes of the southern cordillera de talamanca - barú, at 1, 920 - 3, 444 m asl. collected from under rocks in the crater of volcán baru, western panama (tanner and brame 1961). it is also associated with moss mats covering tree trunks and branches (wake 1987) .\nthe degree of genetic, morphological, and physiological differentiation in the mazama newt is particularly striking given the close proximity of more typical rough - skinned newt breeding populations within 12 km (7 mi) of crater lake. these traits suggest that newts residing within the steep - walled caldera have been physically isolated from outside newt populations and have adapted to the local lake environment .\nm. w. buktenica, s. f. girdner, and d. k. hering are with crater lake national park, oregon. a. m. ray is with the nps greater yellowstone network, bozeman, montana. j. umek is with the aquatic ecosystems analysis laboratory, department of biology, university of nevada, reno. please direct correspondence to mark buktenica .\nm. w. buktenica, s. f. girdner, and d. k. hering are with crater lake national park, oregon. a. m. ray is with the nps greater yellowstone network, bozeman, montana. j. umek is with the aquatic ecosystems analysis laboratory, department of biology, university of nevada, reno. please direct correspondence to mark _ buktenica [ at ] nps. gov .\nresearch of crayfish and newts in crater lake was supported by the national park service, crater lake national park, the u. s. geological survey park oriented biological support program, and the university of nevada, reno (unr). genetic analyses were performed by dr. steve spear, university of idaho. genetic and morphological summaries were conducted under montana state university’s institutional animal care and use committee (iacuc) protocol 2011 - 40 and nps investigator permits crla 2010 - sci - 0013 and crla 2011 - sci - 0011. toxicology was conducted in collaboration with dr. amber stokes and dr. edmund brodie, jr. , utah state university (usu), and in accordance with usu’s iacuc protocol 1008. stable isotope analyses were conducted by the laboratory of dr. john roden, southern oregon university, and invertebrate taxonomy was performed by the unr aquatic ecosystems analysis laboratory .\nsignal crayfish (pacifastacus leniusculus) were introduced into crater lake as food for nonnative trout and salmon in 1915. crayfish significantly and fundamentally modify shoreline aquatic plant and animal communities because of their aggressive behavior and consumption of a wide variety of plants and animals, including invertebrates, small fish, vascular plants, algae, and detritus (momot 1995; light 2003; lodge and hill 1994; stenroth and nyström 2003; geiger et al. 2005) .\nprior to the introduction of nonnative fish in 1888 and the subsequent introduction of crayfish, the mazama newt presumably occupied a key ecological niche for thousands of years as the top aquatic predator in crater lake. through the mid - 20th century, park naturalists described newts as common along the shoreline, including wizard island (farner and kezer 1953). as recently as the 1980s, newts were frequently observed at wizard island and near the boat dock facility on the north shore of the lake .\nfigure 2. spatial distribution and relative abundance of signal crayfish (red) and mazama newts (blue) in 2012, crater lake, oregon. introduced crayfish are widespread along as much as 80% of the shoreline and appear to be excluding newts. (four different - sized dots specify number of animals, from smallest dot to largest, as follows: newt [ blue dots ]: 1–2, 3–4, 5–8, and 9–12. crayfish [ red dots ]: 1, 2–10, 11–100, and 101–200. )\nnewts in crater lake may be less toxic and darker in color than other populations for multiple reasons. lower toxicity may be associated with the absence or reduction of a terrestrial life history stage and terrestrial predation, the lack of evolutionary history with native aquatic predators, or insufficient energy available to produce toxins in the ultra - oligotrophic (i. e. , nutrient - poor) lake environment. darkened coloration on ventral surfaces may also represent a darkening response to elevated ultraviolet radiation (belden and blaustein 2002; garcia et al. 2009), which penetrates to great depth in the exceptionally clear lake (hargreaves et al. 2007) .\na workshop is proposed to bring together scientists and resource managers who have direct experience confronting and managing crayfish invasions. the workshop will draw upon the expertise of participants to determine objectives, management options, and a conceptual model of the expected outcome of alternative actions to control crayfish or otherwise conserve mazama newts. because introduced crayfish are an increasing threat to aquatic resources globally (gherardi et al. 2011), recent work to assess the effect of crayfish on newts and benthic invertebrates in crater lake, together with results of any future suppression efforts, may have far - reaching implications both within the national park system and for aquatic resource management more generally .\nfigure 3. average september depth distribution of signal crayfish at cleetwood cove, crater lake, oregon, 2008–2014. (data follow. of the following number pairs the first is depth in meters, followed by number of crayfish per trap. 3m: 34. 4; 10m: 37. 4; 20m: 26. 4; 30m: 23. 6; 40m: 24. 9; 50m: 18. 3; 60m: 13. 9; 70m: 13. 5; 80m: 11. 4; 90m: 9. 4; 100m: 10. 1; 125m: 5. 6; 150m: 8. 3; 175m: 5. 4; 200m: 4. 1; 250m: 1. 1 )\nfirst described by tanner and brame (1961). the species name marmorea refers to its marbled color pattern .\na spanish - language species account can be found at the website of instituto nacional de biodiversidad (inbio) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndorsal surface dark slatey grey with light red - brown mottling. the amount of light and dark coloration varies among individuals. the sides have large blotches of yellow .\nthe throat is dark grey, with the coloration darkening to black on the belly and tail .\narms and legs have similar patterning to the dorsal surface, dark with light mottling .\nduring the day, bolitoglossa marmorea may be found under rocks. at night, it has been observed on mats of moss covering tree trunks .\ndescription and histology of the oviduct may be found in ehmcke et al (2002) .\nthis article is only an excerpt. if it appears incomplete or if you wish to see article references, visit the rest of its contents here .\nsea turtles are graceful saltwater reptiles, well adapted to life at sea. unlike turtles on land, sea turtles cannot retract their legs and head. but with streamlined bodies and flipper - like limbs, they are graceful swimmers able to navigate across the oceans of the world .\nhere, we look at the seven species that can be found today, all of which are said to have been around since the time of the dinosaurs .\nlist of all endangered animals. list of all endangered plants. list of all endangered species (animals & plants). by species group (mammal, birds, etc)... united states endangered species list. browse by country, island, us state... search for an endangered species profile .\nare you inspired by endangered animals? check out our games and coloring pages! more to come soon .\nby m. w. buktenica, s. f. girdner, a. m. ray, d. k. hering, and j. umek\nthe degree of genetic, morphological, and physiological differentiation... suggest [ s ] that newts residing within the steep - walled caldera have been physically isolated from outside newt populations and have adapted to the local lake environment .\nin the century following their introduction, crayfish have colonized a large portion of the lake and may be expanding further in distribution and abundance. we documented spatial distribution and relative abundance of both crayfish and newts along the shoreline beginning in 2008 using snorkel surveys and baited traps at regularly spaced intervals around the lakeshore (fig. 2). we also documented vertical depth distribution of crayfish at five locations around the lake using baited traps set at 18 discrete depths ranging from 1 m to 300 m (3–984 ft) (fig. 3). snorkel surveys indicated that crayfish occupied 47% of the 31 km (19 mi) of rocky shoreline in 2008 and nearly 80% in 2013 (fig. 4). in addition, we captured crayfish in traps to 250 m (820 ft) below the surface of the lake (fig. 3). newts were locally abundant in areas where crayfish were not observed but rarely occurred in sites where crayfish were present (fig. 2). notably, newts were consistently absent from wizard island and the north shore of the lake where they had been distributed historically (farner and kezer 1953) .\nwe also observed direct predation on newts by crayfish during mesocosm trials. in the 76 experimental replicates with crayfish present, 10 newts were captured by crayfish, killed, and usually eaten immediately. nine of the 10 newts killed were larvae, even though tanks with larvae represented only 42% of the total number of experimental trials. larvae may not recognize crayfish as a potential predator or they may be less able than adults to escape crayfish attacks. at night larvae spent more time resting on the bottom of the tank than adults (68% compared with 33% of the time) even when crayfish were present. there were occasions during the experiments when larval newts shared the area under the rock cover with crayfish, usually to the detriment of the larvae. another possible direct effect of crayfish that we have not investigated is predation on newt eggs, which are laid under rocks and large debris along the shoreline .\naquiloni, l. , a. becciolini, r. berti, s. porciani, c. trunfio, and f. gherardi. 2009. managing invasive crayfish: use of x - ray sterilization of males. freshwater biology 54: 1510–1519 .\naquiloni, l. , and f. gherardi. 2010. the use of sex pheromones for the control of invasive populations of the crayfish procambarus clarkia: a field study. hydrobiologia 649: 249–254 .\nbelden, l. k. , and a. r. blaustein. 2002. uv radiation causes skin darkening in larval salamanders. copeia 2002: 748–754 .\nbeukema, w. 2011. ontogenetic pattern change in amphibians: the case of salamandra corsica. acta herpetologica 6 (2): 169–174 .\nblaustein, a. r. , d. p. chivers, l. b. kats, and j. m. kiesecker. 2000. effects of ultraviolet radiation on locomotion and orientation in roughskin newts (taricha granulosa). ethology 108: 227–234 .\nbrodie, e. d. , jr. 1968. investigations on the skin toxin of the adult rough - skinned newt, taricha granulosa. copeia 1968: 307–313 .\nbuktenica, m. w. , s. f. girdner, g. l. larson, and c. d. mcintire. 2007. variability of kokanee and rainbow trout food habits, distribution, and population dynamics, in an ultraoligotrophic lake with no manipulative management. hydrobiologia 574 (1) (january): 235–264 .\nfry, b. 1991. stable isotope diagrams of freshwater food webs. ecology 72 (6): 2293–2297 .\ngarcia, t. s. , d. j. paoletti, and a. r. blaustein. 2009. correlated trait response: comparing amphibian defense strategies across a stress gradient. canadian journal of zoology 87: 41–49 .\ngeiger w. , p. alcorlo, a. baltanas, and c. montes. 2005. impact of an introduced crustacean on the trophic webs of mediterranean wetlands. biological invasions 7: 49–73 .\ngherardi, f. , l. aquiloni, j. diéguez - uribeondo, and e. tricarico. 2011. managing invasive crayfish: is there a hope? aquatic sciences 73: 185–200 .\nhein, c. l. , m. j. vander zanden, and j. j. magnuson. 2007. intensive trapping and increased fish predation cause massive population decline of an invasive crayfish. freshwater biology 52: 1134–1146 .\nlight, t. 2003. success and failure in a lotic crayfish invasion: the roles of hydrologic variability and habitat alteration. freshwater biology 48 (0): 1886–1897 .\nlodge, d. m. , and a. m. hill. 1994. factors governing species composition, population size, and productivity of coolwater crayfishes. nordic journal of freshwater research 69: 111–136 .\nmomot, w. t. 1995. redefining the role of crayfish in aquatic ecosystems. reviews in fisheries science 3: 33–63 .\nmyers, g. s. 1942. notes on pacific coast triturus. copeia 2: 77–82 .\nstenroth, p. , and p. nyström. 2003. exotic crayfish in a brown water stream: effects on juvenile trout, invertebrates and algae. freshwater biology 48 (3): 466–475 .\nstokes, a. n. , a. m. ray, m. buktenica, b. g. gall, e. paulson, d. paulson, s. s. french, e. d. brodie iii, and e. d. brodie jr. 2015. otter predation on taricha granulosa and variation in tetrodotoxin levels with elevation. northwestern naturalist 96 (1): 13–21 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe trust depends on your tax - deductible donations to help students, teachers, and visitors to share in the excitement of this great natural wonder .\nwe stand behind our products and will be happy to refund your purchase amount if you find your product to be defective within 90 days. please email us at info @ urltoken with the subject line of\nattn: warranty issue\n.\nwant to help save endangered species, but don' t have a lot of money to donate? there are actually a lot of creative ways you can help endangered species, even if you are an individual and not a funded organization. we' ve put together a list of ways you as an individual can help save endangered species .\nfor the first time in history, a captive cheetah has successfully given birth to eight healthy cubs. it is said that only around 10, 000 cheetahs remain in the wild in africa along with 100 or fewer in iran .\nthe pinnacles of sand creek and wheeler creek have long been of interest to geologists because of their contribution to our knowledge of the pumice - scoria flows which descended the southern slope of mount mazama prior to its collapse. these pinnacles are the results of the most intense fumarolic activity in the park (williams, 1942: 8990). in this activity pumice and scoria were hardened in vertical columns by ascending gasses. the present form of the pinnacles is the result of the modification of these original columns by wind and water erosion. some of the pinnacles are actually hollow and are sometimes referred to as “fossil gas vents. ”\non july 19, 1952, i discovered a pair of violet - green swallows, tachycineta thalassina (swainson), carrying food into a cavity in the wheeler creek pinnacles. the young could be seen and heard plainly. although violet - green swallows have been observed (farner, 1952: 74) rather frequently in wheeler creek canyon and elsewhere in the park, this is actually the first breeding record .\nit should be noted that both the bluebirds and chickadees normally nest in cavities in tree trunks. the pinnacles thereby constitute a curious, although understandable, substitute for tree trunks .\nit is further of interest to note that rough - winged swallows, stelgidopteryx ruficollis (vieillot), have also been known to breed in wheeler creek canyon (farner, 1952: 75). however, it appears that holes in the cliffs, rather than holes in the pinnacles, are used .\nin nature photography it is axiomatic that you must take the picture when you see it, because it may not be there the next time you look. this implies the necessity of special equipment and a special willingness to go to work at any time, because wild life has a time clock of its own .\nphotographic equipment used by ranger - naturalist welles and mrs. welles during the summer of 1952 .\ni recall the particularly colorful yellow - bellied marmot that used to sit in the late afternoon on a rock in the meadow back of headquarters. we never saw him except in the late afternoon when the light was almost gone. i had watched for him there several times during the day but he never put in an appearance, so i finally realized that i would have to get him on his own terms and took his picture that evening about six o’clock. the next morning a marmot was found dead on the highway in the same vicinity, and while it may be merely coincidence, a particularly colorful marmot never appeared on that rock in the meadow again .\nthe red foxes were first reported to me on july 7th by assistant chief ranger packard, who went with me that afternoon to their den about half a mile beyond the rim village off the north road. after searching the area for about half an hour and finding no evidence of foxes, we decided we must be in the wrong location, and turned to go. as is so often the case, we found that although we had not seen it, we had been under observation by one of the young foxes for some time. he was sitting on the ridge about thirty feet away, apparently as curious about us as we were about him .\na very yound golden mantled ground squirrel taking what is perhaps his first bite of rotten wood. from a kodochrome by ranger - naturalist ralph welles and florence welles .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nin 1996, the oldest - known horned (\nceratops\n) dinosaur in north america was discovered in the high desert of western new mexico. the animal lived about 90 million years ago, when oceans covered much of the region. dinosaur fossils from this time are very rare .\nin 1927, giant bison fossils were found in folsom, n. m. , with spear points embedded in the bones. the bison date to about 11, 000 years ago. in 1935, near clovis, n. m. , more points, this time with mammoth bones, were discovered. these dated to about 13, 000 years ago. the two finds revised early estimates as to when humans arrived in north america from asia .\nin 1979, a seismosaurus, considered to be the longest dinosaur that ever lived (more than 120 feet), was discovered in san ysidro, n. m. its name translates to\nground - shaking dinosaur .\n( see an exhibit about its discovery at the new mexico museum of natural history. )\nin 1947, near - complete dinosaur skeletons were found sticking out of the shale at ghost ranch, n. m. , including what is now the state fossil, a three - foot - tall, long - tailed carnivore. fossils from this find are in the american museum of natural history in new york. the ghost ranch visitor center has similar fossils from other local finds .\nin 2001, two feathered dinosaur species previously unknown in north america were found in new mexico' s zuni basin. one was a long - necked plant - eater, the other a two - legged meat - eater that stood about three feet tall .\nthe skull of a\nterrible crocodile ,\nwhich grew to some 50 feet long, was found near the rio grande in texas. this largest - known crocodile is thought to have preyed on dinosaurs that drank from lakes and rivers. (see it at the oklahoma museum of natural history. )\nin 1971, a species of quetzalcoatlus, the largest - known flying reptile, was discovered in big bend national park, texas. it had a 40 - foot wingspan and lived until the dinosaur extinction 65 million years ago .\nin 2000, researchers in big bend national park, texas, discovered neck bones of a 65 - million - year - old, 100 - foot - long alamosaurus, one of the largest dinosaurs known in north america .\nfirst discovered in 1958, the well - preserved elephant hill trackways near camp verde, ariz. , feature footprints of mastodons, a camel, sloths, and a what might be a mountain lion, all no more than 2 million years old .\nin 1988, scientists found a new seven - foot plant - eating dinosaur from the triassic period near tucumcari, ariz .\nthe following animal and plant species are among those listed in the federal government' s register of endangered species in this region .\nfast fact: in 1995, only 80 - 120 individuals were counted; ocelot litters number only 1 - 2 kittens .\nfast fact: its latin genus name, empidonax, means\nmosquito king .\nfast fact: their long noses and tongues are well adapted for getting to nectar in desert plants; they help plants reproduce by spreading pollen .\nfast fact: while kemp' s ridleys normally breed exclusively on one stretch of beach in northeast mexico, eggs are now being transported to padre island, texas, to establish as second breeding site .\nfast fact: an effort to protect these salamanders from collectors backfired when the cave they inhabit was sealed, killing a population of bats and altering the overall health of the ecosystem .\nappearance: black - or gray - headed, with yellowish - green feathers (4. 5 inches )\nfast fact: the males sing to attract mates and to defend their territories .\nthe ouachita mountains abound in a wide variety of wildlife, including game and non - game species. the name\nouachita\n( wash - it - taw) is derived from an american indian word meaning\ngood hunting .\nmany tribes used these mountains as seasonal hunting grounds and today the ouachita national forest, including the area around the talimena national scenic byway provide valuable hunting opportunities to the public. deer, turkey, bear, quail, fox, raccoons, opossums, groundhogs, chipmunks, and gray squirrels are common to the area. during the past 45 to 50 years there has been a remarkable eastward invasion by some western animals. armadillos, coyotes, and roadrunners are now common .\nbird life is abundant along the talimena national scenic byway, including the soaring birds. eagles are active in winter and spring; turkey vultures and a few black vultures are permanent residents; and red - tailed and red shouldered hawks are year - round residents of the ouachita national forest, but are especially noticeable during migrating periods. strong updrafts and turbulence above these mountains entice these birds to perform fascinating and entertaining aerial acrobatics .\nthis area is well known as a hot spot for watchable wildlife, and bears are at the top of the list. spring is when the bears are on the move, which increases the odds of your catching sight of one of these normally elusive bruins. while they can be seen here throughout the year, late april through may is best .\nthe best way to increase your odds of seeing a bear is to travel the talimena national scenic byway around dusk. it is located in the middle of one of arkansas' s largest bear populations, so this is\na prime bear habitat. the bears can easily meet all their needs for food and water here. plus, the vast expanses of surrounding ouachita national forest lands provide plenty of room for these big mammals .\nduring the 1950' s and 60' s, black bears were reintroduced to western arkansas by the arkansas game and fish commission since years of unregulated hunting and habitat destruction had wiped out this species. now, after years of careful management, the bears are back .\nimagine rounding a curve on the talimena national scenic byway and coming upon the ultimate symbol of wilderness, the american black bear. it happens around here almost every spring day to some lucky visitors. come try your luck at bear watching, but please remember that they are wild animals and to keep your distance as a safety precaution .\nthe ouachita mountains were at one time a westward extension of the appalachians. therefore, the plants of the ouachita national forest are similar to the eastern deciduous forest. both geographically and climatically, the area may be considered a meeting ground of several biomes or plant formation. these include plants which can be found in the northwest u. s. , the southwest u. s. , the gulf coastal plain and the gulf coastal highlands, and the prairie states .\nthe ouachita mountains are different from most mountain ranges. the ridge line runs predominantly east - west, rather than north - south. the east - west directional trend gives rise to distinct north slope and south slope plant and animal communities .\non the south slopes grow shortleaf pines in almost pure stands or in mixed pine - hardwood forests. common hardwood trees on the southern exposures include post oak, blackjack oak, black oak, southern red oak (at lower elevations), black hickory, and winged elm, with an understory of serviceberry, wild plum, and fringe tree .\ntrees near the mountain crests are dwarfed and gnarled due to the constant pressure from prevailing south winds and the effect of winter icing from frequent freezing fogs, mist, and rain .\ndominant trees on the north slopes include white oak, northern red oak, mockernut hickory, bitternut, black walnut, black locust, basswood, sugar maple, red maple, and at lower levels, beech. understory trees include dogwood, pawpaw, carolina silverbell, american bladdernut, umbrella magnolia, ohio buckeye, redbud, and wild hydrangea. the north slopes, in particular, are an extremely rich habitat for spring wildflowers .\non the north slopes the soil is extremely rich, dark, and moist. rich mountain derived its name from the unusually rich soil. one story says that the mountain was at one time the roosting place of vast numbers of passenger pigeons, and that their droppings contributing to the fertility of the soil. we now know that the slower decomposition of organic matter, especially on north slopes, is the true reason for the soil structure .\ncopyright © 2018 queen wilhelmina state park web design & web development by aristotle .\nthe arkansas department of parks and tourism is in compliance with the freedom of information, ar. code ann. , § 25 - 19 - 101 et seq .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nin the century following their introduction, crayfish have colonized a large portion of the lake and may be expanding further in distribution and abundance. we documented spatial distribution and relative abundance of both crayfish and newts along the shoreline beginning in 2008 using snorkel surveys and baited traps at regularly spaced intervals around the lakeshore (fig. 2, above). we also documented vertical depth distribution of crayfish at five locations around the lake using baited traps set at 18 discrete depths ranging from 1 m to 300 m (3–984 ft) (fig. 3, below). snorkel surveys indicated that crayfish occupied 47% of the 31 km (19 mi) of rocky shoreline in 2008 and nearly 80% in 2013 (fig. 4). in addition, we captured crayfish in traps to 250 m (820 ft) below the surface of the lake (fig. 3, below). newts were locally abundant in areas where crayfish were not observed but rarely occurred in sites where crayfish were present (fig. 2, above). notably, newts were consistently absent from wizard island and the north shore of the lake where they had been distributed historically (farner and kezer 1953) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nfrost, d. r. 2015. amphibian species of the world: an online reference. version 6. 0. new york, usa. available at: urltoken .\nwake, d. , parra - olea, g. , shaffer, h. b. , arias caballero, p. , burkhardt, t. & aguilar, x .\nsharp, d. , hobin, l. & arias caballero, p .\njustification: listed as critically endangered because its extent of occurrence is 16 km 2, all individuals are in a single threat - defined location, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in laguna alchichica .\nit is a rare species, having formerly been quite common. in june 2005 the species was found to be numerous among the deeper edges of the tufa outcrops at the lake' s edge (t. burkhardt pers. comm. 2006) .\nit usually does not metamorphose, and most individuals live permanently in water. it breeds in the lake, and is most often found in very deep water, often more than 30 m below the surface. the population is suspected to be decreasing as a result of habitat loss .\nthe most serious threat is water extraction and diversion. in 2004 this was recorded as having caused the water level to decrease over the previous two decades, leading to the lake becoming more saline. this is an ongoing problem for laguna alchichica with extracted water being used to irrigate agricultural land and provide drinking water to the expanding human population (p. a. caballero pers. comm. august 2015); and continued transformation and pollution of the lake will result in the disappearance of this species. attempts to introduce fish in the lake have failed because it is too saline .\nconservation actions it does not occur in any protected area, and the protection of the laguna alchichica is an urgent priority. this species is protected under the category pr (special protection) by the government of mexico. conservation needed in addition, consideration should be given to establishing a captive - breeding programme. research needed population monitoring is necessary to monitor the impact of known, ongoing threats .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species is arboreal and is active at night, climbing on mossy trunks and tree limbs (wake et al. 1973; savage 2002). it hides under rocks during the day (savage 2002). presumed to breed by direct development (stuart et al. 2008) .\nthis species was thought to be common but has not been seen in nearly a decade. it can survive in degraded habitats, but severe habitat loss due to agricultural expansion and / or fire is a threat. it occurs in two protected areas: parque internacional la amistad in panama and costa rica, and parque nacional volcán barú in panama. survey work is needed (stuart et al. 2008) .\nstuart, s. , hoffmann, m. , chanson, j. , cox, n. , berridge, r. , ramani, p. , and young, b. (eds) (2008) .\nlynx edicions, iucn, and conservation international, barcelona, spain; gland, switzerland; and arlington, virginia, usa .\nwake, d. b. (1987).'' adaptive radiation of salamanders in middle american cloud forests.''\nwake, d. b. , brame, a. h. and duellman, w. e. (1973).'' new species of salamanders, genus\nnelly chow (nelly at berkeley. edu), university of california, berkeley\n> university of california, berkeley, ca, usa. accessed jul 10, 2018 .\n> university of california, berkeley, ca, usa. accessed 10 jul 2018 .\ndowned flying ants coat the surface of the water. a lizard hunts nearby. small grey - green toads, about the size of a quarter, hop out of his way .\n“good candidate, perfect rock, but no salamanders, ” he mumbles under his breath .\n“the mazama newt. found no place else in the world, ” buktenica says as he places a 3 - inch long orange - bellied newt in the palm of his hand .\nthere were no fish or other predators in the newly - formed lake, and the mazama newt expanded and thrived. it was the undisputed top of the food chain." ]

{ "text": [ "the crater salamander or marbled crater salamander ( bolitoglossa marmorea ) is a species of salamander in the family plethodontidae .", "it is endemic to costa rica and panama .", "its natural habitat is subtropical , high-altitude moist montane forests .", "it has a small area of distribution ( less than 5000 km2 and fewer than five locations ) and is threatened by habitat loss therein . " ], "topic": [ 7, 0, 24, 17 ] }

[ "the crater salamander or marbled crater salamander (bolitoglossa marmorea) is a species of salamander in the family plethodontidae. it is endemic to costa rica and panama. its natural habitat is subtropical, high-altitude moist montane forests. it has a small area of distribution (less than 5000 km2 and fewer than five locations) and is threatened by habitat loss therein." ]

[ "helcystogramma zeller, 1877 ceratophora heinemann, 1870 chambersella (murtfeldt, 1874) (gelechia) subalusella (chambers, 1874) (gelechia) parvipulvella (chamber, 1874) (gelechia) inaequepulvella (chambers, 1875) (gelechia) subalbella (walsingham, 1911) (dichomeris), emend. subalbella meyrick, 1925, emend. convolvuli (walsingham, 1908) (trichotaphe) crypsilychna meyrick, 1914 dryadopa meyrick, 1918 effera (meyrick, 1918) (lecithocera) emigrans (meyrick, 1921) (lecithocera) cornuta (busck, 1914) (dichomeris) n. comb. luminosa (busck, 1914) (dichomeris) n. comb. leucopleura meyrick, 1914 perceptella (busck, 1914) (dichomeris) n. comb .\nonebala walker, 1864 helcystogramma zeller, 1877 dectobathra meyrick, 1914 adaequata (meyrick, 1914) (helcystogramma) adequate clarke, 1969, missp. anisopa (meyrick, 1918) (anacampsis) archigrapha meyrick, 1929 carycastis (meyrick, 1922) (helcystogramma) cerinura (meyrick, 1923) (brachmia) chalyburga (meyrick, 1922) (helcystogramma) daedalea (walsingham, 1911) (dichomeris) elliptica (forbes, 1931) (trichotaphe) meconitis (meyrick, 1913) (trichotaphe) ribeella (zeller, 1877) (helcystogramma) rusticella (walker, 1864) (gelechia) sertigera (meyrick, 1923) (helcystogramma) stellatella (busck, 1914) (dichomeris) symbolica (meyrick, 1914) (helcystogramma) tegulella (walsingham, 1897) (trichotaphe) servilis (walsingham, 1911) (dichomeris) trichocyma (meyrick, 1923) (brachmia )\nbrachmia hübner, [ 1825 ] braclunia stephens, 1834, missp. cladodes heinemann, 1870, preocc. by solier, 1849 [ coleoptera ] ceratophora heinemann, 1870, preocc. by gray, [ 1835 ] [ reptilia ] eudodacles snellen, 1889, repl. name aulacomima meyrick, 1904 apethistis meyrick, 1908 lyrella (walsingham, 1911) (dichomeris) virescens walsingham, 1911 brachyacma meyrick, 1886 lathontogenes walsingham, 1897 paraspistes meyrick, 1905 lipatia busck, 1910 paraspistis busck, 1914, missp. brachyaema povolny´, 1964, missp. lathontogonus diakonoff, [ 1968 ], missp. brachiacma common, 1970, missp. lathontogenes hodges, 1983, missp. palpigera (walsingham, 1891) (gelechia) adustipennis (walsingham, 1897) (lathontogenus) iolocha (meyrick, 1905) (paraspistes) crotalariella (busck, 1910) (lipatia) epichorda turner, 1919\ngelechia hübner, [ 1825 ] guinea bruand, 1850 galechia desmarest, [ 1857 ], missp. cirrha chambers, 1872 oeseis chambers, 1875 mesogelechia omelko, 1986 gelecia watt, 1920, missp. bathrochlora meyrick, 1932 bufo walsingham, 1911 cacoderma walsingham, 1911 caespitella zeller, 1877 cerussata walsingham, 1911 chlorocephala meyrick, 1932 clopica meyrick, 1931 concinna walsingham, 1911 creberrima walsingham, 1911 cuneifera walsingham, 1911 delapsa meyrick, 1931 diacmota meyrick, 1932 dolbyi (walsingham, 1911) (dichomeris) elephantopis meyrick, 1936 exclarella möschler, 1890 flammulella walsingham, 1897 gnathodoxa meyrick, 1926 goniospila meyrick, 1931 hetaeria walsingham, 1911 impurgata walsingham, 1911 lapidescens meyrick, 1916, repl. name lithodes walsingham, 1911, preocc. (not meyrick, 1886) leptospora meyrick, 1932 nephelophracta meyrick, 1932 neptica walsingham, 1911 nigripectus walsingham, 1911 nucifer walsingham, 1911 nucifera meyrick, 1925, emend. ophiaula meyrick, 1931 ophiomorpha meyrick, 1935 pertinens meyrick, 1931 petraea walsingham, 1911 picrogramma meyrick, 1929 platydoxa meyrick, 1923 pleroma walsingham, 1911 protozona meyrick, 1926 rhypodes walsingham, 1911 scotodes walsingham, 1911 sonorensis walsingham, 1911 suspensa meyrick, 1923 synthetica walsingham, 1911 tannuolella rebel, 1917 thymiata (meyrick, 1929) (nothris) traducella busck, 1914 veneranda walsingham, 1911 xylobathra meyrick, 1936\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 182; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 166; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 189; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 192; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 249; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 167; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 198; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\nhypatima (chelariini); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ fe ]\nhypatima acicula park & ponomarenko, 1999; species diversity 4: 326; tl: s. thailand, khaoyai\nhypatima acris park, 1995; tropical lepid. 6 (1): 83; tl: taiwan, tainan co. , 2 - 3km s kwantzuling, ca. 350m\nchelaria agriogramma meyrick, 1926; sarawak mus. j. 3: 153; tl: mt murud, 4500ft\nchelaria albo - grisea [ = albogrisea ] walsingham, 1881; trans. ent. soc. 1881 (2): 264, pl. 12, f. 34; tl: spring vale\nchelaria ammonura meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 430; tl: queensland, brisbane\nchelaria anguinea meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 161; tl: khasi hills, assam\nhypatima anguinea; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37\nanthotypa (meyrick, 1939) (chelaria); trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 89 (4): 54\nchelaria antiastis meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 514; tl: andamans, port blair\nhypatima antiastis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima antsianakella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 209\nchelaria apparitrix meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 164; tl: java, preanger, 5000ft\nhypatima apparitrix; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nchelaria aridella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 639; tl: sarawak, borneo\nhypatima aridella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima arignota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38; park & ponomarenko, 1999, species diversity 4: 330\nartochroma diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 20\nchelaria attenuata meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 300; tl: new south wales, sydney\nchelaria baliodes lower, 1920; trans. proc. r. soc. s. aust. 44: 66; tl: warra, s. queensland\nchelaria binummulata meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 513; tl: natal, weenen\nchelaria brachyrrhiza meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 431; tl: fiji, lautoka\nchelaria caryodora meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 164; tl: khasi hills, assam\nhypatima caryodora; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nchelaria cirrhospila meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 302; tl: khasi hills, assam\nhypatima cirrhospila; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nchelaria corynetis meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 162; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\nhypatima corynetis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\ncryptopluta diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 21\nnothris cyrtopleura turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 165; tl: n. australia, port darwin; n. queensland, kuranda\nchelaria demonstrata meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 303; tl: new guinea, kei is .\nchelaria dermatica meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 432; tl: queensland, brisbane\ntaiwan, thailand, philippines, ceylon, andaman is. , borneo, sulawesi, queensland. see [ maps ]\ntituacea [ sic ] deviella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 43\nchelaria discissa meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 581; tl: queensland, cairns\nhypatima disetosella park, 1995; tropical lepid. 6 (1): 75; tl: nantou co. , taiwan\nhypatima disetosella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 47; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\ndisposita (meyrick, 1931) (chelaria); exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 71\nnothris dissidens meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 301; tl: waterval onder\nephippias (meyrick, 1937) (chelaria); exotic microlep. 5 (3): 95\nchelaria ericta meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 162; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\nhypatima ericta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nchelaria euchorda meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 31; tl: brazil, para, parintins\ncymatomorpha euplecta meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 412; tl: brisbane, queensland; sydney, new south wales; gisborne, victoria; quorn, south australia\nhypatima excellentella ponomarenko, 1991; ent. obozr. 70 (3): 617; tl: barabash - levada, primorskii krai\nhypatima excellentella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38; bae, lee & park, 2014, ent. res. 44: 19 (list )\nlarva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nchelaria formidolosa meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 581; tl: natal, pinetown\nchelaria haligramma meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (12): 382; tl: anakapalli, s. india\nhypatima haligramma; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39; park & ponomarenko, 1999, species diversity 4: 332\nlarva on anacardium occidentale ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nchelaria harpophora meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 431; tl: queensland, brisbane\npsoricoptera hora busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 14; tl: alhajuela, panama\nchelaria improba meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 297; tl: barberton\ngelechia indica swinhoe, 1885; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1885: 884; tl: bombay, india\nhypatima indica; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nchelaria instaurata meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 165; tl: java, preangor, 5000ft\nhypatima instaurata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nchelaria iophana meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 162; tl: ceylon\nhypatima iophana; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 29; park & ponomarenko, 1999, species diversity 4: 322\nchelaria isopogon meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 513; tl: belke, kanara, india\nhypatima isopogon; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nchelaria isoptila meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 163; tl: kandy, ceylon\nhypatima isoptila; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nchelaria isotricha meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 164; tl: java, preangor, 5000ft\nhypatima isotricha; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima issikiana park, 1995; tropical lepid. 6 (1): 77; tl: pingtung co. , taiwan\nhypatima issikiana; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nchelaria lactifera meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 161; tl: khasi hills, assam\nhypatima lactifera; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nchelaria lecticata meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 282; tl: transvaal, pilgrims rest\nchelaria loxosaris meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 21; tl: natal, umkomaas\nchelaria mancipata meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 297; tl: three sisters\nhypatima mangiferae satter, 1989; bull. ent. res. 79 (3): 412; tl: kenya\nhypatima manjakatompo viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 211\nchelaria melanecta meyrick, 1914; ann. s. afr. mus. 10 (8): 246; tl: transvaal, johannesburg\nchelaria melanocharis meyrick, 1934; exotic microlep. 4 (16 - 17): 511; tl: telawa, java\nhypatima melanocharis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nchelaria meliptila meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 283; tl: new ireland, st. matthias i .\nchelaria metaphorica meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 430; tl: queensland, brisbane\nchelaria microgramma meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 301; tl: new south wales, sydney\nmycetinopa (meyrick, 1934) (chelaria); exotic microlep. 4 (15): 451\nhypatima nigro - grisea [ = nigrogrisea ] janse, 1949; moths s. afr. 5 (1): 47\nchelaria nimbigera meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 283; tl: new ireland, new hanover i .\nchelaria nodifera meyrick, 1930; ann. soc. ent. fr. 99 (suppl): 724; tl: tonkin\nhypatima nodifera; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nchelaria orthomochla meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (7): 199; tl: java\nhypatima orthomochla; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nchelaria orthostathma meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 429; tl: queensland, brisbane\nchelaria parichniota meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 4; tl: likiang, china\nhypatima parichniota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nchelaria particulata meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 167; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\nhypatima particulata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima pentagonia park & ponomarenko, 1999; species diversity 4: 325; tl: nw. thailand, chiang mai, doi suthep - pui np, 1380m\nhypatima perinetella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 210\nchelaria phacelota meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 166; tl: peradeniya, ceylon\nhypatima phacelota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\ngelechia pilosella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 640; tl: sarawak, borneo\nhypatima pilosella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nchelaria probolaea meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 298; tl: barberton\nallocota procax meyrick, 1911; trans. linn. soc. lond. (2) 14: 274\nchelaria rhicnota meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 580; tl: shevaroys, s. india\nhypatima rhicnota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nlarva on mangifera indica ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\n=; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40; [ nhm card ]\n=; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40; [ nhm card ]\nhypatima rhomboidella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40; [ fe ]\nlarva on betula spp. , alnus spp. , corylus avellana, carpinus betulus, populus spp. ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nchelaria scopulosa meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 165; tl: karwar, kanara\ncymatomorpha scotia turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 160; tl: n. queensland, kuranda\nchelaria silvestris meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 164; tl: khasi hills, assam\nhypatima silvestris; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nallocota simulacrella meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 420; tl: sydney, new south wales\nchelaria solutrix meyrick, 1911; ann. transv. mus. 3 (1): 69; tl: woodbush village\nsorograpta (meyrick, 1931) (chelaria); exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 70\nchelaria spathota meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 165; tl: konkan, bombay\nhypatima spathota; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nlarva on mangifera indica, lannea grandis ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\ndeuteroptila sphenophora meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 419; tl: brisbane, queensland\nchelaria stasimodes meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 70\nhypatima stenosa park & ponomarenko, 1999; species diversity 4: 331; tl: s. thailand, khaoyai\nsubdentata diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 17\ngelechia sublectella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 640; tl: sarawak, borneo\nchelaria syncrypta meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 580; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\nhypatima syncrypta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nchelaria tenebrosa meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 301; tl: south australia, quorn\nchelaria tephroplintha meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 30; tl: fiji, labasa\nchelaria tephroptila meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 70; tl: mahableshwar, bombay\nhypatima tephroptila; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima teramotoi ueda, 2012; trans. lepid. soc. japan 62 (2): 81; tl: japan, honshu, osaka pref. , sakai city\nlarva on quercus acutissima, quercus serrata, q. variabilis, q. glauca, q. phillyraeoides ueda, 2012, trans. lepid. soc. japan 62 (2): 85\nchelaria tessulata meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 431; tl: queensland, cairns\nsemodictis tetraptila meyrick, 1909; ann. transv. mus. 2 (1): 16, pl. 5, f. 7; tl: kranspoort, pretoria\nchelaria tonsa meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 164; tl: khasi hills, assam\nhypatima tonsa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nepisacta toreuta turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 162; tl: n. queensland, kuranda, near cairns\nchelaria trachyspila meyrick, 1933; exotic microlep. 4 (12): 354\nchelaria triannulata meyrick, 1911; ann. transv. mus. 3 (1): 69; tl: woodbush village\ntricosma (meyrick, 1933) (chelaria); exotic microlep. 4 (12): 355\nhypatima venefica ponomarenko, 1991; ent. obozr. 70 (3): 616; tl: barbash - levada, primorskii krai\nhypatima venefica; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nlarva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nchelaria verticosa meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 166; tl: n. coorg, 3500ft\nhypatima verticosa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nchelaria xerophanta meyrick, 1930; ann. soc. ent. fr. 99 (suppl): 724; tl: tonkin\nhypatima xerophanta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nchelaria xylotechna meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (7): 199; tl: java\nhypatima xylotechna; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nchelaria zesticopa meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 514; tl: texas, alpine, fort davis, 5000 - 8000ft; new mexico, bent, 7000ft\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea, results of the third archbold expedition (american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939). part iv\nthe natural history of british insects; explaining them in their several states... with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope\nlepidoptera britannica, sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter... adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum clases, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, symonymis, locis. tomis i. 10th edition\nin gardiner, no. xii. tortricina and tineina. results of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905\nwalsingham, 1881 on the tortricidae, tineidae, and pterophoridae of south africa trans. ent. soc. 1881 (2): 219 - 288, pl. 10 - 13\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsangmi lee and richard l. brown mississippi entomological museum, box 9775, mississippi state, ms 39762 e - mail (sl): microlepi @ urltoken\nnealyda dietz, 1900 accincta meyrick, 1923 bicolor (walsingham, 1891) (didactylota) bougainvileae e. m. hering, 1955 leucozostra meyrick, 1923 pisoniae busck, 1900\nmegacraspedus zeller, 1839 neda chambers, 1874, preocc. by mulsant, 1850 pycnobathra lower, 1901 autoneda busck, 1903, repl. name toxoceras chrétien, 1915 megacraspedas in barnes & mcdunnough, 1917, missp. exilis walsingham, 1909 isophrictis meyrick, 1917 actiella barners & busck, 1920 monochroa heinemann, 1870 catabrachmia rebel, 1909 absconditella (walker, 1864) (gelechia) palpiannulella (chambers, 1872) (gelechia )\naristotelia hübner, [ 1825 ] ergatis heinemann, 1870, preocc. by blackwall, 1870 isochasta meyrick, 1886 eucatoptus walsingham, 1897 aphiltra meyrick, 1917 argyractis meyrick, 1923 calculatrix meyrick, 1923 chalybeichroa (walsingham, 1897) (eucatoptus) chalybochroa meyrick, 1925, emend. corallina walsingham, 1909 cosmographa meyrick, 1917 crassicornis walsingham, 1897 cynthia meyrick, 1917 cytherae meyrick, 1917 dasypoda walsingham, 1910 diolcella forbes, 1931 elachistella (zeller, 1877) (gelechia) erycina meyrick, 1917 eupatoriella busck, [ 1934 ] hieroglyphica walsingham, 1909 howardi walsingham, 1909 lignicolora forbes, 1931 naxia meyrick, 1926 oribatis meyrick, 1917 pantalaena (walsingham, 1911) (untomia) paphia meyrick, 1917 parephoria clarke, 1951 paterata meyrick, 1914 penicillata (walsingham, 1897) (eucatoptus) perfossa meyrick, 1917 radicata meyrick, 1917 perplexa clarke, 1951 probolopis meyrick, 1923 pudibundella (zeller, 1873) (gelechia) intermediella (chambers, 1879) (gelechia) pulicella walsingham, 1897) pyrodercia walsingham, 1910 roseosuffusella (clemens, 1860) (gelechia) belella (walter, 1864) (gelechia) rubidella (clemens, 1860) (gelechia) rubensella (chambers, 1872) (gelechia) pudibundella (chambers, 1877) (gelechia), misid. (not zeller, 1873) sarcodes walsingham, 1910 saturnina meyrick, 1917 squamigera walsingham, 1909 subrosea meyrick, 1914 trossulella walsingham, 1897 vagabundella forbes, 1931 veteranella (zeller, 1877) (tachyptilia) vicana meyrick, 1917\nagnippe chambers, 1872 evippe chambers, 1873 phaetusa chambers, 1875, preocc. by wagler, 1832 aganippe chamber, 1880, missp. tholerostola meyrick, 1917 aequorea (meyrick, 1917) (recurvaria) aulonota (meyrick, 1917) (aristotelia) evippeella busck, 1906 leuconota (zeller, 1873) (gelechia) plutella (chambers, 1875) (phaetusa) omphalopa (meyrick, 1917) (tholerostola) plumata (meyrick, 1917) (aristotelia )\nrecurvaria haworth, 1828 lita kollar, 1832 telea steph. , 1834, preocc. by hübner, 1819 aphanaula meyrick, 1895 hinnebergia spuler, 1910 microlechia turati, 1924 annulicornis (walsingham, 1897) (aristotelia) eromene (walsingham, 1897) (aristotelia) febriculella (zeller, 1877) (teleia) filicornis (zeller, 1877) (teleia) flagelifer walsingham, 1910 flagellifera meyrick, 1925, missp. insequens meyrick, 1931 intermissella (zeller, 1877) (teleia) kitella (walsingham, 1897) (aristotelia) melanostictella (zeller, 1877) (teleia) merismatella (zeller, 1877) (teleia) nothostigma meyrick, 1914 ornatipalpella (walsingham, 1897) (aristotelia) ostariella (walsingham, 1897) (aristotelia) penetrans meyrick, 1923 picula walsingham, 1910 pleurosaris meyrick, 1923 putella busck, 1914 rhicnota walsingham, 1910 rhombophorella (zeller, 1877) (teleia) sartor walsingham, 1910 saxea meyrick, 1923 senariella (zeller, 1877) (teleia) sticta walsingham, 1910 synestia meyrick, 1939 thiodes meyrick, 1917 thysanota walsingham, 1910 trigonophorella (zeller, 1877) (teleia) xanthotricha meyrick, 1917\ncoleotechnites chambers, 1880 evagora clemens, 1860, preocc. by péron & lesueur, 1810 eidothea chambers, 1873, preocc. by risso, 1826 eidothoa chambers, 1873, missp. eucordylea dietz, 1900 pulicalvaria freeman, 1963 hapalosaris meyrick, 1917 coleotechnistes in busck, [ 1903 ], missp. elucidella (barnes & busck, 1920) (eucordylea) petulans (meyrick, 1917) (hapalosaris) vagatioella (chambers, 1873) (eidothoa [ sic ]) dorsivittella (zeller, 1873) (gelechia) schistophila chrétien, 1899 fuscella forbes, 1931\nexoteleia wallengren, 1881 paralechia busck, 1903 heringia spuler, 1910, preocc. by rondani, 1856 heringiola strand, 1917, repl. name ithycosma (meyrick, 1914) (strobisia )\ntelphusa chambers, 1872 adrasteia chambers, 1872 adrastia kirby, 1874, missp. geniadophora walsingham, 1897 auxoptila meyrick, 1926 callitechna meyrick, 1914 praefinita (meyrick, 1917) (mompha) delatrix meyrick, 1923 distictella forbes, 1931 extranea (walsingham, 1892) (poecilia) hemicycla meyrick, 1932 latebricola meyrick, 1932 medulella busck, 1914 melanoleuca walsingham, 1911 obligata busck, 1914 ochrifoliata walsingham, 1911 orgilopis meyrick, 1923 penetratrix meyrick, 1931 perspicua (walsingham, 1911) (gelechia) quinquedentata (walsingham, 1911) (gelechia) ripula walsingham, 1911 smaragdopis meyrick, 1926 translucida (walsingham, 1892) (bryotropha )\nthiotricha meyrick, 1886 reuttia hofmann, 1898 thiotrica inoue, 1954, missp. thiothricha hartig, 1956, missp. argoxantha meyrick, 1914 aucupatrix meyrick, 1929 cleodorella (zeller, 1877) (gelechia) godmani (walsingham, 1892) (polyhymno) laterestriata (walsingham, 1897) (polyhymno) sciurella (walsingham, 1897) (polyhymno) argoxantha meyrick, 1914\nstomopteryx heinemann, 1870 inotica meyrick, 1913 instica sharp, 1915, missp. acraeologa meyrick, 1921 stomopterix turati, 1922, missp. stromopteryx pierce & metcalfe, 1935, missp. phaeopa meyrick, 1918\nfriseria busck, 1939 acaciella (busck, 1906) (telphusa) caieta hodges, 1966 cockerelli (busck, 1903) (gelechia) lindenella (busck, 1903) (gelechia) malindella (busck, 1910) (gelechia) sarcochlora (meyrick, 1929) (gelechia) infracta (walsingham, 1911) (gelechia) lacticaput (walsingham, 1911) (gelechia) lacticeps (meyrick, 1925) (gelechia), emend. nona hoges, 1966 paphlactis (meyrick, 1912) (gelechia) repentina (walsingham, 1911) (gelechia )\ngnorimoschmea busck, 1900 lerupsia riedl, 1965 neoschema povolny´, 1967 atriplicella keifer & jörgensen, 1910 borsaniella köhler, 1939 cestrivora clarke, 1950 cestivora hayward, 1969, missp. dudiella busck, 1903 euchthonia (meyrick, 1939) (phthorimaea) exacta (meyrick, 1917) (phthorimaea) involuta (meyrick, 1917) (phthorimaea) motasi povolny´, 1976 perfidiosa (meyrick, 1917) (phthorimaea) saphirinella (chambers, 1875) (gelechia) urosema (meyrick, 1917) (phthorimaea )\nphthorimaea meyrick, 1902 phtyrimaea turner, 1919, missp. phthorimoea povolny´ & zakopal, 1951, missp. pthorimaea issiki, 1957, missp. phthorimea diakonoff, [ 1968 ], missp. phtorimea oei - dharma, 1969, missp. argentinae povolny´, 1989 euchthonia meyrick, 1939 ferella (berg, 1875) (gelechia) impudica walsingham, 1911 interjuncta meyrick, 1931 jamaicensis (walsingham, 1897) (gelechia) operculella (zeller, 1873) (gelechia) terrella walker, 1864, preocc. by d. & s. , 1775 solanella boisduval, 1874 tabacella (ragonot, 1879) (gelechia) sedate (butler, 1880) (gelechia) epicentra meyrick, 1909 robusta povolny´, 1989 sphenophora (walsingham, 1897) (gelechia )\ngnorimoschema busck, 1900 gnorimochema dyar, [ 1903 ], missp. lerupsia riedl, 1965 larupsia soffner, 1967 ventralella (zeller, 1877 )\nscrobipalpula povolny´, 1964 acuta povolny´, 1990 albolineata povolny´, 1987 atra povolny´, 1987 chiquitella (busck, 1909) (gnorimoschema) conifera (meyrick, 1916) (chelaria) crustaria (meyrick, 1917) (phthorimaea) daturae (zeller, 1877) (doryphora) densata (meyrick, 1917) (gnorimoschema) laciniosa (meyrick, 1931) (phthorimaea) ephoria (meyrick, 1917) (aristotelia) falcate povolny´, 1987 fjeldsai povolny´, 1990 flava povolny´, 1987 gregalis (meyrick, 1917) (phthorimaea) gregariella (zeller, 1877) (lita) hastata povolny´, 1987 henshawiella (busck, 1903) (gnorimoschema) ochreostrigella (chambers, 1877) (gelechia), preocc. (not chambers, 1875) incerta povolny´, 1989 ilyella (zeller, 1877) (lita) incerta povolny´, 1989 isochlora (meyrick, 1931) (phthorimaea) latisaccula povolny´, 1987 latiuncula povolny´, 1987 megaloander povolny´, 1987 melanolepis (clarke, 1965) (gnorimoschema) motasi povolny´, 1976 omicron povolny´, 1987 pallens povolny´, 1987 patagonica povolny´, 1977 psilella (herrich - schäffer, 1855) (gelechia) quinoae povolny´, 1997 radiata povolny´, 1987 rosariensis povolny´, 1987 stirodes (meyrick, 1931) (phthorimaea) subtenera povolny´, 1987 tenera povolny´, 1987 transiens povolny´, 1987 trichinaspis (meyrick, 1931) (phthorimaea )\nkeiferia busck, 1939 tildenia povolny´, 1967 brunnea povolny´, 1973 chloroneura (meyrick, 1923) colombiana povolny´, 1975 elmorei (keifer, 1936) (gnorimoschema) funebrella povolny´, 1984 griseofusca povolny´, 1984 gudmanella (walsingham, 1897) (gelechia) n. comb. keiferioides (povolny´, 1987) (scrobipalpula) lobata povolny´, 1990 lycopersicella (walsingham, 1897) (eucatoptus) lenta (meyrick, 1917) (phthorimaea) lycopersicella (busck, 1928) (phthorimaea) preocc. by walsingham, 1897 propria povolny´, 1990 rusposoria povolny´, 1979 subtilis povolny´, 1984 vitalis povolny´, 1990\nchionodes, hübner, [ 1825 ] chionoda hübner, [ 1826 ], missp. oxycryptis meyrick, 1912 argosema (meyrick, 1917) (gelechia) consona (meyrick, 1917) (gelechia) dryobathra (meyrick, 1917) (gelechia) eburata (meyrick, 1917) (gelechia) icriodes (meyrick, 1931) (gelechia) lacticoma (meyrick, 1917) (gelechia) litigiosa (meyrick, 1917) (gelechia) mediofuscella (clemens, 1863) (gelechia) vagella (walter, 1864) (gelechia) fuscoochrella (chambers, 1872) (gelechia) liturosella (zeller, 1873) (gelechia) rhedaria (meyrick, 1923) (gelechia) pentadora (meyrick, 1917) (gelechia) perissosema (meyrick, 1932) (gelechia) salva (meyrick, 1925) (phthorimaea), repl. name leucocephala (walsingham, 1897) (gelechia), preocc. (not lower, 1893) spiridoxa (meyrick, 1931) (gelechia )\nfaculta busck, 1939 inaequalis (busck, 1910) (gelechia) inaequalis (walsingham, 1911) (gelechia) preocc. by busck, 1910 anisectis (meyrick, 1923) (gelechia) clistrodoma (meyrick, 1923) (gelechia) stegasta meyrick, 1904 biniveipunctata (walsingham, 1897) (gelechia) bosqueella (chambers, 1875) (oecophora) basqueella (chambers, 1875) (oecophora), missp. bosquella (chambers, 1878) (gelechia), emend. costipunctella (moschler, 1890) (gelechia) capitella (fabricius, 1794) (alucita) capitatus (fabricius, 1798) (ypsolophus), repl. name robustella (walker, 1864) (gelechia) rivulella (moschler, 1890) (gelechia) comissata meyrick, 1923 donatella (walker, 1864) (gelechia) phalacra (walsingham, 1911) (gelechia) postpallescens (walsingham, 1897) (gelechia) scoteropis meyrick, 1931 zygotoma meyrick, 1917\nuntomia busck, 1906 acicularis meyrick, 1918 alticolens walsingham, 1911 alticolans meyrick, 1925, emend. horista walsingham, 1911 juventella (walsingham, 1897) (ypsolophus) latistriga walsingham, 1911 melanobathra meyrick, 1918 rotundata walsingham, 1911\nbattaristis meyrick, 1914 duvita busck, 1916 acroglypta meyrick, 1929 amphiscolia meyrick, 1914 ardiophora meyrick, 1914 atelesta meyrick, 1914 bistrigella (buskc, 1914) (anacampsis) concisa meyrick, 1929 coniosema meyrick, 1922 curtella (busck, 1914) (anacampsis) emissurella (walker, 1864) (gelechia) severella (walker, 1864) (cryptolechia) fuliginosa (r. felder & rogenhofer, 1875) (gelechia) dorsalis (busck, 1914) (anacampsis) astroconis (meyrick, 1918) (compsolechia) ichnota meyrick, 1914 melanamba meyrick, 1914 nigratomella (clemens, 1863) (gelechia) apicilinella (clemens, 1863) (gelechia) apicistrigella (chambers, 1872) (parasia) orthocampta meyrick, 1914 parazela meyrick, 1929 perinaeta (walsingham, 1910) (anacampsis) prismatopa meyrick, 1914 rhythmodes meyrick, 1929 sphenodelta meyrick, 1922 stereogramma meyrick, 1914 symphora (walsingham, 1911) (untomia) syngraphopa meyrick, 1922 syngraphora meyrick, 1925, missp. synocha meyrick, 1922 tricentrota meyrick, 1931 unistrigella (busck, 1914) (anacampsis )\nholophysis walsingham, 1910 hoplophysis mcd. , 1939, missp. anoma walsingham, 1910 autodesma (meyrick, 1918) (zalithia) auxiliaris (meyrick, 1918) (zalithia) barydescma (meyrick, 1918) (zalithia) quadrimaculata walsingham, 1910 stagmatophoria walsingham 1910 tentatella (walker, 1864) (gelechia) xanthostoma walsingham, 1910\nchelariinae crasimorpha meyrick, 1923 infuscate hodges, 1963 peragrata meyrick, 1923 prostomeus busck, 1903 brunneus busck, 1903 hypatima hübner, [ 1825 ] chelaria haworth, 1828 hypatina stephens, 1835, missp. allocota meyrick, 1904 cynestomorpha meyrick, 1904 deuteroptila meyrick, 1904 semodictis meyrick, 1909 allocotaniana strand, 1913 episacta turner, 1919 cellaria neave, 1939, missp. cheleria lhomme, [ 1948 ], missp. euchorda (meyrick, 1923) (chelaria) hora (busck, 1914) (psoricoptera )\nsemophylax meyrick, 1932 apicepuncta (busck, 1911) (psoricoptera) praesignis (meyrick, 1913) (anisoplaca) apicipuncta (meyrick, 1925) (chelaria), emend .\nsitotroga heinemann, 1870 silotroga kirby, 1871, missp. nesolechia meyrick, 1921 syngenomictis meyrick, 1927 sitotrogus matsumura, 1931, missp. sitotrega borg, 1932, missp. sititroga costa lima, 1945, missp. cerealella (olivier, 1789) (alucita) hordei (kirby, 1815) (tinea) arctella (walker, 1864) (gelechia) melanarthra (lower, 1900) (gelechia) palearis (meyrick, 1913) (epithectis) ochrescens (meyrick, 1938) (aristotelia) coarctella zeller, 1877\ndichomeridinae acompsia hübner, [ 1825 ] acampsia westwood, 1840, missp. accompsia bruand, 1850, missp. brachycrossata heinemann, 1870 brachicrossata hartmann, 1880, missp. cathegesis walsingham, 1910 angulifera walsingham, 1897 psoricopterella (walsingham, 1892) (brachycrossata) vinitincta (walsingham, 1910) (cathegesis )\nanorthosia clemens, 1860 sagaritis chambers, 1872, preocc. by billberg, 1820 [ crustacea ] anorthodisca gaede, 1937, missp. capillata walsingham, 1911 punctipennella clemens, 1860 gracilella (chambers, 1872) (sagaritis )\ndeoclona busck, 1903 proclesis walsingham, 1911 lioclepta meyrick, 1922 deoclana fletcher, 1929, missp. complanata (meyrick, 1922) (lioclepta) eriobotryae busck, 1939 xanthoselene (walsingham, 1911) (proclesis) xanthoselena meyrick, 1925, emend .\nadullamitis meyrick, 1932 adullanitis gaede, 1937, missp. emancipate meyrick, 1932\nanthistarcha meyrick, 1925 antistarcha costa lima, 1945, missp. binocularis meyrick, 1929 geniatella (busck, 1914) (gelechia )\nbeltheca busck, 1914 anterethista meyrick, 1914 antherethista gaede, 1937, missp. phosphoropa (meyrick, 1922) (anterethista) picolella busck, 1914 heteractis (meyrick, 1914) (anterethista )\ncommatica meyrick, 1909 apopira walsingham, 1911 acropelta meyrick, 1914 bifuscella (forbes, 1931) (anacampsis) chionura meyrick, 1914 crossotorna meyrick, 1929 cryptina (walsingham, 1911) (untomia) cyanorrhoa meyrick, 1914 emplasta meyrick, 1914 eremna meyrick, 1909 extremella (walker, 1864) (gelechia) falcatella (walker, 1864) (gelechia) rostella (r. felder & rogenhofer, 1875) (gelechia) hexacentra meyrick, 1922 lupata meyrick, 1914 metochra meyrick, 1914 nerterodes meyrick, 1914 palirrhoa meyrick, 1922 parmulata meyrick, 1914 phanocrossa meyrick, 1922 placoterma meyrick, 1918 pterygota meyrick, 1929 servula meyrick, 1922 stygia meyrick, 1922 xanthocarpa meyrick, 1922\ncompsosaris meyrick, 1914 gompsosaris gaede, 1937, missp. flavidella (busck, 1914) (recurvaria) testacea meyrick, 1914\npavolechia busck, 1914 desmaucha meyrick, 1918 argentea busck, 1914 chrysostoma (meyrick, 1918) (desmaucha) pelocnistis meyrick, 1932 xylozona meyrick, 1932 perioristica walsingham, 1910 chalcopera walsingham, 1910 phylopatris meyrick, 1923 terpnodes meyrick, 1923 promolopica meyrick, 1925 epiphantha meyrick, 1925 ptilostonuchia walsingham, 1911 ptilonostychia fletcher, 1929, missp. plicata walsingham, 1911 satrapodoxa meyrick, 1925 regia (meyrick, 1914) (strobisia) sclerograptis meyrick, 1923 oxytypa meyrick, 1923 simoneura walsingham, 1911 ophitis walsingham, 1911 sorotacta meyrick, 1914 bryochlora meyrick, 1922 viridans, meyrick, 1914 stachyostoma meyrick, 1923 psilodoxa meyrick, 1923 stagmaturgis meyrick, 1923 catharosema meyrick, 1923 steremniodes meyrick, 1923 sciactis meyrick, 1923 stereodmeta meyrick, 1931 xylodeta meyrick, 1931 stibarenches meyrick, 1930 bifissa meyrick, 1930 symphanactis meyrick, 1925 hetaera (meyrick, 1914) (ptocheuusa )\nsynactias meyrick, 1931 micranthis meyrick, 1931 tabernillaia walsingham, 1911 tabernillaea meyrick, 1925, emend. ephialtes walsingham, 1911\ntecia kieffer & jörgensen, 1910 fapua kieffer & jörgensen, 1910 lata kieffer & jörgensen, 1910 orsotricha meyrick, 1914 brachypsaltis meyrick, 1931 scrobischema povolny´, 1980 albinervella (kieffer & jörgensen, 1910) (fapua) arnicella (clarke, 1942) confirmans strand, 1910 kiefferi kieffer & jörgensen, 1910 petasitis (pfaffenzeller, 1867) petrella (busck, 1915) solanivora (povolny´, 1973) subalbata (meyrick, 1931) tetradymiella (busck, 1903) venosa (butler, 1883) mendozella kieffer & jörgensen, 1910 baccharisella (brethes, 1917) (holcocera) vergarai (povolny´, 1980) (scrobischema) thrypsigenes meyrick, 1914 thripsigenes clarke, 1955, missp. colluta meyrick, 1914 furvescens meyrick, 1914 trichembola meyrick, 1918 idiarcha meyrick, 1931 zelosyne walsingham, 1911 olga meyrick, 1915 poecilosoma walsingham, 1911 “gaea” lilloi köhler, 1941, mispl .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant no. deb 416078. any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national science foundation .\nfull text of\ncatalogue of the types specimens of microlepidoptera in the british museum (natural history) described by edward meyrick / by j. f. gates clarke\nfull text of\ncatalogue of the types specimens of microlepidoptera in the british museum (natural history) described by edward meyrick / by j. f. gates clarke" ]

{ "text": [ "dichomeris antisticha is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by meyrick in 1926 .", "it is found in costa rica .", "the wingspan is about 14 mm .", "the forewings are dark bronzy-fuscous , slightly speckled with whitish .", "the stigmata is cloudy , obscurely darker , the plical nearly beneath the first discal , the second discal preceded by some whitish scales .", "there are indistinct dark fuscous marginal dots around the posterior part of the costa and termen .", "the hindwings are light bluish-grey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "dichomeris antisticha is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it was described by meyrick in 1926. it is found in costa rica. the wingspan is about 14 mm. the forewings are dark bronzy-fuscous, slightly speckled with whitish. the stigmata is cloudy, obscurely darker, the plical nearly beneath the first discal, the second discal preceded by some whitish scales. there are indistinct dark fuscous marginal dots around the posterior part of the costa and termen. the hindwings are light bluish-grey." ]

[ "it remains somewhat uncertain as to whether mylomys rex represents a valid species. see musser and carleton (2005) for a detailed summary of the difficulties surrounding this taxon .\ncomments: arvicanthis group. the indian golunda and mylomys are usually considered close relatives of each other, but musser (1987b) discussed traits that indicated their distant relationship and a closer phylogenetic alliance between mylomys and pelomys, which is substantiated by mtdna sequences of cytochrome b and 12s and 16s rrna gene fragments (ducroz et al. , 2001). those latter two genera are members of a division that includes arvicanthis, lemniscomys, and rhabdomys as assessed by morphological ...\narvicanthis group. the indian golunda and mylomys are usually considered close relatives of each other, but musser (1987 b) discussed traits that indicated their distant relationship and a closer phylogenetic alliance between mylomys and pelomys, which is substantiated by mtdna sequences of cytochrome b and 12s and 16s rrna gene fragments (ducroz et al. , 2001). those latter two genera are members of a division that includes arvicanthis, lemniscomys, and rhabdomys as assessed by morphological data (musser, 1987 b). the molecular results of ducroz et al. also indicate that desmomys belongs with this assemblage, and that mylomys, pelomys, and arvicanthis form one lineage, desmomys and rhabdomys a second, and a third contains only lemniscomys .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: listed as data deficient since the species was described on the basis of only one skin (no skull), and has not been found again in spite of intensive trapping .\nthis poorly known species has only been collected from the type locality of charada forest, kaffa in central ethiopia, at an elevation of 1, 800 m asl (yalden 2013) .\nthe threats to this species are unknown, however, it was estimated that approximately 3% of the total forest area was lost within the unesco kafa biosphere reserve between 2005 and 2012 (devries et al. 2015) .\nits range is now covered by the protected area of the kafa biosphere reserve (devries et al. 2015). further studies are needed to determine the validity and distribution of this taxon .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\njustification: listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is widespread in central africa and east africa with outlying populations in west africa. it is a montane species occurring up to 2, 300 m asl .\nalthough this species is usually considered to be a rare species, it has been found to be very abundant in some localities .\nit is found in the southern part of the guinean savanna zone, especially in the rainforest - savanna mosaic. the species is associated with moist, tall grasslands with scattered trees and shrubs. this species has also been recorded from clear - cut areas at the edge of rainforest .\nthe threats to this species are not known. it has been recorded from modified habitats, but further studies are needed on its persistence in these environments .\nthere are no conservation measures in place and it is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas. further research is needed into population numbers, range and potential conservation measures .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017). the iucn red list of threatened species 2016: e. t42670a115200162 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmusser, guy g. , and michael d. carleton / wilson, don e. , and deeann m. reeder, eds .\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. , vol. 2\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2nd ed. , 3rd printing\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "mylomys is a genus of rodent in the family muridae .", "it contains the following species : african groove-toothed rat ( mylomys dybowskii ) ethiopian mylomys ( mylomys rex )" ], "topic": [ 26, 25 ] }

[ "mylomys is a genus of rodent in the family muridae. it contains the following species: african groove-toothed rat (mylomys dybowskii) ethiopian mylomys (mylomys rex )" ]

[ "photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nonline list of [... ] the geometridae of the world (dec 2007), website (version 01 / 12 / 2007 )\nmaintained by malcolm j. scoble and axel hausmann. online list of valid and available names of the geometridae of the world, urltoken last update december 2007\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on image to enlarge .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\n[ nacl ]; hodges, 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep. am. n of mexico\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages." ]

{ "text": [ "nasusina minuta is a moth in the family geometridae .", "it is found in the desert regions of southern california , western arizona and nevada .", "the wingspan is about 14 – 16 mm .", "the wings are light grey with a slight ochreous tinge .", "the maculation of the forewings is obscure , but in well-marked specimens the median area is shaded with smoky and forms an oblique band across the wing .", "the discal dot is quite minute .", "the hindwings are largely dull whitish with smoky shading along the inner margin .", "adults have been recorded on wing from march to june and in august and in november . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 8 ] }

[ "nasusina minuta is a moth in the family geometridae. it is found in the desert regions of southern california, western arizona and nevada. the wingspan is about 14 – 16 mm. the wings are light grey with a slight ochreous tinge. the maculation of the forewings is obscure, but in well-marked specimens the median area is shaded with smoky and forms an oblique band across the wing. the discal dot is quite minute. the hindwings are largely dull whitish with smoky shading along the inner margin. adults have been recorded on wing from march to june and in august and in november." ]

[ "protorthodes texicana lafontaine, walsh & ferris, 2014, sp. n. - plazi treatmentbank\nlafontaine, j. donald, walsh, j. bruce & ferris, clifford d. , 2014, a revision of the genus protorthodes mcdunnough with descriptions of a new genus and four new species (lepidoptera, noctuidae, noctuinae, eriopygini), zookeys 421, pp. 139 - 179: 148 - 150\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nmichael gordon\nmike\noldfield (born 15 may 1953) is an english musician and composer. his work blends progressive rock with world, folk, classical, electronic, ambient, and new - age. he is best known for his 1973 album tubular bells – which launched virgin records and became a hit after its opening was used as the theme for the film the exorcist – and for his 1983 hit single\nmoonlight shadow\n. [ 1 ] he is also known for his hit rendition of the christmas piece\nin dulci jubilo\n.\noldfield has released more than 20 albums with the most recent being a rock themed album titled man on the rocks, released in 2014 .\noldfield' s parents are raymond oldfield, a general practitioner, and maureen liston, an irish nurse. [ 2 ] his sister sally and brother terry are also successful musicians and have appeared on several of mike' s albums. he also had a younger brother, david, who had down' s syndrome and died in infancy. [ 3 ] mike oldfield was born in the battle hospital in reading, berkshire, and he attended st. joseph' s convent school, highlands junior school, st. edward' s preparatory school, [ 4 ] and presentation college in reading. when he was 13, he moved with his parents to harold wood in essex and attended hornchurch grammar school, where, having already begun his career in music, he took just one gce examination, in english. [ 4 ]\noldfield' s career began fairly early, playing acoustic guitar in local folk clubs. at this time, he already had two 15 - minute instrumental pieces in which he would\ngo through all sorts of moods\n, precursors to his landmark 1970s compositions. in his early teens, oldfield was involved in a beat group playing the shadows - style music (he has often cited hank marvin as a major influence, and would later cover the shadows' song\nwonderful land\n). in 1967, oldfield and his sister formed the folk duo the sallyangie and were signed to transatlantic records after exposure in the local folk scene. an album, children of the sun, was issued in 1968. after the sallyangie disbanded, he formed another duo, called barefoot, with his brother, which took him back to rock music. [ 5 ]\nin 1970, oldfield joined the whole world – former soft machine vocalist kevin ayers' s backing group – playing bass and occasionally lead guitar. he is featured on two ayers albums, whatevershebringswesing and shooting at the moon. the band also included keyboardist and composer david bedford, who quickly befriended oldfield, encouraged him in his composition of an early version of tubular bells and later arranged and conducted an orchestral version of the tubular bells album. oldfield was also the reserve guitarist for the musical hair and played with the sensational alex harvey band. [ 6 ]\nhaving recorded sections of this early version of tubular bells as demo pieces, oldfield attempted to persuade record labels to take on the tubular bells project. nothing came of his efforts until september 1971, when he attended recording sessions at the manor studio – owned by a young richard branson and run by engineers tom newman and simon heyworth – as bass guitarist for the arthur louis band. branson already had a number of business ventures and was about to start his own record label, virgin records. newman and heyworth heard some of oldfield' s demo music and took it to branson and simon draper, who eventually gave oldfield one week' s worth of recording at the manor. during this time, he completed\npart one\nof tubular bells ;\npart two\nwas then compiled over a number of months. [ 7 ]\nlike tubular bells, hergest ridge is a two - movement instrumental piece, this time evoking scenes from oldfield' s herefordshire country retreat. it was followed in 1975 by the pioneering world music piece ommadawn and, in 1978, incantations, which introduced more diverse choral performances from sally oldfield, maddy prior, and the queen' s college girls choir. in 1975, oldfield recorded a version of the christmas piece\nin dulci jubilo\nwhich charted at no. 4 in the uk. oldfield' s 1976 rendition of\nportsmouth\nremains his best - performing single on the uk singles chart, reaching no. 3. [ 10 ]\nin 1975, oldfield received a grammy award for best instrumental composition in\ntubular bells – theme from the exorcist\n. in 1976, oldfield and his sister joined his friend and band member pekka pohjola to play on his album mathematician' s air display, which was released in 1977. the album was recorded and edited at oldfield' s througham slad manor = = taxonavigation = =\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers, open access publishing, and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act (fastr), wikimedia foundation, inc. , public library of science, the encyclopedia of life, open book publishers (obp), pubmed, u. s. national library of medicine, national center for biotechnology information, u. s. national library of medicine, national institutes of health (nih), u. s. department of health & human services, and urltoken, which sources content from all federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government publication portals (. gov, . mil, . edu). funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u. s. congress, e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. world heritage encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the world public library association, a non - profit organization .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from world ebook library are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code, manage projects, and build software together .\nyou signed in with another tab or window. reload to refresh your session .\nyou signed out in another tab or window. reload to refresh your session .\nholotype ♂. usa, texas, uvalde co. , concan, neals lodges, 1300', at uv, 3 april 1990, noel mcfarland. cnc. paratypes: 22 ♂, 23 ♀. same locality and collector as for holotype, 23 march 1990 (1 ♀); usa, texas, uvalde co. , concan, 3 oct. 1992, e. knudson (1 ♂). mexico, chiapas, san cristóbal de las casas, 7200', 4 - 29 may 1969, j. e. h. martin (21 ♂, 22 ♀ .). paratypes deposited in cnc, tlsrc, usnm .\ncan be recognized by the brown forewings with the transverse lines defined by pale buff and dark - brown lines, and the reniform and orbicular spots darker brown than the ground color with a pale buff outline .\n. the female genitalia are characterized by the large, heavily - sclerotized, double - lobed plate covering the ostium bursae ventrally .\nis known from two areas, west - central texas and southern mexico. adults were collected between late march and late may and in early october. the immature stages are unknown .\nno known copyright restrictions apply. see agosti, d. , egloff, w. , 2009. taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the plazi approach. bmc research notes 2009, 2: 53 for further explanation .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "protorthodes texicana is a moth in the noctuidae family .", "it is known from west-central texas and southern mexico .", "the length of the forewings is 12 – 14 mm .", "the forewings are pale brown with a dusting of darker-brown scales .", "the subbasal , antemedial , postmedial and subterminal lines are buff , partially bordered by darker-brown scales .", "the reniform spot is grey-brown , darker than the forewing and with a pale-buff outline , as well as a slight constriction on the anterior and posterior margin .", "the orbicular spot is similar in colour .", "the hindwings are pale fuscous , basally with darker fuscous on the discal spot , the veins and the marginal area .", "adults are on wing from late march to late may and in early october . " ], "topic": [ 2, 27, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 8 ] }

[ "protorthodes texicana is a moth in the noctuidae family. it is known from west-central texas and southern mexico. the length of the forewings is 12 – 14 mm. the forewings are pale brown with a dusting of darker-brown scales. the subbasal, antemedial, postmedial and subterminal lines are buff, partially bordered by darker-brown scales. the reniform spot is grey-brown, darker than the forewing and with a pale-buff outline, as well as a slight constriction on the anterior and posterior margin. the orbicular spot is similar in colour. the hindwings are pale fuscous, basally with darker fuscous on the discal spot, the veins and the marginal area. adults are on wing from late march to late may and in early october." ]

[ "predators humans are predators of hoary foxes. subspecies there are no subspecies of the hoary fox. interesting facts hoary foxes are also known as: hoary zorro small - toothed dog blanford' s fox (vulpes cana) are also known as hoary fox, but please note these are different species .\ndiet the hoary fox mainly eat insects. they eat rodents, termites, and grasshoppers .\nan omnivorous species, the hoary fox feeds mainly on insects, in particular ground - dwelling termites .\nthe hoary fox is classified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) .\ninformation on the hoary fox (pseudalopex vetulus) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\n) and the hoary fox (dusicyon vetulus) in central brazil. journal of zoology, london 262: 99–106 .\noriginal file name: hoary - zorro - hoary fox (pseudalopex vetulus). jpg resolution: 188x263 file size: 10240 bytes upload time: 2007: 09: 04 00: 21: 35\ndalponte, j. 1997. diet of the hoary fox ,\nlycalopex vetulus\n, in mato grosso, central brazil .\na young / baby of a hoary fox is called a' cub, kit or pup'. the females are called' vixen' and males' reynard, todd or dog'. a hoary fox group is called a' leash or skulk' .\nhoary foxes are generalist predators. they affect populations of small rodents and termites .\nthe red fox is the most common and widespread fox species in the world, found throughout most of the united states .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - hoary fox (pseudalopex vetulus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - hoary fox (pseudalopex vetulus )\ntitle =\narkive species - hoary fox (pseudalopex vetulus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\na female hoary fox can produce a single litter of up to five young each year, and will usually give birth in a disused armadillo burrow .\ncommunication in hoary foxes is unknown, but is probably similar to other species of foxes .\nhoary foxes are omnivores, but they appear to be termite specialists. termites of the genus\ncana (blanford’s, or hoary, fox) small (1–2 kg) and catlike, with soft fur and a long bushy tail; found in the mountain steppes and deserts of iran, pakistan, afghanistan, and israel; coat gray above, white below. v. chama (cape fox, south african silver fox, or chama) long - eared fox…\nhoary foxes are hosts for many diseases, some of which can be transmitted to domestic dogs, and some to humans. also, hoary zorros are suspected of killing poultry and are therefore hunted .\nclose relatives of the hoary fox are fur - bearers, and pelts of this species are likely collected as well. in addition, these animals are sometimes found in zoos .\nthere is little information on predation of hoary foxes. however, it is parasitized by the vampire bat ,\nbasically, these foxes are diurnal, and breeding time is in early fall. gestation would be for around 2 months, and the female hoary fox can produce two to four kits .\nother fox species do not adapt as well as the european red fox, and are endangered in their native environments. key among these are the crab - eating fox and the african bat - eared fox. other foxes, such as fennecs, are not endangered, but will be if humans encroach further into their habitat .\na hoary fox has a short muzzle, and its teeth are relatively small. grey in appearance, the underbody is light, but its legs and ears are reddish. a dark mark traverses the top of its tail, and just in case you do not know ...\nhoary\nmeans white. this refers to the coat' s white marking. the hoary fox is for all intents and purposes insectivorous, and this is why nature gave them small teeth. they survive on grasshoppers and termites .\namazonian canids working group - amazonian canids include: the short - eared dog, atelocynus microtis, the crab - eating fox, cerdocyon thous, the bush dog, speothos venaticus and the hoary fox, pseudalopex vetulus. other pseudalopex species that occur at the edges of the amazon region are also considered by the working group since they need additional research. photo: pampas fox\na fox breeding program in russia may help reveal the genetic roots of domestication of animals .\nthe small, slender body of a red fox allows it to run nearly 30 mph .\npampas fox (pseudalopex gymnocercus), also known as azara' s fox, is a medium sized fox native to south america. physical description pampas fox resemble red foxes but are smaller and gray. they have short, dense fur that is gray on the back and underparts. the head, neck and ears are reddish. pampas foxes weigh 9 to 12 pounds .\njácomo, a. t. a. ; l. silveira & j. a. f. diniz - filho. 2004. niche separation between the maned wolf (chrysocyon brachyurus), the crab - eating fox (dusicyon thous) and the hoary fox (dusicyon vetulus) in central brazil. journal of zoology 262 (1): 99 - 106. [ links ]\nby far the most common species of fox is the red fox (vulpes vulpes), although different species are found on almost every continent. the presence of fox - like carnivores (order carnivora) all over the globe has led to their appearance in the popular culture and folklore of many nations, tribes, and other cultural groups .\nhoary foxes are listed as data deficient by iucn. changes in agricultural practices may result in habitat loss. deforestation and hunting are also threats to this species .\nunspecified (2006) first observations on south america' s largely insectivorous canid: the hoary fox (pseudaloplex vetulus). journal of zoology, 268 (1). pp. 45 - 54. doi: 10. 1111 / j. 1469 - 7998. 2005. 00021. x\ndescription the hoary fox has short muzzle, small teeth, short coat, and dark stripes on the dorsal suface. . their tail is black on the tip and marked dark strupe along the dorsal line. their ears and outsides part of their legs are reddish or tawny. the upper part of their bodies are grey, and their underside of the body is cream or fawn. the hoary fox weight between 2. 7 and 4 kg, tail length is 28 - 32 cm. and from head to body length between 58 and 64 cm. they are active during the day .\nskit is a cocky big headed dog - fox. his good looks andstrong bod sometimes clouds his better more sweeter and sensative half. his favrite meal is a stump full of grasshoppers. he best friend is hoary vixen names stelth. he loves the night and loves a nice hot summers day .\nthey are grey in colour with a pale underside and reddish / brown markings on their ears and legs. their tail has a dark stripe along the dorsal line and a black tip. they are active during the day. habitat hoary foxes can be found in the wooded, mountainous and savanna areas of central south america. diet hoary foxes mainly feed on insects, but they will also eat rodents. breeding after a gestation period of 55 - 60 days, hoary foxes give birth to 2 - 4 cubs in a den .\nfoxes are generally smaller than other members of the family canidae, such as wolves, jackals, and domestic dogs. fox - like features typically include an acute (narrow, pointed) muzzle (a\nfox face\n) and bushy tail. other physical characteristics vary according to their habitat. for example, the desert fox has large ears and short fur, whereas the arctic fox has small ears and thick, insulating fur. another example is the red fox, which has a typical auburn pelt ending normally with white marking. foxes generally have short legs relative to other members of the canidae family, and upright, pointed ears .\nbehavior in related species suggests that hoary foxes are territorial. parents often travel with their adult sized offspring, and conflict over territory arises between parent and offspring during the dry season .\ncourtenay, o. ; d. w. macdonald; s. gillingham; g. almeida & r. dias. 2006. first observations on south america' s largely insectivorous canid: the hoary fox (pseudalopex vetulus). journal of zoology 268 (1): 45 - 54. [ links ]\nhoary foxes are usually timid, but will aggressively defend their young. they normally use armadillo burrows for dens and are usually diurnal, but are often active at night and during twilight .\nrylands, a. 1998 .\nhoary zorro (\ndusicyon vetulus\n)\n( on - line). canid species accounts. accessed 10 / 02 / 02 at urltoken .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - blanford’s fox (vulpes cana )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - blanford’s fox (vulpes cana )\ntitle =\narkive species - blanford’s fox (vulpes cana )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n) lives in brazil. particularly, they have been recorded to exist in tocantins, mato grosso do sul, mato grosso, and other places. hoary foxes desire the wooded, mountainous and savanna territories .\nin the wild, fox cubs can fall prey to eagles. coyotes, gray wolves, bears and mountain lions are all predators for adult foxes .\nfoxes do not come together in chorus like wolves or coyotes. fox families, however, keep in contact with a wide array of different sounds. these vocalizations grade into one another and span five octaves; each fox has its own characteristically individual voice. fox noises can be divided, with a few exceptions, into two different groups: contact sounds and interaction sounds. the former is used by foxes communicating over long distances, the latter in close quarters .\nbreeding occurs in early fall. the gestation period is about two months, after which time the female gives birth to a litter of 2 to 4 kits. hoary foxes often use abandoned armadillo dens for rearing their pups .\nmcglynn, m. , r. postanowicz. 2002 .\nhoary zorro (\ndusicyon vetulus\n)\n( on - line). lion crusher' s domain. accessed 10 / 02 / 02 at urltoken .\nblanford’s fox is classified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1), and listed under appendix ii of cites (4) .\ntrut, l. n. 1999. early canid domestication: the fox farm experiment. american scientist 87 (2). retrieved september 30, 2007 .\nrao, a. , l. archarjyo. 1971. histopathological changes in some of the organs in heart worm infection in an indian fox (vulpes bengalensis) .\nhoary foxes have a small skull, with reduced carnassials and broad molars. total body length is approximately 60 cm, with an average tail length of about 32 cm. adult body weights range from 2. 7 to 4 kg .\nare their main food source and is found in about 89. 5% of its feces. they feed on this termite year round. the other foods eaten by hoary foxes include rodents, fruit, grasshoppers, and dung beetles .\nthese mammals like to hunt at night and are nocturnal. this means that they sleep during the day. this can change, though, depending on where the fox pack lives. if they live in a place where they feel safe, a fox pack may hunt during the daytime, according to national parks and wildlife service of ireland .\nthe species is locally abundant in the central highland cerrado biome, but populations appear smaller than those of the sympatric crab - eating fox for which population estimates are similarly lacking .\nlima, w. , m. guimaraes, i. lemos. 1994. occurrence of angiostrongylus - vasorum in the lungs of the brazilian fox ,\ndusicyon vetulus\n.\nphysical features of hoary foxes suggest adaptation to its habitat. a food niche separation mechanism between this species and other wild canids in that region has probably caused the dietary shift in this species to termites, as well as their small muzzel and dentition .\nfoxes can identify each other' s voices, just like humans. the red fox has 28 different sounds they use to communicate. these vocalizations include yips, growls and howls .\nhoary foxes are small, with a short muzzle and small teeth. their fur is grayish in color, with a pale underbody and reddish ears and legs. there is a dark stripe running along the dorsal line and the tip tail. the exterior of the legs is yellow, and there is a black spot above the tail gland. the word\nhoary\nmeans having white or silvery color, which refers to the white hairs in the otherwise gray coat of these animals. the fur is short .\nhoary foxes live in tall grass steppes and in savanna interspersed with wooded\nislands\n, as well as upland mountain areas in open woodland and brushland. their habitat extends across the more open terrain of east - central brazil. they live near cerrado vegetation .\nblanford’s fox is usually found in semi - arid mountainous regions to an altitude of 2, 000 metres, where rocky slopes, canyons and cliffs are the preferred habitat (2) (5) (6). blanford' s fox also uses dry creek beds in some areas, where prey is often abundant (6). originally, blanford’s fox was thought to avoid hot lowlands, but they have been found near the dead sea (the lowest valley in the world) in israel, an area that reaches extreme summertime temperatures (2) .\niriarte j. a. , jimenez j. e. , contreras l. c. and jaksic f. m. 1989. small - mammal availability and consumption by the fox ,\nmost canids are covered with thick fur, which protects them in both heat and cold. in most species, the fur is a solid color, without spots or stripes. the fur of the arctic fox (alopex lagopus) and the corsac fox (vulpes corsac) changes color depending on the season. almost all canids have a long, fur - covered tail .\nfox hunting was a popular recreation sport in england since the 1500s. hunting foxes without the aid of dogs is still practiced in the united kingdom and several other countries including the united states .\nin general, canids are thought to be among the most intelligent animals. he red fox (vulpes vulpes) especially has a reputation in folklore of being\nclever\nand\nwily .\nmain characteristics hoary foxes have a body length of approximately 60 cms (23. 6 inches), a tail length of approximately 30 cms (11. 8 inches), and they weigh between 2. 7 and 4 kgs (6 - 8. 8 lbs) .\nred foxes have been introduced into australia and some other countries for hunting. as such, they have at times become invasive species. australia lacks carnivores similar to the red fox, and introduced foxes prey on native wildlife, some to the point of extinction. a similar introduction occurred in the 1600 - 1700s in america, where european reds (vulpes vulpes) were brought to the colonies for fox hunting, where they decimated the american red fox (vulpes veloxi) population through more aggressive hunting and breeding. interbreeding with american reds, european red' s traits eventually pervaded the gene pool, leaving european and american foxes now virtually identical .\nhabitat and diet pampas fox can be found in argentina, uruguay, paraguay and brazil. they prefer grasslands, forest and valleys. pampas foxes eat plants, rats, fruits, rabbits, frogs, lizards and birds\nvanak, a. 2005 .\ndistribution and status of the indian fox vulpes bengalensis in southern india\n( on - line pdf). canid news 8. 1. accessed december 01, 2006 at urltoken .\ntravaini, a. , j. juste, a. novaro, a. capurro. 2000. sexual dimorphism and sex identification in the south american culpeo fox ,\npseudalopex culpaeu\n, (carnivora: canidae) .\nmost fox species are not endangered, according to the international union for conservation of nature. the union' s red list of threatened species includes island gray foxes (near threatened), sechuran foxes (near threatened) and darwin’s fox (threatened). it is estimated that there are fewer than 2, 500 mature darwin' s foxes in their habitat in chile. domestic dog attacks and associated diseases are the main threats, the iucn said .\nfoxes are omnivores. this means that they eat meat and vegetation. a fox' s diet can consist of small animals, such as lizards, voles, rats, mice, rabbits and hares. they round out their diet with birds, fruits and bugs, according to the smithsonian. foxes that live near the ocean eat fish and crabs, as well. if they have trouble finding food, a fox will have no problem raiding trash cans to find scraps .\nmontgomery, g. g. & y. d. lubin. 1978. social structure and food habits of crab - eating fox (cerdocyon thous) in venezuelan llanos. acta cientifica venezolana 29: 382 - 383. [ links ]\nblanford’s fox is not considered to be globally threatened, and is fairly common in south - eastern israel and locally abundant in the united arab emirates (1). most of the area in which this species occurs in israel is protected, but there are concerns that political developments may change the status of the judaean desert (1). human development along the dead sea coasts may also pose a considerable threat to existing habitat, with similar concerns for the populations in the united arab emirates (1). blanford’s fox has been persecuted for its fur, although trade is negligible and thought to be confined to afghanistan (1). sadly, this inquisitive fox has no real fear of man, making it easy to trap .\ndelgado, v. c. a. 2002. food habits and habitat of the crab eating fox cerdocyon thous in the higlands of eastern antioquia, cordilheira central, colombia. mammalia 66 (4): 599 - 602. [ links ]\noccurs in a number of protected areas throughout its range. the species is currently listed as least concern on the brazilian red list (machado et al. 2005); it is classified as near threatened in the minas gerais state list. hunting and trade in wildlife is generally forbidden in brazil. there is no specific hunting legislation for hoary foxes. specimens in brazilian zoos at the time of writing include: brasilia (1); são paulo (1); ribeirão preto (1); belo horizonte (5); teresina (1). high mortality rates due to starvation amongst captive cubs are reported. there are no current plans to reintroduce hoary foxes into the wild. gaps in knowledge :\nlangguth, a. 1979. ecology and evolution in the south american canids, p. 193 - 206. in: m. w. fox (ed). the wild canids. new york, van nostrand reinhold, 508p. [ links ]\nblanford’s fox is present from the middle east eastwards to afghanistan. found in the countries of afghanistan, egypt (sinai), iran (islamic republic of), israel, jordan, oman, pakistan, saudi arabia, united arab emirates and yemen (1) .\nalthough lacking the bold colouring of the red fox (vulpes vulpes) with which it coexists, blanford’s fox is no less striking. the coat is soft and luxurious, usually being a rusty brown, with grey undercoat and streaked in black guard hairs, while the belly and throat are a light creamy white. a distinct black stripe runs from the nape of the neck down the centre of the back, and the tail is often tipped in black, or less frequently in white (3). this small fox has a short, slender snout, very large ears, a long, bushy tail, and has been described as having a cat - like appearance and demeanour (2) (3). the sharply pointed muzzle has a distinctive black stripe extending from the eyes to the top lip (3) .\nfox is the general term applied to any of small to medium - sized canids (mammalian family canidae) placed in the carnivora tribe vulpini, characterized by a dog - like appearance with a bushy tail, upright ears, pointed snout, and often relatively short legs. there are about 27 extant species of foxes spread over about 9 genera. the term fox also may be limited to those canids in the genus vulpes, the\ntrue foxes .\nalthough carnivores in the sense of being members of the carnivora order, foxes typically have an omnivorous diet .\nfacure, k. g. & e. l. a. monteiro - filho. 1996. feeding habits of the crab - eating fox cerdocyon thous (carnivora, canidae) in a suburban area of southeastern brazil. mammalia 60 (1): 147 - 149. [ links ]\nfox babies are called pups. during mating season, the female will cry out to let males know that she is ready. after mating, females will make a nest of leaves inside her burrow on which to have her pups. this special room in the burrow is called a nesting chamber .\nmotta - junior, j. c. ; j. a. lombardi & s. a. talamoni. 1994. notes on crab - eating fox (dusicyon thous): seed dispersal and food habits in southeastern brazil. mammalia 58 (1): 156 - 159. [ links ]\nhistorians believe foxes have been imported into non - native environments long before the colonial era. the first example of the introduction of the fox into a new habitat by humans seems to be neolithic cyprus. stone carvings representing foxes have been found in the early settlement of göbekli tepe in eastern turkey .\ncorley j. c. , fernandez g. j. , capurro a. f. , novarro a. j. , funes m. c. and travaini a. 1995. selection of cricetine prey by the culpeo fox in patagonia: a differential prey vulnerability hypothesis. mammalia 59: 315–325 .\nbrady, c. a. 1979. observations on the behavior and ecology of the crab - eating fox (cerdocyon thous), p. 161 - 167. in: j. f. eisenberg (ed). vertebrate ecology in the northern neotropics. washington, smithsonian institution press, 271p. [ links ]\nbueno, a. a. & j. c. motta - junior. 2004. food habits of two syntopic canids, the maned wolf (chrysocyon brachyurus) and the crab - eating fox (cerdocyon thous), in southeastern brazil. revista chilena de historia natural 77: 5 - 14. [ links ]\ngeffen, e. , hefner, r. and wright, p. (2004) blandford’s fox. in: sillero - zubiri, c. , hoffmann, m. and macdonald, d. w. (eds) canids: foxes, wolves, jackals and dogs: status survey and conservation action plan. iucn, gland .\nfoxes are usually monogamous. this means that they have only one mate for life. they also take on nannies to help with their pups. the nannies are female foxes that are not breeders. sometimes, one male fox will have several female mates. females that have the same male mate are known to live in the same den together .\npedó, e. ; a. c. tomazzoni; s. m. hartz & a. u. christoff. 2006. diet of crab eating fox, cerdocyon thous (linnaeus) (carnivora, canidae) in a suburban area of southern brazil. revista brasileira de zoologia 23 (3): 637 - 641. [ links ]\nthe bat - eared fox is a canid of the african savanna it is named after its huge ears. bat - eared foxes have tawny fur, their ears, legs and parts of the face are black. they are 55 cm in length (head and body), their ears are 13 cm long. it is the only species in the genus otocyon .\nmost foxes are around the same size as medium - sized dogs. since foxes are smaller mammals, they are also quite light. they can weigh as little as 1. 5 lbs. (680 grams) and as much as 24 lbs. (11 kg). the fennec fox is the smallest living fox and doesn' t get any bigger than a cat — about 9 inches (23 centimeters) and weighing 2. 2 to 3. 3 lbs. (1 to 1. 5 kilograms), according to national geographic. other species can grow to 34 inches (86 cm) from their head to their flanks. their tails can add an additional 12 to 22 inches (30 to 56 cm) to their length .\n, pseudalopex vetulus, is a species of fox endemic to brazil. it is a slender animal with a relatively short, pointed muzzle, and large ears. it inhabits, mainly, the brazilian cerrado ecosystem, although it can also be found in transitional habitats. it is an omnivorous animal but feeds, mainly, on termites, dung beetles, and other insects and small vertebrates\n). more research should be conducted in order to fully understand the role bengal foxes play in prey population cycles. current research is investigating the potential for disease transfer from free - ranging domesticated dogs in agricultural regions to bengal fox populations. at the rollapadu wildlife sanctuary, an outbreak of distemper was responsible for a five fold change in population density over 3 years. both asiatic wolves (\nas far as a decisive count of population estimates is concerned, there does not exist any conclusive data. speculations from experts say that their numbers could not go higher than that of the crab - eating foxes. here is one piece of interesting datum, breeding members have been discovered in deforested places. it could be argued then that deforestation might not hold a negative bearing on this kind of fox .\nfoxes are normally extremely wary of humans and are typically not kept as pets (with the exception of the fennec). however, the silver fox was successfully domesticated in russia after a 45 year selective breeding program. this selective breeding also resulted in physical traits appearing that are frequently seen in domestic cats, dogs, and other animals: pigmentation changes, floppy ears, and curly tails (trut 1999) .\npopulations, but population estimates are difficult to come by. several threats exist from human interactions with their environment. bengal foxes are susceptible to habitat loss and degradation, persecution, roadkills, and changes in native species dynamics due to pathogens or parasites. the indian wildlife protection act (1972 as amended up to 1991) prohibits hunting of all wildlife and lists the bengal fox in schedule ii. currently no active conservation efforts are in place .\ncourtenay, o. & l. maffei. 2004. crab eating fox, cerdocyon thous (linnaeus, 1766), p. 30 - 38. in: c. sillero - zubiri; m. hoffmann & d. w. macdonald (eds). canids: foxes, wolves, jackals and dogs. status survey and conservation action plan. cambridge, iucn / ssc canid specialist group, x + 430p. [ links ]\nthe teeth of the bat - eared fox are much smaller than teeth of other canid species. this is an adaptation to their insectivorous diet. 80% of the diet consist of insects bat - eared foxes visit termite hills, follow locust swarms or stay close to herds of zebras or antelopes in order to feed on the insects landing on their excrements. in addition to insects bat - eared foxes eat rodents, birds and eggs, and sometimes fruits .\nname: oto breed: bate eared fox gender: dog age: 4 years mate: none kits: none company: none oto is a stratizic fighter. he calculates befor is even attempts to even prasure a challange. he can be cold at times, only becouse his pack (of clan of misfit foxes) was a cold milatary like. he loves it when it down poors even if he dosnt smile about it. he loves meat and rarly bothers with little insects\ndue to their unusual teeth, bat - eared foxes were once considered as a distinct subfamily of canids (otocyoninae). however, according to more recent examinations they are closely related to the true foxes of the genus vulpes. other research places the genus as an outgroup which is not very closely related to foxes. the bat - eared fox is an old species, that was widely distributed in the pleistocene era. in that time it even lived in parts of west and south asia .\nfoxes usually live in forested areas, though they are also found in mountains, grasslands and deserts. they make their homes by digging burrows in the ground. these burrows, also called dens, provide a cool area to sleep, a good location to store food and a safe place to have their pups. burrows are dug - out tunnels that have rooms for the fox and its family to live in. the burrows also have several exits so that they can flee if a predator enters the burrow .\nbengal foxes are tame and generally not fearful of humans, making them vulnerable to hunting. in response to human presence, bengal fox populations alter their active periods from daytime to crepuscular and nocturnal habits. in mild temperatures and cloudy weather, daytime hunting also occurs. hunting is a solitary behavior in these foxes. the basic social unit is one breeding pair but larger aggregations may occur when grown pups remain in their natal area. female bengal foxes have been witnessed sharing dens during lactation and four adult foxes have been seen emerging from the same den .\nbengal foxes are medium sized foxes. they have elongated muzzles and small patches of black hair on the upper portion of the muzzle. the most prominent feature of bengal foxes is a large bushy tail accounting for up to 60% of their body length and possessing a distinct black tip. during normal movement, the tail is left trailing. when running the tail is carried horizontally. it is held vertically when these foxes make sudden turns. dorsal pelage varies seasonally and within populations but is generally hoary gray on the dorsum and paler ventrally. pelage on the ears is dark brown with a black margin. their ears are large for their size and are possible an adaptation to thermoregulation in their hot, arid habitats. dentition includes sharply pointed canines and and well developed molar teeth with a dental formula of 3 / 3 - 1 / 1 - 4 / 4 - 2 / 3 = 42 .\ncerdocyon originated in north america (xiaoming et al. 2004) and is currently considered monotypic. its single representative is the south american cerdocyon thous. the crab - eating fox, c. thous, is a medium - sized animal weighing between 3. 7 and 11 kg (langguth 1979, rocha et al. 2004) and presenting the most widespread geographical distribution among neotropical canids. it occurs in colombia, venezuela, french guiana, guyana, suriname, brazil, bolivia, paraguay, northern argentina, and uruguay (berta 1982, courtnay & maffei 2004, maffei & taber 2003). in brazil, this species can be found in the cerrado, pantanal, caatinga, atlantic rainforest, grasslands, and in some localities in amazonia (courtnay & maffei 2004) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nwozencraft, w. c. 2005. order carnivora. in: d. e. wilson and d. m. reeder (eds), mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. third edition, pp. 532 - 628. johns hopkins university press, baltimore .\nincluded in the genus lycalopex by wozencraft (2005), but here retained in pseudalopex .\nsillero - zubiri, c. & hoffmann, m. (canid red list authority )\njustification: listed as least concern as this brazilian endemic is relatively widespread and locally abundant in the central highland cerrado biome, and exhibits some adaptability to anthropogenic disturbance. there are at present no major known threats believed to be resulting in a significant range - wide decline .\noccurs in open cerrado habitats, but readily adapts to insect - rich livestock pastures and areas of agriculture (soybean, rice, corn, eucalyptus plantation). rarely observed in densely wooded cerrado, floodplains, dry or gallery forests .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\n, live in the neotropical region of the world. they are found in the minas gerais and the motto grosso regions in southwestern brazil .\n( eisenberg and redford, 1999; mcglynn and postanowicz, 2002; rylands, 1998; travaini, et al. , 2000 )\n, shows a positive, slight sexual dimorphism, with males being 5% larger than females. this is comparible to values reported for other foxes. although such dimorphism has not been reported for\nparental care in this species is not well documented. however, as is the case with most canids, the young are likely to be altricial. they are born in the den and remain there until they are able to venture out on their own. the mother undoubtedly provides her young with milk, grooming, and protection. although the role of the father has not been documented for this species, in many other foxes, pups are cared for by both males and females. because this species is monogamous, it is likely that the male plays some role in caring for the young .\nvaries seasonally. termites and small mammals make up the majority of their diet during the dry season, and other insects and fruit make up the majority during the wet season. the unique dental structure of this species allows these animals to eat small items. their reduced carnassials and broad molars are good for crunching up an insectivorous diet .\n. it should be noted, however, that these bats do not kill the animals upon which they feed, so it isn' t a predator in the traditional sense .\n( mcglynn and postanowicz, 2002; rylands, 1998; travaini, et al. , 2000 )\n( almeida, et al. , apr 2002; lima, et al. , 1994; mcdonald, 2001; mcglynn and postanowicz, 2002; nowak, 1999; rylands, 1998 )\nerik olson (author), university of wisconsin - stevens point, chris yahnke (editor), university of wisconsin - stevens point .\nliving in the southern part of the new world. in other words, central and south america .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching. in birds, naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\noffspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc .) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes) .\nthis terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains, either without vegetation or covered by low, tundra - like vegetation .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\na terrestrial biome. savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america, and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (> 23. 5° n or s latitude). vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\nalmeida, e. , e. moreira, l. naveda, g. herrmann. apr 2002. combat of\ndesmondus rotundus rotundus\n( e. geofroy, 1810) in the cordisburgo and curvelo carstic region, minas gerais, brazil .\nmacdonald, d. , o. courtenay. jun 1996. enduring social relationships in a population of crab - eating zorros ,\ncerdocyon thous\n, in amazonian brazil (carnivora, canidae) .\nwayne, r. , s. o' brien. 1987. allozyme divergance within the canidae .\nto cite this page: olson, e. 2004 .\nlycalopex vetulus\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\npapilio - for images of wildlife 155 station road herne bay kent ct6 5qa united kingdom tel: + 44 (0) 1227 360996 library @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken /\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nlisted as least concern as this brazilian endemic is relatively widespread and locally abundant in the central highland cerrado biome, and exhibits some adaptability to anthropogenic disturbance. there are at present no major known threats believed to be resulting in a significant range - wide decline .\nareas for further research include focusing on aspects of behavioural ecology, population status, geographical range, the potential role of disease in population regulation, and their status as potential reservoirs of veterinary (e. g. , scabies, distemper) and public health (e. g. , leishmaniasis, rabies) pathogens .\nthe canid specialist group is housed by wildcru at tubney house, oxford, uk. claudio sillero' s position at wildcru is funded by the born free foundation. copyright © by the iucn / ssc canid specialist group. all rights reserved. website developed by oxford web and designed by teresa fuertes .\nthis is a directory page. britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\ndog, (canis lupus familiaris), domestic mammal of the family canidae (order carnivora). it is a subspecies…\nanimal, (kingdom animalia), any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms (i. e. , as distinct from…\nhorse, (equus caballus), a hoofed, herbivorous mammal of the family equidae. it comprises a single species, …\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe foxes have been listed by the canid conservation assessment and management plan to be\nvulnerable\n.\nin brazil, the hunting for wildlife is outlawed, but it is a wonder that they have no concrete hunting laws to protect the pseudalopex vetulus .\nthey remain to be among the less - understood animals, and there are areas where more studies are warranted. these are on: population status (as mentioned), ecology, matters pertaining to diseases, veterinary matters, etc .\n: every once in a while, one would kill poultry, and thus, it is one reason why they are targetted by hunters .\na curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .\na curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .\nprojects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing, such as caloric restriction .\nsoftware for ageing research, including the ageing research computational tools (arct) perl toolkit .\na curated database of ageing and life history information in animals, including extensive longevity records .\nthe benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived, cancer - resistant naked mole - rat (heterocephalus glaber) .\na high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale (balaena mysticetus), the longest - lived mammal .\nanalyses using the anage database to study the evolution of longevity and ageing in vertebrate lineages .\na portal of ageing changes covering different biological levels, integrating molecular, physiological and pathological age - related data .\nthe whosage database contains people and biotech companies that are contributing to increase our understanding of ageing and life - extension .\n[ 0978 ] jones et al. (2009), pantheria: a species - level database of life history, ecology, and geography of extant and recently extinct mammals\n[ 0730 ] smith et al. (2003), body mass of late quaternary mammals\ncomments, suggestions, ideas, and bug reports are welcome. please contact us .\nit is a slender animal with a relatively short, pointed muzzle, and large ears. it inhabits, mainly, the brazilian cerrado ecosystem, although it can also be found in transitional habitats .\nhas short muzzle, small teeth, short coat, and dark stripes on the dorsal suface. the tail is black on the tip with a marked dark stripe along the dorsal line. the ears and outside part of the legs are reddish or tawny. the upper part of the body is grey, and the underside of the body is cream or\nweighs between 2. 7 and 4 kg, the tail length is 28 - 32 cm, and the body length is between 58 and 64 cm. these animals are active during the day .\nlives in some area in south america. they usually live in the area where there are open woodlands, bushlands, upland mountains and savannahs that are smooth or scattered with trees .\nthe females usually give birth to 2 - 4 pups. they mostly breed in the autumn .\nthe text in this page is based on the copyrighted wikipedia article shown in above url. it is used under the gnu free documentation license. you may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the gfdl .\nurltoken does not have the copyright for this image. this photograph or artwork is copyright by the photographer or the original artist. if you are to use this photograph, please contact the copyright owner or the poster .\ncopyleft © since 1995, animal pictures archive. all rights may be reserved .\nfoxes are omnivorous mammals that are light on their feet. they are often mistaken for other members of the canidae family, which include jackals, wolves and dogs. they stand out from their relatives because of their long, thin legs, lithe frame, pointed nose and bushy tail .\nthese animals are very social and live flexible lives. they are found all over the world — in north america, europe, asia and north africa — and call a wide range of terrains their home. they also eat a greatly varied diet." ]

{ "text": [ "the hoary fox ( lycalopex vetulus ) , also called raposinha-do-campo ( portuguese for \" meadow fox \" ) or the hoary zorro , is a species of zorro or \" false \" fox endemic to brazil .", "unlike many other foxes , it feeds primarily on small invertebrates such as insects . " ], "topic": [ 24, 8 ] }

[ "the hoary fox (lycalopex vetulus), also called raposinha-do-campo (portuguese for \" meadow fox \") or the hoary zorro, is a species of zorro or \" false \" fox endemic to brazil. unlike many other foxes, it feeds primarily on small invertebrates such as insects." ]

[ "odorrana (odorrana) swinhoana — fei, ye, huang, jiang, and xie, 2005, in fei et al. (eds .), illust. key chinese amph. : 130 .\nlue kuangyang, chou wenhao 2004. odorrana swinhoana. the iucn red list of threatened species 2004: e. t58727a11832441. urltoken\nodorrana (odorrana) taiwaniana — fei, ye, huang, jiang, and xie, 2005, in fei et al. (eds .), illust. key chinese amph. : 126 .\nodorrana swinhoana — fei, ye, and huang, 1990, key to chinese amph. : 149; ye, fei, and hu, 1993, rare and economic amph. china: 261 .\nhylorana swinhoana — deckert, 1938, sitzungsber. ges. naturforsch. freunde berlin, 1938: 144 .\nrana (hylorana) swinhoana — boulenger, 1920, rec. indian mus. , 20: 127 - 130 .\nrana narina swinhoana — wang and chan, 1977, q. j. taiwan mus. , 30: 330 .\nrana (hylarana) swinhoana — dubois, 1987\n1986\n, alytes, 5: 42, by implication .\nodorrana swinhoana — chen, murphy, lathrop, ngo, orlov, ho, and somorjai, 2005, herpetol. j. , 15: 239; che, pang, zhao, wu, zhao, and zhang, 2007, mol. phylogenet. evol. , 43: 1 - 13; by implication .\neburana swinhoana — fei, ye, and jiang, 2010, herpetol. sinica, 12: 36. see comment under ranidae .\nrana (eburana) swinhoana — dubois, 1992, bull. mens. soc. linn. lyon, 61: 328; matsui, 1994, zool. j. linn. soc. , 111: 385 - 415 .\nrana swinhoana boulenger, 1903, ann. mag. nat. hist. , ser. 7, 12: 556. syntypes: bmnh (2 specimens), by original designation. type locality :\nbangkimtsing [ = chihshan or wanluan ], formosa [ = taiwan ]\n, china .\nhuia swinhoana — frost, grant, faivovich, bain, haas, haddad, de sá, channing, wilkinson, donnellan, raxworthy, campbell, blotto, moler, drewes, nussbaum, lynch, green, and wheeler, 2006, bull. am. mus. nat. hist. , 297: 368 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nfrost, d. r. 2013. amphibian species of the world: an online reference. version 5. 6 (9 january 2013). electronic database. american museum of natural history, new york, usa. available at: urltoken .\nwe follow matsui (1994) in considering rana taiwaniana to be a synonym of this species .\njustification: listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is widely distributed in hilly areas below 2, 000m asl in taiwan, province of china .\nit inhabits hill streams in broadleaf forests, and breeds in small mountainous, shady creeks with quite a lot of rocks. egg masses are attached under rocks where stream water is present .\nagriculture and infrastructure development are threats to this species, but it is not seriously at risk .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nlisted as least concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda; use basic search (above) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl ...\nanywhere in a record: e. g. , hylarana, hyla, hylidae, hylinae, hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n... hyla\nanywhere in a record: e. g. , hyla, hylidae, plectrohyla, ptychadena hylaea, adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla: e. g. , hyla, hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e. g. , lithobates omiltemanus, hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record: e. g. , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nrana kosempensis werner, 1914\n1913\n, mitt. naturhist. mus. hamburg, 30: 48. syntypes: (4 specimens) in bmnh and nhmw 20841, according to häupl and tiedemann, 1978, kat. wiss. samml. naturhist. mus. wien, 2: 27, and häupl, tiedemann, and grillitsch, 1994, kat. wiss. samml. naturhist. mus. wien, 9: 32, also mcz 13247, according to barbour and loveridge, 1929, bull. mus. comp. zool. , 69: 328, zmh a00027 - 28 according to hallermann, 1998, mitt. hamburg. zool. mus. inst. , 95: 199. type locality :\nkosempo\n( = chiahsien), taiwan, china. synonymy by boulenger, 1920, rec. indian mus. , 20: 192; wang and chan, 1977, q. j. taiwan mus. , 30: 330 .\nrana taiwaniana otsu, 1973, q. j. taiwan mus. , 26: 114. holotype: mus. yamagata univ. , sect. zool. i—1, 206, by original designation. type locality :\nshanlin chiti of taiwan\n, north side of mt. ali, alt. 1600 m, taiwan, china. synonymy by lue and lai, 1990, amph. taiwan: xxx; matsui, 1994, zool. j. linn. soc. , 111: 385 - 415 (undiscussed); matsui, 2005, curr. herpetol. , kyoto, 24: 1 - 6 (who redescribed the holotype) .\namolops (amolops) taiwanianus — dubois, 1992, bull. mens. soc. linn. lyon, 61: 321 .\nrana taiwaniana — zhao and adler, 1993, herpetol. china: 150 .\nbangkimtsing frog (frank and ramus, 1995, compl. guide scient. common names amph. rept. world: 109) .\nbrown - backed odorous frog (fei, 1999, atlas amph. china: 200) .\nswinhoe' s brown frog (lue, tu, and hsiang, 1999, atlas taiwan amph. rept. : 86) .\ntaiwan sucker frog (rana taiwaniana [ no longer recognized ]: frank and ramus, 1995, compl. guide scient. common names amph. rept. world: 97) .\ntaiwan odorous frog (rana taiwaniana [ no longer recognized ]: fei, ye, and jiang, 2010, colored atlas of chinese amph. : 345) .\nplease note: these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history. we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to vertnet .\ncopyright © 1998 - 2018, darrel frost and the american museum of natural history. all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe’ve updated our privacy policy to give you more control over your information and support new european data protection laws. you can review the changes here .\nfrom 蛙蛙哇! songs of the frogs of taiwan vol​. ​1, released january 6, 2017\nsound artist and field recordist based in taiwan. sound designer for contemporary dance and film. audio documentaries\nproducer and electroacoustic music composer. works inspired by ethnography, amphibian conservation and marine biology. collaborates with communities and individuals in hakka and austronesian territories .\nif you like 蛙蛙哇! songs of the frogs of taiwan vol. 1, you may also like :\nsupported by 9 fans who also own “蛙蛙哇! songs of the frogs of taiwan vol. 1”\nnot only was this song a gem by al bowley, but it' s even better here .\nsupported by 4 fans who also own “蛙蛙哇! songs of the frogs of taiwan vol. 1”" ]

{ "text": [ "odorrana swinhoana is a species of frog in the ranidae family that is endemic to taiwan .", "they are to large-sized frogs with males 6 cm and females 12 cm in snout-vent length .", "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , and rivers .", "it is not considered threatened by the iucn . " ], "topic": [ 3, 0, 24, 17 ] }

[ "odorrana swinhoana is a species of frog in the ranidae family that is endemic to taiwan. they are to large-sized frogs with males 6 cm and females 12 cm in snout-vent length. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and rivers. it is not considered threatened by the iucn." ]

[ "dyschirius of america north of mexico: descriptions of new species with keys to species groups and species... y. bousquet. 1988. canadian entomologist, 120: 361 - 387 .\necology: moderately eurytopic and not restricted to riparian habitats nor dependent upon members of the staphylinid genus bledius as items of prey, which makes it unique among irish dyschirius. most records are for open, well - drained riparian habitats but it has also been taken on the seashore and on clayey pasture inland. occasionally recorded from peat on the drier parts of heather moors .\nmaintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort. therefore, we are forced to introduce a partially paid access. we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you, and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys, and more dynamic updates of the site .\nyour subscription will be activated when payment clears. view the status of your subscription in your account .\nthis project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide. contributions at any level help sustain our work. thank you for your support .\n© carabidae of the world, 2007 - 2018 © a team of authors, in in: anichtchenko a. et al. , (editors) 2007 - 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\namerican beetles, volume i: archostemata, myxophaga, adephaga, polyphaga: staphyliniformia arnett, r. h. , jr. , and m. c. thomas. (eds .). 2000. crc press llc, boca raton, fl .\ncatalogue of geadephaga (coleoptera, adephaga) of america, north of mexico bousquet y. 2012. zookeys 245: 1–1722 .\nground beetles and wrinkled bark beetles of south carolina janet ciegler. 2000. clemson university .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\ndescription: a small (2 - 3mm) shiny - black fossorial ground beetle found on most types of moist ground, particularly bare peat and mud .\nworld distribution: a eurasian wide - temperate species (65) found across the whole of europe to eastern siberia .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\nhaghebaert, g. (1989). coleoptera from marine habitats, in: wouters, k. ; baert, l. (ed .) (1989). proceedings of the symposium\ninvertebrates of belgium\n. pp. 301 - 308 (look up in imis) [ details ]\nmuller, y. (2004). faune et flore du littoral du nord, du pas - de - calais et de la belgique: inventaire. [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord, pas - de - calais and belgium: inventory ]. commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais: france. 307 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na treatise on the western hemisphere caraboidea (coleoptera): their classification, distributions, and ways of life, volume iii. carabidae - loxomeriformes, melaeniformes\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nchecklist of beetles of the british isles (andrew duff; http: / / www. coleopterist. org. uk), version 1 (recommended )\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference: j. f. w. herbst. 1784. kritisches verzeichniß meiner insektensammlung. archiv der insectengeschichte 5: 73 - 151\nsee also aalto et al. 1984, coope et al. 1961, herbst 1784 and keen et al. 1997" ]

{ "text": [ "dyschirius is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae , containing the following species : dyschirius abbreviatus putzeys , 1846 dyschirius abditus ( fedorenko , 1993 ) dyschirius addisabeba ( bulirsch , 2006 ) dyschirius aenea boheman , 1849 dyschirius aeneo boheman , 1849 dyschirius aeneolus leconte , 1850 dyschirius aeneus ( dejean , 1825 ) dyschirius affinis fall , 1901 dyschirius afghanus jedlicka , 1967 dyschirius agnatus motschulsky , 1844 dyschirius aida schatzmayr , 1936 dyschirius alajensis znojko , 1930 dyschirius alticola lindroth , 1961 dyschirius amazonicus fedorenko , 1991 dyschirius ambiguus fedorenko , 1994 dyschirius amphibolus j. muller , 1922 dyschirius amurensis fedorenko , 1991 dyschirius analis leconte , 1852 dyschirius angolensis ( fedorenko , 2000 ) dyschirius angustatus ( ahrens , 1830 ) dyschirius angusticollis putzeys , 1866 dyschirius apicalis putzeys , 1846 dyschirius apicius gistel , 1857 dyschirius aratus leconte , 1852 dyschirius arcanus bruneau de mire , 1952 dyschirius arcifer znojko , 1928 dyschirius armatus wollaston , 1864 dyschirius arnoldii gryuntal , 1984 dyschirius asper andrewes , 1929 dyschirius assegaaicus ( fedorenko , 2000 ) dyschirius auriculatus wollaston , 1867 dyschirius bacillus schaum , 1857 dyschirius baehri ( bulirsch , 2006 ) dyschirius baenningeri ( fedorenko , 2004 ) dyschirius baicalensis motschulsky , 1844 dyschirius bechynei kult , 1949 dyschirius becvari ( bulirsch , 2006 ) dyschirius beludscha tschitscherine , 1904 dyschirius benedikti bulirsch , 1995 dyschirius bengalensis andrewes , 1929 dyschirius bifrons andrewes , 1929 dyschirius binodosus putzeys , 1878 dyschirius bonellii putzeys , 1846 dyschirius bousqueti ( bulirsch , 2006 ) dyschirius braziliensis fedorenko , 1999 dyschirius breviphthalmus balkenohl & lompe , 2003 dyschirius brevispinus leconte , 1878 dyschirius bruchi ( kult , 1950 ) dyschirius bryanti ( kult , 1950 ) dyschirius buglanensis bulirsch , 1996 dyschirius campicola lindroth , 1961 dyschirius cariniceps baudi di selva , 1864 dyschirius carri bousquet , 1996 dyschirius cerberus larson , 1968 dyschirius chalceus erichson , 1837 dyschirius chalybeus putzeys , 1846 dyschirius championi andrewes , 1929 dyschirius changlingensis li , 1992 dyschirius cheloscelis bates , 1873 dyschirius chiricahuae dajoz , 2004 dyschirius clorinda bulirsch , 2009 dyschirius clypeatus putzeys , 1866 dyschirius comatus bousquet , 1988 dyschirius compactus lindroth , 1961 dyschirius consobrinus leconte , 1852 dyschirius constrictus andrewes , 1929 dyschirius contortus ( fedorenko , 1997 ) dyschirius crenulatus putzeys , 1866 dyschirius criddlei fall , 1925 dyschirius crinifer balkenohl , 1993 dyschirius curvispinus putzeys , 1846 dyschirius cylindricus ( dejean , 1825 ) dyschirius darlingtoni kult , 1950 dyschirius darwini ( kult , 1950 ) dyschirius dejeanii putzeys , 1846 dyschirius devroeyianus burgeon , 1935 dyschirius digitatus ( dejean , 1825 ) dyschirius dimidiatus chaudoir , 1846 dyschirius disjunctus andrewes , 1929 dyschirius dispar peringuey , 1896 dyschirius dostali ( bulirsch & fedorenko , 2007 ) dyschirius ecuadorensis ( bulirsch , 2006 ) dyschirius edentulus putzeys , 1846 dyschirius eduardinus burgeon , 1935 dyschirius erwini bulirsch , 2009 dyschirius erythrocerus leconte , 1857 dyschirius euphraticus putzeys , 1846 dyschirius euxinus znojko , 1927 dyschirius exaratus putzeys , 1866 dyschirius exochus whitehead , 1970 dyschirius extensus putzeys , 1846 dyschirius fabbrii ( bulirsch & magrini , 2006 ) dyschirius facchinii bulirsch , 2009 dyschirius fassatii kult , 1949 dyschirius fedorenkoi ( bulirsch , 2006 ) dyschirius ferganensis znojko , 1930 dyschirius ferrugineus bousquet , 1988 dyschirius fianarensis bulirsch , 2006 dyschirius filiformis leconte , 1857 dyschirius flavicornis peringuey , 1896 dyschirius fleischeri sainte-claire deville , 1904 dyschirius fossifrons putzeys , 1866 dyschirius franzi kult , 1954 dyschirius freyi jedlicka , 1958 dyschirius fulgidus motschulsky , 1850 dyschirius fulvipes ( dejean , 1825 ) dyschirius fulvus ( fedorenko , 2000 ) dyschirius fusus putzeys , 1878 dyschirius genieri bulirsch , 2009 dyschirius gerardi burgeon , 1935 dyschirius gibbipennis leconte , 1857 dyschirius girardi kult , 1949 dyschirius globosus herbst , 1784 dyschirius globulosus ( say , 1823 ) dyschirius gracilis ( heer , 1837 ) dyschirius guatemalenus bates , 1881 dyschirius haemorrhoidalis ( dejean , 1831 ) dyschirius hajeki bulirsch , 2009 dyschirius hassei kult , 1954 dyschirius heydeni a. fleischer , 1899 dyschirius himalaicus ( fedorenko , 1997 ) dyschirius hingstoni andrewes , 1929 dyschirius hiogoensis bates , 1873 dyschirius hipponensis pic , 1894 dyschirius hoberlandti kult , 1954 dyschirius humeratus chaudoir , 1850 dyschirius humiolcus chaudoir , 1850 dyschirius importunus schaum , 1857 dyschirius impressifrons fedorenko , 1993 dyschirius impunctipennis dawson , 1854 dyschirius integer leconte , 1852 dyschirius interior fall , 1922 dyschirius intermedius putzeys , 1846 dyschirius intricatus ( fedorenko , 2000 ) dyschirius jedlickai kult , 1940 dyschirius jelineki bulirsch , 2009 dyschirius jindrai fedorenko , 2004 dyschirius jordanicus fedorenko , 1996 dyschirius kabakovi ( fedorenko , 1996 ) dyschirius kadleci bulirsch , 2009 dyschirius kaliki kult , 1949 dyschirius katanganus burgeon , 1935 dyschirius kirghizicus fedorenko , 1994 dyschirius kryzhanovskii gryuntal , 1984 dyschirius lacustris andrewes , 1929 dyschirius laevifasciatus g.horn , 1878 dyschirius laeviusculus putzeys , 1846 dyschirius lambertoni vuillet , 1910 dyschirius larochellei bousquet , 1988 dyschirius latipennis seidlitz , 1867 dyschirius lgockii a. fleischer , 1912 dyschirius limpopo ( fedorenko , 2000 ) dyschirius longicollis motschulsky , 1844 dyschirius longipennis putzeys , 1866 dyschirius longulus leconte , 1850 dyschirius luticola chaudoir , 1850 dyschirius luzonicus kult , 1949 dyschirius macroderus chaudoir , 1850 dyschirius mafuga ( bulirsch , 2006 ) dyschirius mahratta andrewes , 1929 dyschirius malawicus ( bulirsch , 2006 ) dyschirius marani kult , 1949 dyschirius matisi lafer , 1989 dyschirius melancholicus putzeys , 1866 dyschirius mesopotamicus j. muller , 1922 dyschirius microthorax motschulsky , 1844 dyschirius milloti jeannel , 1949 dyschirius minarum putzeys , 1866 dyschirius minutus ( dejean , 1825 ) dyschirius montanus leconte , 1879 dyschirius moraveci ( bulirsch , 2006 ) dyschirius morio putzeys , 1866 dyschirius mortchaensis bruneau de mire , 1952 dyschirius natalensis ( fedorenko , 1997 ) dyschirius neoteutonus fedorenko , 1991 dyschirius neresheimeri wagner , 1915 dyschirius nianus fedorenko , 1993 dyschirius nigricornis motschulsky , 1844 dyschirius nitens putzeys , 1878 dyschirius nitidus ( dejean , 1825 ) dyschirius numidicus putzeys , 1846 dyschirius obscurus ( gyllenhal , 1827 ) dyschirius ogloblini ( kult , 1950 ) dyschirius opistholius alluaud , 1936 dyschirius ordinatus bates , 1873 dyschirius orientalis putzeys , 1866 dyschirius owen dajoz , 2004 dyschirius pacificus lindroth , 1961 dyschirius paleki kult , 1949 dyschirius pallipennis ( say , 1823 ) dyschirius pampicola ( putzeys , 1866 ) dyschirius parallelus motschulsky , 1844 dyschirius parvulus peringuey , 1896 dyschirius patruelis leconte , 1852 dyschirius paucipunctus andrewes , 1929 dyschirius pauxillus wollaston , 1864 dyschirius peringueyi kult , 1954 dyschirius persicus fedorenko , 1994 dyschirius peruanus fedorenko , 1991 dyschirius perversus fall , 1922 dyschirius peyrierasi basilewsky , 1976 dyschirius pfefferi kult , 1949 dyschirius pilosus leconte , 1857 dyschirius planatus lindroth , 1961 dyschirius planiusculus putzeys , 1866 dyschirius politus ( dejean , 1825 ) dyschirius pumilus ( dejean , 1825 ) dyschirius punctatus ( dejean , 1825 ) dyschirius pusillus ( dejean , 1825 ) dyschirius quadrimaculatus lindroth , 1961 dyschirius recurvus putzeys , 1866 dyschirius reitteri kult , 1949 dyschirius roubali maran , 1938 dyschirius rufimanus a. fleischer , 1898 dyschirius rufipes ( dejean , 1825 ) dyschirius rugifer putzeys , 1878 dyschirius ruthmuellerae bulirsch , 2009 dyschirius sabahensis bulirsch , 2009 dyschirius salinus schaum , 1843 dyschirius salivagans leconte , 1875 dyschirius saudiarabicus balkenohl , 1994 dyschirius scriptifrons a. fleischer , 1898 dyschirius sculptus bousquet , 1988 dyschirius sellatus leconte , 1857 dyschirius semistriatus ( dejean , 1825 ) dyschirius senegalensis bruneau de mire , 1952 dyschirius setosus leconte , 1857 dyschirius sevanensis iablokoff-khnzorian , 1962 dyschirius sextoni bousquet , 1987 dyschirius shaumii putzeys , 1866 dyschirius similatus betta , 1847 dyschirius sjoestedti g.muller , 1935 dyschirius smyrnensis ( fedorenko , 1996 ) dyschirius soda dajoz , 2004 dyschirius sonamargensis balkenohl , 1994 dyschirius speculifer andrewes , 1929 dyschirius sphaericollis ( say , 1823 ) dyschirius sphaerulifer bates , 1873 dyschirius stellula andrewes , 1936 dyschirius steno bates , 1873 dyschirius stenoderus putzeys , 1873 dyschirius strumosus erichson , 1837 dyschirius subarcticus lindroth , 1961 dyschirius subcylindricus motschulsky , 1849 dyschirius sublaevis putzeys , 1846 dyschirius substriatus ( duftschmid , 1812 ) dyschirius syriacus putzeys , 1866 dyschirius szeli bulirsch , 2006 dyschirius tamil andrewes , 1929 dyschirius tardipes gistel , 1857 dyschirius tenuescens andrewes , 1929 dyschirius tenuispinus lindroth , 1961 dyschirius terminatus leconte , 1848 dyschirius thailandicus ( fedorenko , 1996 ) dyschirius thoracicus ( p.rossi , 1790 ) dyschirius timidus lindroth , 1961 dyschirius tricuspis andrewes , 1929 dyschirius tridentatus leconte , 1852 dyschirius tristis stephens , 1827 dyschirius truncatus leconte , 1857 dyschirius unipunctatus fall , 1901 dyschirius ussuriensis ( fedorenko , 1991 ) dyschirius vadoni jeannel , 1946 dyschirius vanhillei basilewsky , 1962 dyschirius varidens fall , 1910 dyschirius verticalis putzeys , 1878 dyschirius vietnamicus ( fedorenko , 2000 ) dyschirius wayah dajoz , 2005 dyschirius weyrauchi kult , 1950 dyschirius yezoensis bates , 1883 dyschirius zambesiensis ( fedorenko , 2000 ) dyschirius zanzibaricus chaudoir , 1878 dyschirius zimini znojko , 1928" ], "topic": [ 18 ] }

[ "dyschirius is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae, containing the following species: dyschirius abbreviatus putzeys, 1846 dyschirius abditus (fedorenko, 1993) dyschirius addisabeba (bulirsch, 2006) dyschirius aenea boheman, 1849 dyschirius aeneo boheman, 1849 dyschirius aeneolus leconte, 1850 dyschirius aeneus (dejean, 1825) dyschirius affinis fall, 1901 dyschirius afghanus jedlicka, 1967 dyschirius agnatus motschulsky, 1844 dyschirius aida schatzmayr, 1936 dyschirius alajensis znojko, 1930 dyschirius alticola lindroth, 1961 dyschirius amazonicus fedorenko, 1991 dyschirius ambiguus fedorenko, 1994 dyschirius amphibolus j. muller, 1922 dyschirius amurensis fedorenko, 1991 dyschirius analis leconte, 1852 dyschirius angolensis (fedorenko, 2000) dyschirius angustatus (ahrens, 1830) dyschirius angusticollis putzeys, 1866 dyschirius apicalis putzeys, 1846 dyschirius apicius gistel, 1857 dyschirius aratus leconte, 1852 dyschirius arcanus bruneau de mire, 1952 dyschirius arcifer znojko, 1928 dyschirius armatus wollaston, 1864 dyschirius arnoldii gryuntal, 1984 dyschirius asper andrewes, 1929 dyschirius assegaaicus (fedorenko, 2000) dyschirius auriculatus wollaston, 1867 dyschirius bacillus schaum, 1857 dyschirius baehri (bulirsch, 2006) dyschirius baenningeri (fedorenko, 2004) dyschirius baicalensis motschulsky, 1844 dyschirius bechynei kult, 1949 dyschirius becvari (bulirsch, 2006) dyschirius beludscha tschitscherine, 1904 dyschirius benedikti bulirsch, 1995 dyschirius bengalensis andrewes, 1929 dyschirius bifrons andrewes, 1929 dyschirius binodosus putzeys, 1878 dyschirius bonellii putzeys, 1846 dyschirius bousqueti (bulirsch, 2006) dyschirius braziliensis fedorenko, 1999 dyschirius breviphthalmus balkenohl & lompe, 2003 dyschirius brevispinus leconte, 1878 dyschirius bruchi (kult, 1950) dyschirius bryanti (kult, 1950) dyschirius buglanensis bulirsch, 1996 dyschirius campicola lindroth, 1961 dyschirius cariniceps baudi di selva, 1864 dyschirius carri bousquet, 1996 dyschirius cerberus larson, 1968 dyschirius chalceus erichson, 1837 dyschirius chalybeus putzeys, 1846 dyschirius championi andrewes, 1929 dyschirius changlingensis li, 1992 dyschirius cheloscelis bates, 1873 dyschirius chiricahuae dajoz, 2004 dyschirius clorinda bulirsch, 2009 dyschirius clypeatus putzeys, 1866 dyschirius comatus bousquet, 1988 dyschirius compactus lindroth, 1961 dyschirius consobrinus leconte, 1852 dyschirius constrictus andrewes, 1929 dyschirius contortus (fedorenko, 1997) dyschirius crenulatus putzeys, 1866 dyschirius criddlei fall, 1925 dyschirius crinifer balkenohl, 1993 dyschirius curvispinus putzeys, 1846 dyschirius cylindricus (dejean, 1825) dyschirius darlingtoni kult, 1950 dyschirius darwini (kult, 1950) dyschirius dejeanii putzeys, 1846 dyschirius devroeyianus burgeon, 1935 dyschirius digitatus (dejean, 1825) dyschirius dimidiatus chaudoir, 1846 dyschirius disjunctus andrewes, 1929 dyschirius dispar peringuey, 1896 dyschirius dostali (bulirsch & fedorenko, 2007) dyschirius ecuadorensis (bulirsch, 2006) dyschirius edentulus putzeys, 1846 dyschirius eduardinus burgeon, 1935 dyschirius erwini bulirsch, 2009 dyschirius erythrocerus leconte, 1857 dyschirius euphraticus putzeys, 1846 dyschirius euxinus znojko, 1927 dyschirius exaratus putzeys, 1866 dyschirius exochus whitehead, 1970 dyschirius extensus putzeys, 1846 dyschirius fabbrii (bulirsch & magrini, 2006) dyschirius facchinii bulirsch, 2009 dyschirius fassatii kult, 1949 dyschirius fedorenkoi (bulirsch, 2006) dyschirius ferganensis znojko, 1930 dyschirius ferrugineus bousquet, 1988 dyschirius fianarensis bulirsch, 2006 dyschirius filiformis leconte, 1857 dyschirius flavicornis peringuey, 1896 dyschirius fleischeri sainte-claire deville, 1904 dyschirius fossifrons putzeys, 1866 dyschirius franzi kult, 1954 dyschirius freyi jedlicka, 1958 dyschirius fulgidus motschulsky, 1850 dyschirius fulvipes (dejean, 1825) dyschirius fulvus (fedorenko, 2000) dyschirius fusus putzeys, 1878 dyschirius genieri bulirsch, 2009 dyschirius gerardi burgeon, 1935 dyschirius gibbipennis leconte, 1857 dyschirius girardi kult, 1949 dyschirius globosus herbst, 1784 dyschirius globulosus (say, 1823) dyschirius gracilis (heer, 1837) dyschirius guatemalenus bates, 1881 dyschirius haemorrhoidalis (dejean, 1831) dyschirius hajeki bulirsch, 2009 dyschirius hassei kult, 1954 dyschirius heydeni a. fleischer, 1899 dyschirius himalaicus (fedorenko, 1997) dyschirius hingstoni andrewes, 1929 dyschirius hiogoensis bates, 1873 dyschirius hipponensis pic, 1894 dyschirius hoberlandti kult, 1954 dyschirius humeratus chaudoir, 1850 dyschirius humiolcus chaudoir, 1850 dyschirius importunus schaum, 1857 dyschirius impressifrons fedorenko, 1993 dyschirius impunctipennis dawson, 1854 dyschirius integer leconte, 1852 dyschirius interior fall, 1922 dyschirius intermedius putzeys, 1846 dyschirius intricatus (fedorenko, 2000) dyschirius jedlickai kult, 1940 dyschirius jelineki bulirsch, 2009 dyschirius jindrai fedorenko, 2004 dyschirius jordanicus fedorenko, 1996 dyschirius kabakovi (fedorenko, 1996) dyschirius kadleci bulirsch, 2009 dyschirius kaliki kult, 1949 dyschirius katanganus burgeon, 1935 dyschirius kirghizicus fedorenko, 1994 dyschirius kryzhanovskii gryuntal, 1984 dyschirius lacustris andrewes, 1929 dyschirius laevifasciatus g.horn, 1878 dyschirius laeviusculus putzeys, 1846 dyschirius lambertoni vuillet, 1910 dyschirius larochellei bousquet, 1988 dyschirius latipennis seidlitz, 1867 dyschirius lgockii a. fleischer, 1912 dyschirius limpopo (fedorenko, 2000) dyschirius longicollis motschulsky, 1844 dyschirius longipennis putzeys, 1866 dyschirius longulus leconte, 1850 dyschirius luticola chaudoir, 1850 dyschirius luzonicus kult, 1949 dyschirius macroderus chaudoir, 1850 dyschirius mafuga (bulirsch, 2006) dyschirius mahratta andrewes, 1929 dyschirius malawicus (bulirsch, 2006) dyschirius marani kult, 1949 dyschirius matisi lafer, 1989 dyschirius melancholicus putzeys, 1866 dyschirius mesopotamicus j. muller, 1922 dyschirius microthorax motschulsky, 1844 dyschirius milloti jeannel, 1949 dyschirius minarum putzeys, 1866 dyschirius minutus (dejean, 1825) dyschirius montanus leconte, 1879 dyschirius moraveci (bulirsch, 2006) dyschirius morio putzeys, 1866 dyschirius mortchaensis bruneau de mire, 1952 dyschirius natalensis (fedorenko, 1997) dyschirius neoteutonus fedorenko, 1991 dyschirius neresheimeri wagner, 1915 dyschirius nianus fedorenko, 1993 dyschirius nigricornis motschulsky, 1844 dyschirius nitens putzeys, 1878 dyschirius nitidus (dejean, 1825) dyschirius numidicus putzeys, 1846 dyschirius obscurus (gyllenhal, 1827) dyschirius ogloblini (kult, 1950) dyschirius opistholius alluaud, 1936 dyschirius ordinatus bates, 1873 dyschirius orientalis putzeys, 1866 dyschirius owen dajoz, 2004 dyschirius pacificus lindroth, 1961 dyschirius paleki kult, 1949 dyschirius pallipennis (say, 1823) dyschirius pampicola (putzeys, 1866) dyschirius parallelus motschulsky, 1844 dyschirius parvulus peringuey, 1896 dyschirius patruelis leconte, 1852 dyschirius paucipunctus andrewes, 1929 dyschirius pauxillus wollaston, 1864 dyschirius peringueyi kult, 1954 dyschirius persicus fedorenko, 1994 dyschirius peruanus fedorenko, 1991 dyschirius perversus fall, 1922 dyschirius peyrierasi basilewsky, 1976 dyschirius pfefferi kult, 1949 dyschirius pilosus leconte, 1857 dyschirius planatus lindroth, 1961 dyschirius planiusculus putzeys, 1866 dyschirius politus (dejean, 1825) dyschirius pumilus (dejean, 1825) dyschirius punctatus (dejean, 1825) dyschirius pusillus (dejean, 1825) dyschirius quadrimaculatus lindroth, 1961 dyschirius recurvus putzeys, 1866 dyschirius reitteri kult, 1949 dyschirius roubali maran, 1938 dyschirius rufimanus a. fleischer, 1898 dyschirius rufipes (dejean, 1825) dyschirius rugifer putzeys, 1878 dyschirius ruthmuellerae bulirsch, 2009 dyschirius sabahensis bulirsch, 2009 dyschirius salinus schaum, 1843 dyschirius salivagans leconte, 1875 dyschirius saudiarabicus balkenohl, 1994 dyschirius scriptifrons a. fleischer, 1898 dyschirius sculptus bousquet, 1988 dyschirius sellatus leconte, 1857 dyschirius semistriatus (dejean, 1825) dyschirius senegalensis bruneau de mire, 1952 dyschirius setosus leconte, 1857 dyschirius sevanensis iablokoff-khnzorian, 1962 dyschirius sextoni bousquet, 1987 dyschirius shaumii putzeys, 1866 dyschirius similatus betta, 1847 dyschirius sjoestedti g.muller, 1935 dyschirius smyrnensis (fedorenko, 1996) dyschirius soda dajoz, 2004 dyschirius sonamargensis balkenohl, 1994 dyschirius speculifer andrewes, 1929 dyschirius sphaericollis (say, 1823) dyschirius sphaerulifer bates, 1873 dyschirius stellula andrewes, 1936 dyschirius steno bates, 1873 dyschirius stenoderus putzeys, 1873 dyschirius strumosus erichson, 1837 dyschirius subarcticus lindroth, 1961 dyschirius subcylindricus motschulsky, 1849 dyschirius sublaevis putzeys, 1846 dyschirius substriatus (duftschmid, 1812) dyschirius syriacus putzeys, 1866 dyschirius szeli bulirsch, 2006 dyschirius tamil andrewes, 1929 dyschirius tardipes gistel, 1857 dyschirius tenuescens andrewes, 1929 dyschirius tenuispinus lindroth, 1961 dyschirius terminatus leconte, 1848 dyschirius thailandicus (fedorenko, 1996) dyschirius thoracicus (p.rossi, 1790) dyschirius timidus lindroth, 1961 dyschirius tricuspis andrewes, 1929 dyschirius tridentatus leconte, 1852 dyschirius tristis stephens, 1827 dyschirius truncatus leconte, 1857 dyschirius unipunctatus fall, 1901 dyschirius ussuriensis (fedorenko, 1991) dyschirius vadoni jeannel, 1946 dyschirius vanhillei basilewsky, 1962 dyschirius varidens fall, 1910 dyschirius verticalis putzeys, 1878 dyschirius vietnamicus (fedorenko, 2000) dyschirius wayah dajoz, 2005 dyschirius weyrauchi kult, 1950 dyschirius yezoensis bates, 1883 dyschirius zambesiensis (fedorenko, 2000) dyschirius zanzibaricus chaudoir, 1878 dyschirius zimini znojko, 1928" ]

[ "mastigodiaptomus is considered a neotropical genus and the species with the widest distribution are mastigodiaptomus albuquerquensis (south of usa and north of mexico), mastigodiaptomus patzcuarensis, mastigodiaptomus montezumae (central mexico), mastigodiaptomus nesus (caribbean and south eastern mexico), and mastigodiaptomus texensis (texas and south eastern mexico), whereas the species that are assumed to have restricted distribution or endemics are mastigodiaptomus reidae, mastigodiaptomus maya, mastigodiaptomus purpureus, mastigodiaptomus amatitlanensis, mastigodiaptomus suarezmoralesi (see gutiérrez - aguirre and cervantes - martínez 2013) and, probably, mastigodiaptomus cuneatus sp. n .\nwhereas the distal margins of prosomites are pilose in females and males of mastigodiaptomus patzcuarensis, these structures are nude in mastigodiaptomus cuneatus sp. n and they have tiny spinules on lateral margins in mastigodiaptomus albuquerquensis. the right exp2 bearing one curved hyaline membrane and the aculeus is 2 - 3 times longer than the segment’s width in mastigodiaptomus albuquerquensis and mastigodiaptomus patzcuarensis; this exp2 is nude with the aculeus shorter or as long as the segment’s width in mastigodiaptomus cuneatus sp. n. there are no protrusions on the urosomites of males or females of mastigodiaptomus albuquerquensis or mastigodiaptomus patzcuarensis, but such structures do occur in mastigodiaptomus cuneatus sp. n .\nmaxilliped (not figured): same structure as described and illustrated for mastigodiaptomus albuquerquensis and mastigodiaptomus patzcuarensis (see gutiérrez - aguirre et al. 2014) .\nmorphological and genetic differences were found when mastigodiaptomus cuneatus sp. n. was compared with the ten known mastigodiaptomus species, particularly in the female and male urosomes, the male right antennule and fifth legs, and in the coi gene sequence. this report increases the number of recognized species of mastigodiaptomus to eleven. mastigodiaptomus cuneatus sp. n. appears to be part of the mastigodiaptomus albuquerquensis complex .\nthe males of these species show more morphological differences in the fifth leg: the caudal surface of the right basis is bulbose with the oblique, medial, angulose and curved cuticular process in mastigodiaptomus cuneatus sp. n. in comparison to the rectangular basis with a transversal, distal, cuneiform lamella in mastigodiaptomus amatitlanensis. in addition, the distal margins of the left and right endopods bear short setules in mastigodiaptomus cuneatus sp. n. whereas in mastigodiaptomus amatitlanensis these distal margins bear one slender seta. the aculeus on the right exp2 is clearly straight in mastigodiaptomus cuneatus sp. n. but short, distal and curved in mastigodiaptomus amatitlanensis. the exp2 is smooth in mastigodiaptomus cuneatus sp. n. but in mastigodiaptomus amatitlanensis an oblique ridge on the caudal surface is present. finally, we assume that the wedge on the right caudal ramus present in mastigodiaptomus cuneatus sp. n. is absent in mastigodiaptomus amatitlanensis because there is no mention of a similar feature in wilson (1941) or wilson and yeatman (1959) .\nan example of how barcodes can clarify cryptic species: the case of the calanoid copepod mastigodiaptomus albuquerquensis (herrick) .\nsetation formula of the swimming legs in mastigodiaptomus cuneatus sp. n. (spine in roman numerals, seta in arabic numerals) .\ndiversity of freshwater copepods (maxillopoda: copepoda: calanoida, cyclopoida) from chiapas, mexico with a description of mastigodiaptomus suarezmoralesi sp. nov .\n( of mastigodiaptomus albuquerquensis patzcuarensis (kiefer, 1938) ) walter, chad. the world of copepods. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmastigodiaptomus cuneatus sp. n. is assigned to the genus mastigodiaptomus because it fulfils all the morphological generic criteria as given in dussart and defaye (1995), especially the left and right antennules of females and males and the ornamentation of coxa, basis and the endopodal or exopodal lengths of the fifth legs .\ndescriptive section order calanoida g. o. sars, 1903 family diaptomidae g. o. sars, 1903 subfamily diaptominae kiefer, 1932 genus mastigodiaptomus light, 1939\nthe nucleotide sequence (607 bp) obtained for specimen maga - 0156 (one adult male), identified as mastigodiaptomus cuneatus sp. n. is shown below :\nmastigodiaptomus cuneatus sp. n. adult female, holotype. a enp1 and enp2 of antenna b mandible c maxillule, coxal endite and praecoxal arthrite separated d maxilla. scale bar: 50 µm .\nmastigodiaptomus cuneatus sp. n. (from northern mexico) appeared to be morphologically close to mastigodiaptomus amatitlanensis (from lago amatitlán, guatemala). similarities between these species in females include the presence of one protrusion on the second urosomite and the bulbose lateral margins of genital double - somite. the similarities in males are the short aculeus and the lack of hyaline membrane on the right exp2 of the fifth leg .\nmastigodiaptomus patzcuarensis (kiefer, 1938), stat. n. urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 0ae248ee - 16fb - 4359 - 92b9 - 6fb3dd7477f7 (figs. 7, 8) .\nresults related with the coi gene suggested that mastigodiaptomus cuneatus sp. n. is genetically closest to mastigodiaptomus albuquerquensis s. str. and the species recorded in mexico with one sclerotization (similar to the half wing of a butterfly) on the right basis of fifth leg of males such as mastigodiaptomus patzcuarensis. as previously discussed (see gutiérrez - aguirre et al. 2014), this particular sclerotization should not be used as a specific character because actually, it is shared by at least three different species. therefore, in addition to the genetic distance and the sequences of the coi gene, some morphological features are suggested to separate them .\nthe goal of the present work was to analyze in detail the morphology of the groups highlighted by the barcodes within mastigodiaptomus albuquerquensis to ascertain the true status of this species complex and to define the taxonomic status of the surveyed populations .\nmorphological analysis. the cephalic appendages, swimming legs and urosome of mastigodiaptomus cuneatus sp. n. were examined using light microscopy and illustrated with the aid of a camera lucida. the specimens were dissected and appendages were mounted in glycerine .\nhowever, mastigodiaptomus cuneatus sp. n. can be separated from mastigodiaptomus amatitlanensis by the following features: the dorsal projection on the last pediger absent vs. present; the genital double - somite with vs. without a protrusion on the distal right side; on the genital double - somite, the right spine located at a higher level than the left spine vs. both left and right spines placed at same level; and the endopod of fifth leg long and 2 - segmented vs. short and 1 - segmented .\n( of mastigodiaptomus albuquerquensis patzcuarensis (kiefer, 1938) ) dussart, b. h. & d. defaye. (2002). world directory of crustacea copepoda of inland waters. i - calaniformes. backhuys publishers, leiden: 1 - 276. [ details ]\ncitation: gutiérrez - aguirre ma, cervantes - martínez a, elías - gutiérrez m (2014) an example of how barcodes can clarify cryptic species: the case of the calanoid copepod mastigodiaptomus albuquerquensis (herrick). plos one 9 (1): e85019. urltoken\ngutiérrez - aguirre ma, cervantes - martínez a (2016) a new species of mastigodiaptomus light, 1939 from mexico, with notes of species diversity of the genus (copepoda, calanoida, diaptomidae). zookeys 637: 61–79. doi: 10. 3897 / zookeys. 637. 10276\nthe freshwater calanoid mastigodiaptomus is a genus with high richness in the americas and is composed of nine species, seven recorded in mexico and four that are apparently endemic to small areas. mastigodiaptomus albuquerquensis is a common, widely distributed species ranging from the southern usa to central america. this species can be easily identified by a notable butterfly - like sclerotization on the basis of the right fifth leg of males. nevertheless, morphological differences observed among populations throughout this species distributional range have led to the description of several related species or subspecies, such as m. albuquerquensis patzcuarensis from lake pátzcuaro in the central plateau of mexico .\nmastigodiaptomus cuneatus sp. n. adult male, allotype. a right furcal ramus, semi - lateral b right furcal ramus, ventral c fifth leg, frontal d fifth leg, caudal e fifth leg, right basis, caudal f fifth leg, left exp1 and exp2. scale bars: 50 µm .\na new species of the genus mastigodiaptomus light, 1939, named mastigodiaptomus cuneatus sp. n. was found in a freshwater system in the city of mazatlán, in the northern region of mexico. morphologically, the females of this new species are distinguishable from those of its congeners by the following combination of features: the right distal corner of the genital double - somite and second urosomite have a wedge - shaped projection, the fourth urosomite has no dorsal projection and its integument is smooth. the males are distinct by the following features: the right caudal ramus has a wedge - shaped structure at the disto - ventral inner corner; the basis of the right fifth leg has one triangular and one rounded projection at the distal and proximal margins, respectively, plus one hyaline membrane on the caudal surface close to the inner margin; the aculeus length is almost the width of the right second exopod (exp2); and the frontal and caudal surfaces of the right exp2 are smooth. furthermore, the analysis of the coi gene of mastigodiaptomus cuneatus sp. n. has revealed that mastigodiaptomus albuquerquensis (herrick, 1895) is its nearest congener, with 18. 64% of genetic distance. a key for the identification of the known species of the genus is provided .\nmastigodiaptomus cuneatus sp. n. adult female, holotype (a, b, d) and adult male, allotype (c) a habitus, dorsal b habitus, lateral c habitus, dorsal d fifth pediger and urosome, dorsal. scale bars: 500 µm (a–c); 50 µm (d) .\nmastigodiaptomus is a freshwater calanoid genus with nine species in the americas, four of them (m. montezumae, m. reidae, m. maya, and m. suarezmoralesi) are apparently endemic to mexico, one is found in guatemala (m. amatitlanensis) and one (m. purpureus) is from cuba [ 1 ], [ 2 ]. in contrast, mastigodiaptomus albuquerquensis (herrick, 1895) is a common and widely distributed species, ranging from the southern usa to central america [ 1 ]. in mexico, this species has been recorded from the baja california peninsula to the yucatan peninsula [ 1 ], [ 3 ], [ 4 ] .\nmastigodiaptomus cuneatus sp. n. adult female, holotype. a rostrum, lateral b rostrum, frontal c wing of fifth pediger, genital double - somite, and second urosomite, lateral right view d wing of fifth pediger, lateral, left view e urosome, ventral f genital field g fifth leg, frontal. scale bars: 50 µm .\nmastigodiaptomus cuneatus sp. n. adult male, allotype. a rostrum, frontal b wing of fifth pediger and first urosomite, lateral right view c wing of fifth pediger and first urosomite, lateral left view d right antennule e fifth pediger and urosome, ventral. scale bars: 50 µm (a–c); 100 µm (d, e) .\nthese sequences were downloaded from the bold project files mastigodiaptomus of mexico (malb), microcrustacean from mexico (mcm), and zooplankton ii (zpii) and compared with our sequence of mastigodiaptomus cuneatus sp. n. , this latter sequence is into the project mcm. in these project files, the electropherograms, sequence data, photographs, primers data, and collection details are available (on the barcode of life data system urltoken). fifty - two coi gene sequences > 500 bp were used for the analysis, and bold aligner and the id tree using the model kimura 2 parameter (k2p; kimura 1980) were utilized to obtain the id tree. two sequences of hesperodiaptomus arcticus (marsh, 1920) (calanoida: diaptomidae) were used as an outgroup .\np1 with three - segmented exp and two - segmented end; p2–p4 with three - segmented exps and enps. the armature formula of p1–p4 observed in the material analyzed here and shown in table 2 has been described and illustrated for other mastigodiaptomus species [ 1 ], [ 20 ]. only two females from zacatecas (12. 5% of the surveyed population) showed two spines on enp3p4 (on the left side) .\ngutiérrez - aguirre, m. a. , a. cervantes - martinez & m. elias - gutierrez (2014). érrez - aguirre, m. a. , a. cervantes - martinez & m. elias - gutierrez 2014 an example of how barcodes can clarify cryptic species: the case of the calanoid copepod mastigodiaptomus albuquerquensis (herrick). plos one 9 (1), available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nin the present work is provided an illustrated description of both sexes of one new species of the genus mastigodiaptomus; it was found in the northern region of mexico in a field collection carried out in 2014. the analysis was based upon the detailed micro - structure of the antennules, fifth legs, and prosomal integument. in addition, the sequences of the mitochondrial coi gene were used to assess the genetic divergence between the new species and seven congeners to incorporate molecular information into the species description .\nbidirectional sequences were edited using codoncode v. 3. 0. 1 (codoncode corporation, dedham, massachusetts) and uploaded to the barcode of life database (bold; urltoken). sequence data, trace files, and primer details for all specimens are available within the bold project files mastigodiaptomus of mexico (malb), zooplankton of mexico and central america (zplmc), zooplankton ii (zpii), and zooplankton iii (zmiii). accession numbers for bold and genbank are listed in table s1 .\nthe first group belongs to the species m. albuquerquensis, found in the northern semi - desert region, and is recognized as the strict form. this group forms a consistent cluster, and all localities for this species are the closest ones to the no longer extant type locality. the second main species is apparently restricted to the central plateau in localities close to lago de pátzcuaro. this taxon, described as m. albuquerquensis patzcuarensis kiefer, 1938 [ 7 ], is in fact a full species, mastigodiaptomus patzcuarensis, and also forms a consistent cluster .\nmastigodiaptomus albuquerquensis s. l. is easily identified by a butterfly - like sclerotization on the basis of the right fifth leg of males. in the last 50 years, every specimen with this type of sclerotization has been assigned to this species. barcoding has confirmed earlier suspicions of overlooked diversity [ 5 ]. the morphological differences observed, such as notable changes in body size, were previously explained by the life history hypothesis, supporting the idea that morphological variations are the result of natural selection in response to particular ecological problems faced by species with wide distributional ranges [ 6 ] .\n15 adult females and ten adult males, ethanol preserved from pátzcuaro, michoacán; 15 adult females and 11 adult males from cuitzeo, michoacán; nine adult females and five adult males from la cruz, guanajuato; two adult females and six adult males from la goleta, estado de mexico; three adult females and two adult males of the staatliches museum für naturkunde karlsruhe, from pátzcuaro, michoacán, méxico (slides labeled as “ mastigodiaptomus albuquerquensis patzcuarensis, typus” by kiefer number 4057 – one dissected female, 4058 – two adult females, 4059 – one dissected male, and 4060 –one adult male) .\nhowever, the barcoding results suggest the presence of one more species from central mexico, herein named m. cf. albuquerquensis, with disjunctive populations from the other two. although the specimens were analyzed in detail by their morphological attributes, it was not possible to ascertain whether they belong to a different species. it is possible these specimens correspond to another species described as mastigodiaptomus lehmeri pearse, 1904 [ 8 ], and later synonymized with m. albuquerquensis [ 21 ]. unfortunately, type material for m. lehmeri is nonexistent, and the type locality is quite vague, stated simply as mexico city. all systems with m. cf. albuquerquensis in this study are from localities less than 150 km from mexico city, except for the specimens from cuitzeo. to disentangle this latter species, it is necessary to prepare hybridization assays among the three species similar to those previously prepared to uncover leptodiaptomus garciai, an endemic from a saline crater lake [ 10 ]. if this result indicates a different biological species, it would be the first mastigodiaptomus with no morphological features allowing identification to species level. this analysis will be part of a future work due to the need to work with live specimens collected as close as possible to mexico city .\ncuitzeo = c; pátzcuaro = pz; goleta = g; la cruz = u; ignacio ramírez = i; hueco tanks = htsh; rancho grande, zacatecas = z; arizona = az; km 55 pond = ch; el salvador = s; and bustillos = b. the type specimens of mastigodiaptomus albuquerquensis patzcuarensis are labeled as pztype. a1 post l = a1 length (posterior or anterior to the furcal rami); pros l = prosomal length; total l = total body length; urol _ nofu = urosomal length without fu; l gensom = genital double - somite length; pros1 l = first prosomite length; urol = urosomal length with fu; fu l = furcal rami length; and l / w rstrm = ratio of rostral spines .\nfollowing the description of mastigodiaptomus albuquerquensis [ 11 ], the hyaline membrane inserted on the caudal side of right basipodite of the male fifth leg (which is butterfly - like) was widely used to identify to this species regionally [ 1 ]. however, the genetic analysis in the present survey has shown that at least two different species share the same morphological structure in the fifth leg in males, in the genital field in females, and in all the mouthparts and the antennular ornamentation in both sexes. therefore, additional features must be considered to distinguish species; for instance, the analysis of tegument features has been suggested to distinguish mastigodiaptomus species [ 30 ]. according to this idea, and following the information obtained with the gen coi and pca analyses, the combination of the following morphological characteristics is present in m. albuquerquensis s. str. : females with hair - like setae on the lateral margin of the fu shorter than the setae on the medial margin; prosomites with very short hair - like setae on the ventral region; short rostral spines; a1 ending before the distal - most margin of fu, central margin of fifth prosomite rounded, delicate; dorsal process of fourth pediger variable in shape within the populations; fifth leg endopod bearing a long distal seta; and ovisac carrying a large number of eggs (12–40). in addition to the tegumental features present in females, males of m. albuquerquensis have a smooth hyaline membrane on the 20 th right antennular segment, and the spine of the 10 th segment is short, not reaching the distal margin of the bearing segment .\nfor the molecular id tree, the aligned matrix consisted of 615 characters, of which 171 (27. 8 %) were variable and 86 (14 %) were parsimony informative. mastigodiaptomus albuquerquensis forms a consistent group, and the two subgroups below it are the specimens from papasquiaro b and rancho grande to zacatecas—are also regarded as m. albuquerquensis. morphologically, the specimens from zacatecas exhibited three variations compared with the rest of populations from northern mexico: a1 was longer in females, some females had two spines (not one) on the left side of enp3p4, and the right wing of the last prosomite in the surveyed males had one element (not two). these variations might be at the specific level, but currently, it is not possible to affirm that they will lead to reproductive isolation .\nthe fine structural features of the anatomy of the females and males of freshwater copepods are informative for species recognition. researchers that have developed this idea concerning free - living copepods are van de velde (1984) and hołyńska (2000) in the cyclopidae genus mesocyclops; and alekseev et al. (2006) in the cyclopidae genus eucyclops, particularly the eucyclops serrulatus species complex. bowman (1986) recognized morphologically similar species within the mastigodiaptomus genus using differences in the integument of prosomal wings and fifth legs of both sexes. empirical evidence gathered from several species of freshwater crustaceans has shown that these morphological differences are consistent with reproductive isolation (alekseev et al. 2006), genetic differentiation (quiroz - vázquez and elías - gutiérrez 2009; gutiérrez - aguirre et al. 2014), or both when they are probed (montiel - martínez et al. 2008) .\nwe used the tools provided by bold to obtain the id tree: sequence divergences were calculated using the kimura two - parameter (k2p) distance model [ 18 ]. neighbor - joining (nj) trees of k2p distances were created to provide a graphic representation of the patterning of divergence between species (figure s1). additionally, to compare these results in mega 5 [ 19 ], sequences with at least 604 bp (except two from rancho grande to avoid a singleton, see figure s1) were aligned with clustal w using default parameters, and phylogenetic relationships of all haplotypes were then inferred using maximum likelihood analysis. a discrete gamma distribution was used to model evolutionary rate differences among the sites (five categories (+ g, parameter = 0. 7043) ). all positions with less than 0% site coverage were eliminated. in all cases, a sequence of mastigodiaptomus cf. nesus was used as the outgroup .\nthe peritrich epibiotic ciliate trichodina diaptomi basson and van as, 1991 was recorded on the body surface of two neotropical species of the calanoid copepod genus mastigodiaptomus in north - central mexico. specimens infested with the ciliate were collected from a pond near a large eutrophic reservoir. this ciliate was identified as t. diaptomi by its body size, the morphometry or shape of the taxonomically relevant structures such as the adhesive disc, macronucleus, and denticles or the modal number of radial pins, rays, and denticles. the mexican specimens have a higher modal number of denticles with respect to other known populations of t. diaptomi. ciliates were observed crawling freely over the copepod cephalothorax and attached at times, leaving a mark on the cuticle but causing no evident physical harm to the copepod. our observations arise some doubt concerning the presumedly parasitic association of this species with copepods. this widespread species, currently known as a symbiont of 10 species of diaptomid copepods, was reported recently for the first time in the americas, from brazil. this is the second illustrated record of this epibiotic ciliate in the continent and the first in north america .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndescribed from the province of havana, cuba, but recorded there recently only from one pond. there is another record from haiti (janet reid, pers comm 1995 )\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nlight, s. f. (1939). new american subgenera of diaptomus westwood (copepoda, calanoida). transactions of the american microscopical society 58 (4): 473 - 484, figs. 1 - 24. (x - 1939) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nwalter, t. c. & boxshall, g. (2018). world of copepods database .\n( of diaptomus lehmeri pearse, 1904) pearse, a. s. (1904). a new species of diaptomus from mexico. american naturalist 38: 889 - 891, figs. 1 - 4. (xi - xii - 1904) [ details ]\nwalter, chad. the world of copepods. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of diaptomus albuquerquensis herrick, 1895) walter, chad. the world of copepods. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of diaptomus lehmeri pearse, 1904) walter, chad. the world of copepods. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of diaptomus albuquerquensis patzcuarensis kiefer, 1938) walter, chad. the world of copepods. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of diaptomus albuquerquensis patzcuarensis kiefer, 1938) dussart, b. h. & d. defaye. (2002). world directory of crustacea copepoda of inland waters. i - calaniformes. backhuys publishers, leiden: 1 - 276. [ details ]\ndussart, b. h. & d. defaye. (2002). world directory of crustacea copepoda of inland waters. i - calaniformes. backhuys publishers, leiden: 1 - 276. [ details ]\nknown only from from lake amatitlan. guatemala, where it was collected in 1910. there are no records of the species since then. (janet reid, pers comm 1995 )\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\ngenetic results based on barcodes, morphology based on scanning electron and light microscopy images, and morphometric analyses were used to describe cryptic species within the m. albuquerquensis complex .\nthe morphological analyses coincided partially with the genetic markers, suggesting the existence of at least two sibling species: m. albuquerquensis s. str. and m. patzcuarensis. a third species was genetically separated but was morphologically indistinguishable from the m. patzcuarensis group .\nhidden diversity has been a major problem in establishing real patterns of species distribution and genetic acquisition from megadiverse hotspots such as mexico, where the nearctic and the neotropical regions of the americas meet. barcodes can help taxonomists to reveal and formally name these new species. here, we describe two of three potential species highlighted by the use of barcodes: m. albuquerquensis s. str. in the northern semi - desert and m. patzcuarensis on the central plateau at more than 2000 m above sea level .\ncopyright: © 2014 gutiérrez - aguirre et al. this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding: the authors received grants from the national council of science and technology (conacyt) through the mexican barcode of life (mexbol) (grants 194045, 194025), comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad (conabio he009), national science foundation (nsf deb - 0516032), and genome canada and the ontario genomics institute in support of the international barcode of life (ibol). the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\nnevertheless, on the basis of subtle morphological characters, the population in pátzcuaro lake was assigned to a different subspecies, m. albuquerquensis patzcuarensis [ 7 ]. previously diaptomus lehmeri was described from mexico city [ 8 ], although this species was later synonymized with m. albuquerquensis [ 9 ] .\nhowever, the genetic analysis of copepoda demonstrated that under the name “ m. albuquerquensis ” is present a complex of at least two species in mexico [ 5 ]. similarly, after one initial study, ecophysiological analyses, hybridization assays, and fine morphological details together with barcoding demonstrated the validity of another species, leptodiaptomus garciai osorio tafall, 1942, which is micro - endemic to a saline crater lake located at 2365 masl [ 10 ] .\nwe collected from several freshwater ecosystems in mexico. zooplankton is not under any protection by mexican laws; thus, no specific permits for this type of field studies are needed .\nbiological samples were obtained using a plankton net with a 50 µm mesh; the material was fixed and preserved in 100% ethanol. samples were collected along a latitudinal gradient between 17 and 31°n, which is within the known distributional range of m. albuquerquensis .\nthe type locality of m. albuquerquensis (“water reservoir supplying albuquerque, new mexico”) [ 11 ] appears no longer to exist, but all the original samples were taken around the rio grande basin (named the río bravo in mexico, which constitutes the physical border between mexico and the usa). after several surveys in the region, the closest place to the type locality for this species was ∼200 km away and is part of the same biogeographic province; thus, we concluded that this material represents m. albuquerquensis s. str. adults males and females taken here were considered as topotypes for the morphological and molecular analyses. the material examined and accession numbers of the sequences and coordinates are summarized in table s1 .\nthe specimen analysis was performed following the current standards for the taxonomic study of diaptomid copepods [ 12 ]. structures of each specimen considered to have taxonomic value were dissected, and appendages were mounted in glycerin. taxonomically important structures were illustrated with the aid of a camera lucida. some specimens were prepared for sem (scanning electron microscopy) for the observation of microcharacters. abbreviations in the descriptive section are as follows: p1–p4, first to fourth swimming legs; exp, exopod; enp, endopod; bsp, basis; s, seta (e); ae, aesthetasc; sp, spine; sps, spiniform process; fu, furcal rami .\nto complement the morphological analysis, the type specimens of m. albuquerquensis patzcuarensis were examined (slides 04057, 04058, 04059, and 04060) as well as specimens of m. albuquerquensis from arizona, usa (slides 02965, 02966, 02967, and 02968); all of them deposited in the staatliches museum für naturkunde, karlsruhe, germany .\nfinally, meristic magnitudes transformed as the square root of a + ā of adult females and males from the different populations were examined with a principal component analysis (pca) performed with the multi variate statistical package (mvsp 3. 21) .\nin females, 20 morphological features were considered in the pca: total body length, prosomal length, first prosomite length, a1 length (posterior or anterior to the furcal rami), urosomal length without fu, urosomal length with fu, fu length, length (l) - to - width (w) ratio of the rostral spines, genital double - somite l, genital double - somite w, l / w ratio of genital double - somite, point of insertion of the left spine on the genital double - somite (%), point of insertion of the right spine on the genital double - somite (%), l / w ratio of the left spine on the genital double - somite, l / w ratio of the right spine on the genital double - somite, distance between spines on the right prosomite wings, distance between spines on the left prosomite wings, l ratio of expp5 / enpp5, l ratio of enpp5 / distal setae of enpp5, and the number of eggs carried in ovisacs. a total of 94 adult females from pátzcuaro lake, cuitzeo, hueco tanks, rancho grande, laguna bustillos, arizona, la cruz, el salvador, la goleta dam, ignacio ramírez dam, and km 55 pond were analyzed in the pca .\nfor the males, 12 morphological features were considered in the pca: total body length, prosomal length, first prosomite length, urosomal length without fu, urosomal length with fu, fu length, l / w ratio of the rostral spines, l / w ratio of the 20 th segment of a1, l ratio of the 21 st / 20 th segments of a1, l ratio of spines on the 10 th / 11 th segments of a1, l ratio of 20 th / 21 st segments of a1, l / w ratio of the rostral spines, and l / w ratio of the right spine on the first urosomite. a total of 69 adult males from pátzcuaro lake, cuitzeo, laguna la cruz, el salvador, hueco tanks, rancho grande, laguna bustillos, arizona, la goleta dam, ignacio ramírez dam, and km 55 pond were analyzed in the pca .\na total of 53 specimens were sequenced. genomic dna was extracted using a membrane - based approach employing acroprep 96, 1 ml filter plates with 3. 0 µm glass fiber media over a 0. 2 µm bioinert membrane (pall) [ 13 ], or a modified hotshot technique [ 14 ]. a 658 bp segment of coi was amplified using lcoi490 and hco2198 primers [ 15 ] or the new zplank primers [ 16 ]. the 12. 5 µl pcr reaction mixes included 6. 25 µl of 10% trehalose, 2 µl of ultrapure water, 1. 25 µl of 10x pcr buffer, 0. 625 of mgcl 2 (50 mm), 0. 125 µl of each primer (0. 01 mm), 0. 0625 µl of each dntp (0. 05 mm), 0. 625 µl of taq polymerase (new england biolabs or invitrogen), and 2. 0 µl of dna template. pcr products were visualized on pre - cast agarose gels (e–gels©, invitrogen), and the most intense products were selected for sequencing. sequence analysis was carried out at the canadian centre for dna barcoding using standard protocols [ 17 ] .\nproducts were labeled with a bigdye© terminator v. 3. 1 cycle sequencing kit (applied biosystems, inc .) and sequenced bidirectionally on an abi 3730 capillary sequencer .\nthe electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended international code of zoological nomenclature, and hence the new names contained herein are available under that code from the electronic edition of this article. this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank, the online registration system for the iczn. the zoobank lsids (life science identifiers) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix “ urltoken ”. the lsid for this publication is: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: pub: ff036bbc - 2cb6 - 4c1d - 932f - 9c8fb8377c82. the electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an issn, and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories: pubmed central, lockss .\ndna barcoding, barcode index numbers (bin), and 2% of motu provided by bold suggest the presence of five possible species based on the coi haplotypes (figure s1, fig. 1). the results of the k2p analyses in bold and the maximum likelihood method were identical. the latter analysis found only one tree (fig. 1) on which bootstrap percentages are shown. average values are shown in table 1 .\nid tree inferred by using the maximum likelihood method as described in the methods section .\na third group suggested by the genetic analyses seems to be sympatric with m. patzcuarensis in systems such as cuitzeo, and which appears in several other water bodies in the central plateau, is here regarded as m. cf. albuquerquensis. two other groups remaining as possible different species are the specimens from rancho grande to zacatecas, with an average divergence of 4. 4% from the main cluster, and two specimens from papasquiaro b, with an average divergence of 4. 6% . as these sequences are shorter than the others and present low - to middle - quality trace files, they are here regarded as members of m. albuquerquensis s. str. on the basis of their morphology and geographic location in the northern semi - desert region .\nfrom the biplot, a gradient was observed from axis 1 to axis 2, representing the meristic features in the specimens. axis 1 + 2 explained 82. 6% of the variability in females (fig. 2a) and 91. 8% in males (fig. 2b). two defined groups were found in each case: one group included the surveyed specimens from pátzcuaro, cuitzeo, la cruz, and goleta. the second group included the available specimens from hueco tanks, arizona, rancho grande (zacatecas), ignacio ramírez, el salvador, km 55 pond, and bustillos (fig. 2a, b) .\npca biplot of the females (a) and males (b) analyzed .\nthe morphology of a1, the mouthparts, and thoracic legs in females and males, as well as the fifth leg from the males, are similar along all latitudinal gradients studied. morphological similarities are described in this section; the detailed morphological differences between the genetically different materials will be described later in this paper .\n25 - segmented, each segment armed with setae, spines, or aesthetasc in the following order: (1) 2 ae; (2) 3s + 1ae; (3) 1s + 1ae; (4) 1s; (5) 2 ae; (6) 1s; (7) 1s + 1ae; (8) 1ae + 1 sp; (9) 1s + 2 ae; (10) 1s; (11) 1s + 1ae; (12) 2ae + 1sp; (13) 1s; (14) 1s + 1ae; (15) 1s; (16) 1s + 1ae; (17) 1s; (18) 1s; (19) 1s + 1ae; (20) 1s; (21) 1s; (22) 2s; (23) 2s; (24) 2s; (25) 5s .\n22 - segmented, each segment armed with setae, spines, spiniform process, or aesthetasc in the following order: (1) 1s + 1ae; (2) 1s + 2ae; (3) 1s + 1ae; (4) 1ae; (5) 1s + 1ae; (6) 1s; (7) 1s; (8) 1ae + 1sp; (9) 1s + 2ae; (10) 1ae + 1sps, (11) 1ae + 1sps; (12) 1ae + 1sp; (13) 1ae + 1sps; (14) 1s + 2ae + 1sps; (15) 1s + 2ae + 1sps; (16) 1s + 2ae + 1sps; (17) 1ae; (18) 1ae; (19) 1ae; (20) 3s + 1ae; (21) 2s; (22) 3s. (fig. 3a) .\na, a1; b, a2; c, enpa2; d, mandible; e, detail of enp2 of mandible; f, maxillule; g, maxilla; h, maxilliped. a: male from rancho grande, zacatecas; c, e: typus of m. albuquerquensis patzcuarensis, slide 4057; b, d, f–h: female from rancho grande, zacatecas .\nexp longer than enp (fig. 3b). coxa with one long seta; long bsp bearing two setae. enp bi - segmented; enp1 with two medial setae plus a group of long spine - like setae (fig. 3b, c); enp2 bilobed, inner lobe with a row of spine - like setae and seven long setae. outer lobe of enp2 with seven setae. exp 7 - segmented; setation pattern on each segment as follows: 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 4 .\nstrong, toothed gnathobase with a movable seta at the tip (fig. 3d). coxa long, nude; bsp with four setae. enp bi - segmented; enp1 with four setae; enp2 quadrangular, with nine distal long setae (fig. 3d) plus three toothed pectens on outer margin (arrowed in fig. 3e). exp four - segmented, with a 1, 1, 1, 3 setation pattern .\npraecoxal arthrite with 12 spiniform setae, eight anterior, four posterior (fig. 3f). coxal epipodite with nine long setae. coxal endite with four long setae. bsp with one internal lobe bearing four setae; basal exite with one seta. basal endite with four setae. enp with one segment bearing seven setae. exp plate - like, with six long setae .\nindistinctly segmented; first praecoxal lobe with five setae, second praecoxal lobe with three setae (fig. 3g). two coxal lobes with three setae each. two well - developed basal lobes: proximal lobe bearing four setae, distal lobe with one seta. enp two - segmented; enp1 bearing two setae, enp 2 with three setae .\npraecoxa with one long seta; coxa with three distinct lobes bearing nine setae (2, 3, 4), plus two rows of spine - like setae, and protuberance bearing short spinules surrounding the process (fig. 3h). bsp with a group of three distal setae and two rows of spine - like setae. six - segmented enp; enp1 partially fused to enp2. setation pattern as follows: 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 4 .\nsetation formula for major armament of swimming legs (p1–p4) in the females and males in all the species described here .\ncoxal segments with strong spines. right bsp with a proximal bulb; one rounded, hyaline membrane medially (arrowed in fig. 4b) and one distal, butterfly - like sclerotization (fig. 4c, d). right enp as long as exp1; exp2 bearing one curved, medial hyaline membrane (arrowed in fig. 4e); aculeus inserted at distal half of the segment (fig. 4a, e). aculeus armed with spines on the medial edge and with a curved, sharp tip; terminal claw very long, armed, bent, with a dagger - like tip (fig. 4a). left bsp bearing one lateral seta, one - segmented enp, and two - segmented, pilose exp. exp2 with one fine, tiny seta (fig. 4a, f) .\na, p5 posterior view; b, p5 anterior view; c, d p5 detail of right basis posterior view; e, p5 detail of right exp2 posterior view; f, p5 detail of left exp2. a–c: males from cuitzeo; d–f: males from el salvador, durango .\nfrom the pca analyses, the variability is explained mainly by features related to the body length and secondarily by the number of eggs carried by females in axis 1, whereas the length of the a1 related with the fu is more important in axis 2 (fig. 2a) .\nin males, magnitudes related to the body length are important to explaining the variability in axis 1, whereas the l / w ratio of rostral spines is important in axis 2 (fig. 2b) .\nin contrast to the genetic analyses, the pca suggested the presence of only two sibling species with disjunct distributions in mexico (fig. 2), both coincident with two of the three main groups according to the barcodes, namely, m. albuquerquensis s. str. and m. patzcuarensis .\na, habitus; b, habitus; c, rostrum, lateral view; d, rostrum, frontal view; e, fourth and fifth prosomite, right; f, fourth and fifth prosomite, left; g, fifth prosomite and double - genital somite, dorsal; h, p5; i, enpp5; j, fifth prosomite and urosome, dorsal. b: male from htsh, texas, a, c–g, i–j: female from htsh, texas; h: female from rancho grande, zacatecas .\na, rostrum, lateral; b, rostrum, frontal; c, fourth and fifth prosomites and first urosomite, right; d, fourth and fifth prosomites and first urosomite, left; e, a1, segments 10–16; f, a1, segments 20–21; g, first urosomite, dorsal; h, urosomite, dorsal; i, fifth pediger, and first urosomite, dorsal. a–h: male from rancho grande, zacatecas; i: male from arizona, slide 2968 (slightly rotted to the left side) .\nten adult females and two adult males, ethanol preserved from near rancho grande to zacatecas, mexico; three adult females and five adult males from hueco tanks (htsh) in texas, usa; 12 adult females and five adult males from laguna bustillos, chihuahua, mexico; ten adult females and 4 adult males from ignacio ramírez dam, estado de méxico; four females and three adult males from km 55 pond, chihuahua; 14 adult females and eight adult males from el salvador, durango; one adult female and two adult males of the staatliches museum für naturkunde karlsruhe, from a pond near duvey, arizona, usa (slide numbers 2965, 2966, 2967, and 2968) .\n1. 47 to 1. 87 mm of total body length, including fu (fig. 5a). short spines on rostrum, 1. 5–3. 6 times longer than wide, with rounded tip (fig. 5c, d). antennule 25 - segmented, short, ending at distal margin of anal somite (fig. 5a); females from zacatecas with one or two antennular segments beyond fu (25–75 µm); in females from ignacio ramírez, the a1 is from the same level as the fu to 50 µm beyond it; tiny hair - like setae on ventral surface of each prosomal somite (fig. 5e, f) .\nthe dorsal process of the fourth pediger is variable in shape within populations: approximately 33% of the surveyed specimens exhibit a high, frontally concave projection; 17% of females bear a low, convex projection, and the rest have a very low projection (fig. 5f) .\ndistal margin of the fifth pediger delicate; central margin rounded (fig. 5g). right wing not projected with one dorsal and one ventral spine. distance between the two spines is from 45 to 90 µm (fig. 5e). left wing is strongly projected, bearing spines separated by 32 to 75 µm (fig. 5f) .\nthe length ratio of exp / enp of p5 is 1. 9 to 3. 2 (average = 2. 3), enp bi - segmented, with long setae apically (fig. 5i). two spines on exp2; exp3 with spines on medial margin (fig. 5h). ornamentation of lateral margin of exp3 variable: without spines (in the female from arizona) or with one (in females from zacatecas as in fig. 5h) or two spines (in females from chihuahua) .\ndouble genital somite 1. 0–15 (average = 1. 2) times longer than wide; egg sacs carrying from 12 to 40 eggs. left spine inserted dorsally on the proximal region of the somite (approximately 35% of total double genital segment length). fu with hair - like setae on the medial margin and spine - like setae on the lateral margin (fig. 5j) .\n1. 37–1. 82 mm total body length, including fu; cephalothorax length represents 69. 5–70% of total body length. left a1 short, not reaching the furcal rami (fig. 5b). short spines on rostrum, 2. 6 times as long as wide (fig. 6a, b). cuticular surface smooth, no tiny spines on prosomal somites (fig. 6c, d) .\nright a1 22 - segmented, with spiniform process on segments 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, and 16 (fig. 6e). spine on segment 10 short, does not reach distal margin of the bearing segment. segment 20 bearing a hook - like projection with a smooth hyaline membrane; l / w ratio of segment 20 is 3. 2 to 5. 0 (fig. 6f) .\nfirst urosomal segment with one strong, curved spine on right side, averaging 4. 6 times longer than wide (fig. 6g); left side bearing one tiny, hair - like seta only observable laterally. a dorsal, thin spine present on right wing in males from arizona, laguna bustillos, and hueco tanks (fig. 6i); absent in males from zacatecas (fig. 6h). left wing with one strong, ventral spine plus one weak, hair - like seta dorsally (fig. 6h) .\nfourth urosomite projected, but this projection not strongly bulbose. fu pilose on medial margin (fig. 6h) .\na, habitus; b. habitus; c, enpa2; d, detail of enp2 of mandible; e, rostrum, frontal; f, prosome, lateral; g, fourth and fifth prosomites, left and right sides; h, fourth and fifth prosomites and genital double - somite, dorsal; i, p5; j, enpp5; k, p5; l, urosome, ventral; m, urosome, lateral; n, urosome, dorsal. a, e–j, n: females from pátzcuaro; b: male from pátzcuaro; c, d, k, m: typus of m. albuquerquensis patzcuarensis, slide 4058 .\na, rostrum, frontal; b, prosome, lateral; c, d, a1, segments 10–16; e, f, a1, segments 20–21; g, fourth pediger and first urosomite, right; h, fourth pediger and first urosomite, left; i, urosomite, dorsal. a–c, e, g–h: male from pátzcuaro; d, f: male from cuitzeo .\ntotal body length is 0. 9–1. 3 mm (average = 1. 14 mm), including fu (fig. 7a). in the type material, it was possible to observe a group of spine - like setae on enp1 in the antennae (fig. 7c) and the three toothed pectens on the outer margin of mandibular enp2 (fig. 7d) .\nrostrum with spines 3. 6 times longer than wide (fig. 7e). a1 long: one to three antennular segments (25 to 175 µm) are beyond the distal margin of fu (fig. 7a). cuticle surface with hair - like setae on ventral and distal margins from second to fifth prosomal somites in females from pátzcuaro (fig. 7f) but nude in females from la cruz, cuitzeo, and goleta. dorsal process of fourth prosomal somite always convex anteriorly, pitted (fig. 7g) .\ncentral margin of fifth pediger slightly angled (fig. 7h). right wing with two spines. distance between spines of right wing 21. 5–52. 5 µm (fig. 7g right). left wing projected, spines on left wing separated by 17–40 µm (fig. 7g left) .\nexp1 of p5 is 1. 7–2. 1 times longer than the bi - segmented enp (average = 1. 8) (fig. 7j). the enp is 4–7 times longer than the very short apical setae; exp3 with spines on medial margin and a reduced group of spines (fig. 7i) or no spines on the lateral margin (fig. 7k). genital double somite with parallel scars ventrally (fig. 7l, m), 1. 2 times longer than wide, carrying 2–4 eggs in the sac (fig. 7n). left spine inserted dorsal or ventrally in a high position on the genital double somite (approximately 40% of total length segment). hair - like setae along the lateral and medial margins of the furcal rami; these setae of similar length in both margins (fig. 7l)." ]

{ "text": [ "mastigodiaptomus is a genus of neotropical copepods in the family diaptomidae .", "two of the eight species in the genus are listed as data deficient ( dd ) on the iucn red list , and one is listed as a vulnerable species ( vu ) : mastigodiaptomus albuquerquensis ( herrick , 1895 ) – mexico , united states mastigodiaptomus amatitlanensis ( m. s. wilson , 1941 ) – guatemala mastigodiaptomus maya suárez-morales & elías-gutiérrez , 2000 – campeche mastigodiaptomus montezumae ( brehm , 1955 ) – central mexico mastigodiaptomus nesus bowman , 1986 – southeastern mexico mastigodiaptomus purpureus ( marsh , 1907 ) – cuba , haiti mastigodiaptomus reidae suárez-morales & elías-gutiérrez , 2000 – campeche mastigodiaptomus texensis m. s. wilson , 1953 – tamaulipas , yucatán peninsula" ], "topic": [ 26, 26 ] }

[ "mastigodiaptomus is a genus of neotropical copepods in the family diaptomidae. two of the eight species in the genus are listed as data deficient (dd) on the iucn red list, and one is listed as a vulnerable species (vu): mastigodiaptomus albuquerquensis (herrick, 1895) – mexico, united states mastigodiaptomus amatitlanensis (m. s. wilson, 1941) – guatemala mastigodiaptomus maya suárez-morales & elías-gutiérrez, 2000 – campeche mastigodiaptomus montezumae (brehm, 1955) – central mexico mastigodiaptomus nesus bowman, 1986 – southeastern mexico mastigodiaptomus purpureus (marsh, 1907) – cuba, haiti mastigodiaptomus reidae suárez-morales & elías-gutiérrez, 2000 – campeche mastigodiaptomus texensis m. s. wilson, 1953 – tamaulipas, yucatán peninsula" ]

[ "cosewic assessment and status report on the northwestern cellar spider psilochorus hesperus in canada\n( 2015 - 01 - 06) (pdf format, 2, 623. 21 kb )\ncellar spiders derive their name from the human structures in which some of the species in this family are commonly found: undisturbed dark crevices within buildings, homes, basements and cellars. however, only a fraction of the 1350 named species occur within anthropogenic habitats. most species live in natural habitats that include caves, under rocks and in abandoned mammal burrows. psilochorus hesperus has not been found in basements or cellars .\npsilochorus hesperus (northwestern cellar spider) is a cellar spider (family pholcidae) characterized by specialized copulatory structures, basally fused jaws and six of their eyes arranged in a pair of distinctive triads. the species has long and spindly legs, a small body size, y - shaped groove on the head, distinctive spurs on the male jaws and bovine - udder - like female genitalia. this spider has limited dispersal abilities .\na review of the cellar spider genus psilochorus simon 1893 in america north of mexico (araneae: pholcidae), j slowik 2009, zootaxa 2144: 1 - 53 (only abstract is linked) .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nmonograph zo otaxa 2461: 1–170 (14 may 2010) 1 plates; 977 references accepted: 18 mar. 2010 checklist of the spiders (araneae) of canada and alaska pierre paquin (usa), donald j. buckle (canada), nadine dupérré (usa) & charles d. dondale (canada) preview (pdf; 20kb) | full article (pdf; 1620kb) order pdf\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncellar spiders belong to family pholcidae. spiders in this family typically have extremely long and skinny legs with small translucent gray or brown bodies (leg span is about 25 mm, body length is about 8 mm, males are smaller than females). the eyes are arranged in two triads of larger, light - colored eyes on the top of the cephalothorax and a pair of dark, small eyes on the front. the web of a cellar spider is usually messy (irregular mesh of threads), similar to the web of a cobweb spider. spiders from genus pholcus are most common and can be found all over the world in protected habitats (man - made buildings, caves) .\nthis is a small cellar spider. the cephalothorax is pale gray with a y - shaped darker area at the junction of the head and thoracic regions extending down the center of the thoracic region. the abdomen is round with a narrow dark heart mark. the remainder of the abdomen is variegated bluish gray with light spots and indistinct dark blotches .\nsmall moths, flies, gnats, mosquitoes, and other spiders, which they catch by mimicking insect trapped in the victim' s web .\nthere exists the myth that cellar spiders are the most poisonous spiders in north america, if not the world. the only reason they are harmless to humans is that their fangs are too short to penetrate human skin .\nthe toxicological studies of the spiders' venom were never conducted, therefore, the myth is not supported by science. as a matter of fact, there is no reference to any pholcid spider biting a human and causing harm .\nthe eggs (about 1 millimeter in diameter) are deposited in clusters of 25 to 60 and wrapped in a thin layer of silk. the sac is held by the female in her chelicerae until young spiders hatch. it takes approximately one year for the spiders to reach reproductive maturity and they can live for at least another two .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nauthors of the name: gertsch & ivie. year first published: 1936 .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\ne of princeton (old hedley rd. , bromley rock), hedley, osoyoos ,\nbc ministry of environment: bc species and ecosystems explorer - - the authoritative source for conservation information in british columbia .\nrecommended citation: author, date. page title. in klinkenberg, brian. (editor) 2017 .\n[ efauna. bc. ca ]. lab for advanced spatial analysis, department of geography, university of british columbia, vancouver. [ accessed :\ndisclaimer: the information contained in an e - fauna bc atlas pages is derived from expert sources as cited (with permission) in each section. this information is scientifically based. e - fauna bc also acts as a portal to other sites via deep links. as always, users should refer to the original sources for complete information. e - fauna bc is not responsible for the accuracy or completeness of the original information .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nworld spider catalog, version 11. 0, website (version 11. 0 )\nplatnick, norman i. 2011. the world spider catalog, v. 11. 0. american museum of natural history. database built by robert j. raven from the files underlying the website at urltoken doi: 10. 5531 / db. iz. 0001\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\npaquin, p. , d. j. buckle, n. duperre, and c. d. dondale. 2010. checklist of the spiders (araneae) of canada and alaska. zootaxa 2461: 1 - 170 .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\ndistribution data for u. s. states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nbreene, r. g. , d. a. dean, g. b. edwards, b. hebert, h. w. levi, g. manning, k. mcwest, and l. sorkin. 2003. common names of arachnids 2003. 5th edition. the american arachnological society committee on common names of arachnids. american tarantula society .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users." ]

{ "text": [ "psilochorus hesperus is a spider found in cellars and rock boulder nooks in the northwestern united states and in british columbia .", "adult males have curved spikes protruding forward from their jaws . " ], "topic": [ 11, 23 ] }

[ "psilochorus hesperus is a spider found in cellars and rock boulder nooks in the northwestern united states and in british columbia. adult males have curved spikes protruding forward from their jaws." ]

[ "habitat the yellow lampmussel inhabits medium to large - sized rivers and lakes, and exists in a variety of substrate types .\nthe yellow lampmussel prefers large rivers that drain more than 1, 200 sq. kilometers and is often found in sand / silt substrates. known fish hosts include yellow and white perch .\nin canada, the yellow lampmussel is only known in two locations: the sydney river, cape breton, nova scotia and the lower saint john river near fredericton, new brunswick. blackett' s lake formed when the sydney river was dammed in 1902, is the main centre of the yellow lampmussel population in nova scotia. most of the canadian population of yellow lampmussel is found below the head - of - tide in the main saint john river, including five of its large tributaries and several large lakes .\nconservation though historically known from the housatonic watershed, this species has not been documented in this watershed since the 1960s. the yellow lampmussel is listed as endangered in massachusetts and threatened in maine .\nkelly, m. 2004. conservation genetics of two rare freshwater mussels: the tidewater mucket (leptodea ochracea) and the yellow lampmussel (lampsilis cariosa). ms thesis, university of maine, orono, me .\nthe species ranges from georgia to the lower ottawa river in canada and eastward to nova scotia. new jersey occurrences of the yellow lampmussel are restricted to the delaware river from mercer county in the south to sussex county in the north .\nthe yellow lampmussel has an oval - shaped shell and an exterior glossy surface that varies in colour from bright yellow to reddish brown. the interior is coloured white to pink and has several strong hinge teeth. the soft parts of the body, called the mantle, are visible between the shell valves in living animals. the visible edges of the mantle are smooth and pigmented with grey streaks and dots. although the yellow lamp - mussel has been observed as large as 110 mm in length, it is typically approximately 75 mm .\nin late 2002. since the species in nj is limited to a single waterway (the delaware river), it is especially vulnerable to threats such as zebra mussel infestation. zebra mussels, which compete for food and space with native freshwater mussels, could potentially devastate the delaware river yellow lampmussel population. yellow lampmussels may also be adversely affected by changes in flow, dredging, scheduled bridge replacements, and other in - stream projects. federal and state clean water acts, stream encroachment rules, environmental reviews of proposed development projects and the state\ncolor bright yellow in young individuals, sometimes becoming yellowish - brown with age. faint green shell rays present on the dorso - posterior slope, particularly evident on young specimens .\n( two shells hinged together) shell, with males elliptical and somewhat elongate and females more ovate. shells are moderately inflated and thick. the outer shell is smooth, shiny and usually yellow with brown patches. the\nyellow lampmussel is considered to be a species of larger streams and and medium to large rivers, typically found in sand and gravel where good current exists (johnson 1970). it prefers hard water and a stable low gradient, but stream size is probably the most important factor (> 1, 200 km²) (cordeiro pers. comm. 2011). it has also been reported (primarily historically) from ponds in northern portions of range, but generally prefers flowing water .\nthese data will form the basis for a management plan in maine for the tidewater mucket and yellow lampmussel - two species that are listed as threatened in the state. the genetic analyses are already being used within maine to help make decisions about translocations, as dams are being removed in the kennebec river drainage. the rangewide taxonomic analysis will be valuable for developing a conservation plan at the federal level. these species are listed as threatened, endangered or of special concern in many states throughout their range, and the discovery of extensive hybridization in some regions will only add to their perilous conservation status .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\nthis species has a large geographic range in eastern north america, from nova scotia and new brunswick south to georgia in the atlantic drainages, and westward to ontario in the st. lawrence river system. it has a disjunct distribution with various population losses reported throughout the range. it is listed vulnerable because, although the precise area of occupancy (aoo) is not known and precise extent of decline is not known with accuracy, the loss of historical sites is indicative of a significant decline in area of occupancy (more than 30 %) over the past three generations .\nthis species has a large geographic range in eastern north america, from nova scotia and new brunswick south to georgia in the atlantic drainages, and westward to ontario in the st. lawrence river system. however, this wide range is represented by several disjunct populations and some sites have problematic identifications. despite the wide geographical distribution, the species has contracted its range in most of the southern states, with many local extinctions. it is estimated that its aoo has declined by as much as 50% (j. cordeiro pers. comm. 2011) .\nalthough unionid species were used for pearl and button industries it is likely that l. cariosa was not a species used because of locality and thinner shell (cordeiro pers. comm. , 2011) .\nhigh to medium threat impacts include pollution from industrial and military effluents, agriculture, energy production (e. g. new oil pipeline with potential for spills / leaks), and invasive and other problematic species, which for fish are able to swim up or downstream of their introduction (cosewic 2013). all threats have been scored including possible threats from climate warming impacting water temperatures which could affect reproductive success. iucn threats calculator performed for this species for cosewic 2013 (in appendix) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na state rarity rank of s3 means: typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in new york state .\na global rarity rank of g3g4 means: vulnerable globally, or apparently secure - - at moderate risk of extinction, with relatively few populations or locations in the world, few individuals, and / or restricted range; or uncommon but not rare globally; may be rare in some parts of its range; possibly some cause for long - term concern due to declines or other factors. more information is needed to assign a single conservation status .\nthe particular fish species which serves as the host for the parasitic glochidia (larvae) is unknown (stryaer and jirka 1997) .\nthis species has declined over most of its range, nevertheless it is still relatively common and reproducing in the susquehanna river basin, lower schoharie creek, and in tributaries of the st. lawrence river. most of the hudson river records are historical (strayer and jirka 1997), and the great majority of the records in the state are of marginal population viability .\nthis species is in decline almost everywhere it occurs. widespread range contractions and population declines and extirpations have occurred regularly since the 1970' s (strayer and jirka 1997). only a handful of the known populations in new york are viable .\nbetween 1955 to 1997 l. cariosa expanded its range primarily in the lower reaches of the susquehana river basin (strayer and fetterman 1997), but at most of the other river basins in the state it has declined dramatically .\nospreys are an indicator species. the health of their population has implications for the health our coastal ecosystems .\n( microscopic plants and animals), bacteria and other particles from the water column. the larval stage of the freshwater mussel, known as glochidia, are external parasites and feed on a host (usually a fish) .\nglochidia are microscopic and have a thin shell with two valves. once released from the female, glochidia must find a host (usually a specific species of fish) on which to attach. each species of freshwater mussel has its own specific species of fish that can serve as a host for the glochidia. the glochida effectively become a parasite on the fish, attaching to the gills, scales, fins or even eyes of the host fish. while attached to the fish, the glochidia feed on them, much like a flea or tick feeds on terrestrial mammals. if the glochidia do not attach themselves to a host fish, they will die .\nmussel which looks like a much smaller version of the adult. after anywhere from 6 to 160 days, the juvenile mussel will fall off of the host fish and begin its life in the bottom of the water body. if the appropriate\nis available, it will burrow into the bottom sediment. juvenile mussels spend their first year of life beneath the substrate .\ngrowth of the mussel is most rapid while it is young. the average age at which freshwater mussels become sexually mature is six years. once a freshwater mussel reaches maturity, its chances for survival increase dramatically. some species may live as long as 100 years or more .\nalthough very slow - moving, freshwater mussels are capable of moving along the substrate using their powerful foot. a mussel “track” can sometimes be seen in the mud or sand next to a mussel which has recently moved. during the winter in new jersey, freshwater mussels will burrow into the sediment and enter a period of dormancy .\nmany small aquatic animals will feed on the mussel glochidia. adults may be eaten by raccoons, muskrats, otters, bears, herons, some waterfowl, some turtles, and large fish such as sturgeon .\nor imperiled. this alarming decline is directly tied to the degradation and loss of essential habitat, and the invasion of exotic species such as the asian clam and zebra mussel. exotic species compete for space and food with native mussels .\nhas ranged from dam construction, channelization, and dredging to siltation and contaminants. dams alter the physical, chemical, and biological stream environment, sometimes destroying 30% to 60% of the mussel fauna upstream and downstream of the construction. the most harmful effect of dams, however, is the elimination of host species and resulting disruption in the reproductive cycle. increased silt loads and shifting stream bottoms caused by erosion also threaten mussel habitats, as do contaminants such as heavy metals and pesticides, and discharge from sewage treatment plants\nsurveys for endangered and threatened freshwater mussel species are currently being conducted each spring, summer, and fall. it is recommended that such surveys continue in order to determine special distributions, population sizes, and age distributions. threats to populations, such as barriers to host fish and glochidia movement, must also be further explored. sufficient buffer areas along streams should also be created and stream bank\nefforts encouraged. lastly, protection classifications of streams with endangered and threatened freshwater mussel species should be upgraded in order to protect water quality .\ntext derived from the book, endangered and threatened wildlife of new jersey. 2003. originally edited by bruce e. beans and larry niles. edited and updated jeanette bowers - altman and michael j. davenport in 2010 .\nkingdom: animalia phylum: mollusca class: bivalvia order: unionoida family: unionidae genus: lampsilis species: l. cariosa\njoin conserve wildlife foundation today and help us protect rare and imperiled wildlife for the future .\ndownload the complete list of new jersey' s endangered, threatened, & special concern species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\novate. valves laterally inflated. mature females usually more rounded toward the posterior ventral margin. valves strong and thick, particularly toward the anterior end .\npresent. two on the left valve and two or three on the right valve. the teeth are stout, with striations on the surface, and usually located directly under the beak [ this is an important feature for distinguishing this species from the tidewater mucket ] .\nnacre: color white or bluish - white. nacre thicker and more lightly colored toward the anterior end .\nstate of connecticut disclaimer, privacy policy, and web site accessibility policy. copyright © 2002 - 2018 state of connecticut .\nkneeland, s. c. and j. m. rhymer. 2008. determination of fish host use by wild populations of rare freshwater mussels using a molecular identification key to identify glochidia. journal of the north american benthological society 27 (1): in press .\nkneeland, s. c. and j. m. rhymer. 2007. a molecular identification key for freshwater mussel glochidia encysted on naturally parasitized fish hosts in maine, usa. journal of molluscan studies 73: 279 - 282 .\nkurth, j. c. loftin, j. zydlewski and j. rhymer. 2007. pit tags increase effectiveness of freshwater mussel recaptures. journal of the north american benthological society 26: 253 - 260 .\nkelly, m. w. and j. m. rhymer. 2005. population genetic structure of a rare unionid (lampsilis cariosa) in a recently glaciated landscape. conservation genetics 6: 789 - 802." ]

{ "text": [ "the yellow lampmussel , scientific name lampsilis cariosa , is a species of freshwater mussel , an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family unionidae , the river mussels .", "its natural habitat is rivers . " ], "topic": [ 2, 24 ] }

[ "the yellow lampmussel, scientific name lampsilis cariosa, is a species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family unionidae, the river mussels. its natural habitat is rivers." ]

[ "( left). okenia kondoi (hamatani, 2001) (casiz 106551). a. ventral view... | download scientific diagram\nspecies okenia modesta (a. e. verrill, 1875) accepted as okenia aspersa (alder & hancock, 1845) (synonym )\narchive note: an earlier edition of this fact sheet [ 14 february 2002 ] as sakishimaia kondoi is available on request .\nfigure 27 (left). okenia kondoi (hamatani, 2001) (casiz 106551). a. ventral view of head; scale = 0. 2 mm. b. reproductive system, am = ampulla, bc = bursa copulatrix, fgm = female gland mass, p = penis, pr = prostate, rs = receptaculum seminis, v = vagina; scale = 0. 3 mm. figure 28 (right). okenia kondoi (hamatani, 2001) (casiz 106551). scanning electron micrographs. a. radular teeth; scale = 35 µm. b. penial armature; scale = 100 µm .\nhere are thre individuals on a colony of their prey bryozoan. they are too small to be sure they are o. kondoi and not o. nakamotoensis, but both species apparently eat the same bryozoan .\nphylogenetic systematics of okenia, sakishimaia, hopkinsiella and hopkinsia (nudibranchia: goniodorididae) with descriptions of new species from the tropical indo - pacific .\nhi bill, we think we found okenia hallucigenia at halifax at the weekend. there were three individuals close together. they seemed longer and higher bodied than our usual okenia atkinsonorum. the oral veil seemed much more pointed. have we identified them correctly or are they just h. atkinsonorum stretched out ?\nrudman, w. b. (2004) further species of the opisthobranch genus okenia (nudibranchia: goniodorididae) from the indo - west pacific. zootaxa, 695: 1 - 70\nrudman, w. b. (2004) further species of the opisthobranch genus okenia (nudibranchia: goniodorididae) from the indo - west pacific. zootaxa, 695: 1 - 70 .\n( of bermudella odhner, 1941) ortea j. , moro l. & espinosa j. (2009) el género okenia menke, 1830 (mollusca: nudibranchia) en las islas canarias con notas sobre okenia zoobotryon (smallwood, 1910) una especie en controversia permanente. vieraea 37: 75 - 83. , available online at urltoken page (s): 76 [ details ]\n( of cargoa vogel & schultz, 1970) vogel r. m. and schultz l. p. 1970. cargoa cupella, new genus and new species of nudibranch from chesapeake bay and the generic status of okenia menke, idalia leuckart\nthe radula is very similar in shape to that of o. kondoi. the inner teeth have a broad base and a blade which ends in a bicuspid tip. a medio - dorsal groove runs down the distal half of the tooth. there are up to 16 very long denticles along the cutting edge of the tooth. the much smaller outer teeth have a broadly quadrangular shape with up to 3 or 4 remnant cusps .\ngosliner, t. m. (2004) phylogenetic systematics of okenia, sakishimaia, hopkinsiella and hopkinsia (nudibranchia: goniodorididae) with descriptions of new species from the tropical indo - pacific. proceedings of the california academy of sciences, 55: 125 - 161 .\nhi bill and everyone! attached is another local okenia hallucigenia and egg mass. the animal in the photo alongside [ black background ] laid the egg mass. the colour of the mass is always the same colour, an orangey - pink. the two photos you have now are ventral views !\nhi bill and everyone! well again here another entry to the world famous sea slug forum! here are some photos of okenia hallucigenia from\nour backyard\n. locality: mooloolaba, sunshine coast, 15 m, queensland, australia, pacific ocean, 24 november 2007, subtidal. length: 15 - 22 m. photographer: gary cobb .\n( of hopkinsiella baba, 1938) gosliner t. m. 2004. phylogenetic systematics of okenia, sakishimaia, hopkinsiella and hopkinsia (nudibranchia: goniodorididae) with descriptions of new species from the tropical indo - pacific. proceedings of the california academy of sciences, (4) 55 (5): 125 - 161, available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe radula is very similar to that of okenia hallucigenia. the inner lateral teeth have a broad base and a blade which ends in a bicuspid tip. a medio - dorsal groove runs down the distal half of the tooth. there are up to 16 very long denticles along the cutting edge of the tooth. the much smaller outer teeth have a broadly quadrangular shape with up to 3 or 4 remnant cusps. .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis species is known from the kuroshima islands (japan), bohol and cebu islands (philippines) and enewetak and kwajalein atolls (marshall islands) (see gosliner, 2004) .\nupper: cement ship pinnacle, enewetak atoll; in ledge on bryozoan, 25m, 21 august 1983 [ 7x1, 7x1. 5, 3x. 75mm ], photo: scott johnson. lower: sem of radula, showing part of right side (casiz 106551). scale bar = 35 µm. photo: t. m. gosliner .\nthe surface of the animal is a dull and opaque red. the rhinophores, latero - dorsal appendages, gills, oral shield and foot sole are similar in colour to the body, though the dorsal appendages are whitish over the proximal half of their length. the body is elongated and limaciform, with no pallial margin. there are 4 dorso - lateral appendages along each side of the dorsum, with a single appendage appearing in the midline in front of the gills. hamatani considers the 6 appendages behind the rhinophores to be different from the anterior pair which he calls' oral tentacles'. although they may function as anterior tentacles they do not arise from the oral shield and i would consider them to be the anterior - most of the dorso - lateral appendages. the oral shield is triangular in shape. there are three simply pinnate, non - retractile gills. it rows to approximately 13mm long .\nhamatani, i. (2001) two new species of goniodorididae (opisthobranchia; nudibranchia) with a new genus from kuroshima island, okinawa, japan. venus, 60 (3): 151 - 156 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\noccurrence record in darwincore format (elements of obis schema and some of dwc1. 4 )\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications – all in one place .\nthe specimen below was found on its bryozoan prey on a kwajalein lagoon pinnacle on 5 september 2010. the bryozoan polyp - like zooids can be seen extending from the branches in the two photos below. .\nthree specimens can be seen on this bryozaon colony on a kwajalein atoll lagoon pinnacle .\nmenke, k. t. (1830). synopsis methodica molluscorum generum omnium et specierum earum, quae in museo menkeano adservantur; cum synonymia critica et novarum specierum diagnosibus. editio altera, auctior et emdatior. georg uslar, pyrmont. xvi + 168 [ + 1, errata ] pp. , available online at urltoken page (s): 10 [ details ]\n( of hopkinsia macfarland, 1905) macfarland, f. m. (1905). a preliminary account of the dorididae of monterey bay, california. proceedings of the biological society of washington. 18: 35 - 54. , available online at urltoken page (s): 53 [ details ]\n( of sakishimaia hamatani, 2001) hamatani i. (2001) two new species of goniodorididae (opisthobranchia; nudibranchia) with a new genus from kuroshima island, okinawa, japan. venus, 60 (3): 151 - 156 [ details ]\n( of teshia edmunds, 1966) edmunds, m. (1966). teshia digitata gen. and sp. nov. , a dorid nudibranch from ghana. journal of the malacological society of london. 37: 69 - 72. [ details ]\n( of idalia leuckart, 1828) leuckart f. s. (1828). breves animalium quorundum maxima ex parte marinorum descriptiones. heidelberg pp. 24: page (s): 15 [ details ]\n( of idaliella bergh, 1881) bergh, l. s. r. 1881. ueber die gattung idalia, leuckart. archiv fur naturgeschichte 47 (1): 140 - 181, pls. 6 - 8. page (s): 145 [ details ]\n( of bermudella odhner, 1941) odhner n. j. 1941. new polycerid nudibranchiate mollusca and remarks on this family. göteborgs kungl. vetenskaps - och vitterhets - samhälles handlingar, ser. b, matematiska och naturvetenskapliga skrifter, 1 (11): 1 - 20 [ details ]\n( of bermudella odhner, 1941) gofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca. in: costello, m. j. et al. (eds), european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. patrimoines naturels. 50: 180 - 213. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of echinodoris bergh, 1874) obis indo - pacific molluscan database. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ceratodoris gray, 1850) valdés á. & fahey s. j. (2006) dorid nudibranchs described by j. e. gray in m. e. gray, 1842 - 1857 (mollusca opisthobranchia). records of the western australian museum supplement 69: 95 - 102. page (s): 96 [ details ]\nhamatani i. (2001) two new species of goniodorididae (opisthobranchia; nudibranchia) with a new genus from kuroshima island, okinawa, japan. venus, 60 (3): 151 - 156 [ details ]\nnorthern australia from western australia (kimberley, exmouth gulf), northern territory, queensland, central new south wales .\nupper: on bryozoan food colony, pleurotoichus clathratus, halifax park, port stephens, new south wales, july 1986. 18mm long. am c150357. photo: bill rudman. lower: sem of radula showing part of whole ribbon (upper) and section of left side of ribbon (lower) showing large denticulate inner teeth and small reduced, plate - like outer teeth. north solitary is. , coffs harbour, new south wales, australia, 17 january 1989, am c157164. scale bar = 10 µm. photos: a. c. miller .\nnote: this species has previously been called hopkinsia sp. on the forum .\nlocality: mooloolaba, sunshine coast, 12 m, queensland, australia, pacific ocean, 31 december 2005, subtidal. length: 13 mm. photographer: gary cobb and david mullins .\ni have not seen o. atkinsonorum or o. stellata here yet. we will spend more time on the reef systems at the north end of moreton island, no telling what we' ll find. cheers gary\nthanks for the quick follow up. from your photos, the egg mass of this species seems to be a more transparent colour than the very opaque pinkish colour of o. atkinsonorum [ see # 21274; # 9320 ]. although the diameter of the total egg ribbon seems to be similar in both species, the actual ribbon in o. hallucigenia appears narrower, and there seem to be fewer eggs. it would be great to see a photo of the egg ribbon in the field .\nthanks for these photos. although the animal in the upper photos looks a bit damaged we can still see the characteristic 4 pairs of dorso - lateral papillae. thanks also for the photo of the egg ribbon, which i have not seen before. are the eggs always this colour or do they start out white? do you see either of the other pink species [ o. atkinsonorum, o. stellata ] which eat the same bryozoan ?\nthe photo of o. hallucigenia on its food, pleurotoichus clathratus, nicely shows the extended polyp - like zooids. it would be interesting to know just how each of the three species that eat this bryozoan bite off the zooids, as each species has quite differently shaped teeth .\nlocality: halifax sponge gardens, port stephens - great lakes marine park, port stephens, 14 metres, new south wales, australia, pacific, 02 november 2008, sandy bottom sponges, bryozoans, soft corals, hydroids and ascidians. length: 15 mm. photographer: leanne & david atkinson .\nyou are quite right. this is o. hallucigenia. i had begun to wonder what had happened to this species in the port stephens area, because in all your years of observing you have only photographed o. atkinsonorum. in fact we have no records on the forum of this species from anywhere. this species is characterised externally by the strange' oral veil' at the front of the body and the regular 4 pairs of lateral papillae down the body. it will be interesting to see if it will maintain a permanent population in the port stephens area or whether it is a tropical species with larvae that only rarely travel and successfully settle this far south. it would be interesting to see what sort of egg ribbon it lays .\ncollected on arborescent bryozoans in 50 - 60 m depth (see gosliner, 2004) .\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications. this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nkienberger, karen carmona, leila pola, marta padula, vinicius gosliner, terrence m. and cervera, juan lucas 2016. aeolidia papillosa (linnaeus, 1761) (mollusca: heterobranchia: nudibranchia), single species or a cryptic species complex? a morphological and molecular study. zoological journal of the linnean society, vol. 177, issue. 3, p. 481 .\nnimbs, matt j. larkin, meryl davis, tom r. harasti, david willan, richard c. and smith, stephen d. a. 2016. southern range extensions for twelve heterobranch sea slugs (gastropoda: heterobranchia) on the eastern coast of australia. marine biodiversity records, vol. 9, issue. 1 ,\npola, marta 2015. the identity ofokenia zoobotryon (smallwood, 1910) (nudibranchia: goniodorididae): redescription and proposed designation of a neotype. american malacological bulletin, vol. 33, issue. 1, p. 72 .\ndomínguez, m. pola, m. and ramón, m. 2015. a new species of tambja (mollusca, gastropoda, nudibranchia) from the mediterranean sea: description of the first species of the genus from the balearic islands and malta. helgoland marine research, vol. 69, issue. 2, p. 205 .\npola, marta and gosliner, terrence m. 2015. a new large and colourful species of the genusdoto (nudibranchia: dotidae) from south africa. journal of natural history, vol. 49, issue. 41 - 42, p. 2465 .\nsp. nov .), from new south wales (nsw) eastern australia, has a light brown body with scattered dark brown and white spots of different sizes, and six pairs of translucent mantle processes .\n) figtree v1. 3. 1: tree figure drawing tool. available at :\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads, pdfs sent to google drive, dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 10th july 2018. this data will be updated every 24 hours .\nhi bill, to accompany the photos of the specimens of hopkinsia nakamotoensis from kwajalein, marshall islands here is a photo of one from enewetak atoll. it is one of a few specimens i found under somewhat similar circumstances at enewetak atoll. the enewetak specimens were also in ledges on a bryozoan on a lagoon pinnacle, but this pinnacle was immediately to the west of the atoll' s deep water pass, subjecting it to frequent in and out currents not experienced by the kwajalein pinnacle .\ncentral place forager while nesting in colonies on rocky headlands and offshore islands. can dive deeply while foraging\nspawning not known to occur in or waters. juveniles not known to occur over soft bottom habitats in or .\nwill inhabit artificial reefs. pelagic juveniles not known to occur in or waters. spawning and larvae not known to occur in or .\nhigh, mid, and low intertidal. tidepools and shallow subtidal. jetties and breakwaters. central or is northern extent of range .\nmost common in estuaries. recently hatched fish often recruit into fresh water for a short time .\nmid to low intertidal. commonly bores into stiff clay, sandstone, shale, and concrete .\nnon - native and invasive species can alter and degrade habitats, increase threats to native species, and in some cases impact local economies or cause extensive problems for marine coastal systems of oregon. non - native species can be transported locally, regionally, or around the world and introduced to oregon’s nearshore systems by way of several mechanisms such as, hitch - hiking in ballast water or in ocean currents. once a species has been introduced it can affect food sources, alter habitats, expose native communities to diseases or toxins, or act as parasites of juvenile and adult members of coastal fisheries species. for many introduced species, the severity of the potential ecological threat is not yet known. many of these species could be deemed invasive in the future, but further efforts to assess impacts are needed. these efforts are a priority for conservation of natural systems because invasions become more complicated to address over time and management measures that respond to the first arriving individuals are most effective .\nefforts have begun to assess available data regarding existing or potential future threats to oregon’s nearshore and estuarine communities. the oregon department of fish and wildlife’s marine resources program reviewed available online data and consulted with experts at oregon state university, the environmental protection agency western ecology division, united states geological survey western fisheries research center, and williams college in 2012 and updated this information in 2015. based on information gleaned from these sources, a list of non - native species known to occur in the nearshore waters of oregon and neighboring states was developed. for each species, habitat information was collected and species were identified as being primarily associated with nearshore marine and / or estuarine systems .\na nearshore = species is primarily associated with the nearshore marine habitat, between the high tide line and the territorial sea boundary .\nc 1: or invasive = non - native species is present in oregon and is considered invasive for posing a threat to native species .\ne 3: wa or ca invasive = species is present in states adjacent to oregon and is considered invasive .\nspecies listed here are associated with nearshore and estuarine west coast habitats, as determined by analysis of data and expert review provided by james t. carlton, williams college; john chapman, oregon state university; debbie reusser, u. s. geological survey – western fisheries research center; henry lee, u. s. environmental protection agency – western ecology division; and gayle hansen, oregon state university." ]

{ "text": [ "okenia kondoi is a species of sea slug , specifically a dorid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family goniodorididae .", "it is the type species of the genus sakishimaia hamatani , 2001 . " ], "topic": [ 2, 26 ] }

[ "okenia kondoi is a species of sea slug, specifically a dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family goniodorididae. it is the type species of the genus sakishimaia hamatani, 2001." ]

[ "revision of the american moths of the genus argyresthia. august busck. 1907. proceedings of the united states national museum 32: 5 - 24, pl. 4 - 5 .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell, j. a. & p. a. opler, moths of western north america, pl. 11. 27m; p. 106. book review and ordering\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\npowell, j. a. & p. a. opler 2009. moths of western north america. pl. 11. 27, p. 106 .\ncontributed by maury j. heiman on 28 august, 2010 - 10: 42am last updated 24 october, 2013 - 6: 30pm\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on image to enlarge .\na variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos. please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image. use and copyright information, as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location, are available by clicking on the\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nbackyard 7 — five acres of moths southeastern arizona in the se. huachuca mountains, cochise county (hereford district )\ncopyright ©2005 - 2009 computing for science and education institute. all rights reserved .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy." ]

{ "text": [ "argyresthia thoracella is a moth of the family yponomeutidae .", "it is found in the united states including oklahoma , arizona , nevada and eastern california .", "the wingspan is about 9 mm .", "the forewings are silvery pearly white with light golden markings .", "the hindwings are whitish gray .", "the larvae feed on juniper species . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 8 ] }

[ "argyresthia thoracella is a moth of the family yponomeutidae. it is found in the united states including oklahoma, arizona, nevada and eastern california. the wingspan is about 9 mm. the forewings are silvery pearly white with light golden markings. the hindwings are whitish gray. the larvae feed on juniper species." ]

[ "megalorhipida angusta is a moth of the pterophoridae family that is known from yemen .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers, open access publishing, and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act (fastr), wikimedia foundation, inc. , public library of science, the encyclopedia of life, open book publishers (obp), pubmed, u. s. national library of medicine, national center for biotechnology information, u. s. national library of medicine, national institutes of health (nih), u. s. department of health & human services, and urltoken, which sources content from all federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government publication portals (. gov, . mil, . edu). funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u. s. congress, e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. world heritage encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the world public library association, a non - profit organization .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthe following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 262 total. this list may not reflect recent changes (learn more) .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. , a non - profit organization .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "megalorhipida gielisi is a moth of the pterophoridae family that is known from india ( himachal pradesh ) .", "the wingspan is 13 – 14 millimetres ( 0.51 – 0.55 in ) . " ], "topic": [ 2, 9 ] }

[ "megalorhipida gielisi is a moth of the pterophoridae family that is known from india (himachal pradesh). the wingspan is 13 – 14 millimetres (0.51 – 0.55 in)." ]

[ "geographical distribution of the trematode schistosoma mansoni sambon, 1907, the etiological agent of intestinal schistosomiasis, is directly associated with the presence of its intermediate hosts, hermaphroditic freshwater snails of the genus biomphalaria (gastropoda: planorbidae). however, not all biomphalaria species are susceptible to s. mansoni. there are 37 species and one sub - species of molluscs of the genus biomphalaria, of which nine are susceptible to s. mansoni (biomphalaria glabrata, biomphalaria pfeifferi, biomphalaria alexandrina, biomphalaria sudanica, biomphalaria straminea, biomphalaria tenagophila, biomphalaria choanomphala, biomphalaria camerunensis, biomphalaria prona), nine are potential intermediate hosts (biomphalaria amazonica, biomphalaria peregrina, biomphalaria amazonica aff. straminea, biomphalaria havanensis, biomphalaria helophila, biomphalaria stanley, biomphalaria sericea, biomphalaria smithi, biomphalaria cousini), nine are refractory (biomphalaria obstructa, biomphalaria intermedia, biomphalaria occidentalis, biomphalaria oligoza, biomphalaria amazonica tenagophila guaibensis, biomphalaria kuhniana, biomphalaria schrammi, biomphalaria orbignyi, biomphalaria trigyra) and there is no information as to the status of susceptibility to s. mansoni of the other species (carvalho et al. 2008, teodoro et al. 2010) .\nmodelling of the distribution of biomphalaria glabrata and biomphalaria straminea in the metropolitan region of recife, pernambuco, brazil .\nkey words: biomphalaria straminea, chaetogasterlimnaei, malacological assessment, bioindicators, schistosomiasis .\npalavras - chave: biomphalaria straminea, chaetogasterlimnaei, levantamento malacológico, bioindicadores, esquistossomose .\nmodelling of the distribution of biomphalaria glabrata and biomphalaria straminea in the metropolitan region of recife, pernambuco, brazil. - pubmed - ncbi\nbiomphalaria straminea and biomphalaria glabrata (mollusca: planorbidae) as new intermediate hosts of the fish eyefluke austrodiplostomum compactum... - pubmed - ncbi\nbiomphalaria straminea and biomphalaria glabrata (mollusca: planorbidae) as new intermediate hosts of the fish eyefluke austrodiplostomum compactum (trematoda: diplostomidae) in brazil .\nbiomphalaria straminea (mollusca: planorbidae) as an intermediate host of ribeiroia sp. (trematoda: psilostomidae) in brazil .\nthe natural infestation rates of biomphalaria spp. by s. mansoni oscillates in freshwater ecosystems from as high as 4% in biomphalaria straminea, andup to 52% in biomphalaria glabrata. the overall infestation rate is related to the abundance of biomphalaria in the area (favre et al. , 2002) .\nwoodruff ds, mulvey m, yipp mw 1985. population genetics of biomphalaria straminea in hong kong. j heredity 76: 355 - 360 .\nbiomphalaria straminea (mollusca: planorbidae) as an intermediate host of ribeiroia sp. (trematoda: psilostomidae) in brazil. - pubmed - ncbi\nthe number of prostate diverticula of the examined b. straminea captured from the field\ngenetic variability and molecular identification of brazilian biomphalaria species (mollusca: planorbidae) .\na, b pictures of b. straminea snails captured in the field with red - and black - coloured shells. c picture of b. straminea snails maintained in the lab with red - coloured shells. note that the black eyespots are present in b. straminea with both red - and black - coloured shells\nmalacological assessment and natural infestation of biomphalaria straminea (dunker, 1848) by schistosoma mansoni (sambon, 1907) and chaetogaster limnaei (k. von baer, 1827) in an urban eutrophic watershed\nbiomphalaria straminea - figs 3a and b shows the amplification profiles of five specimens from each of the six populations of b. straminea, with the primers (ca) 8 ry and k7, respectively. the profiles produced, using both primers, were homogenous within a population, but quite heterogeneous when different populations were compared .\ngenetic variability and molecular identification of brazilian biomphalaria species (mollusca: planorbidae). - pubmed - ncbi\nphylogenetic relationships among brazilian biomphalaria species (mollusca: planorbidae) based upon analysis of ribosomal its2 sequences .\nlevantamento malacológico e infestação natural de biomphalaria straminea (dunker, 1848) por schistosoma mansoni (sambon, 1907) e chaetogaster limnaei (k. von baer, 1827) em uma bacia hidrográfica eutrofizada urbana (mg, brasil )\nbiomphalaria straminea is now well established in freshwater habitats in hong kong. no evidence of infection with s. mansoni has been found. surveillance should be continued to monitor and better understand this schistosomiasis intermediate host in mainland china and hong kong .\nsouza cp, rodrigues ms, azevedo ml, neusa a. suscetibilidade de populacoes de biomphalaria straminea (dunker, 1848) de minas gerais, a infeccao por schistosoma mansoni. rev inst med trop säo paulo. 1981; 23: 212–6 .\nthis study revealed the presence of b. straminea in different districts in the new territories of hong kong, including places close to the border connecting to mainland china. none of the b. straminea investigated in this study were found to be infected with s. mansoni. the hong kong b. straminea are genetically indistinguishable, based on the chosen markers, and resemble those from south america .\nphylogenetic relationships among brazilian biomphalaria species (mollusca: planorbidae) based upon analysis of ribosomal its2 sequences. - pubmed - ncbi\nstudies on ‘tropicorbid’ snails (biomphalaria: planorbidae) from the caribbean and gulf of mexico areas, including the southern u. s\nfernandez ma, thiengo sc 2006. susceptibility of biomphalaria amazonica and biomphalaria occidentalis from manso dam, mato grosso, brazil to infection with three strains of schistosoma mansoni. mem inst oswaldo cruz 101 (suppl. i): 235 - 237. [ links ]\nexample of pcr amplifying s. mansoni specific 16s rdna sequence on gdna extracted from: lanes 1, 2: s. mansoni adult worms (as positive controls); lane 3: field - captured b. straminea with a black - coloured shell; lane 4: field captured b. straminea with a red - coloured shell; lane 5: laboratory cultured b. straminea with a black - coloured shell; lane 6: laboratory cultured b. straminea with a red - coloured shell; lane 7: negative control. all 87 tested individuals were found to be negative for s. mansoni infection\nbiomphalaria straminea (dunker, 1848): pointier (2001) [ statut pour la martinique ] pointier, j. - p. 2001. invading freshwater snails and biological control in martinique island, french west indies. memorias do instituto oswaldo cruz, 96: 67 - 74. [ urltoken ]\ntoledo r, fried b (editors). biomphalaria snails and larval trematodes. springer science & business media; 2010. p. 9–13 .\ndifferentiation genetique des populations de biomphalaria pfeifferi (krauss, 1848) (moll. planorbidae), originaires du centre - sud camerounais et du senegal\nthe genus biomphalaria (preston, 1910) includes some species that transmit schistosoma mansoni in brazil: biomphalaria glabrata (say, 1818), b. tenagophila (orbigny, 1835) and b. straminea (dunker, 1848), while two other species, b. amazonica paraense 1966 and b. peregrina (orbigny, 1835), are considered to be potential hosts of the parasite (corrêa & paraense 1971, paraense & corrêa 1973) .\nkieiv r. s. moura, walter r. terra, alberto f. ribeiro; the functional organization of the salivary gland of biomphalaria straminea (gastropoda: planorbidae): secretory mechanisms and enzymatic determinations, journal of molluscan studies, volume 70, issue 1, 1 february 2004, pages 21–29, urltoken\npictures representing the typical habitats of snails b. straminea identified in hong kong. a ditch in the fu hang road (hkl). b river in the lo wu border (lw). c drainage exit in ping che road (pcl). d four b. straminea attached on a small rock collected in the field\nparaense wl 1988. biomphalaria kuhniana (clessin, 1883), planorbid mollusc from south america. mem inst oswaldo cruz 83: 1 - 12 .\nschistosomiasis, also generally known as snail fever, is a parasitic disease caused by trematode flatworms of the genus schistosoma. in hong kong and mainland china, the freshwater snail biomphalaria straminea has been introduced and has the potential to transmit intestinal schistosomiasis caused by s. mansoni, a parasite of man which has a wide distribution in africa and parts of the new world, especially brazil. the first identification of b. straminea in hong kong dates back to the 1970s, and its geographical distribution, phylogenetic relationships, and infection status have not been updated for more than 30 years. thus, this study aims to reveal the distribution and current infection status of b. straminea in contemporary hong kong .\npicture of prostate diverticula in b. straminea. tissue from the elliptic area (inset, circled in red) was cut open and the prostate diverticula (circled in red) were counted\nparaense wl 1966. biomphalaria amazonica and b. cousini, two new species of neotropical planorbid molluscs. rev bras biol 26: 115 - 126. [ links ]\nparaense wl 1988. biomphalaria kuhniana (clessin, 1883), planorbid mollusc from south america. mem inst oswaldo cruz 83: 1 - 12. [ links ]\nparaense wl, corrêa lr 1985. further experiments on susceptibility of biomphalaria amazonica to schistosoma mansoni. mem inst oswaldo cruz 80: 259 - 262. [ links ]\ncorrêa lr, paraense wl 1971. susceptibility of biomphalaria amazonica to infection with two strains of schistosoma mansoni. rev inst med trop são paulo 13: 387 - 390 .\nmulvey m, newman mc, woodruff ds 1988. genetic differentiation among west indian populations of the schistosome - transmitting snail biomphalaria glabrata. malacology 29: 309 - 317 .\no objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um levantamento malacológico na bacia do reservatório de ibirité, na região metropolitana de belo horizonte (minas gerais), e avaliar a taxa de infestação natural de biomphalaria straminea (gastropoda: planorbidae) por schistosoma mansoni (platyhelminthes: trematoda) e chaetogaster limnaei (oligochaeta: naididae). as amostragens foram realizadas de julho a agosto de 2002. os espécimes de b. straminea coletados foram levados para o laboratório e as avaliações da taxa de infestação foram realizadas semanalmente. o levantamento malacológico identificou cinco espécies de moluscos presentes na bacia do reservatório: b. straminea, physa marmorata, lymnea sp. , melanoides tuberculatus e pomacea austrum. as observações em laboratório mostraram que os espécimes de b. straminea estavam infectados somente por c. limnaei. apesar de não ter sido encontrado s. mansoni, a presença desse planorbídeo deve ser vista com atenção, em decorrência da possibilidade de infecção com esquistossomose humana para a população local .\nparaense wl 1981. biomphalaria occidentalis sp. n. from south america (mollusca: basommatophora pulmonata). mem inst oswaldo cruz 76: 199 - 211. [ links ]\nparaense wl, corrêa lr 1978. differential susceptibility of biomphalaria tenagophila populations to infection with a strain of schistosoma mansoni. j parasitol 64: 822 - 826. [ links ]\nmavárez j, amarista m, pointier jp, jarne p 2000. microsatellite variation in the freshwater schistosome - transmitting snail biomphalaria glabrata. mol ecol 9: 1009 - 1011 .\nparaense wl, corrêa lr 1973. susceptibility of biomphalaria peregrina from brazil and ecuador to two strains of schistosoma mansoni. rev inst med trop são paulo 15: 127 - 130 .\nwoodruff ds, mulvey m 1997. neotropical schistosomiasis: african affinities of the host snail biomphalaria glabrata (gastropoda: planorbidae). biol j linnean society 60: 505 - 516 .\nusing both anatomical and molecular analyses, this study demonstrated the existence of black - and red - coloured shell b. straminea in different districts in the new territories in hong kong, including places close to the mainland china border. none of the b. straminea (n = 87) investigated were found to be infected with s. mansoni when tested by biopsy and pcr. the hong kong b. straminea are genetically indistinguishable, based on the chosen molecular markers (cox 1, its1 - 5. 8s - its2, and 16s rdna), and are similar to those obtained in mainland china and south america .\nbarbosa fs, coelho mv, carneiro e 1956. cross - breeding of australorbis glabratus and biomphalaria boissyi. trans r soc trop med hyg 50: 296 - 297. [ links ]\ncorrêa lr, paraense wl 1971. susceptibility of biomphalaria amazonica to infection with two strains of schistosoma mansoni. rev inst med trop sao paulo 13: 387 - 390. [ links ]\nthe availability of methodologies based on molecular analysis has enabled the access to more consistent information on the population structure of the planorbidae of the genus biomphalaria. studies on genetic variability have permitted correlation of the origins, colonization processes and dispersion of the populations and species of biomphalaria genus (woodruff et al. 1985, mulvey et al. 1988, woodruff & mulvey 1997) .\nvidigal thda, caldeira rl, simpson ajg, carvalho os 2000. further studies on the molecular systematics of biomphalaria snails from brazil. mem inst oswaldo cruz 95: 57 - 66 .\nmulvey m, vrijenhoek rc 1982. population structure in biomphalaria glabrata: examination of hypothesis for the patchy distribution of susceptibility to schistosomes. am j trop med hyg 27: 782 - 786 .\nthis study investigated the geographical distribution of biomphalaria straminea in hong kong, its current infection status and revealed the phylogenetic relationships with those found in other parts of the world. the value of this study lies in determining the current distribution of these snails, which have the potential to transmit s. mansoni in contemporary hong kong. it is more than 30 years since the previous studies, and thus it is essential to evaluate the potential risk of the co - existence of b. straminea and the introduction of infection, i. e. infected individuals with s. mansoni, resulting in triggering the transmission cycle in the places concerned .\ncaldeira rl, teodoro tm, gomes mfb, carvalho os 2010. preliminary studies investigating the occurrence of biomphalaria cousini in brazil. mem inst oswaldo cruz 105: 485 - 487. [ links ]\nparaense wl, corrêa lr 1973. susceptibility of biomphalaria peregrina from brazil and ecuador to two strains of schistosoma mansoni. rev inst med trop sao paulo 15: 127 - 130. [ links ]\nvidigal thda, caldeira rl, simpson ajg, carvalho os 2000. further studies on the molecular systematics of biomphalaria snails from brazil. mem inst oswaldo cruz 95: 57 - 66. [ links ]\nvidigal thda, dias neto e, carvalho os, simpson ajg 1994. biomphalaria glabrata: extensive genetic variation in brazilian isolates by random amplified polymorphic dna analysis. exper parasitol 79: 187 - 194 .\nafter the reservoir (station 14) there was a substitution of the dominant species in the malacofauna along the study period. in june, the dominant mollusk was m. tuberculatus. in july, this population started to decrease, allowing an increase in the population of b. straminea, which resulted in co - dominance. in august, the population of b. straminea started to dominate the malacofauna. during the last samplings, occasional rains, unusual for that period of the year, were observed. with the rain, flooding occurred in many swamp areas around the houses neighboring ibirité reservoir, allowing the growth sites of b. straminea to overflow and the mollusks to be carried downstream .\ndue to its applicability and the quality of the results obtained, we have used ssr - pcr to study the intrapopulational, intraspecific and interspecific variability of the brazilian populations of b. straminea, b. intermedia and b. kuhniana .\nparaense wl 1984. biomphalaria tenagophila guaibensis ssp. n. from southern brazil and uruguay (pulmonata: planorbidae). i. morphology. mem inst oswaldo cruz 79: 465 - 469. [ links ]\nit is evident that the situation regarding the current geographical distribution, evolutionary history and infection of b. straminea by s. mansoni, is poorly known in contemporary hong kong. the present study carried out from july 2016 to january 2017 revealed that at least eight locations in the new territories in hong kong contained b. straminea. moreover, a variant strain of b. straminea with red - coloured shells was discovered. although the snails collected in the field were found not to be infected with s. mansoni, this study confirms the continued existence of neotropical schistosomiasis - transmitting snails in contemporary hong kong, and warrants the monitoring and understanding of the biology of this intermediate host between the borders of mainland china and hong kong .\nduring this study carried out between july 2016 and january 2017, b. straminea was found in different districts in the new territories, including the border between hong kong and mainland china. these districts include habitats which were not reported 30 years ago. given there has been no systematic survey of snails in these districts in previous decades, and the new territories have also been rapidly developed, it is not possible to determine whether the current population of b. straminea has been spreading and expanding in the last 30 years. on the other hand, highly urbanized and isolated areas, such as those in hong kong island, where no signs of b. straminea could be detected, suggest a potential influence of urbanization on the snail’s habitat and distribution .\nmaximum - likelihood tree constructed based on tamura 3 - parameter + g model for 16s rdna sequences (343 nt) of b. straminea samples collected from different sites in hong kong. abbreviations are as in figure s1. (pdf 185 kb )\nsix b. straminea, six b. intermedia populations and one b. kuhniana population were analyzed. the gel shown in fig. 2 illustrates the reproducibility of the profiles obtained with the ssr - pcr technique using 20 specimens of b. kuhniana with the primer k7. the profiles obtained using k7 and (ca) 8 ry from 20 specimens of b. kuhniana and 20 specimens from one population of b. intermedia and b. straminea (data not shown), randomly chosen, showed to be homogenous .\nmaximum - likelihood tree constructed based on k2p + g model for its1 - 5. 8s - its2 sequences (914 nt) of b. straminea samples collected from different sites in hong kong. abbreviations are as in figure s1. (pdf 186 kb )\nlewis fa, richards cs, knight m, cooper la, clark b 1993. schistosoma mansoni - analysis of an unusual infection phenotype in the intermediate host snail biomphalaria glabrata. exp parasitol 77: 349 - 361. [ links ]\njones cs, lochyer ae, rollinson d, piertney sb, noble lr 1999. isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the freshwater gastropod, biomphalaria glabrata, na intermediate host for schistosoma mansoni. mol ecol 8: 2141 - 2152 .\nthus, the identification of biomphalaria snails is of great importance because the presence of the species (b. amazonica, b. cousini and hybrids between than) may result in schistosomiasis foci because these species are experimentally susceptible to s. mansoni .\ncaldeira rl, vidigal thda, paulinelli st, simpson ajg, carvalho os 1998. molecular identification of similar species of the genus biomphalaria (mollusca: planorbidae) determined by a pcr - rflp. mem inst oswaldo cruz 93: 219 - 225 .\nbiomphalaria straminea (dunker) is a snail intermediate host of schistosoma mansoni sambon which has invaded hong kong in recent years from its home range in brazil. this study examines its distribution pattern in terms of habitat type and hydrological factors. the data revealed very strong colonizing power, both in terms of number of sites occupied as well as numerical dominance at these sites. an inability to colonize lotic habitats may have been related to low levels of dissolved minerals and nutrients but the effect of current speed on colonization has yet to be resolved .\nun total de 3 494 caracoles de biomphalaria straminea (dunker, 1848) fueron recolectados desde diciembre de 2010 a mayo de 2011en una arrocera en la provincia de corrientes, argentina y 5 especies (furcocercaria sp. xiv, furcocercaria sp. xv, furcocercaria sp. xvi, furcocercaria sp. xvii y furcocercaria sp. xviii) encontradas en 115 caracoles (3. 29 %) se describieron. la prevalencia de infección varió entre 0. 11% (furcocercaria sp. xviii) y 4. 22% (furcocercaria sp. xvi) en los caracoles examinados. furcocercaria sp. xiv, furcocercaria sp. xv y furcocercaria sp. xvi fueron las especies más comunes presentes en casi todos los meses del periodo de muestreo, mientras que furcocercaria sp. xvii y furcocercaria sp. xviii fueron las especies más raras. las tasas de infección de la mayoría de los digeneos larvales fueron altas en marzo. las especies de furcocercarias descriptas en el presente estudio en b. straminea de un hábitat agrícola, se suman a las 4 especies de furcocercarias reportadas en la región para el género biomphalaria .\nexperiments based on crosses of molluscs of the genus biomphalaria have been performed since the 1950s (paraense 1955, 1956, paraense & deslandes 1955). crosses between biomphalaria species that produced fertile hybrids have been reported. examples include crosses between b. alexandrina and b. glabrata (barbosa et al. 1956): b. straminea and b. peregrine, b. tenagophila and b. peregrina (barbosa et al. 1958) and b. glabrata and b. tenagophila (mello - silva et al. 1998). barbosa (1964) commented on the natural hybridisation between b. glabrata and b. tenagophila, which generates hybrids with intermediate forms. subsequently, barbosa (1973) described observations made over three years on the replacement of b. glabrata by b. straminea in northeastern brazil, where four specimens that he called interspecific hybrids were found. only during this process of competitive exclusion were mixed forms found, possibly as a result of crosses between these species. later, new field studies were conducted and these intermediate forms were not found, revealing their inability to persist in nature .\nteodoro tm, janotti - passos lk, carvalho os, caldeira rl 2010. occurrence of biomphalaria cousini (mollusca: gastropoda) in brazil and its susceptibility to schistosoma mansoni (platyhelminths: trematoda). mol phylogenet evol 57: 144 - 151. [ links ]\na total of 3 494 snails from biomphalaria straminea (dunker, 1848) were collected from december 2010 to may 2011, in a ricefield in corrientes province, argentina, and 5 species of larval trematodes belonging to strigeidae (furcocercaria sp. xiv, furcocercaria sp. xv, furcocercaria sp. xvi), diplostomidae (furcocercaria sp. xvii) and schistosomatidae (furcocercaria sp. xviii) found in 115 snails (3. 29 %) are described. prevalence of infection ranged between 0. 11% (e. g. , furcocercaria sp. xviii) and 4. 22% (e. g. , furcocercaria sp. xvi) in the snails examined. furcocercaria sp. xiv, furcocercaria sp. xv and furcocercaria sp. xvi were the most common species present in nearly all months of the sampling period, whereas furcocercaria sp. xvii and furcocercaria sp. xviii were rarer species. infection rates of most larval digeneans were highest in march. the species of furcocercariae in b. straminea from the agricultural habitat described in the present study are now added to the 4 species of furcocercariae already reported for the region from the genus biomphalaria .\nexperiments based on crosses of molluscs of the genus biomphalaria have been performed since the 1950s, using the albinism factor as a genetic marker, which is determined by a pair of recessive alleles (paraense 1955, 1956, paraense & deslandes 1955). crosses between b. glabrata and b. tenagophila were not feasible reporting the reproductive isolation of these species (paraense & deslandes 1955). nevertheless, crosses between biomphalaria species that produce fertile hybrids have been reported (barbosa et al. 1956, 1958, mello - silva et al. 1998) .\nmaximum - likelihood tree constructed based on general time reversible + g + i model for concatenated cox 1, its1 - 5. 8s - its2 and 16s rdna sequences (1779 nt) of b. straminea samples collected from different sites in hong kong. abbreviations are as in figure s1. (pdf 185 kb )\nthe objective of this study was to perform a malacological assessment at the ibirité reservoir watershed in the metropolitan region of belo horizonte (mg) and to evaluate the natural infestation rate of b. straminea (gastropoda: planorbidae) by s. mansoni (platyhelminthes: trematoda) and c. limnaei (oligochaeta: naididae) .\nit was observed that, in the rivers flowing into the ibirité reservoir, each stretch studied exhibited a distinct composition of mollusk species (table 2). in the pintados stream a longitudinal gradient was found along sampling stations 3, 4, and 5, where p. cf marmorata and b. straminea were the dominant species .\nsusan m. bandoni, margaret mulvey, eric s. loker; phylogenetic analysis of eleven species of biomphalaria preston, 1910 (gastropoda: planorbidae) based on comparisons of allozymes, biological journal of the linnean society, volume 54, issue 1, 1 january 1995, pages 1–27, urltoken\nprincipal component analysis revealed that hydrological factors important for colonization included high levels of dissolved calcium, magnesium, iron, chloride, total nitrogen, sulphate and phosphate. ph had only a secondary effect. the significance of these findings is discussed with special reference to the likelihood of introduction of b. straminea elsewhere, and possible management strategies .\nbiomphalaria intermedia - the amplification profiles of five specimens from each of the six populations of b. intermedia with the primers (ca) 8 ry and k7, respectively, are showed in figs 5a and b. the profiles produced were homogenous within a population but heterogeneous when the populations were compared .\nb. straminea shares many morphological similarities with b. intermedia and b. kuhniana, frequently causing taxonomic confusion. b. intermedia is found in brazil in the states of são paulo, minas gerais and mato grosso do sul while b. kuhniana is restrict to the tucuruí region of pará. because of their morphological similarities, these three species were grouped by paraense (1988) in the b. straminea complex. this species complex had been studied by caldeira et al. (1998) using polymerase chain reaction amplification and restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr - rflp). these authors reported great genetic similarity among the three species, supporting paraense' s observations (1988) .\nthe results of the natural infestation rates by parasites for b. straminea are presented in table 3. the observations indicated an infestation of b. straminea with chaetogaster limnaei (annelida - oligochaeta) instead of schistosoma mansoni. early naturalists considered c. limnaei to be a true parasite that was thought to feed upon slime produced by the host (michelson, 1964). however, subsequent investigators demonstrated that the oligochaete fed mainly on microorganisms, and suggested that the worm be considered a commensal. wagin (1931) also observed that the oligochaete ingested cercariae and suggested that c. limnaei might be of value in controlling transmission of trematodes such as fasciola hepatica cercariae and schistosoma mansoni miracidia .\nin conclusion, this study demonstrated that the malacological fauna in the ibirité reservoir watershed reflects a eutrophic process due to anthropogenic activities in the region and that c. limnaei, symbiotically associated with b. straminea, may have important implications with respect to biological control and / or changes in the epizootiology of native parasites in the ibirité reservoir watershed .\nspatz l, vidigal thda, caldeira rl, dias neto e, carvalho os 1999. study of biomphalaria tenagophila, b. t. guaibensis and b. occidentalis by polymerase chain reaction amplification and restriction enzyme digestion of the ribosomal rna gene intergenic spacer. j molluscan stud 65: 143 - 149 .\nin the ibirité stream adjacent to the urban area (station 6) only p. cf. marmorata was found, except in august 2002, marked by a rare occurrence of b. straminea. however, in the sampling station before the reservoir (station 7) there was a predominance of p. cf. marmorata and m. tuberculatus .\ncamargo eaf, camargo jtf, neves mf, simões lf, bastos lad, magalhães la, zanotti - magalhães em. assessment of the impact of changes in temperature in biomphalaria glabrata (say, 1818) melanic and albino variants infected with schistosoma mansoni (sambon, 1907). braz j biol. 2016 ;\ncarvalho os, jannotti - passos lk, caldeira rl 2008. importância epidemiológica e biologia molecular aplicada ao estudo dos moluscos do gênero biomphalaria. in os carvalho, pmz coelho, hl lenzi, schistosoma mansoni e esquistossomose: uma visão multidisciplinar, fiocruz, rio de janeiro, p. 311 - 345. [ links ]\njannotti - passos lk, vidigal thda, dias - neto e, pena sdj, simpson ajg, dutra wo, souza cp, carvalho - parra jf 1997. pcr amplification of the mitochondrial dna minisatellite region to detect schistosoma mansoni infection in biomphalaria glabrata snails. j parasitol 83: 395 - 399. [ links ]\nthe snails of the genus biomphalaria exhibit considerable morphological (paraense 1957) and molecular variability (vidigal et al. 1994, simpson et al. 1995). this variability is responsible for the great phenotypic plasticity shown by some snail species as verified by paraense et al. (1992) and caldeira et al. (2000) in b. prona populations obtained from lake valencia, venezuela and in surrounding watercourses. on the other hand, morphologically similar species such as those in the current study as well as b. tenagophila, b. t. guaibensis and b. occidentalis have been clustered in complexes named b. straminea (paraense 1988) and b. tenagophila (spatz et al. 1999), respectively .\njannotti - passos lk, caldeira rl, carvalho os 2008. técnicas utilizadas no estudo dos moluscos do gênero biomphalaria e na manutenção do ciclo de schistosoma mansoni. in os carvalho, pmz coelho, hl lenzi, schistosoma mansoni e esquistossomose: uma visão multidisciplinar, fiocruz, rio de janeiro, p. 531 - 544. [ links ]\nalthough morphological studies of biomphalaria for species identification have been carried out, differentiation between some species may be complicated. the identification of these molluscs is based on anatomical and morphological characteristics and relies on descriptions by paraense (1966, 1975, 1981, 1984, 1988). currently, the most important tool for specific identification of biomphalaria snails is the researcher' s capability to dissect and characterise snails based on their morphological differences. the difficulties involved in specific identification based on morphological characters have motivated the use of molecular techniques (vidigal et al. 2000). therefore, the correct identification of these snails is of great importance because it enables the detection of species in areas where schistosomiasis transmission occurs, as well as in areas without the disease but that might become schistosomiasis foci owing to the presence of natural or experimentally susceptible species .\nsnails were collected from different parts of hong kong from july 2016 to january 2017. both anatomical and molecular methods were applied to identify b. straminea. cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox 1), internal transcribed spacer 1 (its1), 5. 8s rdna, internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2), and 16s ribosomal dna (rdna) were sequenced from individual snails and analyzed. to detect the presence of s. mansoni, both biopsy and pcr analyses were carried out .\nprevious studies have suggested the possibility of natural hybrids between b. amazonica and b. cousini (teodoro et al. 2010). our results leave no doubt about the possibility of a hybrid between b. amazonica and b. cousini, which we confirmed through a cross between these species using the albinism factor as a genetic marker (determined by a pair of recessive alleles), as standardised to biomphalaria by paraense (1955) .\nunder field conditions, the intensity of chaetogaster infestation in snails appears to vary considerably. often, no more than ten chaetogaster individuals were observed in each specimen of lymnaea stagnalis and l. ovata, and more than 300 worms in a single specimen of l. stagnalis (michelson, 1964). in our study, as many as 15 c. limnaei have been recovered from a single b. straminea. the highest infestations rates (up to 45 worms) were found in older and larger snails .\nfuture studies should examine the relationship between the patterns characterizing the b. straminea population and those of other native mollusks that may serve as hosts for c. limnaei. the latter, however, did not appear to be pathogenic with respect to the gastropod. however, because of the high prevalence and rates of infection of this worm in gastropods, further research on this point is warranted. in addition and more broadly, the present results suggest that further studies should explore differences in parasite / host patterns among various localities and habitats in the studied watershed .\nshell size and aperture measures of b. straminea were distributed into classes (fig. 2). this analysis suggested that in the dry period the population tends to have a normal distribution (p < 0. 05), which means that a great number of adult individuals are present when compared to the young and old individuals. this tendency occurred in all periods except in the last sampling period, when the number of young individuals was higher. the class distribution curve of the size of shells collected in the sixth sampling period when more young individuals were found could have represented population recruitment .\nthe presence of b. straminea, a species that shows a low rate of natural infestation by s. mansoni, should be taken as an alert signaling the possibility on the part of fishermen, swimmers, tourists, and the population in the affected area of finding themselves at risk for human schistosomiasis, which is an undisputable sign that public health conditions in the watershed are deteriorating. in such a situation, malacological monitoring programs should be designed and implemented so as to broaden the understanding of the biology of these mollusk species and also of the possible implications of these organisms for both the environment and the people living in it .\nacknowledgements — this study was funded by grants from the gabriel passos refinery, petrobras s. a. , with additional funding from the brazilian national council for research (cnpq). we thank capes and fapemig for the scholarships granted to the graduate students. the authors are indebted to dr. teofãnia heloísa dutra amorim vidigal for help with the identification of b. straminea species, roney e. silva for help with the identification of the species studied, and dr. adlane villas - boas who revised the english text. we also thank dr. j. l. atthayde for valuable criticism of a previous version of the manuscript and our colleagues of the laboratório de ecolologia de bentos for technical assistance .\nthe rapid urbanization rate of brazilian cities has resulted in progressively deteriorating sanitary conditions and increased poverty levels of the human population. this situation has greatly challenged public health authorities, created new health problems, and increased the demand for public health services. the spread of human schistosomiasis is attributed not only to migration of infected people into non - infected areas, but also to invertebrate host (biomphalaria spp .) dispersion. epidemiological studies often fail to consider the social, economic, and behavioral characteristics of the region when, in fact the watershed should be considered as a study unit (barbosa et al. , 2000) .\ncrossing trials - the pcr amplification of the biomphalaria its region with the primers etts2 and etts1 resulted in a product of approximately 1. 3 kb (data not shown). the rflp profiles obtained by digesting rdna its with dde i are represented in figure, with the profile of the albino snail corresponding to the profile of b. amazonica (lane 12) and the pigmented snail corresponding to b. cousini (lane 13). the profiles of the 10 pigmented offspring obtained from each albino snail correspond to the profile of the hybrid control (lane 14). the five crosses generated the same result and only one gel is represented .\nparaense and corrêa (1989) reported that despite the low efficiency of b. straminea as a host (less than 1% of these snails are found naturally infected, and experimental infection rates are less than 4 %), this species is an important schistosomiasis vector in the northwest of brazil. indeed, this species has a prevalence of parasitism over 50% , in some localities, in pernambuco. this species is found in almost all hydrographic basins of brazil, and the open spaces on distribution maps are due to the lack of research in these regions (paraense 1986). thus, the wide distribution (paraense 1972, 1983, 1986) increases the risks of expansion of schistosomiasis to areas currently free of the disease .\nthe profiles obtained with both primers were used to construct phenetic trees through upgma, assuming that all lineage have diverged on equal amounts. on the other hand, the nj method, conceptually related to the traditional cluster analysis, does not make that assumption (swofford et al. 1996). in spite of this, regardless the methodology, the trees presented similar topologies (figs. 4a, b; 6a, b) and, in most situations, individuals from the same locality could be clustered. such groups were supported by high bootstrap values (over 70 %), except for the b. straminea populations, from são paulo and pernambuco that are most volatile in terms of their position on the trees (ic and sm) .\nthe trees shown in the figs 4a and b, produced by the upgma and nj methods, respectively, mirror the similarities and genetic distance among b. straminea populations. these trees present similar topologies clustering specimens from the same locality, except the population specimens from icém / sp (ic) and são lourenço da mata / pe (sm), which clustered in the nj and upgma trees, but with an insignificant bootstrap value (12 %). we have also observed that the populations from belém / pa (be) are more related to those from brasília / df (bs), supported by a bootstrap value of 60% , and the populations from monte carmelo / mg (mc) are more related to those from passos / mg (pa), presenting a similarity coefficient of approximately 67% .\nstudies using biomphalaria snails found three variant molecular profiles for b. amazonica (vidigal et al. 2000). later, studies using phylogeny, morphological and molecular taxonomy of brazilian, bolivian and colombian snails previously identified as b. amazonica showed that some populations studied were b. cousini and established the occurrence of b. cousini in brazil. three different molecular profiles were observed, enabling the differentiation of b. amazonica from b. cousini. the third profile showed associations with the two b. cousini and b. amazonica profiles, suggesting the possibility of hybrids between these species (caldeira et al. 2010, teodoro et al. 2010). experiments on susceptibility have shown that b. amazonica and b. cousini are potential hosts of s. mansoni (corrêa & paraense 1971, paraense & corrêa 1985, fernandez & thiengo 2006, teodoro et al. 2010) .\nwith an estimate of almost 240 million people infected worldwide, schistosomiasis is considered by the world health organization as the second most prevalent parasitic disease after malaria. this disease remains a global health problem resulting in economic and social burdens [\n, which is estimated to infect more than 80 million people globally. intestinal schistosomiasis caused by\noccurs in africa, madagascar, the middle east, the caribbean, brazil, venezuela and suriname .\n; cercariae penetrate the skin of people when exposed in water. given the parasite life - cycle and a combination of other factors, including poor public health education, water quality, sanitation and natural disasters (such as flooding that may spread the snails), the number of people infected with\nspp. , has been the subject of intense control measures in china. according to the law of communicable diseases prevention and control in china, schistosomiasis is currently listed in the category b of notifiable diseases to be reported. in 2011, there were a total of 4483 cases of schistosomiasis caused by\nreported to the ministry of health nationwide in china. recently, imported cases of schistosomiasis caused by\n], and hence, understanding the biology and distribution of the intermediate hosts contributes to the prevention and control of schistosomiasis .\nglobalization and traveling are two important factors that aid the spread of schistosomiasis. for example, urogenital schistosomiasis has been detected in different parts of europe, primarily in travellers returning from endemic areas where they have been exposed to water containing cercariae of\n]. previous studies have revealed that the schistosomiasis prevalence rate in sub - saharan african immigrants during 2000–2009 in spain was ~ 5. 9% (\nwas the predominant species in those with schistosomiasis confirmed by microscopy (74. 2% , 204 / 252) [\nin the water areas of shenzhen and most of the rivers in the lo wu area (which is the border between hong kong and mainland china). a recent survey has further supported that\n], suggesting a surveillance - response system is required. trading and travel between different places in the globe, and especially between guangdong and hong kong, have been increasing rapidly in the last decades after the handover. many businessmen, workers and tourists may visit schistosomiasis - endemic areas and become infected; it is the movement of people that provides the opportunity for the parasite to be introduced into a new area. even when good sanitation exists, it is possible that the local water could become contaminated by bathing or defecation. if a compatible snail host is present, there is a chance of transmission becoming established .\ncan be relatively fast spreading (i. e. lays as many as ~ 70 eggs / snail / day), and is tolerant of drought for more than 30 days [\n]. these features give it the potential for dispersal between hong kong and other areas in china, such as by attaching to floating items and transfer from one city to another during storms (e. g. [\nhong kong is a place with a great variety of habitats, including grasslands, shrublands, woodlands, hilltops, streams, ponds, wetlands, agricultural fields and urban areas. the climate is sub - tropical, and there are usually heavy rainfalls and tropical cyclones from june to october. snails with shell morphology similar to\nwere collected from rivers, ditches and reservoirs in different parts of hong kong from july 2016 to january 2017. for safety measures, researchers wore rubber gloves and wellington boots to prevent direct skin contact with water and snails. specimens were labeled with collection locality, gps coordinates, date and collector, and transported to the laboratory for storage in 95% ethanol; these data are summarized in table\n]. genomic dna was further extracted from ~ 10–30 mg foot tissue of snails examined above using qiaamp dna mini kit (qiagen, hilden, germany). dna sequencing of individual cytochrome\n], internal transcribed spacer 1 (its1), 5. 8s rdna, and internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2), and 16s ribosomal dna (rdna) was carried out as previously described [\n]. all 3 markers were amplified under the same pcr temperature profile: an initial 5 min denaturation step at 94 °c followed by 30 cycles (iterations of 50 s at 94 °c, 50 s at 55 °c and 50 s at 72 °c) plus a final 10 min extension at 72 °c. gel electrophoreses were performed to confirm successful amplification of the desired fragment of the target size. pcr products were purified using the qiaquick pcr product purification kit (qiagen, hilden, germany). sequences of purified pcr products were obtained from both directions using the same primer pair for pcr by cycle sequencing in a commercial laboratory (bgi tech solutions (hong kong) co. , ltd. , beijing, china) .\nfield - collected snails were dissected under the microscope to look for any evidence of s. mansoni. in addition, a more reliable and sensitive molecular method specifically targeting the s. mansoni 16s rdna sequence was employed. the following pcr temperature profile was used: an initial cycle of 5 min denaturation at 94 °c, followed by 40 iterations of 50s at 94 °c, 50 s at 55 °c and 50 s at 72 °c, and ended with 10 min extension at 72 °c. gel electrophoreses were performed to confirm successful amplification of the genomic fragments with expected target size. pcr products were purified using the qiaquick pcr product purification kit (qiagen). sequences of purified pcr products were obtained from both directions using the same primer pair for pcr by cycle sequencing in a commercial laboratory (bgi tech solutions (hong kong) co. , ltd .) .\n1 sequences (see next section). detailed anatomical and molecular analyses confidently indicated 8 positive sites containing\n; these were widespread in the new territories (nt) (i. e. 5 in northern nt close to the border to mainland china, 1 in south - western nt, 1 in central nt, and 1 in south - eastern nt) (fig .\nas suggested by the molecular data (i. e. false positive sites). the blue circles represent the\n- positive sites whereas only black shell snails were found. the red dots represent\n- positive sites with coexistence of red - and black - shelled snails. the green pentacle represents a site with only dead snails and shells found (proven to be\nwere also found to coexist in certain locations, including the lo wu border (lw) (i. e. the border between hong kong and mainland china) and ping che road (pcl). in some locations, such as the one in shan pui river 1 (sb), only dead snails and empty shells could be found .\nsnails collected from in the field were cultured and allowed to breed in the laboratory (fig .\n). preliminary observations showed that adults with red - coloured shells caught from the wild produced offspring with red shells, while the first - generation offspring of black - shelled snails were either all with black shells or a mixture of individuals with black or red shells. black eyespots were observed for both red - shelled and black - shelled\n1 sequence deposited on ncbi (genbank: af199085. 1) (fig .\nare between 4 to 7. we examined the prostate diverticula of all these snails, except the ones collected from site sb which were decomposed (table\nsamples collected from different sites in hong kong. the abbreviated names and numbers denote the samples collected from the sites listed in table\nwith red - coloured shells. dp1, dp2, dg11 and dg12 (marked in blue) represent\nsnails in hong kong. maximum - likelihood trees based on individual markers demonstrated the\n: fig. s3). using the concatenated sequences from all three markers in constructing the phylogenetic trees resulted in the same result (fig .\nsnails in hong kong are likely derived from south america. the genetic distance tables are shown in additional file\nneighbour - joining tree constructed based on k2p + g model for its1 - 5. 8s - its2 sequences (914 nt) of\ndna gave negative results. a total of 87 individual snails were tested alongside the positive control which comprised dna extracted from\n. only the positive control was found to have a dna fragment of 256 bp amplified when examined under the agarose gel, and all 87 samples tested were found to be negative (fig .\nor their empty shells could be found. if this observation was solely due to the influx of seawater, this would be indicative that\n), the genetic mutation responsible is likely to be different from true albinos .\nis thought to be incapable), anatomical analysis was first employed, revealing the average number of prostate diverticula to be 14. 28 (table\nsnails collected in the present study were assessed using a combination of 16s ribosomal dna, 18s ribosomal dna + internal transcribed spacer 1 + 5. 8s ribosomal dna + internal transcribed spacer 2 + 28s ribosomal dna and" ]

{ "text": [ "biomphalaria straminea is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail , an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family planorbidae , the ram 's horn snails .", "this snail is a medically important pest , because an intermediate host for the parasite schistosoma mansoni and a vector of schistosomiasis .", "the history of these discoveries was summarized by paraense ( 2001 ) .", "the shell of this species , like all planorbids is sinistral in coiling , but is carried upside down and thus appears to be dextral . " ], "topic": [ 2, 4, 19, 11 ] }

[ "biomphalaria straminea is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family planorbidae, the ram's horn snails. this snail is a medically important pest, because an intermediate host for the parasite schistosoma mansoni and a vector of schistosomiasis. the history of these discoveries was summarized by paraense (2001). the shell of this species, like all planorbids is sinistral in coiling, but is carried upside down and thus appears to be dextral." ]

[ "parides lycimenes is found from guatemala to ecuador. this species in colombia is frequently confused with the following three closely related species that are also found in colombia: parides erithalion parides anchises parides iphidamas the three subspecies of p. lycimenes listed in rothschild and jordan are: species location parides lycimenes lycimenes guatemala and costa rica parides lycimenes erythrus colombia and adjacent parides lycimenes paralius ecuador gerardo lamas in his 2004 checklist of neotropical lepidoptera retains this as a full species, and changes the name to parides panares. he then lists the following subspecies: parides panares panares of mexico parides panares erythrus of colombia parides panares lycimenes of costa rica parides panares paralius of ecuador parides parares rachelii of venezuela parides panares tachira of venezuela\nparides panares (gray, [ 1853 ]) = parides lycimenes = papilio septentrionalis = papilio critobulus = papilio euryptolemus = papilio panares gray, [ 1853 ] = papilio lycimenes = parides panares panares = papilio lycimenes boisduval, 1870 = papilio lycimenes erythrus rothschild & jordan, 1906 = parides panares rachelii brown, 1994 = papilio lycimenes paralius rothschild & jordan, 1906 = parides lycimenes septentrionalis de la maza & diaz, 1978 .\njust newly described: parides panares piragua and parides childrenae esmeraldas winhard, 2016\nzwei neue unterarten innerhalb der gattung parides hübner, 1819 aus kolumbien und ecuador (lepidoptera, papilionidae, papilioninae, troidini )\natalanta, band 47, heft 3 / 4, dezember 2016, p. 323 - 326 with 2 plates (in german )\np. panares piragua type locality: vereda piragua, departamento huila, 1350 m, colombia p. childrenae esmeraldas type locality: san lorenzo (city area), prov. esmeraldas, ecuador\nparides genus (swallowtail butterflies) is found in the new world tropics. in this genus the males are typically dark colored with red spots on the rear wings and sometimes green patches on the front wings. the females are typically somewhat lighter in ground color with red bands on the rear wings. over 50 named species and subspecies in this genus are shown here .\nthis system is free software released under gnu / gpl 3. 0 - portal version 1. 0\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3. 0 united states license .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ 85 ] urltoken (insecta. pro previous version / cтарая версия insecta. pro )\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nthanks for that, hewi. do you have locations for the new ssp? i wonder whether some of my old sw colombian childrenae are the new ssp .\ni have a good number of childrenae caught near san lorenzo (esmeraldas). for me, they were p. childrenae latifasciata (krüger, 1925). i will therefore resume the examination of my specimens! the species is particularly abundant in the tunda loma reserve. here two photos: female and male of childrenae in tunda loma choco forest .\nthis lifeform is found north of the equator in the new world tropics. this lifeform is common in suitable environments .\nanimal kingdom contains numerous organisms that feed on other animals or plants. included in the animal kingdom are the lower marine invertebrates such as sponges and corals, the jointed legged animals such as insects and spiders, and the backboned animals such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence." ]

{ "text": [ "parides panares , the wedge-spotted cattleheart , is a species of butterfly in the family papilionidae native to the americas .", "the larvae feed on aristolochia maxima and a. pilosa . " ], "topic": [ 2, 29 ] }

[ "parides panares, the wedge-spotted cattleheart, is a species of butterfly in the family papilionidae native to the americas. the larvae feed on aristolochia maxima and a. pilosa." ]

[ "het geslacht omvat volgende soorten: *\neucosmophora aspila\ndavis & wagner, 2005 *\neucosmophora atlantis\n( meyrick, 1924) *\neucosmophora chrysocosma\n( meyrick, 1915) *\neucosmophora dives\nwalsingham, 1897 *\neucosmophora echinulata\ndavis & wagner, 2005 *\neucosmophora eclampsis\n( durrant, 1914) *\neucosmophora eurychalca\n( meyrick, 1920) *\neucosmophora ingae\ndavis & wagner, 2005 *\neucosmophora manilkarae\ndavis & wagner, 2005 *\neucosmophora melanactis\n( meyrick, 1915) *\neucosmophora paraguayensis\ndavis & wagner, 2005 *\neucosmophora pithecollobiae\ndavis & wagner, 2005 *\neucosmophora pouteriae\ndavis & wagner, 2005 *\neucosmophora prolata\ndavis & wagner, 2005 *\neucosmophora schinusivora\nd. r .\nbiology and systematics of the neotropical leafminer genus eucosmophora (lepidoptera: gracillariidae) .\nbiology and systematics of the neotropical leafminer genus eucosmophora (lepidoptera: gracillariidae). | davis | tropical lepidoptera research\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nkeyword search - try again, but check your spelling, and / or use fewer search terms .\nif we don' t have it today, create a' want' and receive an automated email when the item is listed for sale .\nfind books from over 100, 000 booksellers worldwide, for easy searches and price comparison .\nby using the web site, you confirm that you have read, understood, and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions. © 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc. all rights reserved. abebooks, the abebooks logo, abebooks. com ,\npassion for books .\nand\npassion for books. books for your passion .\nare registered trademarks with the registered us patent & trademark office .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you know the species, please, click on the picture and write the species name in comments section. also, you can go to the gallery page with all photos of gracillariidae sp. (large size) .\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\nsubscription or article purchase required to access item. to verify subscription, access previous purchase, or purchase article, log in to journal .\n* licinius crassus dives, praetor in 59 bc, was perhaps the same as publius licinius crassus dives, nephew of the triumvir .\n* publius mucius q. f. p. n. scaevola, consul in 175 bc, triumphed over the ligures .\nthis page lists all described species of the spider family gnaphosidae as of dec. 13, 2013 .\ncallaecia pubem ,\n:\nbarbara nunc patriis ululantem carmina linguis ,\n:\nnunc pedis alterno percussa verbere terra ,\n:\nad numerum resonas gaudentem plauder caetras .\nthe gallaic celts make their entry in written history in the first - century epic\npunica\nof silius italicus on the first punic war: :\nfibrarum et pennae divinarumque sagacem\n:\nflammarum misit dives callaecia pubem ,\n:\nbarbara nunc patriis ululantem carmina linguis ,\n:\nnunc pedis alterno percussa verbere terra ,\n:\nad numerum resonas gaudentem plaudere caetras .\n= = branches and cognomina = = the cognomina of the baebii are\ndives, herennius, sulca\n, and\ntamphilus\n.\nde oranjeflankmierpitta (\nhylopezus dives\n) is een zangvogel uit de familie grallariidae .\nthe amazonian antpitta (\nhylopezus berlepschi\n) is a species of bird in the grallariidae family .\nde struiktroepiaal (\ndives warczewiczi\n) is een zangvogel uit de familieicteridae (troepialen) .\nin queensland the national party merged with the liberal party forming the liberal national party (lnp) in 2008 .\ndives - sur - mer is een gemeente in het franse departement calvados (regio basse - normandie) en telt 5881 inwoners (2004) .\ndives - sur - mer is a commune in the calvados department in the basse - normandie region in northwestern france .\n* publius mucius (p. f. q. n .) scaevola, consul in 133 bc; two years later he succeeded his brother, publius licinius crassus dives mucianus, as pontifex maximus .\nvesperus fuentei is a species of beetle in the vesperidae family that is endemic to spain .\ncredits - computer translations are provided by a combination of our statistical machine translator, google, microsoft, systran and worldlingo .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience. by continuing to visit this site you agree to our use of cookies. learn more .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "eucosmophora echinulata is a moth of the gracillariidae family .", "it is known from paraguay .", "the length of the forewings is 4.1 mm for females .", "the larvae probably feed on a fabaceae species and probably mine the leaves of their host plant . " ], "topic": [ 2, 27, 9, 11 ] }

[ "eucosmophora echinulata is a moth of the gracillariidae family. it is known from paraguay. the length of the forewings is 4.1 mm for females. the larvae probably feed on a fabaceae species and probably mine the leaves of their host plant." ]

[ "a size analysis of anadara granosa and terebralia palustris from skew valley shell midden .\npotamididae » terebralia palustris, id: 986053, shell detail « shell encyclopedia, conchology, inc .\npotamididae » terebralia palustris, id: 842231, shell detail « shell encyclopedia, conchology, inc .\npotamididae » terebralia palustris, id: 739324, shell detail « shell encyclopedia, conchology, inc .\nfeeding clusters and olfaction in the mangrove snail terebralia palustris (linnaeus) (potamididae: gastropoda) .\na size analysis of anadara granosa and terebralia palustris from skew valley shell midden. - version details - trove\nfeeding clusters and olfaction in the mangrove snail terebralia palustris (linnaeus) (potamididae: gastropoda). - pubmed - ncbi\nbelongs to terebralia according to b. landau and c. marques da silva 2010\nnishihira, m. , 1983 .\ngrazing of the mangrove litters by terebralia palustris (gastropoda: potamididae) in the okinawan mangal: preliminary report .\ngalaxea 2: 45 - 58 .\nsoemodihardjo, s. and w. kastoro, 1977 .\nnotes on the terebralia palustris (grastropoda) from the coral islands in the jakarta bay area .\nmarine research in indonesia 18: 131 - 148 .\nfratini, s. , s. cannicci and m. vannini, 2000. competition and interaction between neosarmatium smithi (crustacea: grapsidae) and terebralia palustris (mollusca: gastropoda) in a kenyan mangrove. marine biology 137 (2): 309 - 316 .\nfratini, s. , v. vigiani, m. vannini, s. cannicci, 2004. terebralia palustris (gastropoda; potamididae) in a kenyan mangal: size structure, distribution and impact on the consumption of leaf litter. marine biology 144 (6): 1173 - 1182 .\nrambabu, a. v. s. , b. v. prasad and m. balaparameswara roa, 1987 .\nresponse of the mangrove mudsnail terebralia palustris (linnaeus) (prosobranchia: potamididae) to different substrata .\njournal of the marine biology association of india 29 (1 - 2): 140 - 143 .\nslim, f. j. , m. a. hemminga, c. ochieng, n. t. jannink, e. cocheret de la morinière and g. van der velde, 1997 .\nleaf litter removal by the snail terebralia palustris (linnaeus) and sesarmid crabs in an east african mangrove forest (gazi bay, kenya) .\nj. exp. mar bio ecol 215: 35 - 48 .\nhoubrick r. s. (1991). systematic review and functional morphology of the mangrove snails terebralia and telescopium (potamididae; prosobranchia). malacologia. 33 (1): 289 - 338. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncrowe, t. p. , 1997 .\nthe distribution of terebralia palustris (linne) with respect to microhabitat in mangrove forests of darwin harbour. i: description of patterns .\nin: proceedings of the sixth international marine biological workshop. the marine flora and fauna of darwin harbour, northern territory, australia, edited by j. r. hanley, g. caswell, d. megirian & h. k. larson, museum and art galleries of the northern territory and the australian marine sciences association, pp. 425 - 433 .\ncrowe, t. p. and r. f. mcmahon, 1997 .\nthe distribution of terebralia palustris (linne) with respect to microhabitat in mangrove forests of darwin harbour. ii: experimental evaluation of behaviour .\nin: proceedings of the sixth international marine biological workshop. the marine flora and fauna of darwin harbour, northern territory, australia, edited by j. r. hanley, g. caswell, d. megirian & h. k. larson, museum and art galleries of the northern territory and the australian marine sciences association, pp. 435 - 443 .\n( of clava caledonica jousseaume, 1883) houbrick r. s. (1991). systematic review and functional morphology of the mangrove snails terebralia and telescopium (potamididae; prosobranchia). malacologia. 33 (1): 289 - 338. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of strombus agnatus gmelin, 1791) houbrick r. s. (1991). systematic review and functional morphology of the mangrove snails terebralia and telescopium (potamididae; prosobranchia). malacologia. 33 (1): 289 - 338. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cerithium carnaticum perry, 1811) houbrick r. s. (1991). systematic review and functional morphology of the mangrove snails terebralia and telescopium (potamididae; prosobranchia). malacologia. 33 (1): 289 - 338. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of potamides tryoni kobelt, 1895) houbrick r. s. (1991). systematic review and functional morphology of the mangrove snails terebralia and telescopium (potamididae; prosobranchia). malacologia. 33 (1): 289 - 338. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cerithium crassum lamarck, 1822) houbrick r. s. (1991). systematic review and functional morphology of the mangrove snails terebralia and telescopium (potamididae; prosobranchia). malacologia. 33 (1): 289 - 338. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of trochus trisulcatus forsskål in niebuhr, 1775) houbrick r. s. (1991). systematic review and functional morphology of the mangrove snails terebralia and telescopium (potamididae; prosobranchia). malacologia. 33 (1): 289 - 338. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nsubunit structure and reassembly of mega - hemocyanin. (a) sds - page of leptoxis carinata hemocyanin (lch); note the constant ratio of the two subunits in the different individuals. (b) sds - page of whole terebralia palustris hemocyanin (tph, sample 1), and of gel filtration chromatography fractions enriched in mega - tridecamers (sample 2) and typical didecamers (sample 3), respectively. m, myosin marker (205 kda) (c) sds - page of intact terebralia hemocyanin (\ncontrol\n, left lane) and of terebralia hemocyanin after limited tryptic cleavage for 3 hours (\ncleavage\n, right lane); note occurrence of two subunit fragments derived from the 550 kda subunit. (d) sds - page of melanoides tuberculata hemocyanin (mth); note variable ratio of the two subunits in the different individuals. (e) crossed immunoelectrophoresis (ie) of melanoides tuberculata hemocyanin (mth, sample 6 in d), showing that the two subunits are immunologically distinct. (f) tandem - crossed immunoelectrophoresis (samples 6 and 7 in d) to identify both peaks. (g, h) reassembly experiments with the individual mth subunits; note exclusive formation of mega - decamers in g, and of typical hemocyanin oligomers in h .\ntransmission electron microscope images of negatively stained gastropod hemocyanins. (a) klh2 (from megathura crenulata), showing typical didecamers (double arrowhead), typical tridecamers build from a decamer (arrowhead) and a didecamer (double arrowhead), and a larger multidecamer. (b) leptoxis carinata hemocyanin; note exclusive presence of mega - tridecamers (triple arrow). (c) terebralia palustris hemocyanin, showing mostly mega - tridecamers (triple arrow), but also typical didecamers (double arrowhead). (d) melanoides tuberculata hemocyanin, showing a mixture of mega - decamers (arrow), mega - didecamers (double arrow) and mega - tridecamers (triple arrow) .\nhoubrick r. s. (1991). systematic review and functional morphology of the mangrove snails < i > terebralia < / i > and < i > telescopium < / i > (potamididae; prosobranchia). < em > malacologia. < / em > 33 (1): 289 - 338 .\n( of potamides palustris (linnaeus, 1767) ) dautzenberg, ph. (1929). contribution à l' étude de la faune de madagascar: mollusca marina testacea. faune des colonies françaises, iii (fasc. 4). société d' editions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales: paris. 321 - 636, plates iv - vii pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nleptoxis carinata and leptoxis praerosa (gastropoda, pleuroceridae) samples were collected in shallow water on rocks at a single location in the potomac river, maryland, usa, and at a single location in cypress creek, alabama, usa, respectively. both species were collected in spring 2009, l. carinata additionally in november 2008 and summer 2009. melanoides tuberculata samples were taken throughout 2009 from two independently established freshwater aquaria in the institute of zoology, mainz, germany. terebralia palustris was collected in summer 2009 in a mangrove mud near gazi, kenya. the keyhole limpet megathura crenulata, source of klh, was kindly provided by the biosyn company, fellbach, germany. hemolymph from the following numbers of snails has been studied individually: l. carinata: 51 (sds - page), 12 (em); t. palustris: 13 (sds - page), 8 (em); 3 (o 2 binding); m. tuberculata: 22 (sds - page), 10 (em), 3 (o 2 binding). l. praerosa: 5 (sds - page), 3 (em), 1 (o 2 binding). in addition, we studied pooled hemocyanin from 4 l. praerosa individuals in all three categories .\nwe thank dr jeffrey t. garner (alabama fish & game division) for the samples of leptoxis praerosa, dr j. robin harris for critical reading of the manuscript, christoph kühne for the terebralia images, prof. dr werner kühlbrandt and deryck mills (mpi biophysics, frankfurt, germany) for kindly providing access to the fei polara microscope and the deutsche forschungsgemeinschaft (dfg - gk 1043 grant to jm) for financial support .\nmgh, ees and bl provided leptoxis and information on cerithioid snails. nh collected terebralia. bl initiated the first electron microscopical images leading to the detection of mega - hemocyanin. bl, wg, cg, fd, nh and jm designed experiments and interpreted data. wg, cg, fd and nh performed the experiments. jm coordinated the experiments, produced the graphics and wrote the manuscript. all authors commented and approved the manuscript .\n( of strombus palustris linnaeus, 1767) linnaeus c. (1767). systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. ed. 12. 1. , regnum animale. 1 & 2. holmiae, laurentii salvii. holmiae [ stockholm ], laurentii salvii. pp. 1 - 532 [ 1766 ] pp. 533 - 1327 [ 1767 ]. , available online at urltoken page (s): 1 213 [ details ]\nthe allosteric respiratory protein hemocyanin occurs in gastropods as tubular di -, tri - and multimers of a 35 × 18 nm, ring - like decamer with a collar complex at one opening. the decamer comprises five subunit dimers. the subunit, a 400 kda polypeptide, is a concatenation of eight paralogous functional units. their exact topology within the quaternary structure has recently been solved by 3d electron microscopy, providing a molecular model of an entire didecamer (two conjoined decamers). here we study keyhole limpet hemocyanin (klh2) tridecamers to unravel the exact association mode of the third decamer. moreover, we introduce and describe a more complex type of hemocyanin tridecamer discovered in fresh / brackish - water cerithioid snails (leptoxis, melanoides, terebralia) .\nthe\ntypical\nklh2 tridecamer is partially hollow, whereas the cerithioid tridecamer is almost completely filled with material; it was therefore termed\nmega - hemocyanin\n. in both types, the staggering angle between adjoining decamers is 36°. the cerithioid tridecamer comprises two typical decamers based on the canonical 400 kda subunit, flanking a central\nmega - decamer\ncomposed of ten unique ~ 550 kda subunits. the additional ~ 150 kda per subunit substantially enlarge the internal collar complex. preliminary oxygen binding measurements indicate a moderate hemocyanin oxygen affinity in leptoxis (p50 ~ 9 mmhg), and a very high affinity in melanoides (~ 3 mmhg) and terebralia (~ 2 mmhg). species - specific and individual variation in the proportions of the two subunit types was also observed, leading to differences in the oligomeric states found in the hemolymph .\nin cerithioid hemocyanin tridecamers (\nmega - hemocyanin\n) the collar complex of the central decamer is substantially enlarged and modified. the preliminary o 2 binding curves indicate that there are species - specific functional differences in the cerithioid mega - hemocyanins which might reflect different physiological tolerances of these gill - breathing animals. the observed differential expression of the two subunit types of mega - hemocyanin might allow individual respiratory acclimatization. we hypothesize that mega - hemocyanin is a key character supporting the adaptive radiation and invasive capacity of cerithioid snails .\nthe most urgent physiological need of animals is a constant supply of oxygen, usually provided by allosteric respiratory proteins such as the red, iron - based protein hemoglobin. in most molluscs, this crucial role is played by the blue, copper - containing protein hemocyanin. its basic hemocyanin oligomer, the decamer, is composed of five identical subunit dimers forming a cylinder with a collar complex at one end [\n). gastropods express a didecamer assembled from two conjoined decamers, with the collar complexes facing outward at the ends. the subunit, a ~ 400 kda polypeptide, is a concatenation of eight paralogous functional units termed fu - a to fu - h, each with a single copper active site for reversible oxygen binding [\n]. the two klh isoforms (termed klh1 and klh2) are homo - oligomers, each assembled from a single subunit type of ~ 400 kda. klh1 forms didecamers and didecamer clusters, whereas klh2 forms didecamers and multidecamers. the two subunit types differ substantially in primary structure and most probably furcated by a gene duplication event some 340 million years ago (for literature, see [\n]. the 3d volume shown here in grey was calculated from this molecular model at 9 - å resolution. red lines in\nmark the borderline between the two constituent 400 kda subunits, each encompassing eight different functional units (red, fu - a; yellow, fu - b; green, fu - c; orange, fu - d; purple, fu - e; blue, fu - f; cyan, fu - g; gold, fu - h). note that fu - a to fu - f form the cylinder wall, whereas fu - g and fu - h constitute the collar complex. although the two subunits are identical in primary structure, they are folded into two different conformations to form an asymmetric homo - dimer [\n] ] also suggests that molluscan hemocyanin has been unable to evolve into high affinity forms, needed especially by gill breathers for survival under hypoxic conditions. we have now found in the cerithioidea a unique complex\nmega - hemocyanin\ntridecamer which is probably capable of adapting to a much broader range of oxygen affinities than typical hemocyanin. cerithioid snails (figure\n]. the present study provides the first structural and a preliminary functional analysis of this newly detected hemocyanin type .\n]. however, the exact association mode of the additional decamers remained unknown and therefore was elucidated in the present context, in order to better understand the unique structure of the novel mega - hemocyanin tridecamer .\n]. the results clearly show that within the tridecamer, the additional decamer is rotated 36° with respect to the didecamer. this fits previous electron microscopical observations [\n], that a rotation angle of 36° joins them in the most stable manner. it should be noted that 36° is also the staggering angle of the two constituent decamers within the\nnucleating\ndidecamer of klh1 [\n], although in this case the two decamers are assembled with their\nopen\nends facing each other, and their closed ends (with the collar complex) facing outwards. in contrast, in tri - and multidecamers the additional decamers are attached with their open end to a closed end (figure\n) top view of the 3d reconstruction at 30 - å resolution as obtained from negatively stained em images. segmentation was based on the fitting of the published molecular model of klh1 [\n]. fenestration and right - handed helical appearance of the cylinder wall results from the oblique arrangement of subunit dimers (purple). note that this helix is steadily continued in the additional (the upper) decamer. (\n, but with most of the cylinder wall transparent to reveal the collar complexes (golden). (\n]) fitted into the 30 - å structure, and shown with the collar complexes and three consecutive subunit dimers as extracted from the 30 - å structure. note that the 3d volume is somewhat larger than the molecular model; this is due to the negative staining and flattening of the particles used for 3d reconstruction. (\n) three consecutive subunit dimers of the fitted molecular model (ribbon style). this helical association mode is also continued in the larger multidecamers. formally, the turn between the didecamer and the attached decamer is 36°, but it is actually 3 × 36° = 108° if topologically identical positions are compared .\n. this model was obtained by fusing two extracted decamers, at a rotation angle of 36°, with the 30 - å structure of the klh2 tridecamer. orientation of the five decamers is indicated by their collar complexes (golden); note that the right - handed helical structure of the cylinder wall is steadily continued, as shown here in each decamer for a subunit dimer (purple). the pitch of the surface helical feature, with respect to the longitudinal axis, is 45° (see also [\n]). the pitch height (frequency of twist) of the right - handed helix is 4. 5 subunit dimers, meaning that in the pentadecamer the helix completes 360° .\nmolluscan hemocyanin decamers are assembled from five oblique subunit dimers, resulting in five major and five minor right - handed helical grooves encarving the surface of the cylinder wall. due to the decamer↔decamer staggering angle of 36°, these grooves are steadily continued in the didecamer (see figure\n], and the present results show, for the first time, steady continuation of the helical grooves in the tridecamer. from spatial constraints it is clear that this association mode is also true for the additional decamers in the larger klh2 multidecamers, as illustrated in figure\n) class sum images of negatively stained single particles collected from electron micrographs. (\n) 3d models shown as longitudinal section through the cylinder wall to reveal the fundamentally different collar complexes. note that the flattening effect is more obvious in klh2 (upper panel) .\n), which is unprecedented for a molluscan hemocyanin. the typical hemocyanin tridecamer observed in klh2 (see figure\n]) is a transient state between the comparatively stable didecamers and larger multidecamers; it is therefore generally present as a minor component. in previous careful dissociation / reassembly studies, conditions that would transform the bulk of material into tridecamers were not found [\n]. therefore, it was completely unexpected to find here an exclusive population of fully stable tridecamers .\nmoreover, these tridecamers looked abnormal. in contrast to the partially hollow hemocyanin tridecamers of other molluscs (see figure\n) extracted mega - decamer. the peripheral decamers and the wall of the central decamer conform to the molecular model of klh1 [\n]. a detailed model of the central collar complex (red) will require a higher resolution 3d reconstruction and the complete amino acid sequence of the 550 kda polypeptide .\n. side views (upper panel) are shown as a longitudinal section through the cylinder wall to reveal the collar complexes. the volumes in\n] that had been fitted into the 30 - å reconstruction of the klh2 tridecamer (see figure 4). the bracket in\nin the typical gastropod hemocyanin collar complex, five fu - g pairs form five hidden\narcs\nprotruding into the cylinder lumen. moreover, five fu - h pairs build five exposed\nslabs\n; the latter are arranged as a flat ring (figure\n). however, such a mutation is not unique, but has a parallel in cephalopod hemocyanins. the latter always occur as single decamers, with fu - h missing [\nmutations of the collar complexes in cerithioid and sepioid hemocyanins clearly result from convergent evolution, but they demonstrate that such rearrangements of the collar are possible without destabilizing the hemocyanin particle in the intermediate phases. this is due to inherent stability of the isolated wall which has been demonstrated in cases in which the collar complex is lacking [\n( potamididae) is a mangrove snail from kenya. biophysical molecular mass determination of molluscan hemocyanin subunits is generally difficult due to the enormous size of the subunits and the lack of marker proteins in this range, and therefore a matter of debate (see [\n] and ultimately found, as soon as\ntrue\nmolecular masses predicted from primary structures became available, that at least in our hands sds - page yielded the most accurate results (e. g. [\n]). molluscan hemocyanins are glycosylated, but their glycan content is generally not high enough to cause irregular migration on sds gels. for example, in case of\n]. from these previous studies we had available various well - characterized molluscan hemocyanin subunits and subunit fragments that could be used in sds - page as molecular mass markers of appropriate size. using klh1 (400 kda, see figure\n) apparent molecular mass of both intact subunit types (blue triangles), and of the larger tryptic fragment (red triangle) obtained from the larger subunit. as molecular mass markers we used klh1 (400 kda [\n]), and myosin (205 kda, standard marker). note that the 540 kda value is obtained by graphical extrapolation. (\n) apparent molecular mass of the smaller tryptic fragment (red triangle) obtained from the larger subunit; a standard mixture of molecular mass markers (myosin, β - galactosidase, phosphorylase a, bovine serum albumin) was applied. note that the two fragments summate to 550 kda .\nin previous studies on the typical molluscan hemocyanin subunits, limited proteolytic cleavage (by using low amounts of proteases) proved to be a strong tool in analyzing the functional unit concatenation. under the appropriate conditions, certain proteases cleave one or several of the exposed, elongated linkers between functional units, whereas the globular core of the functional units remains intact. in sds - page this yields well - defined subunit fragments containing one, two or several functional units (e. g. [\nhemocyanin, we obtained a very complex cleavage pattern when exposing the subunit mixture to 5% trypsin (not shown). however, if 5% trypsin was applied to the intact oligomers, after subsequent denaturation a clear pattern was revealed in sds - page: the 400 kda subunit was still intact, but the larger subunit yielded two well defined cleavage products (figure\n); the process was still incomplete after 1 hour but complete after 3 hours. together, the two fragments represent ~ 550 kda, which is taken here for the apparent molecular mass of the intact subunit, as we still lack the amino acid sequence. the stability of the typical hemocyanin decamers of\nhemocyanin. in contrast, the ~ 550 kda subunit apparently has a tryptic cleavage site that is freely accessible for the enzyme even in the native quaternary structure .\n), suggesting that this is indeed the correct ratio within the mega - tridecamer. interestingly, in the studied\n). some individuals even lack the 400 kda subunit and possess mega - decamers exclusively in their hemolymph. the two subunit types are immunologically distinct (figure\n), which usually corresponds to major differences (> 30 %) in primary structure. reassembly experiments with isolated\n], but rarely observed in molluscs. in the latter, hemocyanin heterogeneity is obvious at the level of the functional units [\n]. a situation such as we have now detected in cerithioid snails has not previously been reported .\nall indicate low cooperativity (hill coefficient of 1. 0 - 1. 2 at half - saturation). oxygen affinity (p50) is moderate in\n( mega - tridecamers: 9 ± 1 mmhg at ph 7. 6; 1 mmhg ~ 133 pa), but very high in\n( mega - decamers: 2. 6 ± 0. 5 mmhg at ph 7. 6) and even higher in\n( mostly mega - tridecamers and some typical didecamers: 1. 8 ± 0. 5 mmhg at ph 7. 6). these data are preliminary, but seem to reflect the different physiological tolerances of these gill - breathing species :\nthrives in warm mangrove mud. in these cases, the observed difference in p50 indicates an evolutionary adaptation, and could mean the difference between survival or death .\n]. however, mega - hemocyanin seems to have this capacity and possibly has the added advantage of allowing respiratory acclimatization through differential expression of the 400 kda and 550 kda subunit types. it also seems to us that the functional plasticity of mega - hemocyanin, notably its ability to function properly under hypoxic as well as normoxic conditions, exceeds that of typical hemocyanin and also of multimeric hemoglobin .\n) shows that within all types of klh molecule, the constituent decamers are rotated 36° with respect to their adjoining decamers, thereby yielding a steady continuation of the right - handed helical grooves characteristic of the cylinder outer wall. as deduced from multiple sequence alignments and biochemical analyses [\n], the different association forms of klh can serve as structural models for gastropod (and bivalve) typical hemocyanin in general .\nthe newly detected mega - hemocyanin, apparently a synapomorphy of the cerithioidea, can be interpreted on the basis of its present 13 - å cryoem structure and our detailed knowledge on klh. we provide strong evidence that the mega - tridecamer is assembled from two peripheral typical decamers (each with ten copies of the 400 kda subunit), and a central mega - decamer made up from ten 550 kda subunits. the wall of the mega - decamer is apparently constructed according to the typical scheme, which means that the six wall functional units fu - a to fu - f that exist in the 400 kda subunit are also present in the 550 kda subunit .\n2000 amino acids. this might correspond to four or five functional units, instead of only two (fu - g and fu - h) in the collar complex of typical hemocyanin. in total, this newly defined collar complex has a molecular mass of 2. 5 megadalton. whether or not it shows a true d5 symmetry and how the 250 kda segment is folded requires its full - length sequence and a higher resolution 3d reconstruction .\n]), the discovery of a substantially modified type such as mega - hemocyanin, and moreover in some of the most abundant snails, was completely unexpected. the 400 kda subunit has existed for ~ 740 million years [\n] which appeared in the paleozoic, is a more recent evolutionary specialization. the unique 550 kda hemocyanin subunit is one of the largest polypeptides ever reported, second only to the myoelastic titin family [\n]. we hypothesize that mega - hemocyanin may have been a key character in their success. from our preliminary o\nhemocyanin have unusually high oxygen affinities. if this holds true in future more detailed analyses, mega - hemocyanin might allow\nwhich thrives in disturbed habitats and has been introduced worldwide through the aquarium trade .\ngenerally, the living animals were transported to the laboratory in mainz for bleeding, and the hemolymph further processed immediately after bleeding. some individuals were bled immediately after appearing in our laboratory, others were kept in aquaria and bled days or weeks later. hemolymph was withdrawn by puncturing the foot muscle by a syringe. the following procedures were as described previously [\n]: blood cells were removed by centrifugation and the hemocyanin was purified from the supernatant by pelleting it in a beckman airfuge. the initial hemocyanin concentration in the animals was 10 - 25 mg / ml. purified hemocyanin was routinely stored at 4°c in\nstabilizing buffer\n( 50 mm tris / hcl, ph 7. 4, 150 mm nacl, 5 mm cacl\n). pure klh2 was obtained from an animal that lacked klh1. different hemocyanin oligomers were separated by gel filtration chromatography using biogel a15m. the individual\nhemocyanin subunits were separated by cutting the respective protein bands from the native page gel, followed by elution. alternatively, the 550 kda subunit was obtained from animals that lacked the 400 kda component. hemocyanin oligomers were dissociated into native subunits by dialysis overnight against 0. 1 m glycine / naoh buffer of ph 9. 6. reassembly experiments were performed by overnight dialysis of subunits\nsds polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds - page) was routinely performed with 7. 5% acrylamide in the system of laemmli [\n) dissolved in stabilizing buffer at a final protein concentration of 16 mg / ml was treated for 1, 2, and 3 hours at 37°c with 5% trypsin (sigma, taufkirchen, germany), and then immediately sds - denatured to inactivate the protease. the resulting fragments were subsequently analysed by sds - page. the molecular mass of mega - hemocyanin subunits and fragments was graphically determined according to their migration distances in sds - page, using several molluscan hemocyanins and a commercial protein standard mixture as markers (for details, see figure\n); 5% , 6% and 7. 5% acrylamide concentrations were applied in this case. crossed and tandem - crossed immunoelectrophoresis with the system of weeke [\n]. negatively stained specimens were studied with a fei tecnai 12 transmission electron microscope at an accelerating voltage of 120 kv. images were taken with a 1392 × 1040 sis megaview camera. cryo - electron microscopy was done with a fei polara transmission electron microscope, operating at an accelerating voltage of 300 kv and 59, 000 × instrumental magnification. the negatives (kodak so 163 film) were developed for 12 minutes in full - strength kodak d19 developer .\nhemocyanin (lch) were digitised using a primescan rotating drum scanner with a sampling size of 1 - å at the specimen level. the contrast transfer function (ctf) for each image was determined using the program ctffind3 [\n]. 850 particles were manually picked with the module boxer from the eman software package 1. 7 [\n], and extracted into 736 × 736 pixel boxes. the cut - out particles were corrected for the phase reversals of the ctf in imagic [\n], and, prior to band pass filtering and normalization, 2 × 2 averaged to give a final sampling of 2 - å / pixel .\n]. the initial map was calculated from class averages by angular reconstitution with imposed d5 symmetry and then refined using projection matching with an initial angular increment of 5° until there was no significant change in euler angle assignments between successive refinement rounds. subsequent refinement rounds were performed with decreasing angular steps (4°, 3°, 2° and 1°) until no further improvement could be detected. the final map was obtained from 627 superior particles, representing exclusively side - views of the tridecamer. the resolution of the final reconstruction was 13 - å according to the 1 / 2 - bit criterion of the fourier shell correlation [\nin case of the klh2 tridecamer, 97 negative staining em micrographs were digitised with a sampling size of 2 - å and particles were manually picked within 368 × 368 boxes. a total of 110 single particles representing side views were manually collected. the final 30 - å (fsc 1 / 2 - bit) density map was calculated from 29 class - averages by angular reconstitution with imposed c5 symmetry .\n] into the 30 - å cryoem structure of the klh2 tridecamer and the lch tridecamer, respectively, was done in ucsf chimera - 1. 3 [\n], using the tool\nfit in map\n. this was straightforward even in the 30 - å structure, because the right - handed helical wall features and the major elements of the collar complexes were clearly defined. the tool\ncolor zone / split map\nof the chimera software was applied for segmentation of the maps; this procedure is based on the fitting. the molecular graphics images were also produced using chimera .\n]. the change in fluorescence as indicator of the oxygen saturation level was measured with a standard fluorimeter (hitachi f4500, binninger analytic, germany) at an emission wavelength of 338 nm (excitation 280 nm) while the oxygen concentration was determined simultaneously with an oxygen electrode (microelectrodes inc. , bedford, usa) equipped with a locally made amplifier. this electrode allowed determination of oxygen partial pressure to a precision of\n1 mmhg. all experiments were performed at 20 ± 0. 05°c at a protein concentration of 0. 2 mg / ml in stabilizing buffer .\nhemocyanin: 9 å cryo - em structure and molecular model reveal the subunit pathway and the interfaces between the 70 functional units. j mol biol. 2007, 374: 465 - 486. 10. 1016 / j. jmb. 2007. 09. 036 .\nhemocyanin: 9 - å cryoem structure and molecular model of the klh1 didecamer reveal the interfaces and intricate topology of the 160 functional units. j mol biol. 2009, 385: 963 - 983. 10. 1016 / j. jmb. 2008. 10. 080 .\n). j biol chem. 2000, 275: 5675 - 5681. 10. 1074 / jbc. 275. 8. 5675 .\nhemocyanin: molecular structure of a potent marine immunoactivator. a review. eur urol. 2000, 37 (suppl 3): 24 - 33. 10. 1159 / 000052389 .\nmarkl j, lieb b, gebauer w, altenhein b, meissner u, harris jr: marine tumor vaccine carriers: structure of the molluscan hemocyanins klh and hth. j cancer res clin oncol. 2001, 127 (suppl 2): r3 - r9. 10. 1007 / bf01470992 .\nvan holde ke, miller ki: hemocyanins. adv protein chem. 1995, 47: 1 - 81. full _ text .\nlieb b, dimitrova k, kang hs, braun s, gebauer w, martin a, hanelt b, saenz sa, adema cm, markl j: red blood with blue - blood ancestry: intriguing structure of a snail hemoglobin. pnas. 2006, 103: 12011 - 12016. 10. 1073 / pnas. 0601861103 .\nstrong ee, gargominy o, ponder wf, bouchet p: global diversity of gastropods (gastropoda; mollusca) in freshwater. hydrobiologia. 2008, 595: 149 - 166. 10. 1007 / s10750 - 007 - 9012 - 6 .\nstrong ee, glaubrecht m: anatomy and systematics of the minute syrnolopsine gastropods from lake tanganyika (caenogastropoda, cerithioidea, paludomidae). acta zoologica. 2008, 89: 289 - 310. 10. 1111 / j. 1463 - 6395. 2007. 00318. x .\nmarkl j, savel - niemann a, wegener - strake a, süling m, schneider a, gebauer w, harris jr: the role of two distinct subunit types in the architecture of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (klh). naturwissenschaften. 1991, 78: 512 - 514. 10. 1007 / bf01131401 .\nhemocyanin (klh). eur j biochem. 1997, 248: 602 - 614. 10. 1111 / j. 1432 - 1033. 1997. 00602. x .\nharris jr, gebauer w, guderian fu, markl j: keyhole limpet hemocyanin (klh), i: reassociation from immucothel followed by separation of klh1 and klh2. micron. 1997, 28: 31 - 41. 10. 1016 / s0968 - 4328 (97) 00012 - 7 .\nharris jr, gebauer w, söhngen sm, nermut mv, markl j: keyhole limpet hemocyanin (klh), ii: characteristic reassociation properties of purified klh1 and klh2. micron. 1997, 28: 43 - 56. 10. 1016 / s0968 - 4328 (97) 00011 - 5 .\nherskovits tt, hamilton mg: higher order assemblies of molluscan hemocyanins. comp biochem physiol b. 1991, 99: 19 - 34. 10. 1016 / 0305 - 0491 (91) 90003 - v .\nmellema je, klug a: quaternary structure of gastropod haemocyanin. nature. 1972, 239: 146 - 150. 10. 1038 / 239146a0 .\nsiezen rj, van bruggen ef: structure and properties of hemocyanins. xii. electron microscopy of dissociation products of\nalpha - hemocyanin: quaternary structure. j mol biol. 1974, 90: 77 - 89. 10. 1016 / 0022 - 2836 (74) 90257 - 5 .\n, in fishpond creek, virginia. am midl nat. 2002, 148: 172 - 180. 10. 1674 / 0003 - 0031 (2002) 148 [ 0172: efclvd ] 2. 0. co; 2 .\nhemocyanin subunit: structural and evolutionary implications. j mol biol. 1998, 278: 827 - 842. 10. 1006 / jmbi. 1998. 1648 .\n: protein structure, gene organization, and evolution. j mol evol. 2006, 62: 362 - 374. 10. 1007 / s00239 - 005 - 0160 - x .\nmeissner u, gatsogiannis c, moeller a, depoix f, harris jr, markl j: comparative 11å structure of two molluscan hemocyanins from 3d cryo - electron microscopy. micron. 2007, 38: 754 - 765. 10. 1016 / j. micron. 2006. 11. 005 .\nhemocyanin: a refined 3d structure from field emission gun cryoelectron microscopy. j mol biol. 2000, 296: 459 - 472. 10. 1006 / jmbi. 1999. 3460 .\nhemocyanin: 10 å cryo - em structure, sequence analysis, molecular modelling and rigid - body fitting reveal the interfaces between the eight hexamers. j mol biol. 2007, 366: 1332 - 1350. 10. 1016 / j. jmb. 2006. 11. 075 .\n) 6 × 6mer hemocyanin: understanding a giant oxygen transport protein. j mol biol. 2009, 392: 362 - 380. 10. 1016 / j. jmb. 2009. 06. 082 .\nexhibits an unusual heterodecameric array of subunits. j biol chem. 2004, 279: 26134 - 26142. 10. 1074 / jbc. m400903200 .\nmangum cp: oxygen transport in invertebrates. am j physiol regul integr comp. 1985, 248: r505 - 514 .\n, an opisthobranch gastropod. j mol evol. 2004, 59: 536 - 545. 10. 1007 / s00239 - 004 - 2646 - 3 .\n. j mol evol. 2007, 64: 500 - 510. 10. 1007 / s00239 - 006 - 0036 - 8 .\nlieb b, altenhein b, markl j, vincent a, van olden e, van holde ke, miller ki: structures of two molluscan hemocyanin genes: significance for gene evolution. pnas. 2001, 98: 4546 - 4551. 10. 1073 / pnas. 071049998 .\nlieb b, todt c: hemocyanin in mollusks - a molecular survey and new data on hemocyanin genes in solenogastres and caudofoveata. mol phyl evol. 2008, 49: 382 - 385. 10. 1016 / j. ympev. 2008. 06. 005 .\nlinke wa: sense and stretchability: the role of titin and titin - associated proteins in myocardial stress - sensing and mechanical dysfunction. cardiovasc res. 2008, 77: 637 - 648 .\nglaubrecht m: on\ndarwinian mysteries\nor molluscs as models in evolutionary biology: from local speciation to global radiation. amer malacol bull. 2009, 27: 3 - 23. 10. 4003 / 006. 027. 0202 .\nglaubrecht m: darwins kronzeugen. was exotische schnecken über die wege der evolution verraten. forschung - magazin der dfg. 2009, 3: 4 - 9. 10. 1002 / fors. 200990038 .\nlaemmli uk: cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage t4. nature. 1970, 227: 680 - 685. 10. 1038 / 227680a0 .\nweeke b: crossed immunoelectrophoresis. scand j immunol. 1973, 2 (suppl 1): 47 - 56. 10. 1111 / j. 1365 - 3083. 1973. tb03778. x .\nharris jr: negative staining of thinly spread biological samples. methods mol biol. 2007, 369: 107 - 142. full _ text .\nmindell ja, grigorieff n: accurate determination of local defocus and specimen tilt in electron microscopy. j struct biol. 2003, 142: 334 - 347. 10. 1016 / s1047 - 8477 (03) 00069 - 8 .\nludtke sj, baldwin pr, chiu w: eman: semiautomated software for high - resolution single - particle reconstructions. j struct biol. 1999, 128: 82 - 97. 10. 1006 / jsbi. 1999. 4174 .\nvan heel m, harauz g, orlova ev, schmidt r, schatz m: a new generation of the imagic image processing system. j struct biol. 1996, 116: 17 - 24. 10. 1006 / jsbi. 1996. 0004 .\nvan heel m, schatz m: fourier shell correlation threshold criteria. j struct biol. 2005, 151: 250 - 262. 10. 1016 / j. jsb. 2005. 05. 009 .\npettersen ef, goddard td, huang cc, couch gs, greenblatt dm, meng ec, ferrin te: ucsf chimera - a visualization system for exploratory research and analysis. j comput chem. 2004, 25: 1605 - 1612. 10. 1002 / jcc. 20084 .\nloewe r, linzen b: haemocyanins in spiders. ii. automatic recording of oxygen binding curves and the effect of mg\n. arch biochem biophys. 1999, 372: 128 - 134. 10. 1006 / abbi. 1999. 1478 .\nthis article is published under license to biomed central ltd. this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (\n), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited .\nby submitting a comment you agree to abide by our terms and community guidelines. if you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. please note that comments may be removed without notice if they are flagged by another user or do not comply with our community guidelines .\nby using this website, you agree to our terms and conditions, privacy statement and cookies policy. manage the cookies we use in the preference centre .\n( of clava caledonica jousseaume, 1883) jousseaume, f. (1883). [ no title ]. bulletin de la société zoologique de france. 8: xli. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nreid, d. g. , dyal, p. , lozouet, p. , glaubrecht, m. & williams, s. t. (2008) mudwhelks and mangroves: the evolutionary history of an ecological association (gastropoda: potamididae). molecular phylogenetics and evolution 47: 680­ - 699. [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nsteyn, d. g. & lussi, m. (1998) marine shells of south africa. an illustrated collector’s guide to beached shells. ekogilde publishers, hartebeespoort, south africa, ii + 264 pp. page (s): 38 [ details ]\n( of cerithidea tenkatei schepman, 1893) reid d. g. (2014) the genus cerithidea swainson, 1840 (gastropoda: potamididae) in the indo - west pacific region. zootaxa 3775 (1): 1 - 65. [ 12 march 2014 ] [ details ]\n( of trochus trisulcatus forsskål in niebuhr, 1775) yaron i. , schiotte t. & wium - andersen g. (1986). a review of molluscan taxa described by p. forsskål and c. niebuhr with citation of original descriptions, discussion of type - material available and selection of some lectotypes. . steenstrupia, zoological museum, university of copenhagen 12 (10) (1986): 157 - 200 page (s): 187 - 188 [ details ]\nzone: lower levels of a. marina to r. mucronata, c. tagal and mixed zones (slim et al. , 1997; fratini et al. , 2000) .\nfood: omnivorous: detritus, leaves, propagules, carrion (soemodihardjo and kastoro, 1977; nishihira, 1983; rambabu et al. , 1987; slim et al. , 1997; dahdouh - guebas et al. , 1998; fratini et al. , 2000; gillikin, 2000) .\ndistinguishing characteristics: they are large snails, up to 190 mm in length (houbrick, 1991), but about 10 - 13 cm in kenya (fratini et al. , 2000). .\ngeographical range: indo - pacific: australia, japan, india, indonesia and east africa (see refs below) .\ndahdouh - guebas, f. , m. verneirt, j. f. tack, d. van speybroeck and n. koedam, 1998 .\npropagule predators in kenyan mangroves and their possible effects on regeneration .\nmarine and freshwater research 49: 345 - 350 .\ngillikin, d. p. , 2000. factors controlling the distribution of kenyan brachyuran mangrove crabs: salinity tolerance and ecophysiology of two kenyan neosarmatium species. m. sc. thesis, free university of brussels, brussels, belgium .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nmany thanks are due to claudia carcereri and all of the other italian and african students for their invaluable help during the field work; and to rocco rorandelli for language revision. funds were provided by the university of florence (40% and ex 60% funds). this research is part of an eu inco - dc project for the study of the macrobenthos of east african mangrove (meam project). the experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which the experiments were performed .\n( linné) with respect to microhabitat in mangrove forests of darwin harbour. i. description of patterns. in: hanley jr, caswell g, megirian d, larson hk (eds) proceedings of the sixth international marine biological workshop. the marine flora and fauna of darwin harbour, northern territory, australia. museum and art galleries of the northern territory and the australian marine sciences association, darwin, australia, pp 425–433\n( linné) with respect to microhabitat in mangrove forests of darwin harbour. ii. experimental evaluation of behaviour. in: hanley jr, caswell g, megirian d, larson hk (eds) proceedings of the sixth international marine biological workshop. the marine flora and fauna of darwin harbour, northern territory, australia. museum and art galleries of the northern territory and the australian marine sciences association, darwin, australia, pp 435–443\ndahdouh - guebas f, verneirt m, tack jf, van speybroeck d, koedam n (1998) propagule predators in kenyan mangroves and their possible effect on regeneration. mar freshw res 49: 345–350\ndahdouh - guebas f, verneirt m, cannicci s, kairo jg, tack jf, koedam n (2002) an exploratory study on grapsid crab zonation in kenyan mangroves. wetl ecol manage, special issue, mangrove macrobenthos, 10: 179–187\n( mollusca, gastropoda) in a kenyan mangrove. mar biol 137: 309–316\n( crustacea: decapoda: sesarmidae). mar ecol prog ser 33: 147–155\nkathiresan k, bingham bl (2001) biology of mangroves and mangroves ecosystems. adv mar biol 40: 84–251\nmacnae w (1968) a general account of the fauna and flora of mangrove swamps and forests in the indo - west - pacific region. adv mar biol 6: 73–270\nmicheli f, gherardi f, vannini m (1991) feeding and burrowing ecology of two east african mangrove crabs. mar biol 111: 247–254\nnewell rie, marshall n, sasekumar a, chong vc (1995) relative importance of benthic microalgae, phytoplankton, and mangroves as sources of nutrition for penaeid prawns and other coastal invertebrates from malaysia. mar biol 123: 595–606\n( gastropoda: potamididae) in the okinawan mangal: a preliminary report. galaxea 2: 45–58\n( gastropoda: potamididae) and its effect on some population traits. wetl ecol manage, special issue, mangrove macrobenthos, 10: 243–247\nodum we, heald ej (1972) trophic analyses of an estuarine mangrove community. bull mar sci 22: 671–738\nplaziat jc (1984) mollusk distribution in the mangal. in: por d, dor i (eds) hydrobiology of the mangal: the ecosystem of the mangrove forests. junk, boston, pp 111–143\n( linnaeus) (prosobranchia: potamididae) to different substrata. j mar biol assoc india 29: 140–143\nspp .) in northeastern australia. j exp mar biol ecol 102: 237–248\nrobertson ai (1988) decomposition of mangrove leaf litter in tropical australia. j exp mar biol ecol 116: 235–267\nin the mangrove forest of gazy bay, kenya. mar freshw res 47: 999–1007\n( linnaeus) and sesarmid crabs in an east african mangrove forest (gazi bay, kenya). j exp mar biol ecol 215: 35–48\n( gastropoda) from the coral island in the jakarta bay area. mar res indonesia 18: 131–148\ntwilley rr, pozo m, garcia vh, rivera monroy vh, zambrano r, bodero a (1997) litter dynamics in riverine mangrove forests in the guayas river estuary, ecuador. oecologia 111: 109–122\nvannini m, cannicci s (1995) homing behaviour and possible cognitive maps in crustacean decapods. j exp mar biol ecol 193: 67–91\nvannini m, oluoch a, ruwa rk (1997) the tree - climbing crabs of kenyan mangroves. in: kjerfve b, lacerda ld, diop es (eds) mangrove ecosystem studies in latin america and africa. (tech pap mar sci) unesco, paris, pp 325–328\n( crustacea, portunidae) around central and northern new zealand. mar ecol prog ser 35: 39–49\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nstrombus crassum lamarck, j. b. p. a. de, 1822\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nsee also harzhauser 2007, hoerle 1972, robba et al. 1989, shuto 1978, wilson 1993 and wilson 2002\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. < em > china science press. < / em > 1267 pp .\nreid, d. g. , dyal, p. , lozouet, p. , glaubrecht, m. & williams, s. t. (2008) mudwhelks and mangroves: the evolutionary history of an ecological association (gastropoda: potamididae). molecular phylogenetics and evolution 47: 680­ - 699 .\nrichmond, m. (ed .) (1997) a guide to the seashores of eastern africa and the western indian ocean islands. sida / department for research cooperation, sarec: stockholm, sweden. isbn 91 - 630 - 4594 - x. 448 pp .\nsteyn, d. g. & lussi, m. (1998) marine shells of south africa. an illustrated collector’s guide to beached shells. ekogilde publishers, hartebeespoort, south africa, ii + 264 pp .\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\nsorry, preview is currently unavailable. you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we' ll email you a reset link .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. 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{ "text": [ "terebralia palustris , common name the giant mangrove whelk , is a species of brackish-water snail , a gastropod mollusk in the family potamididae .", "this tropical species which inhabits mangrove environments of the indo-west pacific region , has the widest geographic distribution amongst the potamidids extending from eastern africa to northern australia .", "terebralia palustris is the largest mangrove gastropod , with a maximum shell length of 190 mm recorded from arnhem land , australia . " ], "topic": [ 2, 13, 9 ] }

[ "terebralia palustris, common name the giant mangrove whelk, is a species of brackish-water snail, a gastropod mollusk in the family potamididae. this tropical species which inhabits mangrove environments of the indo-west pacific region, has the widest geographic distribution amongst the potamidids extending from eastern africa to northern australia. terebralia palustris is the largest mangrove gastropod, with a maximum shell length of 190 mm recorded from arnhem land, australia." ]

[ "this is the place for trimochla definition. you find here trimochla meaning, synonyms of trimochla and images for trimochla copyright 2017 © urltoken\neutane trimochla turner, 1940; proc. r. soc. qd 51 (6): 77\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word trimochla. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word trimochla and, of course, trimochla synonyms and on the right images related to the word trimochla .\narctiidae, eutane sp. , can' t tell you for sure which one it is, there are several ones around. eutane terminalis and eutane trimochla are the most common ones. urltoken\neutane trimochla turner, 1940 (arctiidae: lithosiinae), male - qld, millmerran, 22. mar. 1949, j. macqueen leg. (anic) .\neutane walker, 1854; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 2: 531; ts: eutane terminalis walker\nthanks so much bayucca and manval for suggestions. i found a near perfect visual match on thallarcha partita. eutane trimochla has a few too many anomalies including a yellow spot just behind the head .\neutane margarita bucsek, 2012; malaysia inst. zool. : (1 - 170 )\neutane virginalis bucsek, 2012; malaysia inst. zool. : (1 - 170 )\neutane\nnivea; [ mob7 ]: 375, pl. 6, f. 434, 459\neutane triplagiata pagenstecher, 1900; zoologica, stutt. 12 (29): 59, pl. 2, f. 24\neutane nivea hampson, 1905; ann. mag. nat. hist. (7) 15 (89): 439; tl: pulo laut\neutane triplagiata; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 832 (unrecognized); [ nhm card ]\neutane alba hampson, 1900; cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 496, pl. 33, f. 9; tl: borneo, sandakan\neutane terminalis; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 495, f. 356; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]\neutane aglaea hampson, 1914; cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 786, f. 256; tl: br. n. guinea, mambare r. , biagi\nthe adult moth of this species is yellow with 4 zig - zag black lines across each forewing. the wingspan is about 2. 5 cms .\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nwalker, 1854 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 1: 1 - 278 (1854), 2: 279 - 581 (1854), 3: 583 - 775 (1855), 4: 777 - 976 (1855), 5: 977 - 1258 (1855), 6: 1259 - 1508 (1855), 7: 1509 - 1808 (1856 )\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\na small moth with several bands of black - brown and yellow. fine segmented antennae. spiky legs. about 15mm long. left fore - wing looks torn .\nbest visual and descriptive match for id is http: / / lepidoptera. butterflyhouse. com. au ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\norgan which produces ultrasonic clicks thought to disrupt the echolocation of bats. most are nocturnal but some are\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about eutanasia? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for eutanasia? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation." ]

{ "text": [ "eutane trimochla is a moth of the arctiidae family .", "it was described by turner in 1940 .", "it is known from australia ( queensland ) .", "the wingspan is about 30 mm .", "adults are yellow with four black zig-zag lines across the forewings . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 27, 9, 1 ] }

[ "eutane trimochla is a moth of the arctiidae family. it was described by turner in 1940. it is known from australia (queensland). the wingspan is about 30 mm. adults are yellow with four black zig-zag lines across the forewings." ]

[ "biological characterization and mating compatibility of helicoverpa gelotopoeon (d .) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) populations from different regions in argentina .\nbiological characterization and mating compatibility of helicoverpa gelotopoeon (d .) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) populations from different regions in... - pubmed - ncbi\nalthough h. gelotopeon typically has a more distinct wing pattern, this is not reliable reliable to distinguish species of helicoverpa. genitalia is required to confirm identity. h. gelotopoeon can be distinguished from h. zea based on the shape of the valves in the male genitalia; “broad and nearly uniform in width for the apical two - thirds of their length” in h. zea and uniformly narrow for most of the length with an enlarged spoon - shaped apical portion in h. gelotopoeon (2). the vesica of h. gelotopoeon possesses a “thorn” at the entrance of the distal orifice; this is not present in either h. zea or h. armigera .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nallium cepa (onion), glycine max (soybean), gossypium herbaceum (levant cotton), helianthus annuus (sunflower), linum usitatissimum (flax), lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), medicago sativa (alfalfa), nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), sorghum spp. (sorghum), and zea mays (maize / corn) .\n( 2) todd, e. l. 1955. the distribution and nomenclature of the corn earworm. jour. econ. ent. 48 (5): 600 - 603\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nherrero mi 1, fogliata sv 1, vera a 2, casmuz a 2, sosa gómez d 3, castagnaro ap 1, gastaminza g 2, murúa mg 1 .\ninstituto de tecnología agroindustrial del noroeste argentino, estación experimental agroindustrial obispo colombres, consejo nacional de investigaciones científicas y técnicas (itanoa - eeaoc - conicet), las talitas 4001, tucumán, argentina .\nembrapa soja, rodovia joão strass, s / n, acesso orlando amaral, cp 231, londrina, pr 86001 - 970, brazil .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (coi or cox1) from a member of the species .\nthe larvae are considered a pest on cotton, com, tobacco, soybean, flax and other crops .\nspecht, alexandre; silva, eduardo j. e. 2; link, dionísiooctuídeos .\n( lepidoptera, noctuidae) do museu entomológico ceslau biezanko, departamento de fitossanidade, faculdade de agronomia\neliseu maciel\n, universidade federal de pelotas, rs\n.\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome. this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein. < p > < a href =' / help / annotation _ score' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein. note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence (s) displayed. < p > < a href =' / help / protein _ existence' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge. < p > < a href =' / help / function _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘function’ section provides information relevant to cofactors. a cofactor is any non - protein substance required for a protein to be catalytically active. some cofactors are inorganic, such as the metal atoms zinc, iron, and copper in various oxidation states. others, such as most vitamins, are organic. < p > < a href =' / help / cofactor' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system, without manual validation. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco: 0000256\n> more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology (go) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories: < p > < a href =' / help / gene _ ontology' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure. keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest. < p > < a href =' / help / keywords' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco: 0000313\n> more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name (s) and synonym (s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein, from commonly used to obsolete, to allow unambiguous identification of a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / protein _ names' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name (s) of the gene (s) that code for the protein sequence (s) described in the entry. four distinct tokens exist: ‘name’, ‘synonyms’, ‘ordered locus names’ and ‘orf names’. < p > < a href =' / help / gene _ name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name (s) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / organism - name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein. this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’. < p > < a href =' / help / taxonomic _ identifier' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism. it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree, with the more general grouping listed first. < p > < a href =' / help / taxonomic _ lineage' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section describes post - translational modifications (ptms) and / or processing events. < p > < a href =' / help / ptm _ processing _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘ptm / processing’ section specifies the position and type of each modified residue excluding < a href =\nurltoken\n> lipids < / a >, < a href =\nurltoken\n> glycans < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> protein cross - links < / a >. < p > < a href =' / help / mod _ res' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / structure _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain (s) present in a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘family and domains’ section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins. < p > < a href =' / help / sequence _ similarities' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. it also includes information pertinent to the sequence (s), including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a >. < p > < a href =' / help / sequences _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not. < p > < a href =' / help / sequence _ status' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. it is useful for tracking sequence updates. < / p > < p > it should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low. < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs). < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value (crc64) using the generator polynomial: x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1. the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard. < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w. h. , flannery b. p. , teukolsky s. a. and vetterling w. t. < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed. , pp896 - 902, cambridge university press (1993) < / a >) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / non _ ter' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence (s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100% , 90% and 50 %) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters (< a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a >). < p > < a href =' / help / similar _ proteins _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb. < p > < a href =' / help / cross _ references _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ information _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry, but it is not a stable identifier. each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number (s). these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries. upon integration into uniprotkb, each entry is assigned a unique accession number, which is called ‘primary (citable) accession number’. < p > < a href =' / help / accession _ numbers' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb, the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification (‘last modified’). the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ history' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not, in other words, if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb (< strong > reviewed < / strong >) or to the computer - annotated trembl section (< strong > unreviewed < / strong >). < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ status' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nexcellent trap for many moths. waterproof carton material. comes with hang wire. available in singles, 5 pack or 10 pack .\nuniversal moth trap excellent for most moths & flying insects. available in many colors. includes pheromone basket & lid as well as hang wire .\ndistributor for products for forest insect pests in canada and us (except colorado) .\ndistributor for agriculture (us), home / garden (us) and forestry (colorado) products." ]

{ "text": [ "helicoverpa gelotopoeon , the south american bollworm moth , is a moth of the noctuidae family .", "it is found in southern south america , including chile and argentina .", "the larvae are considered a pest on cotton , corn , tobacco , soybean , flax and other crops . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 12 ] }

[ "helicoverpa gelotopoeon, the south american bollworm moth, is a moth of the noctuidae family. it is found in southern south america, including chile and argentina. the larvae are considered a pest on cotton, corn, tobacco, soybean, flax and other crops." ]

[ "euplica turturina (lamarck, 1822). retrieved through: world register of marine species on 6 november 2010 .\nspecies euplica versicolor (g. b. sowerby i, 1832) accepted as euplica scripta (lamarck, 1822 )\nspecimen shell: euplica turturina each seashell we have have been carefully picked to ensure the highest seashells quality. these shells come from all over the philippines, provided by fishermen (bohol, philippines), divers, columbellidae specimen shell: euplica turturina lamarck 1822\nsea shell information on: ts43857 - columbellidae euplica - > turturina. this specimen is of columbellidae. the specimen shell of groupe: euplica. shell found on the philippines. shell is of exceptional quality. more sea shell information\nfigs 1 - 7, columbellidae. scale bars are 1 mm. 1, ascalista polita (g. & h. nevill, 1875), stn. 23. 2, euplica bidentata (menke, 1843), mixed material. 3, euplica ionida (duclos, 1840), stn. 30. 4, euplica varians (sower - by, 1832), stn. 30. 5, euplica brunnidentata new sp. , holotype, rmnh. mol. 109040, stn 21. 6, euplica deshayesii (crosse, 1859), ceram. 7, euplica turturina (lamarck, 1822), stn. 27 .\n( of columbella turturina lamarck, 1822) monsecour k. (2010). checklist of columbellidae. pers. com. [ details ]\nmembers of this indo - pacific genus have strombiform or globose shells, usually with one or (typically) two prominent columellar folds. the parietal wall is typically denticulate. some have axial threads on the protoconch. the lateral radular teeth are large, with narrowly spaced flat - tipped secondary cusps. type species: euplica turturina (lamarck, 1822) by original designation .\n( of pyrene turturina (lamarck, 1822) ) spry, j. f. (1961). the sea shells of dar es salaam: gastropods. tanganyika notes and records 56 [ details ]\nthe shell in this species is globose, 9 to 12 (rarely to 14. 5) mm long with 5 to 6 teleoconch whorls in adults. it is usually white or straw - coloured externally, often with chestnut or dark brown flecks. the globose shape is very similar to that of euplica turturina, but the aperture is yellow or white internally, and has brown spots between the labial and parietal denticles. the protoconch is smooth, white, with 3. 25 to 3. 5 whorls. the early spire whorls are nodulose at the periphery, similar to e. deshayesi and e. turturina .\nthis species is found moderately often in indonesia and the philippines. historically it has been called euplica deshayesii following cernohorsky (1972), but there are consistent differences between this species and e. deshayesii, as discussed below .\n( of columbella turturina lamarck, 1822) kilburn, r. n. & rippey, e. (1982) sea shells of southern africa. macmillan south africa, johannesburg, xi + 249 pp. page (s): 96 [ details ]\nthis species was apparently locally common and was collected at many of the collecting sites, mostly intertidally or at shallow depths (table 1). the species is often found associated with seagrasses, on which they crawl to graze on microalgae. euplica scripta (lamarck) is common in the southwest pacific but was not collected by the expedition .\n( of columbella turturina lamarck, 1822) dautzenberg, ph. (1929). contribution à l' étude de la faune de madagascar: mollusca marina testacea. faune des colonies françaises, iii (fasc. 4). société d' editions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales: paris. 321 - 636, plates iv - vii pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nthis species differs from e. deshayesi in several respects; the brown speckling between the aperture denticles in this species is not present in any other euplica species. it seems unlikely to be variable within a species as cernohorsky (1972) implies, because the same character is invariably present in at least three species of atlantic columbella. additionally, the protoconch tends to have more whorls and is white rather than purple, though these characters do vary. finally, the shell shape is globose, and the anterior canal is never extended as it often is in e. deshayesii .\nthis species is also widespread and occurs from south africa through the indian ocean and indonesia, north to the philippines and southern japan, and east to hawaii and french polynesia. the shell is globose, 10 to 15 mm long at maturity, with 5 to 6 teleoconch whorls. shell colour and pattern are quite variable, generally consisting of some pattern of light brown on white, but the aperture edge is always pink. there are two large columellar folds. the protoconch varies in colour but is frequently pink, with 3. 5 to 3. 75 whorls and axial threads. early spire whorls are nodulose at the periphery, as in other euplica species .\n( of columbella sandwichensis pease, 1861) pease w. h. (1861). descriptions of new species of mollusca from the pacific islands. proceedings of the zoological society of london. (1861): 242 - 247. page (s): 244 [ details ]\nmonsecour k. (2010). checklist of columbellidae. pers. com. [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nseverns, m. (2011). shells of the hawaiian islands - the sea shells. conchbooks, hackenheim. 564 pp. [ details ]\nkilburn r. n. & marais j. p. (2010) columbellidae. pp. 60 - 104, in: marais a. p. & seccombe a. d. (eds), identification guide to the seashells of south africa. volume 1. groenkloof: centre for molluscan studies. 376 pp. [ details ]\n( of columbella palumbina gould, 1845) monsecour k. (2010). checklist of columbellidae. pers. com. [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nn transkei, rep. south africa - e africa; indo - w pacific\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\n- note: several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes. they are not for sale. - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock, except when only one specimen is offered. we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted (gamma correction) .\nin continuing your browsing of this site, you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics. learn more about cookies .\nthank you for your contribution to the improvement of the inpn. the information submitted has been sent to an expert for verification and correction .\nwarning: the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories. it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage, website: https: / / inpn. mnhn. fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nmerci de saisir vos informations de connexions. vous pouvez demander la création d' un compte directement en cliquant ici\nmot de passe oublié? saisissez votre adresse email ci - dessous. si vous ne retrouvez pas l' adresse email correspondant à votre compte merci de nous contacter directement\nthis shell has been added to your booking list. show my booking list continue browsing shell\nyou have to be logged to be able to book and buy shells. click here to log in or create an account .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\na variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos. please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image. use and copyright information, as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location, are available by clicking on the\ndepth range based on 107 specimens in 1 taxon. water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 47 samples. environmental ranges depth range (m): - 5 - 69 temperature range (°c): 23. 246 - 28. 540 nitrate (umol / l): 0. 095 - 0. 923 salinity (pps): 34. 438 - 35. 627 oxygen (ml / l): 4. 532 - 4. 872 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 086 - 0. 207 silicate (umol / l): 0. 885 - 4. 026 graphical representation depth range (m): - 5 - 69 temperature range (°c): 23. 246 - 28. 540 nitrate (umol / l): 0. 095 - 0. 923 salinity (pps): 34. 438 - 35. 627 oxygen (ml / l): 4. 532 - 4. 872 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 086 - 0. 207 silicate (umol / l): 0. 885 - 4. 026 note: this information has not been validated. check this * note *. your feedback is most welcome .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. no available public dna sequences. download fasta file\nthis species has been found in the indian ocean along east africa, north transkei, aldabra, chagos, madagascar, mozambique and in the indo - west pacific .\ndautzenberg, ph. (1929). mollusques testaces marins de madagascar. faune des colonies francaises, tome iii\nspry, j. f. (1961). the sea shells of dar es salaam: gastropods. tanganyika notes and records 56\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nm. demaintenon: results of the rumphius biohistorical expedition to ambon (1990) .\nthis genus was created to contain two minute biconic species distinguished from members of zafra and seminella by the lack of sculpture on the shell or protoconch, and from mitrella by the lack of labial denticles (drivas & jay, 1990); they are otherwise similar to zafra and seminella in their small size and biconic shape. one of the included species has subsequently been removed to another new genus, so ascalista currently comprises only the type species (by original designation) ascalista polita (g. & h. neville, 1875) .\nascalista polita (g. & h. nevill, 1875). drivas & jay, 1990: 192 - 193, fig. 49 .\nthis is a small species, about 4 mm shell length, with a bulbous, unsculptured protoconch. the shell is narrowly biconic, smooth and glossy, with no sculpture. the aperture is slightly sinuous and is narrowed by a thickened but not denticulate labial edge, which is shorter anteriorly than the tip of siphonal canal. shell colour and pattern are variable .\nmaterial: one broken adult specimen representing this species was collected at 10 m depth at station 23, hitu, kaitetu (near hila) .\n( in part): 134 - 135, not pl. 40 fig. 6 .\n: 106 (in part), pl. 16, fig. 18, not 23a - b .\nthis species was collected by the expedition at stations 5, 18, 21 and 30, intertidally to 6 m depth. type locality: stn. 21, near mamala, hitu, ambon .\ntype material. — holotype, rmnh. mol. 109040, stn. 21, ambon, hitu, mamala, 21. xi. 1990; three additional paratypes, rmnh. mol. 109041, stn. 21, ambon, hitu, mamala, 21. xi. 1990; five paratypes, lacm 3083, java, seribu isls. , pelangi and putri islets, 14 - 19. v. 1986, j. h. mclean and e. abbott; two paratypes, lacm 3084, solomon isls. , s. of beagle isl. , marau sound, guadalcanal isl. , 21. iv. 1987, w. m. thorsson; two paratypes, lacm 3085, philippines, mindanao, santa cruz isl. , off zamboanga, 18. i. 1981, j. h. mclean .\n( in part): 106, not pl. 16, figs 18, 23a - b .\ne. deshayesii was not collected by the expedition on ambon, but four specimens were collected by hermann strack on ceram isl. , at sawai in december 1997 .\n: 197 - 203, pl. 1 figs 1 - 3, text fig. 1; 1987: 276 .\nspecimens of this species collected by the expedition were mostly juveniles and frequently worn. they were all collected dead, and were typically sieved out of sediments at between 3 and 22 m depth. most were whitish to pink with white flecks and pale tan markings on the aperture edge .\nfour specimens of this species were collected by the expedition, each at a different site, at depths from 1 to 22 m .\n: 276, text figs 6a - b, pl. 1 figs 1 - 2 ;\n: 276 - 278, pl. 1, figs 1 - 2, text fig. 6a - b ;\nthe expedition collected 13 dead specimens of this species from four stations, at depths from 2 to 12 m .\nthis is often considered a subgenus of mitrella. according to wilson (1994), iredale (1929) gave no diagnosis for the genus, so the diagnosis provided is based on the type species. the shell is tall spired, fusiform, and porcelainous, with a thick parietal callus and a weak columellar groove. the base is less constricted than in most species traditionally placed in mitrella. the type species (by original designation) is graphicomassa ligula (duclos, 1840), a sand dweller on coral reefs .\nfigs 8 - 15, columbellidae. scale bars are 1 mm. 8, graphicomassa albina (kiener, 1841), stn. 5. 9, graphicomassa ligula (duclos, 1840), stn. 30. 10, indomitrella conspersa (gaskoin, 1851), stn. 30. 11, indomitrella cf. shepmani (k. monsecour & d. monsecour, 2007), stn. 23. 12, indomitrella puella (sowerby, 1844), stn. 35. 13, lavesopus cumingii (reeve, 1859), stn. 27. 14, metanachis jaspidea (sowerby, 1844), stn. 17. 15, metanachis laingensis (sleurs, 1985), stn. 23 .\nthis species is most similar to graphicomassa ligula, though it is often placed in mitrella. the shell is porcelainous, white with brown and / or black blotches. the presence, colour and degree of colouration vary, but the species usually has a noticeable dark brown or black marking near the base of the shell. adult shell length also varies, but is generally between 9 and 15 mm, with 6. 5 to 7. 5 teleoconch whorls. unlike g. ligula, the shoulder in this species is nodulose just below the suture on the body whorl and on the early spire whorls. the aperture is narrow, with parietal and labial denticles. the protoconch is narrowly conical, smooth and white, with 3. 25 to 3. 5 whorls .\nthe expedition collected one or two specimens each of this species from five different stations; most were empty worn shells. specimens were typically collected in sand, between 1 to 12 m depth .\n: 135 - 136, text figure 10, pl. 41, figs 1, 1a ;\nthis species is found throughout the indo - west pacific. the shell is large, solid and smooth, 15 to 20 mm in length, with over 7 teleoconch whorls. this species lacks the shoulder nodules present in g. albina, and is longer and narrower. shell colour and pattern vary greatly, though the base colour is generally porcelainous white. the protoconch is peg - like, with about 2. 75 whorls. the aperture is long and narrow, the labial edge having low denticles and the columella being thickly calloused with several small parietal denticles. there is also a poorly defined columellar groove .\nthis species was collected from four locations by the expedition, between the intertidal zone and 7 m depth, in sand. the specimens are white with spiral rows of tan axial markings, or dark brown on the white background, with sparse white fly specks .\nthe only information on this genus available to me comes from drivas & jay (1990), who report that the included species have “axial sculpture and smooth intervals”. the type species (by original designation) is indomitrella puella (sowerby, 1844), and though various authors place a number of other species in the genus, the basis for their inclusion is not known .\nonly one specimen was collected by the expedition, at station 30 in sand at 5 - 7 m depth .\na single individual was collected of this species. the shell is similar to those of indomitrella conspersa and indomitrella schepmani (monsecour & monsecour, 2007), with the major difference being that it lacks the parietal denticles. like i. schepmani, it is small, only 5. 27 mm long. it does have nodulose axial ribs on the first teleoconch whorl. it also has a brown and white band just below the suture that drivas & jay (1990) report as a diagnostic character for i. conspersa, so this species may be the same as what they found; but parietal denticles are clearly visible on the type specimen of i. conspersa and i. schepmani, so the lack of them in this specimen is important. the shell has 4 teleoconch whorls, with the suture barely impressed, and a smooth brown protoconch with 4. 25 whorls. the teleoconch has vague brown patches arranged axially. the outer lip is thickened and white, denticulate within. the specimen collected by the expedition was collected dead from stn. 23 at 10m depth .\nspecimens of this species were collected by the expedition at five stations, sieved or dredged from deeper water (4 to 28 m) where reported. most were in good condition but typically had the apex missing .\nlavesopus was designated by iredale in 1929 without any description, with the type species “the queensland form” of lavesopus cumingii (reeve, 1859), referring to var. queenslandica hedley, 1913. iredale was uncertain whether hedley’s varietal form was the same species as l. cumingii, and it has more recently (k. monsecour & d. monsecour, unpubl .) been determined to be a synonym of l. clausiliformis (kiener). wilson (1994) speculates that lavesopus is a junior synonym of aesopus gould 1860, and he may be correct; the question awaits further study .\nthis species has a tall - spired pink shell, with spiral rows of brown markings above and below the suture. the shell is axially sculptured on the early teleoconch whorls, and has shallow spiral grooves over most of the shell. adults are 13 to 16 mm long, with 9 to 11 teleoconch whorls. the aperture has labial denticles, but none on the columella or parietal wall. the parietal wall has a rounded posterior ridge. the protoconch is pink with chestnut markings, peg - like, with rough axial threading, and has 2. 5 to 2. 75 whorls. the species is very similar to lavesopus clausiliformis, which is smaller, has a smooth, paucispiral protoconch and typically 6 to 8 teleoconch whorls (k. monsecour & d. monsecour, unpubl .) .\nthe expedition collected one shell of a juvenile with a hermit crab, from stn. 27 at 2 m depth .\nspecies placed in this genus typically have high spires, axial sculpture on the early teleoconch whorls, a weak columellar fold, and some have a denticle on the posterior parietal wall. that being said, the type species has no posterior parietal denticle, and one of the species below has no axial sculpture. type species (by original designation) metanachis jaspidea (g. b. sowerby ii, 1844) .\none specimen was collected by the expedition, a live adult found under coral at the low water mark, at station 17 .\neight specimens of this species were collected from stations 17 and 23 at unknown depths. all were adult, and almost all were worn shells filled with coral sand .\nthis genus serves as a polyphyletic collective for high spired, biconic columbellid species with smooth, unsculptured shells. type species (by subsequent designation) mitrella scripta (linnaeus, 1758) from the mediterranean .\nfigs 16 - 22, columbellidae. scale bars are 1 mm. 16, mitrella cf. loyaltyensis (hervier, 1899), mixed material. 17, mitrella moleculina (duclos, 1840), stn. 30. 18, mitrella nympha (kiener, 1841), stn. 27. 19, mitrella rorida (reeve, 1859), juvenile, stn. 44. 20, mitrella venulata (sowerby, 1894), stn. 30. 21, pardalinops testudinaria (link, 1807), stn. 23. 22, ? pardalinops marmorata (gray, 1839), stn. 5 .\nmitrella loyaltyensis is a small species with a highly varied colour pattern, which has led to many synonyms, as reported by drivas & jay (1990). the shells typically have a ring of opaque white spots at the suture, and a thickened aperture edge with an indentation behind it. the single specimen collected by the expedition is similar to this species. however, rather than being patterned, the shell in this specimen is white with just a vague patching of brown on the body whorl. it also has fewer protoconch whorls; whereas typical m. loyaltyensis have 3. 5 to 4 protoconch whorls, this specimen has only 3. 25. the protoconch is smooth and white. the shell is 4. 8 mm long with 4. 5 teleoconch whorls. the specimen was in the mixed material so its habitat cannot be known with certainty .\nthis is a small species with a very characteristic colour pattern, except in the philippines where it is polymorphic (pers. obs .); it is common and often found in large numbers. it is, however, occasionally confused with other species in the literature; wilson (1994) shows a drawing of m. moleculina as his figure of mitrella venulata (sowerby, 1894). higo et al. (1999) place this species in metanachis, however it lacks any axial sculpture, columellar folds, or aperture denticles that would support that designation .\nthe shell is typically 4. 5 to 6 mm long (though may be rarely up to 7. 5 mm) with about 4 teleoconch whorls. the aperture is almost half the shell length. the shell has a base colour of white overlain by a broad band of yellowish tan. over the middle of the body whorl there is a band of large, close - set round white spots. there is an additional row of alternating small and large white spots just below the suture. below the smaller white spots there is a narrow dark brown stripe, interrupted by the larger spots so that it becomes a series of dashes. there is also a brown band at the base of the shell interrupted by large white spots. the base of the shell has wavy chestnut axial markings. the aperture is white, with denticles on both the labial edge and usually four large denticles on the parietal wall. the protoconch is usually white, often with a brown suture, and wider than the first teleoconch whorls; it is smooth, and has 3. 75 to 4 whorls .\nthis species was apparently locally common and was collected at many of the collecting sites, mostly intertidally or at shallow depths. sieving produced a number of specimens .\nbecause of its variability and superficial similarity to some other columbellid species, m. nympha has been implicated in a number of synonymies. drivas & jay (1990) for instance list twelve synonyms for m. nympha. mitrella venulata (sowerby, 1894), described below, is often synonymized with m. nympha (e. g. by sleurs, 1987), and it does indeed have a similar colour pattern. m. venulata however is larger and considerably wider, with a larger body whorl; so i will be keep it separate at present. mitrella carolinae (e. a. smith, 1876) appears to be a synonym of m. venulata rather than m. nympha as suggested by drivas & jay (1990). mitrella eximia (reeve, 1859) is a synonym of m. nympha, based on an unscaled photo of the type at the british museum .\nspecimens of m. nympha collected by the expedition were mostly taken intertidally, in various habitats, from five different stations .\nthis is a unique species that research may prove belongs in a different genus. it is often placed in pseudamycla pace, 1902b (e. g. higo et al. , 1999), however pseudamycla is differentiated by its unusual radular morphology (pace, 1902b; thiele, 1929 - 35), which this species does not share (pers. obs .). it is found throughout the indo - pacific. the shell varies in colour and pattern, but is typically transparent, biconic in shape, with opaque white and / or brown markings. the shell is broad at the base, with almost no anterior constriction, and the aperture edge is only weakly toothed. the protoconch is pinkish or white, conical, with about 4 whorls, covered overall with fine axial ridges. the teleoconch has 3. 5 to 4 whorls .\none specimen of this species, a large juvenile, was collected at 3m depth at sta. 44 .\nthis species is rare, and appears to be most common around new caledonia. the expedition collected two specimens, both mostly white in colour, at stations 30 and 34; one was intertidal and the other in sand at 5 to 7 m depth .\nthe genus pardalina was created by jousseaume (1888), with the type species columbella pardalina lamarck, 1822, a synonym of columbella testudinaria link, 1807. pardalina is unavailable under iczn article 52, due to its prior use by j. e. gray (1867) for a genus of wild cat (now known as oncifelis severtzow, 1858). though the felid genus pardalina has long been placed in synonymy, the use of the name for this particular group of columbellids has not had a long enough history according to the provisions of iczn article 23. 9. 1 to allow its conservation under article 23. 9. 2. i propose the name pardalinops to replace it with the type species columbella testudinara link, 1807 .\nthis is an easily recognized species found through the southwest pacific and eastern indian ocean. the shell is thick and smooth overall with a thin, straw coloured, felt - like periostracum. there is no axial sculpture except occasionally for growth lines. adult shell length ranges from 14 to 17 mm with 6 to 7 whorls, and an unsculptured white protoconch having 2 to 2. 5 whorls. the shell varies considerably in colour and pattern, but is typically either black, dark brown, reddish tan or olive gray on white. the pattern consists of white spots on the darker field or less commonly dark spots on white, with a white aperture edge, apex and anterior tip. the aperture is white with a row of low labial denticles; there are no parietal denticles .\nspecimens collected by the expedition were typically dark brown on white, with white spots, or dark brown spots and axial blotches on white. specimens were commonly found by the expedition and occurred at 13 stations, mostly intertidally under dead coral or rocks .\ngray in beechey, 1839: 129, pl. 36 fig. 11 ;\nthis is another species that may belong to pardalinops; however the species has not been studied in depth. it lacks the characteristics that are diagnostic for pyrene, as described below, so cannot be placed there. the shell is very similar to that of pardalinops testudinaria, but is typically monochromatic orange - brown on white, sometimes with white spots or patches. specimens collected by the expedition were mostly orange - brown, some with scattered white patches. this species is also smaller; adult specimens are typically 9 to 12 mm long with 6 to 7 teleoconch whorls, and a conical white protoconch with about 3 whorls .\nall specimens collected by the expedition were in the dry material, taken from four stations at depths of 3 to 22 m .\nthis genus contains a single species, the type species pictocolumbella ocellata (link, 1807). as the name suggests, the shell looks similar to tropical american / east atlantic columbella species, though it lacks spiral ribs often present in columbella .\nfigs 23 - 29, columbellidae. scale bars are 1 mm. 23, pictocolumbella ocellata (link, 1807), ceram. 24, pyrene punctata (bruguière, 1789), ceram. 25, pyreneola delineata (thiele, 1925), stn. 27. 26, pyreneola melvilli (hedley, 1899), ceram. 27, seminella peasei (von martens & langkavel, 1871, stn. 27. 28 - 29, zafra ambonensis new sp. , holotype, rmnh. mol. 109042, stn. 30 .\nspecimens collected by the expedition varied in colour and pattern. the most common pattern was small round white spots on red - brown or black, however a few specimens had zigzag axial white stripes rather than spots, and some intermediates (axially elongated spots) were also present. specimens were collected from eight stations, all intertidally, on and under rocks and on mangroves .\nmembers of the genus pyrene have a large, pupoid or biconic shell with a narrow aperture, an ascending suture at the aperture, and a strong spiral cord just below the suture on the early teleoconch whorls. like columbella in the atlantic and eastern pacific, this genus has been used as a place to dump many columbellid species with similar radulae, however it likely consists of only about eight large southwest pacific species having the above characteristics. type species pyrene rhombiferum röding, 1798 (by monotypy), a synonym of pyrene punctata (bruguiere, 1789) .\nthis species is relatively large, pupoid, with a convex spire profile. the shell is typically reddish brown with white blotches, a pink or lilac aperture, and a pink apex. adult shell length ranges from 16 to 22 mm, with over 9 teleoconch whorls, and the shell is often encrusted with calcareous material. the subsutural spiral cord in this species is quite pronounced, but only occurs on the first few teleoconch whorls. the shell is otherwise unsculptured, though the spiral ribs at the base of the shell cover the entire lower half of the body whorl. the periostracum in this species is axially lamellose and often tufted near the suture, and the suture often ascends markedly at the aperture edge. the protoconch is smooth, orange - pink, and has 2 to 2. 25 whorls .\nspecimens were collected by the expedition at five stations, intertidally to 2 m deep associated with coral or coral rubble, or in one case with a shipwreck on a mud flat. most specimens were reddish brown, some with axial rows of tiny white spots, and with two spiral rows of large white blotches, one just below the suture and the other at the middle of the body whorl .\nmembers of the genus pyreneola have minute shells, 5 mm or less long. they are elongate biconic in shape and smooth, with a narrow aperture, a thickened columella, and a parietal shield that is detached along the edge. markings typically include axial brown lines or nested sets of chevrons on a white or unpigmented shell. type species (by monotypy) pyreneola abyssicola (brazier, 1877) .\nthe material collected by the expedition consists of four individuals taken from sediments to 20 m deep, at stations 5, 23 and 27. shells in these lots were elongate, biconic, 3. 3 to 4. 5 mm long, with up to 5 teleoconch whorls. protoconchs were pink, with 3. 5 to 4 whorls .\nthis species was originally recognized from funafuti in the ellice islands. it is similar to p. delineata but has a different colour pattern. sleurs (1987) has it as a synonym of p. abyssicola (brazier, 1877), but the color pattern is quite different. the upper part of each whorl in this species has narrow, widely spaced axial brown lines around large, rectangular unpigmented spaces. the lower part of the body whorl has spiral rows of thicker axial lines, interrupted axially in several series. there are two rows of opaque white spots at the suture level. p. delineata does have unpigmented spaces close to the suture, but they are much smaller, and the lower row of brown markings is not broken up into series. the shell is tall and narrow, biconic, 4 to 6 mm long with 5 to 5. 5 teleoconch whorls, and a broadly conical protoconch of 3. 5 to 4 whorls. the protoconch may be white, pink, or unpigmented, and has a midline spiral cord .\nthe expedition did not collect any specimens of this species on ambon, but hermann strack collected one large specimen in piru bay near hatuharan, ceram island, in november 1997 .\nmembers of the genus seminella are minute, less than 5 mm long, and narrowly biconic. the shells are similar to those of zafra a. adams, 1860, but tend to be narrower, with slit - shaped apertures and very fine spiral grooves that can be seen between the axial ribs. the protoconch is also uniquely sculptured with fine axial threads and a midline spiral thread. type species by monotypy cythara varia pease 1860. as this name was preoccupied, it was replaced by seminella peasei (von martens & langkavel, 1871) .\nvon martens & langkavel, 1871: 23, pl. 1 fig. 17 .\nthis is one of the more common columbellid species in the indo - pacific. the shell is glossy, narrowly biconic, strongly axially ribbed, with faint spiral scratches between the axial ribs over the entire shell. shells in this species are 3 to 4 mm long at maturity with about 3. 5 teleoconch whorls. there is a deep subsutural groove crossing the axial ribs that creates a line of beads below the suture. colour and pattern are highly variable. the aperture edge is thickened in the middle and denticulate, and the protoconch is white, 3. 5 to 3. 75 whorls, with a strong midline spiral thread and axial threads. the columella has a weak spiral groove .\nthe material collected by the expedition included over 80 dry shells from six stations. they tended to be found a little deeper than most species, and most were found by sieving from 3 to 20 m depth .\nthis genus was named by a. adams for very small axially ribbed species with high spires. protoconchs in these species generally have a midline spiral thread, but no other sculpture. type species: zafra mitriformis a. adams, 1860 .\nthis species is very similar to zafra selasphora, but has a subtle difference in pattern. the shell is glossy, 2. 75 to 3 mm long with 3 to 3. 25 teleoconch whorls. there is an opaque white band below the suture and a narrow white band one at the height of the suture on the body whorl, and unpigmented areas between and anterior to the narrower white band on the body whorl. the white subsutural band is bordered anteriorly by an interrupted brown spiral line. the unpigmented areas are overlain by a pattern of two brown bands with large white spots; these bands are barely visible over most of the shell, becoming most obvious dorsally behind the aperture edge (fig. 29). there is a weak subsutural groove, and about 14 broad axial ribs on the body whorl. the labial edge is regularly denticulate and the parietal edge is weakly denticulate. the protoconch is off - white, with 3 to 3. 25 whorls .\nthe species is similar to several others. as stated above, it is perhaps most similar to z. selasphora, but has a subtle difference in colour and pattern; specimens of z. selasphora are occasionally unpigmented rather than straw - coloured over the middle of the body whorl, and in this case the pattern on the dorsal side of the shell can be used to separate them. there are several species that have an interrupted brown spiral line above the periphery, including z. selasphora, z. troglodytes and z. babajimana. zafra troglo - dytes can be differentiated from this species by the spiral grooves high up on the body whorl, particularly noticeable on the ventral side. zafra babajimana can be differentiated by its more abundant axial ribs, and the smooth area dorsally over a quarter whorl behind the labial edge .\ndead shells of this species were collected at three stations by the expedition, in sediments at 3 to 20 m depth .\ntype material. — holotype, rmnh. mol. 109042, stn 30, ambon, hitu, suli, 6 m depth, 29. xi. 1990, a. fortuin; nine additional paratypes, rmnh. mol. 109043, stn. 30, ambon, hitu, suli, 6 m depth, 29. xi. 1990, a. fortuin; 23 paratypes, rmnh. mol. 109044, stn. 27, ambon, leitimur, hutumuri, 20 m depth, 26, 27. xi. 1990, a. fortuin; 15 paratypes, rmnh. mol. 109045, stn. 44, ambon, leitimur, latuhalat, 3 m depth, 12, 18. xii. 1990, a. fortuin .\nnine dead specimens of this species were collected by the expedition at stations 5 and 30, in sediments 1 to 6 m deep. type locality hitu, suli, 29. xi. 1990. seven more specimens on loan from the santa barbara museum of natural history were collected in sabah, malaysia .\ntype material. — holotype, rmnh. mol. 109046, stn 30, ambon, hitu, suli, 6 m depth, 29. xi. 1990, a. fortuin; five additional paratypes, rmnh. mol. 109047, stn. 30, ambon, hitu, suli, 6 m depth, 29. xi. 1990, a. fortuin; three paratypes rmnh. mol. 109048, stn. 5, ambon, leitimur, galghoek, 1 m depth, 8, 9. xi. 1990, 2. xii. 1990, a. f. de jong; one paratype sbmnh 422870, malaysia, sabah, palau sepangar, off kota kinabalu, 15 - 20 m depth, 15. i. 1993, d. shasky; seven paratypes sbmnh 422871 – sbmnh 422877, malaysia, sabah, palau sulug, off kota kinabalu, 5 - 15 m depth, 13. i. 1993, d. shasky .\nfigs 30 - 36, columbellidae. scale bars are 1mm. 30, zafra bilineata new sp. holotype, rmnh. mol. 109046, stn. 30. 31, zafra bilineata new sp. holotype, rmnh. mol. 109047a, stn. 30. 32, zafra brevissima (hervier, 1899), stn. 30. 33, zafra hahajimana (pilsbry, 1904), stn. 5. 34 - 36, zafra hervieri (pace, 1902), stn. 30 .\n: 48 - 50, text figs 9 - 10, pl. c fig. 5, pl. d fig. 5 .\nthis species of zafra is somewhat unusual in that it has spiral cords in addition to the axial ribs, giving the axial ribs a beaded appearance where the cords cross. the shell has oblique narrow spiral bands of alternating brown and white, and a deep subsutural spiral groove. the labial edge is regularly denticulate. adults are 2. 5 to 3 mm long, with 3 to 3. 5 teleoconch whorls. the protoconch is brown, with a strong midline spiral thread and about 3. 25 whorls .\nthis species is also found infrequently. the expedition collected five shells from stations 30 and 44, where they were taken at 3 to 6 m depth .\nthis species has a white shell, 2. 5 to 3 mm long with about 3 teleoconch whorls. it is noticeable for being shiny white, with more and finer axial ribs that in the other species (this species typically has about 20 or more, other species usually have about 15); there is also a conspicuously smooth area behind the aperture edge over about ¼ whorl. the shell is opaque white below the suture and on the base; the area between is unpigmented, and has a bluish cast in empty shells. it often has inconspicuous white and / or brown wavy axial lines. the protoconch is white with 2. 75 to 3 whorls. the aperture edge is regularly denticulate .\ndead shells were found by the expedition at three stations, in sediments from 1 to 6 m depth .\n: 34 - 37, figs 1 - 3, pl. a figs 3, 4, 6, pl. c figs 1 - 3, pl. d fig. 3 .\nthis was the most common species of zafra collected by the expedition, with over 100 specimens from seven stations. almost all were in the dry lots, and were collected between 1 and 20 m depth, typically by sieving .\nfigs 37 - 44, columbellidae. scale bars are 1 mm. 37, zafra obesula (hervier, 1899), stn. 30. 38, zafra ocellatula (hervier, 1899), stn. 23. 39, zafra pumila (dunker, 1860), stn. 44. 40, zafra selasphora (melvill & standen, 1901), stn. 30. 41, zafra succinea (hervier, 1899), stn. 44. 42, zafra troglodytes (souverbie, 1866), stn. 30. 43 - 44, zafrona isomella (duclos, 1840), stn. 44 .\nthis is tentatively identified here, because the specimens do not completely match photos of the type lots. this is one of several zafra species that has a very wide shell, and thus looks rather globular. the shell in these specimens is glossy, and mostly or often completely white, sometimes with wavy brown axial lines on the base and two vague unpigmented to straw - coloured or tan spiral bands. the shell is 3 to 3. 5 mm long, with 3 to 3. 5 teleoconch whorls. there is a relatively weak subsutural groove, and the aperture edge is regularly denticulate, with a ridge of denticles on the parietal wall. the protoconch is white, with 3 whorls and a weak midline cord .\nthe expedition collected dead specimens of this species from four stations, mostly from sediments about 6 m deep .\nthis is one of the larger species of zafra, with shells 3. 8 to 4. 6 mm long and having up to 5 teleoconch whorls. the shell is biconic, but has a taller spire than other zafra species. it is white, overlain by tan or brown over the middle of each whorl, and covered by round white spots in a mesh - like pattern. the columella has a distinct raised ridge internally, and the labial edge is denticulate. as in most species, there is a spiral subsutural groove intersecting the axial ribs, producing a beaded ridge below the suture. the protoconch is white or brown, with a midline spiral thread on the last whorl and 2. 75 to 3. 25 whorls .\nthis species of zafra is found infrequently; the expedition collected a total of eight, from 4 stations. all were found in sediments at 3 to 20 m depth .\nthis is a well known species of zafra, found throughout the indo - west pacific. the synonymy is discussed in depth by monsecour & kohler (2006). the shell is 2. 5 to 3. 5 mm long with 3. 5 to 4 teleoconch whorls, and has one of two colour patterns: brown overall, or white with two spiral brown lines on the body whorl (fig. 38), one of which continues on the spire whorls. the aperture edge is regularly denticulate. the axial ribs on this species are typically slightly finer and denser than in other zafra species, and there is a strong subsutural spiral groove. the protoconch is brown, with about 3. 5 whorls and a midline spiral thread on the final whorl; sleurs (1987) reports two spiral threads, but only one was seen here using light microscopy; scanning electron microscopy might reveal another .\nthe expedition collected a number of living individuals of this species, typically in the mid to low intertidal zone under coral, rocks and oysters. a total of 75 individuals were sampled from 11 stations .\nthis species has a glossy, unpigmented shell, 2. 5 to 3 mm long with 2. 5 to 3 teleoconch whorls. the shell has opaque white bands blow the suture, at the level of the suture on the body whorl, and at the base, and straw coloured bands between. the hindmost straw coloured band is rimmed posteriorly with a single interrupted brown spiral line. the anterior white bands have wavy axial brown lines that extend to the anterior tip of the shell. there is a weak subsutural groove. the aperture edge is regularly denticulate. the protoconch is off - white, with 3. 5 to 3. 75 whorls, and a brown suture at the apex. sleurs (1987) considers this a synonym of zafra troglodytes, but they differ in several aspects; most noticeably, this species is glossier and only has spiral groves at the base of the shell, whereas those on z. troglodytes cover the bottom half of the body whorl .\ndead shells of this species were collected at four stations by the expedition, mostly at 6m depth in sand .\nthe shell in this species is 2. 75 to 3. 5 mm long, white to off - white, usually rather obese, with 3 to 3. 5 teleoconch whorls. the body whorl is straw - coloured in some, and in this case there is a narrow white band below the suture, which is somewhat channeled; in many specimens the shell is entirely white. the aperture is narrow and sinuous, with a raised parietal edge and many fine labial teeth. the protoconch is the one strongly coloured part of the shell, and is generally reddish - brown at the apex with a moderate mid - whorl carina. it has 2. 75 to 3 whorls .\nthis species was collected only at station 5, in sediments at 3 m depth .\nthis species has a white shell, 2. 75 to 3. 25 mm long with 3. 25 to 3. 5 teleoconch whorls. the unusual characteristic of this species is the prominent spiral grooves that cross the shell over the lower half of body whorl (up to the top of the aperture). similar to z. selasphora, the body whorl has two straw - coloured spiral bands, the upper one rimmed posteriorly by an interrupted brown spiral line on alternating axial ribs. the basal straw band is crossed by oblique axial wavy brown lines. the aperture edge is regularly denticulate. the protoconch is straw - coloured with a moderate mid - whorl carina, and has 3. 25 to 3. 5 whorls .\nthis is a common indo pacific species; dead shells were found by the expedition at four stations, in sediments from 3 to 20 m depth .\nthis species is typically very small, about 3. 5 to 5. 5 mm long with 3 to 5 teleoconch whorls. the protoconch is conical and often slightly tilted, with 4. 25 to 4. 5 smooth whorls and a deep velar sinus. the shell itself is fusiform and glossy, with slightly separated spiral ribs crossing barely discernible low axial ribs, giving the shell a beaded appearance. the labial edge is denticulate internally. colour and pattern vary in this species; the base colour of the shell is typically white; brown markings, if present, may be light or dark, and are in the form of vague or distinct blotches, or occasionally spiral lines .\nthis species is generally quite common in the southwest pacific, and may be collected in large numbers in some locations. it is sometimes confused with a similar species, zafrona striatula (dunker, 1871), but the latter is larger, typically 7 to 8. 5 mm in length. the expedition collected 34 dry shells from 3 stations, between 1 and 20 m deep .\nf + +, attractive uncommon species from st. lucie inlet, collected by bunnie cook in 1981 !\nf + +, usticke was right, this is not the same as specimens from the caribbean. it is more elongated, ribbed, has sharp shoulder and straight lip" ]

{ "text": [ "euplica turturina , common name : the turtle dove shell , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family columbellidae , the dove snails . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "euplica turturina, common name: the turtle dove shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family columbellidae, the dove snails." ]

[ "collared kingfisher species complex includes torresian kingfisher, islet kingfisher, pacific kingfisher, mariana kingfisher, melanesian kingfisher (andersen et al. 2015, clements 2015). more to come\nsplit from moluccan (variable) dwarf kingfisher (andersen et al. 2013 )\nsplit from moluccan (variable) dwarf kingfisher (andersen et al. 2013) .\nthe sula dwarf kingfisher (ceyx wallacii), is a species of bird in the family alcedinidae that is endemic to the sula islands in indonesia. its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. it was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the variable dwarf kingfisher .\nto moluccan dwarf kingfisher with splits of this species complex (andersen et al. 2013 )\nrusty - capped kingfisher is split from guam [ micronesian ] kingfisher (andersen et al. 2015, clements et al. 2015). ‘rusty - capped' kingfisher is the recommended english name, not palau kingfisher (pratt, comm )\npohnpei kingfisher is split from guam [ micronesian ] kingfisher (andersen et al. 2015, clements et al. 2015 )\nniau kingfisher is split from mangareva [ tuamoto ] kingfisher (andersen et al. 2015, clements et al. 2015 )\npacific kingfisher split from collared kingfisher (andersen et al. 2015, clements et al. 2015); additional proposed splits include fiji (\ns malay pen. , borneo, s philippines, sw sulawesi, sula is. , sumatra and java to lombok\nnorthern silvery kingfisher split from [ southern ] silvery kingfisher (collar 2011b, andersen et al. 2013d). gender agreement invariable (h & m 4: 338) .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. & kirwan, g. m. (2018). sula dwarf - kingfisher (ceyx wallacii). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\ndavidson, p. ; stones, t. ; lucking, r. 1995. the conservation status of key bird species on taliabu and the sula islands, indonesia. bird conservation international 5: 1 - 20 .\nrheindt, f. e. 2010. new biogeographic records for the avifauna of taliabu (sula islands, indonesia), with preliminary documentation of two previously undiscovered taxa. bulletin of the british ornithologists' club 130 (1): 33 - 51 .\nstones, a. j. , lucking, r. s. , davidson, p. j. , raharjaningtrah, w. 1997. checklist of the birds of the sula islands (1991), with particular reference to taliabu island. kukila 9: 37–55 .\n14 cm. small kingfisher with three toes. both sexes of nominate race have orange loral spot, white bar on side of neck, blackish head and wings spotted with pale blue, back ...\nthis newly - split kingfisher is restricted to a small island group, where it is inferred to have a small population, the majority, but not all, of which forms one subpopulation, and it is in ongoing decline owing to habitat loss and degradation. it is therefore classfied as near threatened. if the species is found to rely on primary forest, it may be eligible for listing under a higher threat category .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8. 2g: 8. 2\nthe coraciiformes (sensu stricto) is the sister group to the monophyletic piciformes (prum et al. 2015) .\naf: angola, se dr congo and s tanzania to n botswana, zimbabwe, malawi and mozambique .\n. fry et al, 1988; fry, 2001, hockey et al. 2005\ns himalayas to indochina, the malay pen. , sumatra, java, borneo and the philippines\nnew guinea, w papuan islands, d' entrecasteaux arch. and the louisiade arch .\ns malay pen. , sumatra, w sumatra islands, riau arch. , bangka and belitung, java and borneo\nbohol, cebu, negros, samar, leyte, calicoan, biliran and siquijor is. (c and ec philippines )\nofu, olosega and tau is. (manua is. in american samoa )\nvanua levu, taveuni, viti levu, koro, ovalau and ngau is. (fiji )\nfollows fry et al, 1992. but see h & m4 for species status\n, separate this clade from alcedo (moyle et al. 2007; fjeldså comm )\nnigeria e to w sudan, uganda and kenya, and s to s angola, n namibia and botswana, zimbabwe and south africa .\nsulawesi, moluccas, w papuan islands, new guinea, bismarck arch. and louisiade arch .\nmonotypic following fry ch, k fry & a harris. 1992, woodall, 2001. includes\n( king 1997, rasmussen & anderton 2005, lim et al. 2010) suggest past episodes of secondary contact and introgression. revisit status of\nau: w papuan islands, new guinea, aru is. and d' entrecasteaux arch .\nau: new hanover, new ireland and lihir is. (bismarck arch. )\nau: buka and bougainville e to choiseul and santa isabel (w and c solomons is. )\n, now split (andersen et al. 2013) they lack vocal or behavioral differences that would support species status of\nau: vellalavella, new georgia and rendova is. (wc solomons is. )\nw papuan islands, w, s and e new guinea, d' entrecasteaux arch. , and aru is .\nw papuan islands, w, s and e new guinea, aru is. , kai is. and d' entrecasteaux arch .\nbuka and bougainville east to choiseul, santa isabel and florida is. (n and nc solomons is. )\nma, sa: nicaragua to n bolivia, se brazil. also w colombia, nw ecuador\nhokkaido i. (n japan) and s kuril is. (russia )\nuntil recently considered a race of c. lepidus (which see), but molecular analysis suggests species status # r and this is supported by morphological evidence: present species differs from (morphologically and geographically closest) c. cajeli in its royal - blue vs pale turquoise crown spots and wing - covert spots, with pale turquoise vs silvery - blue dorsum (3), royal - blue - spotted vs all - black malar area (2), and much richer orange - rufous vs rufous - buff lores, ear - covert patch and underparts (2); it differs from c. lepidus in its sparser, narrower royal - blue crown spots and paler dorsum (2), greatly reduced extent of spotting on wings, rendering them mostly black (2), orange - buff vs whitish - buff ear - covert patch (2), longer wing (n = 3, but these longer than in cajeli; see below) (at least 1). monotypic .\nforested areas, but the species’ level of dependency on primary or other closed forest types is ...\nno information, although diet and behaviour are presumably similar to those of other members of the species complex (see taxonomy comments) .\nnot globally threatened. currently considered near threatened. considered common on taliabu in the early 1990s. population provisionally estimated at between 2500 and 10, 000 ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\na brief view of a bird perched inside the forest and flying away (the latter repeated at slow motion) .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: ceyx wallacii. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 337, 756 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 9 / 2016. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. ; elliott, a. ; sargatal, j. 2001. handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 6: mousebirds to hornbills. lynx edicions, barcelona, spain .\niucn. 2016. the iucn red list of threatened species. version 2016 - 3. available at: urltoken. (accessed: 07 december 2016) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nspecial thanks to tropical birding for outstanding photo contributions to the bird data family of apps .\nthis application is created by interactive maps. you can also have your visited countries map on your site. if you see this message, you need to upgrade your flash player." ]

{ "text": [ "the sula dwarf kingfisher ( ceyx wallacii ) , is a species of bird in the family alcedinidae that is endemic to the sula islands in indonesia .", "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .", "it was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the variable dwarf kingfisher .", "this species was formerly considered as one of the 15 recognised subspecies of what was then known as the variable dwarf kingfisher ( ceyx lepidus or alcedo lepidus ) .", "a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2013 found that most of the insular subspecies had substantially diverged from one another .", "the variable dwarf kingfisher was therefore split and 12 of the subspecies , including the sula dwarf kingfisher , were promoted to species status .", "at the same time the name of the variable dwarf kingfisher was changed to the moluccan dwarf kingfisher . " ], "topic": [ 27, 24, 5, 5, 6, 27, 27 ] }

[ "the sula dwarf kingfisher (ceyx wallacii), is a species of bird in the family alcedinidae that is endemic to the sula islands in indonesia. its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. it was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the variable dwarf kingfisher. this species was formerly considered as one of the 15 recognised subspecies of what was then known as the variable dwarf kingfisher (ceyx lepidus or alcedo lepidus). a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2013 found that most of the insular subspecies had substantially diverged from one another. the variable dwarf kingfisher was therefore split and 12 of the subspecies, including the sula dwarf kingfisher, were promoted to species status. at the same time the name of the variable dwarf kingfisher was changed to the moluccan dwarf kingfisher." ]

[ "hesperia pahaska pahaska; [ nl4a ], # 1633a; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 72\nhesperia pahaska leussler, 1938; ent. news 49 (1): 5; tl: nebraska\nhesperia pahaska williamsi usa: arizona: cochise co. , coronado national monument, 11 - iv - 2005\nhesperia pahaska williamsi usa: arizona: cochise co. , coronado national monument, 05 - iv - 2005\nhesperia pahaska williamsi usa: arizona: cochise co. , coronado national monument, 08 - iv - 2005\nhesperia pahaska williamsi usa: arizona: cochise co. , french joe canyon, 10 - iv - 2004\nhesperia pahaska williamsi mexican hay lake, white mountains, apache co. , az, usa 26 - iv - 07\nhesperia pahaska martini; [ nacl ], # 4025b; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 72\nflight season: the pahaska skipper flies from june to early july in the northern u. s .\nhesperia pahaska williamsi; [ nacl ], # 4025a; [ nl4a ], # 1633b; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 72\nnew mexico hesperia pahaska, subspecies not specified, was listed in cary and holland' s 1992 checklist (cary and holland, 1992) * 01 *. toliver, holland, and cary list two subspecies, h. p. pahaska and h. p. williamsi in nm, each with distinct distributions (toliver, holland, and cary, 1994) * 04 *. for information regarding h. p. williamsi, see bison - m account # 211375. hesperia phaska phaska is a resident on the gray ranch, hidalgo county, nm. the flight period for this subspecies (on the gray ranch) is apr - may, aug - oct (cary, 1994) * 08 *. arizona one subspecies, hesperia pahaska pahaska, is recognized in apache co. , arizona (toliver, holland, cary, 1994) * 04 *. hesperia pahaska, subspecies not specified, is recognized in arizona (agfd, 1995) * 02 *. arizona county distributions are for hesperia pahaska, subspecies not specified (stanford and opler, 1995) * 06 *. colorado hesperia pahaska, subspecies not specified, is verified in colorado (stanford and opler, 1995) * 06 *. utah hesperia pahaska, subspecies not specified, is verified in utah (stanford and opler, 1995) * 06 *. mexico hesperia pahaska, subspecies not specified, is verified in mexico (stanford and opler, 1995) * 06 * .\nrange: pahaska flies in a narrow belt of states extending from texas to north dakota, just reaching canada in southern saskatchewan and manitoba .\nhesperia pahaska; [ nacl ], # 4025; [ opler ]; [ nl4a ], # 1633; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 72\nhesperia pahaska f. williamsi lindsey, 1940; ann. ent. soc. amer. 33 (2): 375; tl: baboquivari mts, pima co. , arizona\nhabits: in the northern part of its range pahaska flies in short - grass prairie and open pine forest. males are reported to perch on hilltops waiting for females .\n* * * note * * * bison - m is using cary, holland, and toliver' s 1994 distribution of new mexico butterflies as the reference source for scientific names and county distributions for butterflies verified in new mexico. , there are discrepancies in some species / subspecies between this reference and cary and holland' s 1992 checklist of new mexico butterflies. see comments below and these two references, for more information. new mexico hesperia pahaska, subspecies not specified, was listed in cary and holland' s 1992 checklist (cary and holland, 1992) * 01 *. toliver, holland, and cary list two subspecies, h. p. pahaska and h. p. williamsi in nm, each with distinct distributions (toliver, holland, and cary, 1994) * 04 *. for information regarding h. p. williamsi, see bison - m account # 211375. arizona one subspecies, hesperia pahaska pahaska, is recognized in arizona (toliver, holland, cary, 1994) * 04 *. hesperia pahaska, subspecies not specified, was listed in the status designations book of arizona (agfd, 1995) * 02 * .\nhesperia pahaska martini macneill, 1964; univ. calif. publ. ent. 35: 148, pl. 1, f. 7 - 9; tl: 4. 5mil se of ivanpah, new york mtns, san bernardino co. , california\n1995: hesperia pahaska, subspecies not specified, was listed under the natural heritage global rank\ng4g5\n( = global rank not definitive - - between g4 and g5) (\ng4\n=\napparently secure\n;\ng5\n=\ndemonstrably secure\n) (agfd, 1995) * 02 *. arizona 1996: hesperia pahaska, subspecies not specified, was listed under the natural heritage state rank\ns ?\nin arizona (\ns ?\n=\nstate rank uncertain\n: insufficient information for definitive state ranking) (agfd, hdms, 1996) * 10 * .\nhesperia colorado colorado; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 70\nhesperia colorado harpalus; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 71\nhesperia colorado dodgei; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 71\nhesperia colorado leussleri; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 71\nhesperia colorado ochracea; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 70\nhesperia colorado susanae; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 70\nhesperia colorado oroplata; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 70\nhesperia colorado mojavensis; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 70\nhesperia uncas reeseorum; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 69\nhesperia uncas grandiosa; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 68\nhesperia uncas fulvapalla; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 69\nhesperia uncas terraclivosa; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 69\nhesperia uncas giuliani; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 69\nhesperia lindseyi eldorado; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 74\nhesperia lindseyi mccorklei; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 75\nhesperia leonardus leonardus; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 72\nhesperia leonardus pawnee; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 72\nhesperia leonardus montana; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 72\nhesperia metea metea; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 73\nhesperia metea intermedia; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 73\nhesperia attalus attalus; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 73\nhesperia attalus nigrescens; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 74\nhesperia meskei meskei; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 74\nhesperia meskei pinocayo; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 74\nhesperia sassacus sassacus; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 75\nhesperia sassacus nantahala; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 75\nhesperia miriamae miriamae; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 75\nhesperia miriamae longaevicola; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 75\nsimilar species: hesperia pahaska could perhaps be found flying with the uncas skipper (h. uncas); see the nevada skipper (h. nevada), which has a greenish - grey underside, or with the dakota skipper, leonard' s skipper, and plains skipper (h. dacotae, h. leonardus pawnee, and h. assiniboia), all of which have pale undersides with a reduced medial band. [ compare images ]\nhesperia (hesperiini); pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 68\n= hesperia colorado harpalus; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 71\n= hesperia leonardus leonardus; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 72\n= hesperia leonardus pawnee; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 72\nhesperia metea scudder, 1863; proc. essex inst. 3: 177; tl: connecticut\n= hesperia attalus attalus; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 73\n= hesperia sassacus sassacus; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 75\nhesperia eburus plötz, 1885; berl. ent. z. 29 (2): 226\nhesperia comma benuncas; [ bmat ]: 98, pl. 31, f. 50 - 53\nhesperia uncas macswaini macneill, 1964; blancos corral, white mts. , mono co. , california\nhesperia assiniboia; [ opler ]; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 70\nremarks: the pahaska skipper was first recorded in canada by ronald hooper in dry prairie on the edge of the frenchman river valley near rosefield, saskatchewan, on 25 and 27 june 1968. recently a specimen was discovered in the canadian national collection labelled\nminiota, man. august 1, 1924, gibbon [ collection ]\n; it had been identified as plains skipper (h. assiniboia) .\nhesperia colorado idaho; [ boc ], 74; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 70\nhesperia colorado oregonia; [ boc ], 74; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 71\nhesperia colorado tildeni; opler & warren, 2002; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 71\nhesperia colorado mattoonorum; [ boc ], 74; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 71\nhesperia sassacus harris, 1862; treatise ins. injur. veget. (3rd edn): 315; tl: cambridge\nhesperia nevada nevada; [ boc ], 80; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 75\nhesperia nevada sierra; [ boc ], 89; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 75\nhesperia comma laurentina; [ nacl ], # 4020c; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 70\nhesperia comma borealis; [ nacl ], # 4020d; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 70\nhesperia uncas uncas; [ nl4a ], # 1634a; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 68\nhesperia uncas gilberti; [ nl4a ], # 1634b; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 69\nhesperia lindseyi lindseyi; [ nl4a ], # 1631a; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 74\nhesperia ottoe edwards, 1866; proc. ent. soc. philad. 6 (4): 207; tl: kansas\nhesperia metea licinus; [ nacl ], # 4027a; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 73\nhesperia attalus slossonae; [ nacl ], # 2029a; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 74\nhesperia meskei edwards, 1877; can. ent. 9 (3): 58; tl: bastrop co. , texas\nhesperia meskei straton; [ nacl ], # 2030a; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 74\nhesperia sassacus manitoboides; [ nacl ], # 2033a; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 75\n= hesperia uncas uncas; [ nl4a ], # 1634a; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 68\nhesperia attalus nigrescens gatrelle, 1999; taxonomic rep. 1 (10): 12; tl: south carolina, horry co .\nhesperia susanae miller, 1962; ent. news 73 (4): 85; tl: white mtns, apache co. , arizona\nhesperia uncas edwards, 1863; proc. ent. soc. philad. 2 (1): 19; tl: denver, colorado\nhesperia leonardus harris, 1862; treatise ins. injur. veget. (3rd edn): 314, f. 138; tl: massachusetts\nhesperia meskei; [ nacl ], # 2030; [ opler ]; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 74\nhesperia dacotae; [ nacl ], # 2031; [ opler ]; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 74\nhesperia miriamae; [ nacl ], # 2034; [ opler ]; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 75\nhesperia nevada sierra austin, emmel, emmel and mattoon, 1998; ; tl: tahoe meadows, carson range, washoe co. , california\nhesperia comma pallida staudinger, 1901; in staudinger & rebel, cat. lepid. palaearct. faunengeb. , 1: 92; tl: turkey\nhesperia comma oroplata scott, 1981; papilio (n. s .) 1: 8; tl: spring creek, fremont co. , colorado\nhesperia comma manitoba; [ nacl ], # 4020a; [ boc ], 74; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 70\nhesperia comma hulbirti; [ nacl ], # 4020k; [ boc ], 74; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 69\nhesperia colorado f. ochracea lindsey, 1941; ann. ent. soc. amer. 34 (4): 770; tl: platte canyon, colorado\nhesperia uncas macswaini; [ nacl ], # 4018b; [ boc ], 72; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 69\nhesperia metea intermedia gatrelle, 2003; taxonomic rep. 4 (3): 4; tl: south carolina, pickens co. , nr. lake issaqueena\nhesperia meskei pinocayo gatrelle & minno, 2003; taxonomic rep. 4 (3): 6; tl: florida, monroe co. , big pine key\nhesperia hulbirti lindsey, 1939; ann. ent. soc. amer. 32 (1): 171; tl: hurrican hill, olympic mts. , washington\nhesperia uncas lasus; [ nacl ], # 4018a; [ nl4a ], # 1634c; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 68\nhesperia miriamae macneill, 1959; wasmann j. biol. 17 (1): 90; tl: nr mono pass, northwest inyo co. , california, 12000ft\nhesperia nabokovi; burns, 1987, j. lep. soc. 41 (4): 174, f. 1 - 15; [ nl4a ], # 1632\nhesperia tildeni freeman, 1956; lepid. news. 9 (6): (196 - 198); tl: cherry flat reservoir, santa clara co. , california\nhesperia uncas grandiosa austin & mcguire, 1998; syst. w. n. am. butts. (66): 777; tl: nevada, white pine co .\nhesperia juba; [ nacl ], # 4019; [ opler ]; [ nl4a ], # 1630; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 69\nhesperia woodgatei; [ nacl ], # 4021; [ opler ]; [ nl4a ], # 1636; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 71\nhesperia viridis; [ nacl ], # 2028; [ opler ]; [ nl4a ], # 1635; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 73\nhesperia sassacus nantahala gatrelle & grkovich, 2003; taxonomic rep. 4 (3): 3; tl: north carolina, clay co. , hwy at buck creek, 3400ft\nhesperia colorado mattoonorum mcguire, 1998; syst. w. n. am. butts. (37): 464; tl: smith r. , del norte co. , california\nhesperia uncas gilberti macneill, 1964; univ. calif. publ. ent. 35: 85, pl. 1, f. 4 - 6; tl: mexico, distrito federal\nhesperia uncas fulvapalla austin & mcguire, 1998; syst. w. n. am. butts. (66): 777; tl: nevada, nye co. , railroad valley\nhesperia uncas terraclivosa austin & mcguire, 1998; syst. w. n. am. butts. (66): 779; tl: nevada, lander co. , toquima range\nhesperia uncas giuliani mcguire, 1998; syst. w. n. am. butts. (37): 461; tl: california, mono co. , adobe hills, 7100ft\nhesperia uncas reeseorum austin & mcguire, 1998; syst. w. n. am. butts. (66): 776; tl: neava, lander co. , reese river valley\n= hesperia metea licinus; freeman, 1948, ent. news 59 (8): (203 - 206); pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 73\nhesperia colorado f. leussleri lindsey, 1940; ann. ent. soc. amer. 33 (2): 373; tl: warner' s hot springs, san diego co. , california\nhesperia miriamae longaevicola mcguire, 1998; syst. w. n. am. butts. (37): 463; tl: california, mono co. , mt barcroft, 13400ft, white mtns\nhesperia leonardus; [ nacl ], # 4023; [ bow ]: pl. 22, f. 3; [ opler ]; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 72\nhesperia metea; [ nacl ], # 4027; [ bow ]: pl. 22, f. 4; [ opler ]; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 73\nhesperia attalus; [ nacl ], # 2029; [ bow ]: pl. 22, f. 1; [ opler ]; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 73\nhesperia sassacus; [ nacl ], # 2033; [ bow ]: pl. 22, f. 9; [ opler ]; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 75\nhesperia comma maroccana picard, 1950; bull. soc. sci. nat. maroc 28: 129 - 130; tl: afraou des beni abdallah, daya chicker, tameghilt, col du taghzeft (morocco )\nhesperia comma borealis lindsey, 1942; j. sci. labs. denison univ. 37 (1 / 2): 19, pl. 1, f. 9, 16; tl: nain, labrador\nhesperia comma mojavensis austin & mcguire, 1998; syst. w. n. am. butts. (39): 481; tl: nevada, clark co. , spring mtns, kyle canyon ski area\nhesperia lindseyi; [ nacl ], # 2032; [ boc ], 78; [ opler ]; [ nl4a ], # 1631; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 74\nhesperia lindseyi macneilli; severns & severns, 2005, j. lep. soc. 59 (3): f. 1e - f; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 74\nhesperia columbia; [ nacl ], # 4026; [ boc ], 76; [ opler ]; [ nl4a ], # 1628; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 72\nhesperia lindseyi macneilli emmel, emmel & mattoon, 1998; syst. w. n. am. butts. (38): 475; tl: california, mendocino co. , branscomb rd at laytonville, 1645'\nhesperia ottoe; [ nacl ], # 4022; [ bow ]: pl. 22, f. 5 (text); [ opler ]; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 71\nhesperia nevada; [ nacl ], # 2035; [ bow ]: pl. 22, f. 8 (text); [ opler ]; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 75\nhesperia lindseyi septentrionalis emmel, emmel & mattoon, 1998; syst. w. n. am. butts. (38): 477; tl: little shata r. , e of montague, siskiyou co. , california\nhesperia uncas; [ nacl ], # 4018; [ bow ]: pl. 22, f. 10; [ opler ]; [ nl4a ], # 1634; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 68\nhesperia lindseyi septentrionalis; [ boc ], 78; severns & severns, 2005, j. lep. soc. 59 (3): f. 1c - d; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 74\nhesperia colorado; [ boc ], 74; [ opler ]; shapiro & forister, 2005, j. lep. soc. 59 (3): 161 - 165; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 70\nhesperia lindseyi eldorado emmel, emmel & mattoon, 1998; syst. w. n. am. butts. (38): 476; tl: california, el dorado co. , west slope sierra nevada, meadow brook barrens, traverse creek\nnew mexico hesperia phaska phaska is a resident on the gray ranch, hidalgo county, nm. the flight period for this subspecies (on the gray ranch) is apr - may, aug - oct (cary, 1994) * 08 * .\nhesperia lindseyi mccorklei severns & severns, 2005; j. lep. soc. 59 (3): 166, f. 1a - b; tl: oregon, douglas co. , hillside n of jackson creek road, 3. 8mi e of junction with south umpqua road\nhesperia comma; [ bow ]: pl. 11, f. 18 - 19; [ bru ], 131; [ nacl ], # 4020; [ mrs ], 732; [ boc ], 74; [ opler ]; [ nl4a ], # 1629; pelham, 2008, j. res. lepid. 40: 69; [ otakar kudrna ]\ndiagnosis: in both sexes, the upperside ground colour is orange, and the dark markings grey rather than black, diffusing somewhat into the orange areas. the underside is orange brown with a buff - coloured anal area. the medial spot band is complete, with six spots, including the rear three in a straight line. the contents of the male stigma are yellow. wingspan: 28 to 33 mm .\nearly stages: the larvae are light brown, with a dark brown head with cream markings on the face. they feed on blue grama (bouteloua gracilis) and fluff grass (erioneuron pulchellum) in the u. s .\nabundance: it is local and uncommon in its u. s. range; extremely rare in canada .\n© 2002. this material is reproduced with permission from the butterflies of canada by ross a. layberry, peter w. hall, and j. donald lafontaine. university of toronto press; 1998. specimen photos courtesy of john t. fowler .\nupperside is yellow - orange with wide black borders. male has yellow felt in the forewing stigma. underside of hindwing is orange - brown with a short band of white spots .\nto wait for receptive females, males perch on hilltops all day. females deposit eggs singly on or near the host plants; caterpillars feed on leaves and take shelter in tied - together leaves. caterpillars hibernate .\none brood from may - july in the north; two broods from april - october in the south .\nvarious grasses including blue grama (bouteloua gracilis) and fluff grass (erioneuron pulchellum) .\nshort - grass prairie foothills, open pine forest, chaparral, desert grassland .\nthrough the rocky mountain range from central montana and northwest north dakota south to central mexico; west to southeast california. a stray to northwest minnesota .\ng4 - apparently secure globally, though it might be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\nwe only found this in the se. it was not common but we did find it at several sites. at one location several individuals were hilltopping .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nopler, p. a. , and a. d. warren. 2002. butterflies of north america. 2. scientific names list for butterfly species of north america, north of mexico. c. p. gillette museum of arthropod diversity, department of bioagricultural sciences and pest management, colorado state university, fort collins, colorado. 79 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\ndesert grassland, chaparral, open woodland and prairie hills (scott, 1986). foothills with short grass prairie, prairie hills, desert grassland, open pine forest (opler, 1999) .\na location where the species occurs, or has occurred, where there is potential for persistence or regular recurrence. minimally a suitable habitat with the larval foodplant where at least one adult has been verified by a photograph or preferably a specimen. photographs must be diagnostic and will probably need to show both wing surfaces, and there will be circumstances where only a specimen will suffice. specimens are usually much easier to obtain. sight records are not an acceptable basis for a new occurrence. note that these specs should not be applied to temporary seasonal colonies of common migratory species .\nnote the suitable habitat distance will not apply often since most habitats today are no more than a few hundred hectares. however, many were once major landscape features. suitable habitat distances may be used for barrens, savanna, and prairie species across degraded portions of these habitats that still contain some of the foodplant grasses or nectar flowers. usually habitat boundaries are fairly obvious based on vegetation (e. g. suitable grassland). with metapopulations map the main breeding sites separately within the overall occurrence. consult the habitat and food comments fields for species - specific information on what constitutes suitable habitat when mapping occurrences for individual species. note many, if not most, habitat specialists feed one more than one grass genus at many or all occurrences. note some species readily and some almost never entere wooded areas, so check habitat fields for the species before mapping .\nwhen multiple occupied habitats occur within a large community complex or remnants of one such as patchily within a barren, savanna, or prairie remnant use the suitable habitat distance. when occurrences in a region are all small (under 10 hectares) and are widely scattered and there is some actual evidence of persistent patch vacancy, a separation distance of one kilometer may be used instead of two .\nin most cases the inferred extent is simply all contiguous or nearly contiguous habitat and usually this will be a few to a few hundred hectares which for almost all species is likely to be fully occupied even if at uneven densities. use this distance only where the habitat is that extensive, but generally if the taxon is present any habitat patches within a kilometer will be occupied unless the species is excluded for example by extremely high fire frequencies or complete burns or lack of nectar. this figure is based in part on observations for atrytone arogos arogos in new jersey where it occurs in clusters of patches up to about a kilometer apart with within cluster patch occupancy nearly 100% , except approaching zero where fire intervals are about two years or less. this is one of the most imperiled skippers in north america and it is highly likely most other taxa are at least as effective colonizers. another consideration in inferring any extent is that often the exact habitat is not clear and since it cannot be defined on the basis of any particular grass species there may be some doubt. one should not infer across any large distance based on one observation but if the habitat extends that far, a kilometer seems safe and most species can cover that distance in a few tens of seconds .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\npelham, j. p. 2008. a catalogue of the butterflies of the united states and canada with a complete bibliography of the descriptive and systematic literature. the journal of research on the lepidoptera. volume 40. 658 pp .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness, completeness, or accuracy of any specific data. natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility, fitness for a particular purpose, and non - infringement. natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server. in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special, indirect, incidental, consequential damages, or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, under any theory of liability used. natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice; however, natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein. since the data in the central databases are continually being updated, it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt. the data provided is for planning, assessment, and informational purposes. site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies. if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site, the appropriate state natural heritage program (s) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area (see visit local programs) .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\n640x546 (~ 33kb) usa: table mtn, (~ 47°19n 120°42w), kittitas co. , wa, 30. 7. 1999, photo © markku savela\n500x401 (~ 22kb) usa: table mtn, (~ 47°19n 120°42w), kittitas co. , wa, 30. 7. 1999, photo © markku savela\n500x630 (~ 38kb) usa: table mtn, kittitas co. , wa, 30. 7. 1999, photo © markku savela\n600x505 (~ 39kb) usa: fr9708, table mtn (47°18' 28n 120°41' 25w), kittitas co. , wa, 19. 7. 1999, photo © markku savela\n800x577 (~ 47kb) usa: table mtn (~ 47°19n 120°42w), kittitas co. , wa, 30. 7. 1999, photo © markku savela\n500x642 (~ 48kb) usa: mima mounds natural area preserve, thurston co. , wa, 13. 8. 2001, photo © markku savela\nthe exact identification of these species is still unknown, but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .\npamphila comma var. ? lato grum - grshimailo, 1891; horae soc. ent. ross. 25 (3 - 4): 459\n800x800 (~ 107kb) underside a patch of a meadow steppe at the village fadino, 10 km s of the city omsk, west siberia, russia. 15th august 1995, photo © oleg kosterin\n= erynnis comma colorado; dyar, 1905, j. n. y. ent. soc. 13: 129\npamphila dimila moore, [ 1875 ]; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1874 (4): 576; tl: runang pass, busahir\npamphila manitoba var. laurentina lyman, 1892; can. ent. 24 (3): 59; tl: lower st. lawrence\ncomma lena (korshunov & p. gorbunov, 1995); ; tl: yakutia, chukot peninsula\npamphila manitoba var. assiniboia lyman, 1892; can. ent. 24 (3): 57; tl: regina\npamphila colorado scudder, 1874; mem. boston soc. nat. hist. 2: 349, pl. 10, f. 18 ♀, 16 - 17\n1600x1606 (~ 277kb) underside male usa: pike national forest, sugar creek on cr - 67 (about 39°18' n 105°10' w), douglas co. , co, 29. 7. 2012, photo © markku savela\n700x830 (~ 68kb) underside usa: fr 9705 nr. liberty and lion gulch, (47°17' 44n 120°39' 54w ±0. 5km), kittitas co. , wa, 14. 8. 2001, photo © markku savela\n1400x1074 (~ 162kb) female usa: utah, uintah co. , ashley national park, start of fr - 020 (40°40' 35\nn 109°29' 14\nw), 1. 8. 2012, photo © markku savela\n1000x1380 (~ 152kb) female usa: utah, uintah co. , ashley national park, start of fr - 020 (40°40' 35\nn 109°29' 14\nw), 1. 8. 2012, photo © markku savela\n800x752 (~ 70kb) upperside female usa: utah, uintah co. , ashley national park, start of fr - 020 (40°40' 35\nn 109°29' 14\nw), 1. 8. 2012, photo © markku savela\n1200x1240 (~ 181kb) underside male usa: utah, uintah co. , ashley national park, start of fr - 020 (40°40' 35\nn 109°29' 14\nw), 1. 8. 2012, photo © markku savela\npamphila oregonia edwards, 1883; can. ent. 15 (8): 150; tl: trinity co, california\npamphilus juba r. dodgei bell, 1927; j. n. y. ent. soc. 35 (2): 175; tl: santa cruz, california\n800x600 (~ 85kb) male a forb meadow on a se slope 12 km se of the village gazimurskii zavod, gazimurskozavodskoi district, e chita province, e transbaikalia, siberia, russia. 24th july 1997, on dianthus versicolor fischer ex link, photo © oleg kosterin\n500x609 (~ 45kb) underside usa: mima mounds natural area preserve, thurston co. , wa, 13. 8. 2001, photo © markku savela\nerynnis lindseyi holland, 1930; ann. carnegie mus. 19 (3): 158; tl: nellie and ukiah, california\narizona, new mexico, s. texas, n. mexico. see [ maps ]\npamphila woodgatei williams, 1914; ent. news 25 (6): 266; tl: new mexico\npamphila pawnee montana skinner, 1911; ent. news 22 (8): 413; tl: colorado, chaffee co. , 7500ft; salida\npamphila juba var. viridis edwards, 1883; can. ent. 15 (8): 147; tl: new mexico\npamphila attalus edwards, 1871; trans. amer. ent. soc. 3: 276; tl: nr waco, texas\npamphila slossonae skinner, 1890; ent. am. 6 (7): 138; tl: florida\npamphila straton edwards, 1881; papilio 1 (5): 78; tl: indian river [ brevard co. , florida ]\npamphila sassacus dacotae skinner, 1911; ent. news 22 (8): 412; tl: volga, south dakota\npamphila manitoboides fletcher, 1904; can. ent. 36 (5): 128\npamphila nevada scudder, 1874; mem. boston soc. nat. hist. 2: 347, pl. 10, f. 1 - 4; tl :\ncolorado, oregon\natalopedes nabokovi bell & comstock, 1948; amer. mus. novit. no. 1379: 19; tl: hispaniola\nbutterflies of north america. 2. scientific names list for butterfly species of north america, north of mexico .\n[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not. i don' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\ndescriptions of certain species of diurnal lepidoptera, found within the limits of the united states and british america. (no. 1 - 3 )\ndescriptions of certain species of diurnal lepidoptera found within the limits of the united states and british america. no. 5\na catalogue of the american hesperiidae, indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the british museum. part iv. hesperiinae and megathyminae\ndodge, with description of a new form (lep. , rhop. )\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum clases, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, symonymis, locis. tomis i. 10th edition\nneue hesperiden des indischen archipels und ost - africa' s aus der collection des herrn h. ribbe in blasewitz - dresden, gesammelt von den herren: c. ribbe auf celebes, java un den aru - inseln, künstler auf malacca (perak); kühn auf west - guinea (jekar); menger auf ceylon\na systematic revision of some of the american butterflies; with brief notes on those known to occur in essex county, mass .\na natural history of the british lepidoptera. a text - book for students and collectors\none hundred butterflies from the james mountains new mexico (lepid .), with notes and description of a new species\nwright, 1905 the butterflies of the west coast of the united states butts. west coast us: 3 - 257\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncheck list of the lepidoptera of north america... ms, database (version 2003 )\nongoing developmental version with contributions by don lafontaine, jean - françois landry, jim troubridge, paul opler, ron hodges, john brown, et al. higher classification does not yet reflect recent and substantial changes that have been published\nother contributing editors: tatiana dominick, donald, r. davis, douglas c. ferguson, john g. franclemont, eugene g. munroe, and jerry a. powell\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhodges, ronald w. , et al. , eds. , 1983: null. check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico. xxiv + 284 .\nopler, paul a. , 1999: null. a field guide to western butterflies, second edition. xiv + 540 .\npelham, jonathan p. , 2008: a catalogue of the butterflies of the united states and canada with a complete bibliography of the descriptive and systematic literature. journal of research on the lepidoptera, vol. 40. xiv + 658 .\nrun custom reports that search on any of the bison - m database fields .\n: use ctrl - f on keyboard to search for text in this booklet .\nthis account represents a single subspecies known to occur in new mexico, but does not represent the entire species. there are one or more additional subspecies accounts relating to this species. there is no full species account .\n2010: this species serves as a pollinator (mcintyre, 2010) * 13 * .\n1 - cary, steven j. , and richard holland. 1992. new mexico butterflies: checklist, distribution and conservation. journal of research on the lepidoptera. 31 (1 - 2): 57 - 82 .\n2 - arizona game and fish department. (february, 1995). status designations notebook. heritage data management system (hdms). phoenix, az .\n3 - miller, jacqueline y. 1992. the common names of north american butterflies. smithsonian institution press. washington and london .\n4 - toliver, m. e. , r. holland, and s. j. cary. 1994. distribution of butterflies in new mexico (lepidoptera: hesperioidea and papilionoidea). second edition. published by r. holland, albuquerque, new mexico .\n5 - cary, steven j. , november 1996. personal communication. 4 encantado court, santa fe, new mexico .\n6 - stanford, ray e. , and paul a. opler. 1993. atlas of western usa butterflies, including adjacent parts of canada and mexico. denver and fort collins, colorado. october 1995 supplement .\n7 - borror, d. j. and r. e. white. 1970. a field guide to the insects of america north of mexico (the peterson field guide series). houghton mifflin company, boston .\n8 - cary, steven j. 1994. gray ranch: fire and butterflies in southwestern new mexico. in: holarctic lepidoptera, vol. 1: 65 - 68 .\n9 - scott, james a. 1986. the butterflies of north america, a natural history and field guide. stanford university press. stanford, ca. pp. 583 .\n10 - arizona game and fish department. (april, 1996). status designations notebook. heritage data management system (hdms). phoenix, az .\n11 - holland, richard, and steven j. cary. 1996. butterflies of the jemez mountains of northern new mexico. journal of the lepidopterist' s society. 50 (1), 1996, pp 61 - 79 .\n12 - swengel, ann b. and paul a. opler. 1996. north american butterfly association (naba) fourth of july butterfly counts 1996 report. naba, 4 delaware rd. morristown, new jersey .\n13 - mcintyre, j. 2010. personal communication. pollinator biologist, u. s. fish and wildlife service, region 2, division of endangered species and habitat conservation, albuquerque, new mexico, usa .\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "hesperia pahaska , the pahaska skipper , is a butterfly of the hesperiidae family .", "it is found from north america in a narrow belt of states extending from texas to north dakota , just reaching canada in southern saskatchewan and manitoba .", "the wingspan is 28 – 33 mm .", "the flight period is from june to early july in the northern u.s. the larvae feed on blue grama ( bouteloua gracilis ) , fluff grass ( erioneuron pulchellum ) , poaceae species , and tridens pulchella ." ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 25 ] }

[ "hesperia pahaska, the pahaska skipper, is a butterfly of the hesperiidae family. it is found from north america in a narrow belt of states extending from texas to north dakota, just reaching canada in southern saskatchewan and manitoba. the wingspan is 28 – 33 mm. the flight period is from june to early july in the northern u.s. the larvae feed on blue grama (bouteloua gracilis), fluff grass (erioneuron pulchellum), poaceae species, and tridens pulchella." ]